{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":14.639,"endTime":18.689,"body":"Today, drowning"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":14.639,"endTime":18.689,"body":"strangers do gooders in the"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":18.689,"endTime":24.629,"body":"moral upside of war. I'm Clif"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":18.689,"endTime":24.629,"body":"Mark. And this is good."},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":24.63,"endTime":37.8,"body":"In the last episode, I talked"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":24.63,"endTime":37.8,"body":"about Susan Wolf's article moral"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":37.8,"endTime":42.48,"body":"saints. And in that article,"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":37.8,"endTime":42.48,"body":"wolf says, there's this"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":42.48,"endTime":45.84,"body":"assumption that a lot of people"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":42.48,"endTime":45.84,"body":"make, that we should all be the"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":45.99,"endTime":50.25,"body":"morally best that we can, that"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":45.99,"endTime":50.25,"body":"we should all be striving to be"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":50.28,"endTime":55.17,"body":"like moral saints. And her"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":50.28,"endTime":55.17,"body":"argument is that this assumption"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":55.17,"endTime":59.37,"body":"is wrong, that trying to be a"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":55.17,"endTime":59.37,"body":"moral saint is a terrible goal"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":59.37,"endTime":63.12,"body":"in life. Because if you're"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":59.37,"endTime":63.12,"body":"always looking at the moral side"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":63.12,"endTime":67.14,"body":"of things, you'll lose sight of"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":63.12,"endTime":67.14,"body":"all the cool stuff that actually"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":67.17,"endTime":70.62,"body":"makes life worth living. You"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":67.17,"endTime":70.62,"body":"won't be able to laugh at a Marx"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":70.62,"endTime":73.65,"body":"Brothers movies appreciate"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":70.62,"endTime":73.65,"body":"Tolstoy be a foodie or a style"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":73.65,"endTime":77.67,"body":"icon or an athlete or whatever."},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":73.65,"endTime":77.67,"body":"You're just going to spend your"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":77.67,"endTime":82.35,"body":"whole life slavish Lee trying to"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":77.67,"endTime":82.35,"body":"satisfy the bottomless demands"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":82.38,"endTime":86.97,"body":"of your conscience. Now, wolf"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":82.38,"endTime":86.97,"body":"doesn't want to abolish morality"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":86.97,"endTime":90.12,"body":"altogether. She just doesn't"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":86.97,"endTime":90.12,"body":"want it to take over people's"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":90.12,"endTime":94.59,"body":"lives. So she recommends that we"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":90.12,"endTime":94.59,"body":"all step out of the moral point"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":94.59,"endTime":98.4,"body":"of view every so often, and look"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":94.59,"endTime":98.4,"body":"at things from what she calls"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":98.7,"endTime":103.5,"body":"the point of view of individual"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":98.7,"endTime":103.5,"body":"perfection. And by that, she"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":103.5,"endTime":106.05,"body":"just means that we should take a"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":103.5,"endTime":106.05,"body":"more holistic view of what's"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":106.05,"endTime":110.43,"body":"valuable in our lives, a view"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":106.05,"endTime":110.43,"body":"that includes sports and art and"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":110.43,"endTime":113.7,"body":"gourmet food and everything"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":110.43,"endTime":113.7,"body":"else. And this sounds like"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":113.73,"endTime":117.45,"body":"solid, reasonable advice. Why"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":113.73,"endTime":117.45,"body":"shouldn't we consider all"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":117.45,"endTime":120.66,"body":"aspects of our lives when we're"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":117.45,"endTime":120.66,"body":"deciding what to do? It sounds"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":120.66,"endTime":124.65,"body":"reasonable. But here we are."},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":120.66,"endTime":124.65,"body":"Another episode and I'm still"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":124.65,"endTime":130.65,"body":"talking about Susan Wolfe. Why?"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":124.65,"endTime":130.65,"body":"Well, last episode, I gave as"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":130.65,"endTime":133.38,"body":"clear and generous an"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":130.65,"endTime":133.38,"body":"interpretation of her argument"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":133.62,"endTime":138.66,"body":"as I can manage. But when I was"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":133.62,"endTime":138.66,"body":"done, I still had a lot of"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":138.66,"endTime":140.76,"body":"questions. There were still"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":138.66,"endTime":140.76,"body":"things that bothered me about"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":140.76,"endTime":144.18,"body":"her argument. So I decided to"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":140.76,"endTime":144.18,"body":"come back to the topic of moral"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":144.18,"endTime":147.27,"body":"saints and bring two more"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":144.18,"endTime":147.27,"body":"authors into the mix. Peter"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":147.27,"endTime":152.28,"body":"Singer, and Marisa MacFarquhar."},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":147.27,"endTime":152.28,"body":"And the idea is that these two"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":152.28,"endTime":156.42,"body":"authors can bring in aspects of"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":152.28,"endTime":156.42,"body":"the topic that will fluffed out"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":157.23,"endTime":160.17,"body":"singer, he brings in an argument"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":157.23,"endTime":160.17,"body":"for why we should all be more"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":160.17,"endTime":164.46,"body":"like mortal saints, and malarkey"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":160.17,"endTime":164.46,"body":"har, she tells us what real life"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":164.46,"endTime":168.36,"body":"saints are actually like, and"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":164.46,"endTime":168.36,"body":"gives us an idea of the upside"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":168.57,"endTime":172.59,"body":"of leading that kind of life."},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":168.57,"endTime":172.59,"body":"One of the big questions that"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":172.59,"endTime":176.52,"body":"will doesn't answer in her"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":172.59,"endTime":176.52,"body":"article is when we should take"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":176.52,"endTime":179.1,"body":"the moral point of view. And"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":176.52,"endTime":179.1,"body":"when we should take the point of"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":179.1,"endTime":183.48,"body":"view of individual perfection."},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":179.1,"endTime":183.48,"body":"All she says is that we can't be"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":183.48,"endTime":187.14,"body":"in the moral point of view all"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":183.48,"endTime":187.14,"body":"the time. But beyond that, just"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":187.32,"endTime":192.6,"body":"use your intuition. And so I"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":187.32,"endTime":192.6,"body":"tried to use my intuition. And"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":192.6,"endTime":195.3,"body":"my intuition is telling me that"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":192.6,"endTime":195.3,"body":"there are some situations that"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":195.3,"endTime":198.66,"body":"call for a moral point of view,"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":195.3,"endTime":198.66,"body":"and some that don't. For"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":198.66,"endTime":202.47,"body":"example, I'm most sympathetic to"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":198.66,"endTime":202.47,"body":"Wolf's argument that we should"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":202.47,"endTime":206.37,"body":"focus a little less on morality."},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":202.47,"endTime":206.37,"body":"When I'm thinking about that"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":206.37,"endTime":210.66,"body":"habit, people have have tried to"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":206.37,"endTime":210.66,"body":"turn every tiny little detail"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":210.66,"endTime":215.79,"body":"into a charged moral issue. If"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":210.66,"endTime":215.79,"body":"you watch the news, or read it,"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":215.79,"endTime":220.14,"body":"or are online, even to a"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":215.79,"endTime":220.14,"body":"moderate degree, then you know"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":220.14,"endTime":224.97,"body":"what I mean? I've read articles"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":220.14,"endTime":224.97,"body":"on the morality or immorality of"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":225.36,"endTime":228.39,"body":"biking to work, what kind of"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":225.36,"endTime":228.39,"body":"food you eat, what songs are"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":228.39,"endTime":231.75,"body":"okay to listen to at Christmas,"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":228.39,"endTime":231.75,"body":"whether you capitalize the word"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":231.75,"endTime":236.22,"body":"black, you name it. And once you"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":231.75,"endTime":236.22,"body":"get used to thinking in this"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":236.22,"endTime":240.96,"body":"way, it can be insidious. You"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":236.22,"endTime":240.96,"body":"want to pick a lunch spot, you"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":240.96,"endTime":244.08,"body":"wind up asking yourself things"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":240.96,"endTime":244.08,"body":"like, how much packaging does"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":244.08,"endTime":247.2,"body":"the restaurant use? Is it"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":244.08,"endTime":247.2,"body":"recyclable? How do they treat"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":247.2,"endTime":250.17,"body":"their livestock before they kill"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":247.2,"endTime":250.17,"body":"it and feed it to you? Is this"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":250.17,"endTime":254.49,"body":"one of those homophobic chicken"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":250.17,"endTime":254.49,"body":"restaurants? Or suppose you're"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":254.49,"endTime":258.75,"body":"watching a movie and all anyone"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":254.49,"endTime":258.75,"body":"wants to talk about is whether"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":258.75,"endTime":262.62,"body":"the movie is harmful or"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":258.75,"endTime":262.62,"body":"offensive to anyone. If bad"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":262.62,"endTime":266.31,"body":"people might be encouraged in"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":262.62,"endTime":266.31,"body":"their badness by watching it if"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":266.31,"endTime":268.8,"body":"the directors or producers or"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":266.31,"endTime":268.8,"body":"actors have a record of immoral"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":268.8,"endTime":272.82,"body":"behavior, and so on. And I'm not"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":268.8,"endTime":272.82,"body":"saying these aren't important"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":272.82,"endTime":277.23,"body":"things for someone to consider"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":272.82,"endTime":277.23,"body":"at some point. But the worry is"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":277.23,"endTime":280.53,"body":"that thinking too much about"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":277.23,"endTime":280.53,"body":"them can make you forget why you"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":280.53,"endTime":284.88,"body":"even like watching movies in the"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":280.53,"endTime":284.88,"body":"first place. is these kinds of"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":284.88,"endTime":287.91,"body":"situations where I'm most"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":284.88,"endTime":287.91,"body":"sympathetic to wolf. I want to"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":287.91,"endTime":291.12,"body":"ask people to take a step back,"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":287.91,"endTime":291.12,"body":"to let go of that perspective"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":291.12,"endTime":293.79,"body":"and to remember that there's"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":291.12,"endTime":293.79,"body":"more to life than being"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":293.79,"endTime":296.07,"body":"completely morally spotless."},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":297.42,"endTime":301.83,"body":"However, I wouldn't say"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":297.42,"endTime":301.83,"body":"that in all situations. In some"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":301.83,"endTime":305.97,"body":"situations, my intuition tells"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":301.83,"endTime":305.97,"body":"me that you should be taking the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":305.97,"endTime":309.72,"body":"moral perspective. And that"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":305.97,"endTime":309.72,"body":"thinking about aesthetics or"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":309.72,"endTime":312.03,"body":"about what you're going to have"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":309.72,"endTime":312.03,"body":"for lunch would be the wrong"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":312.03,"endTime":317.43,"body":"thing to do. For example, if"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":312.03,"endTime":317.43,"body":"there was a child drowning in"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":317.43,"endTime":322.2,"body":"front of you. This, of course,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":317.43,"endTime":322.2,"body":"is the famous example from the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":322.2,"endTime":327.18,"body":"1972 article. That's 10 years"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":322.2,"endTime":327.18,"body":"before Wolf's piece, the 1972"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":327.21,"endTime":330.78,"body":"article by Peter Singer called"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":327.21,"endTime":330.78,"body":"famine, affluence and morality."},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":331.68,"endTime":335.58,"body":"This is a super famous piece. I"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":331.68,"endTime":335.58,"body":"talked about it a bit with Paul"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":335.58,"endTime":339.48,"body":"Sager back in Episode 31. So if"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":335.58,"endTime":339.48,"body":"you're curious about it after"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":339.69,"endTime":343.53,"body":"you can head back there, and"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":339.69,"endTime":343.53,"body":"listen to that one. Anyway,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":344.01,"endTime":348.15,"body":"singers argument goes like this."},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":344.01,"endTime":348.15,"body":"Imagine you're walking by a"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":348.15,"endTime":351.96,"body":"shallow pond dressed in a nice"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":348.15,"endTime":351.96,"body":"new outfit. You see a child"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":351.96,"endTime":355.62,"body":"drowning, and you can save the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":351.96,"endTime":355.62,"body":"child, but you'll ruin your"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":355.62,"endTime":360.63,"body":"clothes. What do you do? Now,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":355.62,"endTime":360.63,"body":"obviously, you jump in and you"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":360.63,"endTime":363.81,"body":"save the kid, you're morally"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":360.63,"endTime":363.81,"body":"obliged to do that if you can."},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":364.62,"endTime":367.68,"body":"And if you tried saying"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":364.62,"endTime":367.68,"body":"something like, well, I, I would"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":367.68,"endTime":370.74,"body":"have saved the kid. But these,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":367.68,"endTime":370.74,"body":"these shoes were really"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":370.74,"endTime":375.03,"body":"expensive. Well, you'd sound"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":370.74,"endTime":375.03,"body":"like a monster. This is a"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":375.03,"endTime":378.0,"body":"situation where you should be"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":375.03,"endTime":378.0,"body":"seeing things in moral terms"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":379.29,"endTime":382.56,"body":"that singers first move, he"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":379.29,"endTime":382.56,"body":"gives you something obvious."},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":383.31,"endTime":388.14,"body":"Then his second move, is to ask,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":383.31,"endTime":388.14,"body":"What if the child isn't drowning"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":388.14,"endTime":391.2,"body":"right in front of you? What if"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":388.14,"endTime":391.2,"body":"it's drowning faraway in a"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":391.2,"endTime":394.59,"body":"different country? But you can"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":391.2,"endTime":394.59,"body":"still save it. It's just that"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":394.59,"endTime":397.44,"body":"instead of jumping in and"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":394.59,"endTime":397.44,"body":"getting wet, you have to make a"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":397.44,"endTime":400.59,"body":"small cash donation equivalent"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":397.44,"endTime":400.59,"body":"to the cost of the clothes, you"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":400.59,"endTime":404.67,"body":"would have ruined? Aren't you"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":400.59,"endTime":404.67,"body":"still obliged to save that kid?"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":405.3,"endTime":407.79,"body":"Because what's the moral"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":405.3,"endTime":407.79,"body":"difference between the two cases"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":409.11,"endTime":413.7,"body":"in this one is a little less"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":409.11,"endTime":413.7,"body":"obvious. Because on an emotional"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":413.7,"endTime":416.79,"body":"gut level, each child drowning"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":413.7,"endTime":416.79,"body":"right in front of you is a lot"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":416.79,"endTime":419.37,"body":"more compelling than a child"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":416.79,"endTime":419.37,"body":"that you can't see because it's"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":419.37,"endTime":423.12,"body":"across the world. But on a"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":419.37,"endTime":423.12,"body":"rational, philosophical level,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":423.63,"endTime":427.56,"body":"what kind of arguments you make,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":423.63,"endTime":427.56,"body":"it's kind of hard actually, to"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":427.56,"endTime":432.24,"body":"say why exactly the life of the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":427.56,"endTime":432.24,"body":"nearby child is more important"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":432.51,"endTime":436.83,"body":"than the faraway one. And it's"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":432.51,"endTime":436.83,"body":"really hard to explain why the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":436.83,"endTime":439.77,"body":"lives of foreign children are"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":436.83,"endTime":439.77,"body":"worth less than the pleasure of"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":439.77,"endTime":443.73,"body":"getting new shoes. So a lot of"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":439.77,"endTime":443.73,"body":"people, when they hear this"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":443.73,"endTime":446.73,"body":"argument, they're inclined to"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":443.73,"endTime":446.73,"body":"say, Fine, Peter Singer, you"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":446.73,"endTime":450.24,"body":"have a point, maybe we are"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":446.73,"endTime":450.24,"body":"morally obliged to send a few"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":450.24,"endTime":454.41,"body":"100 bucks if it will save"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":450.24,"endTime":454.41,"body":"someone's life. But once you"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":454.41,"endTime":458.85,"body":"admit that, you've walked right"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":454.41,"endTime":458.85,"body":"into his trap, because singers"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":458.85,"endTime":463.47,"body":"the third move, is to point out"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":458.85,"endTime":463.47,"body":"that, as a sad, matter of fact,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":464.07,"endTime":467.79,"body":"our world is just full of"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":464.07,"endTime":467.79,"body":"poverty, and suffering, and"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":467.79,"endTime":472.05,"body":"disease, and famine. And all of"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":467.79,"endTime":472.05,"body":"these things can be somewhat"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":472.05,"endTime":476.19,"body":"relieved by cash donation, made"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":472.05,"endTime":476.19,"body":"to some charitable agency or"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":476.19,"endTime":481.59,"body":"other The world is an infinity"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":476.19,"endTime":481.59,"body":"of shallow ponds packed with"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":481.59,"endTime":485.16,"body":"drowning kids. And if you're"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":481.59,"endTime":485.16,"body":"obliged to help one, you're"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":485.16,"endTime":488.52,"body":"obliged to help the next. If"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":485.16,"endTime":488.52,"body":"you're obliged to give 100 bucks"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":488.52,"endTime":491.97,"body":"or 1000 bucks as singer, then"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":488.52,"endTime":491.97,"body":"according to the logic of the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":491.97,"endTime":496.29,"body":"argument, you're obliged to keep"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":491.97,"endTime":496.29,"body":"on giving right up to the point"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":496.29,"endTime":499.14,"body":"where you give away so much,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":496.29,"endTime":499.14,"body":"that you're about to make your"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":499.14,"endTime":501.84,"body":"own life worse than the lives of"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":499.14,"endTime":501.84,"body":"the people you're trying to"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":501.84,"endTime":507.18,"body":"help, then you can stop. That's"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":501.84,"endTime":507.18,"body":"just the logical end point,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":507.39,"endTime":509.76,"body":"singer will settle for less,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":507.39,"endTime":509.76,"body":"he'll probably be happy if you"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":509.76,"endTime":514.62,"body":"just give away half your income,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":509.76,"endTime":514.62,"body":"or 10%. What his point is that"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":514.95,"endTime":518.7,"body":"morality requires that people"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":514.95,"endTime":518.7,"body":"should be giving away way more"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":518.7,"endTime":522.93,"body":"than they actually do. He's"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":518.7,"endTime":522.93,"body":"saying that if you live in an"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":522.93,"endTime":527.52,"body":"affluent country, you're morally"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":522.93,"endTime":527.52,"body":"obliged to basically hand over"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":527.52,"endTime":532.83,"body":"your entire life to help those"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":527.52,"endTime":532.83,"body":"who need it most. And he knows"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":532.83,"endTime":536.43,"body":"he's asking a lot. He just"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":532.83,"endTime":536.43,"body":"thinks that's what morality"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":536.43,"endTime":539.88,"body":"requires. And maybe if we all"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":536.43,"endTime":539.88,"body":"did more to relieve the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":539.88,"endTime":543.63,"body":"suffering in the world, then the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":539.88,"endTime":543.63,"body":"world wouldn't be so bad. And"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":543.63,"endTime":546.84,"body":"morality wouldn't require us to"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":543.63,"endTime":546.84,"body":"drop everything to help others"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":546.84,"endTime":553.74,"body":"all the time. But we don't end"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":546.84,"endTime":553.74,"body":"it is and it does. This argument"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":554.22,"endTime":558.39,"body":"is very uncomfortable to hear,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":554.22,"endTime":558.39,"body":"because obviously, singer is"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":558.39,"endTime":562.53,"body":"asking for way more than almost"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":558.39,"endTime":562.53,"body":"anyone is willing to give. And"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":562.53,"endTime":564.9,"body":"then he's pointing his finger"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":562.53,"endTime":564.9,"body":"and calling them morally bad"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":564.93,"endTime":569.4,"body":"when they don't give it so wolf"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":564.93,"endTime":569.4,"body":"in singers arguments go in"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":569.4,"endTime":573.36,"body":"opposite directions. Wolf says"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":569.4,"endTime":573.36,"body":"that if you start thinking like"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":573.36,"endTime":576.75,"body":"singer, you're never going to"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":573.36,"endTime":576.75,"body":"enjoy a novel or a gourmet meal"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":576.75,"endTime":581.22,"body":"or a game of tennis again, and"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":576.75,"endTime":581.22,"body":"singer saying, how can you think"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":581.25,"endTime":585.75,"body":"about tennis when people are"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":581.25,"endTime":585.75,"body":"dying? We'll think singers doing"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":585.75,"endTime":589.59,"body":"too much and singer thinks that"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":585.75,"endTime":589.59,"body":"wolf isn't doing enough."},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":597.42,"endTime":601.8,"body":"Think wolf in singer"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":597.42,"endTime":601.8,"body":"both make Good points. On the"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":601.8,"endTime":606.24,"body":"one hand, I agree with wolf that"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":601.8,"endTime":606.24,"body":"being a saint does really seem"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":606.24,"endTime":609.51,"body":"like a drag. I wouldn't want to"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":606.24,"endTime":609.51,"body":"devote my life to helping"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":609.51,"endTime":615.6,"body":"strangers. But also, I do kind"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":609.51,"endTime":615.6,"body":"of find it morally sketchy that"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":615.6,"endTime":618.99,"body":"things like truffle oil and"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":615.6,"endTime":618.99,"body":"champagne. And I don't know"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":619.02,"endTime":624.12,"body":"indoor skydiving exist. Well,"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":619.02,"endTime":624.12,"body":"something like 25,000 people a"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":624.12,"endTime":627.9,"body":"day die of hunger. I can't"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":624.12,"endTime":627.9,"body":"really settle the question"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":627.9,"endTime":632.19,"body":"between them in any satisfying"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":627.9,"endTime":632.19,"body":"way. But I can fill in some of"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":632.19,"endTime":636.48,"body":"the details about how it might"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":632.19,"endTime":636.48,"body":"actually be to live that same"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":636.48,"endTime":639.18,"body":"life. And I'm going to do it by"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":636.48,"endTime":639.18,"body":"talking about a book that I"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":639.18,"endTime":643.38,"body":"really enjoyed called strangers"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":639.18,"endTime":643.38,"body":"drowning, grappling with"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":643.38,"endTime":647.01,"body":"impossible idealism, drastic"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":643.38,"endTime":647.01,"body":"choices and the overpowering"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":647.04,"endTime":651.93,"body":"urge to help. The title"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":647.04,"endTime":651.93,"body":"strangers drowning, that's a"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":651.93,"endTime":655.71,"body":"reference to singers article and"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":651.93,"endTime":655.71,"body":"the author who is called Larissa"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":655.71,"endTime":659.01,"body":"MacFarquhar Johar, she was"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":655.71,"endTime":659.01,"body":"inspired by Susan Wolf's article"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":659.01,"endTime":662.07,"body":"as well. So she knows about all"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":659.01,"endTime":662.07,"body":"the arguments I've been talking"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":662.07,"endTime":666.21,"body":"about. And she decided to write"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":662.07,"endTime":666.21,"body":"a book about the people that"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":666.21,"endTime":670.68,"body":"Wolfe calls moral saints, though"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":666.21,"endTime":670.68,"body":"she calls them do gooders. These"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":670.68,"endTime":673.86,"body":"are the people who devote their"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":670.68,"endTime":673.86,"body":"entire lives to being as"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":673.86,"endTime":677.73,"body":"ethically good as possible. They"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":673.86,"endTime":677.73,"body":"go to extremes, they go to the"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":677.73,"endTime":681.06,"body":"point where they seem weird, and"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":677.73,"endTime":681.06,"body":"they make other people"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":681.06,"endTime":684.96,"body":"uncomfortable. And although MC"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":681.06,"endTime":684.96,"body":"frog Johar is working in the"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":684.96,"endTime":688.74,"body":"same general topic as Wolf, her"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":684.96,"endTime":688.74,"body":"approach is very different."},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":689.43,"endTime":692.22,"body":"singer and Wolf, they're"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":689.43,"endTime":692.22,"body":"professional philosophers. And"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":692.22,"endTime":697.92,"body":"they travel mostly by armchair."},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":692.22,"endTime":697.92,"body":"Remember, wolf says, she doesn't"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":697.92,"endTime":701.13,"body":"even know if anything's exist."},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":697.92,"endTime":701.13,"body":"And then she just kind of"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":701.13,"endTime":704.07,"body":"invents how she thinks they must"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":701.13,"endTime":704.07,"body":"be, and then gets annoyed at"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":704.07,"endTime":708.66,"body":"them. She figures they must be"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":704.07,"endTime":708.66,"body":"boring, and totally offensive"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":708.66,"endTime":712.08,"body":"and super nice, in that their"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":708.66,"endTime":712.08,"body":"lives must be pretty miserable."},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":712.65,"endTime":716.37,"body":"But she doesn't actually go out"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":712.65,"endTime":716.37,"body":"and meet anyone who fits the"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":716.37,"endTime":720.69,"body":"description. And in a way, it"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":716.37,"endTime":720.69,"body":"doesn't matter. Because wolf"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":720.72,"endTime":724.08,"body":"doesn't care that much about"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":720.72,"endTime":724.08,"body":"actual saints, she cares about"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":724.08,"endTime":727.5,"body":"that nagging feeling of guilt"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":724.08,"endTime":727.5,"body":"that she gets for not being one"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":728.34,"endTime":732.75,"body":"MacFarquhar harp. She's not a"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":728.34,"endTime":732.75,"body":"professional philosopher. She's"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":732.75,"endTime":736.71,"body":"a profile writer for The New"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":732.75,"endTime":736.71,"body":"Yorker. So instead of imagining"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":736.71,"endTime":740.49,"body":"what do gooders must be like,"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":736.71,"endTime":740.49,"body":"she actually goes out and meets"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":740.49,"endTime":742.71,"body":"them, she finds a whole bunch of"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":740.49,"endTime":742.71,"body":"them, she researches their"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":742.71,"endTime":748.26,"body":"lives. And her book is filled"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":742.71,"endTime":748.26,"body":"with in depth profiles of these"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":748.26,"endTime":751.47,"body":"people. She doesn't just explain"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":748.26,"endTime":751.47,"body":"their good deeds, she gets into"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":751.47,"endTime":753.84,"body":"their motivations, their"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":751.47,"endTime":753.84,"body":"personal lives, their"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":753.84,"endTime":757.86,"body":"relationships, the rationales,"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":753.84,"endTime":757.86,"body":"they get for their actions, all"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":757.86,"endTime":761.88,"body":"sorts of stuff. There are all"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":757.86,"endTime":761.88,"body":"kinds of do gooders in the book."},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":762.57,"endTime":765.78,"body":"There's a chapter on a guy who"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":762.57,"endTime":765.78,"body":"was born a prince, but gave up"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":765.78,"endTime":769.29,"body":"the family fortune to start a"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":765.78,"endTime":769.29,"body":"leper colony. There's a couple"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":769.29,"endTime":773.91,"body":"who adopted more than 20 kids."},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":769.29,"endTime":773.91,"body":"There are missionaries, nurses,"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":773.94,"endTime":778.35,"body":"people who donate their organs"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":773.94,"endTime":778.35,"body":"to strangers. And even though"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":778.35,"endTime":782.49,"body":"the book isn't social science,"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":778.35,"endTime":782.49,"body":"per se, it's still real world"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":782.49,"endTime":786.0,"body":"research that can help us see"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":782.49,"endTime":786.0,"body":"what we've got right and what"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":786.0,"endTime":790.44,"body":"she got wrong. And one thing"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":786.0,"endTime":790.44,"body":"that we've got wrong is that new"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":790.44,"endTime":794.79,"body":"gutters are not all these super"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":790.44,"endTime":794.79,"body":"nice, inoffensive Ned Flanders"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":794.79,"endTime":799.5,"body":"types. A lot of them are really"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":794.79,"endTime":799.5,"body":"odd and interesting characters"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":799.5,"endTime":803.67,"body":"and willing to make other people"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":799.5,"endTime":803.67,"body":"very uncomfortable. And I can't"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":803.67,"endTime":806.97,"body":"tell you about all of them. But"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":803.67,"endTime":806.97,"body":"obviously, I need to tell you"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":806.97,"endTime":811.08,"body":"about at least one who, oddly"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":806.97,"endTime":811.08,"body":"enough, was inspired by Peter"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":811.08,"endTime":811.5,"body":"Singer."},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":813.03,"endTime":815.82,"body":"I know I've been talking a lot"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":813.03,"endTime":815.82,"body":"about singer. And I want to make"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":815.82,"endTime":819.78,"body":"it clear that not all people who"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":815.82,"endTime":819.78,"body":"care about morality are"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":819.78,"endTime":823.11,"body":"followers of singer, do gooders"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":819.78,"endTime":823.11,"body":"come from all kinds of"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":823.11,"endTime":826.14,"body":"backgrounds. And they come to"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":823.11,"endTime":826.14,"body":"their do getting in different"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":826.14,"endTime":829.92,"body":"ways. And most of them haven't"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":826.14,"endTime":829.92,"body":"heard of singer and his"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":829.92,"endTime":834.06,"body":"utilitarian style arguments"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":829.92,"endTime":834.06,"body":"about drowning children. But"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":834.69,"endTime":836.94,"body":"some of the people that park"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":834.69,"endTime":836.94,"body":"Johar writes about were"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":836.94,"endTime":840.78,"body":"genuinely inspired by him. And I"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":836.94,"endTime":840.78,"body":"find this really interesting"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":841.02,"endTime":844.65,"body":"that the same argument that"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":841.02,"endTime":844.65,"body":"1000s of people have read that"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":844.65,"endTime":849.51,"body":"gets thrown at every student who"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":844.65,"endTime":849.51,"body":"takes a class in ethics. It"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":849.51,"endTime":852.69,"body":"affects people differently. For"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":849.51,"endTime":852.69,"body":"some people when they hear"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":852.69,"endTime":856.02,"body":"singers argument, it just seems"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":852.69,"endTime":856.02,"body":"ridiculous. It doesn't seem"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":856.02,"endTime":860.52,"body":"serious because it's obvious"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":856.02,"endTime":860.52,"body":"that nobody's obliged to ruin"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":860.52,"endTime":864.81,"body":"their lives for strangers across"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":860.52,"endTime":864.81,"body":"the globe. And it sounds a bit"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":864.84,"endTime":869.1,"body":"unhinged to say that buying a"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":864.84,"endTime":869.1,"body":"pair of new shoes is morally"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":869.1,"endTime":873.21,"body":"equivalent to watching a child"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":869.1,"endTime":873.21,"body":"drowned before your eyes. But"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":873.21,"endTime":876.6,"body":"people who have an interest in"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":873.21,"endTime":876.6,"body":"philosophy, they often find it"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":876.6,"endTime":880.14,"body":"annoying. It's not like they"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":876.6,"endTime":880.14,"body":"find it so annoying that they're"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":880.14,"endTime":882.21,"body":"going to give away all their"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":880.14,"endTime":882.21,"body":"money or change their lives at"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":882.21,"endTime":887.1,"body":"all. But it's a tough argument"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":882.21,"endTime":887.1,"body":"to answer and it can make people"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":887.1,"endTime":891.39,"body":"feel uncomfortable. Some people"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":887.1,"endTime":891.39,"body":"like Susan wolf feel so"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":891.39,"endTime":894.21,"body":"uncomfortable that they'll"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":891.39,"endTime":894.21,"body":"launch their career by trying to"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":894.21,"endTime":898.83,"body":"prove that being a saint is"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":894.21,"endTime":898.83,"body":"stupid anyway. But there is a"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":898.83,"endTime":902.46,"body":"tiny percentage of people I"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":898.83,"endTime":902.46,"body":"don't know, there's something"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":902.46,"endTime":906.21,"body":"special about their brains. But"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":902.46,"endTime":906.21,"body":"there's a small fraction of a"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":906.21,"endTime":911.1,"body":"percent of people who just are"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":906.21,"endTime":911.1,"body":"really into this argument. This"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":911.1,"endTime":913.98,"body":"argument was made for them. It"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":911.1,"endTime":913.98,"body":"gets into their mind and takes"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":913.98,"endTime":918.36,"body":"over their life. Aaron Pitkin,"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":913.98,"endTime":918.36,"body":"he's one of the do gooders in"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":918.36,"endTime":922.71,"body":"MacFarquhar Hart's book. He's"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":918.36,"endTime":922.71,"body":"like this. He was an idealistic"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":922.71,"endTime":926.43,"body":"teenager who listened to metal"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":922.71,"endTime":926.43,"body":"and had a pet snake. And he"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":926.43,"endTime":929.7,"body":"eventually becomes a full time"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":926.43,"endTime":929.7,"body":"animal rights guy and devotes"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":929.7,"endTime":933.54,"body":"his life to improving the"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":929.7,"endTime":933.54,"body":"welfare of chickens. Because"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":933.54,"endTime":936.9,"body":"that's just how he calculated he"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":933.54,"endTime":936.9,"body":"could reduce suffering in the"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":936.9,"endTime":940.11,"body":"world the most not because he"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":936.9,"endTime":940.11,"body":"thought chickens were cute or"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":940.11,"endTime":944.76,"body":"anything. But before all that,"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":940.11,"endTime":944.76,"body":"back when he was in college,"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":945.24,"endTime":949.38,"body":"Aaron Pipkin, read Peter"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":945.24,"endTime":949.38,"body":"singers, famine, affluence, and"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":949.38,"endTime":954.09,"body":"morality, and it changed his"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":949.38,"endTime":954.09,"body":"life. pickin becomes super"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":954.09,"endTime":956.82,"body":"cheap, he starts going dumpster"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":954.09,"endTime":956.82,"body":"diving for food, that kind of"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":956.82,"endTime":961.68,"body":"thing. And that's because after"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":956.82,"endTime":961.68,"body":"reading singer, everything he"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":961.68,"endTime":966.42,"body":"buys every penny he spends, he"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":961.68,"endTime":966.42,"body":"feels like he's taking money"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":966.42,"endTime":970.23,"body":"away from someone who's dying."},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":966.42,"endTime":970.23,"body":"When he looks at a soda vending"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":970.23,"endTime":975.39,"body":"machine, he sees a starving"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":970.23,"endTime":975.39,"body":"child next to it. Aaron Pitkin"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":975.63,"endTime":979.26,"body":"basically starts living inside"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":975.63,"endTime":979.26,"body":"singers thought experiment, the"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":979.26,"endTime":982.02,"body":"world has become an endless"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":979.26,"endTime":982.02,"body":"series of pawns full of drowning"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":982.02,"endTime":986.91,"body":"people that Aaron feels he's"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":982.02,"endTime":986.91,"body":"responsible for saving. And he's"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":986.91,"endTime":989.79,"body":"not the only one in the book"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":986.91,"endTime":989.79,"body":"who's like this. There's another"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":989.79,"endTime":993.81,"body":"woman who completely melts down"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":989.79,"endTime":993.81,"body":"because she lets her fiance buy"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":993.81,"endTime":997.56,"body":"her a $4 Candy Apple, and then"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":993.81,"endTime":997.56,"body":"feels guilty because he could"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":997.56,"endTime":1001.79,"body":"have given that money to someone"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":997.56,"endTime":1001.79,"body":"who needed it more. Now, like I"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1001.79,"endTime":1005.96,"body":"said, not all do gooders are"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1001.79,"endTime":1005.96,"body":"obsessed with donating every"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1005.96,"endTime":1009.62,"body":"last dollar in singer style."},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1005.96,"endTime":1009.62,"body":"They do good in different ways."},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1010.22,"endTime":1014.0,"body":"But what all of them share is"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1010.22,"endTime":1014.0,"body":"that they're driven by an"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1014.0,"endTime":1018.26,"body":"enormously powerful sense of"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1014.0,"endTime":1018.26,"body":"duty. It's not that they don't"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1018.26,"endTime":1022.73,"body":"have other desires. They do. She"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1018.26,"endTime":1022.73,"body":"wanted to eat the candy apple,"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1023.39,"endTime":1025.7,"body":"it's that their sense of duty"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1023.39,"endTime":1025.7,"body":"makes them suppress those other"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1025.7,"endTime":1029.9,"body":"desires, so they can focus on"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1025.7,"endTime":1029.9,"body":"doing good. So these people"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1030.08,"endTime":1033.53,"body":"usually become workaholics who"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1030.08,"endTime":1033.53,"body":"never take time off. They train"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1033.53,"endTime":1037.4,"body":"themselves to sleep less so they"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1033.53,"endTime":1037.4,"body":"can have more waking hours to do"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1037.4,"endTime":1040.61,"body":"good in. They give away their"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1037.4,"endTime":1040.61,"body":"money. They were thrown safety."},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1041.24,"endTime":1045.41,"body":"They all make huge sacrifices"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1041.24,"endTime":1045.41,"body":"and lead very focused and"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1045.41,"endTime":1048.83,"body":"intentional lives, and hold"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1045.41,"endTime":1048.83,"body":"themselves to ridiculously high"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1048.83,"endTime":1054.38,"body":"moral standards. In a way, this"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1048.83,"endTime":1054.38,"body":"is Susan Wolf's nightmare,"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1054.92,"endTime":1057.86,"body":"having a conscience that is so"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1054.92,"endTime":1057.86,"body":"domineering, that it won't even"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1057.86,"endTime":1059.54,"body":"let you enjoy a candy apple."},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1060.59,"endTime":1065.21,"body":"And actually reading MacFarquhar"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1060.59,"endTime":1065.21,"body":"hearts profiles. It seems even"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1065.21,"endTime":1069.32,"body":"worse than I thought from"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1065.21,"endTime":1069.32,"body":"reading wolf. Because when wolf"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1069.32,"endTime":1071.84,"body":"is talking about the things that"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1069.32,"endTime":1071.84,"body":"you have to give up to be a"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1071.84,"endTime":1076.04,"body":"moral saint, she focuses on"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1071.84,"endTime":1076.04,"body":"personal activities, hobbies,"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1076.04,"endTime":1079.37,"body":"characteristics, your sense of"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1076.04,"endTime":1079.37,"body":"humor, taste and literature,"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1079.37,"endTime":1082.34,"body":"that kind of thing. But"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1079.37,"endTime":1082.34,"body":"according to MacFarquhar Johar,"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1082.91,"endTime":1085.73,"body":"this isn't the most important"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1082.91,"endTime":1085.73,"body":"thing that do gooders lose out"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1085.73,"endTime":1089.99,"body":"on. They also have a really"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1085.73,"endTime":1089.99,"body":"tough time, keeping up good"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1089.99,"endTime":1093.68,"body":"relationships with their"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1089.99,"endTime":1093.68,"body":"families and friends. normal"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1093.68,"endTime":1098.03,"body":"human beings are very partial"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1093.68,"endTime":1098.03,"body":"distance matters to most"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1098.03,"endTime":1101.03,"body":"people's moral intuitions. And"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1098.03,"endTime":1101.03,"body":"this is true in the literal"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1101.03,"endTime":1104.66,"body":"sense, where the child drowning"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1101.03,"endTime":1104.66,"body":"in front of you matters more"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1104.66,"endTime":1108.05,"body":"than the child drowning across"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1104.66,"endTime":1108.05,"body":"the world. But it's also true in"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1108.05,"endTime":1111.65,"body":"the figurative sense, where you"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1108.05,"endTime":1111.65,"body":"have more duties to the people"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1111.65,"endTime":1115.76,"body":"that you're connected to. So for"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1111.65,"endTime":1115.76,"body":"most people, family comes first,"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1115.97,"endTime":1119.54,"body":"and friends, that maybe people"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1115.97,"endTime":1119.54,"body":"from your city or religion or"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1119.54,"endTime":1122.96,"body":"fandom, citizens of the same"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1119.54,"endTime":1122.96,"body":"country, the Workers of the"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1122.96,"endTime":1127.82,"body":"World, almost any connection"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1122.96,"endTime":1127.82,"body":"creates more moral obligation"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1128.09,"endTime":1131.9,"body":"than no connection. And these"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1128.09,"endTime":1131.9,"body":"connections, especially the"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1131.9,"endTime":1135.62,"body":"really close ones, are"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1131.9,"endTime":1135.62,"body":"subjectively very important to"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1135.62,"endTime":1138.32,"body":"people. And that's probably why"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1135.62,"endTime":1138.32,"body":"we give them such moral"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1138.32,"endTime":1143.09,"body":"significance. But do gooders are"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1138.32,"endTime":1143.09,"body":"different. They're impartial,"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1143.63,"endTime":1147.71,"body":"they believe in the equal moral"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1143.63,"endTime":1147.71,"body":"worth of all human beings. Now,"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1147.71,"endTime":1150.95,"body":"of course, we all say that we"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1147.71,"endTime":1150.95,"body":"believe in the equal moral worth"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1150.95,"endTime":1155.78,"body":"of all human beings, but maybe"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1150.95,"endTime":1155.78,"body":"we believe it abstractly, but we"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1155.78,"endTime":1159.68,"body":"don't believe it emotionally. We"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1155.78,"endTime":1159.68,"body":"don't let it affect our actions"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1159.68,"endTime":1164.66,"body":"in any way. Because if we"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1159.68,"endTime":1164.66,"body":"seriously put strangers on the"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1164.66,"endTime":1168.26,"body":"same level of concern as our"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1164.66,"endTime":1168.26,"body":"family and friends, we wouldn't"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1168.26,"endTime":1173.42,"body":"have family and friends for very"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1168.26,"endTime":1173.42,"body":"long. Because we never buy a"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1173.42,"endTime":1176.33,"body":"birthday dinner for our friend."},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1173.42,"endTime":1176.33,"body":"We never take a nice holiday"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1176.33,"endTime":1181.25,"body":"with our spouse. How could we"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1176.33,"endTime":1181.25,"body":"win there are hungry people to"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1181.25,"endTime":1185.12,"body":"be fed, homeless people to house"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1181.25,"endTime":1185.12,"body":"orphans to be adopted, and so"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1185.12,"endTime":1190.52,"body":"on. Now do gooders, they do put"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1185.12,"endTime":1190.52,"body":"these people on the same level,"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1190.91,"endTime":1194.27,"body":"and they do make those"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1190.91,"endTime":1194.27,"body":"sacrifices. It's not that they"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1194.27,"endTime":1198.29,"body":"don't love their families. It's"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1194.27,"endTime":1198.29,"body":"that they put Strangers on a"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1198.29,"endTime":1201.83,"body":"moral par with them and Since"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1198.29,"endTime":1201.83,"body":"there's always someone in the"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1201.83,"endTime":1205.43,"body":"world suffering more than their"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1201.83,"endTime":1205.43,"body":"families, their families fall"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1205.43,"endTime":1208.43,"body":"off the priority list. And if"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1205.43,"endTime":1208.43,"body":"you don't prioritize your"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1208.43,"endTime":1213.32,"body":"relationships, they tend to fall"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1208.43,"endTime":1213.32,"body":"apart. According to MacFarquhar"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1213.32,"endTime":1217.31,"body":"harm. This is the biggest"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1213.32,"endTime":1217.31,"body":"sacrifice that do gooders make."},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1217.67,"endTime":1221.69,"body":"And it's also what makes them"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1217.67,"endTime":1221.69,"body":"seem so disturbing and weird to"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1221.69,"endTime":1226.67,"body":"most people. So make Farquharson"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1221.69,"endTime":1226.67,"body":"studies of actual do gooders"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1227.21,"endTime":1232.13,"body":"does confirm one of Wolf's main"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1227.21,"endTime":1232.13,"body":"points, which is that the life"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1232.13,"endTime":1235.88,"body":"of the do gooder really would"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1232.13,"endTime":1235.88,"body":"seem pretty bleak to most"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1235.88,"endTime":1239.99,"body":"people. And that's because do"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1235.88,"endTime":1239.99,"body":"gooders are dominated by a sense"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1239.99,"endTime":1243.92,"body":"of duty that is so demanding"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1239.99,"endTime":1243.92,"body":"that it crowds out the things"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1243.92,"endTime":1246.65,"body":"that most people build their"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1243.92,"endTime":1246.65,"body":"entire lives around and care"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1246.65,"endTime":1253.94,"body":"about most. But MacFarquhar also"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1246.65,"endTime":1253.94,"body":"seems to support singers idea"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1254.21,"endTime":1257.63,"body":"that morality is way more"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1254.21,"endTime":1257.63,"body":"demanding than most of us"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1257.63,"endTime":1261.86,"body":"recognize. Susan Wolf, she"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1257.63,"endTime":1261.86,"body":"doesn't like the saintly"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1261.86,"endTime":1265.97,"body":"outlook. She suggests that moral"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1261.86,"endTime":1265.97,"body":"saints are how they are because"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1265.97,"endTime":1270.05,"body":"they're missing something, they"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1265.97,"endTime":1270.05,"body":"lack the capacity to understand"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1270.05,"endTime":1273.92,"body":"and enjoy the things that bring"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1270.05,"endTime":1273.92,"body":"joy to normal people. mcfar"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1273.92,"endTime":1278.15,"body":"Kihara says almost the opposite."},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1273.92,"endTime":1278.15,"body":"She thinks that do gooders are"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1278.15,"endTime":1281.36,"body":"different from us, not because"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1278.15,"endTime":1281.36,"body":"they lacked some capacity, but"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1281.36,"endTime":1286.52,"body":"because they can see something"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1281.36,"endTime":1286.52,"body":"that we can't or are not willing"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1286.52,"endTime":1292.19,"body":"to. I quote, would do gooders"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1286.52,"endTime":1292.19,"body":"lack is not happiness, but"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1292.19,"endTime":1296.15,"body":"innocence, the lack that happy"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1292.19,"endTime":1296.15,"body":"blindness that allows most"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1296.15,"endTime":1299.51,"body":"people most of the time, to shut"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1296.15,"endTime":1299.51,"body":"their minds to what is"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1299.51,"endTime":1303.56,"body":"unbearable, do gooders have"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1299.51,"endTime":1303.56,"body":"forced themselves to know in to"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1303.56,"endTime":1307.37,"body":"keep on knowing that everything"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1303.56,"endTime":1307.37,"body":"they do affects other people,"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1307.97,"endTime":1311.78,"body":"and that sometimes they're not"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1307.97,"endTime":1311.78,"body":"always, their joy is purchased"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1311.78,"endTime":1315.56,"body":"with other people's joy. And"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1311.78,"endTime":1315.56,"body":"remembering that they open"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1315.56,"endTime":1318.53,"body":"themselves to a sense of"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1315.56,"endTime":1318.53,"body":"unlimited, crushing"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1318.59,"endTime":1324.47,"body":"responsibility. And quote, it's"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1318.59,"endTime":1324.47,"body":"worth saying here that"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1324.8,"endTime":1328.4,"body":"MacFarquhar heart doesn't just"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1324.8,"endTime":1328.4,"body":"do profiles in her book. In"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1328.4,"endTime":1330.62,"body":"between the chapters on"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1328.4,"endTime":1330.62,"body":"profiles, there are chapters"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1330.65,"endTime":1334.13,"body":"about theory, she talks about"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1330.65,"endTime":1334.13,"body":"Wolf and singer, she runs"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1334.13,"endTime":1337.43,"body":"through the intellectual history"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1334.13,"endTime":1337.43,"body":"of critiques against do gooders"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1337.43,"endTime":1342.2,"body":"from philosophers and novelists"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1337.43,"endTime":1342.2,"body":"and psychoanalysts. She's done"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1342.2,"endTime":1346.73,"body":"the reading. And even so, she"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1342.2,"endTime":1346.73,"body":"still can't come up with an"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1346.73,"endTime":1351.47,"body":"adequate response to a challenge"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1346.73,"endTime":1351.47,"body":"like singers. She thinks the"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1351.47,"endTime":1354.98,"body":"only reason we think we don't"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1351.47,"endTime":1354.98,"body":"have to become saints is because"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1354.98,"endTime":1357.08,"body":"we ignore what's really going on"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1354.98,"endTime":1357.08,"body":"in the world."},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1358.13,"endTime":1362.0,"body":"And this leaves us in a bit of a"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1358.13,"endTime":1362.0,"body":"dilemma. Because on the one"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1362.0,"endTime":1365.93,"body":"hand, it looks like wolf has a"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1362.0,"endTime":1365.93,"body":"point, devoting your life to"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1365.93,"endTime":1369.86,"body":"doing good would completely mess"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1365.93,"endTime":1369.86,"body":"up most people's lives as they"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1369.86,"endTime":1373.88,"body":"understand them. And on the"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1369.86,"endTime":1373.88,"body":"other hand, singer has a point,"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1374.54,"endTime":1378.02,"body":"if it really comes down to"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1374.54,"endTime":1378.02,"body":"choosing between sending food to"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1378.02,"endTime":1382.04,"body":"starving people or buying new"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1378.02,"endTime":1382.04,"body":"sunglasses, choosing the Sunny's"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1382.04,"endTime":1386.0,"body":"can seem pretty callous. And the"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1382.04,"endTime":1386.0,"body":"only reason that most of us can"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1386.0,"endTime":1389.81,"body":"live with that is because we"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1386.0,"endTime":1389.81,"body":"close our eyes. And we refuse to"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1389.81,"endTime":1393.83,"body":"acknowledge all the preventable"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1389.81,"endTime":1393.83,"body":"misery that do gooders spend"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1393.83,"endTime":1396.83,"body":"their whole lives fighting"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1393.83,"endTime":1396.83,"body":"against. And the reason this is"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1396.83,"endTime":1401.15,"body":"a dilemma is because whichever"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1396.83,"endTime":1401.15,"body":"kind of life we pick, we lose on"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1401.15,"endTime":1404.78,"body":"the other one. If we want to be"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1401.15,"endTime":1404.78,"body":"moral, we have to give up so"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1404.78,"endTime":1407.69,"body":"much that will ruin our lives"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1404.78,"endTime":1407.69,"body":"from the point of view of"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1407.69,"endTime":1411.71,"body":"individual perfection. But if we"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1407.69,"endTime":1411.71,"body":"take the point of view of"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1411.71,"endTime":1415.19,"body":"individual perfection, and we"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1411.71,"endTime":1415.19,"body":"try to lead a good life full of"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1415.19,"endTime":1418.28,"body":"interesting activities, and good"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1415.19,"endTime":1418.28,"body":"movies and close relationships,"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1419.0,"endTime":1423.41,"body":"then we're inevitably going to"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1419.0,"endTime":1423.41,"body":"be moral failures. It looks like"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1423.44,"endTime":1427.88,"body":"there is just no way to live a"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1423.44,"endTime":1427.88,"body":"life that's good and moral. In"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1427.88,"endTime":1433.01,"body":"this shitty world. I don't have"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1427.88,"endTime":1433.01,"body":"a solution for this problem. It"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1433.01,"endTime":1436.07,"body":"may just be the case that you've"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1433.01,"endTime":1436.07,"body":"got to choose between hating"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1436.07,"endTime":1438.53,"body":"your life because it sucks in"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1436.07,"endTime":1438.53,"body":"hating yourself because you're"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1438.53,"endTime":1443.21,"body":"bad. But I don't want to leave"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1438.53,"endTime":1443.21,"body":"it there. Because so far, I've"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1443.21,"endTime":1446.36,"body":"been talking about things mainly"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1443.21,"endTime":1446.36,"body":"from Wolf's perspective. And"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1446.36,"endTime":1450.11,"body":"that's a particular perspective."},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1446.36,"endTime":1450.11,"body":"It's the perspective of a person"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1450.11,"endTime":1453.32,"body":"who has enough privilege to be"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1450.11,"endTime":1453.32,"body":"able to be deeply involved in"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1453.32,"endTime":1457.46,"body":"literature and tennis and"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1453.32,"endTime":1457.46,"body":"fashion, and watching Criterion"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1457.46,"endTime":1462.65,"body":"Collection movies. And just the"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1457.46,"endTime":1462.65,"body":"kind of person who thinks their"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1462.65,"endTime":1467.3,"body":"life would fall apart without"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1462.65,"endTime":1467.3,"body":"all those things. When wolf read"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1467.3,"endTime":1470.9,"body":"someone like singer, the call of"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1467.3,"endTime":1470.9,"body":"morality seems like a massive,"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1471.23,"endTime":1476.09,"body":"unfair chore and to guilt trip."},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1471.23,"endTime":1476.09,"body":"I've taught singers article to"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1476.09,"endTime":1480.8,"body":"classrooms. And this is a very"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1476.09,"endTime":1480.8,"body":"common reaction. But it's not"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1480.8,"endTime":1484.67,"body":"the only reaction. The people"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1480.8,"endTime":1484.67,"body":"who actually become do gooders,"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1485.12,"endTime":1487.97,"body":"they're getting something"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1485.12,"endTime":1487.97,"body":"completely different from that."},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1488.3,"endTime":1491.42,"body":"enormously demanding morality."},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1488.3,"endTime":1491.42,"body":"That wolf doesn't even mention."},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1493.13,"endTime":1497.57,"body":"You remember the chicken man,"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1493.13,"endTime":1497.57,"body":"Aaron Pitkin. When he read"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1497.57,"endTime":1501.23,"body":"singers shallow pond argument,"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1497.57,"endTime":1501.23,"body":"he didn't find it annoying and"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1501.23,"endTime":1506.27,"body":"burdensome. He found it"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1501.23,"endTime":1506.27,"body":"clarifying Woolf she finds the"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1506.27,"endTime":1510.29,"body":"Call of Duty oppressive, but for"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1506.27,"endTime":1510.29,"body":"Pitkin, it was liberating."},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1511.7,"endTime":1515.24,"body":"Before he read singer picking"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1511.7,"endTime":1515.24,"body":"always had this strong sense"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1515.24,"endTime":1518.3,"body":"that there was a lot wrong in"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1515.24,"endTime":1518.3,"body":"the world. And he didn't have a"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1518.3,"endTime":1521.33,"body":"clear idea of what he was"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1518.3,"endTime":1521.33,"body":"supposed to do about it. So he"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1521.33,"endTime":1524.81,"body":"always had this vague sense of"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1521.33,"endTime":1524.81,"body":"guilt and uncertainty, like he"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1524.81,"endTime":1528.95,"body":"was tainted somehow. And reading"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1524.81,"endTime":1528.95,"body":"singers argument, hope, give a"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1528.95,"endTime":1532.31,"body":"shape to his sense of unease."},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1528.95,"endTime":1532.31,"body":"Now, of course, it was"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1532.31,"endTime":1534.83,"body":"intimidating, because the"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1532.31,"endTime":1534.83,"body":"argument demands such huge"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1534.83,"endTime":1539.24,"body":"sacrifice. But he also found it"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1534.83,"endTime":1539.24,"body":"bracing. It gave him direction,"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1539.57,"endTime":1544.49,"body":"and strength. And a lot of the"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1539.57,"endTime":1544.49,"body":"do gooders in the book are like"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1544.49,"endTime":1548.21,"body":"that. They're bothered and"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1544.49,"endTime":1548.21,"body":"dissatisfied, until they find"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1548.21,"endTime":1550.94,"body":"their own calling their"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1548.21,"endTime":1550.94,"body":"particular way of doing good."},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1552.14,"endTime":1555.77,"body":"And after that, they're not"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1552.14,"endTime":1555.77,"body":"necessarily happy, but they do"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1555.77,"endTime":1558.95,"body":"gain a sense of clarity and"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1555.77,"endTime":1558.95,"body":"purpose. They're not always"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1558.95,"endTime":1561.47,"body":"wondering if they're doing the"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1558.95,"endTime":1561.47,"body":"right thing. They know what they"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1561.47,"endTime":1565.82,"body":"have to do, and they just try to"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1561.47,"endTime":1565.82,"body":"get on with doing it. In the"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1565.82,"endTime":1569.27,"body":"huge sacrifices they make, they"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1565.82,"endTime":1569.27,"body":"seem like less of a chore,"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1569.27,"endTime":1572.21,"body":"because they're doing it for a"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1569.27,"endTime":1572.21,"body":"higher purpose. They're just"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1572.24,"endTime":1577.46,"body":"doing what they have to do. Wolf"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1572.24,"endTime":1577.46,"body":"emic, fog Johar. When they talk"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1577.49,"endTime":1581.06,"body":"about do gooders and moral"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1577.49,"endTime":1581.06,"body":"saints, they talk about them"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1581.06,"endTime":1585.2,"body":"like they're these rare, exotic"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1581.06,"endTime":1585.2,"body":"creatures. And they are, but"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1585.65,"endTime":1590.15,"body":"they're not aliens. These people"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1585.65,"endTime":1590.15,"body":"are still motivated by really"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1590.18,"endTime":1593.57,"body":"common human impulses. It's just"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1590.18,"endTime":1593.57,"body":"that they take them to an"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1593.57,"endTime":1599.09,"body":"extreme degree. Most people can"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1593.57,"endTime":1599.09,"body":"see the appeal of committing to"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1599.09,"endTime":1604.04,"body":"something bigger than ourselves,"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1599.09,"endTime":1604.04,"body":"or the appeal of having"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1604.04,"endTime":1606.98,"body":"conviction about what the right"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1604.04,"endTime":1606.98,"body":"thing to do is, and then doing"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1606.98,"endTime":1611.81,"body":"it. And I also think that most"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1606.98,"endTime":1611.81,"body":"people, at least when they're in"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1611.81,"endTime":1615.38,"body":"the right kind of bad mood, can"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1611.81,"endTime":1615.38,"body":"see why the life of individual"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1615.38,"endTime":1620.96,"body":"perfection that wolf recommends,"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1615.38,"endTime":1620.96,"body":"could be unsatisfying, Wolf, she"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1620.96,"endTime":1624.26,"body":"wants you to spend all your time"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1620.96,"endTime":1624.26,"body":"trying to pursue your intrinsic"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1624.26,"endTime":1628.43,"body":"interests, to pursue your"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1624.26,"endTime":1628.43,"body":"passions for literature, and"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1628.43,"endTime":1632.36,"body":"film and working on your tennis"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1628.43,"endTime":1632.36,"body":"game. She wants you to develop"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1632.36,"endTime":1636.44,"body":"your sense of grace and personal"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1632.36,"endTime":1636.44,"body":"style. But it's all about"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1636.44,"endTime":1640.16,"body":"individual development and"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1636.44,"endTime":1640.16,"body":"enjoyment. You're always asking"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1640.16,"endTime":1643.28,"body":"yourself, what do I really want?"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1640.16,"endTime":1643.28,"body":"What am I passionate about?"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1643.4,"endTime":1647.78,"body":"What kind of things do I truly"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1643.4,"endTime":1647.78,"body":"enjoy. And that means you never"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1647.78,"endTime":1650.57,"body":"get beyond yourself, you're"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1647.78,"endTime":1650.57,"body":"never part of something bigger."},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1651.47,"endTime":1655.31,"body":"And if you're even a little bit"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1651.47,"endTime":1655.31,"body":"idealistic as a person, and you"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1655.31,"endTime":1659.27,"body":"get in a bad mood, all of this"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1655.31,"endTime":1659.27,"body":"self development stuff can seem"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1659.27,"endTime":1663.98,"body":"so small stakes that it's hardly"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1659.27,"endTime":1663.98,"body":"worth bothering with. A donkey"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1663.98,"endTime":1668.9,"body":"get me wrong. I play sports, I"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1663.98,"endTime":1668.9,"body":"like to read. But I can also see"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1668.9,"endTime":1672.08,"body":"why someone might think that"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1668.9,"endTime":1672.08,"body":"this kind of life is kind of"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1672.71,"endTime":1677.06,"body":"petty and hollow and self"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1672.71,"endTime":1677.06,"body":"absorbed. Even I can see that,"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1677.21,"endTime":1680.81,"body":"and I've lived a life that's way"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1677.21,"endTime":1680.81,"body":"closer to wolves than to any of"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1680.81,"endTime":1684.17,"body":"the do gooders in MacFarquhar"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1680.81,"endTime":1684.17,"body":"Hart's book. And so what I'm"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1684.17,"endTime":1688.58,"body":"saying here is that the basic"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1684.17,"endTime":1688.58,"body":"impulses to help others and to"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1688.58,"endTime":1691.1,"body":"be part of something greater"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1688.58,"endTime":1691.1,"body":"than oneself are pretty common."},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1692.06,"endTime":1694.94,"body":"It's just that we don't hear as"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1692.06,"endTime":1694.94,"body":"much about them. And we may not"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1694.94,"endTime":1699.23,"body":"even recognize them, because"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1694.94,"endTime":1699.23,"body":"these impulses don't get that"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1699.23,"endTime":1704.27,"body":"much play in our current"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1699.23,"endTime":1704.27,"body":"ideological situation. We live"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1704.3,"endTime":1709.28,"body":"in individualistic, liberal,"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1704.3,"endTime":1709.28,"body":"consumption oriented societies,"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1709.7,"endTime":1712.79,"body":"at least I do. In in these"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1709.7,"endTime":1712.79,"body":"societies were encouraged to"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1712.79,"endTime":1716.09,"body":"think of things in terms of"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1712.79,"endTime":1716.09,"body":"personal preference and"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1716.09,"endTime":1720.05,"body":"development. The do gooder"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1716.09,"endTime":1720.05,"body":"mindset is kind of discouraged."},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1720.68,"endTime":1724.34,"body":"You got people like wolf saying"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1720.68,"endTime":1724.34,"body":"that, to be a saint is a kind of"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1724.43,"endTime":1727.61,"body":"mental disorder that you"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1724.43,"endTime":1727.61,"body":"wouldn't wish on herself or"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1727.61,"endTime":1732.47,"body":"anyone she loves. But this is an"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1727.61,"endTime":1732.47,"body":"interesting part of MacFarquhar"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1732.47,"endTime":1737.39,"body":"Hart's book. she points out that"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1732.47,"endTime":1737.39,"body":"there are some circumstances in"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1737.39,"endTime":1741.44,"body":"which the moral perspective of"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1737.39,"endTime":1741.44,"body":"the whole society can kind of"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1741.71,"endTime":1746.69,"body":"shift towards the perspective of"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1741.71,"endTime":1746.69,"body":"the do gooders. And so the"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1746.69,"endTime":1750.35,"body":"saintly outlook becomes common,"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1746.69,"endTime":1750.35,"body":"it's not just for a few moral"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1750.35,"endTime":1755.18,"body":"freaks. Now she's thinking of"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1750.35,"endTime":1755.18,"body":"different kinds of emergencies,"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1755.33,"endTime":1759.26,"body":"natural disasters, that kind of"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1755.33,"endTime":1759.26,"body":"thing. When these kinds of"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1759.26,"endTime":1764.15,"body":"things happen, our sense of duty"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1759.26,"endTime":1764.15,"body":"expands. People make sacrifices,"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1764.18,"endTime":1767.81,"body":"they take risks to help people"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1764.18,"endTime":1767.81,"body":"they've never met, they might go"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1767.81,"endTime":1770.48,"body":"out to actually rescue people,"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1767.81,"endTime":1770.48,"body":"they could organize relief"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1770.48,"endTime":1772.43,"body":"drives, they might welcome"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1770.48,"endTime":1772.43,"body":"strangers to stay in their own"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1772.43,"endTime":1777.98,"body":"homes, is not a chore. When you"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1772.43,"endTime":1777.98,"body":"see interviews with people in"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1777.98,"endTime":1781.46,"body":"these kinds of situations who"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1777.98,"endTime":1781.46,"body":"are working in relief, even if"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1781.46,"endTime":1785.09,"body":"they're doing something really"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1781.46,"endTime":1785.09,"body":"exceptional, they usually just"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1785.12,"endTime":1788.42,"body":"act as if they're doing what"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1785.12,"endTime":1788.42,"body":"they have to do. And I can't"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1788.42,"endTime":1790.73,"body":"remember any of them complaining"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1788.42,"endTime":1790.73,"body":"that they had to miss a tennis"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1790.73,"endTime":1796.91,"body":"match. MacFarquhar was a big"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1790.73,"endTime":1796.91,"body":"example of a social circumstance"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1796.91,"endTime":1802.07,"body":"that shifts all of our"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1796.91,"endTime":1802.07,"body":"conceptions of duty is War. She"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1802.07,"endTime":1806.87,"body":"says, Yeah, war is hell. That's"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1802.07,"endTime":1806.87,"body":"when we do the cruelest in most"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1806.9,"endTime":1812.27,"body":"evil stuff to each other. But it"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1806.9,"endTime":1812.27,"body":"also makes duty more demanding,"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1812.3,"endTime":1815.54,"body":"it brings out a big shift in"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1812.3,"endTime":1815.54,"body":"what's expected of everyone."},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1816.53,"endTime":1819.41,"body":"People are expected to drop the"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1816.53,"endTime":1819.41,"body":"regular pursuits, dropped their"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1819.41,"endTime":1822.8,"body":"jobs and their leisure"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1819.41,"endTime":1822.8,"body":"activities and risk their lives"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1822.83,"endTime":1827.12,"body":"and work for the war effort in"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1822.83,"endTime":1827.12,"body":"all kinds of capacities. It's no"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1827.12,"endTime":1830.99,"body":"longer cool just to ignore your"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1827.12,"endTime":1830.99,"body":"public duty and devote your life"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1830.99,"endTime":1836.09,"body":"to cinema and sports. And the"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1830.99,"endTime":1836.09,"body":"more time a lot of people rise"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1836.09,"endTime":1840.05,"body":"to the occasion, and they show"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1836.09,"endTime":1840.05,"body":"courage and sacrifice and"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1840.05,"endTime":1843.83,"body":"devotion to their comrades and"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1840.05,"endTime":1843.83,"body":"countrymen. And even if you hate"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1843.83,"endTime":1847.61,"body":"war, you do have to admire some"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1843.83,"endTime":1847.61,"body":"of the heroics that wartime"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1847.61,"endTime":1853.01,"body":"produces. Of course, some people"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1847.61,"endTime":1853.01,"body":"find life during wartime"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1853.07,"endTime":1856.49,"body":"miserable, and can't wait to get"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1853.07,"endTime":1856.49,"body":"out of it. That might be most"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1856.49,"endTime":1860.75,"body":"people. What is not everyone?"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1856.49,"endTime":1860.75,"body":"Some people find these states of"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1860.75,"endTime":1864.62,"body":"emergency invigorating. Some"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1860.75,"endTime":1864.62,"body":"people who lived through war,"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1865.1,"endTime":1868.85,"body":"say that was when they felt most"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1865.1,"endTime":1868.85,"body":"alive. And that life in"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1868.85,"endTime":1872.42,"body":"peacetime can seem boring and"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1868.85,"endTime":1872.42,"body":"without purpose By comparison,"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1873.98,"endTime":1878.54,"body":"life during wartime. It isn't"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1873.98,"endTime":1878.54,"body":"fun. It's no party or disco."},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1878.84,"endTime":1882.17,"body":"It's tough, but at least you"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1878.84,"endTime":1882.17,"body":"know what you're supposed to do."},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1883.37,"endTime":1886.91,"body":"And according to MK Johar,"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1883.37,"endTime":1886.91,"body":"that's the difference between do"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1886.91,"endTime":1892.1,"body":"gooders and ordinary people, for"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1886.91,"endTime":1892.1,"body":"do gooders. It's always wartime,"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1893.03,"endTime":1897.17,"body":"they live under an expanded and"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1893.03,"endTime":1897.17,"body":"more intense sense of duty. And"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1897.17,"endTime":1900.65,"body":"that gives them the enthusiasm"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1897.17,"endTime":1900.65,"body":"and purpose of wartime but"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1900.65,"endTime":1904.4,"body":"without the cruelty and"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1900.65,"endTime":1904.4,"body":"violence. And if that's true,"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1905.24,"endTime":1908.15,"body":"then the perspectives are a"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1905.24,"endTime":1908.15,"body":"little more balanced than it may"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1908.15,"endTime":1912.29,"body":"have seemed at the end of last"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1908.15,"endTime":1912.29,"body":"episode. Sure. From the point of"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1912.29,"endTime":1915.41,"body":"view of a young Harvard Prof."},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1912.29,"endTime":1915.41,"body":"The life of the moral saint may"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1915.41,"endTime":1920.09,"body":"seem like a real drag. But from"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1915.41,"endTime":1920.09,"body":"the point of view of someone"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1920.09,"endTime":1923.51,"body":"with a clear sense of the"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1920.09,"endTime":1923.51,"body":"rightness of their cause, and a"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1923.51,"endTime":1927.68,"body":"passion for fighting for it. The"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1923.51,"endTime":1927.68,"body":"life of individual perfection"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1928.01,"endTime":1931.97,"body":"might seem a little pointless,"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1928.01,"endTime":1931.97,"body":"confused, and shabby."},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1944.96,"endTime":1949.4,"body":"Today Special thanks go out to"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1944.96,"endTime":1949.4,"body":"Antonia foul, and Nick Weaver,"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1949.67,"endTime":1954.17,"body":"thank you for support on"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1949.67,"endTime":1954.17,"body":"Patreon, and you listener, if"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1954.17,"endTime":1957.41,"body":"you'd like to support us on"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1954.17,"endTime":1957.41,"body":"Patreon, go to patreon.com slash"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1957.41,"endTime":1961.07,"body":"good in theory, send us some"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1957.41,"endTime":1961.07,"body":"money and if you want to support"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1961.07,"endTime":1965.18,"body":"us otherwise, leave a review"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1961.07,"endTime":1965.18,"body":"rate the podcast, tell your"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1965.18,"endTime":1985.94,"body":"friends, spread the word. Thanks"},{"speaker":"Clif Mark","startTime":1965.18,"endTime":1985.94,"body":"around again and then going on."},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1990.38,"endTime":1990.92,"body":"Notice"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2004.27,"endTime":2004.93,"body":"receiver"}]}