{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":25.439999999999998,"endTime":28.14,"body":"Welcome to today's"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":25.439999999999998,"endTime":28.14,"body":"deep dive episode, where we're"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":28.14,"endTime":31.56,"body":"talking all about oil spills."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":28.14,"endTime":31.56,"body":"How you clean them up? What even"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":31.56,"endTime":35.07,"body":"happens? What are the steps? Dr."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":31.56,"endTime":35.07,"body":"Nancy Kinder will take us"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":35.07,"endTime":38.94,"body":"through all of them. Dr. Nancy"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":35.07,"endTime":38.94,"body":"Kinder has been around and able"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":38.94,"endTime":42.12,"body":"to talk to all of the major oil"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":38.94,"endTime":42.12,"body":"spills off the coast of the"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":42.12,"endTime":44.97,"body":"United States that you can"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":42.12,"endTime":44.97,"body":"probably name. Now I have to"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":44.97,"endTime":47.76,"body":"apologize because partway"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":44.97,"endTime":47.76,"body":"through our call, the call"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":47.76,"endTime":50.82,"body":"dropped and we had to change"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":47.76,"endTime":50.82,"body":"mediums and the audio quality"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":51.0,"endTime":54.239999999999995,"body":"kind of went kaput, but you can"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":51.0,"endTime":54.239999999999995,"body":"still hear everything. And it's"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":54.239999999999995,"endTime":57.36,"body":"definitely worth a listen"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":54.239999999999995,"endTime":57.36,"body":"because Dr. Kynar knows a heck"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":57.36,"endTime":60.959999999999994,"body":"of a lot about oil spills. And"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":57.36,"endTime":60.959999999999994,"body":"it's absolutely fascinating. So"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":60.959999999999994,"endTime":64.23,"body":"sit back relax and get ready to"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":60.959999999999994,"endTime":64.23,"body":"learn a little bit more about"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":64.26,"endTime":66.42,"body":"oil spill 101 with Dr. Nancy"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":73.139,"endTime":96.809,"body":"Fox, sir Barney, G. nippy for me"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":73.139,"endTime":96.809,"body":"to know, in zero marry a cheap,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":97.199,"endTime":108.479,"body":"Chinese way. Why net? Water we"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":97.199,"endTime":108.479,"body":"doing? And how can we do better?"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":110.369,"endTime":114.59899999999999,"body":"Your one stop shop for"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":110.369,"endTime":114.59899999999999,"body":"everything water related from"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":114.59899999999999,"endTime":119.219,"body":"discussing water its use and the"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":114.59899999999999,"endTime":119.219,"body":"organisms that depend on it for"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":119.279,"endTime":124.04899999999999,"body":"all the global issues that you"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":119.279,"endTime":124.04899999999999,"body":"really never knew all had to do"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":124.079,"endTime":127.949,"body":"with water. I'm your host, David"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":124.079,"endTime":127.949,"body":"Evans from the aquatic biosphere"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":127.949,"endTime":131.639,"body":"project. And I just want to ask"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":127.949,"endTime":131.639,"body":"you something. What are we"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":131.639,"endTime":134.489,"body":"doing? How can we do better?"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":144.69,"endTime":148.01999999999998,"body":"Hi, and welcome to another deep"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":144.69,"endTime":148.01999999999998,"body":"dive episode of the what are we"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":148.01999999999998,"endTime":152.46,"body":"doing podcast? So today we're"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":148.01999999999998,"endTime":152.46,"body":"speaking with Dr. Nancy Kynar."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":152.51999999999998,"endTime":157.47,"body":"All about oil spills and oil and"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":152.51999999999998,"endTime":157.47,"body":"oil exploration. You name it, as"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":157.47,"endTime":161.04,"body":"Dr. Nancy knows about it. So do"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":157.47,"endTime":161.04,"body":"you mind just giving yourself a"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":161.04,"endTime":163.71,"body":"bit of an introduction and"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":161.04,"endTime":163.71,"body":"telling us a little bit about"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":163.71,"endTime":164.25,"body":"what you do?"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":164.43,"endTime":166.71,"body":"Okay,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":164.43,"endTime":166.71,"body":"well, thanks so much for having"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":166.71,"endTime":170.67,"body":"me on. So I work at the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":166.71,"endTime":170.67,"body":"University of New Hampshire."},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":170.91,"endTime":176.01,"body":"Specifically, I am the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":170.91,"endTime":176.01,"body":"University of New Hampshire,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":176.01,"endTime":180.42,"body":"director of the coastal response"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":176.01,"endTime":180.42,"body":"Research Center. And I say the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":180.42,"endTime":183.75,"body":"University of New Hampshire"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":180.42,"endTime":183.75,"body":"director because there's also a"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":183.75,"endTime":186.99,"body":"director from the National"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":183.75,"endTime":186.99,"body":"Oceanic and Atmospheric"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":186.99,"endTime":191.49,"body":"Administration, which in the US"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":186.99,"endTime":191.49,"body":"is the agency that really"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":191.49,"endTime":196.2,"body":"oversees the science of the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":191.49,"endTime":196.2,"body":"oceans and our large water"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":196.2,"endTime":201.69,"body":"bodies. So that includes not"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":196.2,"endTime":201.69,"body":"only the Arctic, and all of the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":201.69,"endTime":207.42,"body":"Bering Sea, etc. Gulf of Alaska"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":201.69,"endTime":207.42,"body":"all the way down the west coast,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":207.57,"endTime":211.17,"body":"the Gulf of Mexico all the way"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":207.57,"endTime":211.17,"body":"up the east coast. But it also"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":211.2,"endTime":216.18,"body":"importantly, includes the Great"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":211.2,"endTime":216.18,"body":"Lakes, where we share a common"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":216.18,"endTime":219.54,"body":"boundary with our Canadian"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":216.18,"endTime":219.54,"body":"neighbors. And obviously, we do"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":219.54,"endTime":223.65,"body":"that also in in Alaska. And we"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":219.54,"endTime":223.65,"body":"do that on the West Coast. And"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":223.65,"endTime":227.88,"body":"we do that on the east coast."},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":223.65,"endTime":227.88,"body":"But a lot of times people don't"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":227.91,"endTime":233.16,"body":"think about that particular area"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":227.91,"endTime":233.16,"body":"of the Great Lakes as being"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":233.16,"endTime":237.42,"body":"under the purview of NOAA, but"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":233.16,"endTime":237.42,"body":"it is. And so our center was"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":237.42,"endTime":242.7,"body":"created back in 2004, to be a"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":237.42,"endTime":242.7,"body":"partner with Noah's office of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":242.7,"endTime":247.76999999999998,"body":"response and restoration. And"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":242.7,"endTime":247.76999999999998,"body":"that office within NOAA is"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":247.79999999999998,"endTime":252.54,"body":"charged with helping in"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":247.79999999999998,"endTime":252.54,"body":"disasters of particularly"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":252.54,"endTime":255.99,"body":"disasters that affect coasts"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":252.54,"endTime":255.99,"body":"that affect the ocean that"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":255.99,"endTime":261.42,"body":"affect the Great Lakes. And the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":255.99,"endTime":261.42,"body":"disasters might be oil spills,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":261.42,"endTime":265.77,"body":"they might be chemical spills."},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":261.42,"endTime":265.77,"body":"They might be things that result"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":265.8,"endTime":270.18,"body":"like sunken and displaced"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":265.8,"endTime":270.18,"body":"vessels that could occur during"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":270.18,"endTime":274.44,"body":"a hurricane or something like"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":270.18,"endTime":274.44,"body":"that. There's a whole range of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":274.44,"endTime":277.8,"body":"things that the Office of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":274.44,"endTime":277.8,"body":"response and restoration works"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":277.8,"endTime":282.96,"body":"on. And they they not only work"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":277.8,"endTime":282.96,"body":"during the response, for"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":282.96,"endTime":286.14,"body":"example, in an oil spill,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":282.96,"endTime":286.14,"body":"they're predicting where that"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":286.17,"endTime":289.14,"body":"oil is going to go where it's"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":286.17,"endTime":289.14,"body":"going to hit, what natural"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":289.14,"endTime":293.49,"body":"resources that might impact"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":289.14,"endTime":293.49,"body":"what's its fate, but they also"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":293.49,"endTime":298.71,"body":"look at in the United States,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":293.49,"endTime":298.71,"body":"there's a very specific set of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":298.71,"endTime":303.6,"body":"language in the law that"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":298.71,"endTime":303.6,"body":"requires that if some kind of a"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":303.6,"endTime":314.19,"body":"spill occurs, that the spiller"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":303.6,"endTime":314.19,"body":"is liable for the damages. And"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":314.19,"endTime":320.28,"body":"in this particular case, they"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":314.19,"endTime":320.28,"body":"have to actually Return the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":320.28,"endTime":325.32,"body":"environment to where it was, but"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":320.28,"endTime":325.32,"body":"for the spill, and that's the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":325.35,"endTime":331.11,"body":"actual language but for the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":325.35,"endTime":331.11,"body":"spill, so that means that the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":331.32,"endTime":334.77,"body":"damage has to be assessed, which"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":331.32,"endTime":334.77,"body":"the office of response and"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":334.77,"endTime":342.3,"body":"restoration does. And that there"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":334.77,"endTime":342.3,"body":"has to be a restoration plan an"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":342.33,"endTime":348.9,"body":"activation to actually get back"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":342.33,"endTime":348.9,"body":"to where you were. And you might"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":348.9,"endTime":354.48,"body":"say, well, you know, if animals"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":348.9,"endTime":354.48,"body":"get killed off, or damaged, what"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":354.48,"endTime":357.69,"body":"are you going to do? You can't"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":354.48,"endTime":357.69,"body":"bring them back? And the answer"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":357.69,"endTime":363.18,"body":"is that restoration might, for"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":357.69,"endTime":363.18,"body":"example, let's say there were"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":363.18,"endTime":368.34,"body":"certain species of fish or"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":363.18,"endTime":368.34,"body":"certain species of birds or"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":368.34,"endTime":372.57,"body":"something like that, that get"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":368.34,"endTime":372.57,"body":"killed off, well, you want to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":372.6,"endTime":378.0,"body":"restore habitat, so that they"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":372.6,"endTime":378.0,"body":"can reproduce more effectively."},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":378.51,"endTime":381.63,"body":"And maybe you create new"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":378.51,"endTime":381.63,"body":"habitat, maybe you restore"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":381.63,"endTime":387.15,"body":"existing habitat, the same thing"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":381.63,"endTime":387.15,"body":"occurs with human resources. So"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":387.3,"endTime":391.74,"body":"let's say people go to a beach,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":387.3,"endTime":391.74,"body":"and there's some kind of an"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":391.74,"endTime":395.04,"body":"event, that means they can't go"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":391.74,"endTime":395.04,"body":"to that beach, the beach gets"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":395.04,"endTime":399.84,"body":"closed, then based on this law,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":395.04,"endTime":399.84,"body":"which is in the Oil Pollution"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":399.84,"endTime":406.98,"body":"Act of 1990, the damages are"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":399.84,"endTime":406.98,"body":"assessed how much compensation"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":406.98,"endTime":410.73,"body":"needs to go to the public. Now,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":406.98,"endTime":410.73,"body":"it's not paying individual"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":410.73,"endTime":414.42,"body":"fishermen or individual shop"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":410.73,"endTime":414.42,"body":"owners or something like that."},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":414.87,"endTime":419.1,"body":"It's restoring and making the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":414.87,"endTime":419.1,"body":"public whole, as well as the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":419.1,"endTime":423.65999999999997,"body":"natural resources. So maybe"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":419.1,"endTime":423.65999999999997,"body":"they'd build a fish pier, maybe"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":423.65999999999997,"endTime":427.62,"body":"they would build more prisons"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":423.65999999999997,"endTime":427.62,"body":"where people could shower or"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":427.65,"endTime":431.31,"body":"whatever to improve, okay, you"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":427.65,"endTime":431.31,"body":"couldn't go to the beach, but"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":431.31,"endTime":435.36,"body":"now we're going to make going to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":431.31,"endTime":435.36,"body":"the beach better. So that's the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":435.36,"endTime":439.35,"body":"whole part of restoration. Okay."},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":435.36,"endTime":439.35,"body":"And then there's another"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":439.35,"endTime":442.8,"body":"important part of the Office of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":439.35,"endTime":442.8,"body":"response and restoration. And"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":442.8,"endTime":447.78,"body":"that's disaster preparedness."},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":442.8,"endTime":447.78,"body":"How do you prepare for a"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":447.78,"endTime":452.7,"body":"disaster? So and there's always"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":447.78,"endTime":452.7,"body":"going to be damaged? But how do"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":452.7,"endTime":457.95,"body":"you prepare more effectively to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":452.7,"endTime":457.95,"body":"minimize that damage? Okay, so"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":458.07,"endTime":461.01,"body":"we work with the Office of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":458.07,"endTime":461.01,"body":"response and restoration and"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":461.01,"endTime":466.8,"body":"have since 2004. And the reason"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":461.01,"endTime":466.8,"body":"that we're doing it that way"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":466.8,"endTime":470.79,"body":"that it's at UNH, is because we"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":466.8,"endTime":470.79,"body":"have one of the top 10 marine"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":470.79,"endTime":474.93,"body":"science programs in the country"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":470.79,"endTime":474.93,"body":"in the US. And we also have a"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":474.93,"endTime":478.2,"body":"very strong program in"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":474.93,"endTime":478.2,"body":"environmental engineering and"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":478.2,"endTime":483.39,"body":"environmental response. And and"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":478.2,"endTime":483.39,"body":"this is the other important"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":483.39,"endTime":489.36,"body":"factor. We don't have any skin"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":483.39,"endTime":489.36,"body":"in the game, which means we"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":489.36,"endTime":494.34,"body":"don't have any oil, right? We"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":489.36,"endTime":494.34,"body":"don't have any natural gas, we"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":494.34,"endTime":497.88,"body":"don't have any of those things."},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":494.34,"endTime":497.88,"body":"We don't have a big chemical"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":497.88,"endTime":502.08,"body":"industry. So when a spill"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":497.88,"endTime":502.08,"body":"occurs, if someone needs to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":502.08,"endTime":505.68,"body":"stand up and be the kind of the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":502.08,"endTime":505.68,"body":"independent honest broker, we"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":505.68,"endTime":509.88,"body":"can do that, right? Because"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":505.68,"endTime":509.88,"body":"there's no Governor calling the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":509.88,"endTime":513.45,"body":"University in New Hampshire and"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":509.88,"endTime":513.45,"body":"saying, Oh, don't say that. So"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":513.66,"endTime":517.65,"body":"that's very important. I mean,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":513.66,"endTime":517.65,"body":"it seems silly, right? No, but"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":517.71,"endTime":521.52,"body":"you can actually see where it"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":517.71,"endTime":521.52,"body":"might be very, very important."},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":522.57,"endTime":525.96,"body":"And there is a lot, a lot of oil"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":522.57,"endTime":525.96,"body":"shipped in and out of New"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":525.96,"endTime":530.5500000000001,"body":"Hampshire. So that's kind of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":525.96,"endTime":530.5500000000001,"body":"what we're about. And we do a"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":530.5500000000001,"endTime":534.48,"body":"variety of things. I mean, we do"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":530.5500000000001,"endTime":534.48,"body":"some research here with some"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":534.48,"endTime":537.33,"body":"graduate students. We're working"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":534.48,"endTime":537.33,"body":"right now on a project of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":537.36,"endTime":542.4,"body":"movement of oil under ice, and"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":537.36,"endTime":542.4,"body":"some work on oil thickness"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":542.43,"endTime":545.76,"body":"measurements, validating"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":542.43,"endTime":545.76,"body":"different kinds of sensors that"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":545.76,"endTime":551.7,"body":"vendors have. But we also"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":545.76,"endTime":551.7,"body":"oversee research for NOAA. So no"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":551.7,"endTime":556.11,"body":"one might get a project funded"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":551.7,"endTime":556.11,"body":"to look, for instance, at how do"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":556.11,"endTime":563.07,"body":"you sense oil in ice infested"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":556.11,"endTime":563.07,"body":"waters. And we will oversee that"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":563.07,"endTime":568.23,"body":"project, working with NOAA"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":563.07,"endTime":568.23,"body":"scientists to make sure that the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":568.23,"endTime":572.82,"body":"work is done well, that the work"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":568.23,"endTime":572.82,"body":"is scientifically sound that"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":572.82,"endTime":576.81,"body":"it's done on time and on budget,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":572.82,"endTime":576.81,"body":"and kind of coordinating that."},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":578.01,"endTime":582.21,"body":"Another thing we do is a lot of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":578.01,"endTime":582.21,"body":"workshops. So since since that"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":582.21,"endTime":587.85,"body":"period of time, in 2004. We've"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":582.21,"endTime":587.85,"body":"done about 80 Plus workshops on"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":587.85,"endTime":592.47,"body":"a variety of topics, really"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":587.85,"endTime":592.47,"body":"looking for the most part at"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":593.16,"endTime":597.3,"body":"what are the research gaps? How"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":593.16,"endTime":597.3,"body":"can we do things better? How can"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":597.3,"endTime":601.08,"body":"we get people working together"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":597.3,"endTime":601.08,"body":"and facilitating those meetings"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":601.08,"endTime":604.74,"body":"and one of the things that we"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":601.08,"endTime":604.74,"body":"try to do is, again, we're the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":604.74,"endTime":607.41,"body":"independent honest broker, we"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":604.74,"endTime":607.41,"body":"don't have a lot of skin in the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":607.41,"endTime":611.07,"body":"game. And we also have the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":607.41,"endTime":611.07,"body":"scientific chops to be able to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":611.07,"endTime":615.24,"body":"say, Wait a second, that's a"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":611.07,"endTime":615.24,"body":"little bit of BS there, right?"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":615.24,"endTime":619.11,"body":"Yeah. When somebody gets going,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":615.24,"endTime":619.11,"body":"we can say boo. Whereas a lot of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":619.11,"endTime":624.6,"body":"fun meditators are not kind of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":619.11,"endTime":624.6,"body":"experts in the field, right? But"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":624.6,"endTime":627.36,"body":"then if you get asked experts in"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":624.6,"endTime":627.36,"body":"the field, lots of times they're"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":627.39,"endTime":631.71,"body":"vying for resources and"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":627.39,"endTime":631.71,"body":"research, etc, which we're not"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":631.71,"endTime":635.25,"body":"really, really doing. So and"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":631.71,"endTime":635.25,"body":"then we, of course, have"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":635.25,"endTime":639.78,"body":"students that we train that can"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":635.25,"endTime":639.78,"body":"go into the field. And we try to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":639.78,"endTime":644.97,"body":"act as a hub for various"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":639.78,"endTime":644.97,"body":"agencies, both nationally and"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":644.97,"endTime":648.42,"body":"internationally to tackle some"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":644.97,"endTime":648.42,"body":"of these problems. So those are"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":648.42,"endTime":650.22,"body":"some of the things that we do."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":650.4,"endTime":652.26,"body":"Just a couple of"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":650.4,"endTime":652.26,"body":"things. Just a couple of things."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":652.26,"endTime":655.41,"body":"Yeah, but it's fun. It's a lot"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":652.26,"endTime":655.41,"body":"of fun. Yeah, that seems super"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":655.41,"endTime":658.08,"body":"interesting. I really respect"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":655.41,"endTime":658.08,"body":"the point that you brought up"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":658.08,"endTime":662.76,"body":"that you really have no skin in"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":658.08,"endTime":662.76,"body":"the game. There is no ulterior"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":662.79,"endTime":666.45,"body":"motives that are being"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":662.79,"endTime":666.45,"body":"influenced on you and your team."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":666.45,"endTime":670.08,"body":"Because, I mean, I'm recording"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":666.45,"endTime":670.08,"body":"this podcast in Edmonton,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":670.08,"endTime":675.24,"body":"Alberta. So we were a big oil"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":670.08,"endTime":675.24,"body":"country up here. So yeah, I"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":675.24,"endTime":676.02,"body":"understand that."},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":676.08,"endTime":677.85,"body":"Just"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":676.08,"endTime":677.85,"body":"to give you an example of how"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":677.85,"endTime":683.07,"body":"important that is, every six"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":677.85,"endTime":683.07,"body":"years, the US, there's a"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":683.25,"endTime":686.97,"body":"government group called the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":683.25,"endTime":686.97,"body":"Interagency Coordinating"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":686.97,"endTime":690.36,"body":"Committee on oil pollution"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":686.97,"endTime":690.36,"body":"research, it's federally"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":690.36,"endTime":693.48,"body":"mandated, and it includes Coast"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":690.36,"endTime":693.48,"body":"Guard, it includes Noah, it"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":693.48,"endTime":697.4399999999999,"body":"includes EPA and includes FEMA,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":693.48,"endTime":697.4399999999999,"body":"it includes everybody you can"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":697.4399999999999,"endTime":702.48,"body":"think of who might be involved."},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":697.4399999999999,"endTime":702.48,"body":"And they are charged with coming"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":702.48,"endTime":708.3,"body":"up with research needs that the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":702.48,"endTime":708.3,"body":"federal government sees for the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":708.3,"endTime":713.55,"body":"next six years. And there's a"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":708.3,"endTime":713.55,"body":"lot of very long process a year"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":713.55,"endTime":719.13,"body":"long process that we go through,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":713.55,"endTime":719.13,"body":"we actually help those federal"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":719.13,"endTime":724.47,"body":"agencies, figure out what the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":719.13,"endTime":724.47,"body":"research needs might be. And one"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":724.47,"endTime":728.46,"body":"of the reasons why we do it is"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":724.47,"endTime":728.46,"body":"because we say we're not going"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":728.46,"endTime":733.29,"body":"to apply for any of these"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":728.46,"endTime":733.29,"body":"research needs. Anybody can"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":733.29,"endTime":737.1,"body":"apply, right? Or, you know,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":733.29,"endTime":737.1,"body":"whatever. But we're not going"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":737.1,"endTime":740.49,"body":"to, we're not going to apply for"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":737.1,"endTime":740.49,"body":"any of them. Now, NOAA may"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":740.49,"endTime":744.6899999999999,"body":"decide to fund the research idea"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":740.49,"endTime":744.6899999999999,"body":"and ask us to help them oversee"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":744.6899999999999,"endTime":747.75,"body":"it. But we don't apply to the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":744.6899999999999,"endTime":747.75,"body":"Bureau of Safety and"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":747.75,"endTime":751.65,"body":"Environmental Enforcement if"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":747.75,"endTime":751.65,"body":"they have an RFP for a grant on"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":751.65,"endTime":756.96,"body":"the topic. So we really try to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":751.65,"endTime":756.96,"body":"stay out of that, and just, you"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":756.96,"endTime":761.88,"body":"know, help delineate help the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":756.96,"endTime":761.88,"body":"government in that particular"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":761.88,"endTime":765.87,"body":"case through surveys and using"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":761.88,"endTime":765.87,"body":"subject matter experts, about"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":765.87,"endTime":769.59,"body":"150 of them, what are their"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":765.87,"endTime":769.59,"body":"needs, and then they kind of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":769.59,"endTime":772.35,"body":"comb through them and figure out"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":769.59,"endTime":772.35,"body":"which ones are priority. So we"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":772.35,"endTime":777.12,"body":"help facilitate that"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":772.35,"endTime":777.12,"body":"conversation. But we try not to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":777.12,"endTime":781.56,"body":"be involved directly in, you"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":777.12,"endTime":781.56,"body":"know, kind of the politics of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":781.56,"endTime":783.33,"body":"it, or competitions."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":785.37,"endTime":788.16,"body":"Right, right. Yeah,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":785.37,"endTime":788.16,"body":"just keeping the level playing"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":788.1899999999999,"endTime":791.43,"body":"field and keeping the guardrails"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":788.1899999999999,"endTime":791.43,"body":"on the conversation to make sure"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":791.43,"endTime":794.76,"body":"that it's being conducted in the"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":791.43,"endTime":794.76,"body":"most efficient way. And yeah,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":794.76,"endTime":798.21,"body":"that's, that's really admirable."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":794.76,"endTime":798.21,"body":"I have so many more questions"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":798.21,"endTime":799.98,"body":"for you. I feel like I could"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":798.21,"endTime":799.98,"body":"talk to you forever now."},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":800.01,"endTime":801.9,"body":"Okay,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":800.01,"endTime":801.9,"body":"okay, go go ahead."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":803.37,"endTime":805.56,"body":"I guess just to"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":803.37,"endTime":805.56,"body":"kind of focus our conversation"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":805.56,"endTime":809.46,"body":"and just give a bit of a an idea"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":805.56,"endTime":809.46,"body":"on, maybe we'll just kind of"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":809.46,"endTime":813.93,"body":"focus on oil spills for now. But"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":809.46,"endTime":813.93,"body":"oil releases, but just to kind"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":813.93,"endTime":817.08,"body":"of give the listeners a little"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":813.93,"endTime":817.08,"body":"bit of an idea. When we talk"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":817.08,"endTime":820.68,"body":"about oil spills, I assume that"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":817.08,"endTime":820.68,"body":"there's human caused oil spills,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":820.68,"endTime":823.56,"body":"and those are the ones that"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":820.68,"endTime":823.56,"body":"capture the imagination of the"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":823.56,"endTime":826.83,"body":"public. And that's what you see"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":823.56,"endTime":826.83,"body":"pictures of, and things like"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":826.83,"endTime":830.1,"body":"that. But I also understand that"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":826.83,"endTime":830.1,"body":"there is natural release of oil"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":830.13,"endTime":833.61,"body":"into the ocean, or into"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":830.13,"endTime":833.61,"body":"freshwater systems. And just"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":833.73,"endTime":837.45,"body":"Could you give us an idea of how"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":833.73,"endTime":837.45,"body":"much is released annually and"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":837.45,"endTime":840.15,"body":"how like a human caused oil"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":837.45,"endTime":840.15,"body":"spill would differ from a"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":840.15,"endTime":841.71,"body":"natural oil leak."},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":842.279,"endTime":844.529,"body":"So"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":842.279,"endTime":844.529,"body":"the amount of oil that's"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":844.529,"endTime":847.559,"body":"released naturally, I mean,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":844.529,"endTime":847.559,"body":"there are lots of different"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":847.559,"endTime":852.359,"body":"estimates. But I think what the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":847.559,"endTime":852.359,"body":"most important thing to get"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":852.359,"endTime":860.969,"body":"across here is that that oil is"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":852.359,"endTime":860.969,"body":"released over large areas, and"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":860.969,"endTime":868.379,"body":"it's released relatively slowly."},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":860.969,"endTime":868.379,"body":"Okay. Now, for example, if you"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":868.379,"endTime":875.099,"body":"go off the coast of California,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":868.379,"endTime":875.099,"body":"okay, you can see around Santa"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":875.099,"endTime":878.999,"body":"Barbara, etc, there are these"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":875.099,"endTime":878.999,"body":"natural now there are oil rigs"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":878.999,"endTime":881.789,"body":"there. I don't mean to say that"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":878.999,"endTime":881.789,"body":"there aren't oil production rigs"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":881.789,"endTime":886.559,"body":"as well. But there have been for"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":881.789,"endTime":886.559,"body":"a long time, naturally occurring"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":886.559,"endTime":890.939,"body":"seeps. Now one can say, have"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":886.559,"endTime":890.939,"body":"those been exacerbated by the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":890.939,"endTime":893.369,"body":"drilling or anything like that."},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":890.939,"endTime":893.369,"body":"That's not what I'm talking"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":893.369,"endTime":896.399,"body":"about. There are natural seeps,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":893.369,"endTime":896.399,"body":"there are natural seeps in the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":896.399,"endTime":901.649,"body":"Gulf of Mexico. And really, what"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":896.399,"endTime":901.649,"body":"we're doing is we're tapping in"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":901.829,"endTime":905.909,"body":"to those reservoirs from which"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":901.829,"endTime":905.909,"body":"the natural seeps are coming."},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":906.449,"endTime":906.959,"body":"Okay."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":908.13,"endTime":909.57,"body":"But it makes a lot"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":908.13,"endTime":909.57,"body":"of sense. Yeah."},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":909.63,"endTime":911.64,"body":"Right."},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":909.63,"endTime":911.64,"body":"So So where you see these"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":911.64,"endTime":915.66,"body":"natural seeps is usually in"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":911.64,"endTime":915.66,"body":"areas where we're drilling. Now"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":915.66,"endTime":918.33,"body":"that doesn't mean all the areas"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":915.66,"endTime":918.33,"body":"because some of them are maybe"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":918.33,"endTime":921.06,"body":"less desirable to drilling,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":918.33,"endTime":921.06,"body":"because it's very deep or"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":921.06,"endTime":926.91,"body":"whatever. But the main point"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":921.06,"endTime":926.91,"body":"here is that when you have those"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":926.91,"endTime":930.6899999999999,"body":"natural seeps, they are"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":926.91,"endTime":930.6899999999999,"body":"periodic. And they are not"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":930.6899999999999,"endTime":935.1,"body":"catastrophic. Okay. Right,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":930.6899999999999,"endTime":935.1,"body":"periodic, but they're not"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":935.1,"endTime":941.34,"body":"catastrophic. So basically, what"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":935.1,"endTime":941.34,"body":"happens is there's the ability"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":941.73,"endTime":948.06,"body":"of the natural environment to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":941.73,"endTime":948.06,"body":"degrade that oil to assimilate"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":948.06,"endTime":954.57,"body":"to handle that oil. Okay. And we"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":948.06,"endTime":954.57,"body":"know, well, and we've known for"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":954.57,"endTime":959.16,"body":"a long time, that there are"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":954.57,"endTime":959.16,"body":"naturally occurring microbes"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":959.1899999999999,"endTime":964.83,"body":"that degrade oil, okay. And they"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":959.1899999999999,"endTime":964.83,"body":"quite likely evolved, because"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":964.83,"endTime":969.36,"body":"there are these natural seeps of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":964.83,"endTime":969.36,"body":"oil. And they make a living off"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":969.36,"endTime":973.56,"body":"of degrading that oil. The"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":969.36,"endTime":973.56,"body":"problem? The prompt, right,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":973.65,"endTime":978.15,"body":"that's, that's the way it is the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":973.65,"endTime":978.15,"body":"product sense. Yeah, the problem"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":978.18,"endTime":983.7,"body":"becomes when we release oil in"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":978.18,"endTime":983.7,"body":"large quantities over short"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":983.7,"endTime":987.3,"body":"periods of time. Now, one could"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":983.7,"endTime":987.3,"body":"argue that the Deepwater Horizon"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":987.3,"endTime":991.68,"body":"in 2010 was not a short period"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":987.3,"endTime":991.68,"body":"of time, 80 some odd days, but"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":991.68,"endTime":997.29,"body":"still, relatively speaking,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":991.68,"endTime":997.29,"body":"these other leaks are over, you"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":997.29,"endTime":1002.39,"body":"know, over a long, long, long"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":997.29,"endTime":1002.39,"body":"periods of time, hundreds 1000s"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1002.39,"endTime":1006.38,"body":"of years, right. And they're"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1002.39,"endTime":1006.38,"body":"slow, and they're periodic,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1006.38,"endTime":1012.14,"body":"right. So if you have a release"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1006.38,"endTime":1012.14,"body":"from a tanker, or from a broken"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1012.14,"endTime":1017.42,"body":"pipeline, something or even a"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1012.14,"endTime":1017.42,"body":"train to railing, it's a"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1017.6,"endTime":1022.64,"body":"catastrophic release a lot of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1017.6,"endTime":1022.64,"body":"oil in a short time in an area,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1022.88,"endTime":1028.3700000000001,"body":"okay. And that's when the damage"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1022.88,"endTime":1028.3700000000001,"body":"can occur. So if you think about"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1028.3700000000001,"endTime":1033.44,"body":"most birds, for example, or"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1028.3700000000001,"endTime":1033.44,"body":"marine mammals or anything like"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1033.44,"endTime":1037.5800000000002,"body":"that, they're not swimming"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1033.44,"endTime":1037.5800000000002,"body":"through plumes of oil, because"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1037.5800000000002,"endTime":1043.13,"body":"the this oil for the most part,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1037.5800000000002,"endTime":1043.13,"body":"is a simulated, it's not, you"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1043.13,"endTime":1048.98,"body":"know, gobs of oil coating the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1043.13,"endTime":1048.98,"body":"surface so that it fouls beaches"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1048.98,"endTime":1053.15,"body":"or something like that fouls,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1048.98,"endTime":1053.15,"body":"nesting areas, fouls marshes."},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1054.92,"endTime":1058.8500000000001,"body":"The catastrophic releases are"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1054.92,"endTime":1058.8500000000001,"body":"where there are the problems."},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1059.2700000000002,"endTime":1064.7600000000002,"body":"And the amount of the release"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1059.2700000000002,"endTime":1064.7600000000002,"body":"can be highly variable. I mean,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1064.7900000000002,"endTime":1069.98,"body":"there are a lot of spills that"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1064.7900000000002,"endTime":1069.98,"body":"are very relatively small, that,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1070.0700000000002,"endTime":1074.15,"body":"you know, may come from a ship"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1070.0700000000002,"endTime":1074.15,"body":"being loaded. And for a very,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1074.15,"endTime":1079.7600000000002,"body":"very short period of time, oil"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1074.15,"endTime":1079.7600000000002,"body":"sprays out, okay, when the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1079.8500000000001,"endTime":1083.39,"body":"transport system is being hooked"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1079.8500000000001,"endTime":1083.39,"body":"up to the shipper from the land,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1083.5700000000002,"endTime":1086.8400000000001,"body":"or vice versa. But it's the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1083.5700000000002,"endTime":1086.8400000000001,"body":"spills where you're talking"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1086.8400000000001,"endTime":1092.3600000000001,"body":"about 1000s of gallons in a"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1086.8400000000001,"endTime":1092.3600000000001,"body":"small area. So for example, and"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1092.3600000000001,"endTime":1095.39,"body":"I'm not trying to say we should"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1092.3600000000001,"endTime":1095.39,"body":"be spilling oil here, I want"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1095.39,"endTime":1101.75,"body":"that to be very clear. If I had"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1095.39,"endTime":1101.75,"body":"a ship offshore that released"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1101.8100000000002,"endTime":1107.8100000000002,"body":"1000 gallons of oil, right, that"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1101.8100000000002,"endTime":1107.8100000000002,"body":"in the middle of the storm, that"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1107.8100000000002,"endTime":1112.13,"body":"oil would be very, very quickly"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1107.8100000000002,"endTime":1112.13,"body":"dispersed in the environment."},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1112.67,"endTime":1119.0300000000002,"body":"Okay, if I take that same ship,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1112.67,"endTime":1119.0300000000002,"body":"and have it release 1000 gallons"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1119.0300000000002,"endTime":1125.48,"body":"of oil in a very small harbor"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1119.0300000000002,"endTime":1125.48,"body":"that's relatively enclosed. Oh,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1125.48,"endTime":1128.1200000000001,"body":"my gosh, it's a totally right."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1128.8700000000001,"endTime":1131.24,"body":"Yeah, that"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1128.8700000000001,"endTime":1131.24,"body":"completely changes the entire"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1131.24,"endTime":1132.65,"body":"scenario. Yeah. Right."},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1132.8600000000001,"endTime":1138.14,"body":"Absolutely."},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1132.8600000000001,"endTime":1138.14,"body":"So that's where it's hard to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1138.14,"endTime":1143.0300000000002,"body":"make broad generalizations. For"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1138.14,"endTime":1143.0300000000002,"body":"example, big tanker spills are"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1143.0600000000002,"endTime":1148.3400000000001,"body":"way down. We have for the most"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1143.0600000000002,"endTime":1148.3400000000001,"body":"part, double hull tankers. Now"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1148.3400000000001,"endTime":1152.8100000000002,"body":"by law, and there are a lot of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1148.3400000000001,"endTime":1152.8100000000002,"body":"systems in place to minimize"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1152.8400000000001,"endTime":1158.45,"body":"accidents. A lot of systems have"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1152.8400000000001,"endTime":1158.45,"body":"been designed. But if you start"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1158.45,"endTime":1163.25,"body":"thinking about, Oh, maybe we're"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1158.45,"endTime":1163.25,"body":"going to bring tankers through"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1163.3400000000001,"endTime":1167.0600000000002,"body":"ice infested waters in the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1163.3400000000001,"endTime":1167.0600000000002,"body":"Arctic. What Oh, that's a"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1167.0600000000002,"endTime":1170.0,"body":"totally different game, right?"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1167.0600000000002,"endTime":1170.0,"body":"Because yeah,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1170.0,"endTime":1171.5900000000001,"body":"that's a totally"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1170.0,"endTime":1171.5900000000001,"body":"different ballgame."},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1171.7700000000002,"endTime":1175.46,"body":"Right?"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1171.7700000000002,"endTime":1175.46,"body":"We have ice, we have the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1175.46,"endTime":1178.73,"body":"symmetry where we don't know"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1175.46,"endTime":1178.73,"body":"what the bottom even looks like."},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1178.7900000000002,"endTime":1184.2800000000002,"body":"It's not been mapped. Okay,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1178.7900000000002,"endTime":1184.2800000000002,"body":"totally. Yeah. So all of a"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1184.2800000000002,"endTime":1189.71,"body":"sudden, could be a very"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1184.2800000000002,"endTime":1189.71,"body":"dangerous situation. And on top"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1189.71,"endTime":1194.96,"body":"of that, for many, many months,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1189.71,"endTime":1194.96,"body":"it's dark, right? And darkness"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1194.99,"endTime":1199.67,"body":"is a big part of the time. So"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1194.99,"endTime":1199.67,"body":"now you want to have a response."},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1199.7,"endTime":1202.73,"body":"It's much harder to respond in"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1199.7,"endTime":1202.73,"body":"the dark than it is in the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1202.73,"endTime":1207.41,"body":"light. And then you start"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1202.73,"endTime":1207.41,"body":"talking about things like it's"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1207.41,"endTime":1211.7600000000002,"body":"stormy up there, and it's cold"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1207.41,"endTime":1211.7600000000002,"body":"up there. Even when it's warm."},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1212.0900000000001,"endTime":1216.5600000000002,"body":"It's cold, you know that you're"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1212.0900000000001,"endTime":1216.5600000000002,"body":"Canadian, right? Yep. Yeah. So,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1216.8300000000002,"endTime":1220.8500000000001,"body":"all of these things and the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1216.8300000000002,"endTime":1220.8500000000001,"body":"other thing that always amazes"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1220.8500000000001,"endTime":1226.1000000000001,"body":"me is people, especially in the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1220.8500000000001,"endTime":1226.1000000000001,"body":"lower 48. I think this may be"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1226.1000000000001,"endTime":1232.5500000000002,"body":"different in Canada, but they"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1226.1000000000001,"endTime":1232.5500000000002,"body":"don't appreciate the vastness of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1232.5500000000002,"endTime":1238.2800000000002,"body":"the area. And right, if you have"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1232.5500000000002,"endTime":1238.2800000000002,"body":"a spill in the Gulf of Mexico,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1238.3700000000001,"endTime":1243.5900000000001,"body":"you've got a lot of resources, a"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1238.3700000000001,"endTime":1243.5900000000001,"body":"lot of people a lot of things"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1243.5900000000001,"endTime":1248.42,"body":"that you can deploy, you take"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1243.5900000000001,"endTime":1248.42,"body":"that same spill, and you put it"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1248.45,"endTime":1254.21,"body":"on the coast of Alaska, or you"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1248.45,"endTime":1254.21,"body":"put it up into my goodness, the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1254.21,"endTime":1259.7900000000002,"body":"Canadian Arctic, and you have"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1254.21,"endTime":1259.7900000000002,"body":"got a way, way, way more"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1259.7900000000002,"endTime":1264.5900000000001,"body":"complicated situation. Because"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1259.7900000000002,"endTime":1264.5900000000001,"body":"it's so vast, and there aren't,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1264.7700000000002,"endTime":1270.14,"body":"you know, you can't just call up"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1264.7700000000002,"endTime":1270.14,"body":"and say, Hey, ship over x. No"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1270.14,"endTime":1274.13,"body":"way. Yeah, I mean, for the US,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1270.14,"endTime":1274.13,"body":"just to give you an idea, the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1274.13,"endTime":1280.3700000000001,"body":"closest major base of support"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1274.13,"endTime":1280.3700000000001,"body":"for the Arctic is on Kodiak"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1280.3700000000001,"endTime":1285.5,"body":"Island, which is a lot of miles"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1280.3700000000001,"endTime":1285.5,"body":"away from the northern coast of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1285.5,"endTime":1291.3200000000002,"body":"Alaska. So it's big, big. Yeah."},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1285.5,"endTime":1291.3200000000002,"body":"Yeah. I mean, obviously, you can"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1291.3200000000002,"endTime":1294.5300000000002,"body":"fly out of Anchorage to but if"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1291.3200000000002,"endTime":1294.5300000000002,"body":"you want, you know, military"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1294.5300000000002,"endTime":1297.3500000000001,"body":"transports Coast Guard support,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1294.5300000000002,"endTime":1297.3500000000001,"body":"that's where it's got to come"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1297.3500000000001,"endTime":1302.5400000000002,"body":"from as Kodiak. So, wow. You"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1297.3500000000001,"endTime":1302.5400000000002,"body":"know, I'm not saying it would be"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1302.8700000000001,"endTime":1307.0400000000002,"body":"the same in Canada, but it's"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1302.8700000000001,"endTime":1307.0400000000002,"body":"similar. You have vast amounts."},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1307.0400000000002,"endTime":1310.43,"body":"I mean, compared to what we"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1307.0400000000002,"endTime":1310.43,"body":"have, you have vast amounts of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1310.43,"endTime":1315.44,"body":"waterway in Canada, where, you"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1310.43,"endTime":1315.44,"body":"know, transport of ships is"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1315.44,"endTime":1316.7,"body":"potentially going to happen."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1317.1490000000001,"endTime":1319.669,"body":"Yeah, with the"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1317.1490000000001,"endTime":1319.669,"body":"opening of the Northwest Passage"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1319.669,"endTime":1324.0790000000002,"body":"and potential of transport up"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1319.669,"endTime":1324.0790000000002,"body":"there. I mean, I also believe"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1324.0790000000002,"endTime":1327.6490000000001,"body":"that most Canadians don't have a"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1324.0790000000002,"endTime":1327.6490000000001,"body":"good understanding of the"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1327.6490000000001,"endTime":1331.3090000000002,"body":"vastness of Canada, or the"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1327.6490000000001,"endTime":1331.3090000000002,"body":"vastness of the Arctic to begin"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1331.3090000000002,"endTime":1334.8790000000001,"body":"with. And I mean, myself, just"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1331.3090000000002,"endTime":1334.8790000000001,"body":"having spent a lot of time in"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1334.8790000000001,"endTime":1338.779,"body":"the back country of Alberta. And"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1334.8790000000001,"endTime":1338.779,"body":"in working in, in remote areas"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1338.779,"endTime":1341.779,"body":"here. I'm, I mean, I've come"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1338.779,"endTime":1341.779,"body":"across pipelines that have had"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1341.779,"endTime":1345.529,"body":"spills, and in the middle of"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1341.779,"endTime":1345.529,"body":"nowhere, and we tried to find a"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1345.529,"endTime":1349.429,"body":"way to report it. It's so much"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1345.529,"endTime":1349.429,"body":"bigger than even I can"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1349.429,"endTime":1353.5690000000002,"body":"appreciate, yes. And just the"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1349.429,"endTime":1353.5690000000002,"body":"remoteness of being able to go"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1353.5690000000002,"endTime":1356.959,"body":"out and respond something like"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1353.5690000000002,"endTime":1356.959,"body":"that. And as you were saying to"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1357.0490000000002,"endTime":1360.709,"body":"just how even an oil spill would"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1357.0490000000002,"endTime":1360.709,"body":"potentially interact with"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1360.709,"endTime":1365.239,"body":"potentially interact with ice."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1360.709,"endTime":1365.239,"body":"Oh, then, of course, we ran into"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1365.239,"endTime":1368.419,"body":"some technical difficulties. So"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1365.239,"endTime":1368.419,"body":"the audio might sound a little"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1368.419,"endTime":1371.8990000000001,"body":"bit different right after this."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1368.419,"endTime":1371.8990000000001,"body":"But you still get the gist of"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1371.8990000000001,"endTime":1375.949,"body":"everything. Oh, I guess getting"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1371.8990000000001,"endTime":1375.949,"body":"back to what we were discussing"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1375.949,"endTime":1379.1290000000001,"body":"before. Yeah, with the opening"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1375.949,"endTime":1379.1290000000001,"body":"of the Northwest Passage, the"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1379.1290000000001,"endTime":1382.1290000000001,"body":"unknown center surrounding"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1379.1290000000001,"endTime":1382.1290000000001,"body":"transport of chemicals are"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1382.1290000000001,"endTime":1386.8990000000001,"body":"transporting oil in an area that"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1382.1290000000001,"endTime":1386.8990000000001,"body":"mostly ice for most of the year,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1386.8990000000001,"endTime":1389.8990000000001,"body":"and you were discussing earlier,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1386.8990000000001,"endTime":1389.8990000000001,"body":"you even brought up that you're"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1389.8990000000001,"endTime":1392.719,"body":"assisting with some projects"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1389.8990000000001,"endTime":1392.719,"body":"that are looking at how to"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1392.719,"endTime":1397.3690000000001,"body":"detect oil under ice. And I"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1392.719,"endTime":1397.3690000000001,"body":"guess where this kind of leads"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1397.3690000000001,"endTime":1400.969,"body":"me to thinking is, what are some"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1397.3690000000001,"endTime":1400.969,"body":"of the ways that we would deal"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1400.969,"endTime":1404.1190000000001,"body":"with an oil spill, regardless of"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1400.969,"endTime":1404.1190000000001,"body":"where it is in the world? And"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1404.1190000000001,"endTime":1407.749,"body":"then are there new technologies"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1404.1190000000001,"endTime":1407.749,"body":"that we're looking at developing"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1407.779,"endTime":1412.279,"body":"specifically for Arctic regions,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1407.779,"endTime":1412.279,"body":"these vast areas that we can't"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1412.279,"endTime":1415.249,"body":"respond quickly? What, what are"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1412.279,"endTime":1415.249,"body":"we currently doing? And what"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1415.249,"endTime":1417.8290000000002,"body":"what does the future look like?"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1415.249,"endTime":1417.8290000000002,"body":"If you could look into your"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1417.8290000000002,"endTime":1420.709,"body":"crystal ball? What would it look"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1417.8290000000002,"endTime":1420.709,"body":"like in the future of oil spill"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1420.709,"endTime":1421.3690000000001,"body":"response?"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1421.909,"endTime":1424.5790000000002,"body":"So"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1421.909,"endTime":1424.5790000000002,"body":"maybe the first thing to start"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1424.5790000000002,"endTime":1430.909,"body":"with is how we do respond now."},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1424.5790000000002,"endTime":1430.909,"body":"Right. And certainly, there have"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1430.909,"endTime":1437.479,"body":"been major major improvements"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1430.909,"endTime":1437.479,"body":"since Deepwater Horizon with"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1437.479,"endTime":1443.2990000000002,"body":"respect to technology to cap"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1437.479,"endTime":1443.2990000000002,"body":"wells that are blowouts and that"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1443.2990000000002,"endTime":1450.3490000000002,"body":"kind of thing. For the most"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1443.2990000000002,"endTime":1450.3490000000002,"body":"part, there are now ways now I'm"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1450.3490000000002,"endTime":1454.3090000000002,"body":"not saying that there can't be"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1450.3490000000002,"endTime":1454.3090000000002,"body":"blowout spills there can. Okay,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1454.3090000000002,"endTime":1457.999,"body":"there's certainly but, you know,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1454.3090000000002,"endTime":1457.999,"body":"one of the bad things that"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1457.999,"endTime":1462.3490000000002,"body":"happened in that spill in the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1457.999,"endTime":1462.3490000000002,"body":"Gulf of Mexico was that that was"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1462.3490000000002,"endTime":1468.199,"body":"very deep water, almost a mile"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1462.3490000000002,"endTime":1468.199,"body":"of water above a hole. And the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1468.199,"endTime":1472.0390000000002,"body":"holes aren't very big, you know,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1468.199,"endTime":1472.0390000000002,"body":"I think we have this idea that"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1472.3990000000001,"endTime":1477.949,"body":"five or 10 feet in diameter,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1472.3990000000001,"endTime":1477.949,"body":"they're not small. And so oil is"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1477.949,"endTime":1483.0490000000002,"body":"coming out. It's hot. It's under"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1477.949,"endTime":1483.0490000000002,"body":"pressure, and it's shooting out"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1483.0490000000002,"endTime":1486.709,"body":"of the hole. Well, it's not so"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1483.0490000000002,"endTime":1486.709,"body":"easy. I mean, in theory, the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1486.709,"endTime":1490.459,"body":"blowout preventer should have"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1486.709,"endTime":1490.459,"body":"shut it down. It didn't. So when"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1490.459,"endTime":1494.5390000000002,"body":"you have that, and there's all"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1490.459,"endTime":1494.5390000000002,"body":"this pipe that's down there that"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1494.6290000000001,"endTime":1498.1390000000001,"body":"fell from the rig because that"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1494.6290000000001,"endTime":1498.1390000000001,"body":"was a rig that was actually"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1498.1390000000001,"endTime":1501.8590000000002,"body":"trying to go from drilling to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1498.1390000000001,"endTime":1501.8590000000002,"body":"get off. The whole solar"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1501.8590000000002,"endTime":1505.0990000000002,"body":"production, rain could come on,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1501.8590000000002,"endTime":1505.0990000000002,"body":"you'll have to be able to cap"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1505.0990000000002,"endTime":1509.689,"body":"it, and we didn't have the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1505.0990000000002,"endTime":1509.689,"body":"technology, literally a billion"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1509.689,"endTime":1515.0590000000002,"body":"dollars have been spent to get"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1509.689,"endTime":1515.0590000000002,"body":"that technology. Okay. Now, does"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1515.0590000000002,"endTime":1519.3490000000002,"body":"that mean that there won't be a"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1515.0590000000002,"endTime":1519.3490000000002,"body":"release? No, but it means that"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1519.3790000000001,"endTime":1524.5390000000002,"body":"Probably it will take us"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1519.3790000000001,"endTime":1524.5390000000002,"body":"considerably less than 86 days"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1524.5390000000002,"endTime":1529.0390000000002,"body":"to get the things shut down. And"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1524.5390000000002,"endTime":1529.0390000000002,"body":"even in Deepwater Horizon, there"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1529.0390000000002,"endTime":1534.8590000000002,"body":"was a quote capping mechanism"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1529.0390000000002,"endTime":1534.8590000000002,"body":"that went on. But now this, they"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1534.8590000000002,"endTime":1538.699,"body":"would be able to shut the well"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1534.8590000000002,"endTime":1538.699,"body":"in more quickly. But again,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1539.2990000000002,"endTime":1542.8690000000001,"body":"that's the Gulf of Mexico, where"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1539.2990000000002,"endTime":1542.8690000000001,"body":"there's a lot of resources,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1542.929,"endTime":1547.009,"body":"right? We're not talking about"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1542.929,"endTime":1547.009,"body":"the Russian Arctic, where they"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1547.009,"endTime":1552.1390000000001,"body":"do that, or, you know, that kind"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1547.009,"endTime":1552.1390000000001,"body":"of thing. But I want to take"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1552.1390000000001,"endTime":1556.0690000000002,"body":"those kinds of spills right now"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1552.1390000000001,"endTime":1556.0690000000002,"body":"off the table, because while"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1556.0690000000002,"endTime":1560.509,"body":"they are very have the potential"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1556.0690000000002,"endTime":1560.509,"body":"to be very catastrophic, they"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1560.509,"endTime":1566.779,"body":"are not as common. Now, pipeline"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1560.509,"endTime":1566.779,"body":"spills, on the other hand, are"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1566.8090000000002,"endTime":1570.439,"body":"more common than blowouts by a"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1566.8090000000002,"endTime":1570.439,"body":"longshot, for instance, the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1570.439,"endTime":1574.8190000000002,"body":"pipeline spills that you've seen"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1570.439,"endTime":1574.8190000000002,"body":"in Canada, there was one in"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1574.8190000000002,"endTime":1578.689,"body":"Kalamazoo, Michigan, that"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1574.8190000000002,"endTime":1578.689,"body":"probably is quite well known to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1578.689,"endTime":1583.219,"body":"folks in Canada, it actually was"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1578.689,"endTime":1583.219,"body":"the line that was was"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1583.219,"endTime":1589.3090000000002,"body":"transporting material from"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1583.219,"endTime":1589.3090000000002,"body":"Canada. And the spill in"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1589.3090000000002,"endTime":1593.3890000000001,"body":"Huntington Beach recently off of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1589.3090000000002,"endTime":1593.3890000000001,"body":"California, those are both"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1593.3890000000001,"endTime":1597.1390000000001,"body":"pipelines spills caused by by"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1593.3890000000001,"endTime":1597.1390000000001,"body":"different for different reasons."},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1597.1390000000001,"endTime":1600.499,"body":"But nonetheless, pipeline"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1597.1390000000001,"endTime":1600.499,"body":"spills. And of course, in a"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1600.499,"endTime":1606.2890000000002,"body":"pipeline spill, you have a lot"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1600.499,"endTime":1606.2890000000002,"body":"of oil that can come out if it's"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1606.2890000000002,"endTime":1613.489,"body":"flowing. But you can shut the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1606.2890000000002,"endTime":1613.489,"body":"pipeline off. Right? And so you"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1613.489,"endTime":1617.779,"body":"can stop the flow. That's the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1613.489,"endTime":1617.779,"body":"difference with a blowout, you"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1617.779,"endTime":1624.3790000000001,"body":"cannot control the flow. Okay."},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1617.779,"endTime":1624.3790000000001,"body":"Now, there's been, and still is"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1624.3790000000001,"endTime":1629.719,"body":"being technology developed to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1624.3790000000001,"endTime":1629.719,"body":"help us sense when you've got a"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1629.749,"endTime":1633.019,"body":"pipeline that's leaking, you"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1629.749,"endTime":1633.019,"body":"look for things like pressure"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1633.019,"endTime":1638.029,"body":"drops, etc. One of the problems"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1633.019,"endTime":1638.029,"body":"sometimes is that people kind of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1638.6290000000001,"endTime":1642.709,"body":"override this detection system"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1638.6290000000001,"endTime":1642.709,"body":"and say, Oh, that couldn't"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1642.709,"endTime":1647.419,"body":"possibly be a leak. So how do"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1642.709,"endTime":1647.419,"body":"you get smart systems that"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1647.419,"endTime":1650.5390000000002,"body":"really can tell you you got to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1647.419,"endTime":1650.5390000000002,"body":"leak and you have to shut down."},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1650.8090000000002,"endTime":1653.929,"body":"But the beauty of a pipeline,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1650.8090000000002,"endTime":1653.929,"body":"though, it can release a lot of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1653.929,"endTime":1658.729,"body":"oil for a short period of time,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1653.929,"endTime":1658.729,"body":"is that it can be turned off."},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1659.449,"endTime":1662.8390000000002,"body":"Now, you still might have a"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1659.449,"endTime":1662.8390000000002,"body":"section of the pipeline that had"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1662.8690000000001,"endTime":1666.529,"body":"oil in it, that's between the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1662.8690000000001,"endTime":1666.529,"body":"shutoff points, but at least you"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1666.529,"endTime":1672.8890000000001,"body":"can shut it off. Right. Um, a"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1666.529,"endTime":1672.8890000000001,"body":"The other thing about let's say,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1672.8890000000001,"endTime":1677.509,"body":"a ship spill, it doesn't have to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1672.8890000000001,"endTime":1677.509,"body":"be a tanker, it could be a ship"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1677.509,"endTime":1683.419,"body":"that that is transporting cargo"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1677.509,"endTime":1683.419,"body":"of some sort, that will release"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1683.419,"endTime":1689.2990000000002,"body":"can potentially release fuel"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1683.419,"endTime":1689.2990000000002,"body":"that it's using to operate to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1689.2990000000002,"endTime":1696.709,"body":"run. But again, you have a"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1689.2990000000002,"endTime":1696.709,"body":"finite amount of oil. Right?"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1696.709,"endTime":1701.689,"body":"It's, it's what that ship had,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1696.709,"endTime":1701.689,"body":"okay. Whereas this blowout"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1701.689,"endTime":1706.5490000000002,"body":"scenario is the reservoir is"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1701.689,"endTime":1706.5490000000002,"body":"maybe not infinite. But from our"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1706.5490000000002,"endTime":1710.239,"body":"standpoint, from the spill, it's"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1706.5490000000002,"endTime":1710.239,"body":"infinite, right? Until you shut"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1710.239,"endTime":1713.929,"body":"it off, it's going to keep"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1710.239,"endTime":1713.929,"body":"flying out of there. Yeah, so."},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1714.8890000000001,"endTime":1719.8090000000002,"body":"So these other types of spills,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1714.8890000000001,"endTime":1719.8090000000002,"body":"the pipeline, the ship, the the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1719.8090000000002,"endTime":1726.1090000000002,"body":"train car. So for example, if"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1719.8090000000002,"endTime":1726.1090000000002,"body":"you have one of these trains"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1726.1090000000002,"endTime":1730.189,"body":"that has a lot of Bakken crude"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1726.1090000000002,"endTime":1730.189,"body":"or a lot of oil sands products,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1731.1490000000001,"endTime":1736.489,"body":"and it's going to the coast, or"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1731.1490000000001,"endTime":1736.489,"body":"moving, you know, material"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1736.489,"endTime":1742.3990000000001,"body":"around from Alberta, let's say,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1736.489,"endTime":1742.3990000000001,"body":"but it has a finite amount of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1742.429,"endTime":1745.909,"body":"oil in each car, a finite amount"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1742.429,"endTime":1745.909,"body":"of material in each car,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1746.179,"endTime":1750.439,"body":"typically, about 28,000 gallons,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1746.179,"endTime":1750.439,"body":"you know, something of that"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1750.439,"endTime":1754.7890000000002,"body":"order. So I'm not saying it's,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1750.439,"endTime":1754.7890000000002,"body":"it's great. I'm just saying when"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1754.7890000000002,"endTime":1757.459,"body":"you have a spill, there's a"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1754.7890000000002,"endTime":1757.459,"body":"finite amount that can come out."},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1757.489,"endTime":1760.759,"body":"And of course, it can be like"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1757.489,"endTime":1760.759,"body":"locked McGinty can create, when"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1760.759,"endTime":1763.6090000000002,"body":"the runaway train, you've got"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1760.759,"endTime":1763.6090000000002,"body":"all these cars crashing, and"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1763.6090000000002,"endTime":1768.8290000000002,"body":"you've got a fireball, it still"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1763.6090000000002,"endTime":1768.8290000000002,"body":"can be a horrific event. But"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1769.159,"endTime":1773.8990000000001,"body":"it's a finite amount. It's only"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1769.159,"endTime":1773.8990000000001,"body":"what's on that train. It's only"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1773.8990000000001,"endTime":1780.169,"body":"what's on the cars that leak,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1773.8990000000001,"endTime":1780.169,"body":"the train cars that leak etc. So"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1781.159,"endTime":1786.1090000000002,"body":"let's say we have a leak. All"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1781.159,"endTime":1786.1090000000002,"body":"right, what happens? Well, of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1786.1090000000002,"endTime":1790.249,"body":"course, there's the notification"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1786.1090000000002,"endTime":1790.249,"body":"system. And as you rightly"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1790.249,"endTime":1794.3590000000002,"body":"pointed out, in some areas, like"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1790.249,"endTime":1794.3590000000002,"body":"along a pipeline, you were"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1794.3590000000002,"endTime":1799.0390000000002,"body":"saying you've come across those"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1794.3590000000002,"endTime":1799.0390000000002,"body":"fields, I mean, you know, those"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1799.0390000000002,"endTime":1804.229,"body":"spills can can occur. And if"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1799.0390000000002,"endTime":1804.229,"body":"they're in a remote area, or in"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1804.229,"endTime":1807.0790000000002,"body":"the middle of some farmer's"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1804.229,"endTime":1807.0790000000002,"body":"field, it might not be"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1807.0790000000002,"endTime":1811.3390000000002,"body":"discovered right away. There can"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1807.0790000000002,"endTime":1811.3390000000002,"body":"be a relatively quick"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1811.459,"endTime":1816.169,"body":"notification, or it can be a"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1811.459,"endTime":1816.169,"body":"relatively slow notification,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1816.3490000000002,"endTime":1820.009,"body":"depending on the remoteness of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1816.3490000000002,"endTime":1820.009,"body":"the site. So Once that"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1820.009,"endTime":1825.6190000000001,"body":"notification occurs, then if"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1820.009,"endTime":1825.6190000000001,"body":"it's a marine spill, the Coast"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1825.6190000000001,"endTime":1829.5490000000002,"body":"Guard is responsible. And I"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1825.6190000000001,"endTime":1829.5490000000002,"body":"believe that's the same in the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1829.5490000000002,"endTime":1833.029,"body":"Canadian Coast Guard. They"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1829.5490000000002,"endTime":1833.029,"body":"oversee the response. And if"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1833.029,"endTime":1838.279,"body":"it's an inland spill, it's"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1833.029,"endTime":1838.279,"body":"overseen in the United States by"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1838.3990000000001,"endTime":1843.2890000000002,"body":"EPA, US EPA. And I don't want to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1838.3990000000001,"endTime":1843.2890000000002,"body":"get talking about Canada because"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1843.2890000000002,"endTime":1844.8190000000002,"body":"I don't know the exact"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1844.97,"endTime":1846.1100000000001,"body":"know. Fair enough."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1844.97,"endTime":1846.1100000000001,"body":"Yeah."},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1847.3700000000001,"endTime":1850.88,"body":"And"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1847.3700000000001,"endTime":1850.88,"body":"so we have a system here where"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1851.0600000000002,"endTime":1855.5,"body":"the Coast Guard then brings in"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1851.0600000000002,"endTime":1855.5,"body":"NOAA, and the office of response"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1855.5,"endTime":1859.73,"body":"and restoration to advise it on"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1855.5,"endTime":1859.73,"body":"the spill. What's the science?"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1859.97,"endTime":1864.98,"body":"Where's this oil gonna go?"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1859.97,"endTime":1864.98,"body":"What's the kind of impact? How"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1865.13,"endTime":1871.19,"body":"then can we have the least bad"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1865.13,"endTime":1871.19,"body":"situation? And that's the key,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1871.25,"endTime":1877.88,"body":"because once you release oil, or"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1871.25,"endTime":1877.88,"body":"any chemical, it's bad. We're"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1877.88,"endTime":1883.0400000000002,"body":"trying to make it the least bad."},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1877.88,"endTime":1883.0400000000002,"body":"I am not aware of any spill that"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1883.0400000000002,"endTime":1885.8600000000001,"body":"has been good. They just"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1887.15,"endTime":1889.91,"body":"Well, other for the"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1887.15,"endTime":1889.91,"body":"other for that, that bacteria"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1889.91,"endTime":1893.48,"body":"that just loves it. And just,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":1889.91,"endTime":1893.48,"body":"that's the only benefit. Yeah,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1893.5100000000002,"endTime":1895.7600000000002,"body":"yeah,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1893.5100000000002,"endTime":1895.7600000000002,"body":"they might like it. And their"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1895.7600000000002,"endTime":1899.69,"body":"populations during deepwater"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1895.7600000000002,"endTime":1899.69,"body":"went way up. And then they died"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1899.69,"endTime":1905.0300000000002,"body":"off, of course, as the oil was"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1899.69,"endTime":1905.0300000000002,"body":"degraded. But, um, yeah, so what"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1905.0300000000002,"endTime":1908.9,"body":"we're trying to do is make it"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1905.0300000000002,"endTime":1908.9,"body":"the least bad. And so what, what"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1908.9,"endTime":1913.7900000000002,"body":"NOAA does is they basically take"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1908.9,"endTime":1913.7900000000002,"body":"and run what's called a"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1913.7900000000002,"endTime":1918.3200000000002,"body":"trajectory model. It's a model"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1913.7900000000002,"endTime":1918.3200000000002,"body":"that says, here's where the oil"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1918.3200000000002,"endTime":1922.2800000000002,"body":"is coming out. And they actually"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1918.3200000000002,"endTime":1922.2800000000002,"body":"track the oil as if it's a lot"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1922.2800000000002,"endTime":1926.21,"body":"of little particles with"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1922.2800000000002,"endTime":1926.21,"body":"behaviors. And so they can have"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1926.21,"endTime":1929.63,"body":"things in there. Like, it's"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1926.21,"endTime":1929.63,"body":"diesel fuel, for instance, or"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1929.63,"endTime":1933.47,"body":"gasoline, you and I both know,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1929.63,"endTime":1933.47,"body":"when you pump gasoline in a car,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1933.47,"endTime":1936.5,"body":"there's a lot of vapors that"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1933.47,"endTime":1936.5,"body":"volatilizes quickly into the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1936.5,"endTime":1941.42,"body":"air. So in their model, it can"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1936.5,"endTime":1941.42,"body":"actually take in the fate and"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1941.42,"endTime":1946.3100000000002,"body":"behavior, characteristics of the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1941.42,"endTime":1946.3100000000002,"body":"oil so they can put in the type"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1946.3100000000002,"endTime":1949.0400000000002,"body":"of oil, they can put in the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1946.3100000000002,"endTime":1949.0400000000002,"body":"amount of oil, they get"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1949.0400000000002,"endTime":1953.0600000000002,"body":"information on, what are the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1949.0400000000002,"endTime":1953.0600000000002,"body":"tides, what are the currents?"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1953.21,"endTime":1957.68,"body":"What are the winds in the area,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1953.21,"endTime":1957.68,"body":"and all of that can come from"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1957.71,"endTime":1960.98,"body":"ocean observing systems that can"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1957.71,"endTime":1960.98,"body":"come from the weather service, a"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1960.98,"endTime":1965.0,"body":"whole bunch of things that give"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1960.98,"endTime":1965.0,"body":"them that information, and help"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1965.1200000000001,"endTime":1968.72,"body":"decide how the waters gonna"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1965.1200000000001,"endTime":1968.72,"body":"move, right? If the oils in the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1968.72,"endTime":1973.25,"body":"water, they also have what are"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1968.72,"endTime":1973.25,"body":"called weathering processes,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1973.25,"endTime":1977.24,"body":"that's the evaporation. And so"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1973.25,"endTime":1977.24,"body":"the oil becomes a little thicker"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1977.24,"endTime":1980.75,"body":"and more viscous, because the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1977.24,"endTime":1980.75,"body":"lighter stuff volatilizes off,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1980.9,"endTime":1984.95,"body":"some of it might go into"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1980.9,"endTime":1984.95,"body":"solution, right? All of these"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1984.95,"endTime":1987.92,"body":"kinds of things. So they"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1984.95,"endTime":1987.92,"body":"actually not only figured out"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1987.92,"endTime":1991.64,"body":"where the spill is going, they"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1987.92,"endTime":1991.64,"body":"figure out how the spill, the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1991.64,"endTime":1996.41,"body":"slick is changing over time. And"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1991.64,"endTime":1996.41,"body":"then when they get that"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1996.41,"endTime":2000.46,"body":"information in at first, they're"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":1996.41,"endTime":2000.46,"body":"going off of a very little"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2000.46,"endTime":2004.3600000000001,"body":"amount of of information, right?"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2000.46,"endTime":2004.3600000000001,"body":"So as spill occurs, you don't"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2004.3600000000001,"endTime":2007.96,"body":"always know how much oil is"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2004.3600000000001,"endTime":2007.96,"body":"going to come out. You don't"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2007.96,"endTime":2012.22,"body":"always know exactly what that"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2007.96,"endTime":2012.22,"body":"oil is, right? So all of those"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2012.22,"endTime":2015.4,"body":"things are kind of up in the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2012.22,"endTime":2015.4,"body":"air. But these modelers are"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2015.4,"endTime":2019.9,"body":"really, really super"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2015.4,"endTime":2019.9,"body":"experienced. And they actually"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2019.93,"endTime":2023.23,"body":"can say, Okay, well, you know,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2019.93,"endTime":2023.23,"body":"what we've heard is that this is"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2023.23,"endTime":2027.5500000000002,"body":"carrying a crude oil. And they"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2023.23,"endTime":2027.5500000000002,"body":"put in those characteristics."},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2027.7,"endTime":2030.3100000000002,"body":"And they say, Okay, how much"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2027.7,"endTime":2030.3100000000002,"body":"could leak out? Well, they"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2030.3100000000002,"endTime":2033.6100000000001,"body":"talked to the people on the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2030.3100000000002,"endTime":2033.6100000000001,"body":"scene. And they say, worst case"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2033.6100000000001,"endTime":2037.18,"body":"scenario is all of the stuff"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2033.6100000000001,"endTime":2037.18,"body":"from a tank have come up with"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2037.18,"endTime":2040.99,"body":"all of the stuff from the from"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2037.18,"endTime":2040.99,"body":"the ship, operating tank comes"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2040.99,"endTime":2044.23,"body":"out, you know, those kinds of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2040.99,"endTime":2044.23,"body":"things. And then they put in the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2044.2600000000002,"endTime":2047.98,"body":"currents and the winds that they"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2044.2600000000002,"endTime":2047.98,"body":"have from, from predicting"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2047.98,"endTime":2051.37,"body":"sources, like the weather"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2047.98,"endTime":2051.37,"body":"service, and then they run the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2051.37,"endTime":2055.72,"body":"model, and they see where it"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2051.37,"endTime":2055.72,"body":"potentially can go, and they put"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2055.72,"endTime":2059.56,"body":"uncertainty bounds on it. So"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2055.72,"endTime":2059.56,"body":"they say, here's where we think"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2059.56,"endTime":2062.74,"body":"it's going to go, but it could"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2059.56,"endTime":2062.74,"body":"go anywhere from here to here."},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2063.16,"endTime":2067.87,"body":"Okay, and here's how long it's"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2063.16,"endTime":2067.87,"body":"going to take. And then there"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2067.87,"endTime":2073.33,"body":"are these maps, that they're"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2067.87,"endTime":2073.33,"body":"called environmental sensitivity"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2073.33,"endTime":2077.8,"body":"indices. And these maps"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2073.33,"endTime":2077.8,"body":"basically show shorelines and"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2077.8,"endTime":2081.85,"body":"other areas, what's their, what"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2077.8,"endTime":2081.85,"body":"lives there and when do they"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2081.85,"endTime":2086.44,"body":"live there? So, we have certain"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2081.85,"endTime":2086.44,"body":"birds nesting their their"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2086.44,"endTime":2091.33,"body":"nesting there from you know, May"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2086.44,"endTime":2091.33,"body":"till till September or something"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2091.33,"endTime":2095.92,"body":"like that. And what are the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2091.33,"endTime":2095.92,"body":"status of of these individuals?"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2095.9500000000003,"endTime":2099.07,"body":"Are they an endangered species?"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2095.9500000000003,"endTime":2099.07,"body":"You know, blah, blah, blah,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2099.07,"endTime":2103.54,"body":"blah, blah. What are the habits"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2099.07,"endTime":2103.54,"body":"they have? If they're going to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2103.54,"endTime":2107.4700000000003,"body":"be eating stuff on the beach?"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2103.54,"endTime":2107.4700000000003,"body":"Could they be eating oil that"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2107.4700000000003,"endTime":2110.5,"body":"comes up on the beach? Or, you"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2107.4700000000003,"endTime":2110.5,"body":"know, one of the other things"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2110.5,"endTime":2114.31,"body":"that's really happened sometimes"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2110.5,"endTime":2114.31,"body":"on an oil spill, is if they're"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2114.31,"endTime":2118.4500000000003,"body":"turtles in the area, and the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2114.31,"endTime":2118.4500000000003,"body":"Turtles have laid eggs, right?"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2118.48,"endTime":2122.62,"body":"Oh my goodness. This. Now there"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2118.48,"endTime":2122.62,"body":"could be a bad situation the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2122.65,"endTime":2125.44,"body":"eggs could get oiled or the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2122.65,"endTime":2125.44,"body":"little baby turtles when they"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2125.44,"endTime":2128.86,"body":"hatch could get oiled. You know,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2125.44,"endTime":2128.86,"body":"all of these kinds of things."},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2129.25,"endTime":2134.59,"body":"And we not only think about what"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2129.25,"endTime":2134.59,"body":"are the legalities, of course,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2134.59,"endTime":2139.6,"body":"we all feel terrible when we"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2134.59,"endTime":2139.6,"body":"see, you know, an oil bird or an"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2139.63,"endTime":2143.8900000000003,"body":"oil, you know, organism and we"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2139.63,"endTime":2143.8900000000003,"body":"go, Oh my gosh, because it's"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2143.92,"endTime":2149.56,"body":"oftentimes dead. But even worse,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2143.92,"endTime":2149.56,"body":"sometimes, is the chronic"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2149.92,"endTime":2155.08,"body":"effects that you know, as a"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2149.92,"endTime":2155.08,"body":"biologist, right. So I'll give"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2155.08,"endTime":2159.4900000000002,"body":"you an example of this. We never"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2155.08,"endTime":2159.4900000000002,"body":"knew, really, until the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2159.4900000000002,"endTime":2166.33,"body":"Deepwater Horizon, there were"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2159.4900000000002,"endTime":2166.33,"body":"some NOAA scientists who were"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2166.4500000000003,"endTime":2170.6800000000003,"body":"monitoring marine mammals. And"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2166.4500000000003,"endTime":2170.6800000000003,"body":"they were monitoring these"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2170.6800000000003,"endTime":2175.1800000000003,"body":"dolphins in a place called"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2170.6800000000003,"endTime":2175.1800000000003,"body":"Barrow tarea Bay. And they"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2175.1800000000003,"endTime":2178.09,"body":"realize there isn't a lot of oil"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2175.1800000000003,"endTime":2178.09,"body":"that came in there. But there's"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2178.09,"endTime":2181.27,"body":"some of oil and the dolphins"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2178.09,"endTime":2181.27,"body":"obviously move around, and that"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2181.27,"endTime":2184.87,"body":"kind of thing. And so they began"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2181.27,"endTime":2184.87,"body":"to do some health assessments."},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2184.9,"endTime":2187.6,"body":"And what they ended up"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2184.9,"endTime":2187.6,"body":"realizing, and there are some"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2187.6,"endTime":2193.4500000000003,"body":"really seminal publications on"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2187.6,"endTime":2193.4500000000003,"body":"this is that these dolphins, and"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2193.51,"endTime":2197.98,"body":"the same applies to whales and"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2193.51,"endTime":2197.98,"body":"some other organisms, but air"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2197.98,"endTime":2202.03,"body":"breathing organisms, they come"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2197.98,"endTime":2202.03,"body":"up under the oil slick, right?"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2202.42,"endTime":2205.57,"body":"That's floating on the water,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2202.42,"endTime":2205.57,"body":"because oil for the most part is"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2205.57,"endTime":2209.92,"body":"some of them can sink, but a lot"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2205.57,"endTime":2209.92,"body":"of it floats. And they come up"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2209.92,"endTime":2214.1800000000003,"body":"underneath it. And there was"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2209.92,"endTime":2214.1800000000003,"body":"this thought that, oh, maybe"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2214.1800000000003,"endTime":2216.58,"body":"they could avoid it. Well,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2214.1800000000003,"endTime":2216.58,"body":"that's not true. They don't"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2216.58,"endTime":2219.7000000000003,"body":"avoid it, they come up"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2216.58,"endTime":2219.7000000000003,"body":"underneath it. And what do you"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2219.7000000000003,"endTime":2222.61,"body":"do? If you're a Marine, now,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2219.7000000000003,"endTime":2222.61,"body":"you've been holding your breath"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2222.61,"endTime":2229.51,"body":"for a long time. All right. And"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2222.61,"endTime":2229.51,"body":"so you release this air that"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2229.51,"endTime":2234.55,"body":"you've been holding, and you"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2229.51,"endTime":2234.55,"body":"make little droplets, right? We"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2234.55,"endTime":2238.3900000000003,"body":"all know, we've seen those"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2234.55,"endTime":2238.3900000000003,"body":"blows, you know, the movies and"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2238.3900000000003,"endTime":2244.54,"body":"such. And so now if there's oil"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2238.3900000000003,"endTime":2244.54,"body":"there, you aerosolized that oil"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2244.54,"endTime":2250.84,"body":"and make it into tiny droplets."},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2244.54,"endTime":2250.84,"body":"Okay. And we now know that the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2250.84,"endTime":2255.4900000000002,"body":"next thing that they do, because"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2250.84,"endTime":2255.4900000000002,"body":"they want clean, fresh oxygen,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2255.4900000000002,"endTime":2260.71,"body":"right, is they breathe in. And"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2255.4900000000002,"endTime":2260.71,"body":"they breathe those oil droplets"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2260.7400000000002,"endTime":2265.63,"body":"in, and they get deep down into"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2260.7400000000002,"endTime":2265.63,"body":"their lungs. And so it doesn't"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2265.63,"endTime":2272.23,"body":"kill them. Right. But it causes"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2265.63,"endTime":2272.23,"body":"long term, chronic damage,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2272.56,"endTime":2277.48,"body":"miscarriages, all sorts of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2272.56,"endTime":2277.48,"body":"things. So the birth rate of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2277.48,"endTime":2282.76,"body":"these dolphins is is much lower"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2277.48,"endTime":2282.76,"body":"post the spill. And there are a"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2282.76,"endTime":2285.07,"body":"lot of reasons for this."},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2282.76,"endTime":2285.07,"body":"There's, there's been an"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2285.07,"endTime":2289.1800000000003,"body":"incredible amount of work done"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2285.07,"endTime":2289.1800000000003,"body":"that actually looks at the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2289.1800000000003,"endTime":2295.96,"body":"similarities of impacts across"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2289.1800000000003,"endTime":2295.96,"body":"fish and birds and marine"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2295.96,"endTime":2300.34,"body":"mammals and humans. There's"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2295.96,"endTime":2300.34,"body":"this, this kind of continuum of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2300.37,"endTime":2305.35,"body":"the ways oil impacts and causes"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2300.37,"endTime":2305.35,"body":"toxicity issues. And we're"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2305.35,"endTime":2309.9700000000003,"body":"talking about chronic impacts,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2305.35,"endTime":2309.9700000000003,"body":"right, so might not kill the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2309.9700000000003,"endTime":2313.63,"body":"organism immediately with an"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2309.9700000000003,"endTime":2313.63,"body":"acute effect. But sometimes"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2313.63,"endTime":2318.58,"body":"those long term impacts can"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2313.63,"endTime":2318.58,"body":"really damage populations,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2319.06,"endTime":2322.6,"body":"impacting the reproductive"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2319.06,"endTime":2322.6,"body":"success, there's been some work"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2322.75,"endTime":2327.55,"body":"done that shows that if some of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2322.75,"endTime":2327.55,"body":"these organisms get exposed to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2327.61,"endTime":2332.1400000000003,"body":"oil, when they're in the larval"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2327.61,"endTime":2332.1400000000003,"body":"stage, or egg stage, they get"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2332.2000000000003,"endTime":2338.08,"body":"kind of a strange heart, their"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2332.2000000000003,"endTime":2338.08,"body":"heart deforms, and they might"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2338.08,"endTime":2342.9700000000003,"body":"grow up. But they can't pump as"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2338.08,"endTime":2342.9700000000003,"body":"fast, right? Their hearts can't"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2342.9700000000003,"endTime":2347.2000000000003,"body":"work as efficiently. So they"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2342.9700000000003,"endTime":2347.2000000000003,"body":"can't swim as fast. So they get"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2347.4100000000003,"endTime":2352.9900000000002,"body":"eaten. Like they become prey."},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2347.4100000000003,"endTime":2352.9900000000002,"body":"Wow. Yeah. So So there are all"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2352.9900000000002,"endTime":2359.4100000000003,"body":"sorts of these impacts that can"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2352.9900000000002,"endTime":2359.4100000000003,"body":"really affect populations, and"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2359.44,"endTime":2364.57,"body":"therefore affect community"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2359.44,"endTime":2364.57,"body":"structure, etc. So these chronic"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2364.57,"endTime":2369.1,"body":"effects can be as bad as"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2364.57,"endTime":2369.1,"body":"anything else. So they want to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2369.1,"endTime":2372.37,"body":"figure out how can we protect"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2369.1,"endTime":2372.37,"body":"these resources?"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2372.4,"endTime":2376.4500000000003,"body":"Where's this oil gonna go?"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2372.4,"endTime":2376.4500000000003,"body":"What's there? And of course,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2376.57,"endTime":2381.2200000000003,"body":"there's always this challenge"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2376.57,"endTime":2381.2200000000003,"body":"of, I've only got so much"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2381.25,"endTime":2385.96,"body":"resources that I can throw at"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2381.25,"endTime":2385.96,"body":"this. Where is the biggest bang"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2385.96,"endTime":2389.83,"body":"for the buck? Where is it most"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2385.96,"endTime":2389.83,"body":"important that I protect? Right?"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2390.61,"endTime":2396.94,"body":"And you will know, okay, I can"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2390.61,"endTime":2396.94,"body":"impact a lot of eggs and larvae,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2397.03,"endTime":2403.57,"body":"right? But if I impact the few"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2397.03,"endTime":2403.57,"body":"endangered adults on the beach,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2403.69,"endTime":2408.67,"body":"oh my goodness, or if I impact"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2403.69,"endTime":2408.67,"body":"some of the reproductive adults,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2408.7000000000003,"endTime":2413.23,"body":"that's a bad scenario, right?"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2408.7000000000003,"endTime":2413.23,"body":"One of the things that's an"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2413.23,"endTime":2419.17,"body":"example here is if you think"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2413.23,"endTime":2419.17,"body":"about corals, okay? Corals are"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2419.17,"endTime":2425.1400000000003,"body":"in Add Shape, if an oil spill"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2419.17,"endTime":2425.1400000000003,"body":"impacts corals. So let me give"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2425.1400000000003,"endTime":2427.33,"body":"you a scenario. This is"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2425.1400000000003,"endTime":2427.33,"body":"something we talked about in a"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2427.33,"endTime":2431.5,"body":"workshop once once, which I"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2427.33,"endTime":2431.5,"body":"found fascinating. And we really"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2431.5,"endTime":2434.98,"body":"hadn't thought about it this"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2431.5,"endTime":2434.98,"body":"way. So we got the coral experts"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2434.98,"endTime":2439.51,"body":"together with the responders,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2434.98,"endTime":2439.51,"body":"okay? So the thought was, well,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2439.51,"endTime":2445.36,"body":"these corals are really"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2439.51,"endTime":2445.36,"body":"sensitive. And so we know that"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2445.36,"endTime":2449.56,"body":"if there's an oil spill on the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2445.36,"endTime":2449.56,"body":"surface, we definitely don't"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2449.56,"endTime":2453.67,"body":"want to have their eggs and"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2449.56,"endTime":2453.67,"body":"their larvae impacted. Because"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2453.67,"endTime":2458.11,"body":"corals are so important. So"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2453.67,"endTime":2458.11,"body":"maybe what we should think about"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2458.11,"endTime":2462.58,"body":"doing is dispersing that oil. If"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2458.11,"endTime":2462.58,"body":"we know that the oil is coming"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2462.58,"endTime":2466.51,"body":"into an area, where there are"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2462.58,"endTime":2466.51,"body":"all these corals and their"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2466.54,"endTime":2471.4,"body":"larvae, etc, might get killed."},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2466.54,"endTime":2471.4,"body":"But it turns out that if you"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2471.4,"endTime":2476.65,"body":"kill an adult coral, that is"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2471.4,"endTime":2476.65,"body":"1000 years old, it takes a hell"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2476.65,"endTime":2481.3900000000003,"body":"of a long time to get back to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2476.65,"endTime":2481.3900000000003,"body":"where it was. Right. Right. If"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2481.3900000000003,"endTime":2485.62,"body":"you kill off a lot of larvae,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2481.3900000000003,"endTime":2485.62,"body":"those adults might reproduce"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2485.62,"endTime":2490.21,"body":"again in six months or two"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2485.62,"endTime":2490.21,"body":"months or whatever, right? So"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2490.21,"endTime":2494.29,"body":"yes, you lose a section of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2490.21,"endTime":2494.29,"body":"organisms. And this is true for"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2494.29,"endTime":2498.25,"body":"many organisms, not saying it's"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2494.29,"endTime":2498.25,"body":"good, but remember, we're"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2498.25,"endTime":2500.26,"body":"interested in the least bad."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2500.4700000000003,"endTime":2502.84,"body":"It's a triage"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2500.4700000000003,"endTime":2502.84,"body":"system, you have to figure out"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2502.9300000000003,"endTime":2507.1600000000003,"body":"what's the priority? And what is"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2502.9300000000003,"endTime":2507.1600000000003,"body":"the organism levels that are the"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2507.46,"endTime":2511.06,"body":"kind of the ecosystem engineers"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2507.46,"endTime":2511.06,"body":"or the keystone species that you"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2511.06,"endTime":2514.6,"body":"need to maintain those"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2511.06,"endTime":2514.6,"body":"ecosystems and, and make sure"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2514.6,"endTime":2515.6800000000003,"body":"that they're still functioning?"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2515.92,"endTime":2518.5,"body":"Yes,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2515.92,"endTime":2518.5,"body":"that's exactly it. That's"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2518.5,"endTime":2522.79,"body":"exactly it, David. So that's"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2518.5,"endTime":2522.79,"body":"what goes into some of these"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2522.79,"endTime":2526.36,"body":"response strategies. And you"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2522.79,"endTime":2526.36,"body":"know, there are ways to clean up"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2526.36,"endTime":2530.35,"body":"the oil, they're skimming it off"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2526.36,"endTime":2530.35,"body":"the surface, and you know, those"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2530.35,"endTime":2532.96,"body":"kinds of things, but you don't"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2530.35,"endTime":2532.96,"body":"usually want it to get on the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2532.96,"endTime":2537.94,"body":"beach or get on there, the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2532.96,"endTime":2537.94,"body":"marshes, etc. And then,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2538.09,"endTime":2541.54,"body":"concurrently, once that spill"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2538.09,"endTime":2541.54,"body":"occurs, the people are out there"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2541.54,"endTime":2546.25,"body":"assessing the damages, what's"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2541.54,"endTime":2546.25,"body":"happened to the organisms, etc,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2546.28,"endTime":2550.9300000000003,"body":"that we talked about earlier?"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2546.28,"endTime":2550.9300000000003,"body":"And thinking right from the get"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2550.9300000000003,"endTime":2555.6400000000003,"body":"go, how are we going to restore"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2550.9300000000003,"endTime":2555.6400000000003,"body":"these environments, these"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2555.6400000000003,"endTime":2561.1600000000003,"body":"organisms, these these human"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2555.6400000000003,"endTime":2561.1600000000003,"body":"resources, etc. So that's kind"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2561.1600000000003,"endTime":2565.7200000000003,"body":"of what happens in a spill and"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2561.1600000000003,"endTime":2565.7200000000003,"body":"the damage assessment part and"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2565.7200000000003,"endTime":2571.03,"body":"the restoration can take years,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2565.7200000000003,"endTime":2571.03,"body":"the response usually is over"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2571.09,"endTime":2576.07,"body":"relatively quickly. But you can"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2571.09,"endTime":2576.07,"body":"see that if you go to an area,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2576.25,"endTime":2583.75,"body":"like the Arctic, or an area"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2576.25,"endTime":2583.75,"body":"that's remote, then you become"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2583.9,"endTime":2587.4700000000003,"body":"much more vulnerable. Because"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2583.9,"endTime":2587.4700000000003,"body":"you don't have the response"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2587.4700000000003,"endTime":2591.9700000000003,"body":"equipment, you don't have the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2587.4700000000003,"endTime":2591.9700000000003,"body":"intel on, what are the winds and"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2591.9700000000003,"endTime":2595.7200000000003,"body":"the currents? Right? If you"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2591.9700000000003,"endTime":2595.7200000000003,"body":"think about the Gulf of Mexico,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2595.7200000000003,"endTime":2601.27,"body":"etc, we have high frequency"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2595.7200000000003,"endTime":2601.27,"body":"radar, we have buoys offshore to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2601.3,"endTime":2605.2000000000003,"body":"give us a lot of information"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2601.3,"endTime":2605.2000000000003,"body":"about what's happening, you go"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2605.2000000000003,"endTime":2608.92,"body":"to the Arctic, there aren't very"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2605.2000000000003,"endTime":2608.92,"body":"many buoys up there, it's very"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2608.92,"endTime":2613.57,"body":"hard to have them. Right. You"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2608.92,"endTime":2613.57,"body":"know, the information is very"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2613.57,"endTime":2619.75,"body":"sparse. And so you're trying to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2613.57,"endTime":2619.75,"body":"make a model. And that's very"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2619.75,"endTime":2623.4700000000003,"body":"hard. And then the other thing"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2619.75,"endTime":2623.4700000000003,"body":"is that we, when the models are"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2623.4700000000003,"endTime":2627.4900000000002,"body":"being made, they're always being"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2623.4700000000003,"endTime":2627.4900000000002,"body":"compared to the reality. Here's"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2627.4900000000002,"endTime":2632.83,"body":"what the model says, Here's what"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2627.4900000000002,"endTime":2632.83,"body":"our intel from satellites or"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2632.83,"endTime":2637.96,"body":"Intel, from drones, etc, is"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2632.83,"endTime":2637.96,"body":"saying, about, or aircraft"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2638.17,"endTime":2641.38,"body":"saying about where the oil is."},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2638.17,"endTime":2641.38,"body":"And if there's a disconnect"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2641.38,"endTime":2645.82,"body":"between them, they reinitialize"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2641.38,"endTime":2645.82,"body":"the model, they tweak the model"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2645.82,"endTime":2650.38,"body":"to say, okay, the model isn't"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2645.82,"endTime":2650.38,"body":"right, let's, let's get the most"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2650.7400000000002,"endTime":2656.1400000000003,"body":"up to date data. And so we can"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2650.7400000000002,"endTime":2656.1400000000003,"body":"read tweak it right. Well, okay,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2656.1400000000003,"endTime":2660.46,"body":"so let's try and do that in the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2656.1400000000003,"endTime":2660.46,"body":"Arctic. Right? Well, you don't"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2660.46,"endTime":2664.33,"body":"just go flying around zooming"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2660.46,"endTime":2664.33,"body":"around with drones. I mean, you"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2664.33,"endTime":2667.6,"body":"can potentially that's one of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2664.33,"endTime":2667.6,"body":"the projects we're looking at,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2667.84,"endTime":2672.55,"body":"on the North Slope this June."},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2667.84,"endTime":2672.55,"body":"But it's not easy. I mean, there"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2672.55,"endTime":2676.1800000000003,"body":"just aren't drones sitting"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2672.55,"endTime":2676.1800000000003,"body":"around. Whereas in the Gulf of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2676.1800000000003,"endTime":2680.53,"body":"Mexico or California or"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2676.1800000000003,"endTime":2680.53,"body":"wherever, there's a lot more"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2681.52,"endTime":2685.63,"body":"possibilities. So it's really"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2681.52,"endTime":2685.63,"body":"and getting people up there and"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2685.63,"endTime":2689.6800000000003,"body":"equipment up there is not easy,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2685.63,"endTime":2689.6800000000003,"body":"either. And the weather isn't"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2689.6800000000003,"endTime":2690.82,"body":"always cooperative."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2691.78,"endTime":2693.73,"body":"So bugs aren't"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2691.78,"endTime":2693.73,"body":"cooperative, that's for sure."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2693.76,"endTime":2694.3,"body":"Yeah."},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2695.26,"endTime":2698.02,"body":"That's"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2695.26,"endTime":2698.02,"body":"right. So yeah, that answers the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2698.02,"endTime":2698.62,"body":"question."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2699.4,"endTime":2702.52,"body":"No, absolutely."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2699.4,"endTime":2702.52,"body":"That completely that that. It's"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2702.52,"endTime":2705.79,"body":"absolutely fascinating. And it"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2702.52,"endTime":2705.79,"body":"got me thinking too, of how can"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2705.79,"endTime":2708.19,"body":"you create a model when you"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2705.79,"endTime":2708.19,"body":"don't even know the depth of the"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2708.19,"endTime":2712.06,"body":"water and how the ocean currents"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2708.19,"endTime":2712.06,"body":"would potentially change with"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2712.06,"endTime":2715.9,"body":"the removal of all the sea ice"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2712.06,"endTime":2715.9,"body":"as we move into the future, and"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2715.9,"endTime":2719.35,"body":"how that can influence wind"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2715.9,"endTime":2719.35,"body":"patterns in climate and yeah,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2719.38,"endTime":2721.96,"body":"It's there's there's so many"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2719.38,"endTime":2721.96,"body":"compounding factors to be"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2721.96,"endTime":2722.38,"body":"considered."},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2722.8,"endTime":2726.6400000000003,"body":"Yeah."},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2722.8,"endTime":2726.6400000000003,"body":"And, you know, there, there are,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2726.7000000000003,"endTime":2731.71,"body":"I'm sure there are within Canada"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2726.7000000000003,"endTime":2731.71,"body":"as well. There are big"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2732.4300000000003,"endTime":2739.63,"body":"hydrodynamic models that are run"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2732.4300000000003,"endTime":2739.63,"body":"by the US Navy, and I'm sure by"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2739.63,"endTime":2746.38,"body":"the Canadian government, and by"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2739.63,"endTime":2746.38,"body":"NOAA, and then there are like,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2746.38,"endTime":2751.6,"body":"if you get into some, some"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2746.38,"endTime":2751.6,"body":"entertainment, right, I'm sure."},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2751.6600000000003,"endTime":2755.65,"body":"For example, in Halifax Harbour,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2751.6600000000003,"endTime":2755.65,"body":"there is a separate hydrodynamic"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2755.65,"endTime":2759.1600000000003,"body":"model that predicts how the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2755.65,"endTime":2759.1600000000003,"body":"water will move back and forth."},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2759.88,"endTime":2764.62,"body":"But when you get up to the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2759.88,"endTime":2764.62,"body":"Arctic, I don't think in Baffin"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2764.62,"endTime":2771.79,"body":"Bay, we have probably right, or"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2764.62,"endTime":2771.79,"body":"the Lincoln sea or whatever. It"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2771.79,"endTime":2777.76,"body":"just is just really difficult."},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2771.79,"endTime":2777.76,"body":"And then you've got the sea ice."},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2778.12,"endTime":2782.77,"body":"And actually, I do know that the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2778.12,"endTime":2782.77,"body":"Canadian government and the US"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2782.77,"endTime":2786.73,"body":"government, and some others have"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2782.77,"endTime":2786.73,"body":"scientists who are all"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2786.73,"endTime":2792.88,"body":"cooperating on a model of sea"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2786.73,"endTime":2792.88,"body":"ice, it's called sea ice. Don't"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2792.88,"endTime":2797.77,"body":"ask me what that stands for. But"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2792.88,"endTime":2797.77,"body":"CIC, we did a project, we've"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2797.77,"endTime":2800.4700000000003,"body":"been doing a project on oil"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2797.77,"endTime":2800.4700000000003,"body":"spill modeling in the Arctic."},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2800.8900000000003,"endTime":2803.65,"body":"And we've been getting sea ice"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2800.8900000000003,"endTime":2803.65,"body":"modelers, together with oil"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2803.65,"endTime":2806.86,"body":"spill modelers to think about"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2803.65,"endTime":2806.86,"body":"how best to do this modeling."},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2807.28,"endTime":2813.58,"body":"And sea ice isn't, is a model"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2807.28,"endTime":2813.58,"body":"that's available, it's open. So"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2813.58,"endTime":2817.96,"body":"scientists from all over, for"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2813.58,"endTime":2817.96,"body":"example, I know that the Met"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2817.96,"endTime":2824.26,"body":"folks in Canada work on CIC II,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2817.96,"endTime":2824.26,"body":"we've worked with some of those,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2824.29,"endTime":2827.98,"body":"those folks, they're excellent."},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2824.29,"endTime":2827.98,"body":"And the people in Environment"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2827.98,"endTime":2832.6600000000003,"body":"Canada also work. There's an"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2827.98,"endTime":2832.6600000000003,"body":"excellent oil spill folks there,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2832.81,"endTime":2836.35,"body":"and also in Department of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2832.81,"endTime":2836.35,"body":"Fisheries and Oceans. So you've"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2836.35,"endTime":2841.6,"body":"got some top people also working"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2836.35,"endTime":2841.6,"body":"on the same projects. And and"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2841.6,"endTime":2844.36,"body":"there's a lot of cooperation"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2841.6,"endTime":2844.36,"body":"between the Canadian government"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2844.36,"endTime":2849.34,"body":"and the US government on some of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2844.36,"endTime":2849.34,"body":"these questions. But this model"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2849.34,"endTime":2855.4300000000003,"body":"of sea ice is, is really a very"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2849.34,"endTime":2855.4300000000003,"body":"powerful model. But again, it"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2855.4300000000003,"endTime":2859.2400000000002,"body":"needs to have information on"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2855.4300000000003,"endTime":2859.2400000000002,"body":"which directions, the currents"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2859.2400000000002,"endTime":2863.35,"body":"are pushing the ice, and, you"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2859.2400000000002,"endTime":2863.35,"body":"know, the thickness of the ice"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2863.35,"endTime":2867.67,"body":"and all of this kind of thing."},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2863.35,"endTime":2867.67,"body":"And it needs to be kind of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2867.67,"endTime":2870.4,"body":"compared just like we talked"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2867.67,"endTime":2870.4,"body":"about the oil spill models to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2870.4,"endTime":2874.7200000000003,"body":"what the reality is. So how do"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2870.4,"endTime":2874.7200000000003,"body":"you get the thickness of the ice"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2874.75,"endTime":2878.35,"body":"of the Arctic? Well, you have to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2874.75,"endTime":2878.35,"body":"use satellites a lot of times"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2878.38,"endTime":2883.3,"body":"and how well do they work? And"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2878.38,"endTime":2883.3,"body":"then the undersurface of the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2883.3,"endTime":2888.34,"body":"ISIS? Whoa, that's not flat."},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2883.3,"endTime":2888.34,"body":"That's all sorts of convolutions"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2888.34,"endTime":2892.09,"body":"under there. But how do you know"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2888.34,"endTime":2892.09,"body":"what that is? We just had a team"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2892.09,"endTime":2896.65,"body":"of people who are talking about"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2892.09,"endTime":2896.65,"body":"that. And really, how do we even"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2897.31,"endTime":2902.38,"body":"kind of make some scientific"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2897.31,"endTime":2902.38,"body":"hypotheses about what it might"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2902.38,"endTime":2905.98,"body":"look like so that we can maybe"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2902.38,"endTime":2905.98,"body":"start to think about how we"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2905.98,"endTime":2910.03,"body":"would model that in the spill."},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2905.98,"endTime":2910.03,"body":"So I keep going back to the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2910.03,"endTime":2913.51,"body":"articles, I think actually,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2910.03,"endTime":2913.51,"body":"probably folks in Canada would"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2913.51,"endTime":2916.4500000000003,"body":"relate to that. And of course,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2913.51,"endTime":2916.4500000000003,"body":"there's a lot of ice on the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2916.4500000000003,"endTime":2921.82,"body":"Great Lakes too. So, you know,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2916.4500000000003,"endTime":2921.82,"body":"in both those cases, so that's"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2921.82,"endTime":2925.75,"body":"freshwater ice. Those are all"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2921.82,"endTime":2925.75,"body":"big questions about how would"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2925.75,"endTime":2929.62,"body":"all that oil move if there was a"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2925.75,"endTime":2929.62,"body":"ship accident on the Great"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2929.62,"endTime":2930.1,"body":"Lakes?"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2931.21,"endTime":2934.03,"body":"Absolutely. And I"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2931.21,"endTime":2934.03,"body":"mean, I think Canadians are"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2934.03,"endTime":2936.82,"body":"interested everywhere. I mean,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2934.03,"endTime":2936.82,"body":"we have a lot of snowbirds that"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2936.82,"endTime":2939.82,"body":"go down. So so the Gulf of"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2936.82,"endTime":2939.82,"body":"Mexico is definitely a concern"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2939.82,"endTime":2940.57,"body":"as well. So"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2940.6,"endTime":2943.78,"body":"yes,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2940.6,"endTime":2943.78,"body":"they sure do go down to Florida"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2943.78,"endTime":2945.67,"body":"and the Gulf here, right? Yeah."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2946.42,"endTime":2948.61,"body":"Well, I realized"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2946.42,"endTime":2948.61,"body":"we've we've gone over our time,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2948.61,"endTime":2951.82,"body":"and I don't want to keep you"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2948.61,"endTime":2951.82,"body":"anymore. But maybe if you could"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2951.82,"endTime":2955.4500000000003,"body":"just one final quick question."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2951.82,"endTime":2955.4500000000003,"body":"If someone listened to this"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2955.4500000000003,"endTime":2958.4500000000003,"body":"podcast, and they may have"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2955.4500000000003,"endTime":2958.4500000000003,"body":"already been concerned about oil"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2958.4500000000003,"endTime":2961.21,"body":"spills, if they want to have"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2958.4500000000003,"endTime":2961.21,"body":"their voice heard, or if they"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2961.21,"endTime":2965.53,"body":"don't know how to get involved"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2961.21,"endTime":2965.53,"body":"in an oil spill response, or"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2965.56,"endTime":2968.59,"body":"being able to change their"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2965.56,"endTime":2968.59,"body":"actions that might improve the"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2968.59,"endTime":2971.71,"body":"outcome of an oil spill, or"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2968.59,"endTime":2971.71,"body":"somewhere to donate, what would"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2971.71,"endTime":2974.2000000000003,"body":"you what would you pass along to"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":2971.71,"endTime":2974.2000000000003,"body":"that individual?"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2974.44,"endTime":2976.78,"body":"I"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2974.44,"endTime":2976.78,"body":"think the biggest thing that any"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2976.78,"endTime":2981.6400000000003,"body":"of us can do right now is to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2976.78,"endTime":2981.6400000000003,"body":"decrease our fossil fuel"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2981.6400000000003,"endTime":2987.4300000000003,"body":"footprint. You know, my"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2981.6400000000003,"endTime":2987.4300000000003,"body":"students, remind me, Hey, you"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2987.4300000000003,"endTime":2991.81,"body":"are commuting from Maine down to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2987.4300000000003,"endTime":2991.81,"body":"New Hampshire. Do you realize"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2991.81,"endTime":2996.94,"body":"how much gasoline you're using?"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2991.81,"endTime":2996.94,"body":"Etc, etc. So I take the train"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2996.94,"endTime":3001.35,"body":"now? Well, it's a little less"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":2996.94,"endTime":3001.35,"body":"convenient, I must say, but it's"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":3001.35,"endTime":3004.98,"body":"got its advantages, and on my"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":3001.35,"endTime":3004.98,"body":"carbon footprint has been"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":3004.98,"endTime":3010.98,"body":"greatly reduced. And I think we"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":3004.98,"endTime":3010.98,"body":"each have to think about how so"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":3010.98,"endTime":3016.8900000000003,"body":"much of what we do uses fossil"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":3010.98,"endTime":3016.8900000000003,"body":"fuels if we get food from remote"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":3016.8900000000003,"endTime":3020.94,"body":"locations, right instead of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":3016.8900000000003,"endTime":3020.94,"body":"using food grown locally. How"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":3020.94,"endTime":3025.23,"body":"does it get there? Fossil fuels?"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":3020.94,"endTime":3025.23,"body":"Right? All of those things if"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":3025.23,"endTime":3030.9900000000002,"body":"you want to decrease over time,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":3025.23,"endTime":3030.9900000000002,"body":"the number of spills, we all"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":3030.9900000000002,"endTime":3034.71,"body":"decreased our fossil fuel usage,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":3030.9900000000002,"endTime":3034.71,"body":"there'd be less fossil fuels"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":3034.71,"endTime":3037.83,"body":"shipped, and therefore, there"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":3034.71,"endTime":3037.83,"body":"will be less this."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":3038.88,"endTime":3040.4100000000003,"body":"Absolute"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":3038.88,"endTime":3040.4100000000003,"body":"Absolutely. I couldn't say it"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":3040.4100000000003,"endTime":3044.37,"body":"better myself. Thank you so much"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":3040.4100000000003,"endTime":3044.37,"body":"for speaking with me. Oh, sorry."},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":3044.6400000000003,"endTime":3047.34,"body":"Thank"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":3044.6400000000003,"endTime":3047.34,"body":"you very much for speaking with"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":3047.34,"endTime":3050.7000000000003,"body":"me, David. It's been a real"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":3047.34,"endTime":3050.7000000000003,"body":"pleasure. Call back anytime,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":3050.7000000000003,"endTime":3053.55,"body":"David. It's been a pleasure."},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":3050.7000000000003,"endTime":3053.55,"body":"You've asked really, really good"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":3053.55,"endTime":3056.25,"body":"questions. And it's been"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":3053.55,"endTime":3056.25,"body":"enjoyable."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":3056.73,"endTime":3058.92,"body":"Wonderful. Thank"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":3056.73,"endTime":3058.92,"body":"you so much. And I'll put links"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":3058.92,"endTime":3062.58,"body":"in the show notes to everything"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":3058.92,"endTime":3062.58,"body":"that we talked about into your"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":3062.79,"endTime":3063.54,"body":"to your group."},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":3063.69,"endTime":3065.67,"body":"Thanks"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":3063.69,"endTime":3065.67,"body":"so much, David. You drink too"},{"speaker":"Dr. Nancy Kinner, Coastal Response Research Center","startTime":3066.0,"endTime":3066.6,"body":"much. Yeah."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":3066.78,"endTime":3067.62,"body":"Bye bye."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":3073.02,"endTime":3075.96,"body":"Thank you so much for tuning"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":3073.02,"endTime":3075.96,"body":"into today's episode all about"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":3076.02,"endTime":3079.77,"body":"oil spill response. Thank you so"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":3076.02,"endTime":3079.77,"body":"much to Dr. Nancy Kinder for"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":3079.77,"endTime":3083.85,"body":"speaking with me was an absolute"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":3079.77,"endTime":3083.85,"body":"blast and she persevered through"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":3084.09,"endTime":3088.02,"body":"audio difficulties. If you want"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":3084.09,"endTime":3088.02,"body":"to learn more about Dr. Nancy"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":3088.02,"endTime":3092.04,"body":"kinders work, and what we're"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":3088.02,"endTime":3092.04,"body":"doing here in Canada as well, in"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":3092.04,"endTime":3095.01,"body":"terms of oil spill response,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":3092.04,"endTime":3095.01,"body":"I'll leave links in the show"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":3095.01,"endTime":3097.77,"body":"notes to all of that. So look"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":3095.01,"endTime":3097.77,"body":"for links to the coastal"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":3097.77,"endTime":3100.71,"body":"response Research Center, Noah's"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":3097.77,"endTime":3100.71,"body":"office of response and"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":3100.71,"endTime":3105.48,"body":"restoration DFO, and Environment"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":3100.71,"endTime":3105.48,"body":"Canada. I'm the host and"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":3105.48,"endTime":3107.9700000000003,"body":"producer David Evans. And I just"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":3105.48,"endTime":3107.9700000000003,"body":"like to thank the rest of the"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":3107.9700000000003,"endTime":3112.02,"body":"team, specifically Paul Polman,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":3107.9700000000003,"endTime":3112.02,"body":"Lee Burton, and the rest of the"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":3112.02,"endTime":3115.77,"body":"aquatic biosphere board. Thanks"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":3112.02,"endTime":3115.77,"body":"for all of your help. And to"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":3115.77,"endTime":3118.86,"body":"learn more about the aquatic"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":3115.77,"endTime":3118.86,"body":"biosphere project and what we're"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":3118.86,"endTime":3121.8,"body":"doing right here in Alberta"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":3118.86,"endTime":3121.8,"body":"telling the story of water, you"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":3121.8,"endTime":3126.33,"body":"can check us out at aquatic"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":3121.8,"endTime":3126.33,"body":"biosphere.ca. And we also have"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":3126.33,"endTime":3131.01,"body":"launched our new media company,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":3126.33,"endTime":3131.01,"body":"ABN quad a biosphere network,"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":3131.19,"endTime":3135.54,"body":"which you can find that the"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":3131.19,"endTime":3135.54,"body":"public place dot online and"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":3135.54,"endTime":3138.6600000000003,"body":"search for the aquatic biosphere"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":3135.54,"endTime":3138.6600000000003,"body":"network channel, where we will"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":3138.6600000000003,"endTime":3141.9300000000003,"body":"actually be posting all of the"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":3138.6600000000003,"endTime":3141.9300000000003,"body":"video episodes that we're going"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":3141.9300000000003,"endTime":3145.35,"body":"to be creating this year. So"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":3141.9300000000003,"endTime":3145.35,"body":"tune in. They will be out for"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":3145.35,"endTime":3148.77,"body":"the next little while but very"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":3145.35,"endTime":3148.77,"body":"excited to start sharing video"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":3148.77,"endTime":3151.9500000000003,"body":"content as well as our"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":3148.77,"endTime":3151.9500000000003,"body":"interviews. If you have any"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":3151.9500000000003,"endTime":3154.9500000000003,"body":"questions or comments about the"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":3151.9500000000003,"endTime":3154.9500000000003,"body":"show, we'd love to hear them."},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":3155.1,"endTime":3160.35,"body":"Email us at conservation at"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":3155.1,"endTime":3160.35,"body":"aquatic biosphere.org. Please"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":3160.35,"endTime":3163.98,"body":"don't forget to like, share and"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":3160.35,"endTime":3163.98,"body":"subscribe. Leave us a review. It"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":3163.98,"endTime":3167.37,"body":"really helps us out. Thanks and"},{"speaker":"David Evans","startTime":3163.98,"endTime":3167.37,"body":"it's been a splash"}]}