{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":25.409,"endTime":27.839,"body":"Welcome to another"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":25.409,"endTime":27.839,"body":"deep dive episode of the what"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":27.839,"endTime":30.509,"body":"are we doing podcast today we're"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":27.839,"endTime":30.509,"body":"talking with Dr. Susannah"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":30.509,"endTime":34.498999999999995,"body":"Schneier, an associate professor"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":30.509,"endTime":34.498999999999995,"body":"of waterline diplomacy at Ihe,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":34.498999999999995,"endTime":38.729,"body":"Delft in the Netherlands. Now"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":34.498999999999995,"endTime":38.729,"body":"waterline diplomacy, what does"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":38.729,"endTime":41.759,"body":"that really mean? So Dr."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":38.729,"endTime":41.759,"body":"Susannah works with many"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":41.759,"endTime":45.059,"body":"different countries around the"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":41.759,"endTime":45.059,"body":"globe, trying to predict where"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":45.059,"endTime":48.718999999999994,"body":"conflict will occur, and how we"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":45.059,"endTime":48.718999999999994,"body":"can resolve these conflicts"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":48.748999999999995,"endTime":52.679,"body":"preemptively, or how we can ease"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":48.748999999999995,"endTime":52.679,"body":"tensions with water sharing"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":52.679,"endTime":56.54899999999999,"body":"agreements, and other things"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":52.679,"endTime":56.54899999999999,"body":"like that. So she's working all"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":56.54899999999999,"endTime":58.888999999999996,"body":"over the world with many"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":56.54899999999999,"endTime":58.888999999999996,"body":"different countries that share"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":58.888999999999996,"endTime":62.159000000000006,"body":"river systems and one country"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":58.888999999999996,"endTime":62.159000000000006,"body":"expects more water than the"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":62.159000000000006,"endTime":65.909,"body":"other country is providing to"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":62.159000000000006,"endTime":65.909,"body":"them, and how we can maintain"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":66.179,"endTime":70.469,"body":"peaceful negotiations and shared"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":66.179,"endTime":70.469,"body":"agreements, rather than going to"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":70.469,"endTime":73.709,"body":"armed conflicts. Now, many of"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":70.469,"endTime":73.709,"body":"you may have heard of the word"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":73.709,"endTime":78.329,"body":"water wars, and these are true"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":73.709,"endTime":78.329,"body":"things. But Dr. Susannah is part"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":78.329,"endTime":80.939,"body":"of the team that's trying to"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":78.329,"endTime":80.939,"body":"work behind the scenes to make"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":80.939,"endTime":83.969,"body":"sure that we avoid any of these"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":80.939,"endTime":83.969,"body":"types of conflicts moving"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":83.969,"endTime":88.499,"body":"forward. So yeah, this is a big"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":83.969,"endTime":88.499,"body":"topic. But Dr. Suzanne is going"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":88.499,"endTime":91.889,"body":"to take us through it step by"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":88.499,"endTime":91.889,"body":"step. So sit back, relax, and"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":91.889,"endTime":94.79899999999999,"body":"get ready to learn a little bit"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":91.889,"endTime":94.79899999999999,"body":"more about water Law and"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":94.79899999999999,"endTime":98.939,"body":"Diplomacy around the globe. How"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":94.79899999999999,"endTime":98.939,"body":"we can fix all of our trans"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":98.939,"endTime":102.449,"body":"boundary water issues, and how"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":98.939,"endTime":102.449,"body":"we can predict where we're going"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":102.449,"endTime":111.62899999999999,"body":"to see these issues popping up"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":102.449,"endTime":111.62899999999999,"body":"in the future. Thanks, sir."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":113.399,"endTime":120.29899999999999,"body":"Barney, G. nippy, Oh, me,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":122.69999999999999,"endTime":139.68,"body":"too. Low in zero to marry a"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":122.69999999999999,"endTime":139.68,"body":"cheap, Chinese way. Why natural?"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":142.11,"endTime":149.49,"body":"Water are we doing? And how can"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":142.11,"endTime":149.49,"body":"we do better? Your one stop shop"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":149.73,"endTime":154.29,"body":"for everything water related"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":149.73,"endTime":154.29,"body":"from discussing water, its use"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":154.38,"endTime":158.88,"body":"and the organisms that depend on"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":154.38,"endTime":158.88,"body":"it. For all the global issues"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":158.94,"endTime":163.74,"body":"that you really never knew all"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":158.94,"endTime":163.74,"body":"had to do with water. I'm your"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":163.74,"endTime":167.04,"body":"host, David Evans from the"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":163.74,"endTime":167.04,"body":"aquatic biosphere project. And I"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":167.04,"endTime":171.93,"body":"just want to ask you something."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":167.04,"endTime":171.93,"body":"What are we doing? How can we do"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":171.93,"endTime":172.35,"body":"better?"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":182.04,"endTime":184.62,"body":"Welcome to another deep dive"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":182.04,"endTime":184.62,"body":"episode of the water. We're"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":184.62,"endTime":188.79,"body":"doing podcast. So today we're"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":184.62,"endTime":188.79,"body":"speaking with Dr. Susannah"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":188.79,"endTime":192.87,"body":"smart. So can you start off with"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":188.79,"endTime":192.87,"body":"just introducing yourself a"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":192.87,"endTime":194.94,"body":"little bit and let our listeners"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":192.87,"endTime":194.94,"body":"know a little bit about"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":194.94,"endTime":195.57,"body":"yourself?"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":195.69,"endTime":198.99,"body":"Hi, thanks for having"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":195.69,"endTime":198.99,"body":"me with you today. My name is"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":198.99,"endTime":203.46,"body":"Susanna I work for IgG Delft,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":198.99,"endTime":203.46,"body":"which is a UNESCO affiliated"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":203.49,"endTime":206.82,"body":"Institute for water education in"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":203.49,"endTime":206.82,"body":"the Netherlands. And we're"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":206.82,"endTime":211.29,"body":"actually the largest graduate"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":206.82,"endTime":211.29,"body":"facility that doesn't graduate"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":211.29,"endTime":215.82,"body":"education. So MSc and PhD"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":211.29,"endTime":215.82,"body":"programs on water. And when I"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":215.82,"endTime":219.51,"body":"say water, I really mean"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":215.82,"endTime":219.51,"body":"anything from hydrology to water"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":219.51,"endTime":224.67,"body":"law and from more sociological"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":219.51,"endTime":224.67,"body":"perspectives to engineering. And"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":224.67,"endTime":228.87,"body":"in addition to the educational"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":224.67,"endTime":228.87,"body":"work we do, we also do research"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":228.87,"endTime":233.37,"body":"projects, we advise governments"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":228.87,"endTime":233.37,"body":"and yeah, develop innovative"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":233.37,"endTime":236.37,"body":"solutions to address the various"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":233.37,"endTime":236.37,"body":"water challenges that that the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":236.37,"endTime":237.18,"body":"world is facing."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":237.99,"endTime":239.85,"body":"Water challenges"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":237.99,"endTime":239.85,"body":"that the world is facing, you"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":239.85,"endTime":242.37,"body":"mean, there's some water"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":239.85,"endTime":242.37,"body":"challenges out there? So I"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":242.37,"endTime":246.42,"body":"guess, leading into that, so"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":242.37,"endTime":246.42,"body":"part of your role is, as I"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":246.42,"endTime":249.21,"body":"understand it, is you lead the"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":246.42,"endTime":249.21,"body":"water peace and security"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":249.21,"endTime":253.44,"body":"partnership? So let's start off"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":249.21,"endTime":253.44,"body":"with what does water have to do"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":253.44,"endTime":254.88,"body":"with peace and security?"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":255.84,"endTime":258.39,"body":"Yeah, quite a lot,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":255.84,"endTime":258.39,"body":"actually. And much more than"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":258.42,"endTime":261.27,"body":"than we typically think when"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":258.42,"endTime":261.27,"body":"when we think about water, we"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":261.27,"endTime":264.24,"body":"think about like rivers,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":261.27,"endTime":264.24,"body":"streams, or the water that comes"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":264.24,"endTime":267.21000000000004,"body":"from the tap. But if we go a"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":264.24,"endTime":267.21000000000004,"body":"little bit beyond that, we can"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":267.24,"endTime":270.48,"body":"we can see that it's very much"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":267.24,"endTime":270.48,"body":"related to security issues, to"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":270.48,"endTime":275.61,"body":"conflict, but also to"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":270.48,"endTime":275.61,"body":"cooperation and peace. So if we"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":275.64,"endTime":278.76,"body":"I mean, knowing that that water"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":275.64,"endTime":278.76,"body":"is extremely important for human"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":278.76,"endTime":283.56,"body":"lives, livelihoods for economic"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":278.76,"endTime":283.56,"body":"development, be it for for food"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":283.56,"endTime":287.67,"body":"security, for energy, security,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":283.56,"endTime":287.67,"body":"and many, many other sectors. We"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":287.67,"endTime":292.40999999999997,"body":"know that the fact that water is"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":287.67,"endTime":292.40999999999997,"body":"so important, makes it a highly"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":292.40999999999997,"endTime":295.77,"body":"valued good by individual"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":292.40999999999997,"endTime":295.77,"body":"people, by communities, but also"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":295.77,"endTime":300.45,"body":"by entire countries, at the same"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":295.77,"endTime":300.45,"body":"time, as water might become more"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":300.45,"endTime":303.51,"body":"scarce due to climate change, or"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":300.45,"endTime":303.51,"body":"due to the fact that we're"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":303.51,"endTime":306.75,"body":"overusing it in many parts of"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":303.51,"endTime":306.75,"body":"the world that can lead to"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":306.75,"endTime":310.08,"body":"competition, either because"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":306.75,"endTime":310.08,"body":"indeed, water is becoming"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":310.08,"endTime":314.55,"body":"scarcer, or because people"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":310.08,"endTime":314.55,"body":"perceive it as becoming scarcer,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":315.12,"endTime":318.87,"body":"or because the use is just"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":315.12,"endTime":318.87,"body":"increasing so more demand has to"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":318.87,"endTime":322.53,"body":"be satisfied. by the same amount"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":318.87,"endTime":322.53,"body":"of water, and that can lead to"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":322.53,"endTime":326.1,"body":"situations where there are"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":322.53,"endTime":326.1,"body":"individual people or communities"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":326.13,"endTime":329.64,"body":"or different ethnic or religious"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":326.13,"endTime":329.64,"body":"groups or different provinces in"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":329.64,"endTime":333.65999999999997,"body":"a country or even different"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":329.64,"endTime":333.65999999999997,"body":"countries see that the way they"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":333.65999999999997,"endTime":337.89,"body":"want to use water might be"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":333.65999999999997,"endTime":337.89,"body":"incompatible with how a"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":337.89,"endTime":340.5,"body":"neighboring community or a"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":337.89,"endTime":340.5,"body":"neighboring country wants to use"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":340.5,"endTime":345.93,"body":"water. And that can can lead to"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":340.5,"endTime":345.93,"body":"conflict can lead to tensions we"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":345.93,"endTime":349.46999999999997,"body":"are seeing this, for example, in"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":345.93,"endTime":349.46999999999997,"body":"Mali in the inner Niger Delta,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":349.5,"endTime":352.46999999999997,"body":"where for some years, there have"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":349.5,"endTime":352.46999999999997,"body":"been conflicts, including"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":352.46999999999997,"endTime":356.79,"body":"violent conflict with quite a"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":352.46999999999997,"endTime":356.79,"body":"few people dying between farmers"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":356.82,"endTime":360.63,"body":"herders and fishermen that"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":356.82,"endTime":360.63,"body":"compete over the same increase"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":360.65999999999997,"endTime":364.17,"body":"and increasingly variable,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":360.65999999999997,"endTime":364.17,"body":"amount of water from the Niger"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":364.40999999999997,"endTime":367.86,"body":"River. We're also seeing this,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":364.40999999999997,"endTime":367.86,"body":"for example, between Ethiopia"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":367.89,"endTime":371.88,"body":"and Egypt on the Nile, where the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":367.89,"endTime":371.88,"body":"dam building of Ethiopia has"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":371.88,"endTime":376.65,"body":"caused severe concerns in Egypt"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":371.88,"endTime":376.65,"body":"that fears poor its own water"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":376.65,"endTime":379.74,"body":"security, and is therefore"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":376.65,"endTime":379.74,"body":"opposing the dam. So we're"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":379.74,"endTime":382.95,"body":"seeing that around the world"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":379.74,"endTime":382.95,"body":"that it can lead to tensions to"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":382.95,"endTime":385.89,"body":"conflict. But at the same time,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":382.95,"endTime":385.89,"body":"and I think that's, that's"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":385.89,"endTime":389.85,"body":"important to highlight. These,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":385.89,"endTime":389.85,"body":"these conflicts are prominent,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":389.85,"endTime":392.79,"body":"and that's what the media speaks"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":389.85,"endTime":392.79,"body":"about. And we've all seen in the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":392.79,"endTime":395.79,"body":"media, these reports on water"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":392.79,"endTime":395.79,"body":"wars that might be around the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":395.79,"endTime":399.06,"body":"corner, or water being the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":395.79,"endTime":399.06,"body":"source of wars in the 21st"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":399.06,"endTime":403.02,"body":"century. But if we take a bit of"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":399.06,"endTime":403.02,"body":"a closer look and look at"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":403.53,"endTime":407.07,"body":"empirical evidence from around"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":403.53,"endTime":407.07,"body":"the world, we see that yes,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":407.1,"endTime":411.09,"body":"there are saltwater conflicts,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":407.1,"endTime":411.09,"body":"but they're by far outweighed by"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":411.09,"endTime":414.39,"body":"water cooperation. So if we look"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":411.09,"endTime":414.39,"body":"at all interactions between"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":414.6,"endTime":418.46999999999997,"body":"people, between communities,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":414.6,"endTime":418.46999999999997,"body":"between countries, yes, there"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":418.46999999999997,"endTime":421.32,"body":"are some conflict of ones and"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":418.46999999999997,"endTime":421.32,"body":"some that might even involve"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":421.32,"endTime":425.76,"body":"violence. But the vast vast"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":421.32,"endTime":425.76,"body":"majority is actually cooperative"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":425.76,"endTime":428.55,"body":"in nature, which is simply"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":425.76,"endTime":428.55,"body":"because water crosses"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":428.55,"endTime":432.69,"body":"boundaries, water just forces us"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":428.55,"endTime":432.69,"body":"to collaborate, no one can use"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":432.69,"endTime":437.4,"body":"water alone. Nobody can develop"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":432.69,"endTime":437.4,"body":"water water infrastructure"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":437.4,"endTime":441.12,"body":"alone. If one does that it can"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":437.4,"endTime":441.12,"body":"have negative repercussions on"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":441.12,"endTime":443.7,"body":"for example, neighborly"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":441.12,"endTime":443.7,"body":"relations with with other"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":443.7,"endTime":447.48,"body":"countries. So ultimately, in the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":443.7,"endTime":447.48,"body":"long run, water forces us to"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":447.51,"endTime":451.14,"body":"cooperate. So it is very much"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":447.51,"endTime":451.14,"body":"linked to conflict insecurity,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":451.17,"endTime":452.21999999999997,"body":"but also to peace."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":453.839,"endTime":456.149,"body":"Yeah, it's the"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":453.839,"endTime":456.149,"body":"thing that brings us all"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":456.149,"endTime":459.719,"body":"together. It can also make you a"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":456.149,"endTime":459.719,"body":"little jealous of someone else"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":459.719,"endTime":463.409,"body":"who's next door and who's"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":459.719,"endTime":463.409,"body":"inflicting on your ability and"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":463.409,"endTime":467.36899999999997,"body":"right to access that water. So"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":463.409,"endTime":467.36899999999997,"body":"before this interview, I kept"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":467.429,"endTime":470.519,"body":"reading this word water"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":467.429,"endTime":470.519,"body":"diplomacy. Could you tell us a"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":470.519,"endTime":473.639,"body":"little bit about what water"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":470.519,"endTime":473.639,"body":"diplomacy might be and and how"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":473.639,"endTime":474.299,"body":"it's used?"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":475.62,"endTime":478.08,"body":"What diplomacy is"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":475.62,"endTime":478.08,"body":"actually quite a quite a new"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":478.08,"endTime":483.51,"body":"term, but not necessarily a new"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":478.08,"endTime":483.51,"body":"phenomenon. It basically refers"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":483.51,"endTime":487.92,"body":"to the use of diplomatic so"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":483.51,"endTime":487.92,"body":"foreign policy means in order to"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":487.92,"endTime":492.51,"body":"address conflicts or potential"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":487.92,"endTime":492.51,"body":"conflicts over water mainly"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":492.51,"endTime":496.08,"body":"between different countries. And"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":492.51,"endTime":496.08,"body":"the idea behind that, and the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":496.08,"endTime":499.71,"body":"reason why suddenly diplomats"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":496.08,"endTime":499.71,"body":"and foreign policymakers become"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":499.71,"endTime":502.17,"body":"involved in something that's"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":499.71,"endTime":502.17,"body":"otherwise perceived as very"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":502.17,"endTime":505.92,"body":"technical and something that's"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":502.17,"endTime":505.92,"body":"dealt with by engineers, by data"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":505.92,"endTime":509.64,"body":"people, by people from Ministry"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":505.92,"endTime":509.64,"body":"of Water Environment, why"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":509.67,"endTime":514.5,"body":"diplomats become involved, is"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":509.67,"endTime":514.5,"body":"because of the risk that water"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":514.5,"endTime":517.98,"body":"tensions, disagreement over"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":514.5,"endTime":517.98,"body":"water spill over into more broad"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":518.13,"endTime":520.6800000000001,"body":"relations between countries."},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":518.13,"endTime":520.6800000000001,"body":"Right, we've seen a"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":520.6800000000001,"endTime":523.83,"body":"deterioration of relations, for"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":520.6800000000001,"endTime":523.83,"body":"example, between Tajikistan and"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":523.83,"endTime":528.84,"body":"Uzbekistan, when in 2000 10s,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":523.83,"endTime":528.84,"body":"they were in a disagreement over"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":528.84,"endTime":531.81,"body":"Rakuen dam, a large dam, in"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":528.84,"endTime":531.81,"body":"fact, the world's highest dam"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":531.9,"endTime":535.74,"body":"that Tillerson is building on"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":531.9,"endTime":535.74,"body":"the on the river that the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":535.74,"endTime":537.96,"body":"country's share that had"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":535.74,"endTime":537.96,"body":"repercussions on trade"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":537.96,"endTime":541.65,"body":"relations, political relations,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":537.96,"endTime":541.65,"body":"remittances, and other things."},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":541.65,"endTime":544.8,"body":"And in order to prevent such"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":541.65,"endTime":544.8,"body":"conflicts from escalating and"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":544.86,"endTime":547.77,"body":"ensure that broader bilateral"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":544.86,"endTime":547.77,"body":"relations or even regional"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":547.77,"endTime":551.25,"body":"stability are not affected,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":547.77,"endTime":551.25,"body":"diplomats get get involved in"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":551.25,"endTime":554.22,"body":"these processes that are"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":551.25,"endTime":554.22,"body":"otherwise very technical, but"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":554.22,"endTime":557.58,"body":"that has inspired of the newness"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":554.22,"endTime":557.58,"body":"of the word water diplomacy"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":558.03,"endTime":560.67,"body":"actually happened since a long"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":558.03,"endTime":560.67,"body":"time already. I mean, we have"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":560.67,"endTime":565.02,"body":"examples from the 1950s 1960s"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":560.67,"endTime":565.02,"body":"already where diplomats"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":565.02,"endTime":567.81,"body":"negotiated over water that they"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":565.02,"endTime":567.81,"body":"shared with neighboring"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":567.81,"endTime":568.41,"body":"countries."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":569.79,"endTime":572.37,"body":"I guess there was a"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":569.79,"endTime":572.37,"body":"prominent use of this would be"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":572.37,"endTime":576.36,"body":"for freshwater resources such as"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":572.37,"endTime":576.36,"body":"rivers, but Would that also"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":576.36,"endTime":581.37,"body":"extend as well to fishing rights"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":576.36,"endTime":581.37,"body":"and rights to access water in in"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":581.37,"endTime":586.11,"body":"oceans and also groundwater? Are"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":581.37,"endTime":586.11,"body":"there groundwater diplomacy"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":586.17,"endTime":588.57,"body":"issues that extend beyond"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":586.17,"endTime":588.57,"body":"borders as well?"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":589.35,"endTime":592.47,"body":"Absolutely, I mean,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":589.35,"endTime":592.47,"body":"rivers have been quite prominent"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":592.47,"endTime":595.86,"body":"in in the news, if we think"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":592.47,"endTime":595.86,"body":"about the Nile, if we think"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":595.86,"endTime":601.71,"body":"about the so diarrhea, if we"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":595.86,"endTime":601.71,"body":"think about the rivers shared by"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":601.71,"endTime":604.86,"body":"Afghanistan and Iran, the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":601.71,"endTime":604.86,"body":"Hammond and the hurry road, but"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":604.86,"endTime":609.09,"body":"you also equally have tensions"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":604.86,"endTime":609.09,"body":"over lakes, they're just a bit"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":609.21,"endTime":611.97,"body":"different because there's not"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":609.21,"endTime":611.97,"body":"this upstream downstream"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":611.97,"endTime":615.99,"body":"dynamic. So there's not such a"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":611.97,"endTime":615.99,"body":"great distribution of access or"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":615.99,"endTime":619.11,"body":"possibly as a power that comes"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":615.99,"endTime":619.11,"body":"with it when upstream state can"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":619.11,"endTime":622.23,"body":"do so. something that affects"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":619.11,"endTime":622.23,"body":"the downstream state and the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":622.23,"endTime":625.74,"body":"logic kind of flows downstream."},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":622.23,"endTime":625.74,"body":"However, there have been"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":625.92,"endTime":629.46,"body":"conflicts, disagreements,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":625.92,"endTime":629.46,"body":"tensions over over lakes as"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":629.46,"endTime":633.24,"body":"well. I'm thinking of Lake"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":629.46,"endTime":633.24,"body":"Titicaca and Latin America, Lake"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":633.24,"endTime":637.32,"body":"Victoria and East Africa has"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":633.24,"endTime":637.32,"body":"also seen disagreements"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":637.35,"endTime":641.22,"body":"including overfishing actually"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":637.35,"endTime":641.22,"body":"and overfishing by by local"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":641.22,"endTime":644.9399999999999,"body":"populations. We're also seeing"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":641.22,"endTime":644.9399999999999,"body":"that over regional seas and the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":644.9399999999999,"endTime":648.51,"body":"oceans, although the legal and"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":644.9399999999999,"endTime":648.51,"body":"institutional framework that"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":648.51,"endTime":651.21,"body":"deals with that is a bit"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":648.51,"endTime":651.21,"body":"different from the freshwater"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":651.21,"endTime":654.99,"body":"one. And we're also seeing an"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":651.21,"endTime":654.99,"body":"increasingly acknowledging this"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":654.99,"endTime":658.2,"body":"also overground water. For a"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":654.99,"endTime":658.2,"body":"long time, the attention has"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":658.2,"endTime":660.57,"body":"only been on surface water"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":658.2,"endTime":660.57,"body":"simply because knowledge of"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":660.57,"endTime":664.05,"body":"groundwater was very limited. We"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":660.57,"endTime":664.05,"body":"know that there are more than"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":664.05,"endTime":667.95,"body":"310 transboundary rivers that"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":664.05,"endTime":667.95,"body":"are shared between countries"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":667.95,"endTime":670.89,"body":"around the world. But only"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":667.95,"endTime":670.89,"body":"recently, we also found out that"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":670.89,"endTime":674.82,"body":"there are at least more than 300"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":670.89,"endTime":674.82,"body":"transboundary aquifers as well,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":674.97,"endTime":678.45,"body":"that are shared between rivers."},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":674.97,"endTime":678.45,"body":"So very slowly, this is picking"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":678.48,"endTime":681.48,"body":"up and we've seen agreements"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":678.48,"endTime":681.48,"body":"between countries being signed"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":681.51,"endTime":684.54,"body":"over shared aquifers such as"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":681.51,"endTime":684.54,"body":"over the DC aquifer between"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":684.54,"endTime":688.02,"body":"Jordan and Saudi Arabia,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":684.54,"endTime":688.02,"body":"recently, but also the Guarani"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":688.02,"endTime":690.99,"body":"aquifer in Latin America, where"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":688.02,"endTime":690.99,"body":"countries have recently come"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":690.99,"endTime":694.53,"body":"together and signed a legally"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":690.99,"endTime":694.53,"body":"binding agreement between them"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":694.53,"endTime":696.9,"body":"how to manage this this shared"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":694.53,"endTime":696.9,"body":"resource."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":698.1899999999999,"endTime":701.67,"body":"Groundwater"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":698.1899999999999,"endTime":701.67,"body":"resource sharing is, it's hard"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":701.67,"endTime":704.1899999999999,"body":"enough to share a river where"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":701.67,"endTime":704.1899999999999,"body":"you can actually see the water"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":704.1899999999999,"endTime":707.79,"body":"being held back by a dam or"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":704.1899999999999,"endTime":707.79,"body":"being being removed from the"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":707.79,"endTime":711.42,"body":"system. Whereas groundwater is"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":707.79,"endTime":711.42,"body":"still in its infancy on on how"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":711.42,"endTime":713.85,"body":"we can actually manage that"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":711.42,"endTime":713.85,"body":"resource. What are some of the"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":713.85,"endTime":719.31,"body":"strategies that we can use to"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":713.85,"endTime":719.31,"body":"predict and preemptively deal"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":719.31,"endTime":722.01,"body":"with water based conflicts when"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":719.31,"endTime":722.01,"body":"they arise?"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":722.76,"endTime":727.05,"body":"Yeah, I think it's"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":722.76,"endTime":727.05,"body":"indeed important to identify"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":727.26,"endTime":730.68,"body":"these conflicts are the risk for"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":727.26,"endTime":730.68,"body":"upcoming conflict early in the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":730.68,"endTime":734.46,"body":"process. And research over the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":730.68,"endTime":734.46,"body":"past decades has really helped"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":734.46,"endTime":738.27,"body":"us to identify some of the key"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":734.46,"endTime":738.27,"body":"parameters that determine"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":738.42,"endTime":742.02,"body":"whether conflict might arise"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":738.42,"endTime":742.02,"body":"what the extent of the conflict"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":742.02,"endTime":745.23,"body":"will be, and so on. And it's"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":742.02,"endTime":745.23,"body":"interesting to notice there that"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":745.23,"endTime":749.25,"body":"the link between water or water"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":745.23,"endTime":749.25,"body":"related risks such as like water"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":749.25,"endTime":752.9399999999999,"body":"scarcity, drought or a flood, on"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":749.25,"endTime":752.9399999999999,"body":"the one hand, and then a"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":752.9399999999999,"endTime":756.72,"body":"conflict or disagreement, on the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":752.9399999999999,"endTime":756.72,"body":"other hand, is not very"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":756.72,"endTime":761.4,"body":"straightforward. In fact, the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":756.72,"endTime":761.4,"body":"link between water and conflict"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":761.43,"endTime":765.96,"body":"is determined by tons of what we"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":761.43,"endTime":765.96,"body":"would call intervening factors."},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":766.14,"endTime":771.3,"body":"So other factors that determine"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":766.14,"endTime":771.3,"body":"whether for example, a, a sudden"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":771.3,"endTime":775.41,"body":"water scarcity event actually"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":771.3,"endTime":775.41,"body":"leads to conflict between"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":775.59,"endTime":779.52,"body":"villages, or even between"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":775.59,"endTime":779.52,"body":"countries. And these intervening"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":779.52,"endTime":782.79,"body":"factors are typically related to"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":779.52,"endTime":782.79,"body":"the way we manage water"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":782.79,"endTime":786.3,"body":"resources. So research done"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":782.79,"endTime":786.3,"body":"actually by the by Oregon State"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":786.3,"endTime":791.9399999999999,"body":"University in the US, found out"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":786.3,"endTime":791.9399999999999,"body":"and could confirm that it is not"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":791.9399999999999,"endTime":796.38,"body":"so much the rate of change that"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":791.9399999999999,"endTime":796.38,"body":"happens in for example, a river"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":796.38,"endTime":799.92,"body":"basin. So the hydrological"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":796.38,"endTime":799.92,"body":"environmental or climate change"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":800.4,"endTime":804.75,"body":"that leads to conflict, but the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":800.4,"endTime":804.75,"body":"ability or the lack thereof, of"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":804.75,"endTime":807.93,"body":"a government and institutions"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":804.75,"endTime":807.93,"body":"from the local to the national"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":807.93,"endTime":811.59,"body":"international level, to deal"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":807.93,"endTime":811.59,"body":"with such change. But this is"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":811.59,"endTime":815.49,"body":"also good news, because it"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":811.59,"endTime":815.49,"body":"actually tells us that we can do"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":815.49,"endTime":818.1899999999999,"body":"something right, it's kind of"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":815.49,"endTime":818.1899999999999,"body":"difficult to address climate"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":818.1899999999999,"endTime":823.74,"body":"change to deal with decreasing"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":818.1899999999999,"endTime":823.74,"body":"water availability. But we can"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":823.74,"endTime":827.4,"body":"deal with how we manage water."},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":823.74,"endTime":827.4,"body":"So we can we can build"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":827.4,"endTime":831.75,"body":"institutions. And that going one"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":827.4,"endTime":831.75,"body":"step back again, actually also"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":831.75,"endTime":835.32,"body":"helps us identify where conflict"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":831.75,"endTime":835.32,"body":"is likely to happen. So it's"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":835.32,"endTime":838.98,"body":"likely to happen not necessarily"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":835.32,"endTime":838.98,"body":"only whether it's, for example,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":838.98,"endTime":842.25,"body":"a high rate of scarcity, but"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":838.98,"endTime":842.25,"body":"more where there's insufficient"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":842.25,"endTime":845.13,"body":"government capacity to deal with"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":842.25,"endTime":845.13,"body":"things with insufficient"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":845.13,"endTime":848.73,"body":"financial capacity to, for"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":845.13,"endTime":848.73,"body":"example, offset negative impacts"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":848.73,"endTime":851.61,"body":"on farmers, for example, if"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":848.73,"endTime":851.61,"body":"there's if there's droughts,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":852.57,"endTime":855.81,"body":"it's related to a lack of"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":852.57,"endTime":855.81,"body":"dispute resolution mechanisms,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":855.84,"endTime":860.01,"body":"either formal or informal. So"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":855.84,"endTime":860.01,"body":"places where people that compete"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":860.01,"endTime":862.56,"body":"that fight over water can"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":860.01,"endTime":862.56,"body":"actually go to and solve the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":862.56,"endTime":866.97,"body":"conflict peacefully. It's also"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":862.56,"endTime":866.97,"body":"related to more socio economic"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":866.97,"endTime":871.86,"body":"factors. Population growth, and"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":866.97,"endTime":871.86,"body":"increasing demand by economic"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":871.86,"endTime":875.9399999999999,"body":"sectors are by people also"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":871.86,"endTime":875.9399999999999,"body":"shifts in population dynamics."},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":875.97,"endTime":880.4399999999999,"body":"So we know that incoming"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":875.97,"endTime":880.4399999999999,"body":"migration can put strains on the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":880.4399999999999,"endTime":883.77,"body":"water availability for recipient"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":880.4399999999999,"endTime":883.77,"body":"communities. So suddenly,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":883.77,"endTime":886.41,"body":"there's more people who need the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":883.77,"endTime":886.41,"body":"same water resources which can"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":886.41,"endTime":890.58,"body":"lead to tensions. We know that a"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":886.41,"endTime":890.58,"body":"high ratio of young men often"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":890.58,"endTime":893.67,"body":"unemployed young men, is"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":890.58,"endTime":893.67,"body":"something that in combination"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":893.67,"endTime":897.03,"body":"with water scarcity that tends"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":893.67,"endTime":897.03,"body":"to lead to conflict and many"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":897.03,"endTime":902.22,"body":"more of such factors. So we are"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":897.03,"endTime":902.22,"body":"actually today in in research,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":902.61,"endTime":906.78,"body":"relatively good at identifying"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":902.61,"endTime":906.78,"body":"where conflict over water is"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":906.78,"endTime":912.63,"body":"likely to happen. We are as"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":906.78,"endTime":912.63,"body":"humankind as a whole. Not so"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":912.63,"endTime":916.89,"body":"good, though at actually then"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":912.63,"endTime":916.89,"body":"working on inventing these"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":916.89,"endTime":918.18,"body":"conflicts from happening."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":919.38,"endTime":922.47,"body":"I'd say the first"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":919.38,"endTime":922.47,"body":"step, I guess we're there. But"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":922.59,"endTime":926.43,"body":"we still need to follow through"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":922.59,"endTime":926.43,"body":"on actions and be able to figure"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":926.43,"endTime":930.27,"body":"out ways to communicate and"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":926.43,"endTime":930.27,"body":"convey these issues. I find it"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":930.27,"endTime":934.62,"body":"intriguing as many people would"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":930.27,"endTime":934.62,"body":"think of sharing water as being"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":934.62,"endTime":940.83,"body":"more of a engineering issue."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":934.62,"endTime":940.83,"body":"Whereas as you're describing it,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":940.86,"endTime":944.13,"body":"it seems to be less of an"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":940.86,"endTime":944.13,"body":"engineering issue and more of a"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":944.13,"endTime":948.36,"body":"socio political issue, and"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":944.13,"endTime":948.36,"body":"dealing with large populations"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":948.36,"endTime":952.14,"body":"and being able to, to convey"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":948.36,"endTime":952.14,"body":"those messages and work"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":952.14,"endTime":954.0,"body":"together. Would you agree with"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":952.14,"endTime":954.0,"body":"that?"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":954.48,"endTime":957.18,"body":"Yeah, I absolutely"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":954.48,"endTime":957.18,"body":"agree. I mean, having been"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":957.18,"endTime":961.17,"body":"involved in, in negotiations, in"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":957.18,"endTime":961.17,"body":"water diplomacy processes, we"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":961.17,"endTime":963.96,"body":"quite often face a situation"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":961.17,"endTime":963.96,"body":"where the engineers of one"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":963.96,"endTime":966.99,"body":"country would would tell"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":963.96,"endTime":966.99,"body":"everyone involved in the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":966.99,"endTime":970.83,"body":"negotiation trying to solve the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":966.99,"endTime":970.83,"body":"conflict. Well, the impacts of"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":970.89,"endTime":973.74,"body":"that dam, for example, are"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":970.89,"endTime":973.74,"body":"limited. And actually the dam is"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":973.74,"endTime":976.89,"body":"beneficial for the other"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":973.74,"endTime":976.89,"body":"country, because we can, for"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":976.89,"endTime":980.1,"body":"example, store water and prevent"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":976.89,"endTime":980.1,"body":"floods from happening, or we can"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":980.1,"endTime":982.71,"body":"generate more electricity that"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":980.1,"endTime":982.71,"body":"we can sell to you at a better"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":982.71,"endTime":985.35,"body":"price. Whereas the engineers"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":982.71,"endTime":985.35,"body":"from the other country would be"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":985.35,"endTime":987.78,"body":"arguing, well, but we've"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":985.35,"endTime":987.78,"body":"calculated these negative"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":987.78,"endTime":991.8,"body":"impacts will have sown so much"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":987.78,"endTime":991.8,"body":"loss in agricultural income or"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":991.8,"endTime":994.29,"body":"in fish migration will be"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":991.8,"endTime":994.29,"body":"affected like this, which is"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":994.29,"endTime":998.1899999999999,"body":"going to affect our fishery"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":994.29,"endTime":998.1899999999999,"body":"sector like that. So having"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":998.1899999999999,"endTime":1002.27,"body":"these people speak to each"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":998.1899999999999,"endTime":1002.27,"body":"other, and sharing data is often"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1002.27,"endTime":1005.18,"body":"the first step where we think it"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1002.27,"endTime":1005.18,"body":"problematic already and where it"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1005.18,"endTime":1009.5,"body":"gets very political. So it's"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1005.18,"endTime":1009.5,"body":"about creating a mutual"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1009.5,"endTime":1012.32,"body":"understanding, what are the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1009.5,"endTime":1012.32,"body":"challenges, what are the impacts"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1012.32,"endTime":1015.02,"body":"that maybe one country feels"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1012.32,"endTime":1015.02,"body":"much stronger than another"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1015.02,"endTime":1017.81,"body":"country was concerned much more"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1015.02,"endTime":1017.81,"body":"about, then another country,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1018.35,"endTime":1021.26,"body":"bringing the the engineers which"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1018.35,"endTime":1021.26,"body":"is, of course very much"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1021.26,"endTime":1023.27,"body":"generalizing, it's also"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1021.26,"endTime":1023.27,"body":"hydrologists, there's also a"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1023.78,"endTime":1026.5700000000002,"body":"list and so on. But let's let's"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1023.78,"endTime":1026.5700000000002,"body":"let's call it the right,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1027.14,"endTime":1031.5800000000002,"body":"bringing them together to share"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1027.14,"endTime":1031.5800000000002,"body":"data is often difficult enough,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1031.5800000000002,"endTime":1034.22,"body":"because they might be interested"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1031.5800000000002,"endTime":1034.22,"body":"in doing so from, let's say,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1034.22,"endTime":1037.0700000000002,"body":"more scientific perspective. But"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1034.22,"endTime":1037.0700000000002,"body":"a lot of countries attach"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1037.0700000000002,"endTime":1041.27,"body":"national security considerations"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1037.0700000000002,"endTime":1041.27,"body":"to data, for example, to water"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1041.27,"endTime":1045.74,"body":"data, right. So starting that,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1041.27,"endTime":1045.74,"body":"that discussion, sharing"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1045.74,"endTime":1048.7700000000002,"body":"information, creating a joint"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1045.74,"endTime":1048.7700000000002,"body":"understanding of the challenges"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1048.7700000000002,"endTime":1052.67,"body":"of certain river basin or an"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1048.7700000000002,"endTime":1052.67,"body":"aquifer might be facing is the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1052.67,"endTime":1055.8500000000001,"body":"first step, building trust in"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1052.67,"endTime":1055.8500000000001,"body":"the data, right, one country"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1055.8500000000001,"endTime":1060.1100000000001,"body":"might often not trust the other"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1055.8500000000001,"endTime":1060.1100000000001,"body":"country when, for example, we"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1060.1100000000001,"endTime":1064.25,"body":"have this in the case of"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1060.1100000000001,"endTime":1064.25,"body":"Afghanistan and Iran. Iran has"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1064.25,"endTime":1067.5500000000002,"body":"been claiming for many years,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1064.25,"endTime":1067.5500000000002,"body":"that the water that Afghanistan"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1067.8200000000002,"endTime":1073.1000000000001,"body":"provides as the upstream country"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1067.8200000000002,"endTime":1073.1000000000001,"body":"to downstream Iran is not up to"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1073.1000000000001,"endTime":1076.3700000000001,"body":"what they're supposed to"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1073.1000000000001,"endTime":1076.3700000000001,"body":"provide, according to a really"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1076.3700000000001,"endTime":1078.5,"body":"old and not very functional"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1076.3700000000001,"endTime":1078.5,"body":"treaty that they have."},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1079.2800000000002,"endTime":1081.68,"body":"Afghanistan at the same time, is"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1079.2800000000002,"endTime":1081.68,"body":"saying, Well, we are actually"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1081.68,"endTime":1083.96,"body":"providing that water. But"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1081.68,"endTime":1083.96,"body":"climate change makes it more and"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1083.96,"endTime":1086.0300000000002,"body":"more difficult, because the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1083.96,"endTime":1086.0300000000002,"body":"water, the river doesn't"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1086.0300000000002,"endTime":1089.24,"body":"actually hold as much water as"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1086.0300000000002,"endTime":1089.24,"body":"we're supposed to provide. And"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1089.24,"endTime":1091.19,"body":"by the way, we don't have"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1089.24,"endTime":1091.19,"body":"measurement stations anyway,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1091.19,"endTime":1093.5300000000002,"body":"because of the destruction of"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1091.19,"endTime":1093.5300000000002,"body":"the water. So we don't actually"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1093.5300000000002,"endTime":1098.42,"body":"know how much is flowing across"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1093.5300000000002,"endTime":1098.42,"body":"the border. And then you can"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1098.42,"endTime":1101.3600000000001,"body":"imagine what is difficult enough"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1098.42,"endTime":1101.3600000000001,"body":"for technical people to talk"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1101.3600000000001,"endTime":1105.8600000000001,"body":"about, but then bring political"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1101.3600000000001,"endTime":1105.8600000000001,"body":"tensions relations, the overall"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1105.8600000000001,"endTime":1109.43,"body":"regional setting in and things"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1105.8600000000001,"endTime":1109.43,"body":"get very tricky and ultimately"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1109.43,"endTime":1113.24,"body":"need the involvement of, of"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1109.43,"endTime":1113.24,"body":"diplomats and other people"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1113.2700000000002,"endTime":1116.8700000000001,"body":"experienced in dispute"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1113.2700000000002,"endTime":1116.8700000000001,"body":"resolution and negotiation in"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1116.8700000000001,"endTime":1117.47,"body":"mediation."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1118.6100000000001,"endTime":1121.8500000000001,"body":"When one country"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1118.6100000000001,"endTime":1121.8500000000001,"body":"has a completely different new"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1121.8500000000001,"endTime":1125.5400000000002,"body":"government, or has been through"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1121.8500000000001,"endTime":1125.5400000000002,"body":"a war, or is still currently in"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1125.5400000000002,"endTime":1129.95,"body":"a war, water issues need to be"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1125.5400000000002,"endTime":1129.95,"body":"front and center. But they don't"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1129.95,"endTime":1133.5200000000002,"body":"necessarily get that respect in"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1129.95,"endTime":1133.5200000000002,"body":"those in those cases. So I guess"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1133.5200000000002,"endTime":1136.8500000000001,"body":"you've already kind of hinted a"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1133.5200000000002,"endTime":1136.8500000000001,"body":"little bit at it. But could you"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1136.8500000000001,"endTime":1140.75,"body":"just kind of paint a picture of"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1136.8500000000001,"endTime":1140.75,"body":"how water diplomacy works and"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1140.8100000000002,"endTime":1143.5700000000002,"body":"how your team would potentially"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1140.8100000000002,"endTime":1143.5700000000002,"body":"be involved?"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1144.8000000000002,"endTime":1147.5,"body":"Yeah, I unfortunately"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1144.8000000000002,"endTime":1147.5,"body":"can't give you can't give you a"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1147.5,"endTime":1153.5300000000002,"body":"lot of details. By by the nature"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1147.5,"endTime":1153.5300000000002,"body":"of the process tends to happen"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1153.5300000000002,"endTime":1157.91,"body":"behind closed doors. But yeah,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1153.5300000000002,"endTime":1157.91,"body":"I'll try to share a few"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1157.91,"endTime":1163.8200000000002,"body":"thoughts. So basically, war to"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1157.91,"endTime":1163.8200000000002,"body":"diplomacy, or water, conflict,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1164.0300000000002,"endTime":1167.5100000000002,"body":"prevention and mitigation"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1164.0300000000002,"endTime":1167.5100000000002,"body":"resolution is about bringing the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1167.5100000000002,"endTime":1170.8700000000001,"body":"different parties that might be"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1167.5100000000002,"endTime":1170.8700000000001,"body":"communities or countries"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1171.8000000000002,"endTime":1175.4,"body":"together around the table, a"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1171.8000000000002,"endTime":1175.4,"body":"first step usually being to"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1175.4,"endTime":1179.21,"body":"create a joint understanding"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1175.4,"endTime":1179.21,"body":"what the problem actually is. So"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1179.24,"endTime":1184.5500000000002,"body":"is it that one country wants to"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1179.24,"endTime":1184.5500000000002,"body":"build a dam and has very good"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1184.5500000000002,"endTime":1187.73,"body":"intentions doing so because it"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1184.5500000000002,"endTime":1187.73,"body":"actually needs the electricity."},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1188.0,"endTime":1190.7900000000002,"body":"Like you look at the Nile"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1188.0,"endTime":1190.7900000000002,"body":"Ethiopia, there's a reason why"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1190.7900000000002,"endTime":1193.0400000000002,"body":"topia wants to build the grant"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1190.7900000000002,"endTime":1193.0400000000002,"body":"as a open Renaissance dam,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1193.3700000000001,"endTime":1196.16,"body":"because it needs electricity to"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1193.3700000000001,"endTime":1196.16,"body":"power the country's economic"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1196.16,"endTime":1199.5500000000002,"body":"development to lift people out"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1196.16,"endTime":1199.5500000000002,"body":"of poverty, to provide people"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1199.5500000000002,"endTime":1202.19,"body":"like kids who go to school and"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1199.5500000000002,"endTime":1202.19,"body":"who need to study in the evening"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1202.19,"endTime":1205.7900000000002,"body":"to provide them with electricity"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1202.19,"endTime":1205.7900000000002,"body":"to do so. So very good reasons"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1205.7900000000002,"endTime":1209.39,"body":"to build the dam. But to"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1205.7900000000002,"endTime":1209.39,"body":"reconcile this thinking or to at"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1209.39,"endTime":1211.64,"body":"least create a mutual"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1209.39,"endTime":1211.64,"body":"understanding between this"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1211.64,"endTime":1215.0,"body":"thinking and the thinking of a"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1211.64,"endTime":1215.0,"body":"downstream country. We go back"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1215.0,"endTime":1218.3000000000002,"body":"to the example of the Nile in"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1215.0,"endTime":1218.3000000000002,"body":"that case, Egypt, where there"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1218.3000000000002,"endTime":1221.5100000000002,"body":"are huge fears of are the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1218.3000000000002,"endTime":1221.5100000000002,"body":"impacts in terms of less water"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1221.5100000000002,"endTime":1224.72,"body":"being available that potentially"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1221.5100000000002,"endTime":1224.72,"body":"affecting water supply to the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1224.72,"endTime":1228.5300000000002,"body":"people or affecting agricultural"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1224.72,"endTime":1228.5300000000002,"body":"production and as a consequence,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1228.5300000000002,"endTime":1231.68,"body":"food security of people. So"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1228.5300000000002,"endTime":1231.68,"body":"first of all, creating a joint"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1231.68,"endTime":1236.45,"body":"understanding what a specific"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1231.68,"endTime":1236.45,"body":"issue of contention means for"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1236.45,"endTime":1240.71,"body":"the different parties, then it's"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1236.45,"endTime":1240.71,"body":"a lot about trying to share data"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1240.71,"endTime":1246.44,"body":"and information, make countries"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1240.71,"endTime":1246.44,"body":"open up their, their data books"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1246.47,"endTime":1251.42,"body":"and share information on river"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1246.47,"endTime":1251.42,"body":"flow on river quality, or"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1251.42,"endTime":1255.68,"body":"whatever the issue might be. But"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1251.42,"endTime":1255.68,"body":"then also, and that's maybe the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1255.68,"endTime":1260.66,"body":"key step moving from what we"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1255.68,"endTime":1260.66,"body":"often have, in the beginning,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1260.66,"endTime":1265.0100000000002,"body":"moving from an understanding of"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1260.66,"endTime":1265.0100000000002,"body":"things being a zero sum game. So"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1265.0400000000002,"endTime":1268.7900000000002,"body":"what what one party uses from"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1265.0400000000002,"endTime":1268.7900000000002,"body":"the river, the water or the fish"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1268.7900000000002,"endTime":1271.67,"body":"resources in the lake or"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1268.7900000000002,"endTime":1271.67,"body":"whatever it might be, that not"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1271.67,"endTime":1273.98,"body":"being available to the other"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1271.67,"endTime":1273.98,"body":"party, and therefore it being"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1273.98,"endTime":1277.88,"body":"kind of a cake that if I eat the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1273.98,"endTime":1277.88,"body":"bigger piece, you will get the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1277.88,"endTime":1281.39,"body":"smaller piece right away from"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1277.88,"endTime":1281.39,"body":"that and moving towards a"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1281.39,"endTime":1286.46,"body":"positive sum, game thinking"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1281.39,"endTime":1286.46,"body":"moving to it's called a benefit"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1286.46,"endTime":1290.5700000000002,"body":"sharing approach, where the idea"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1286.46,"endTime":1290.5700000000002,"body":"is to actually not so much look"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1290.5700000000002,"endTime":1293.63,"body":"into, for example, the volume of"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1290.5700000000002,"endTime":1293.63,"body":"water that's being shared, you"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1293.63,"endTime":1297.7700000000002,"body":"get 50%, I get 50%. But more"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1293.63,"endTime":1297.7700000000002,"body":"look at what are we actually"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1297.8000000000002,"endTime":1302.0,"body":"doing with our 50%. And maybe"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1297.8000000000002,"endTime":1302.0,"body":"there's a way that we can"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1302.0900000000001,"endTime":1306.14,"body":"increase the benefits that we"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1302.0900000000001,"endTime":1306.14,"body":"get from our respective 50% or"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1306.14,"endTime":1309.8300000000002,"body":"60 and 40, or whatever the share"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1306.14,"endTime":1309.8300000000002,"body":"might be, and see if there was a"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1309.8300000000002,"endTime":1314.15,"body":"potential to for example, move"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1309.8300000000002,"endTime":1314.15,"body":"from hydropower projects that"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1314.15,"endTime":1317.15,"body":"only generate electricity for an"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1314.15,"endTime":1317.15,"body":"upstream country to multipurpose"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1317.15,"endTime":1321.8000000000002,"body":"projects that might also serve a"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1317.15,"endTime":1321.8000000000002,"body":"flood protection purpose for the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1321.8000000000002,"endTime":1325.5800000000002,"body":"downstream country in the US and"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1321.8000000000002,"endTime":1325.5800000000002,"body":"Canada. On the Columbia River is"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1325.5800000000002,"endTime":1328.8200000000002,"body":"a very famous example for where"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1325.5800000000002,"endTime":1328.8200000000002,"body":"that's that's actually"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1328.8200000000002,"endTime":1332.2700000000002,"body":"happening, or whether the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1328.8200000000002,"endTime":1332.2700000000002,"body":"electricity that's being"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1332.2700000000002,"endTime":1335.24,"body":"generated can at least be sold"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1332.2700000000002,"endTime":1335.24,"body":"to a downstream country at a"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1335.24,"endTime":1339.3500000000001,"body":"favorable price or whether"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1335.24,"endTime":1339.3500000000001,"body":"aquaculture is possible in the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1339.3500000000001,"endTime":1343.49,"body":"reservoir that's being created."},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1339.3500000000001,"endTime":1343.49,"body":"And of course, also discussing"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1343.49,"endTime":1347.66,"body":"the mitigation of impacts"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1343.49,"endTime":1347.66,"body":"because no water project can be"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1347.66,"endTime":1350.8400000000001,"body":"built without any environmental"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1347.66,"endTime":1350.8400000000001,"body":"impacts. And these environmental"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1350.8400000000001,"endTime":1353.63,"body":"impacts obviously, also have"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1350.8400000000001,"endTime":1353.63,"body":"socio economic consequences for"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1353.63,"endTime":1357.5600000000002,"body":"people depending on the water."},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1353.63,"endTime":1357.5600000000002,"body":"But looking into how these"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1357.5600000000002,"endTime":1361.5500000000002,"body":"impacts can be, can be"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1357.5600000000002,"endTime":1361.5500000000002,"body":"mitigated, and we are seeing"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1361.5500000000002,"endTime":1364.46,"body":"examples around the world where"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1361.5500000000002,"endTime":1364.46,"body":"countries have at least tried"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1364.46,"endTime":1368.93,"body":"that. Some thinking about the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1364.46,"endTime":1368.93,"body":"Mekong, for example, where Laos"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1368.93,"endTime":1372.8300000000002,"body":"is undergoing a huge and very"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1368.93,"endTime":1372.8300000000002,"body":"ambitious dam development"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1372.8300000000002,"endTime":1375.95,"body":"program on the tributaries to"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1372.8300000000002,"endTime":1375.95,"body":"the Mekong, but also on the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1375.95,"endTime":1380.48,"body":"mainstream. And there was in the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1375.95,"endTime":1380.48,"body":"early 2000s, a disagreement over"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1380.48,"endTime":1383.8400000000001,"body":"the first mainstream time that"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1380.48,"endTime":1383.8400000000001,"body":"Laos intended to develop, it's"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1383.8400000000001,"endTime":1389.3600000000001,"body":"called the cyber freedom, where"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1383.8400000000001,"endTime":1389.3600000000001,"body":"no environmental impact"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1389.39,"endTime":1392.0300000000002,"body":"mitigation measures were"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1389.39,"endTime":1392.0300000000002,"body":"foreseen. But through"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1392.0300000000002,"endTime":1394.8500000000001,"body":"negotiations between the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1392.0300000000002,"endTime":1394.8500000000001,"body":"countries, especially Vietnam,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1394.8500000000001,"endTime":1398.39,"body":"and Cambodia, being particularly"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1394.8500000000001,"endTime":1398.39,"body":"concerned about the impact, and"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1398.39,"endTime":1401.5400000000002,"body":"through the involvement of a"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1398.39,"endTime":1401.5400000000002,"body":"river basin organization. So a"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1401.5400000000002,"endTime":1405.23,"body":"platform a platform that brings"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1401.5400000000002,"endTime":1405.23,"body":"all the countries together, the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1405.23,"endTime":1410.3300000000002,"body":"design of the dam was changed in"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1405.23,"endTime":1410.3300000000002,"body":"the end to account for for"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1410.3300000000002,"endTime":1413.8100000000002,"body":"sediment flushing needs to make"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1410.3300000000002,"endTime":1413.8100000000002,"body":"sure that the sediments that the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1413.8100000000002,"endTime":1417.17,"body":"river carries that are crucial"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1413.8100000000002,"endTime":1417.17,"body":"for the Mekong Delta are"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1417.17,"endTime":1421.13,"body":"actually making their way"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1417.17,"endTime":1421.13,"body":"downstream. But also, building"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1421.13,"endTime":1424.94,"body":"in fish migration aids to"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1421.13,"endTime":1424.94,"body":"ensuring that fish, and most of"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1424.94,"endTime":1428.18,"body":"the Mekong fish or long distance"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1424.94,"endTime":1428.18,"body":"migratory fish, that fish are"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1428.18,"endTime":1432.2600000000002,"body":"able to migrate up and"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1428.18,"endTime":1432.2600000000002,"body":"downstream passing the dam will"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1432.2600000000002,"endTime":1434.9,"body":"see to what extent these"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1432.2600000000002,"endTime":1434.9,"body":"measures are effective. But I"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1434.9,"endTime":1438.47,"body":"think it's at least a really"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1434.9,"endTime":1438.47,"body":"assign a symbol of how countries"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1438.47,"endTime":1441.7700000000002,"body":"tried to come together, and at"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1438.47,"endTime":1441.7700000000002,"body":"least mitigate the impacts that"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1441.7700000000002,"endTime":1444.0500000000002,"body":"the developments in one might"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1441.7700000000002,"endTime":1444.0500000000002,"body":"have on the other."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1446.5100000000002,"endTime":1449.5700000000002,"body":"This is absolutely"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1446.5100000000002,"endTime":1449.5700000000002,"body":"fascinating. It's funny"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1449.6000000000001,"endTime":1453.6200000000001,"body":"listening to you, as you seem to"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1449.6000000000001,"endTime":1453.6200000000001,"body":"just casually switch from"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1453.6200000000001,"endTime":1456.98,"body":"continent to continent with all"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1453.6200000000001,"endTime":1456.98,"body":"of these different examples of"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1457.0100000000002,"endTime":1460.2800000000002,"body":"water diplomacy and action, or"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1457.0100000000002,"endTime":1460.2800000000002,"body":"different countries working"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1460.2800000000002,"endTime":1463.16,"body":"together as this is something"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1460.2800000000002,"endTime":1463.16,"body":"that happens around the globe,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1463.22,"endTime":1467.24,"body":"and is very, very prevalent. It"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1463.22,"endTime":1467.24,"body":"may only be certain examples, as"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1467.24,"endTime":1470.63,"body":"you were saying before, that"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1467.24,"endTime":1470.63,"body":"really get all of the press and"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1470.63,"endTime":1474.5300000000002,"body":"all of the attention towards"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1470.63,"endTime":1474.5300000000002,"body":"them. But these transboundary"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1474.5300000000002,"endTime":1477.41,"body":"water issues are really"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1474.5300000000002,"endTime":1477.41,"body":"pressing. And I guess would you"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1477.41,"endTime":1480.5,"body":"be able to elaborate a little"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1477.41,"endTime":1480.5,"body":"bit more on on some that have"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1480.5,"endTime":1484.5800000000002,"body":"really worked well. And some"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1480.5,"endTime":1484.5800000000002,"body":"that may be where there's still"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1484.6100000000001,"endTime":1486.2600000000002,"body":"a lot of work to be done."},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1488.3300000000002,"endTime":1490.49,"body":"Yeah, I think there's"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1488.3300000000002,"endTime":1490.49,"body":"still some regions around the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1490.49,"endTime":1494.69,"body":"world where more work needs to"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1490.49,"endTime":1494.69,"body":"be done. Also, maybe because the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1494.69,"endTime":1496.5800000000002,"body":"challenges are bigger there. I"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1494.69,"endTime":1496.5800000000002,"body":"mean, if you think about the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1496.5800000000002,"endTime":1499.7900000000002,"body":"Middle East and North Africa, if"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1496.5800000000002,"endTime":1499.7900000000002,"body":"you also think about Central"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1499.7900000000002,"endTime":1504.47,"body":"Asia, the the natural the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1499.7900000000002,"endTime":1504.47,"body":"hydrological, the climatic"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1504.47,"endTime":1507.2900000000002,"body":"situation there is just"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1504.47,"endTime":1507.2900000000002,"body":"different so water scarcity is"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1507.2900000000002,"endTime":1510.23,"body":"higher, which obviously makes"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1507.2900000000002,"endTime":1510.23,"body":"makes things a bit more"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1510.23,"endTime":1513.8600000000001,"body":"difficult. Plus, that also"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1510.23,"endTime":1513.8600000000001,"body":"happens to be a region that has"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1513.8600000000001,"endTime":1516.92,"body":"been struggling with conflict"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1513.8600000000001,"endTime":1516.92,"body":"anyways, so very few regional"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1516.92,"endTime":1520.94,"body":"organizations have been built"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1516.92,"endTime":1520.94,"body":"and Very few treaties have been"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1520.94,"endTime":1523.7600000000002,"body":"signed that could deal with such"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1520.94,"endTime":1523.7600000000002,"body":"conflict. So if we look at the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1523.7600000000002,"endTime":1528.14,"body":"Euphrates, Tigris, for example,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1523.7600000000002,"endTime":1528.14,"body":"that is a basin that shared by"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1528.17,"endTime":1531.65,"body":"Turkey, Syria, Iraq and Iran,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1528.17,"endTime":1531.65,"body":"obviously a region that"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1531.65,"endTime":1535.67,"body":"struggles with all sorts of"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1531.65,"endTime":1535.67,"body":"security challenges more to just"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1535.67,"endTime":1539.2700000000002,"body":"being one of those. So that is"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1535.67,"endTime":1539.2700000000002,"body":"one example that we're we're"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1539.2700000000002,"endTime":1543.38,"body":"still a lot of work needs to be"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1539.2700000000002,"endTime":1543.38,"body":"done in terms of building trust,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1543.38,"endTime":1547.8500000000001,"body":"building, confidence, building"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1543.38,"endTime":1547.8500000000001,"body":"institutions, and so on. But I"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1547.8500000000001,"endTime":1551.2700000000002,"body":"think if we, if we look at the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1547.8500000000001,"endTime":1551.2700000000002,"body":"world as a whole, there are"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1551.2700000000002,"endTime":1553.67,"body":"really a lot of positive"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1551.2700000000002,"endTime":1553.67,"body":"examples where it was things"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1553.67,"endTime":1558.23,"body":"I've worked with either conflict"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1553.67,"endTime":1558.23,"body":"over water have been, have been"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1558.23,"endTime":1562.73,"body":"managed, or where water even has"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1558.23,"endTime":1562.73,"body":"been a source of cooperation."},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1562.73,"endTime":1565.3400000000001,"body":"And I'm going to give you two"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1562.73,"endTime":1565.3400000000001,"body":"examples, one from Africa and"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1565.3400000000001,"endTime":1568.7,"body":"one from from Europe. If we look"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1565.3400000000001,"endTime":1568.7,"body":"at the most selsun tip of"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1568.7,"endTime":1573.2900000000002,"body":"Africa, so Lesotho, South"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1568.7,"endTime":1573.2900000000002,"body":"Africa, Botswana and Namibia,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1573.6200000000001,"endTime":1577.6100000000001,"body":"they share the orange river. And"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1573.6200000000001,"endTime":1577.6100000000001,"body":"there has been a water sharing"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1577.6100000000001,"endTime":1580.5800000000002,"body":"arrangement in place between"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1577.6100000000001,"endTime":1580.5800000000002,"body":"Lesotho and South Africa, which"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1580.5800000000002,"endTime":1584.8700000000001,"body":"are the two upstream countries"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1580.5800000000002,"endTime":1584.8700000000001,"body":"since the 1980s. Already, and"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1584.8700000000001,"endTime":1588.8000000000002,"body":"then some of the listeners might"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1584.8700000000001,"endTime":1588.8000000000002,"body":"remember de zero in Cape Town in"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1588.8000000000002,"endTime":1593.5700000000002,"body":"2015. There was a broader"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1588.8000000000002,"endTime":1593.5700000000002,"body":"drought in the in the region"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1594.0500000000002,"endTime":1596.66,"body":"that actually also affected"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1594.0500000000002,"endTime":1596.66,"body":"Botswana a lot, which is the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1596.66,"endTime":1600.6200000000001,"body":"third country if you think of it"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1596.66,"endTime":1600.6200000000001,"body":"in a row from upstream, right."},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1601.49,"endTime":1604.6100000000001,"body":"And what's one I was actually"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1601.49,"endTime":1604.6100000000001,"body":"really suffering the reservoir"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1604.6100000000001,"endTime":1607.6100000000001,"body":"that supplies water to the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1604.6100000000001,"endTime":1607.6100000000001,"body":"capital gamma Rana was down to"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1607.6100000000001,"endTime":1613.25,"body":"2% of its capacity. So really a"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1607.6100000000001,"endTime":1613.25,"body":"wow, situation. And obviously,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1613.25,"endTime":1616.0100000000002,"body":"what Wanda was asking for its"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1613.25,"endTime":1616.0100000000002,"body":"share of the river. And that is"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1616.0400000000002,"endTime":1620.5700000000002,"body":"in a very arid region, something"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1616.0400000000002,"endTime":1620.5700000000002,"body":"that could have easily led to"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1620.6000000000001,"endTime":1624.2,"body":"conflict and tensions. But the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1620.6000000000001,"endTime":1624.2,"body":"country has actually had an"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1624.2,"endTime":1627.68,"body":"agreement in place since the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1624.2,"endTime":1627.68,"body":"year 2000. Already, that clearly"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1627.89,"endTime":1630.6200000000001,"body":"regulates how they come"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1627.89,"endTime":1630.6200000000001,"body":"together, how they meet"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1630.6200000000001,"endTime":1633.1100000000001,"body":"regularly, how they exchange"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1630.6200000000001,"endTime":1633.1100000000001,"body":"data, how they address"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1633.1100000000001,"endTime":1636.5900000000001,"body":"challenges in the basin jointly."},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1633.1100000000001,"endTime":1636.5900000000001,"body":"And they also have a commission"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1637.5800000000002,"endTime":1641.96,"body":"that brings together countries"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1637.5800000000002,"endTime":1641.96,"body":"to negotiate regularly. So that"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1641.96,"endTime":1644.3000000000002,"body":"allowed for actually addressing"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1641.96,"endTime":1644.3000000000002,"body":"this issue and coming to a"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1644.3000000000002,"endTime":1649.2800000000002,"body":"solution that will not only now"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1644.3000000000002,"endTime":1649.2800000000002,"body":"extend the water sharing"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1650.0600000000002,"endTime":1653.66,"body":"infrastructure that exists to"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1650.0600000000002,"endTime":1653.66,"body":"Botswana, so that water will be"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1653.66,"endTime":1657.14,"body":"supplied to them as well. But"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1653.66,"endTime":1657.14,"body":"that also includes Namibia and"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1657.14,"endTime":1660.3200000000002,"body":"all the preparatory works in the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1657.14,"endTime":1660.3200000000002,"body":"negotiations and feasibility"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1660.3200000000002,"endTime":1663.2600000000002,"body":"studies. Because as the most"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1660.3200000000002,"endTime":1663.2600000000002,"body":"downstream country, of course,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1663.2600000000002,"endTime":1665.63,"body":"you want to make sure that"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1663.2600000000002,"endTime":1665.63,"body":"Namibia is also informed about"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1665.63,"endTime":1669.5,"body":"everything that happens"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1665.63,"endTime":1669.5,"body":"upstream. So right to cause a"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1669.5,"endTime":1673.19,"body":"new conflict. So I think that's"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1669.5,"endTime":1673.19,"body":"an interesting example for, for"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1673.19,"endTime":1679.13,"body":"addressing a potential conflict"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1673.19,"endTime":1679.13,"body":"in a very cooperative manner."},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1679.8500000000001,"endTime":1683.2700000000002,"body":"But then, going one step"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1679.8500000000001,"endTime":1683.2700000000002,"body":"further, there's also some"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1683.2700000000002,"endTime":1687.5900000000001,"body":"examples how water has actually"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1683.2700000000002,"endTime":1687.5900000000001,"body":"been a bridge into peace or a"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1687.5900000000001,"endTime":1691.5500000000002,"body":"source of peace. And one example"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1687.5900000000001,"endTime":1691.5500000000002,"body":"I'm thinking of is the Balkans,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1691.97,"endTime":1696.71,"body":"the Saba basin, it's a sub basin"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1691.97,"endTime":1696.71,"body":"of the Danube River Basin. So"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1696.71,"endTime":1700.7,"body":"South Eastern Europe, we're"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1696.71,"endTime":1700.7,"body":"talking and in the, during the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1700.7,"endTime":1705.23,"body":"wars and on the Balkans in the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1700.7,"endTime":1705.23,"body":"1990s. These countries that"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1705.23,"endTime":1709.3400000000001,"body":"share the Sava river basins of"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1705.23,"endTime":1709.3400000000001,"body":"former Yugoslavia had been at"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1709.3400000000001,"endTime":1713.21,"body":"war with each other. So when the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1709.3400000000001,"endTime":1713.21,"body":"war ended, and the first peace"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1713.21,"endTime":1716.3300000000002,"body":"talks started, that were very"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1713.21,"endTime":1716.3300000000002,"body":"much supported by the European"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1716.3300000000002,"endTime":1719.96,"body":"Union, the question came up,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1716.3300000000002,"endTime":1719.96,"body":"what would be an issue that we"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1719.96,"endTime":1724.43,"body":"can bring the countries together"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1719.96,"endTime":1724.43,"body":"on that is not or not too much"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1724.49,"endTime":1727.94,"body":"contested, and that they would"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1724.49,"endTime":1727.94,"body":"interest to at least come"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1727.94,"endTime":1730.91,"body":"together sit around the table"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1727.94,"endTime":1730.91,"body":"and talk and water was"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1730.91,"endTime":1735.2900000000002,"body":"identified as that issue and the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1730.91,"endTime":1735.2900000000002,"body":"stability pact, that the EU"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1735.2900000000002,"endTime":1738.41,"body":"designed for the Balkans,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1735.2900000000002,"endTime":1738.41,"body":"actually very much promoted the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1738.41,"endTime":1741.7700000000002,"body":"negotiation of a treaty over"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1738.41,"endTime":1741.7700000000002,"body":"water. And the setting up of a"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1741.7700000000002,"endTime":1745.2800000000002,"body":"joint commission and water in"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1741.7700000000002,"endTime":1745.2800000000002,"body":"the cyber basin was then the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1745.2800000000002,"endTime":1748.8200000000002,"body":"first issue that countries"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1745.2800000000002,"endTime":1748.8200000000002,"body":"actually signed a treaty on"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1748.94,"endTime":1752.9,"body":"beyond the peace treaty itself,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1748.94,"endTime":1752.9,"body":"and started to cooperate and"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1752.9,"endTime":1756.71,"body":"with that, not only promoted"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1752.9,"endTime":1756.71,"body":"peace, but also managed to"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1756.71,"endTime":1759.8600000000001,"body":"address challenges in the river,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1756.71,"endTime":1759.8600000000001,"body":"like there were remnants of war"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1759.8600000000001,"endTime":1762.8000000000002,"body":"in the river, that no country"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1759.8600000000001,"endTime":1762.8000000000002,"body":"could have cleared themselves,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1762.8300000000002,"endTime":1765.5600000000002,"body":"but they that was affecting"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1762.8300000000002,"endTime":1765.5600000000002,"body":"navigation. So together, they"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1765.5600000000002,"endTime":1768.47,"body":"could address this, they could"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1765.5600000000002,"endTime":1768.47,"body":"address flood risks that were a"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1768.47,"endTime":1772.22,"body":"huge threat to downstream"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1768.47,"endTime":1772.22,"body":"countries. But by doing these"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1772.22,"endTime":1775.43,"body":"technical measures that actually"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1772.22,"endTime":1775.43,"body":"build trust, and they started"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1775.43,"endTime":1779.2700000000002,"body":"cooperating, again, meeting each"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1775.43,"endTime":1779.2700000000002,"body":"other visiting each other in"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1779.2700000000002,"endTime":1782.24,"body":"their respective countries. So"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1779.2700000000002,"endTime":1782.24,"body":"that really was an entry point"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1782.24,"endTime":1786.2,"body":"of bridge into cooperation more"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1782.24,"endTime":1786.2,"body":"broadly. And that was within"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1786.2,"endTime":1790.7600000000002,"body":"less than 10 years between the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1786.2,"endTime":1790.7600000000002,"body":"war and then cooperating at this"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1790.7600000000002,"endTime":1792.17,"body":"really legally binding level."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1794.0,"endTime":1798.1100000000001,"body":"Wow, that's, that's"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1794.0,"endTime":1798.1100000000001,"body":"such an interesting case study"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1798.1100000000001,"endTime":1802.46,"body":"on on water being a way to bring"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1798.1100000000001,"endTime":1802.46,"body":"us together in a really"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1802.46,"endTime":1806.5400000000002,"body":"conflicted time. That's why I"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1802.46,"endTime":1806.5400000000002,"body":"have this podcast. It's, I feel"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1806.5400000000002,"endTime":1809.0600000000002,"body":"very strongly about it being it"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1806.5400000000002,"endTime":1809.0600000000002,"body":"being that thing that brings us"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1809.0600000000002,"endTime":1812.2700000000002,"body":"all together and that we can all"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1809.0600000000002,"endTime":1812.2700000000002,"body":"sit around the table and talk"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1812.2700000000002,"endTime":1816.38,"body":"about so I have an additional"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1812.2700000000002,"endTime":1816.38,"body":"question, Ben. It's okay if you"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1816.38,"endTime":1819.5600000000002,"body":"don't feel comfortable answering"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1816.38,"endTime":1819.5600000000002,"body":"this one with the rest So"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1819.5600000000002,"endTime":1823.8200000000002,"body":"Ukraine conflict that is"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1819.5600000000002,"endTime":1823.8200000000002,"body":"currently going on? What's"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1823.8200000000002,"endTime":1827.45,"body":"happening on the water sharing"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1823.8200000000002,"endTime":1827.45,"body":"side of that? Because I assume"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1827.45,"endTime":1830.21,"body":"there are water basins that are"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1827.45,"endTime":1830.21,"body":"shared between the two"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1830.21,"endTime":1834.95,"body":"countries. And was this a reason"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1830.21,"endTime":1834.95,"body":"for a conflict? Or is there any"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1834.98,"endTime":1836.7800000000002,"body":"part in this that you're aware"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1834.98,"endTime":1836.7800000000002,"body":"of?"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1837.0500000000002,"endTime":1839.5400000000002,"body":"Yeah. It's a bit"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1837.0500000000002,"endTime":1839.5400000000002,"body":"difficult because we are"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1839.5400000000002,"endTime":1843.1100000000001,"body":"involved in some work on that,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1839.5400000000002,"endTime":1843.1100000000001,"body":"or were until the recent"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1843.5900000000001,"endTime":1846.23,"body":"escalation. So it's a bit"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1843.5900000000001,"endTime":1846.23,"body":"difficult to talk about that."},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1846.23,"endTime":1850.22,"body":"But yeah, I mean, water has not"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1846.23,"endTime":1850.22,"body":"played a role there as in"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1850.25,"endTime":1853.49,"body":"triggering the conflict. But of"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1850.25,"endTime":1853.49,"body":"course, water is affected by"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1853.5200000000002,"endTime":1857.0,"body":"conflict. I mean, any violent"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1853.5200000000002,"endTime":1857.0,"body":"conflict, conflict affects water"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1857.0,"endTime":1859.91,"body":"affects water infrastructure,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1857.0,"endTime":1859.91,"body":"water quality water supply to"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1859.91,"endTime":1864.7700000000002,"body":"people. And already with the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1859.91,"endTime":1864.7700000000002,"body":"occupation of Crimea, there were"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1864.7700000000002,"endTime":1869.66,"body":"some issues coming up with water"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1864.7700000000002,"endTime":1869.66,"body":"supply. from one part to the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1869.66,"endTime":1873.1100000000001,"body":"other part, which was, still is"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1869.66,"endTime":1873.1100000000001,"body":"theoretically one one country"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1873.89,"endTime":1876.6200000000001,"body":"being affected by the divide."},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1873.89,"endTime":1876.6200000000001,"body":"And there have been mutual"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1876.6200000000001,"endTime":1882.95,"body":"accusations by the Russian"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1876.6200000000001,"endTime":1882.95,"body":"occupied parts, saying that"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1882.95,"endTime":1886.46,"body":"Ukraine didn't supply water as"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1882.95,"endTime":1886.46,"body":"they should have and Ukraine,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1886.67,"endTime":1890.72,"body":"claiming that the Russian"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1886.67,"endTime":1890.72,"body":"occupied parts had cut off the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1890.72,"endTime":1894.95,"body":"flow of a river that would go to"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1890.72,"endTime":1894.95,"body":"the then Ukrainian part, which"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1894.95,"endTime":1897.2600000000002,"body":"would be needed to actually"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1894.95,"endTime":1897.2600000000002,"body":"produce the drinking water that"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1897.2600000000002,"endTime":1900.5300000000002,"body":"would then be applied and supply"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1897.2600000000002,"endTime":1900.5300000000002,"body":"to the other side again. Yeah,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1900.5300000000002,"endTime":1904.5200000000002,"body":"but it's a bit difficult to"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1900.5300000000002,"endTime":1904.5200000000002,"body":"comment on that. But yeah, maybe"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1904.5200000000002,"endTime":1910.0400000000002,"body":"just to add that the effects of"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1904.5200000000002,"endTime":1910.0400000000002,"body":"armed conflict on water and"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1910.0400000000002,"endTime":1912.14,"body":"water infrastructure is also"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1910.0400000000002,"endTime":1912.14,"body":"something that we're"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1912.14,"endTime":1916.0700000000002,"body":"increasingly seeing around the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1912.14,"endTime":1916.0700000000002,"body":"world, and also Yemen, Iraq, and"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1916.0700000000002,"endTime":1919.0100000000002,"body":"so on Syria, that that's often"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1916.0700000000002,"endTime":1919.0100000000002,"body":"overlooked?"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1919.7600000000002,"endTime":1921.74,"body":"Well, I guess, in"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1919.7600000000002,"endTime":1921.74,"body":"an armed conflict to Del Sol as"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1921.74,"endTime":1926.0,"body":"a tactic, so access to fresh"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1921.74,"endTime":1926.0,"body":"water and being able to resupply"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1926.0,"endTime":1928.5800000000002,"body":"your troops. And I definitely"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1926.0,"endTime":1928.5800000000002,"body":"have heard about that. And in"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1928.5800000000002,"endTime":1932.63,"body":"the news, what about looking to"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1928.5800000000002,"endTime":1932.63,"body":"the future? Do you think climate"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1932.63,"endTime":1936.6200000000001,"body":"change will increase conflict or"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1932.63,"endTime":1936.6200000000001,"body":"cooperation in regards to"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1936.7700000000002,"endTime":1938.0600000000002,"body":"oversharing? Water?"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1939.8300000000002,"endTime":1943.91,"body":"I think both. I think"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1939.8300000000002,"endTime":1943.91,"body":"in the short and medium term,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1943.94,"endTime":1947.5700000000002,"body":"there is indeed an increased"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1943.94,"endTime":1947.5700000000002,"body":"risk for conflict due to climate"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1947.5700000000002,"endTime":1951.14,"body":"change. But in the long run, I"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1947.5700000000002,"endTime":1951.14,"body":"think it's only cooperation"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1951.14,"endTime":1954.14,"body":"that's going to help us to get"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1951.14,"endTime":1954.14,"body":"out of that. And there is no"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1954.14,"endTime":1956.42,"body":"other option than than"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1954.14,"endTime":1956.42,"body":"cooperation. So in the short"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1956.42,"endTime":1960.89,"body":"run, and medium time, of course,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1956.42,"endTime":1960.89,"body":"climate change is increasing the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1960.89,"endTime":1963.7700000000002,"body":"likelihood of extreme events,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1960.89,"endTime":1963.7700000000002,"body":"it's increasing very"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1964.0700000000002,"endTime":1968.39,"body":"variability. So water might not"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1964.0700000000002,"endTime":1968.39,"body":"be available at the time in the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1968.39,"endTime":1973.43,"body":"place that it used to, in the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1968.39,"endTime":1973.43,"body":"past. There might be less water"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1973.43,"endTime":1976.7900000000002,"body":"at a certain time when when"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1973.43,"endTime":1976.7900000000002,"body":"communities needed. And that can"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1976.7900000000002,"endTime":1979.7600000000002,"body":"lead to tensions. I mean, we're"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1976.7900000000002,"endTime":1979.7600000000002,"body":"seeing that already. In the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1979.7600000000002,"endTime":1983.6000000000001,"body":"Niger River Basin, an example"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1979.7600000000002,"endTime":1983.6000000000001,"body":"that I that I mentioned earlier,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1983.99,"endTime":1988.25,"body":"where the time when the inner"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1983.99,"endTime":1988.25,"body":"Niger Delta is flooded, is"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1988.25,"endTime":1991.91,"body":"becoming shorter and shorter."},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1988.25,"endTime":1991.91,"body":"And in previous years, the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1991.91,"endTime":1994.94,"body":"farmers were farming and only"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1991.91,"endTime":1994.94,"body":"ones they had harvested, the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1994.94,"endTime":1997.94,"body":"herders were actually coming in"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1994.94,"endTime":1997.94,"body":"with their cattle to graze but"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1997.94,"endTime":2002.5300000000002,"body":"because that time when the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1997.94,"endTime":2002.5300000000002,"body":"area's fertile and crops, but"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2002.5300000000002,"endTime":2005.71,"body":"also grass actually grow is"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2002.5300000000002,"endTime":2005.71,"body":"getting shorter. herders are"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2005.71,"endTime":2009.67,"body":"already coming in, when the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2005.71,"endTime":2009.67,"body":"harvest is not done, that leads"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2009.67,"endTime":2012.8500000000001,"body":"to destruction by the cattle and"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2009.67,"endTime":2012.8500000000001,"body":"that has in combination with"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2012.8500000000001,"endTime":2016.66,"body":"ethnic tensions, religious"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2012.8500000000001,"endTime":2016.66,"body":"tensions, read bad governance,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2016.66,"endTime":2019.8400000000001,"body":"or let's say inexistent"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2016.66,"endTime":2019.8400000000001,"body":"governance, lead to conflict"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2019.8400000000001,"endTime":2023.7700000000002,"body":"already now. And I think we'll"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2019.8400000000001,"endTime":2023.7700000000002,"body":"be seeing more of this also,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2023.7700000000002,"endTime":2026.74,"body":"because, for example, climate"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2023.7700000000002,"endTime":2026.74,"body":"change in terms of reducing"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2026.74,"endTime":2029.89,"body":"greenhouse gas emissions, but"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2026.74,"endTime":2029.89,"body":"also in terms of adapting to"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2029.89,"endTime":2033.19,"body":"this variability requires the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2029.89,"endTime":2033.19,"body":"building of dams, we need"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2033.19,"endTime":2037.0900000000001,"body":"storage capacity, we want to"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2033.19,"endTime":2037.0900000000001,"body":"generate green electricity. And"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2037.0900000000001,"endTime":2040.3600000000001,"body":"that leads countries to build"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2037.0900000000001,"endTime":2040.3600000000001,"body":"dams, for good reasons. But"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2040.3600000000001,"endTime":2043.72,"body":"these dams will necessarily have"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2040.3600000000001,"endTime":2043.72,"body":"negative effects on downstream"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2043.72,"endTime":2047.65,"body":"countries, which, again, can can"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2043.72,"endTime":2047.65,"body":"trigger conflict and tensions if"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2047.65,"endTime":2051.67,"body":"not well managed. But in the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2047.65,"endTime":2051.67,"body":"end, cooperation will be the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2051.67,"endTime":2055.42,"body":"only solution. I mean, conflict"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2051.67,"endTime":2055.42,"body":"over water resources is is not"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2055.42,"endTime":2059.29,"body":"something that works in the long"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2055.42,"endTime":2059.29,"body":"run. Even if countries were to"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2059.29,"endTime":2063.19,"body":"engage in, let's say, a violent"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2059.29,"endTime":2063.19,"body":"conflict over water, that's not"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2063.19,"endTime":2065.62,"body":"something that country can"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2063.19,"endTime":2065.62,"body":"maintain for a long time. It's"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2065.62,"endTime":2069.25,"body":"costly, it has repercussions on"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2065.62,"endTime":2069.25,"body":"relations on all sorts of other"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2069.25,"endTime":2073.12,"body":"sectors with neighboring"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2069.25,"endTime":2073.12,"body":"countries. So ultimately, it has"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2073.12,"endTime":2076.15,"body":"to be cooperation. But the way"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2073.12,"endTime":2076.15,"body":"there might be a bit tricky."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2078.4900000000002,"endTime":2081.58,"body":"Absolutely. For any"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2078.4900000000002,"endTime":2081.58,"body":"listener who listens to this"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2081.58,"endTime":2086.83,"body":"podcast, Ian is just fascinated"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2081.58,"endTime":2086.83,"body":"by the work in water diplomacy"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2086.83,"endTime":2089.44,"body":"in these case studies that"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2086.83,"endTime":2089.44,"body":"you've mentioned from around the"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2089.44,"endTime":2092.6800000000003,"body":"world. And we'd like to learn"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2089.44,"endTime":2092.6800000000003,"body":"more or would like to get"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2092.6800000000003,"endTime":2095.32,"body":"involved, what would you"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2092.6800000000003,"endTime":2095.32,"body":"recommend to them? And where can"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2095.32,"endTime":2097.96,"body":"they go to find more information"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2095.32,"endTime":2097.96,"body":"and how to potentially get"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2097.96,"endTime":2098.53,"body":"involved?"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2098.71,"endTime":2101.05,"body":"There's a lot of"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2098.71,"endTime":2101.05,"body":"resources out there. I mean, the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2101.05,"endTime":2104.71,"body":"topic has been addressed,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2101.05,"endTime":2104.71,"body":"basically everywhere from the UN"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2104.71,"endTime":2110.08,"body":"Security Council, to national"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2104.71,"endTime":2110.08,"body":"governments to universities. I"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2110.08,"endTime":2114.9100000000003,"body":"always find it interesting to"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2110.08,"endTime":2114.9100000000003,"body":"just Google any random basin in"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2114.9100000000003,"endTime":2120.07,"body":"the world and read a bit up on"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2114.9100000000003,"endTime":2120.07,"body":"what has been happening there in"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2120.07,"endTime":2122.23,"body":"terms of conflict, which is"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2120.07,"endTime":2122.23,"body":"something we tend to see in the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2122.23,"endTime":2124.84,"body":"media, but also cooperation for"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2122.23,"endTime":2124.84,"body":"which you have to dig a bit"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2124.9300000000003,"endTime":2128.65,"body":"deeper on pages, right and"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2124.9300000000003,"endTime":2128.65,"body":"following on Google, I guess."},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2129.19,"endTime":2130.9900000000002,"body":"But that's always interesting."},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2129.19,"endTime":2130.9900000000002,"body":"But I would also invite"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2130.9900000000002,"endTime":2136.3,"body":"listeners to check out the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2130.9900000000002,"endTime":2136.3,"body":"websites of Ihe, Delft Institute"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2136.3,"endTime":2139.27,"body":"for water education in Delft and"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2136.3,"endTime":2139.27,"body":"the water peace and security"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2139.27,"endTime":2142.69,"body":"partnership where you find more"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2139.27,"endTime":2142.69,"body":"information, but also links that"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2142.69,"endTime":2143.77,"body":"will take you further than"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2144.82,"endTime":2147.7000000000003,"body":"wonderful,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2144.82,"endTime":2147.7000000000003,"body":"wonderful. And my final question"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2147.7000000000003,"endTime":2151.0,"body":"to you, how did you find"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2147.7000000000003,"endTime":2151.0,"body":"yourself in this role that"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2151.0,"endTime":2154.9300000000003,"body":"you're in today? What led you to"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2151.0,"endTime":2154.9300000000003,"body":"following this career path and"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2154.9300000000003,"endTime":2156.46,"body":"ended up where you are? Now?"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2157.6600000000003,"endTime":2161.56,"body":"That's a good question."},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2157.6600000000003,"endTime":2161.56,"body":"I'd say it was a combination of"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2161.6800000000003,"endTime":2165.67,"body":"wanting to work in international"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2161.6800000000003,"endTime":2165.67,"body":"relations was international law."},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2165.67,"endTime":2169.7200000000003,"body":"And that probably very"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2165.67,"endTime":2169.7200000000003,"body":"idealistic and naive belief that"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2169.7200000000003,"endTime":2172.81,"body":"I had when I when I graduated"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2169.7200000000003,"endTime":2172.81,"body":"from high school that I wanted"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2172.81,"endTime":2176.65,"body":"to, you know, bring peace to the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2172.81,"endTime":2176.65,"body":"world. And at the same time,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2176.65,"endTime":2179.02,"body":"really being in love with"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2176.65,"endTime":2179.02,"body":"nature, and really having"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2179.02,"endTime":2184.0,"body":"admiration for four rivers as a"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2179.02,"endTime":2184.0,"body":"kid already playing, building"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2184.0,"endTime":2187.84,"body":"little dams myself as a kid"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2184.0,"endTime":2187.84,"body":"upstream somewhere, and probably"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2187.84,"endTime":2194.02,"body":"a small ecosystem downstream. To"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2187.84,"endTime":2194.02,"body":"bring that together is what"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2194.02,"endTime":2194.71,"body":"brought me here."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2196.1800000000003,"endTime":2199.3,"body":"Oh, that's"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2196.1800000000003,"endTime":2199.3,"body":"absolutely beautiful. And I'm so"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2199.3,"endTime":2203.59,"body":"glad that we have people such as"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2199.3,"endTime":2203.59,"body":"yourself, who are so passionate"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2203.59,"endTime":2207.2200000000003,"body":"and want to bring peace and"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2203.59,"endTime":2207.2200000000003,"body":"security to the world and are"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2207.2200000000003,"endTime":2210.07,"body":"working through that through"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2207.2200000000003,"endTime":2210.07,"body":"water. So thank you for doing"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2210.07,"endTime":2210.73,"body":"what you're doing."},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2211.3900000000003,"endTime":2213.1,"body":"Thanks for having me on"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2211.3900000000003,"endTime":2213.1,"body":"your podcast."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2218.4700000000003,"endTime":2220.57,"body":"Thank you so much"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2218.4700000000003,"endTime":2220.57,"body":"for tuning into today's deep"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2220.57,"endTime":2224.05,"body":"dive episode of the what are we"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2220.57,"endTime":2224.05,"body":"doing Podcast. Today, we learned"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2224.11,"endTime":2227.11,"body":"all about water Law and"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2224.11,"endTime":2227.11,"body":"Diplomacy from Dr. Susannah"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2227.11,"endTime":2230.35,"body":"Schneier. Thank you so much to"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2227.11,"endTime":2230.35,"body":"Dr. Susannah, for taking the"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2230.35,"endTime":2233.6800000000003,"body":"time to speak with us. I could"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2230.35,"endTime":2233.6800000000003,"body":"barely keep track on a map of"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2233.6800000000003,"endTime":2236.17,"body":"where we were talking about."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2233.6800000000003,"endTime":2236.17,"body":"Throughout this episode, I'm"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2236.17,"endTime":2238.9300000000003,"body":"going to need a free listen with"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2236.17,"endTime":2238.9300000000003,"body":"a map in front of me and just"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2238.9300000000003,"endTime":2241.75,"body":"draw lines all over the place"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2238.9300000000003,"endTime":2241.75,"body":"because we touched every single"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2241.75,"endTime":2245.6800000000003,"body":"continent, and so many places"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2241.75,"endTime":2245.6800000000003,"body":"that I'd never even thought of"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2245.6800000000003,"endTime":2249.37,"body":"when I thought of water conflict"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2245.6800000000003,"endTime":2249.37,"body":"and peace and security. So just"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2249.37,"endTime":2252.9100000000003,"body":"fascinating. And so glad to have"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2249.37,"endTime":2252.9100000000003,"body":"people that are looking into"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2252.9100000000003,"endTime":2256.6,"body":"this and taking this on, as it's"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2252.9100000000003,"endTime":2256.6,"body":"such a vital role as we move"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2256.6,"endTime":2260.56,"body":"forward with climate change and"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2256.6,"endTime":2260.56,"body":"rising conflicts and rising"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2260.56,"endTime":2264.4,"body":"global populations as well. So"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2260.56,"endTime":2264.4,"body":"thank you so much, Dr. Susannah,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2264.4,"endTime":2267.67,"body":"for taking the time to speak"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2264.4,"endTime":2267.67,"body":"with us. And this has been an"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2267.67,"endTime":2272.23,"body":"incredible critical talk. For"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2267.67,"endTime":2272.23,"body":"more information on the Ihe"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2272.23,"endTime":2276.19,"body":"Delft Institute for water"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2272.23,"endTime":2276.19,"body":"education. You can find out more"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2276.2200000000003,"endTime":2284.83,"body":"at U N dash i h e dot o RG and"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2276.2200000000003,"endTime":2284.83,"body":"for the water Peace and Security"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2284.83,"endTime":2288.2200000000003,"body":"Partnership website, you can"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2284.83,"endTime":2288.2200000000003,"body":"find them at water peace"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2288.25,"endTime":2292.21,"body":"security dot o RG definitely"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2288.25,"endTime":2292.21,"body":"check them out. There's a"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2292.21,"endTime":2295.06,"body":"really, really cool understand"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2292.21,"endTime":2295.06,"body":"portion where you can actually"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2295.06,"endTime":2298.75,"body":"take an online course where"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2295.06,"endTime":2298.75,"body":"Suzanna will actually take you"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2298.78,"endTime":2302.92,"body":"through water peace and"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2298.78,"endTime":2302.92,"body":"security, how it works and just"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2303.01,"endTime":2306.4900000000002,"body":"a much more deeper dive than"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2303.01,"endTime":2306.4900000000002,"body":"this podcast episode. So highly,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2306.52,"endTime":2307.54,"body":"highly recommend it"}]}