00:00 - Introduction 

• “A few years ago I had a call from Brit Hume, he was a reporter for Fox News and he said: ‘I heard that you said that bees, trees, whales, and fish, are more important than people. Did you say that?’ And I said: ‘Yes, I did.’ And he said: ‘how could you say something so outrageous so as to say these things are more important than people?’ And I said: ‘Because they are more important than people for the very simple fact that they can survive without us, we cannot survive without them.’”
• Hitman for the Kindness Club: High Seas Escapades and Heroic Adventures of an Eco-Activist by Pul Watson
• Don’t do a deep dive into what the concept of interference means but how to disrupt the exploitation of animals, highlighting what activists and scholars can do.
• Captain Paul Watson is a marine wildlife conservation and environmental activist. Paul was one of the founding members and directors of Greenpeace. In 1977, he left Greenpeace and founded the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society. He is a renowned speaker, accomplished author, master mariner, and lifelong environmentalist, Captain Watson has been awarded many honors for his dedication to the oceans and to the planet. Among many commendations for his work, he received the Genesis Award for Lifetime Achievement in 1998, was named as one of the Top 20 Environmental Heroes of the 20th Century by Time Magazine in 2000 and was inducted into the U.S. Animal Rights Hall of Fame in Washington D.C. in 2002. He was also awarded the Amazon Peace Prize by the president of Ecuador in 2007. In 2012, Captain Watson became only the second person, after Captain Jacques Cousteau, to be awarded the Jules Verne Award, dedicated to environmentalists and adventurers. In 2022, Captain Paul Watson continues his fight for marine wildlife conservation with the new Captain Paul Watson Foundation – paulwatsonfoundation.org 
• Call dropped unfortunately so the interview ends rather abruptly.

03:50 – Hitman for the Kindness Club

• “You’ve made a career of interfering, of getting in the way” – Claudia
• Opportunity to talk about the other animals who Paul has helped. 
• Ida Flemming set up the Kindness Club, a club to teach children to be kind to animals. When Paul was interfering with the Canadian seal club, Ida said he had become the Hitman for the Kindness Club and that inspired he titled. 
• Swam with a family of beavers when he was ten years old and trappers took them in the winter, this made Paul angry and he started destroying traps.
• Don’t recall ever being scared, in a way it is exciting but he needs to be detached. 

08:10– Aggressive Non-violence 

• You have to be somewhat detached, you can’t let your emotions take over. 
• In 1977, set up a strategy of aggressive-nonviolence, “To aggressively intervene but not cause any injury to the people that you are intervening against.” – Paul
• Has an unblemished record, saved thousands of animals
• Co-founder of Greenpeace in the 1970s, Paul was the first officer on the first voyagers. 
• Increasingly frustrated with Greenpeace only taking pictures and hanging banners. The quaker philosophy is bearing witness and not intervening and that bothered Paul. 
• “Some point morally you have to intervene but at the same time you have to operate within the boundaries of the law and practicality and be as cautious as possible but still be effective. So it’s difficult but it’s the only way to really proceed.” – Paul 

10:09 – Law, Policy, and Lack of Enforcement 

• Using international law and agreements to intervene but this could conflict with national laws. 
• Laws operate at different scales and they come into conflict within each other. 
• We have enough law but not enough enforcement.
• “The fact is, the activities we are opposing are illegal” – Paul
• Use the UN Charter for Nature which says any individual or organisation is empowered to uphold conservation law.
• Intergovernmental organizations often criticized for not having enough teeth and that they lack the necessary policing mechanisms. 
• Just this past year a new ocean protection law has been passed but it means nothing if you have no enforcement.
• The UN has peace keeping forces and the US enforces drug laws in international laws – the means is there but there is a lack of will. 
• We have to get serious about protecting marine life. 

14:45 – What’s happening in the oceans?

• “To be blunt about, the oceans are dying” – Paul 
• “If the oceans die, we die” – Paul 
• Phytoplankton is diminishing because we have killed the species who supplying them with their necessary nutrients. 
• Everyday one blue whale dumps three tons of manure. 
• The ocean sustains us and is an incredible life support system. 
• The best solution to climate change is to leave the oceans alone and abandon these industrialised fishing operations. 
• We need to give the ocean time to respond.
• We are killing the planet’s engineers. 
• “A world without worms, and bees, and trees, and fish, is not a world that we can survive in” – Paul 
• We’ve built up an anthropocentric point of view. We believe everything is for us even though we have only been on this planet for a short period of time. 

18:18 – Ecology and Biocentrism 

• Set up the church of biocentricism. Everything is interdependent. 
• There are three basic laws of ecology: diversity, interdependence, and finite resources. 
• The tension between ecocentrism and animal-centrism.
• In the step of being eco-centric…forget there are individuals and animals who experience these interventions.
• Sometimes an ecocentric model can forget, and use killing, to maintain an ideal of an ideal ecology. 
• We have to live in harmony – in a natural world that is what happens. We have intervened and caused the diminishment of many species. 
• Solutions will come from the laws of ecology
• “To most animals we are simply Nazis” – Paul. 
• Animals seek out interactions including whales and seals. 
• Cruelty free way o collecting seal fur by brushing them. 

23:51 – Fishing: A Destructive Industry 

• “Fishermen tend to get whatever they want” – Paul
• Politicians fear fishermen
• The fishing industry can destroy life on this planet, it is a destructive industry. 
• Sea of Heartbreak: An Extraordinary Account of a Newfoundland Fishing Voyage by Michael J. Dwyer. 
• Super trawlers can pull in 7000 tons of fish on every voyage. 
• For every kilo of anything caught, there are dozens of kilos of by-catch which includes sea-turtles. 
• Massive technology and debt loans to sustain fishing. 
• “The fish have nowhere to go” – Paul
• “There is no sustainable fishing anywhere on the planet today” – Paul
• All commercial fisheries are in a state of collapse. 
• Science is coopted to sustain this destructive industry. 
• Collapse of cod fisheries. 
• Scientists say what the government want them to say.

28:03 – Economics of Extinction

• “I call it the economics of extinction. There is money to be made by driving species into extinction” – Paul. 
• Blue Fin Tuna can sell for $75,000. They have almost been wiped out and continue to be fished despite warehouses being filled with Blue Fin Tuna. 
• Scarcity translates into higher prices and therefore profits. 
• The prices being paid for fish today are incredible. 
• Paul used to eat lobster as a child, lobster used to be called the poor man’s meat
• What a fish knows by Jonathan Balcombe
• There is amazing diversity of fish. 
• Why do you think we struggle to emphasize with ocean life?
• Tend to lump fish together and not recognise their intelligence and diversity. 
• The Orange Roughy fish can live to be 200 years of age. 
• Pollocks used to not be enjoyed but now used for fake crab meat and it is being wiped down. 
• “It all comes down to marketing” – Paul. 

33:20 – Media as a strategy for intervention 

• “We live in a media culture…media defines reality” – Paul
• “We are not as free as we think we are” – Paul
• There are only four elements to media stories – sex, scandal, violence, and celebrity. 
• Use celebrities to help get messages out there. Also give the illusion of violence to get media attention. 
• In 1984 led a campaign to protect wolves in British Columbia and this had all four media elements so it stayed in focus for four days across Canada. 
• Media sometimes framed Paul as an eco-terrorist. 
• “Have some of these elements worked against you over the course of your career? Would you do anything differently?” – Claudia
• “No, I don’t this so” – Paul
• The Bill Mahr show said people are calling me an ecoterrorist and I said I don’t work for Monsanto. 
• You have to use non-violence because then people can’t call you terrorists. 
• You have to understand your opposition. 
• Cameras and media have always been on the expeditions which might help to level the playing field. 

37:45 – Seal Hunt and the Canadian Government 

• Fighting the seal hunt from 1975-2008. 
• None of these fights take place over night. 
• Fighting sealers on the ice and the Canadian government in court. 
• Sometimes you have to say things that piss people off to get your message across. 
• CBC Live interview asked to apologise for sensitive comments about the death of four sealers. 
• Have to use these media opportunities. 
• “The survival of species is much more important than the survival of an individual” – Paul. 
• We think we are individuals but we are actually a collection of things, including viruses and bacteria. 
• Is it a matter of saying one life is equal to one life?
• The seal hunt is a welfare program based on government subsidies. The same is true for fishing. 
• The only market for seals now is selling seal penises to China

45:00 – Factory Farms

• 35% of all fish caught are fed to farmed animals 
• Chickens eat more fish than many wild animals put together.  
• The emergence and spread of many diseases is due to factory farms. 
• The Coming Plague by Laurie Garrett
• Reducing species creates openings for viruses. 
• The common cold comes from horses, small pox comes from cows. 
• Exploitation of animals is one of the main cause for the zoonotic spread of viruses. 
• Science co-opted by industries

48:43 – How can academics to intervene?

• The strength of the movement is in a diversity of approaches and passions. 
• Everyone of us have the ability to change the world. Individuals can make an incredible difference. 
• Imagination, courage, and passion will save the planet. 
• Speak out and say things that people maybe don’t want to hear. 
• You need to use your credibility as a scholar. 
• If you see anyone being abused or about to be killed, intervene
• Aggressive-nonviolence, don’t cause injury. 
• It’s a fine line but if you don’t cross the line, you don’t cross it. 

54:00 – Sperm Whale Story and Quote 

• “If the oceans die, then we die” – Paul 
• This is the planet ocean and that means that water is in constant circulation. 
• “We are the ocean. It is the ocean moving through us” – Paul
• The sperm whale story – Paul Watson and Robert Hunter tried to get in the way of a harpooner.
• Whalers killed a female and then a large male threw himself up at the bow of a Soviet vessel but when the whale fell back he actively tried to avoid hitting Paul and Robert. 
• “I owe my life to that whale” – Paul. 

58:43 – Credits 

• Thank you to Animals in Philosophy, Politics, Law and Ethics (A.P.P.L.E) for sponsoring this podcast; Gordon Clarke (Instagram: @_con_sol_) for the bed music, and Jeremy John for the logo. This episode was edited by Christiaan Mentz and produced by the host Claudia Towne Hirtenfelder.