Business Of Biotech

BoB In South Florida: Anthony Japour, M.D., iTolerance

• Ben Comer • Episode 276

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On this week's episode of the Business of Biotech -- part three in a four part series recorded in-person at Catalyst Pharmaceuticals' Miami headquarters -- Anthony Japour, M.D., CEO at iTolerance, talks about his work as a physician treating infectious diseases, his CEO role in diagnostics at the height of the COVID-19 pandemic, what he learned working as a medical director at a large CRO, and iTolerance's work toward a cure for Type 1 diabetes that doesn't require chronic immunosuppression. Anthony also provides insights on overcoming CMC challenges and how to bypass avoidable detours, the funding climate for preclinical biotechs, and operating in South Florida. 

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Ben Comer:

Welcome back to the Business of Biotech. I'm your host, Ben Comer, Chief Editor at Life Science Leader, and today we're in Miami, Florida, for a series of episodes recorded on location at the offices of Catalyst Pharmaceuticals. For this series, we're speaking with individuals operating companies regionally here in the Sunshine State, and I'm happy to welcome Anthony Japour, MD, CEO at iTolerance, a preclinical regenerative medicine and cell therapy company focused on type 1 diabetes, liver disease, and large organ transplant. Anthony has worked at Big Pharma, at a big CRO, and in diagnostics and in consulting. He received an MD from Northwestern and did postdoc work in infectious diseases at Harvard. I'm excited to hear about Anthony's work at iTolerance and the company's quest to deliver tissue organoid and cell therapies to patients without the need for ongoing immunosuppression, not to mention a potential cure for type 1 diabetes. We'll also talk about the benefits and drawbacks of leading a biotech in South Florida, what's happening in regenerative medicine, and what's next for iTolerance. Thanks for being here, Anthony. Thanks for having me, Ben. I wanted to start off as we do on the business of biotech with your background. And we'll take it way back. How did you get interested in life sciences initially? And why did you want to turn that interest into a career in medicine?

Anthony Japour:

Well, ever since I was four years old, I wanted to be a doctor. Really? My parents were like, we have a very strange child. I was walking around with the doctor's bag. So I've always wanted to be an MD. My parents were 100% against it. They didn't have, well, my parents are both deaf, and they tried to cure my mother of her deafness through a lot of odd things. And so she just didn't have a great appreciation for doctors. So here she has a child who says, I want to be a doctor. And um, so I had a choice growing up. I could be either a lawyer, an accountant, or a dentist. Those are my three options. A dentist, but not a doctor. Right. Well, I had a great relationship with my dentist, and my mother's like, Why don't you be a dentist? It's a better lifestyle. Doctors work too much. Her OBGYN and our pediatrician were brothers and they worked from morning to night. So she didn't really think that the medicine profession had a good lifestyle. So anyway, I was a very obedient child, and it wasn't really until I got to Harvard the first time in dental school after college that I realized that I was on the wrong path. And I took off and had to do the MCATs all over again because I had done the dental boards before, uh, and then got into Northwestern and finished my degree there.

Ben Comer:

Um that's a that's a great story. You actually did pursue dentistry before uh moving over into uh And there's a lot of tremendous technological advances in dentistry.

Anthony Japour:

It's an amazing field. It just wasn't for me. I knew I was on the wrong path.

Ben Comer:

I I will just say one problem I have with dentistry is uh I feel like for the last at least 25 years, no, my whole life, the things that they take uh the uh the x-rays with that you have to open and bite down on hurt my gums so much. They're so uncomfortable having me too. Where's the innovation in the in that technology? I'm with you. I those are hard, it's so painful. I just can't believe that they haven't been improved. That it hasn't been fixed right now. It has to be a giant metal block that goes in your mouth. Uh I wanted to ask, you were a medical director at Icon, correct? Yes. Um what did you learn about uh how clinical development works that maybe people who have never worked at a CRO or a CDMO, you know, might that they just might not know or might not understand?

Anthony Japour:

It was a fascinating experience being there, I must say. I never thought I would work at a CRO. But I was offered the opportunity. I was here in Florida, and for me to go back into farm or biotech meant moving either back to Chicago or to the Northeast, which I didn't want to do. So I was doing other things down here, but when I got the opportunity to take a remote position with icon, I said, oh, why not? Fascinating opportunity. Why? For me, I got to work in so many therapeutic indications. I worked in C diff. Um, I worked with the series product, the first product for C. diff colitis, the uh uh uh the fecal transplant.

Ben Comer:

The fecal transplant, wow, okay.

Anthony Japour:

So that was one fantastic experience I had. I got to work with them with their product when it failed phase one, looked at all the data to figure out where the error error was and how what diagnostics they should change it to for the phase two, and it ended up being approved based on my recommendations to the company. So that was just one standout experience. And you know, being a molecular virologist by training, you really understand all the basics of science. So whether it's cardiology or infectious disease, which is my core competency, or even um Hep C Nash, I got to work in Nash. So that was really great. What I learned about the business of CRO versus pharma is they don't have patents, they don't have intellectual property. So their revenue model is purely service. Right. And that puts them at a disadvantage because they want to be paid for their time. There's just nothing free at a CRO. You pay, it's like a la carte menu. Uh, but um, it was a great experience. I learned a lot, and I think I've made a big difference while I was there.

Ben Comer:

Um speaking of infectious diseases, you had another CEO role before becoming CEO of eye tolerance in 2021 during, or no, I think it was in 2020 during COVID. Uh you worked as CEO at Advanced DX Um Biological Laboratories, which I believe was a COVID molecular diagnostic uh maker based in Europe. Perhaps could you uh tell us a little bit about what that experience is was, you know, was like uh working for a COVID diagnostic company, you know, right at the at the very pinnacle of COVID at that time.

Anthony Japour:

So my core competency, as I mentioned, is molecular virology, right? So that's what I did at Harvard in HIV. I worked on the first uh essays for HIV drug resistance, HIV RNA essays. So that was going all the way back to like the 80s and 90s. So here I am at ICON being a medical director, and I got offered this position to leave to become CEO of a diagnostic company that's working of the disease of our time. So there was no way I couldn't leave ICON to take this role. It was very interesting. Um, the science, this was a company that was already rooted in uh virologic diagnostics, uh, but not in COVID. They were working in HIV and specifically HIV drug resistance, which again was my core competency. My role was purely commercial. All of the regulatory and the scientific work was coming out of Europe. And that was when we had the EUA, emergency use authorization. Um so the nice thing about, I guess, my life in this field is my relationships with my colleagues. So I had to put together a commercial team literally in a month. And because I had such great relationships with people, in this case Roche, I just called up my old colleagues and said, How would you like to come? I need sales marketing now. And they had remembered me from 20 years ago and they're like, Are you kidding? Yes. And to work on COVID, yes. So I was able to put together a commercial team very quickly. Uh the frustrating part for me was I had no part in the regulatory side of it. And my colleagues at Advanced DX, um, which was based out of Europe, didn't understand that when you tell the FDA that you're gonna give them data in 10 days, and you don't give them data in 10 days because you're doing something else, they're gonna put you at the bottom of the pile, which is exactly what happened. So we built out the commercial organization. I had contracts ready to go, just waiting for the EUA approval. But because EUA approval didn't happen in a timely fashion, we were not able to, we weren't able to market and sell in the US.

Ben Comer:

Oh, that's too bad. Um is there anything uh that that you remember, uh, just you know, had a bird's eye view of COVID at the worst time of it before a vaccine was available, I think, right? Um and you were, you know, dealing with Europe, leading a European company, um, you know, living in the US, were were there differences that stuck out to you in terms of how people were, I don't know, reacting to COVID, adopting, you know, diagnostics and therapeutics, anything that struck you as uh, you know, a kind of black and white difference between Europe and the US during that early time of COVID when, you know, it was uh it was scary for everybody.

Anthony Japour:

What's interesting is all of our products were approved in Europe. And we couldn't get them approved in the US. Yeah. In part because of the bureaucracy. Um and um, you know, so and that was also the era of LDT, laboratory diagnostic testing, where each lab could come up with their own, which was complicating things. What was good about it is I felt like I was making a contribution in the infectious disease important issue of the day that if I had stayed at ICON, I would have felt bad that I didn't get involved, sort of like getting into the military. I felt like I signed up. But um Europe had a much more relaxed way of getting the EUAs for those diagnostic tests than the US did. US was quite challenging. Um, we also had both antibody tests as well as the PCR-based tests. And I just remember there was a lot of frustration with actually even getting product into the US, like they held it up at customs. Uh so there was, but you know, we kind of rallied through and uh we felt like we were making a contribution in some way, even though we ultimately were not successful.

Ben Comer:

Um let's talk about iTolerance. Uh over lunch, you know, we we had lunch together, uh, Anthony. It's a big, big reveal for the the podcast. I'm down in uh South Florida, and what you know, we we all got together. But uh you mentioned that you were the first employee at iTolerance uh and that you had trouble recruiting for certain positions, uh, you know, bringing people into South Florida. I wonder if you could um talk a little bit about that.

Anthony Japour:

Sure. Uh so after ABLDX, I was in no rush to jump into another position. Um, in fact, it was about nine months between my two roles. But one of the nice things of having all this gray hair is you don't have to jump from one thing to the next, that you can really wait. And I think that was part of the discussion that we had, that there's a tremendous pool of talent here in Florida, of people with a lot of experience, but they don't have to take a job. They're happy with what they're doing. And that's sort of where I found myself. So when so I I had been doing um uh pro bono work with the Diabetes Research Institute here in Miami because the FDA regulates uh cadaveric donor islets as drugs as opposed to donated organs, which the American taxpayers paid over $20 million for the phase three study showing that cadaveric islets can cure type 1 diabetes. And it's approved in the entire world and and compensated, including China and Iran, but not in the U.S.

Ben Comer:

And it's working as a functional cure for type one? Yes. It is a functional cure. Why are we not hearing about that here in the US?

Anthony Japour:

Well, so so I was so so I, you know, very close to the people in the Diabetes Research Institute. And when I had this period of time when I was kind of free, if you will, after ABLDX, I said, is there anything I can do to help? And they were showing me the regulatory communications between all the transplant centers in the country and in the FDA. And I realized that they were approaching it as academics, physicians, surgeons who wanted to cure patients, but they weren't approaching it from a legal, I mean the FDA is an enforcement agency. They weren't, the arguments were not put in a legalistic manner. So I got a legal firm out of Washington, D.C. that specializes in um in approvals, and we prof helped professionalize their legal arguments for why the FDA should not regulate uh these cadaveric islets in this way. And we published many op-eds with University of Chicago, San Francisco, Penn, Harvard, the Diabetes Research Institute. And through those op-eds, when iTolerance was looking for a CEO, they reached out to me because I'd had the business background both at IBLDX as well as Abbott. And so because diabetes and transplant is not my core competency. While I was at Abbott, I oversaw transplant, which was one of the therapeutic areas that I managed as I got more uh promotions, but it's not from a scientific level, uh was not my core competency. But when they showed me the nonhuman primate data showing a functional cure without immunosuppression, by the way, in these monkeys that was done at Mass General, Harvard, I was stunned. I looked at this data, and even though it wasn't my core competency, I know what a glucose tolerance test looks like. And you give glucose and the sugar goes up, and then the body makes insulin and it goes down. Right, right. Well, they make these monkeys diabetic, and then they do a GTT on them. And after the transplant, at three months and at six months, they could show that the GTT had returned to normal. So I saw the data and said, wow, this is really fascinating, but it's not, I'm not the expert. So I called Dr. Camilla Ricordi, our chief scientist, who I'd been working with on these op-eds, and said, Would you look at this data? Of course, I asked eye tolerance if it was okay to share the data with my colleague, and they said, sure. And Camillo, Dr. Recordy, saw it and said, if you have an opportunity to take this role, you should, and if you do, I will help. It was the first company that he actually was willing to take a real role. Dr. Ricordi is world-renowned in the islet area, um, but has never taken like a formal role. He'll consult as being on an SAB and such. So with his um with his kind of acknowledgement that this that these preclinical data were really meaningful, together with my own assessment, I said, okay, I would interview for it. And I met the scientific team, our two uh scientific founders are Dr. Andres Garcia from Georgia Tech, and Dr. Haval Sherwan, formerly at the University of Louisville, now at Missouri. These two researchers have been working in this area for 25 years. Uh, they've been in love with the problem of immunosuppression rather than the solution. And looking at the data and looking at the team, there was no way it could say no when they offered me the CEO role. Because I cared about diabetes after HIV AIDS. It's uh one of the most important uh diseases of our time. It's a 24-7 disease. And having um the opportunity to make an impact in yet another disease that was so important was something I couldn't turn down.

Ben Comer:

Um maybe you could uh just explain um why uh the lat not using immunosuppressants is so important for patients, uh whether it's you know a cell therapy or tissue or an organ transplant or or a cure for type 1 diabetes, why is it so critical to be able to design something that will not require chronic use of immunosuppressants?

Anthony Japour:

So everything is about risk-benefit, right? So if you need a heart, lung, kidney, liver transplant, you can't live without those organs, right? So you're gonna take that organ, you'll take the immunosuppression because, well, you can't live without them. Diabetes, the analysis is different. You can have insulin. There are insulin pumps. That the technology in diabetes is a major with the CGMs, with the pumps. So, okay, well, now you're not gonna have to take insulin anymore, but now you're gonna be like an immunosuppressed patient for the rest of your life with all the bacterial, viral, fungal infections, the risks for cancer. I don't think most people would do it. And they and and and they don't. They do uh they may, we don't know. I mean, well, we know from the first product that that came out that no, they haven't. But with the product that Vertex is working on, which is the cell therapy, which is looking very good, they're in phase three now. They probably will have FDA approval within the next, I think, year, maybe 18 months, and we'll see, because that's with full immunosuppression. But it's a huge leap to be able to go from caveric eyelets to stem cells. So I really laud all the efforts that Vertex has been doing and pioneering the SEMA, uh, which is the company they bought. So they're leading the way, but as a commercial opportunity, I don't know how many patients are going to take something that requires full immunosuppression. And that's sort of why I joined eyeTolerance, because I saw the risk benefit that if you could take away the immunosuppression, this is a billion-dollar company for sure.

Ben Comer:

Yeah. Um uh cadaveric islets. Um, is that what you're am I saying that correctly? These are like from oh, cadaveric, not as in cadaver. Yes, it is from cadaver. Fadaver as the root. So these are extracted, I guess, from a dead body, uh, but the islet cells stay alive. Do they multiply?

Anthony Japour:

No, they don't multiply. They just basically uh they take the whole pancreas, and actually there's this thing called the Ricordi chamber, which Dr. Ricordi, our chief scientist, invented, where they put the whole pancreas in this little glass thing and they shake it up or something, and somehow the eyelets fall up, they isolate the eyelets from the pancreas, and then they they put it in, they clean it, they put it in the but it doesn't grow, and then they do an infusion through the portal in the portal vein. Uh a radiologist uh puts a needle in the portal vein and infuses that material into the liver, and then the liver becomes both a liver as well as a pancreas.

Ben Comer:

Right. They they don't infuse it to the pancreas, it's actually put onto the liver. Yeah. And that is still not available in the U.S., but is available widely.

Anthony Japour:

It's available under IND. Okay. And it's also available as Lantidra. So the University of Illinois at Chicago, UIC, the uh researcher there went to the FDA to work out, because it's all about CMC at the end of the day, work out the CMC. And they got FDA approval for Lantidra, which is a cadaveric islet transplant, um, but only at that one center. One of the things that we were trying to do with the transplants uh group was try to get to the FDA to change the regulatory framework for cadaveric eyelets. And in fact, on uh January 6, 2021, we were all on a um Zoom with Peter Marks, Dr. Peter Marks, who's head of SEBR, trying to convince him that these are not drugs, they're microorgans. But he said our hands are tied because it's in the federal register, it's part of the CFR, that this is considered more than minimally manipulated, and therefore we have to regulate it as drugs.

Ben Comer:

And if those islets are infused uh uh to the to the liver, um that does require immunosuppression then.

Anthony Japour:

100% because it's from a from another person.

Ben Comer:

Right, right. That's what that makes sense. I was gonna I had this question on my list of you know, when are we gonna actually get to a type one, you know, a cure for type one? Because it seems like I don't know if you saw the movie, the documentary, the human trial, which was pretty devastating.

Anthony Japour:

Um the one with the the one that uh Viceight did? Yes. Oh yes, I did. Yeah. Oh yeah. It was it was uh yeah.

Ben Comer:

And it it just because it seems like every couple of years there's some excitement, and it's like we might actually, whether it's you know, a kind of external pancreas, which I I think is, you know, not a waste of time, but it is not gonna be as effective, obviously, as something that you can put inside the body to cure the disease. But do you do you have a sense of that? Do you, you know, is it is it something that's gonna happen um, you know, in the next couple of years or like in the next decade? What what do you think?

Anthony Japour:

Without I think I think the whole area of regenerative medicine is booming. I think what Vertex is doing with stem cells is really leading the way. Uh this is I mean, okay, so it still requires immune suppression, but it is a huge, huge leap. So now we're getting into gene editing where we're starting to take out the MHC components. Unfortunately, I don't care how many MHC components you take, major, they're still going to be minor. So there's always going to be a role in my mind for ITOL 100, which is our product, which combines a stem cell therapy, which is off the shelf, does not require using cadaver, so it's like unlimited cell supply, together with an immune modulator in a single product that then can be placed in the body, and the patient can have both the cell therapy and not need to take the immunosuppression. So whether it's cadaveric islets or stem cell derived, like the VXA80 that Vertex has, or even a gene-edited product, all of those products will still, in my mind, based on my understanding of the literature, will still require the I-Toll 100 to be completely successful.

Ben Comer:

Um that's really interesting. Um could you would you mind just giving me an overview? Um you you've mentioned uh you know, that particular um product that you're developing, you're in the preclinical stages. Um, could you give uh the audience a sense of the other programs that you're working on?

Anthony Japour:

Right. So our product works, as we know now, with organoids, not with whole organs, right? But the idea that we have is that if we use a nanoparticle version of the I-TOL 100 and inject it in the sentinel lymph nodes around the organ, uh, it may be possible to actually do large organ transplants, which would be right, incredible. Yeah. Um the preclinical studies have not been done yet. Um we're working with Dr. Jim Markman, formerly, he was the one who did the NHP studies at Harvard. He's now at Penn. And we're working with his team to do a heterotopic transplant looking at an animal model of injecting the sentinel nodes around the organ with like uh a kidney or liver, just to a proof of concept. So that's very early. The other program we have is with liver. And the idea there is that we would take liver cells that actually do multiply, combine it with our ITOL 100, and implant it in the body. So it could be like an exogenous liver transplant as well. The other area that this could also work in is really in rare diseases, really in any cell that makes a protein that's missing. So a lot of rare diseases, the protein is either missing or abnormal. We could take a stem cell, engineer it to make a certain kind of protein, like insulin, but it's a different protein, put it into the body, and then it starts to produce, and you don't need to take immunosuppression. We're only limited by money. You know, we are a startup, we've raised a total of 27 million so far. We've had 2 million in non-dilutive funding with both uh grants from the um formerly known as Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation, J E R F now knows break. So we have an IDDP grant with them, which has been amazing. And then we also have a grant from the Binational Israeli USA Research and Development Fund. So we have about 2 million in non-dilutive, and we've raised about 27 million total in the four years. So, you know, it's there's only so many things you can do. So we're staying really laser focused on diabetes, but I think that this technology has a lot of other uses that you know could be very important.

Ben Comer:

Um you're a privately held company. Um, what uh how far away would you say you are from human clinical trials and what is your kind of fundraising plan at that point? Or maybe give me a sense of what your current runway is if you're gonna be able to conduct phase one with you know the 27 million that you've already raised. Um where where are you and what are your plans in that regard?

Anthony Japour:

So as you know, drug development is not a straight line. Right. No. Okay, there are lots of pivots and a lot of detours. Um so, for example, in doing our CMC, our initial plan would have gotten us in the clinic in the in six months. But that CMC plan didn't work. And so we had to go to plan B, which took us 18 months to get to a certain point. So I'm always hesitant in giving like timelines because uh, you know, no sooner do you g say, oh, we will file, you know, on this date than something completely unexpected happens. But having said that, I would hope that we would be ready if we go forward with our current plan, which is our I-TOL 101, which is the cadaveric eyelets, plus the I-TO 100, which seems to be, at least at this moment, the fastest way to get into the clinic. We would be about a year from uh uh filing the IND. Um having said that, you know, there can be CMC issues that pop up, there are funding issues that could pop up, preclinical, which we've been, you know, FDA has now taken away uh, or they're trying to get rid of a lot of the preclinical animal study, the tox studies, because they don't we have faced, we have faced this ourselves. You know, these mice and rats, they're not really humans, but it's like checking a box. You have to have, you know, animal tox in two species, GLP. They're very expensive. Very expensive. And uh so we have, you know, we we've we've gotten over the that leap, but like I say, every time you pick a timeline, there's always unexpected time and costs.

Ben Comer:

Um our listeners, uh business of biotech are largely made up of um uh ambitious people building companies uh, you know, from the earliest of stages. And so uh if you don't mind, I would love to ask, you know, what what happened with the initial CMC uh because you know, it was a six-month process. There was a something went wrong, it took 18 months, you know, to um to get to one that worked. Uh and I'm just thinking, you know, if maybe there's something you could say there that could help others potentially avoid doing something like that. Maybe it was unavoidable. I don't know.

Anthony Japour:

So um, and I also want to answer your question before we go about recruiting to Florida, because I never answered that question way back. Um most therapeutic proteins are made um through bacterial uh uh vectors, like either oak E. coli or Pseudomonas. Um that's the fastest way because it's a cassette. You just put your gene in, it's done. It didn't work. It killed the the the uh the uh the strepavinin facel protein. So there's two aspects of our technology. One is the biotinylated microgel, so it's a microgel that has biotin on its surface, and then we have a strepavidin facel protein, and the strepavidin binds to the a biotin, and that's how we get the configuration of the ITOL 100. Okay. So this protein side has to go through a vector to be produced. Most therapeutic proteins are either bacterial or chow cells, right? Fungal. Chinese hamster or uh ovaries. Yes, Chinese hamster ovary, yeah. So we we tried the fastest way, because we you know we wanted to be in the clinic as soon as possible, was to go through E. coli, didn't work. Then we went into Chow cells. Chow cells didn't work. Oh no. So we had to go back to what the researchers did way, way back when using Drosophila S2. So we had we had no research cell bank. We had to start from the Trevor Burrus.

Ben Comer:

But you wouldn't have known that if you hadn't tried first and seen that it didn't work. Right, of course, right?

Anthony Japour:

Because you know, there in fact there were only two companies that we could find in the world that actually did develop well, actually, no, one company that did development work with insect cells, because insects as a vector are not commonly used as therapeutic proteins. Now, we knew that the uh the it was a complex protein with glycosylation, but um it was not expected until we went through it. And it put us behind six months, but the timeline for Drosophila takes 18 months. Got it.

Ben Comer:

Okay. Um I uh I have a final question for you. Uh this is one that um I've been asking to everyone that I've been interviewing here in in South Florida, um, which is, and it's a hypothetical. Uh we're two for two so far on this one. Um I'll tell you two what the first two the two that answered were, but uh this is not an important question, but we'll see what you say. Let's assume you find yourself in the predicted path of a category four or category five hurricane. Do you board everything up and hunker down? Or do you pack up the car and get out of Dodge?

Anthony Japour:

You mean personally or personally?

Ben Comer:

Personally. Oh, okay. So not your business I'm not gonna ask you to keep your employees.

Anthony Japour:

No, I was gonna say it doesn't affect the business because our manufacturing's done in Lithuania. So it doesn't affect our CDMO. Right. Uh and even if with the war in Ukraine, which is, you know, uh, we they also, Northway Biotech, which is our CDMO, has a whole manufacturing site in Boston. So we're we're covered um for that. Personally, um in the past, I stayed. All right, three for three. Wait, no, I've lived here 20 years. Now I'm packing up and going. Yeah, because the storms are getting worse, you think? Bigger? No, um, I just had a real PTSD after the last one. I lost everything in the last month. Like my entire apartment was completely destroyed um with not a kitchen fixture or a bathroom fixture left, down to the studs. Unbelievable. Yeah, and you were in there. No, I wasn't in there. It was at my mother's place, also half of her place had to be taken out. So I um yeah, I used to stay, but I wouldn't anymore. Yeah, I don't blame you. Yeah. Okay. Yeah. All right. Well, um So maybe it's two out of three.

Ben Comer:

Two out of three, yeah. Yeah, two out of three. We got one more, so we'll we'll see what happens. But um, Anthony, it's been a really a pleasure talking with you. Yes, thank you.

Anthony Japour:

Appreciate you coming on. That was great. It was and the lunch was also the discussion there was incredible. So thank you for coming and appreciate it.

Ben Comer:

Absolutely. Uh, we've been speaking with Anthony Japoor, MD, CEO at iTolerance. I'm Ben Comer, and you've just listened to the Business of Biotech. Find us and subscribe anywhere you listen to podcasts, and be sure to check out new weekly video casts of these conversations every Monday under the Business of Biotech tab at life science leader.com. We'll see you next week, and thanks as always for listening.

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