{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":25.889,"endTime":29.429,"body":"Battle Stations"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":25.889,"endTime":29.429,"body":"everyone. What's the one thing"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":29.429,"endTime":32.278999999999996,"body":"that humans are taught in"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":29.429,"endTime":32.278999999999996,"body":"kindergarten but have never"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":32.278999999999996,"endTime":36.299,"body":"truly mastered sharing? You know"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":32.278999999999996,"endTime":36.299,"body":"what's really difficult to"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":36.299,"endTime":41.369,"body":"share? Water. Water plays such a"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":36.299,"endTime":41.369,"body":"pivotal role in our daily lives,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":41.399,"endTime":46.919,"body":"everything from our economies,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":41.399,"endTime":46.919,"body":"our culture's our everyday daily"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":46.919,"endTime":51.479,"body":"hygiene regimens. We all rely on"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":46.919,"endTime":51.479,"body":"water. So when you don't have"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":51.479,"endTime":56.009,"body":"access to it, you get pretty"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":51.479,"endTime":56.009,"body":"frustrated. Also, it can be"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":56.009,"endTime":59.608999999999995,"body":"deadly. So what happens if"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":56.009,"endTime":59.608999999999995,"body":"another group takes away your"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":59.608999999999995,"endTime":62.849000000000004,"body":"water? How are you going to"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":59.608999999999995,"endTime":62.849000000000004,"body":"feel? And what do we do in these"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":62.849000000000004,"endTime":66.419,"body":"situations when others are"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":62.849000000000004,"endTime":66.419,"body":"denied access to the water that"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":66.419,"endTime":70.409,"body":"they feel is rightfully theirs?"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":66.419,"endTime":70.409,"body":"Or if we're having different"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":70.409,"endTime":74.129,"body":"disputes between different"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":70.409,"endTime":74.129,"body":"countries militarily over the"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":74.129,"endTime":76.949,"body":"water that we're allowed to"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":74.129,"endTime":76.949,"body":"travel in? Well, you're in the"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":76.949,"endTime":80.459,"body":"right place, because today we're"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":76.949,"endTime":80.459,"body":"talking about water, diplomacy,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":80.609,"endTime":84.56899999999999,"body":"conflict and sovereignty, what"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":80.609,"endTime":84.56899999999999,"body":"we can do, what we're currently"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":84.56899999999999,"endTime":88.01899999999999,"body":"doing, and what we can expect in"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":84.56899999999999,"endTime":88.01899999999999,"body":"the future. Today, we get it"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":88.01899999999999,"endTime":91.109,"body":"straight from the experts. We"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":88.01899999999999,"endTime":91.109,"body":"speak with a professor in water"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":91.109,"endTime":94.37899999999999,"body":"Law and Diplomacy who works all"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":91.109,"endTime":94.37899999999999,"body":"around the globe, and a"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":94.37899999999999,"endTime":98.609,"body":"professor who studies Canadian"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":94.37899999999999,"endTime":98.609,"body":"Arctic security and defense all"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":98.609,"endTime":101.939,"body":"this and more on today's episode"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":98.609,"endTime":101.939,"body":"of the watery doing podcast."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":110.90899999999999,"endTime":132.989,"body":"Barney nippy, Oh, me, too low in"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":110.90899999999999,"endTime":132.989,"body":"zero to marry a cheap, Chinese"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":133.679,"endTime":145.979,"body":"way. Why net? Water we doing?"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":133.679,"endTime":145.979,"body":"And how can we do better? Your"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":145.979,"endTime":150.629,"body":"one stop shop for everything"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":145.979,"endTime":150.629,"body":"water related from discussing"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":150.629,"endTime":155.159,"body":"water, its use and the organisms"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":150.629,"endTime":155.159,"body":"that depend on it for all the"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":155.159,"endTime":159.749,"body":"global issues that you really"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":155.159,"endTime":159.749,"body":"never knew all had to do with"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":159.839,"endTime":163.349,"body":"water. I'm your host, David"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":159.839,"endTime":163.349,"body":"Evans from the aquatic biosphere"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":163.349,"endTime":167.009,"body":"project. And I just want to ask"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":163.349,"endTime":167.009,"body":"you something. What are we"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":167.009,"endTime":169.859,"body":"doing? How can we do better?"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":186.38899999999998,"endTime":190.289,"body":"Water has played a key role in"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":186.38899999999998,"endTime":190.289,"body":"many conflicts throughout human"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":190.289,"endTime":194.099,"body":"history. When you look at a map,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":190.289,"endTime":194.099,"body":"many countries borders actually"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":194.099,"endTime":197.429,"body":"follow along water bodies,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":194.099,"endTime":197.429,"body":"either it's the ocean as one"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":197.429,"endTime":201.959,"body":"side, or it's a river or a"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":197.429,"endTime":201.959,"body":"baseness. The other side, they"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":201.959,"endTime":205.259,"body":"really helped to delineate"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":201.959,"endTime":205.259,"body":"differences between countries"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":205.259,"endTime":208.079,"body":"and people, but also they bring"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":205.259,"endTime":208.079,"body":"us together. And it's these"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":208.079,"endTime":212.609,"body":"shared resources that often"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":208.079,"endTime":212.609,"body":"cause tensions to form or"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":212.609,"endTime":215.759,"body":"cooperation the form as well."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":212.609,"endTime":215.759,"body":"There's examples of these"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":215.759,"endTime":219.239,"body":"conflicts dating way back in"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":215.759,"endTime":219.239,"body":"human history as far back as"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":219.239,"endTime":224.009,"body":"2500 BC in ancient Mesopotamia,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":219.239,"endTime":224.009,"body":"there was two cities uma and"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":224.009,"endTime":227.879,"body":"Allagash. And they both shared"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":224.009,"endTime":227.879,"body":"access to the Euphrates Tigris"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":227.879,"endTime":231.659,"body":"River basin. This is the area"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":227.879,"endTime":231.659,"body":"where currently we have Iraq,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":231.659,"endTime":237.089,"body":"Syria and Turkey. Now this area"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":231.659,"endTime":237.089,"body":"is very, very dry. So these two"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":237.089,"endTime":241.559,"body":"city states, uma and Allagash,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":237.089,"endTime":241.559,"body":"were actually competing for this"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":241.619,"endTime":245.279,"body":"access to water. So watering"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":241.619,"endTime":245.279,"body":"their agricultural plants, the"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":245.279,"endTime":249.119,"body":"irrigation, basically, their"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":245.279,"endTime":249.119,"body":"entire livelihood is dependent"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":249.149,"endTime":255.119,"body":"on their access to this water."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":249.149,"endTime":255.119,"body":"And guess what, 2500 BC till"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":255.119,"endTime":258.509,"body":"now, there's still conflict in"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":255.119,"endTime":258.509,"body":"this area, when there's an area"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":258.509,"endTime":261.809,"body":"that has a large population, but"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":258.509,"endTime":261.809,"body":"a limited amount of water,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":262.169,"endTime":266.339,"body":"tensions will rise because we"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":262.169,"endTime":266.339,"body":"all need access to it. So what"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":266.339,"endTime":269.339,"body":"do you do when you have this"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":266.339,"endTime":269.339,"body":"limited amount of water that"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":269.339,"endTime":272.099,"body":"needs to be shared between lots"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":269.339,"endTime":272.099,"body":"of different groups of people?"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":272.309,"endTime":276.629,"body":"Or different countries or"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":272.309,"endTime":276.629,"body":"different cities? Who do you"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":276.629,"endTime":283.799,"body":"call? How does that song go?"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":276.629,"endTime":283.799,"body":"When there's water stress in"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":283.799,"endTime":287.429,"body":"your neighborhood, Susanna"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":283.799,"endTime":287.429,"body":"smile."},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":288.71999999999997,"endTime":291.87,"body":"My name is Susanna I"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":288.71999999999997,"endTime":291.87,"body":"work for Ihe Delft, which is a"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":291.87,"endTime":295.92,"body":"UNESCO affiliated Institute for"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":291.87,"endTime":295.92,"body":"water education in the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":295.92,"endTime":296.52,"body":"Netherlands."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":297.51,"endTime":299.88,"body":"All right, clearly,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":297.51,"endTime":299.88,"body":"that is not the music from a"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":299.88,"endTime":304.65,"body":"very famous movie franchise. But"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":299.88,"endTime":304.65,"body":"come on copyrights aside, it's"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":304.65,"endTime":308.46,"body":"still pretty infectious. So Dr."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":304.65,"endTime":308.46,"body":"Susannah Smyers. She's an"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":308.46,"endTime":311.58,"body":"associate professor of water Law"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":308.46,"endTime":311.58,"body":"and Diplomacy at Ihe. Delft."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":312.09,"endTime":315.48,"body":"Susannah leads the water peace"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":312.09,"endTime":315.48,"body":"and security partnership and"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":315.48,"endTime":318.99,"body":"works around the globe. Looking"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":315.48,"endTime":318.99,"body":"at potential water conflicts"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":318.99,"endTime":322.14,"body":"between Different groups,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":318.99,"endTime":322.14,"body":"countries, organizations, you"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":322.14,"endTime":326.37,"body":"name it. So if you don't believe"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":322.14,"endTime":326.37,"body":"me yet that this is still an"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":326.37,"endTime":329.21999999999997,"body":"issue. Currently, let's hear"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":326.37,"endTime":329.21999999999997,"body":"from Suzanna."},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":330.71999999999997,"endTime":332.76,"body":"When we think about"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":330.71999999999997,"endTime":332.76,"body":"water, we think about like"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":332.79,"endTime":336.54,"body":"rivers streams or the water that"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":332.79,"endTime":336.54,"body":"comes from the tap. But if we go"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":336.54,"endTime":339.27,"body":"a little bit beyond that, we can"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":336.54,"endTime":339.27,"body":"see that it's very much related"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":339.27,"endTime":342.93,"body":"to security issues to conflict,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":339.27,"endTime":342.93,"body":"but also to cooperation and"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":342.93,"endTime":346.29,"body":"peace. We are seeing this, for"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":342.93,"endTime":346.29,"body":"example, in Mali, in the inner"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":346.29,"endTime":349.74,"body":"Niger Delta, where for some"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":346.29,"endTime":349.74,"body":"years, there have been violent"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":349.74,"endTime":354.03,"body":"conflict with quite a few people"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":349.74,"endTime":354.03,"body":"dying between farmers herders"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":354.03,"endTime":357.39,"body":"and fishermen that compete over"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":354.03,"endTime":357.39,"body":"the same an increasingly"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":357.39,"endTime":360.81,"body":"variable amount of water from"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":357.39,"endTime":360.81,"body":"the Niger River. We're also"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":360.81,"endTime":363.69,"body":"seeing this, for example,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":360.81,"endTime":363.69,"body":"between Ethiopia and Egypt on"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":363.69,"endTime":367.68,"body":"the Nile, where the dam building"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":363.69,"endTime":367.68,"body":"of Ethiopia has caused severe"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":367.68,"endTime":371.67,"body":"concerns in Egypt that fears"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":367.68,"endTime":371.67,"body":"poor its own water security, and"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":371.67,"endTime":374.43,"body":"is therefore opposing the dam."},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":371.67,"endTime":374.43,"body":"So we're seeing that around the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":374.43,"endTime":378.21,"body":"world that it can lead to"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":374.43,"endTime":378.21,"body":"tensions to conflict. But at the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":378.21,"endTime":380.61,"body":"same time, these conflicts are"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":378.21,"endTime":380.61,"body":"prominent, and that's what the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":380.61,"endTime":383.61,"body":"media speaks about. And we've"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":380.61,"endTime":383.61,"body":"all seen in the media, these"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":383.61,"endTime":387.24,"body":"reports on water wars that might"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":383.61,"endTime":387.24,"body":"be around the corner, or water"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":387.24,"endTime":391.05,"body":"being the source of wars in the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":387.24,"endTime":391.05,"body":"21st century. But if we take a"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":391.05,"endTime":394.38,"body":"bit of a closer look, we see"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":391.05,"endTime":394.38,"body":"that yes, there are saltwater"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":394.38,"endTime":398.58,"body":"conflicts, but they're by far"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":394.38,"endTime":398.58,"body":"outweighed by water cooperation."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":401.55,"endTime":405.21,"body":"Yeah, I know, back"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":401.55,"endTime":405.21,"body":"to the old music, maybe if"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":405.21,"endTime":408.84,"body":"you're lucky, you'll hear it"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":405.21,"endTime":408.84,"body":"again later in the episode. So"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":408.96,"endTime":412.23,"body":"water cooperation is actually"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":408.96,"endTime":412.23,"body":"really quite high, which is"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":412.26,"endTime":415.68,"body":"great news. Hopefully, we don't"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":412.26,"endTime":415.68,"body":"have any water wars on the"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":415.68,"endTime":419.82,"body":"horizon anytime soon. But"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":415.68,"endTime":419.82,"body":"there's still going to be those"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":420.09,"endTime":424.11,"body":"instances where we need someone"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":420.09,"endTime":424.11,"body":"to come in and help us figure"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":424.11,"endTime":427.62,"body":"out how to get to a resolution"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":424.11,"endTime":427.62,"body":"and how to reach an agreement"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":427.86,"endTime":430.71,"body":"that we're both going to be"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":427.86,"endTime":430.71,"body":"happy with. And that's where Dr."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":430.71,"endTime":433.98,"body":"Susannah comes in. So Dr."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":430.71,"endTime":433.98,"body":"Susanna, can you tell us a bit"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":434.01,"endTime":437.94,"body":"about what you do, what this"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":434.01,"endTime":437.94,"body":"water diplomacy concept is?"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":438.6,"endTime":441.54,"body":"What diplomacy is"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":438.6,"endTime":441.54,"body":"actually quite a new term, but"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":441.54,"endTime":444.78,"body":"not necessarily a new"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":441.54,"endTime":444.78,"body":"phenomenon. It basically refers"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":444.78,"endTime":449.19,"body":"to the use of diplomatic so"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":444.78,"endTime":449.19,"body":"foreign policy means in order to"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":449.19,"endTime":453.78,"body":"address conflict or potential"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":449.19,"endTime":453.78,"body":"conflict over water mainly"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":453.78,"endTime":457.35,"body":"between different countries. And"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":453.78,"endTime":457.35,"body":"the idea behind that on the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":457.35,"endTime":460.98,"body":"reason why suddenly diplomats"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":457.35,"endTime":460.98,"body":"and foreign policy makers become"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":460.98,"endTime":463.46999999999997,"body":"involved in something that's"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":460.98,"endTime":463.46999999999997,"body":"otherwise perceived as very"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":463.46999999999997,"endTime":466.83,"body":"technical and something that's"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":463.46999999999997,"endTime":466.83,"body":"dealt with by by engineers, by"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":466.86,"endTime":469.92,"body":"data people by people from"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":466.86,"endTime":469.92,"body":"Ministry of Water Environment,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":470.49,"endTime":474.9,"body":"is because of the risk that"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":470.49,"endTime":474.9,"body":"water tensions, disagreements"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":474.9,"endTime":478.40999999999997,"body":"over water spill over into more"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":474.9,"endTime":478.40999999999997,"body":"broad relations between"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":478.40999999999997,"endTime":481.59,"body":"countries, right, we've seen a"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":478.40999999999997,"endTime":481.59,"body":"deterioration of relations, for"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":481.59,"endTime":485.15999999999997,"body":"example, between Tajikistan and"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":481.59,"endTime":485.15999999999997,"body":"Uzbekistan when in the 2000 10s,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":485.64,"endTime":489.27,"body":"they were in a disagreement over"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":485.64,"endTime":489.27,"body":"Rakuen dam, a large dam. In"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":489.27,"endTime":492.48,"body":"fact, the world's highest dam,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":489.27,"endTime":492.48,"body":"that particular son is building"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":492.51,"endTime":495.18,"body":"on the river that the country's"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":492.51,"endTime":495.18,"body":"share that had repercussions on"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":495.18,"endTime":498.36,"body":"trade relations, political"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":495.18,"endTime":498.36,"body":"relations, remittances sent in"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":498.36,"endTime":502.14,"body":"order to prevent such conflicts"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":498.36,"endTime":502.14,"body":"from escalating and ensure that"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":502.14,"endTime":504.93,"body":"broader bilateral relations or"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":502.14,"endTime":504.93,"body":"even regional stability are not"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":504.93,"endTime":508.17,"body":"affected. Diplomats get involved"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":504.93,"endTime":508.17,"body":"in these processes that are"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":508.17,"endTime":511.40999999999997,"body":"otherwise very technical, but"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":508.17,"endTime":511.40999999999997,"body":"that has, in spite of the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":511.40999999999997,"endTime":514.71,"body":"newness of the word water"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":511.40999999999997,"endTime":514.71,"body":"diplomacy actually happened"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":514.71,"endTime":518.25,"body":"since a long time already. I"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":514.71,"endTime":518.25,"body":"mean, we have examples from the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":518.25,"endTime":522.6,"body":"1950s 1960s already where"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":518.25,"endTime":522.6,"body":"diplomats negotiated over water"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":522.6,"endTime":524.37,"body":"that they shared with"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":522.6,"endTime":524.37,"body":"neighboring countries."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":526.98,"endTime":530.52,"body":"Okay, I just looked"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":526.98,"endTime":530.52,"body":"up the lagoon dam in Tajikistan,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":530.52,"endTime":532.77,"body":"so they're currently building"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":530.52,"endTime":532.77,"body":"it, they started pouring"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":532.77,"endTime":536.22,"body":"concrete this summer. Now, it's"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":532.77,"endTime":536.22,"body":"supposed to be the world's"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":536.25,"endTime":541.05,"body":"highest tallest dam, 335 meters"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":536.25,"endTime":541.05,"body":"tall. To put that in"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":541.05,"endTime":545.97,"body":"perspective, the Hoover Dam is"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":541.05,"endTime":545.97,"body":"220 meters tall, two thirds the"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":545.97,"endTime":551.1899999999999,"body":"size of this dam. This is a"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":545.97,"endTime":551.1899999999999,"body":"huge, huge project. So when"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":551.1899999999999,"endTime":554.1,"body":"you're negotiating that with"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":551.1899999999999,"endTime":554.1,"body":"another country, that's also"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":554.1,"endTime":557.04,"body":"affected by the water that comes"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":554.1,"endTime":557.04,"body":"out from underneath that dam."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":557.85,"endTime":562.77,"body":"Yeah, it's a it's a big deal. So"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":557.85,"endTime":562.77,"body":"water diplomacy, it's nothing"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":562.77,"endTime":567.3,"body":"new. But it definitely does"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":562.77,"endTime":567.3,"body":"require a steady hand, someone"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":567.3,"endTime":570.93,"body":"who knows how to open these"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":567.3,"endTime":570.93,"body":"doors, bring them to the table,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":570.93,"endTime":574.26,"body":"so you can actually have these"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":570.93,"endTime":574.26,"body":"types of discussions. So I guess"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":574.26,"endTime":576.72,"body":"there's gonna, what does this"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":574.26,"endTime":576.72,"body":"look like from your perspective,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":576.72,"endTime":580.02,"body":"from where you sit in these"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":576.72,"endTime":580.02,"body":"negotiations? How do these"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":580.05,"endTime":582.9,"body":"negotiations typically work? And"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":580.05,"endTime":582.9,"body":"how do you bring people in"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":582.93,"endTime":585.93,"body":"together so they can actually"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":582.93,"endTime":585.93,"body":"have these discussions?"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":586.95,"endTime":589.4399999999999,"body":"I unfortunately can't"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":586.95,"endTime":589.4399999999999,"body":"give you a lot of details as"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":589.47,"endTime":592.53,"body":"this is something that by the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":589.47,"endTime":592.53,"body":"nature of the process tends to"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":592.53,"endTime":596.25,"body":"happen behind closed doors. But"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":592.53,"endTime":596.25,"body":"yeah, I'll try to share a few"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":596.25,"endTime":600.96,"body":"thoughts. So basically, what"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":596.25,"endTime":600.96,"body":"diplomacy is about bringing the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":600.96,"endTime":604.17,"body":"different parties together"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":600.96,"endTime":604.17,"body":"around the table first step"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":604.17,"endTime":607.32,"body":"usually being to create a joint"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":604.17,"endTime":607.32,"body":"understanding what the problem"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":607.32,"endTime":611.49,"body":"actually is. So is it that one"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":607.32,"endTime":611.49,"body":"country wants to build a dam and"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":611.49,"endTime":614.91,"body":"has very good intentions doing"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":611.49,"endTime":614.91,"body":"so because it actually needs the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":614.9399999999999,"endTime":618.21,"body":"electricity? Like if you look at"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":614.9399999999999,"endTime":618.21,"body":"the Nile Ethiopia, there's a"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":618.21,"endTime":620.31,"body":"reason why topia wants To build"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":618.21,"endTime":620.31,"body":"the grantors, European"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":620.31,"endTime":623.43,"body":"Renaissance dam, because it"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":620.31,"endTime":623.43,"body":"needs electricity to power the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":623.43,"endTime":626.1899999999999,"body":"country's economic development"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":623.43,"endTime":626.1899999999999,"body":"to lift people out of poverty,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":626.31,"endTime":628.95,"body":"like kids who go to school and"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":626.31,"endTime":628.95,"body":"who need to study in the evening"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":628.95,"endTime":632.13,"body":"to provide them with electricity"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":628.95,"endTime":632.13,"body":"to do so. So very good reasons"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":632.13,"endTime":634.8,"body":"to build the dam, but to at"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":632.13,"endTime":634.8,"body":"least create a mutual"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":634.8,"endTime":637.68,"body":"understanding between this"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":634.8,"endTime":637.68,"body":"thinking and the thinking of a"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":637.68,"endTime":640.98,"body":"downstream country, in that"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":637.68,"endTime":640.98,"body":"case, Egypt, where there are"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":640.98,"endTime":644.28,"body":"huge fears about the impacts in"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":640.98,"endTime":644.28,"body":"terms of less water being"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":644.28,"endTime":647.28,"body":"available that potentially"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":644.28,"endTime":647.28,"body":"affecting water supply to the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":647.28,"endTime":650.52,"body":"people or affecting agricultural"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":647.28,"endTime":650.52,"body":"production. And as a"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":650.52,"endTime":653.43,"body":"consequence, food security of"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":650.52,"endTime":653.43,"body":"people. So first of all,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":653.43,"endTime":657.42,"body":"creating a joint understanding"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":653.43,"endTime":657.42,"body":"what a specific issue of"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":657.42,"endTime":660.78,"body":"contention means for the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":657.42,"endTime":660.78,"body":"different parties, then it's a"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":660.78,"endTime":664.05,"body":"lot about trying to share data"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":660.78,"endTime":664.05,"body":"and information, make countries"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":664.08,"endTime":668.55,"body":"open up their data books, and"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":664.08,"endTime":668.55,"body":"share information on river flow"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":668.55,"endTime":672.57,"body":"on river quality, or whatever"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":668.55,"endTime":672.57,"body":"the issue might be. But then"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":672.6,"endTime":676.29,"body":"moving from an understanding of"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":672.6,"endTime":676.29,"body":"things being a zero sum game,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":676.4399999999999,"endTime":679.74,"body":"what one party uses from the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":676.4399999999999,"endTime":679.74,"body":"river, the water, or the fish"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":679.74,"endTime":682.62,"body":"resources in the lake or"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":679.74,"endTime":682.62,"body":"whatever it might be, that not"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":682.62,"endTime":684.93,"body":"being available to the other"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":682.62,"endTime":684.93,"body":"party. And therefore it being"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":684.93,"endTime":688.83,"body":"kind of a cake that if I eat the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":684.93,"endTime":688.83,"body":"bigger piece, you will get the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":688.83,"endTime":692.34,"body":"smaller piece moving away from"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":688.83,"endTime":692.34,"body":"that and moving towards a"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":692.34,"endTime":696.57,"body":"positive sum game where the idea"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":692.34,"endTime":696.57,"body":"is to actually not so much look"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":696.57,"endTime":699.63,"body":"into, for example, the volume of"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":696.57,"endTime":699.63,"body":"water that's being shared, you"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":699.63,"endTime":703.8,"body":"get 50%, I get 50%. But more"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":699.63,"endTime":703.8,"body":"look at what are we actually"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":703.83,"endTime":705.45,"body":"doing with our 50%?"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":707.37,"endTime":709.89,"body":"So what Suzanne is"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":707.37,"endTime":709.89,"body":"talking about here is can we"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":709.89,"endTime":713.37,"body":"look at these projects through a"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":709.89,"endTime":713.37,"body":"different lens? Are there ways"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":713.37,"endTime":715.68,"body":"that we can get multiple"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":713.37,"endTime":715.68,"body":"benefits for all of the"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":715.68,"endTime":719.13,"body":"different parties? And we just"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":715.68,"endTime":719.13,"body":"aren't looking at it that way"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":719.13,"endTime":722.73,"body":"yet. So maybe there's a way to"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":719.13,"endTime":722.73,"body":"design the dam so that we have"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":722.73,"endTime":726.15,"body":"less flood risk, lower down? Is"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":722.73,"endTime":726.15,"body":"there a way that we can have"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":726.18,"endTime":729.39,"body":"aquaculture? Or is there a way"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":726.18,"endTime":729.39,"body":"that we could sell the"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":729.39,"endTime":733.53,"body":"electricity that's generated by"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":729.39,"endTime":733.53,"body":"this dam to the other country at"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":733.53,"endTime":736.74,"body":"a discounted rate? What are the"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":733.53,"endTime":736.74,"body":"ways that we can increase"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":736.8,"endTime":740.07,"body":"everyone's slice of the pie and"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":736.8,"endTime":740.07,"body":"make sure that we're maximizing"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":740.1,"endTime":744.93,"body":"everyone's benefits? Now, is it"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":740.1,"endTime":744.93,"body":"just me? Or does it seem like"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":745.05,"endTime":748.35,"body":"everyone knows this and should"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":745.05,"endTime":748.35,"body":"be working towards this? Why do"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":748.35,"endTime":750.48,"body":"we need to get diplomats"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":748.35,"endTime":750.48,"body":"involved?"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":751.41,"endTime":754.08,"body":"One country might often"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":751.41,"endTime":754.08,"body":"not trust the other country,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":754.08,"endTime":757.71,"body":"when, for example, we have this"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":754.08,"endTime":757.71,"body":"in the case of Afghanistan and"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":757.71,"endTime":761.37,"body":"Iran. Iran has been claiming for"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":757.71,"endTime":761.37,"body":"many years, that the water that"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":761.37,"endTime":764.91,"body":"Afghanistan provides as the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":761.37,"endTime":764.91,"body":"upstream country to downstream"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":764.91,"endTime":769.02,"body":"Iran is not up to what they're"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":764.91,"endTime":769.02,"body":"supposed to provide, according"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":769.02,"endTime":772.2,"body":"to a really old and not very"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":769.02,"endTime":772.2,"body":"functional treaty that they"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":772.2,"endTime":775.29,"body":"have. Afghanistan at the same"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":772.2,"endTime":775.29,"body":"time is saying, Well, we are"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":775.29,"endTime":777.78,"body":"actually providing that water."},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":775.29,"endTime":777.78,"body":"But climate change makes it more"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":777.78,"endTime":780.3,"body":"and more difficult because the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":777.78,"endTime":780.3,"body":"river doesn't actually hold as"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":780.3,"endTime":783.06,"body":"much water as was supposed to"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":780.3,"endTime":783.06,"body":"provide. And by the way, we"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":783.06,"endTime":785.01,"body":"don't have measurement stations"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":783.06,"endTime":785.01,"body":"anyway, because of the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":785.01,"endTime":788.52,"body":"destruction of the war. So we"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":785.01,"endTime":788.52,"body":"don't actually know how much is"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":788.52,"endTime":791.97,"body":"flowing across the border. And"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":788.52,"endTime":791.97,"body":"then you can imagine what is"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":791.97,"endTime":794.52,"body":"difficult enough for technical"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":791.97,"endTime":794.52,"body":"people to talk about, but then"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":794.52,"endTime":797.9399999999999,"body":"bring political tensions"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":794.52,"endTime":797.9399999999999,"body":"relations, the overall regional"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":797.9399999999999,"endTime":801.33,"body":"setting in and things get very"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":797.9399999999999,"endTime":801.33,"body":"tricky and ultimately need the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":801.33,"endTime":804.84,"body":"involvement of diplomats and"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":801.33,"endTime":804.84,"body":"other people experienced in"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":804.84,"endTime":807.66,"body":"dispute resolution and"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":804.84,"endTime":807.66,"body":"negotiation and mediation."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":809.61,"endTime":813.03,"body":"Yep, point taken."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":809.61,"endTime":813.03,"body":"All right. Dr. Susannah, you'll"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":813.03,"endTime":817.23,"body":"be my first call if I ever need"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":813.03,"endTime":817.23,"body":"a water resolution specialist to"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":817.23,"endTime":820.17,"body":"come in and help me out."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":817.23,"endTime":820.17,"body":"Alright, Susanna, are we missing"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":820.17,"endTime":822.6899999999999,"body":"anything right now? What else do"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":820.17,"endTime":822.6899999999999,"body":"we need to be considering?"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":823.59,"endTime":827.52,"body":"also discussing the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":823.59,"endTime":827.52,"body":"mitigation of impacts because no"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":827.52,"endTime":830.43,"body":"water project can be built"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":827.52,"endTime":830.43,"body":"without any environmental"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":830.43,"endTime":833.25,"body":"impacts. And these environmental"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":830.43,"endTime":833.25,"body":"impacts obviously, also have"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":833.43,"endTime":836.28,"body":"socio economic consequences for"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":833.43,"endTime":836.28,"body":"people depending on the water."},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":836.82,"endTime":840.9,"body":"But looking into how these"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":836.82,"endTime":840.9,"body":"impacts can be mitigated, and we"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":840.96,"endTime":843.66,"body":"are seeing examples around the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":840.96,"endTime":843.66,"body":"world where countries have at"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":843.66,"endTime":846.93,"body":"least tried that. So I'm"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":843.66,"endTime":846.93,"body":"thinking about the Mekong, for"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":846.93,"endTime":848.91,"body":"example, where Laos"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":849.96,"endTime":851.7,"body":"Sorry, sorry,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":849.96,"endTime":851.7,"body":"sorry, sorry for the rude"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":851.7,"endTime":856.08,"body":"interruption. I just feel like I"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":851.7,"endTime":856.08,"body":"needed to say this. I needed"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":856.11,"endTime":859.26,"body":"basically to have an overworld"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":856.11,"endTime":859.26,"body":"map open in front of me to be"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":859.26,"endTime":862.08,"body":"able to understand where we were"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":859.26,"endTime":862.08,"body":"talking about because Dr."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":862.08,"endTime":864.6,"body":"Susannah is working in so many"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":862.08,"endTime":864.6,"body":"places, and there's so many"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":864.6,"endTime":867.84,"body":"conflicts, and so many"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":864.6,"endTime":867.84,"body":"resolutions to work out that"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":867.84,"endTime":870.93,"body":"we're jumping from country to"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":867.84,"endTime":870.93,"body":"country, continent to continent."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":871.4399999999999,"endTime":874.32,"body":"So just for a quick recap, here"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":871.4399999999999,"endTime":874.32,"body":"are the countries that we've"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":874.32,"endTime":877.65,"body":"already discussed the conflict"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":874.32,"endTime":877.65,"body":"between herders and fishermen in"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":877.65,"endTime":880.89,"body":"Mali in the inner Niger Delta,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":877.65,"endTime":880.89,"body":"the creation of the grand"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":880.89,"endTime":884.37,"body":"Renaissance dam by Ethiopia that"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":880.89,"endTime":884.37,"body":"dams the Nile and affects"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":884.4,"endTime":889.17,"body":"Egypt's access to water, the"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":884.4,"endTime":889.17,"body":"lagoon dam built by Tajikistan"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":889.38,"endTime":893.85,"body":"that is affecting Uzbekistan's"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":889.38,"endTime":893.85,"body":"flow of water, the water flow"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":893.88,"endTime":897.66,"body":"out of Afghanistan into Iran, as"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":893.88,"endTime":897.66,"body":"it's affected by climate change,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":897.6899999999999,"endTime":903.39,"body":"and lack of monitoring. And now"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":897.6899999999999,"endTime":903.39,"body":"this dam created by Laos, on the"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":903.39,"endTime":907.2,"body":"Mekong river that's affecting"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":903.39,"endTime":907.2,"body":"downstream Vietnam and Cambodia."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":907.4399999999999,"endTime":909.99,"body":"Now, if you actually listen to"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":907.4399999999999,"endTime":909.99,"body":"the full interview with Dr."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":909.99,"endTime":913.8,"body":"Suzanne, we talk about even more"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":909.99,"endTime":913.8,"body":"countries around the world. So"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":913.8,"endTime":917.76,"body":"definitely recommend a world"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":913.8,"endTime":917.76,"body":"map. All right, sorry. Back to"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":917.76,"endTime":918.42,"body":"you, Susanna."},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":918.66,"endTime":922.8,"body":"Oh, Laos is undergoing"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":918.66,"endTime":922.8,"body":"a huge and very ambitious dam"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":922.8,"endTime":926.1899999999999,"body":"development program on the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":922.8,"endTime":926.1899999999999,"body":"tributaries to the Mekong, but"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":926.1899999999999,"endTime":930.03,"body":"also on the mainstream. And"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":926.1899999999999,"endTime":930.03,"body":"there was in the early 2000s, a"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":930.03,"endTime":932.97,"body":"disagreement over the first"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":930.03,"endTime":932.97,"body":"mainstream dam that Laos"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":933.0,"endTime":937.29,"body":"intended to develop, it's called"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":933.0,"endTime":937.29,"body":"the Cybrary dam, where no"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":937.32,"endTime":940.83,"body":"environmental impact mitigation"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":937.32,"endTime":940.83,"body":"measures were foreseen. But"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":940.83,"endTime":943.92,"body":"through negotiations between the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":940.83,"endTime":943.92,"body":"countries, especially Vietnam"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":943.92,"endTime":946.62,"body":"and Cambodia being particularly"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":943.92,"endTime":946.62,"body":"concerned, and through the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":946.62,"endTime":950.07,"body":"involvement of a river basin"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":946.62,"endTime":950.07,"body":"organization, so a platform, a"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":950.07,"endTime":953.52,"body":"platform that brings all the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":950.07,"endTime":953.52,"body":"countries together, the design"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":953.52,"endTime":957.24,"body":"of the dam was changed. In the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":953.52,"endTime":957.24,"body":"end to account for sediment"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":957.24,"endTime":960.3,"body":"flushing needs to make sure that"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":957.24,"endTime":960.3,"body":"the sediments that the river"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":960.3,"endTime":963.78,"body":"carries that are crucial for the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":960.3,"endTime":963.78,"body":"Mekong Delta, are actually"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":963.78,"endTime":967.89,"body":"making their way downstream. But"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":963.78,"endTime":967.89,"body":"also building in fish migration"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":967.89,"endTime":971.1899999999999,"body":"aid, and most of the Mekong fish"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":967.89,"endTime":971.1899999999999,"body":"a long distance migratory fish,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":971.52,"endTime":975.75,"body":"that fish are able to migrate up"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":971.52,"endTime":975.75,"body":"and downstream passing the dam,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":975.93,"endTime":978.81,"body":"we'll see to what extent these"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":975.93,"endTime":978.81,"body":"measures are effective. But I"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":978.81,"endTime":981.93,"body":"think it's at least a really a"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":978.81,"endTime":981.93,"body":"sign a symbol of how countries"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":981.93,"endTime":985.23,"body":"tried to come together, and at"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":981.93,"endTime":985.23,"body":"least mitigate the impacts that"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":985.23,"endTime":987.51,"body":"the developments in one might"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":985.23,"endTime":987.51,"body":"have on the other."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":990.06,"endTime":992.73,"body":"Wow, turns out"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":990.06,"endTime":992.73,"body":"environmental impact assessments"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":992.73,"endTime":996.9,"body":"are actually useful, and they're"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":992.73,"endTime":996.9,"body":"good. Well, when they're"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":996.9,"endTime":1000.83,"body":"actually respected. So that's"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":996.9,"endTime":1000.83,"body":"really good to know. And it's"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1000.83,"endTime":1004.31,"body":"important not to miss out that"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1000.83,"endTime":1004.31,"body":"this isn't only a human issue,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1004.67,"endTime":1007.85,"body":"but also an environmental issue"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1004.67,"endTime":1007.85,"body":"that we need to take into"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1007.85,"endTime":1011.33,"body":"consideration. So I'm sure that"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1007.85,"endTime":1011.33,"body":"many of you listening must be"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1011.33,"endTime":1014.99,"body":"asking yourself, What about the"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1011.33,"endTime":1014.99,"body":"Russia, Ukraine conflict? what's"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1014.99,"endTime":1018.65,"body":"currently being done about"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1014.99,"endTime":1018.65,"body":"water? Well, you came to the"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1018.65,"endTime":1021.68,"body":"right person to ask, and this is"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1018.65,"endTime":1021.68,"body":"what Dr. Susannah could share"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1021.77,"endTime":1024.65,"body":"when we recorded this interview"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1021.77,"endTime":1024.65,"body":"in March 2022."},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1026.06,"endTime":1028.04,"body":"It's a bit difficult"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1026.06,"endTime":1028.04,"body":"because we are involved in some"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1028.04,"endTime":1033.02,"body":"work on that were until the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1028.04,"endTime":1033.02,"body":"recent escalation. So it's a bit"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1033.02,"endTime":1036.41,"body":"difficult to talk about that."},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1033.02,"endTime":1036.41,"body":"But yeah, I mean, water has not"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1036.41,"endTime":1039.3200000000002,"body":"played a role there as in"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1036.41,"endTime":1039.3200000000002,"body":"triggering the conflict. But of"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1039.3200000000002,"endTime":1042.6200000000001,"body":"course, water is affected by"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1039.3200000000002,"endTime":1042.6200000000001,"body":"conflict. I mean, any violent"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1042.6200000000001,"endTime":1045.47,"body":"conflict, affects water affects"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1042.6200000000001,"endTime":1045.47,"body":"water infrastructure, water"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1045.47,"endTime":1049.49,"body":"quality water supply to people."},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1045.47,"endTime":1049.49,"body":"And already with the occupation"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1049.49,"endTime":1052.5800000000002,"body":"of Crimea, there were some"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1049.49,"endTime":1052.5800000000002,"body":"issues coming up with water"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1052.5800000000002,"endTime":1056.3600000000001,"body":"supply, from one part to the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1052.5800000000002,"endTime":1056.3600000000001,"body":"other part, which was still is"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1056.3600000000001,"endTime":1060.0500000000002,"body":"theoretically one one country"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1056.3600000000001,"endTime":1060.0500000000002,"body":"being affected by the divide."},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1060.0500000000002,"endTime":1064.0400000000002,"body":"And there have been mutual"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1060.0500000000002,"endTime":1064.0400000000002,"body":"accusations by the Russian"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1064.0700000000002,"endTime":1067.88,"body":"occupied parts, saying that"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1064.0700000000002,"endTime":1067.88,"body":"Ukraine didn't supply water as"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1067.88,"endTime":1071.21,"body":"they should have and Ukraine,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1067.88,"endTime":1071.21,"body":"claiming that the Russian"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1071.21,"endTime":1075.6200000000001,"body":"occupied parts had cut off the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1071.21,"endTime":1075.6200000000001,"body":"flow of a river that would go to"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1075.92,"endTime":1078.5600000000002,"body":"the then Ukrainian part, which"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1075.92,"endTime":1078.5600000000002,"body":"would be needed to actually"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1078.5600000000002,"endTime":1081.17,"body":"produce the drinking water that"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1078.5600000000002,"endTime":1081.17,"body":"would then be supplied to the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1081.17,"endTime":1085.5500000000002,"body":"other side again. Yeah, but it's"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1081.17,"endTime":1085.5500000000002,"body":"a bit difficult to comment on"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1085.5500000000002,"endTime":1090.98,"body":"that. But yeah, maybe just to"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1085.5500000000002,"endTime":1090.98,"body":"add that the effects of armed"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1090.98,"endTime":1094.19,"body":"conflict on water and water"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1090.98,"endTime":1094.19,"body":"infrastructure is also something"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1094.19,"endTime":1097.16,"body":"that we're increasingly seeing"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1094.19,"endTime":1097.16,"body":"around the world, and also"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1097.16,"endTime":1101.3000000000002,"body":"Yemen, Iraq, and so on Syria,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1097.16,"endTime":1101.3000000000002,"body":"that that's often overlooked?"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1103.3700000000001,"endTime":1106.0700000000002,"body":"Well, this kind of"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1103.3700000000001,"endTime":1106.0700000000002,"body":"escalation is not being"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1106.0700000000002,"endTime":1110.3000000000002,"body":"overlooked by our next guest."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1106.0700000000002,"endTime":1110.3000000000002,"body":"But his focus on water is a"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1110.3000000000002,"endTime":1112.97,"body":"little bit more northern, in"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1110.3000000000002,"endTime":1112.97,"body":"general,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1113.42,"endTime":1115.49,"body":"we should be"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1113.42,"endTime":1115.49,"body":"absolutely concerned about the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1115.49,"endTime":1119.5400000000002,"body":"Arctic, the Arctic for Canada,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1115.49,"endTime":1119.5400000000002,"body":"is going to be the geographical"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1119.5400000000002,"endTime":1123.68,"body":"center of two existential"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1119.5400000000002,"endTime":1123.68,"body":"threats to Canadian Security."},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1123.71,"endTime":1129.23,"body":"And by existential I mean, the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1123.71,"endTime":1129.23,"body":"possibility of extreme violence"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1129.23,"endTime":1132.8600000000001,"body":"be falling upon Canadian"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1129.23,"endTime":1132.8600000000001,"body":"citizens. My name is Rob Hubert,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1132.8600000000001,"endTime":1134.8400000000001,"body":"I'm with the Department of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1132.8600000000001,"endTime":1134.8400000000001,"body":"Political Science at the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1134.8400000000001,"endTime":1138.95,"body":"University of Calgary, I study"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1134.8400000000001,"endTime":1138.95,"body":"Arctic security, Arctic"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1138.95,"endTime":1142.4,"body":"sovereignty. And when I say"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1138.95,"endTime":1142.4,"body":"security, let me be clear, I'm"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1142.4,"endTime":1147.5,"body":"talking about security. In its"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1142.4,"endTime":1147.5,"body":"most extended of definitions,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1147.5600000000002,"endTime":1150.74,"body":"that means I do look at hard"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1147.5600000000002,"endTime":1150.74,"body":"military issues as pertain as"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1150.74,"endTime":1154.5200000000002,"body":"we're seeing right now. What's"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1150.74,"endTime":1154.5200000000002,"body":"happening between Canada, Russia"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1154.5200000000002,"endTime":1157.6100000000001,"body":"and the other Arctic nations, I"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1154.5200000000002,"endTime":1157.6100000000001,"body":"also look at environmental"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1157.6100000000001,"endTime":1163.0100000000002,"body":"security, human security, all"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1157.6100000000001,"endTime":1163.0100000000002,"body":"these other issues that clearly"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1163.0100000000002,"endTime":1164.0,"body":"affect the Arctic."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1165.2900000000002,"endTime":1167.69,"body":"Now, you might be"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1165.2900000000002,"endTime":1167.69,"body":"asking yourself, why should I"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1167.69,"endTime":1172.16,"body":"care about the Arctic? It's"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1167.69,"endTime":1172.16,"body":"frozen, it's very far away,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1172.3100000000002,"endTime":1176.3600000000001,"body":"doesn't impact me at all? Well,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1172.3100000000002,"endTime":1176.3600000000001,"body":"the simple thing is, the Arctic"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1176.3600000000001,"endTime":1180.92,"body":"is changing drastically, as it"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1176.3600000000001,"endTime":1180.92,"body":"changes, it's gonna allow access"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1180.92,"endTime":1184.67,"body":"to so many new resources,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1180.92,"endTime":1184.67,"body":"shipping routes, for more and"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1184.67,"endTime":1187.5800000000002,"body":"more vessels that frankly, just"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1184.67,"endTime":1187.5800000000002,"body":"weren't able to smash through"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1187.5800000000002,"endTime":1191.9,"body":"the ice before. And as this"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1187.5800000000002,"endTime":1191.9,"body":"frozen ocean changes, it's going"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1191.9,"endTime":1196.1000000000001,"body":"to affect our relations with our"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1191.9,"endTime":1196.1000000000001,"body":"Arctic neighbors, but also"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1196.16,"endTime":1200.0600000000002,"body":"international partners. And it's"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1196.16,"endTime":1200.0600000000002,"body":"going to change the landscape"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1200.0900000000001,"endTime":1204.47,"body":"quite literally change the"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1200.0900000000001,"endTime":1204.47,"body":"global landscape of where ships"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1204.47,"endTime":1208.8500000000001,"body":"can go, and who is allowed"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1204.47,"endTime":1208.8500000000001,"body":"where. So Dr. Rob, do you mind"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1208.8500000000001,"endTime":1211.91,"body":"just elaborating a bit more"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1208.8500000000001,"endTime":1211.91,"body":"about these two existential"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1211.91,"endTime":1214.5800000000002,"body":"threats so we should be really"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1211.91,"endTime":1214.5800000000002,"body":"focused on in the Arctic."},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1215.66,"endTime":1217.5800000000002,"body":"The first one"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1215.66,"endTime":1217.5800000000002,"body":"of course, is the one that your"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1217.5800000000002,"endTime":1220.43,"body":"listeners are probably more"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1217.5800000000002,"endTime":1220.43,"body":"aware of FNS the impacts of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1220.43,"endTime":1224.18,"body":"climate change. We know that"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1220.43,"endTime":1224.18,"body":"climate change is occurring at a"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1224.18,"endTime":1229.19,"body":"rate roughly three to four times"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1224.18,"endTime":1229.19,"body":"as severe in the Arctic as it is"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1229.19,"endTime":1234.1100000000001,"body":"elsewhere. So, the Arctic is"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1229.19,"endTime":1234.1100000000001,"body":"first and foremost a canary in"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1234.1100000000001,"endTime":1237.23,"body":"the mineshaft. But the other"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1234.1100000000001,"endTime":1237.23,"body":"factor is, of course, is that"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1237.23,"endTime":1241.0100000000002,"body":"the Arctic is ultimately"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1237.23,"endTime":1241.0100000000002,"body":"interconnected with almost every"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1241.0100000000002,"endTime":1246.3500000000001,"body":"other type of biological"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1241.0100000000002,"endTime":1246.3500000000001,"body":"climatic system within the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1246.3500000000001,"endTime":1249.1100000000001,"body":"international system. What"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1246.3500000000001,"endTime":1249.1100000000001,"body":"happens in the Arctic does not"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1249.1100000000001,"endTime":1253.0700000000002,"body":"stay in the Arctic, and will be"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1249.1100000000001,"endTime":1253.0700000000002,"body":"spilling literally into the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1253.0700000000002,"endTime":1258.2600000000002,"body":"entire international system. And"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1253.0700000000002,"endTime":1258.2600000000002,"body":"so therefore, there is a driving"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1258.2600000000002,"endTime":1262.5200000000002,"body":"need to understand the processes"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1258.2600000000002,"endTime":1262.5200000000002,"body":"of which that is occurring, the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1262.5200000000002,"endTime":1265.64,"body":"second existential threat and it"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1262.5200000000002,"endTime":1265.64,"body":"has been made very clear with"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1265.64,"endTime":1271.97,"body":"the actions of old Amir Putin,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1265.64,"endTime":1271.97,"body":"with his resumption of the 2014"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1271.97,"endTime":1275.7800000000002,"body":"war against Ukraine. And that"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1271.97,"endTime":1275.7800000000002,"body":"is, of course, as he's reminded"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1275.7800000000002,"endTime":1280.6100000000001,"body":"us that the Russians are a"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1275.7800000000002,"endTime":1280.6100000000001,"body":"existential threat to Canada."},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1281.39,"endTime":1285.1100000000001,"body":"Make no mistake about it when he"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1281.39,"endTime":1285.1100000000001,"body":"is threatening to utilize"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1285.1100000000001,"endTime":1288.2600000000002,"body":"nuclear weapons against the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1285.1100000000001,"endTime":1288.2600000000002,"body":"West. And he has made several"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1288.2600000000002,"endTime":1291.95,"body":"statements to that extent, we"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1288.2600000000002,"endTime":1291.95,"body":"need to take him very serious on"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1291.95,"endTime":1295.25,"body":"that. Now, what does that have"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1291.95,"endTime":1295.25,"body":"to do with the Arctic? Well, the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1295.25,"endTime":1298.97,"body":"Russians are truly an Arctic"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1295.25,"endTime":1298.97,"body":"nation. I mean, Canada pretends"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1298.97,"endTime":1301.8500000000001,"body":"about being an Arctic nation,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1298.97,"endTime":1301.8500000000001,"body":"but in terms of effort and"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1301.8500000000001,"endTime":1305.96,"body":"political focus, it's in our"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1301.8500000000001,"endTime":1305.96,"body":"national anthem, we'd like to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1305.96,"endTime":1309.5,"body":"think of ourselves but we do"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1305.96,"endTime":1309.5,"body":"that little the Russians, the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1309.5,"endTime":1313.91,"body":"entire protection of the Russian"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1309.5,"endTime":1313.91,"body":"geopolitical and geo economic"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1313.91,"endTime":1318.2,"body":"capabilities is Arctic based."},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1313.91,"endTime":1318.2,"body":"And as the relationship with the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1318.2,"endTime":1322.3400000000001,"body":"Russians have deteriorated since"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1318.2,"endTime":1322.3400000000001,"body":"2008, when they first began"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1322.3700000000001,"endTime":1325.19,"body":"fighting against possible NATO"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1322.3700000000001,"endTime":1325.19,"body":"expansions. And that's a"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1325.19,"endTime":1328.46,"body":"Georgian war, not the Ukrainian"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1325.19,"endTime":1328.46,"body":"war. Ever since that point in"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1328.46,"endTime":1331.5200000000002,"body":"time, it has been clear that"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1328.46,"endTime":1331.5200000000002,"body":"Russia in fact, is a danger to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1331.5500000000002,"endTime":1335.45,"body":"all Western countries, but in"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1331.5500000000002,"endTime":1335.45,"body":"particular, because of our"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1335.45,"endTime":1339.3500000000001,"body":"geography, are a threat to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1335.45,"endTime":1339.3500000000001,"body":"Canada. Now, once again, that"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1339.3500000000001,"endTime":1342.71,"body":"threat comes into format. It"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1339.3500000000001,"endTime":1342.71,"body":"does not come in landais. Let's"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1342.71,"endTime":1344.99,"body":"be very clear on that. We're not"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1342.71,"endTime":1344.99,"body":"talking about a Russian"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1344.99,"endTime":1347.63,"body":"invasion, the CRL space"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1344.99,"endTime":1347.63,"body":"capabilities capability that the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1347.63,"endTime":1351.0200000000002,"body":"Russians are the poses a threat."},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1347.63,"endTime":1351.0200000000002,"body":"But the second component of that"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1351.0200000000002,"endTime":1353.7800000000002,"body":"that poses a threat is the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1351.0200000000002,"endTime":1353.7800000000002,"body":"maritime dimension, through"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1353.7800000000002,"endTime":1358.64,"body":"assistance provided by us by the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1353.7800000000002,"endTime":1358.64,"body":"Americans, the Norwegians and"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1358.64,"endTime":1362.5700000000002,"body":"the British. They've been very"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1358.64,"endTime":1362.5700000000002,"body":"successful in rebuilding a lot"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1362.5700000000002,"endTime":1366.41,"body":"of their undersea capability in"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1362.5700000000002,"endTime":1366.41,"body":"particular, and new types of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1366.41,"endTime":1370.3100000000002,"body":"threats such as autonomous"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1366.41,"endTime":1370.3100000000002,"body":"underwater vehicles. And so"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1370.3700000000001,"endTime":1374.7800000000002,"body":"taken in its whole, if you want"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1370.3700000000001,"endTime":1374.7800000000002,"body":"to talk about where to the most"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1374.7800000000002,"endTime":1377.9,"body":"dangerous threats facing"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1374.7800000000002,"endTime":1377.9,"body":"Canadian Security are coming"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1377.9,"endTime":1380.8700000000001,"body":"from, you have to understand the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1377.9,"endTime":1380.8700000000001,"body":"Arctic, and you have to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1380.8700000000001,"endTime":1384.74,"body":"understand the Maritime and"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1380.8700000000001,"endTime":1384.74,"body":"Ocean component of it."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1386.15,"endTime":1391.73,"body":"Well, Rob, that was"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1386.15,"endTime":1391.73,"body":"truly terrifying. Alright, so we"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1391.73,"endTime":1395.42,"body":"need to understand the Maritime"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1391.73,"endTime":1395.42,"body":"and Ocean components of it. Do"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1395.42,"endTime":1400.97,"body":"you say? Well, everyone, you're"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1395.42,"endTime":1400.97,"body":"in luck. Since my interview with"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1400.97,"endTime":1405.0800000000002,"body":"Rob, I put together a little"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1400.97,"endTime":1405.0800000000002,"body":"ocean sovereignty 101 class,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1405.17,"endTime":1412.8500000000001,"body":"you're ready, let's get into it."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1405.17,"endTime":1412.8500000000001,"body":"Welcome to ocean sovereignty."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1412.88,"endTime":1417.71,"body":"101. With your host, David"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1412.88,"endTime":1417.71,"body":"Evans, between the 1960s and"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1417.71,"endTime":1421.88,"body":"80s, we realized that we really"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1417.71,"endTime":1421.88,"body":"needed to have a way to govern"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1421.88,"endTime":1424.97,"body":"what happens in the high seas,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1421.88,"endTime":1424.97,"body":"what happens in international"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1424.97,"endTime":1429.1100000000001,"body":"waters, who has sovereignty over"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1424.97,"endTime":1429.1100000000001,"body":"what, who has what, as part of"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1429.1100000000001,"endTime":1433.5500000000002,"body":"their international space. So"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1429.1100000000001,"endTime":1433.5500000000002,"body":"what this led to is the UN"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1433.6100000000001,"endTime":1438.0800000000002,"body":"Convention of the Law of the"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1433.6100000000001,"endTime":1438.0800000000002,"body":"Sea. Basically, it's a way for"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1438.0800000000002,"endTime":1442.43,"body":"countries to be able to share"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1438.0800000000002,"endTime":1442.43,"body":"space. So what does this mean?"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1442.46,"endTime":1445.8200000000002,"body":"Imagine you have three zones"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1442.46,"endTime":1445.8200000000002,"body":"that go out from the low"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1445.8200000000002,"endTime":1449.6000000000001,"body":"watermark off your country's"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1445.8200000000002,"endTime":1449.6000000000001,"body":"coast? All right, so let's go"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1449.6000000000001,"endTime":1454.5500000000002,"body":"visit the first zone. The first"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1449.6000000000001,"endTime":1454.5500000000002,"body":"12 nautical miles off of your"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1454.5500000000002,"endTime":1458.21,"body":"coastline is what's considered"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1454.5500000000002,"endTime":1458.21,"body":"your territorial sea. This zone"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1458.21,"endTime":1460.88,"body":"is where the country has"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1458.21,"endTime":1460.88,"body":"complete sovereignty over the"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1460.91,"endTime":1464.93,"body":"airspace, the entire water"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1460.91,"endTime":1464.93,"body":"column, and anything within the"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1464.93,"endTime":1468.71,"body":"soil or sub soil. So that's all"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1464.93,"endTime":1468.71,"body":"of the industries fishing oil"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1468.71,"endTime":1472.8200000000002,"body":"and gas, aviation, everything is"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1468.71,"endTime":1472.8200000000002,"body":"complete sovereignty of that"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1472.8200000000002,"endTime":1478.3400000000001,"body":"nation. All right off to zone"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1472.8200000000002,"endTime":1478.3400000000001,"body":"two. Welcome to the exclusive"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1478.3700000000001,"endTime":1483.1100000000001,"body":"economic zone EEZ read this"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1478.3700000000001,"endTime":1483.1100000000001,"body":"extends 200 nautical miles out"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1483.1100000000001,"endTime":1486.0500000000002,"body":"from the coastline. Now"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1483.1100000000001,"endTime":1486.0500000000002,"body":"remember, in Zone One, we had"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1486.0500000000002,"endTime":1489.2900000000002,"body":"complete sovereignty over the"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1486.0500000000002,"endTime":1489.2900000000002,"body":"airspace, the water column,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1489.44,"endTime":1493.13,"body":"everything in the soil and"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1489.44,"endTime":1493.13,"body":"subsoil. Now, what we lose when"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1493.13,"endTime":1497.3600000000001,"body":"he go out to the EAS, Zed level,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1493.13,"endTime":1497.3600000000001,"body":"is that we lose sovereignty over"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1497.3600000000001,"endTime":1501.0800000000002,"body":"the airspace so we don't have"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1497.3600000000001,"endTime":1501.0800000000002,"body":"control over the airspace. And"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1501.0800000000002,"endTime":1504.17,"body":"we also don't have control over"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1501.0800000000002,"endTime":1504.17,"body":"shipping. So international"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1504.17,"endTime":1506.8400000000001,"body":"shipping can still come through,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1504.17,"endTime":1506.8400000000001,"body":"but the country still has"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1506.8400000000001,"endTime":1510.71,"body":"complete sovereignty over the"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1506.8400000000001,"endTime":1510.71,"body":"economic activities. So oil and"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1510.71,"endTime":1514.25,"body":"gas, fishing, you name it,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1510.71,"endTime":1514.25,"body":"everything in the subsoil is"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1514.25,"endTime":1518.24,"body":"still sovereignty of the nation."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1514.25,"endTime":1518.24,"body":"So you can see a trend here as"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1518.24,"endTime":1521.0,"body":"we get further and further away."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1518.24,"endTime":1521.0,"body":"As we lose more and more"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1521.0,"endTime":1523.91,"body":"sovereignty. All right, time for"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1521.0,"endTime":1523.91,"body":"our last stop before we get to"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1523.91,"endTime":1529.6100000000001,"body":"the open high seas, let's check"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1523.91,"endTime":1529.6100000000001,"body":"out zone three. Welcome to zone"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1529.6100000000001,"endTime":1533.7800000000002,"body":"three, our most contentious of"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1529.6100000000001,"endTime":1533.7800000000002,"body":"zones. This is the extended"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1533.8400000000001,"endTime":1537.38,"body":"continental shelf in the zone,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1533.8400000000001,"endTime":1537.38,"body":"you've already lost sovereignty"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1537.38,"endTime":1540.41,"body":"over the airspace and"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1537.38,"endTime":1540.41,"body":"international shipping. Now you"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1540.41,"endTime":1543.98,"body":"lose sovereignty over the water"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1540.41,"endTime":1543.98,"body":"column as well. So this is only"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1544.0100000000002,"endTime":1547.7,"body":"sovereignty over the soil and"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1544.0100000000002,"endTime":1547.7,"body":"subsoil, nothing else really now"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1547.7,"endTime":1551.3300000000002,"body":"why did I say this was"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1547.7,"endTime":1551.3300000000002,"body":"contentious? So basically, what"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1551.3300000000002,"endTime":1554.2700000000002,"body":"we're looking at is you can have"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1551.3300000000002,"endTime":1554.2700000000002,"body":"sovereign rights over the"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1554.2700000000002,"endTime":1558.2900000000002,"body":"subsoil as far as you can prove"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1554.2700000000002,"endTime":1558.2900000000002,"body":"that your continental shelf for"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1558.2900000000002,"endTime":1562.1000000000001,"body":"reaches out into the ocean. Now,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1558.2900000000002,"endTime":1562.1000000000001,"body":"what's a continental shelf? So"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1562.1000000000001,"endTime":1565.1000000000001,"body":"really great question."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1562.1000000000001,"endTime":1565.1000000000001,"body":"Basically, the continental shelf"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1565.13,"endTime":1569.2700000000002,"body":"is a portion of the continent"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1565.13,"endTime":1569.2700000000002,"body":"that is submerged under a fairly"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1569.2700000000002,"endTime":1572.8100000000002,"body":"shallow sea. When you look at a"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1569.2700000000002,"endTime":1572.8100000000002,"body":"map of the bottom of the ocean,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1572.8100000000002,"endTime":1576.6200000000001,"body":"there's these really deep, deep"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1572.8100000000002,"endTime":1576.6200000000001,"body":"sections. And then right along"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1576.6200000000001,"endTime":1580.19,"body":"the margins and coastlines,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1576.6200000000001,"endTime":1580.19,"body":"there's these relatively flat"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1580.19,"endTime":1583.3400000000001,"body":"looking shallow areas. If you"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1580.19,"endTime":1583.3400000000001,"body":"look at a map of the Atlantic"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1583.3700000000001,"endTime":1586.88,"body":"Ocean along eastern Canada,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1583.3700000000001,"endTime":1586.88,"body":"there's this really flat area"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1586.88,"endTime":1589.97,"body":"that goes out quite far into the"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1586.88,"endTime":1589.97,"body":"ocean. So that would be what"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1589.97,"endTime":1593.3600000000001,"body":"we'd be trying to consider as"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1589.97,"endTime":1593.3600000000001,"body":"our continental shelf. Now,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1593.3600000000001,"endTime":1597.0200000000002,"body":"where this becomes an issue is"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1593.3600000000001,"endTime":1597.0200000000002,"body":"that the Arctic is basically one"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1597.0200000000002,"endTime":1600.98,"body":"giant continental shelf that"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1597.0200000000002,"endTime":1600.98,"body":"connects us with Russia,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1601.13,"endTime":1605.5100000000002,"body":"Denmark, Norway, all of the"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1601.13,"endTime":1605.5100000000002,"body":"Arctic nations. And this is"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1605.5100000000002,"endTime":1608.93,"body":"where we run into trouble in"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1605.5100000000002,"endTime":1608.93,"body":"delineating where our"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1608.93,"endTime":1612.7700000000002,"body":"continental shelf ends, and"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1608.93,"endTime":1612.7700000000002,"body":"their continental shelf begins."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1613.22,"endTime":1616.3400000000001,"body":"So Rob, where are we now? Where"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1613.22,"endTime":1616.3400000000001,"body":"are we at with the extended"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1616.3400000000001,"endTime":1617.39,"body":"continental shelf?"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1618.17,"endTime":1622.7,"body":"Right now,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1618.17,"endTime":1622.7,"body":"Denmark, Norway, Canada, Russia,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1622.7600000000002,"endTime":1625.97,"body":"are all trying to determine what"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1622.7600000000002,"endTime":1625.97,"body":"their continental shelf in the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1625.97,"endTime":1629.93,"body":"Arctic is, the Americans have a"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1625.97,"endTime":1629.93,"body":"continental shelf, but the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1629.93,"endTime":1632.42,"body":"problem with the Americans is"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1629.93,"endTime":1632.42,"body":"that they never ratified the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1632.42,"endTime":1636.2900000000002,"body":"Convention, you have to join the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1632.42,"endTime":1636.2900000000002,"body":"convention, before you can"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1636.3200000000002,"endTime":1639.8300000000002,"body":"acquire that benefit. So the big"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1636.3200000000002,"endTime":1639.8300000000002,"body":"issue with the Arctic is who"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1639.8300000000002,"endTime":1643.3100000000002,"body":"gets watch within the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1639.8300000000002,"endTime":1643.3100000000002,"body":"continental shelf, and that is"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1643.3100000000002,"endTime":1646.6100000000001,"body":"what we are scientifically and"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1643.3100000000002,"endTime":1646.6100000000001,"body":"internationally trying to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1646.6100000000001,"endTime":1647.3000000000002,"body":"determine."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1650.2700000000002,"endTime":1653.24,"body":"Alright, so we're"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1650.2700000000002,"endTime":1653.24,"body":"in these negotiations to"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1653.24,"endTime":1657.65,"body":"determine where we have"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1653.24,"endTime":1657.65,"body":"sovereignty. Now, what happens"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1657.68,"endTime":1663.0800000000002,"body":"when you have a lot of islands?"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1657.68,"endTime":1663.0800000000002,"body":"Do you measure your sovereignty"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1663.23,"endTime":1666.95,"body":"from the low tide point on your"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1663.23,"endTime":1666.95,"body":"furthest Island or from the main"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1666.95,"endTime":1669.7700000000002,"body":"part of the continent? See,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1666.95,"endTime":1669.7700000000002,"body":"there's a little bit of a gray"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1669.7700000000002,"endTime":1672.95,"body":"area here. And this gets really"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1669.7700000000002,"endTime":1672.95,"body":"important when you start talking"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1673.0100000000002,"endTime":1677.69,"body":"about the Northwest Passage."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1673.0100000000002,"endTime":1677.69,"body":"Now, the Northwest Passage is"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1677.72,"endTime":1682.49,"body":"the potential shipping route"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1677.72,"endTime":1682.49,"body":"that many countries are looking"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1682.49,"endTime":1687.0500000000002,"body":"at, to go above North America,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1682.49,"endTime":1687.0500000000002,"body":"from the Pacific to the"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1687.0500000000002,"endTime":1691.0400000000002,"body":"Atlantic, and vice versa. Now,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1687.0500000000002,"endTime":1691.0400000000002,"body":"as sea ice begins to recede,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1691.13,"endTime":1694.46,"body":"it's potentially becoming"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1691.13,"endTime":1694.46,"body":"navigable by many ships. And"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1694.46,"endTime":1698.0300000000002,"body":"this is a bit of a problem for"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1694.46,"endTime":1698.0300000000002,"body":"the Canadian government. Because"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1698.21,"endTime":1700.6100000000001,"body":"what do we consider the"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1698.21,"endTime":1700.6100000000001,"body":"Northwest Passage, right? No,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1700.6100000000001,"endTime":1702.2,"body":"Rob, we say that"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1702.2,"endTime":1705.0800000000002,"body":"the Northwest"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1702.2,"endTime":1705.0800000000002,"body":"Passage is internal waters, its"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1705.0800000000002,"endTime":1708.8600000000001,"body":"internal waters, because from a"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1705.0800000000002,"endTime":1708.8600000000001,"body":"historical perspective, we've"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1708.8600000000001,"endTime":1712.7600000000002,"body":"always treated it as basically"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1708.8600000000001,"endTime":1712.7600000000002,"body":"like we would treat Lake"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1712.7600000000002,"endTime":1717.89,"body":"Winnebago or any other internal"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1712.7600000000002,"endTime":1717.89,"body":"waters. We also sustain that"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1717.89,"endTime":1721.22,"body":"argumentation that the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1717.89,"endTime":1721.22,"body":"indigenous people, the Inuit in"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1721.22,"endTime":1724.5500000000002,"body":"particular, have lived there"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1721.22,"endTime":1724.5500000000002,"body":"from time immemorial. The"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1724.5500000000002,"endTime":1729.47,"body":"problem that we face is until we"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1724.5500000000002,"endTime":1729.47,"body":"had the negotiations and the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1729.47,"endTime":1733.2800000000002,"body":"completion of the United Nations"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1729.47,"endTime":1733.2800000000002,"body":"on the Rights of Indigenous"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1733.2800000000002,"endTime":1738.5600000000002,"body":"Peoples UNDRIP international law"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1733.2800000000002,"endTime":1738.5600000000002,"body":"did not recognize digitality. In"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1738.5600000000002,"endTime":1741.0800000000002,"body":"other words, we can say that"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1738.5600000000002,"endTime":1741.0800000000002,"body":"that was important for us as"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1741.0800000000002,"endTime":1744.1100000000001,"body":"Canadians, and it is important,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1741.0800000000002,"endTime":1744.1100000000001,"body":"but from an international"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1744.1100000000001,"endTime":1746.63,"body":"perspective, most countries will"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1744.1100000000001,"endTime":1746.63,"body":"shrug their shoulders and say,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1746.63,"endTime":1749.99,"body":"Well, so what, you know, so"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1746.63,"endTime":1749.99,"body":"you've had indigenous people"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1749.99,"endTime":1754.0700000000002,"body":"living there, you know, it"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1749.99,"endTime":1754.0700000000002,"body":"doesn't make an international"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1754.0700000000002,"endTime":1758.66,"body":"legal difference. UNDRIP may, in"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1754.0700000000002,"endTime":1758.66,"body":"fact, change that. So with"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1758.66,"endTime":1763.0100000000002,"body":"UNDRIP, that may see a much"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1758.66,"endTime":1763.0100000000002,"body":"greater international"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1763.0400000000002,"endTime":1766.4,"body":"recognition of the fact that"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1763.0400000000002,"endTime":1766.4,"body":"indigenous reality does have a"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1766.4,"endTime":1769.7600000000002,"body":"standing within international"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1766.4,"endTime":1769.7600000000002,"body":"law and changes. Now we'll have"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1769.7600000000002,"endTime":1774.14,"body":"to see, the problem that we have"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1769.7600000000002,"endTime":1774.14,"body":"with the Northwest Passage is"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1774.14,"endTime":1779.0,"body":"that for it to be a internal"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1774.14,"endTime":1779.0,"body":"waters, you have to have the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1779.0,"endTime":1782.18,"body":"acceptance of the international"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1779.0,"endTime":1782.18,"body":"community that in fact that is"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1782.18,"endTime":1786.5300000000002,"body":"always been treated as internal"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1782.18,"endTime":1786.5300000000002,"body":"waters. The problem is, is our"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1786.5300000000002,"endTime":1790.25,"body":"neighbors to the south don't"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1786.5300000000002,"endTime":1790.25,"body":"agree with that. The United"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1790.25,"endTime":1793.25,"body":"States has sent two vessels"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1790.25,"endTime":1793.25,"body":"through the Northwest Passage,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1793.25,"endTime":1797.66,"body":"one by accident, one by intent,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1793.25,"endTime":1797.66,"body":"without asking permission. In"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1797.66,"endTime":1801.8600000000001,"body":"1969 1970. When they sent the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1797.66,"endTime":1801.8600000000001,"body":"Manhattan which was an ice"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1801.8600000000001,"endTime":1805.25,"body":"tanker, through they very"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1801.8600000000001,"endTime":1805.25,"body":"deliberately did it to challenge"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1805.25,"endTime":1808.2800000000002,"body":"Canadian sovereignty. the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1805.25,"endTime":1808.2800000000002,"body":"sending of the polar sea an"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1808.2800000000002,"endTime":1811.73,"body":"icebreaker that went through in"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1808.2800000000002,"endTime":1811.73,"body":"1985 was not a challenge. They"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1811.73,"endTime":1815.9,"body":"needed to get the ship from"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1811.73,"endTime":1815.9,"body":"Seattle to to Lee and back, and"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1815.9,"endTime":1819.3500000000001,"body":"they couldn't do it by going"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1815.9,"endTime":1819.3500000000001,"body":"through the Panama Canal. They"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1819.38,"endTime":1823.5200000000002,"body":"And we did all sorts of sort of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1819.38,"endTime":1823.5200000000002,"body":"somersaults to try to figure out"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1823.5200000000002,"endTime":1825.98,"body":"a way in which we could say"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1823.5200000000002,"endTime":1825.98,"body":"steal our waters, but the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1825.98,"endTime":1829.4,"body":"Americans did not go, you know,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1825.98,"endTime":1829.4,"body":"ultimately because it sets a"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1829.4,"endTime":1835.0400000000002,"body":"precedent elsewhere. Now, up"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1829.4,"endTime":1835.0400000000002,"body":"until very recently, it was a"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1835.0400000000002,"endTime":1838.5800000000002,"body":"Canada US relations, the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1835.0400000000002,"endTime":1838.5800000000002,"body":"Russians weren't going to come"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1838.5800000000002,"endTime":1841.19,"body":"over. They didn't, because the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1838.5800000000002,"endTime":1841.19,"body":"Cold War and whole bunch of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1841.19,"endTime":1844.19,"body":"other reasons, but very few"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1841.19,"endTime":1844.19,"body":"countries have the capability of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1844.19,"endTime":1846.8300000000002,"body":"actually coming into the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1844.19,"endTime":1846.8300000000002,"body":"Northwest Passage outside of the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1846.8300000000002,"endTime":1851.0600000000002,"body":"Americans. As the ice melts, the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1846.8300000000002,"endTime":1851.0600000000002,"body":"shipping nations have been"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1851.0900000000001,"endTime":1854.0600000000002,"body":"recognizing that, you know, the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1851.0900000000001,"endTime":1854.0600000000002,"body":"Northwest Passage is an"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1854.0600000000002,"endTime":1857.63,"body":"international waterway just like"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1854.0600000000002,"endTime":1857.63,"body":"any other water, and the only"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1857.63,"endTime":1860.21,"body":"thing that made it different was"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1857.63,"endTime":1860.21,"body":"the ice. And if the ice is"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1860.24,"endTime":1864.2,"body":"disappearing, it's not internal"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1860.24,"endTime":1864.2,"body":"waters anymore. Now Canada, of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1864.2,"endTime":1867.17,"body":"course, will argue no, it's"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1864.2,"endTime":1867.17,"body":"always been internal waters. So"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1867.17,"endTime":1871.67,"body":"therefore, it remains internal"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1867.17,"endTime":1871.67,"body":"waters. countries like"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1871.67,"endTime":1875.5700000000002,"body":"Singapore, Germany, they've said"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1871.67,"endTime":1875.5700000000002,"body":"in the International Maritime"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1875.5700000000002,"endTime":1880.67,"body":"market organization, sorry,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1875.5700000000002,"endTime":1880.67,"body":"Canada, you can't claim special"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1880.67,"endTime":1884.24,"body":"status over then you don't have"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1880.67,"endTime":1884.24,"body":"sovereignty over that you has to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1884.24,"endTime":1888.1100000000001,"body":"follow international law. Now,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1884.24,"endTime":1888.1100000000001,"body":"have we seen an issue ultimately"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1888.1100000000001,"endTime":1891.8600000000001,"body":"push it? No. Is it coming?"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1888.1100000000001,"endTime":1891.8600000000001,"body":"Absolutely."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1893.15,"endTime":1895.1000000000001,"body":"So far, we've had a"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1893.15,"endTime":1895.1000000000001,"body":"couple of vessels that have"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1895.1000000000001,"endTime":1898.22,"body":"actually gone through, we had a"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1895.1000000000001,"endTime":1898.22,"body":"cruise ship called the Crystal"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1898.22,"endTime":1902.66,"body":"Serenity that went through in"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1898.22,"endTime":1902.66,"body":"2016. And in 2017, they did this"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1902.66,"endTime":1905.0300000000002,"body":"with consulting and getting"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1902.66,"endTime":1905.0300000000002,"body":"approval from the Canadian"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1905.0300000000002,"endTime":1907.94,"body":"government. They consulted the"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1905.0300000000002,"endTime":1907.94,"body":"indigenous communities that were"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1907.94,"endTime":1910.67,"body":"along the path of the Northwest"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1907.94,"endTime":1910.67,"body":"Passage that they were following"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1910.67,"endTime":1913.5200000000002,"body":"as well. Basically, they"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1910.67,"endTime":1913.5200000000002,"body":"followed all the rules, and they"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1913.5200000000002,"endTime":1917.42,"body":"did a great job of it. Now, if"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1913.5200000000002,"endTime":1917.42,"body":"you want the flip side of how"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1917.42,"endTime":1921.44,"body":"this can go, look no further"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1917.42,"endTime":1921.44,"body":"than in the summer of 2020. When"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1921.44,"endTime":1924.3200000000002,"body":"COVID was ravaging the world,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1921.44,"endTime":1924.3200000000002,"body":"the Canadian government had"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1924.3200000000002,"endTime":1926.9,"body":"said, Hey, let's not have any"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1924.3200000000002,"endTime":1926.9,"body":"travel within the Northwest"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1926.9,"endTime":1930.3200000000002,"body":"Passage, let's make sure"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1926.9,"endTime":1930.3200000000002,"body":"everyone stays safe. Now, there"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1930.3200000000002,"endTime":1933.2,"body":"was a New Zealander with a"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1930.3200000000002,"endTime":1933.2,"body":"sailboat who said, Hey, I went"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1933.2,"endTime":1936.23,"body":"across the Northwest Passage, I"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1933.2,"endTime":1936.23,"body":"don't care, you can't stop me."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1936.3200000000002,"endTime":1940.3700000000001,"body":"These are international waters."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1936.3200000000002,"endTime":1940.3700000000001,"body":"And he successfully crossed but"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1940.4,"endTime":1943.5200000000002,"body":"never asked for permission. And"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1940.4,"endTime":1943.5200000000002,"body":"now he's in litigation with the"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1943.5200000000002,"endTime":1946.6100000000001,"body":"Canadian federal government. But"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1943.5200000000002,"endTime":1946.6100000000001,"body":"the problem comes because we"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1946.6100000000001,"endTime":1950.8700000000001,"body":"never physically stopped them"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1946.6100000000001,"endTime":1950.8700000000001,"body":"from crossing. So that sets the"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1950.8700000000001,"endTime":1953.66,"body":"precedent that they are allowed"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1950.8700000000001,"endTime":1953.66,"body":"to cross even though we're in"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1953.66,"endTime":1958.8500000000001,"body":"litigation. It's really messy."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1953.66,"endTime":1958.8500000000001,"body":"So again, why is this a big"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1958.8500000000001,"endTime":1962.3300000000002,"body":"deal? Well, I'll turn to rob"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1958.8500000000001,"endTime":1962.3300000000002,"body":"once more."},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1964.0100000000002,"endTime":1965.99,"body":"Where this is"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1964.0100000000002,"endTime":1965.99,"body":"going to be a real issue. There"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1965.99,"endTime":1969.1100000000001,"body":"is growing concern amongst the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1965.99,"endTime":1969.1100000000001,"body":"indigenous populations in terms"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1969.1100000000001,"endTime":1972.41,"body":"of what increased shipping with"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1969.1100000000001,"endTime":1972.41,"body":"meat. And so we say within"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1972.41,"endTime":1976.19,"body":"Canada through reconciliation"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1972.41,"endTime":1976.19,"body":"and other means of trying to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1976.46,"endTime":1980.1200000000001,"body":"understand and to extend the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1976.46,"endTime":1980.1200000000001,"body":"power that the Indigenous"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1980.1200000000001,"endTime":1983.42,"body":"peoples have over their"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1980.1200000000001,"endTime":1983.42,"body":"territories. How do we reconcile"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1983.42,"endTime":1985.6100000000001,"body":"the fact that if we have someone"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1983.42,"endTime":1985.6100000000001,"body":"saying no, we have the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1985.6100000000001,"endTime":1987.2600000000002,"body":"international right to go"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1985.6100000000001,"endTime":1987.2600000000002,"body":"through because it's an"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1987.2600000000002,"endTime":1990.14,"body":"international straight? We have"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1987.2600000000002,"endTime":1990.14,"body":"indigenous communities saying,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1990.14,"endTime":1993.2900000000002,"body":"you know, what, we've got some"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1990.14,"endTime":1993.2900000000002,"body":"major hunting or fishing going"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1993.2900000000002,"endTime":1995.5700000000002,"body":"on, we don't want any ships"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1993.2900000000002,"endTime":1995.5700000000002,"body":"going through at this point in"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1995.5700000000002,"endTime":1999.8300000000002,"body":"time. Then mighty interesting to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1995.5700000000002,"endTime":1999.8300000000002,"body":"see how the Canadian government"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1999.8300000000002,"endTime":2003.1000000000001,"body":"response to that, you know,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":1999.8300000000002,"endTime":2003.1000000000001,"body":"we'll just basically say, yeah,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2003.1000000000001,"endTime":2004.96,"body":"that's internal waters, we're"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2003.1000000000001,"endTime":2004.96,"body":"not going to let you come"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2004.96,"endTime":2008.14,"body":"through and physically stop,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2004.96,"endTime":2008.14,"body":"when in fact, we weren't willing"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2008.14,"endTime":2011.47,"body":"to stop, you know, spend the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2008.14,"endTime":2011.47,"body":"effort to stop a sailboat for"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2011.47,"endTime":2015.0700000000002,"body":"some communities they welcomed"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2011.47,"endTime":2015.0700000000002,"body":"when the Crystal Serenity came"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2015.0700000000002,"endTime":2018.7,"body":"in. They saw that as an economic"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2015.0700000000002,"endTime":2018.7,"body":"opportunities that Cambridge"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2018.7,"endTime":2022.15,"body":"Bade, they said, This is great."},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2018.7,"endTime":2022.15,"body":"Come on, in, you know, respect"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2022.15,"endTime":2025.72,"body":"to our territory, and make sure"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2022.15,"endTime":2025.72,"body":"that you're not overwhelming us"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2025.75,"endTime":2028.8700000000001,"body":"give us notice. But yeah, we"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2025.75,"endTime":2028.8700000000001,"body":"want to showcase our culture, we"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2028.8700000000001,"endTime":2032.5,"body":"want to also see if people want"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2028.8700000000001,"endTime":2032.5,"body":"to buy some of the various"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2032.5,"endTime":2035.6200000000001,"body":"crafts that we're capable, some"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2032.5,"endTime":2035.6200000000001,"body":"community said, No, you know, we"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2035.6200000000001,"endTime":2039.49,"body":"just can't handle you. So in"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2035.6200000000001,"endTime":2039.49,"body":"that context, one has to be a"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2039.49,"endTime":2043.3300000000002,"body":"little careful in terms of over"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2039.49,"endTime":2043.3300000000002,"body":"characterizing that there is one"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2043.3300000000002,"endTime":2047.41,"body":"voice on this, there's not. And"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2043.3300000000002,"endTime":2047.41,"body":"so, you know, that's a bit of a"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2047.41,"endTime":2050.62,"body":"colonial legacy. When we turn"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2047.41,"endTime":2050.62,"body":"around and say, Okay, we"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2050.62,"endTime":2053.17,"body":"understand that there is one"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2050.62,"endTime":2053.17,"body":"voice that is saying this,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2053.17,"endTime":2054.61,"body":"that's not the case."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2056.65,"endTime":2060.64,"body":"Absolutely, very"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2056.65,"endTime":2060.64,"body":"well put Rob. Okay, so the"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2060.64,"endTime":2063.67,"body":"Northwest Passage is going to"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2060.64,"endTime":2063.67,"body":"remain contentious. But we've"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2063.67,"endTime":2067.03,"body":"kind of strayed a little bit"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2063.67,"endTime":2067.03,"body":"from the two existential crisis"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2067.03,"endTime":2071.77,"body":"is that we're facing climate"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2067.03,"endTime":2071.77,"body":"change and Russian aggression."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2072.34,"endTime":2076.48,"body":"As the ice melts, there's more"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2072.34,"endTime":2076.48,"body":"opportunity for vessels to"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2076.48,"endTime":2079.81,"body":"operate within the north. And"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2076.48,"endTime":2079.81,"body":"this only sheds more light on"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2079.81,"endTime":2084.34,"body":"how we've invested in the"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2079.81,"endTime":2084.34,"body":"defense of our north. So Rob, do"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2084.34,"endTime":2085.9900000000002,"body":"you have any good news on that"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2084.34,"endTime":2085.9900000000002,"body":"front?"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2086.92,"endTime":2088.9,"body":"We're being"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2086.92,"endTime":2088.9,"body":"honest with ourselves. We"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2088.9,"endTime":2094.06,"body":"haven't really done anything. We"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2088.9,"endTime":2094.06,"body":"have a surveillance system that"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2094.06,"endTime":2098.83,"body":"was last modernized in 1985. Let"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2094.06,"endTime":2098.83,"body":"me ask you this. Would you be"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2098.83,"endTime":2101.86,"body":"wanting to use a computer that"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2098.83,"endTime":2101.86,"body":"was built in 1985, let alone"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2101.86,"endTime":2104.77,"body":"defend against Russian"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2101.86,"endTime":2104.77,"body":"hypersonic missiles with that?"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2105.19,"endTime":2110.56,"body":"We are flying an aircraft that"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2105.19,"endTime":2110.56,"body":"we bought in 1982. Are you"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2110.56,"endTime":2115.1800000000003,"body":"driving a car that was built in"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2110.56,"endTime":2115.1800000000003,"body":"1982? Do you know anyone who"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2115.1800000000003,"endTime":2119.38,"body":"drives a 1982 car? Yeah, so do"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2115.1800000000003,"endTime":2119.38,"body":"you want to defend against hyper"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2119.38,"endTime":2123.94,"body":"Sonics with it in the shop all"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2119.38,"endTime":2123.94,"body":"the time. So our fighter is"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2123.94,"endTime":2128.29,"body":"1982, vintage, full stop, let's"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2123.94,"endTime":2128.29,"body":"not mince words about it. We"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2128.29,"endTime":2132.4300000000003,"body":"have got a constabIe tutori"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2128.29,"endTime":2132.4300000000003,"body":"naval vessel, the Arctic"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2132.4300000000003,"endTime":2135.61,"body":"offshore patrol vessels, the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2132.4300000000003,"endTime":2135.61,"body":"Navy's gonna get six ultimately"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2135.61,"endTime":2138.79,"body":"the Coast Guard we'll get to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2135.61,"endTime":2138.79,"body":"that is something that has"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2138.82,"endTime":2144.04,"body":"occurred. Our submarines are not"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2138.82,"endTime":2144.04,"body":"at arised capability. They two"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2144.04,"endTime":2147.82,"body":"were built in the end of the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2144.04,"endTime":2147.82,"body":"1980s. seeing a theme here,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2148.1800000000003,"endTime":2151.48,"body":"there's even questions in terms"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2148.1800000000003,"endTime":2151.48,"body":"of, you know, whether or not our"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2151.48,"endTime":2156.04,"body":"runways and hangar system in the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2151.48,"endTime":2156.04,"body":"north can actually sustain our"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2156.04,"endTime":2159.28,"body":"air capabilities. I think"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2156.04,"endTime":2159.28,"body":"Canadians should be outraged."},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2159.37,"endTime":2163.4500000000003,"body":"You know, I'm an academic, I'm"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2159.37,"endTime":2163.4500000000003,"body":"supposed to be neutral on this."},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2163.4500000000003,"endTime":2167.08,"body":"But I mean, just the fact that"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2163.4500000000003,"endTime":2167.08,"body":"we are so vulnerable, is going"},{"speaker":"Dr. Rob Huebert","startTime":2167.08,"endTime":2168.04,"body":"to be problematic."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2169.9300000000003,"endTime":2172.84,"body":"Yeah, that's not"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2169.9300000000003,"endTime":2172.84,"body":"good. I don't know about you,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2172.84,"endTime":2175.75,"body":"but I do not want to be"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2172.84,"endTime":2175.75,"body":"defending against hypersonic"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2175.75,"endTime":2182.56,"body":"missiles with computers from"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2175.75,"endTime":2182.56,"body":"1985. So just for context, this"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2182.56,"endTime":2185.98,"body":"interview with Dr. Rob happened"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2182.56,"endTime":2185.98,"body":"back in March. So things have"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2185.98,"endTime":2189.58,"body":"changed since then, the federal"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2185.98,"endTime":2189.58,"body":"government has pledged to spend"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2189.79,"endTime":2194.44,"body":"$30 billion dollars over the"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2189.79,"endTime":2194.44,"body":"next 20 years to modernize our"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2194.44,"endTime":2197.77,"body":"defense systems in the Arctic."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2194.44,"endTime":2197.77,"body":"Now, the proof is in the"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2197.77,"endTime":2201.07,"body":"pudding. And we'll see when that"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2197.77,"endTime":2201.07,"body":"actually gets put into place."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2201.25,"endTime":2205.6,"body":"But currently, it's not entirely"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2201.25,"endTime":2205.6,"body":"sure how fast that will actually"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2205.6,"endTime":2211.48,"body":"happen. In June, they announced"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2205.6,"endTime":2211.48,"body":"an additional $4.9 billion that"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2211.48,"endTime":2214.6,"body":"was going to be spent on Arctic"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2211.48,"endTime":2214.6,"body":"defense this year. And now it's"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2214.63,"endTime":2217.75,"body":"kind of murky, whether or not"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2214.63,"endTime":2217.75,"body":"that was in the original budget"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2217.75,"endTime":2222.76,"body":"for this year. But at least"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2217.75,"endTime":2222.76,"body":"we're doing something. Actually,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2222.76,"endTime":2225.73,"body":"while I'm recording this right"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2222.76,"endTime":2225.73,"body":"now, the NATO Secretary General"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2225.76,"endTime":2229.63,"body":"Jens Stoltenberg is actually"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2225.76,"endTime":2229.63,"body":"visiting Canada and visiting our"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2229.63,"endTime":2232.9,"body":"Arctic stations to see what our"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2229.63,"endTime":2232.9,"body":"preparedness is like and is"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2232.9,"endTime":2236.4100000000003,"body":"showing that we're on the NATO"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2232.9,"endTime":2236.4100000000003,"body":"front, we're all part of one"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2236.4100000000003,"endTime":2240.37,"body":"team, that Canada is still"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2236.4100000000003,"endTime":2240.37,"body":"lagging behind the rest of the"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2240.37,"endTime":2245.53,"body":"NATO Arctic nations with not"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2240.37,"endTime":2245.53,"body":"providing 2% of GDP towards our"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2245.53,"endTime":2249.85,"body":"defense. Whether that's a good"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2245.53,"endTime":2249.85,"body":"thing or not, I will leave up to"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2249.85,"endTime":2255.04,"body":"the listener, but that's where"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2249.85,"endTime":2255.04,"body":"we're at currently. So has that"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2255.04,"endTime":2258.1600000000003,"body":"been enough? Talk about"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2255.04,"endTime":2258.1600000000003,"body":"hypersonic missiles nuclear"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2258.1600000000003,"endTime":2263.56,"body":"problems, maybe let's end on a"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2258.1600000000003,"endTime":2263.56,"body":"positive note. How can water"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2263.65,"endTime":2265.9,"body":"bring us together for peace?"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2267.73,"endTime":2270.07,"body":"And one example I'm"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2267.73,"endTime":2270.07,"body":"thinking of is the Balkans"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2270.13,"endTime":2273.94,"body":"during the wars in the 1990s."},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2270.13,"endTime":2273.94,"body":"These countries that share the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2273.94,"endTime":2277.4500000000003,"body":"Sava river basins of former"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2273.94,"endTime":2277.4500000000003,"body":"Yugoslavia had been at war with"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2277.4500000000003,"endTime":2281.17,"body":"each other. So when the war"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2277.4500000000003,"endTime":2281.17,"body":"ended, and the first peace talks"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2281.17,"endTime":2284.8900000000003,"body":"started, the question came up,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2281.17,"endTime":2284.8900000000003,"body":"what would be an issue that we"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2284.8900000000003,"endTime":2289.03,"body":"can bring the countries together"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2284.8900000000003,"endTime":2289.03,"body":"on that is not are not too much"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2289.06,"endTime":2292.3,"body":"contested, and that they would"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2289.06,"endTime":2292.3,"body":"all have an interest to at least"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2292.3,"endTime":2295.48,"body":"come together sit around the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2292.3,"endTime":2295.48,"body":"table and talk and what was"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2295.48,"endTime":2299.8900000000003,"body":"identified as that issue and the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2295.48,"endTime":2299.8900000000003,"body":"stability pact, that the EU"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2299.8900000000003,"endTime":2303.01,"body":"designed for the Balkans"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2299.8900000000003,"endTime":2303.01,"body":"actually very much promoted the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2303.01,"endTime":2306.37,"body":"negotiation of a treaty over"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2303.01,"endTime":2306.37,"body":"water. And the setting up of a"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2306.37,"endTime":2309.82,"body":"joint commission and water was"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2306.37,"endTime":2309.82,"body":"then the first issue that"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2309.82,"endTime":2313.0,"body":"countries actually signed a"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2309.82,"endTime":2313.0,"body":"treaty on beyond the peace"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2313.0,"endTime":2317.08,"body":"treaty itself, and started to"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2313.0,"endTime":2317.08,"body":"cooperate and with that not only"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2317.08,"endTime":2319.81,"body":"promoted peace, but also managed"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2317.08,"endTime":2319.81,"body":"to address challenges in the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2319.81,"endTime":2322.78,"body":"river, like there were remnants"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2319.81,"endTime":2322.78,"body":"of war in the river, that no"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2322.78,"endTime":2325.3,"body":"country could have cleared"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2322.78,"endTime":2325.3,"body":"themselves, they could address"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2325.3,"endTime":2328.27,"body":"flood risks that were a huge"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2325.3,"endTime":2328.27,"body":"threat to downstream countries."},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2328.9300000000003,"endTime":2331.81,"body":"But by doing these technical"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2328.9300000000003,"endTime":2331.81,"body":"measures, they actually build"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2331.84,"endTime":2334.9,"body":"trust, and they started"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2331.84,"endTime":2334.9,"body":"cooperating again, meeting each"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2334.9300000000003,"endTime":2338.4100000000003,"body":"other visiting each other in"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2334.9300000000003,"endTime":2338.4100000000003,"body":"their respective countries. So"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2338.4100000000003,"endTime":2342.34,"body":"that really was an entry point"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2338.4100000000003,"endTime":2342.34,"body":"of bridge into cooperation more"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2342.34,"endTime":2345.82,"body":"broadly. And that was within"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2342.34,"endTime":2345.82,"body":"less than 10 years between the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2345.82,"endTime":2349.6600000000003,"body":"war and then cooperating at this"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2345.82,"endTime":2349.6600000000003,"body":"really legally binding level."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2354.31,"endTime":2355.81,"body":"Did you really"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2354.31,"endTime":2355.81,"body":"think I was forgetting about"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2355.81,"endTime":2359.8900000000003,"body":"this tune. Thank you so much,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2355.81,"endTime":2359.8900000000003,"body":"Dr. Susannah Schneier, and Dr."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2359.8900000000003,"endTime":2363.1600000000003,"body":"Rob Hubert, for being on the"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2359.8900000000003,"endTime":2363.1600000000003,"body":"podcast this week. Make sure"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2363.1600000000003,"endTime":2365.8,"body":"you're subscribed because you"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2363.1600000000003,"endTime":2365.8,"body":"won't want to miss both of our"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2365.8,"endTime":2369.01,"body":"deep dive episodes, each of our"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2365.8,"endTime":2369.01,"body":"full interviews with Dr."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2369.01,"endTime":2372.1,"body":"Susannah Schneier, and our"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2369.01,"endTime":2372.1,"body":"interview with Dr. Rob Hubert,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2372.73,"endTime":2375.9700000000003,"body":"if you're interested in learning"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2372.73,"endTime":2375.9700000000003,"body":"a bit more about Dr. Susan Myers"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2376.0,"endTime":2379.69,"body":"work. Take a look at the Ihe"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2376.0,"endTime":2379.69,"body":"Delft Institute for water"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2379.69,"endTime":2387.28,"body":"Education website at U N dash i"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2379.69,"endTime":2387.28,"body":"h e dot o RG and for the water"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2387.28,"endTime":2390.7000000000003,"body":"Peace and Security Partnership"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2387.28,"endTime":2390.7000000000003,"body":"website, you can find them at"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2390.73,"endTime":2395.32,"body":"water peace security dot o RG,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2390.73,"endTime":2395.32,"body":"definitely check them out."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2395.59,"endTime":2398.53,"body":"There's a really, really cool"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2395.59,"endTime":2398.53,"body":"understand portion where you can"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2398.53,"endTime":2402.13,"body":"actually take an online course"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2398.53,"endTime":2402.13,"body":"where Suzanna will actually take"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2402.13,"endTime":2406.57,"body":"you through water peace and"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2402.13,"endTime":2406.57,"body":"security, how it works, and just"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2406.7200000000003,"endTime":2410.17,"body":"a much more deeper dive than"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2406.7200000000003,"endTime":2410.17,"body":"this podcast episode. So highly,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2410.2000000000003,"endTime":2414.4,"body":"highly recommend. For more"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2410.2000000000003,"endTime":2414.4,"body":"information on Dr. Rob, I'll"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2414.4,"endTime":2417.04,"body":"post some of the links to some"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2414.4,"endTime":2417.04,"body":"of his research down in the show"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2417.04,"endTime":2420.28,"body":"notes. Also there'll be links to"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2417.04,"endTime":2420.28,"body":"Arctic net as well, there'll be"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2420.28,"endTime":2423.07,"body":"links to the North America and"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2420.28,"endTime":2423.07,"body":"Arctic Defense and Security"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2423.07,"endTime":2426.55,"body":"Network website as well. Very"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2423.07,"endTime":2426.55,"body":"good resources to be able to"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2426.55,"endTime":2431.4100000000003,"body":"learn more about these issues."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2426.55,"endTime":2431.4100000000003,"body":"I'm the host and producer David"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2431.4100000000003,"endTime":2433.54,"body":"Evans. And I just like to thank"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2431.4100000000003,"endTime":2433.54,"body":"the rest of the team,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2433.54,"endTime":2437.2000000000003,"body":"specifically Paul Polman, Lee"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2433.54,"endTime":2437.2000000000003,"body":"Burton, and the rest of the"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2437.2000000000003,"endTime":2440.9500000000003,"body":"aquatic biosphere board. Thanks"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2437.2000000000003,"endTime":2440.9500000000003,"body":"for all of your help. And to"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2440.9500000000003,"endTime":2444.07,"body":"learn more about the aquatic"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2440.9500000000003,"endTime":2444.07,"body":"biosphere project and what we're"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2444.07,"endTime":2447.01,"body":"doing right here in Alberta"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2444.07,"endTime":2447.01,"body":"telling the story of water, you"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2447.01,"endTime":2451.51,"body":"can check us out at aquatic"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2447.01,"endTime":2451.51,"body":"biosphere.ca. And we also have"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2451.51,"endTime":2456.2200000000003,"body":"launched our new media company,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2451.51,"endTime":2456.2200000000003,"body":"ABN aquatic biosphere network,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2456.37,"endTime":2460.7200000000003,"body":"which you can find that the"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2456.37,"endTime":2460.7200000000003,"body":"public place dot online and"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2460.7200000000003,"endTime":2463.84,"body":"search for the aquatic biosphere"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2460.7200000000003,"endTime":2463.84,"body":"network channel, where we will"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2463.84,"endTime":2467.11,"body":"actually be posting all of the"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2463.84,"endTime":2467.11,"body":"video episodes that we're going"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2467.11,"endTime":2470.53,"body":"to be creating this year. So"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2467.11,"endTime":2470.53,"body":"tune in, they will be out for"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2470.53,"endTime":2473.9500000000003,"body":"the next little while, but very"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2470.53,"endTime":2473.9500000000003,"body":"excited to start sharing video"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2473.9500000000003,"endTime":2476.77,"body":"content as well as our"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2473.9500000000003,"endTime":2476.77,"body":"interviews. Next week, we'll be"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2476.77,"endTime":2479.29,"body":"releasing our deep dive"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2476.77,"endTime":2479.29,"body":"interview with Dr. Rob So you"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2479.32,"endTime":2482.02,"body":"won't want to miss it. Make sure"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2479.32,"endTime":2482.02,"body":"you're subscribed. You get to"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2482.02,"endTime":2484.9300000000003,"body":"hear even more about Russia. The"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2482.02,"endTime":2484.9300000000003,"body":"fishing that's going to be"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2484.9300000000003,"endTime":2489.01,"body":"happening at the North Pole,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2484.9300000000003,"endTime":2489.01,"body":"China going to the Arctic, all"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2489.01,"endTime":2492.82,"body":"of these crazy situations is a"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2489.01,"endTime":2492.82,"body":"wild one. Get ready. It's super"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2492.82,"endTime":2495.9700000000003,"body":"fun. If you have any questions"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2492.82,"endTime":2495.9700000000003,"body":"or comments about the show, we'd"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2495.9700000000003,"endTime":2499.81,"body":"love to hear them. Email us at"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2495.9700000000003,"endTime":2499.81,"body":"conservation at aquatic"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2499.81,"endTime":2504.28,"body":"biosphere.org. Please don't"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2499.81,"endTime":2504.28,"body":"forget to like, share, and"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2504.28,"endTime":2508.27,"body":"subscribe. Leave us a review. It"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2504.28,"endTime":2508.27,"body":"really helps us out. Thanks and"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2508.27,"endTime":2509.4700000000003,"body":"it's been a splash"}]}