{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":0.0,"endTime":2.58,"body":"So thanks so much"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":0.0,"endTime":2.58,"body":"for joining me Melissa, can you"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":2.58,"endTime":5.88,"body":"tell us a bit about your"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":2.58,"endTime":5.88,"body":"research areas and how you got"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":5.88,"endTime":7.05,"body":"into this subject?"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":8.82,"endTime":13.77,"body":"Hello. So I'm"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":8.82,"endTime":13.77,"body":"primarily interested in alcohol"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":13.8,"endTime":17.85,"body":"through a kind of public health"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":13.8,"endTime":17.85,"body":"or health psychology lens. And I"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":17.85,"endTime":20.61,"body":"originally started off when I"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":17.85,"endTime":20.61,"body":"was doing my PhD looking at"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":20.61,"endTime":24.69,"body":"appetite and obesity research,"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":20.61,"endTime":24.69,"body":"and I got interested in the"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":24.69,"endTime":27.84,"body":"world of alcohol, because I just"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":24.69,"endTime":27.84,"body":"think it has such an interesting"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":27.84,"endTime":32.28,"body":"place in society. It's so"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":27.84,"endTime":32.28,"body":"ingrained in our way of life in"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":32.28,"endTime":36.54,"body":"terms of marking celebrations or"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":32.28,"endTime":36.54,"body":"events, even kind of to the"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":36.54,"endTime":39.84,"body":"point where you have different"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":36.54,"endTime":39.84,"body":"kinds of beverage that are"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":39.84,"endTime":43.02,"body":"associated with different"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":39.84,"endTime":43.02,"body":"events. So is it a celebration?"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":43.02,"endTime":46.17,"body":"If you don't have Prosecco? Are"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":43.02,"endTime":46.17,"body":"you upset and brooding, if"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":46.17,"endTime":48.96,"body":"you're not drinking whiskey, and"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":46.17,"endTime":48.96,"body":"I just think it's, that's really"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":48.96,"endTime":52.17,"body":"interesting. So I'm very"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":48.96,"endTime":52.17,"body":"interested in helping people who"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":52.17,"endTime":54.87,"body":"want to cut down on their"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":52.17,"endTime":54.87,"body":"drinking cut down. And part of"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":54.87,"endTime":58.59,"body":"the reason for that is because I"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":54.87,"endTime":58.59,"body":"think it's one of the only vices"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":58.59,"endTime":62.61,"body":"really where there's quite so"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":58.59,"endTime":62.61,"body":"many societal cues and peer"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":62.61,"endTime":65.52,"body":"pressure and things like that,"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":62.61,"endTime":65.52,"body":"to carry on engaging in that"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":65.52,"endTime":69.96,"body":"behaviour. So I've got two"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":65.52,"endTime":69.96,"body":"primary research areas. So one,"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":69.96,"endTime":72.45,"body":"like I said, is looking at"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":69.96,"endTime":72.45,"body":"developing behavioural"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":72.45,"endTime":75.39,"body":"interventions to help people who"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":72.45,"endTime":75.39,"body":"want to reduce their alcohol"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":75.39,"endTime":77.37,"body":"consumption. And I'm"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":75.39,"endTime":77.37,"body":"particularly interested in"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":77.37,"endTime":80.16,"body":"looking at targeted"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":77.37,"endTime":80.16,"body":"interventions, so targeted to"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":80.16,"endTime":83.07,"body":"particular contexts in which"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":80.16,"endTime":83.07,"body":"people drink. And then the"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":83.07,"endTime":85.77,"body":"second research interest is in"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":83.07,"endTime":85.77,"body":"examining trends in youth"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":85.77,"endTime":87.81,"body":"drinking, which is more what"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":85.77,"endTime":87.81,"body":"we're going to be talking about"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":86.52,"endTime":88.38,"body":"And in terms of"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":86.52,"endTime":88.38,"body":"when you say targeted"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":87.81,"endTime":88.26,"body":"today."},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":88.38,"endTime":91.2,"body":"interventions, can you give some"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":88.38,"endTime":91.2,"body":"examples, you know, to mean"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":91.2,"endTime":92.67,"body":"things like apps or"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":92.73,"endTime":94.44,"body":"Yeah, so"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":92.73,"endTime":94.44,"body":"Well, there's a couple of"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":94.44,"endTime":96.87,"body":"things. So the one thing that"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":94.44,"endTime":96.87,"body":"I'm working on the moment is"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":96.87,"endTime":100.62,"body":"we're running a trial looking at"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":96.87,"endTime":100.62,"body":"Digital interventions. So we're"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":100.62,"endTime":104.13,"body":"comparing two different digital"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":100.62,"endTime":104.13,"body":"interventions, to see how"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":104.13,"endTime":106.62,"body":"effective they are in helping"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":104.13,"endTime":106.62,"body":"people reduce their alcohol"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":106.62,"endTime":110.1,"body":"consumption. And actually, that"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":106.62,"endTime":110.1,"body":"is ongoing. So if people are"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":110.1,"endTime":112.53,"body":"interested in reducing their"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":110.1,"endTime":112.53,"body":"alcohol consumption, they can"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":112.53,"endTime":116.37,"body":"visit ideas, trial co.uk, to"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":112.53,"endTime":116.37,"body":"learn more about that, and to"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":116.37,"endTime":119.64,"body":"potentially sign up, and then"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":116.37,"endTime":119.64,"body":"there's this other side, which"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":119.64,"endTime":122.22,"body":"I'm increasingly getting"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":119.64,"endTime":122.22,"body":"interested in, which is kind of"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":122.22,"endTime":125.37,"body":"looking at the contextual"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":122.22,"endTime":125.37,"body":"factors of drinking occasions,"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":125.37,"endTime":128.22,"body":"so where people drink who"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":125.37,"endTime":128.22,"body":"they're drinking with, and to"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":128.22,"endTime":132.33,"body":"try and essentially work out"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":128.22,"endTime":132.33,"body":"interventions that work for"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":132.33,"endTime":135.39,"body":"different people and different"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":132.33,"endTime":135.39,"body":"types of drinkers. Absolutely. I"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":135.39,"endTime":138.3,"body":"think that's so important that,"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":135.39,"endTime":138.3,"body":"you know, perhaps one of the"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":138.3,"endTime":142.59,"body":"limitations or big things that,"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":138.3,"endTime":142.59,"body":"you know, holds back things like"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":142.62,"endTime":145.8,"body":"recommended guidelines is that"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":142.62,"endTime":145.8,"body":"they don't take account of the"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":145.8,"endTime":149.37,"body":"huge number of different"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":145.8,"endTime":149.37,"body":"individual differences in in"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":149.37,"endTime":153.33,"body":"terms of the way in which people"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":149.37,"endTime":153.33,"body":"drink their motivations and"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":153.33,"endTime":156.0,"body":"their environmental influences"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":153.33,"endTime":156.0,"body":"on that."},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":156.0,"endTime":158.28,"body":"So that sounds"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":156.0,"endTime":158.28,"body":"really important. And in terms"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":158.28,"endTime":161.85,"body":"of the digital interventions,"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":158.28,"endTime":161.85,"body":"how would you class those"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":161.85,"endTime":164.76,"body":"generally, sort of I mentioned"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":161.85,"endTime":164.76,"body":"apps, but there's also web based"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":164.76,"endTime":165.24,"body":"stuff."},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":166.14,"endTime":167.64,"body":"Yeah, so"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":166.14,"endTime":167.64,"body":"there's lots of kind of"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":167.64,"endTime":170.46,"body":"different support tools out"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":167.64,"endTime":170.46,"body":"there. There's quite a lot of"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":170.49,"endTime":174.06,"body":"websites which offer different"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":170.49,"endTime":174.06,"body":"strategies and tips and hints."},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":174.45,"endTime":177.96,"body":"So there's the NHS website, or"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":174.45,"endTime":177.96,"body":"there's alcohol change UK offer"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":177.96,"endTime":181.29,"body":"some tips on that as well, I"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":177.96,"endTime":181.29,"body":"think the apps are particularly"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":181.29,"endTime":184.71,"body":"helpful in terms of helping"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":181.29,"endTime":184.71,"body":"people track what they are"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":184.71,"endTime":187.83,"body":"drinking them to kind of set"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":184.71,"endTime":187.83,"body":"goals and to monitor progress"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":187.83,"endTime":192.21,"body":"against that, which we know is a"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":187.83,"endTime":192.21,"body":"really useful strategy to help"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":192.21,"endTime":195.6,"body":"people reduce their alcohol"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":192.21,"endTime":195.6,"body":"consumption. So yeah, there are"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":195.63,"endTime":198.54,"body":"lots of different ones. So I"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":195.63,"endTime":198.54,"body":"suppose it's very much people"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":198.54,"endTime":201.09,"body":"thinking about what what they"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":198.54,"endTime":201.09,"body":"want, and selecting one which"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":201.09,"endTime":202.11,"body":"works best for them."},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":202.41,"endTime":204.24,"body":"So you know, we're"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":202.41,"endTime":204.24,"body":"kind of here really to talk"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":204.24,"endTime":208.41,"body":"about what's been happening with"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":204.24,"endTime":208.41,"body":"changes in alcohol consumption"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":208.44,"endTime":212.34,"body":"over the last few decades. So,"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":208.44,"endTime":212.34,"body":"you know, famously, there's been"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":212.37,"endTime":216.9,"body":"significant decline in drinking,"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":212.37,"endTime":216.9,"body":"almost exclusively driven, isn't"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":216.9,"endTime":221.34,"body":"it by younger people. So whilst"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":216.9,"endTime":221.34,"body":"we had a long period of overall"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":221.34,"endTime":226.62,"body":"rising consumption, around 2004,"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":221.34,"endTime":226.62,"body":"that seemed to peak and then has"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":226.62,"endTime":229.95,"body":"kind of been declining, but"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":226.62,"endTime":229.95,"body":"driven by falls in in kind of"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":229.95,"endTime":233.22,"body":"younger age groups. Can you tell"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":229.95,"endTime":233.22,"body":"me a bit more specifically about"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":233.22,"endTime":235.98,"body":"you know, what's behind that?"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":233.22,"endTime":235.98,"body":"And then some of the theories in"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":235.98,"endTime":237.93,"body":"terms of why maybe that's"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":235.98,"endTime":237.93,"body":"happening?"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":237.96,"endTime":239.94,"body":"Yeah. So as"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":237.96,"endTime":239.94,"body":"you said, we know that at a"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":239.94,"endTime":243.9,"body":"population level, youth drinking"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":239.94,"endTime":243.9,"body":"has declined quite substantially"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":243.9,"endTime":249.33,"body":"over the past 20 to 30 years. So"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":243.9,"endTime":249.33,"body":"it young people are drinking"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":249.36,"endTime":254.1,"body":"less, they often start drinking"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":249.36,"endTime":254.1,"body":"later on, when they do start"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":254.1,"endTime":256.83,"body":"drinking, they drink less"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":254.1,"endTime":256.83,"body":"frequently, and they drink less"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":256.83,"endTime":260.46,"body":"per occasion. So it does seem to"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":256.83,"endTime":260.46,"body":"be, you know, pretty consistent"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":260.46,"endTime":264.18,"body":"in that respect. What isn't"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":260.46,"endTime":264.18,"body":"completely clear yet, and"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":264.21,"endTime":267.75,"body":"something that we've been doing"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":264.21,"endTime":267.75,"body":"some work upon, is to work out"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":267.75,"endTime":271.44,"body":"how consistent that is across"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":267.75,"endTime":271.44,"body":"all young people. So one"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":271.47,"endTime":275.58,"body":"possibility is that it decreases"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":271.47,"endTime":275.58,"body":"in consumption amongst kind of"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":275.61,"endTime":280.8,"body":"the light or moderate drinking,"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":275.61,"endTime":280.8,"body":"majority of young people could"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":280.8,"endTime":283.89,"body":"actually mask maintained or"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":280.8,"endTime":283.89,"body":"increased consumption in those"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":283.89,"endTime":286.92,"body":"heavier drinking groups. And we"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":283.89,"endTime":286.92,"body":"know there's this dose response"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":286.92,"endTime":289.65,"body":"relationship that alcohol has"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":286.92,"endTime":289.65,"body":"where the more people drink, the"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":289.65,"endTime":292.95,"body":"more at risk they are. So that"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":289.65,"endTime":292.95,"body":"is a concern. And it's something"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":292.95,"endTime":296.25,"body":"that we we need to clarify. So"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":292.95,"endTime":296.25,"body":"we have done a little bit of"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":296.25,"endTime":298.98,"body":"work in this area, as I said,"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":296.25,"endTime":298.98,"body":"and it seems like we do see a"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":298.98,"endTime":303.18,"body":"little bit of a divide by So"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":298.98,"endTime":303.18,"body":"when we look at 11 to 15 year"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":303.18,"endTime":306.51,"body":"olds, so these are kind of"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":303.18,"endTime":306.51,"body":"school age underage drinkers, it"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":306.51,"endTime":310.65,"body":"does seem that the declines that"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":306.51,"endTime":310.65,"body":"we see, at least in our kind of"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":310.68,"endTime":314.43,"body":"school samples are consistent."},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":310.68,"endTime":314.43,"body":"So it seems that all young"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":314.43,"endTime":317.31,"body":"people lighter, moderate, and"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":314.43,"endTime":317.31,"body":"heavier drinkers are drinking"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":317.31,"endTime":321.42,"body":"less over time. But this isn't"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":317.31,"endTime":321.42,"body":"necessarily the case for"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":321.45,"endTime":324.99,"body":"slightly older young people. So"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":321.45,"endTime":324.99,"body":"when you look at 16 to 24 year"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":324.99,"endTime":328.83,"body":"olds, there is some polarisation"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":324.99,"endTime":328.83,"body":"in those trends. So what I mean"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":328.83,"endTime":331.98,"body":"by polarisation is that amongst"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":328.83,"endTime":331.98,"body":"lighter and more moderate"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":331.98,"endTime":335.01,"body":"drinkers, we do see these"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":331.98,"endTime":335.01,"body":"declines over time. But amongst"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":335.01,"endTime":338.94,"body":"heavier drinkers, actually, we"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":335.01,"endTime":338.94,"body":"see either small increases or"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":338.94,"endTime":342.72,"body":"maintain consumption. So this is"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":338.94,"endTime":342.72,"body":"a bit of a concern, because as I"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":342.72,"endTime":345.66,"body":"say, we know that kind of the"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":342.72,"endTime":345.66,"body":"harms of alcohol are are more"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":345.66,"endTime":349.5,"body":"likely in those heavier drinking"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":345.66,"endTime":349.5,"body":"groups. And we think part of the"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":349.5,"endTime":354.81,"body":"reason for this differentiation"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":349.5,"endTime":354.81,"body":"is potentially because of people"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":354.81,"endTime":357.3,"body":"are partaking in different life"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":354.81,"endTime":357.3,"body":"trajectories, or they've got"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":357.3,"endTime":360.24,"body":"different things going on. So in"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":357.3,"endTime":360.24,"body":"England, people leave school at"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":360.24,"endTime":363.24,"body":"16. And they can go down quite"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":360.24,"endTime":363.24,"body":"different paths, they can either"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":363.27,"endTime":367.77,"body":"continue with education, and a"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":363.27,"endTime":367.77,"body":"levels and university or they"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":367.77,"endTime":371.1,"body":"might get jobs, they might go"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":367.77,"endTime":371.1,"body":"down to kind of a more"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":371.1,"endTime":374.34,"body":"vocational route terms of"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":371.1,"endTime":374.34,"body":"training. And it's possible that"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":374.34,"endTime":376.89,"body":"these different lifestyles are"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":374.34,"endTime":376.89,"body":"associated with different"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":376.89,"endTime":379.62,"body":"drinking patterns, though, for"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":376.89,"endTime":379.62,"body":"example, we know students are"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":379.62,"endTime":382.86,"body":"particularly heavy drinkers, but"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":379.62,"endTime":382.86,"body":"to go back to kind of that"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":382.86,"endTime":386.13,"body":"younger age group, which is kind"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":382.86,"endTime":386.13,"body":"of where those declines are most"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":386.13,"endTime":390.3,"body":"focused. There's lots of"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":386.13,"endTime":390.3,"body":"different reasons that people"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":390.3,"endTime":393.93,"body":"give for why this might be"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":390.3,"endTime":393.93,"body":"happening. So the first one that"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":393.93,"endTime":397.62,"body":"everyone always asks you about"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":393.93,"endTime":397.62,"body":"conferences and talks is, is"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":397.62,"endTime":400.41,"body":"drugs. So everybody always"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":397.62,"endTime":400.41,"body":"assumes that young people are"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":400.41,"endTime":403.86,"body":"just turned into drugs instead."},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":400.41,"endTime":403.86,"body":"And cannabis in particular is"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":403.86,"endTime":408.15,"body":"one that that comes up a lot."},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":403.86,"endTime":408.15,"body":"But the thing is that drug use"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":408.18,"endTime":411.42,"body":"or reported drug use amongst 11"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":408.18,"endTime":411.42,"body":"to 15 year olds has has gone"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":411.42,"endTime":414.03,"body":"down in line with drinking. So"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":411.42,"endTime":414.03,"body":"it doesn't seem that young"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":414.03,"endTime":418.26,"body":"people are just shifting from"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":414.03,"endTime":418.26,"body":"alcohol to cannabis or to other"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":418.26,"endTime":421.5,"body":"drugs, it does seem that there's"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":418.26,"endTime":421.5,"body":"this very real decline across"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":421.5,"endTime":424.23,"body":"behaviours, particularly smoking"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":421.5,"endTime":424.23,"body":"as well, which has dropped"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":424.23,"endTime":427.68,"body":"really substantially. So to try"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":424.23,"endTime":427.68,"body":"and get into this a bit more."},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":427.68,"endTime":431.43,"body":"We've done some research at the"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":427.68,"endTime":431.43,"body":"University of Sheffield. And my"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":431.43,"endTime":435.09,"body":"colleague Victoria spoke to"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":431.43,"endTime":435.09,"body":"young people themselves to talk"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":435.09,"endTime":437.73,"body":"to them about what they thought"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":435.09,"endTime":437.73,"body":"the reasons were and to try and"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":437.73,"endTime":441.18,"body":"to kind of centre their voices"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":437.73,"endTime":441.18,"body":"in the debate and an actual fact"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":441.21,"endTime":445.05,"body":"the the reasons that they kind"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":441.21,"endTime":445.05,"body":"of gave and spoke about overlap"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":445.05,"endTime":448.35,"body":"a lot with those which are"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":445.05,"endTime":448.35,"body":"typically discussed in research."},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":448.38,"endTime":452.52,"body":"So I think two things that came"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":448.38,"endTime":452.52,"body":"out of those conversations and"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":452.52,"endTime":455.37,"body":"other research papers, which I"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":452.52,"endTime":455.37,"body":"think are really interesting and"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":455.37,"endTime":459.78,"body":"overlap quite a lot are around"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":455.37,"endTime":459.78,"body":"access, and also parental"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":459.78,"endTime":462.96,"body":"approach. So we know that"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":459.78,"endTime":462.96,"body":"regulations with the"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":462.96,"endTime":466.41,"body":"introduction of challenge 21 and"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":462.96,"endTime":466.41,"body":"challenge 25 policies, and it's"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":466.41,"endTime":470.64,"body":"much harder for young people to"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":466.41,"endTime":470.64,"body":"access alcohol now. And in fact,"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":470.64,"endTime":474.03,"body":"when you look at these kind of"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":470.64,"endTime":474.03,"body":"big national surveys, we know"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":474.03,"endTime":477.42,"body":"that where most people or most"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":474.03,"endTime":477.42,"body":"underage drinkers get their"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":477.42,"endTime":481.65,"body":"alcohol from is it is actually"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":477.42,"endTime":481.65,"body":"their parents. And one possible"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":481.71,"endTime":485.19,"body":"explanation for the decline is"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":481.71,"endTime":485.19,"body":"that this increase in focus on"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":485.19,"endTime":489.12,"body":"parental supply is being used as"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":485.19,"endTime":489.12,"body":"a kind of strategy of damage"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":489.12,"endTime":493.47,"body":"limitation. So it's possible"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":489.12,"endTime":493.47,"body":"that parents will give their"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":493.47,"endTime":498.0,"body":"kids a little bit , a smaller"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":493.47,"endTime":498.0,"body":"amount, or, you know, weaker"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":498.0,"endTime":500.82,"body":"alcohols, they might be more"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":498.0,"endTime":500.82,"body":"likely to buy them a few beers"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":500.82,"endTime":504.54,"body":"to try and avoid them going and"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":500.82,"endTime":504.54,"body":"finding a bottle of spirits from"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":504.54,"endTime":507.87,"body":"elsewhere, which is, you know,"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":504.54,"endTime":507.87,"body":"you get drunk much quicker and"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":507.93,"endTime":510.81,"body":"is more more likely to"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":507.93,"endTime":510.81,"body":"experience harms potentially,"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":510.93,"endTime":514.32,"body":"That makes sense."},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":510.93,"endTime":514.32,"body":"Also, parental attitudes have"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":514.32,"endTime":518.43,"body":"probably shifted, you know, I"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":514.32,"endTime":518.43,"body":"think that over the last 20"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":518.43,"endTime":522.09,"body":"years, we have seen a bit of a"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":518.43,"endTime":522.09,"body":"shift a positive shift in terms"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":522.09,"endTime":526.38,"body":"of recognising alcohol a bit"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":522.09,"endTime":526.38,"body":"more as a potentially harmful"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":526.38,"endTime":529.86,"body":"drug is way behind the curve in"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":526.38,"endTime":529.86,"body":"terms of smoking. But we are"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":529.86,"endTime":533.67,"body":"starting to see a think positive"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":529.86,"endTime":533.67,"body":"shift is kind of media and"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":533.67,"endTime":536.28,"body":"broader conversation, I think"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":533.67,"endTime":536.28,"body":"has really picked up so I"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":536.28,"endTime":541.5,"body":"suppose a tightening of parental"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":536.28,"endTime":541.5,"body":"control on children's access to"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":541.56,"endTime":545.82,"body":"alcohol, I think does make sense"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":541.56,"endTime":545.82,"body":"in that context. But also, you"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":545.82,"endTime":549.84,"body":"know, very anecdotally, I was a"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":545.82,"endTime":549.84,"body":"teenager in the 90s. And, you"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":549.84,"endTime":553.8,"body":"know, it was certainly very easy"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":549.84,"endTime":553.8,"body":"to get alcohol from off licences"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":553.8,"endTime":556.38,"body":"in particular. And I don't think"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":553.8,"endTime":556.38,"body":"that's the case now, I think"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":556.38,"endTime":559.8,"body":"there has definitely been a big"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":556.38,"endTime":559.8,"body":"tightening up of accessing"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":559.8,"endTime":563.7,"body":"alcohol directly from shops. But"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":559.8,"endTime":563.7,"body":"as you say, yeah, it's that kind"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":563.7,"endTime":567.66,"body":"of home route fire kind of"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":563.7,"endTime":567.66,"body":"parental supply, whether whether"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":567.66,"endTime":570.15,"body":"it's people kind of helping"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":567.66,"endTime":570.15,"body":"themselves behind their parents"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":570.15,"endTime":573.42,"body":"backs or wherever it's, as you"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":570.15,"endTime":573.42,"body":"say, a kind of more deliberate"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":573.42,"endTime":577.62,"body":"or controlled direct feed, and"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":573.42,"endTime":577.62,"body":"that comes in as well to where"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":577.62,"endTime":578.52,"body":"they're drinking it."},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":578.55,"endTime":580.71,"body":"So again, if"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":578.55,"endTime":580.71,"body":"you kind of look at these big"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":580.71,"endTime":583.95,"body":"data sets, and you look at"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":580.71,"endTime":583.95,"body":"trends in the locations people"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":583.95,"endTime":587.85,"body":"report, they are also"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":583.95,"endTime":587.85,"body":"increasingly report drinking at"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":587.85,"endTime":592.23,"body":"home at their own or another's"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":587.85,"endTime":592.23,"body":"home. So again, anecdotally, but"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":592.26,"endTime":595.71,"body":"when I was younger, we"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":592.26,"endTime":595.71,"body":"definitely drank more without"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":595.71,"endTime":598.98,"body":"our parents permission and we"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":595.71,"endTime":598.98,"body":"used to drink in public places"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":598.98,"endTime":601.56,"body":"in the park. Sorry to my mom,"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":598.98,"endTime":601.56,"body":"who will definitely listen to"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":601.56,"endTime":605.22,"body":"this at some point. But yeah, I"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":601.56,"endTime":605.22,"body":"definitely think there's been a"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":605.22,"endTime":609.0,"body":"shift in that and young people"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":605.22,"endTime":609.0,"body":"now are drinking at home. And I"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":609.0,"endTime":611.49,"body":"think that's again, I think it"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":609.0,"endTime":611.49,"body":"is probably this approach of"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":611.49,"endTime":614.67,"body":"damage limitation, I think it"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":611.49,"endTime":614.67,"body":"feels, to me as though there's"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":614.67,"endTime":618.84,"body":"kind of more threat around young"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":614.67,"endTime":618.84,"body":"people in public places, and"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":618.84,"endTime":622.2,"body":"perhaps more concerned about are"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":618.84,"endTime":622.2,"body":"the risks and if they're"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":622.2,"endTime":624.72,"body":"intoxicated than being more"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":622.2,"endTime":624.72,"body":"vulnerable to those kinds of"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":624.72,"endTime":628.41,"body":"things. So I think in terms of"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":624.72,"endTime":628.41,"body":"people keeping their kids in"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":628.41,"endTime":631.11,"body":"their own house and kind of"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":628.41,"endTime":631.11,"body":"giving them a little bit of"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":631.11,"endTime":634.35,"body":"alcohol, you can understand why"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":631.11,"endTime":634.35,"body":"parents would kind of go down"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":634.35,"endTime":634.86,"body":"that route."},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":634.9,"endTime":637.12,"body":"Yeah, I think"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":634.9,"endTime":637.12,"body":"that's maybe a bit of a"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":637.12,"endTime":642.43,"body":"reflection of the cultural shift"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":637.12,"endTime":642.43,"body":"that alcohol was, and obviously,"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":642.43,"endTime":645.85,"body":"to some degree still is seen as"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":642.43,"endTime":645.85,"body":"a bit of a rite of passage of"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":645.85,"endTime":648.79,"body":"growing up, you know, when"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":645.85,"endTime":648.79,"body":"you're young, you party and have"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":648.79,"endTime":652.03,"body":"fun, and that, you know,"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":648.79,"endTime":652.03,"body":"invariably involves alcohol for"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":652.03,"endTime":655.3,"body":"many people, you know, part of"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":652.03,"endTime":655.3,"body":"that shift is maybe just towards"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":655.3,"endTime":658.3,"body":"bringing that into a bit more of"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":655.3,"endTime":658.3,"body":"a balance in terms of"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":658.3,"endTime":661.96,"body":"recognising Actually, there are"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":658.3,"endTime":661.96,"body":"very significant risks and"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":661.96,"endTime":665.26,"body":"dangers to it, not just in terms"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":661.96,"endTime":665.26,"body":"of personal safety, but now we"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":665.26,"endTime":669.01,"body":"know more about the negative"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":665.26,"endTime":669.01,"body":"effect of alcohol use on the"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":669.01,"endTime":673.9,"body":"adolescent developing brain. But"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":669.01,"endTime":673.9,"body":"in terms of giving alcohol to"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":673.9,"endTime":677.11,"body":"children, you know, again, a lot"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":673.9,"endTime":677.11,"body":"of parents will say, well, it's"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":677.11,"endTime":680.02,"body":"better that I kind of train my"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":677.11,"endTime":680.02,"body":"children to drink alcohol"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":680.02,"endTime":683.59,"body":"responsibly. But I don't think"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":680.02,"endTime":683.59,"body":"that really stacks up. I mean,"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":683.59,"endTime":686.86,"body":"yes, there is, it's true, that"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":683.59,"endTime":686.86,"body":"it's better there in a"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":686.86,"endTime":690.13,"body":"supervised environment where"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":686.86,"endTime":690.13,"body":"parents are seeing it, but the"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":690.13,"endTime":693.7,"body":"sort of idea of teaching people"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":690.13,"endTime":693.7,"body":"to drink responsibly, I think is"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":693.76,"endTime":696.7,"body":"is kind of flawed in lots of"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":693.76,"endTime":696.7,"body":"ways, not least just because of"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":696.7,"endTime":700.3,"body":"the negative effect of alcohol"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":696.7,"endTime":700.3,"body":"on adolescent brain. But you"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":700.3,"endTime":702.88,"body":"know, again, it goes back to"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":700.3,"endTime":702.88,"body":"what you're looking at in terms"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":702.88,"endTime":706.15,"body":"of the context, you know,"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":702.88,"endTime":706.15,"body":"drinking responsibly, or, you"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":706.15,"endTime":709.15,"body":"know, to use a better term"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":706.15,"endTime":709.15,"body":"drinking sort of moderately on"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":709.15,"endTime":711.13,"body":"low risk with your parents"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":709.15,"endTime":711.13,"body":"doesn't mean that you"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":711.13,"endTime":713.71,"body":"necessarily can do that when"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":711.13,"endTime":713.71,"body":"they're not that definitely,"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":713.74,"endTime":715.3,"body":"I think"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":713.74,"endTime":715.3,"body":"that's it is really interesting"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":715.3,"endTime":718.54,"body":"to know, there's a charity"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":715.3,"endTime":718.54,"body":"called balance in the northeast,"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":718.54,"endTime":722.65,"body":"and they've done a lot of work"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":718.54,"endTime":722.65,"body":"with parents in that region,"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":722.65,"endTime":725.05,"body":"where that that's something that"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":722.65,"endTime":725.05,"body":"they were hearing a lot is,"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":725.32,"endTime":728.65,"body":"we're teaching them to drink so"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":725.32,"endTime":728.65,"body":"that they exactly carry on doing"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":728.65,"endTime":731.68,"body":"that responsibly. And I do think"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":728.65,"endTime":731.68,"body":"that is, although you can"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":731.68,"endTime":733.99,"body":"understand it, I do think it's"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":731.68,"endTime":733.99,"body":"quite fluid logic, because we"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":733.99,"endTime":737.5,"body":"know that, you know, the younger"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":733.99,"endTime":737.5,"body":"young people start to drink, and"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":737.5,"endTime":740.53,"body":"the more they drink does predict"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":737.5,"endTime":740.53,"body":"what they drink later. So I"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":740.53,"endTime":743.86,"body":"think trying to speak to"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":740.53,"endTime":743.86,"body":"children about alcohol is is"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":743.86,"endTime":747.07,"body":"certainly a good idea and to"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":743.86,"endTime":747.07,"body":"discuss with them, you know, the"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":747.07,"endTime":750.7,"body":"benefits and the negatives of"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":747.07,"endTime":750.7,"body":"it. But yeah, whether you"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":750.7,"endTime":754.0,"body":"actually take that to train them"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":750.7,"endTime":754.0,"body":"to drink, I think is is a"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":754.0,"endTime":756.07,"body":"different story that's"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":754.0,"endTime":756.07,"body":"complicated."},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":756.1,"endTime":759.4,"body":"And what about the"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":756.1,"endTime":759.4,"body":"sorts of pro social modelling or"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":759.43,"endTime":763.27,"body":"you know, influence in terms of"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":759.43,"endTime":763.27,"body":"parents own relationship with"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":763.27,"endTime":766.93,"body":"alcohol, that there was some"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":763.27,"endTime":766.93,"body":"theories that fall in drinking"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":766.93,"endTime":769.75,"body":"was because younger people"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":766.93,"endTime":769.75,"body":"didn't want to be like their"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":769.75,"endTime":773.5,"body":"parents who you know, kind of a"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":769.75,"endTime":773.5,"body":"boozy generation. But then"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":773.5,"endTime":776.2,"body":"actually, the evidence suggests"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":773.5,"endTime":776.2,"body":"that kids who have parents who"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":776.2,"endTime":779.8,"body":"drink more and more likely and"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":776.2,"endTime":779.8,"body":"overall to end up drinking"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":779.8,"endTime":781.24,"body":"problematically Is that right?"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":781.3,"endTime":783.16,"body":"Yep,"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":781.3,"endTime":783.16,"body":"absolutely. So there's, I think"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":783.16,"endTime":786.58,"body":"it's long waves theory, which"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":783.16,"endTime":786.58,"body":"says that essentially, different"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":786.58,"endTime":790.0,"body":"generations rebelled against"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":786.58,"endTime":790.0,"body":"what came before them. And it"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":790.0,"endTime":792.82,"body":"kind of goes both ways. And I"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":790.0,"endTime":792.82,"body":"think they're kind of lad"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":792.85,"endTime":797.65,"body":"ladette culture of the 90s was"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":792.85,"endTime":797.65,"body":"kind of in retaliation almost to"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":797.68,"endTime":801.37,"body":"those kind of more premiers"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":797.68,"endTime":801.37,"body":"occurred before. And there are"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":801.4,"endTime":804.31,"body":"people who, who Yeah, suggests"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":801.4,"endTime":804.31,"body":"that the the declining"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":804.37,"endTime":807.61,"body":"consumption now is in response"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":804.37,"endTime":807.61,"body":"to not wanting to be like their"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":807.61,"endTime":811.09,"body":"parents and wanting to do their"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":807.61,"endTime":811.09,"body":"lives differently. They"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":811.09,"endTime":814.54,"body":"definitely think for some"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":811.09,"endTime":814.54,"body":"people, you do see that. So to"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":814.54,"endTime":817.39,"body":"go back to those interviews with"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":814.54,"endTime":817.39,"body":"young people, you know, some"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":817.39,"endTime":821.08,"body":"some people did talk about"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":817.39,"endTime":821.08,"body":"parents who had heavy drinking"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":821.08,"endTime":824.41,"body":"at home and how that had put"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":821.08,"endTime":824.41,"body":"them off drinking themselves,"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":824.41,"endTime":826.87,"body":"because they didn't want to get"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":824.41,"endTime":826.87,"body":"into those habits. But as you"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":826.87,"endTime":830.2,"body":"say, I think overall, the"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":826.87,"endTime":830.2,"body":"relationship is there that if"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":830.2,"endTime":833.5,"body":"you are heavier drinking parent,"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":830.2,"endTime":833.5,"body":"there's more chance that the"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":833.5,"endTime":836.5,"body":"children will go on to drink"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":833.5,"endTime":836.5,"body":"more heavily as well. So how"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":836.5,"endTime":839.89,"body":"much that actually stands out at"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":836.5,"endTime":839.89,"body":"a population level? I'm not"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":839.89,"endTime":840.34,"body":"sure."},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":840.43,"endTime":844.06,"body":"And it's also so"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":840.43,"endTime":844.06,"body":"difficult to you know, separate"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":844.06,"endTime":847.06,"body":"those confounding effects of"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":844.06,"endTime":847.06,"body":"heavy drinking parents, you"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":847.06,"endTime":850.78,"body":"know, are no is it? Is there a"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":847.06,"endTime":850.78,"body":"direct influence of seeing your"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":850.78,"endTime":855.55,"body":"parents drink more? And it's"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":850.78,"endTime":855.55,"body":"kind of normalising the idea of"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":855.58,"endTime":859.24,"body":"alcohol consumption? Or is it"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":855.58,"endTime":859.24,"body":"because parents who drink more"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":859.24,"endTime":862.9,"body":"like most people who drink more"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":859.24,"endTime":862.9,"body":"have a wider range of other"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":862.9,"endTime":866.08,"body":"issues, you know, mental health"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":862.9,"endTime":866.08,"body":"problems, stress, lower"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":866.08,"endTime":870.37,"body":"socioeconomic status, etc? It's"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":866.08,"endTime":870.37,"body":"just so hard to untangle all"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":870.37,"endTime":872.29,"body":"those kind of possible"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":870.37,"endTime":872.29,"body":"contributors."},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":872.44,"endTime":875.56,"body":"Yeah,"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":872.44,"endTime":875.56,"body":"absolutely. And the data is not"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":875.56,"endTime":878.35,"body":"great, either in terms of"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":875.56,"endTime":878.35,"body":"linking, you know, the, the"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":878.35,"endTime":882.22,"body":"adult data with the with the"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":878.35,"endTime":882.22,"body":"child's data to really unpick"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":882.31,"endTime":887.32,"body":"those issues and to and to get"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":882.31,"endTime":887.32,"body":"at it. So, yeah. What about this"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":887.32,"endTime":890.92,"body":"massive shift in terms of"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":887.32,"endTime":890.92,"body":"digital and social media? You"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":890.92,"endTime":894.55,"body":"know, obviously, as you said, a"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":890.92,"endTime":894.55,"body":"lot of people say probably,"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":894.61,"endTime":896.86,"body":"they're not quite right in"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":894.61,"endTime":896.86,"body":"saying, Oh, well, you know,"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":896.86,"endTime":899.11,"body":"they're probably just using"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":896.86,"endTime":899.11,"body":"drugs instead."},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":899.17,"endTime":902.02,"body":"But you know, this"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":899.17,"endTime":902.02,"body":"idea that social media, you"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":902.02,"endTime":906.01,"body":"know, via a number of possible"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":902.02,"endTime":906.01,"body":"routes has contributed to"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":906.1,"endTime":908.83,"body":"drinking less? What are the sort"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":906.1,"endTime":908.83,"body":"of main ideas behind that? And"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":908.83,"endTime":909.64,"body":"do they stack up?"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":909.67,"endTime":913.03,"body":"Yeah, so it's"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":909.67,"endTime":913.03,"body":"such an interesting one. So one"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":913.03,"endTime":916.18,"body":"thing to know, with the declines"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":913.03,"endTime":916.18,"body":"are that they are very"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":916.18,"endTime":919.63,"body":"widespread. So they're also seen"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":916.18,"endTime":919.63,"body":"in Australia, North America and"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":919.63,"endTime":922.81,"body":"Europe. So you know, it's, it's"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":919.63,"endTime":922.81,"body":"doesn't really stack up to say"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":922.81,"endTime":925.87,"body":"that it comes down to one"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":922.81,"endTime":925.87,"body":"discrete thing. But I do think"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":925.9,"endTime":929.44,"body":"there have been such changes to"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":925.9,"endTime":929.44,"body":"people's lives in terms of"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":929.44,"endTime":932.77,"body":"social media and the effect that"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":929.44,"endTime":932.77,"body":"that's had on kind of norms and"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":932.77,"endTime":935.53,"body":"cultures for different age"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":932.77,"endTime":935.53,"body":"groups. And I do think that that"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":935.53,"endTime":940.57,"body":"is probably one of the big"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":935.53,"endTime":940.57,"body":"influences. So there's lots of"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":940.57,"endTime":944.2,"body":"research on it. But the problem"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":940.57,"endTime":944.2,"body":"that we have is that social"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":944.2,"endTime":947.98,"body":"media is such a vast and an"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":944.2,"endTime":947.98,"body":"amorphous concept, it's really"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":947.98,"endTime":953.23,"body":"difficult to study. So when I"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":947.98,"endTime":953.23,"body":"was growing up, we had MySpace,"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":953.26,"endTime":957.19,"body":"and Bebo, and that was about it."},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":953.26,"endTime":957.19,"body":"Whereas now there's all these"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":957.19,"endTime":961.15,"body":"different different platforms."},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":957.19,"endTime":961.15,"body":"So Instagram, there's Tick Tock"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":961.15,"endTime":964.45,"body":"weebo, there's probably 100,"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":961.15,"endTime":964.45,"body":"much cooler ones that I've never"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":964.45,"endTime":969.55,"body":"even heard of. It's so hard to"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":964.45,"endTime":969.55,"body":"kind of to get out what effect"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":969.55,"endTime":972.7,"body":"that has, because the different"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":969.55,"endTime":972.7,"body":"platforms will attract different"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":972.7,"endTime":977.17,"body":"kinds of groups and young"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":972.7,"endTime":977.17,"body":"people. So we do have some"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":977.17,"endTime":979.99,"body":"studies, which suggests that"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":977.17,"endTime":979.99,"body":"young people who use social"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":979.99,"endTime":983.17,"body":"media more are more likely to"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":979.99,"endTime":983.17,"body":"drink more. And a couple of kind"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":983.17,"endTime":985.93,"body":"of the mechanisms that people"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":983.17,"endTime":985.93,"body":"think might explain that is"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":985.93,"endTime":988.81,"body":"because they might be more"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":985.93,"endTime":988.81,"body":"exposed to marketing. So there's"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":988.81,"endTime":992.35,"body":"a lot of social media marketing"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":988.81,"endTime":992.35,"body":"around alcohol, or it could be"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":992.35,"endTime":996.28,"body":"that those groups who are using"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":992.35,"endTime":996.28,"body":"social media more are generally"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":996.28,"endTime":998.77,"body":"more sociable, have more"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":996.28,"endTime":998.77,"body":"friends, and more likely to go"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":998.77,"endTime":1003.6,"body":"to parties. Whereas there's"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":998.77,"endTime":1003.6,"body":"other studies which have shown"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1003.63,"endTime":1008.49,"body":"kind of the reverse of that, so"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1003.63,"endTime":1008.49,"body":"that people who use social media"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1008.49,"endTime":1011.79,"body":"more or have less face to face"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1008.49,"endTime":1011.79,"body":"contact with their friends and"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1011.79,"endTime":1016.47,"body":"more online contact, actually"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1011.79,"endTime":1016.47,"body":"drink less them. So you just,"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1016.68,"endTime":1019.44,"body":"it's very difficult to quantify"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1016.68,"endTime":1019.44,"body":"exactly the effect that that's"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1019.44,"endTime":1022.8,"body":"had. But I do think in terms of"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1019.44,"endTime":1022.8,"body":"thinking more generally about"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1022.8,"endTime":1026.46,"body":"social media, and the influence"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1022.8,"endTime":1026.46,"body":"that that has had it kind of"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1026.49,"endTime":1029.94,"body":"young people now I would say,"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1026.49,"endTime":1029.94,"body":"are a lot more aware of, you"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1029.94,"endTime":1033.3,"body":"know, the world outside of their"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1029.94,"endTime":1033.3,"body":"own, and other things that are"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1033.3,"endTime":1037.17,"body":"going on. And there's this kind"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1033.3,"endTime":1037.17,"body":"of idea in social media of"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1037.17,"endTime":1040.35,"body":"living your best life and and"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1037.17,"endTime":1040.35,"body":"showing your best life, whether"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1040.35,"endTime":1043.5,"body":"that's representative of your"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1040.35,"endTime":1043.5,"body":"natural life or not. And I think"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1043.5,"endTime":1047.46,"body":"that that's one thing that young"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1043.5,"endTime":1047.46,"body":"people don't want to be seen to"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1047.73,"endTime":1051.57,"body":"just be drunk every weekend, or"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1047.73,"endTime":1051.57,"body":"they want to engage in kind of"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1051.57,"endTime":1055.11,"body":"these different exciting"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1051.57,"endTime":1055.11,"body":"activities, whether that's art"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1055.11,"endTime":1058.65,"body":"and cultural activities, or"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1055.11,"endTime":1058.65,"body":"whether it's more sports. So I"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1058.65,"endTime":1063.69,"body":"think that kind of lenses as"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1058.65,"endTime":1063.69,"body":"adjusted alcohols position in"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1063.69,"endTime":1067.17,"body":"young people's lives, and it's"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1063.69,"endTime":1067.17,"body":"not the same kind of focus as"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1067.17,"endTime":1068.28,"body":"maybe it once did."},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1068.4,"endTime":1070.86,"body":"I think that's so"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1068.4,"endTime":1070.86,"body":"relevant, because, you know,"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1070.86,"endTime":1074.37,"body":"it's related to, is to what"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1070.86,"endTime":1074.37,"body":"we've seen in terms of positive"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1074.37,"endTime":1078.81,"body":"sobriety or sober lifestyles, or"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1074.37,"endTime":1078.81,"body":"however it's best described?"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1078.99,"endTime":1083.31,"body":"Again, it's hard to say, to what"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1078.99,"endTime":1083.31,"body":"extent that might be kind of a"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1083.31,"endTime":1087.84,"body":"reflection or a driver of of"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1083.31,"endTime":1087.84,"body":"kind of falls in youth drinking,"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1087.84,"endTime":1090.39,"body":"but you know, there is a really"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1087.84,"endTime":1090.39,"body":"strong, you know, certainly"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1090.39,"endTime":1095.61,"body":"social media presence around"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1090.39,"endTime":1095.61,"body":"these kind of more, as you say,"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1095.61,"endTime":1099.45,"body":"lifestyle or living your best"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1095.61,"endTime":1099.45,"body":"life type lenses in which kind"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1099.45,"endTime":1102.99,"body":"of not drinking has really"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1099.45,"endTime":1102.99,"body":"become predominant. And, you"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1102.99,"endTime":1105.78,"body":"know, we can can name lots of"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1102.99,"endTime":1105.78,"body":"different movements or"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1105.78,"endTime":1110.64,"body":"influences who who kind of maybe"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1105.78,"endTime":1110.64,"body":"embody that. But yeah, do you"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1110.64,"endTime":1113.01,"body":"have any thoughts on how that"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1110.64,"endTime":1113.01,"body":"might be is connected?"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1113.42,"endTime":1115.37,"body":"Yeah, I think"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1113.42,"endTime":1115.37,"body":"it is really interesting, you"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1115.37,"endTime":1118.82,"body":"see, so there was some research"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1115.37,"endTime":1118.82,"body":"that was done in Australia. And"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1118.82,"endTime":1122.21,"body":"they found actually, that young"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1118.82,"endTime":1122.21,"body":"people talked about kind of"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1122.24,"endTime":1125.15,"body":"authenticity when they were"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1122.24,"endTime":1125.15,"body":"talking about alcohol. And I"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1125.15,"endTime":1128.72,"body":"think some work that was done,"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1125.15,"endTime":1128.72,"body":"you know, in the 90s, showed"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1128.72,"endTime":1133.28,"body":"that people kind of used alcohol"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1128.72,"endTime":1133.28,"body":"as a way to be more themselves"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1133.28,"endTime":1137.03,"body":"and to loosen their inhibitions"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1133.28,"endTime":1137.03,"body":"and to be who they really were."},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1137.06,"endTime":1140.75,"body":"Whereas young people, at least"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1137.06,"endTime":1140.75,"body":"in that study, kind of talked"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1140.75,"endTime":1144.32,"body":"about alcohol owes as doing the"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1140.75,"endTime":1144.32,"body":"opposite of that. And they"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1144.32,"endTime":1148.04,"body":"thought actually, the not"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1144.32,"endTime":1148.04,"body":"reliant on alcohol, where they"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1148.04,"endTime":1151.55,"body":"might get a bit silly, or they"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1148.04,"endTime":1151.55,"body":"might say things that they they"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1151.55,"endTime":1154.85,"body":"didn't mean, they thought it was"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1151.55,"endTime":1154.85,"body":"actually better to kind of be"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1155.0,"endTime":1158.33,"body":"sober and be true to themselves"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1155.0,"endTime":1158.33,"body":"and their personality. So I"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1158.33,"endTime":1160.79,"body":"thought that was really"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1158.33,"endTime":1160.79,"body":"interesting. And when you look"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1160.79,"endTime":1164.06,"body":"at university students now I"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1160.79,"endTime":1164.06,"body":"think university students are a"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1164.06,"endTime":1167.03,"body":"particular group that are kind"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1164.06,"endTime":1167.03,"body":"of synonymous with this really"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1167.03,"endTime":1170.45,"body":"heavy drinking culture. But you"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1167.03,"endTime":1170.45,"body":"do see groups of students who"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1170.45,"endTime":1173.36,"body":"are really going against that,"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1170.45,"endTime":1173.36,"body":"and they kind of have this"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1173.39,"endTime":1177.68,"body":"identity almost that's that's"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1173.39,"endTime":1177.68,"body":"formed by their abstinence, or"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1177.71,"endTime":1181.61,"body":"at least is kind of what links"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1177.71,"endTime":1181.61,"body":"them and they kind of champion"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1181.61,"endTime":1185.03,"body":"doing different activities that"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1181.61,"endTime":1185.03,"body":"aren't where the focus isn't"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1185.03,"endTime":1188.69,"body":"alcohol. So I think there was a"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1185.03,"endTime":1188.69,"body":"group that did a lot of like"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1188.69,"endTime":1191.9,"body":"rollerblading and things like"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1188.69,"endTime":1191.9,"body":"that to try and kind of get away"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1191.9,"endTime":1195.38,"body":"from those traditional kind of"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1191.9,"endTime":1195.38,"body":"socialisation activities."},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1195.5,"endTime":1197.69,"body":"Yeah, so"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1195.5,"endTime":1197.69,"body":"interesting, and I think we know"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1197.69,"endTime":1201.56,"body":"from addiction recovery"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1197.69,"endTime":1201.56,"body":"researchThat drug or alcohol use"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1201.56,"endTime":1205.16,"body":"can be, you know, really"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1201.56,"endTime":1205.16,"body":"important, or really significant"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1205.19,"endTime":1209.03,"body":"part of your, your social"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1205.19,"endTime":1209.03,"body":"identities. So recovery is often"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1209.03,"endTime":1212.36,"body":"marked by this big shift in"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1209.03,"endTime":1212.36,"body":"identity in terms of how, you"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1212.36,"endTime":1215.06,"body":"know, you kind of perceive"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1212.36,"endTime":1215.06,"body":"yourself, you know, which, when"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1215.06,"endTime":1218.18,"body":"you're maybe in the height of"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1215.06,"endTime":1218.18,"body":"substance use or addiction,"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1218.3,"endTime":1221.18,"body":"that's a big part of who you"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1218.3,"endTime":1221.18,"body":"are. And you frame it may be,"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1221.24,"endTime":1224.18,"body":"you know, by focusing on the"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1221.24,"endTime":1224.18,"body":"positives, and that's supported"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1224.18,"endTime":1228.08,"body":"by all your social networks, but"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1224.18,"endTime":1228.08,"body":"equally, when people have kind"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1228.08,"endTime":1231.71,"body":"of rejected that and moved into"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1228.08,"endTime":1231.71,"body":"recovery, the same happens, but"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1231.74,"endTime":1234.56,"body":"you know, in reverse, so I"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1231.74,"endTime":1234.56,"body":"think, you know, so much to be"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1234.56,"endTime":1237.95,"body":"said about that, because alcohol"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1234.56,"endTime":1237.95,"body":"is such has such a prominent"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1237.95,"endTime":1242.0,"body":"place in society, you almost"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1237.95,"endTime":1242.0,"body":"have to set out your stall in"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1242.0,"endTime":1246.02,"body":"terms of what your relationship"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1242.0,"endTime":1246.02,"body":"is, with alcohol in so many"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1246.02,"endTime":1249.08,"body":"different social contexts, you"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1246.02,"endTime":1249.08,"body":"know, do you drink? Or are you"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1249.14,"endTime":1252.59,"body":"not a non drinker? And if so,"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1249.14,"endTime":1252.59,"body":"you kind of there's a lot of"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1252.59,"endTime":1255.98,"body":"pressure or expectation for"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1252.59,"endTime":1255.98,"body":"people to kind of mark that or"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1255.98,"endTime":1259.52,"body":"kind of communicate or signal in"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1255.98,"endTime":1259.52,"body":"some ways. And I think for me,"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1259.52,"endTime":1262.88,"body":"that's a bit of the problem with"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1259.52,"endTime":1262.88,"body":"the kind of, you're either"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1262.88,"endTime":1266.39,"body":"abstinent or you're not type"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1262.88,"endTime":1266.39,"body":"idea, because there's lots of"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1266.39,"endTime":1269.21,"body":"people who might cut down or"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1266.39,"endTime":1269.21,"body":"moderate their drinking, but"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1269.21,"endTime":1273.14,"body":"that's quite a difficult or"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1269.21,"endTime":1273.14,"body":"absent identity in the kind of"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1273.17,"endTime":1276.23,"body":"general culture that you know,"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1273.17,"endTime":1276.23,"body":"people call as Adrian Charles"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1276.23,"endTime":1279.47,"body":"says, they can't quite compute"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1276.23,"endTime":1279.47,"body":"the idea of moderation. So you"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1279.47,"endTime":1282.38,"body":"have to kind of set your stall"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1279.47,"endTime":1282.38,"body":"out as either an abstinent or a"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1282.38,"endTime":1284.0,"body":"kind of drinker of some sort."},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1284.06,"endTime":1286.07,"body":"I think it's"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1284.06,"endTime":1286.07,"body":"just so much more grey as well,"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1286.07,"endTime":1290.09,"body":"that kind of moderation element."},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1286.07,"endTime":1290.09,"body":"And I do feels to me as though"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1290.09,"endTime":1295.25,"body":"it's more open to peer pressure."},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1290.09,"endTime":1295.25,"body":"And people kind of say, No, come"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1295.25,"endTime":1298.58,"body":"on, come out. Or if you're"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1295.25,"endTime":1298.58,"body":"there, or why you have in lemon"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1298.58,"endTime":1301.37,"body":"sodas, come on, have a beer"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1298.58,"endTime":1301.37,"body":"Don't be a wuss, and that that"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1301.37,"endTime":1304.43,"body":"kind of attitude, whereas I"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1301.37,"endTime":1304.43,"body":"think if someone is kind of has"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1304.43,"endTime":1307.73,"body":"this identity as No, I don't"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1304.43,"endTime":1307.73,"body":"drink at all, I'm sure they do"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1307.73,"endTime":1310.52,"body":"experience some some peer"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1307.73,"endTime":1310.52,"body":"pressure. But I imagine, you"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1310.52,"endTime":1313.88,"body":"know, after a while, people"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1310.52,"endTime":1313.88,"body":"would be less likely to do that,"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1313.88,"endTime":1314.63,"body":"perhaps."},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1314.69,"endTime":1317.93,"body":"Yeah, I think I"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1314.69,"endTime":1317.93,"body":"mean, certainly from my own"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1317.93,"endTime":1320.54,"body":"experience that, you know, I"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1317.93,"endTime":1320.54,"body":"didn't drink for eight years."},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1320.54,"endTime":1324.11,"body":"And the challenges in terms of"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1320.54,"endTime":1324.11,"body":"peer pressure were quite"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1324.11,"endTime":1328.04,"body":"different, but similar in some"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1324.11,"endTime":1328.04,"body":"ways. So in some cases, you are"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1328.04,"endTime":1332.39,"body":"just obviously ostracised for"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1328.04,"endTime":1332.39,"body":"not drinking at all. But your"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1332.39,"endTime":1335.0,"body":"store was very clear, you"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1332.39,"endTime":1335.0,"body":"weren't going to drink and"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1335.0,"endTime":1337.73,"body":"nothing was going to change"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1335.0,"endTime":1337.73,"body":"that. But I think in both you"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1337.76,"endTime":1341.45,"body":"kind of developed strategies to"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1337.76,"endTime":1341.45,"body":"manage those situations. So now"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1341.45,"endTime":1345.02,"body":"as a moderate drinker, you can"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1341.45,"endTime":1345.02,"body":"fit in or blend in with heavier"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1345.02,"endTime":1348.2,"body":"drinkers if you need to. And"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1345.02,"endTime":1348.2,"body":"just pace yourself as long as"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1348.2,"endTime":1352.4,"body":"you avoid by rounds or so. Yeah,"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1348.2,"endTime":1352.4,"body":"I kind of agree it's, but it's,"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1352.43,"endTime":1355.34,"body":"I guess, I guess, yeah, again,"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1352.43,"endTime":1355.34,"body":"it depends so much on the"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1355.34,"endTime":1358.34,"body":"context and the individual and"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1355.34,"endTime":1358.34,"body":"the motivations."},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1358.64,"endTime":1360.32,"body":"I suppose the"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1358.64,"endTime":1360.32,"body":"other thing about kind of that"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1360.32,"endTime":1362.96,"body":"moderate drinking, and I mean,"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1360.32,"endTime":1362.96,"body":"I'm talking about this, from a"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1362.96,"endTime":1366.08,"body":"personal perspective is once"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1362.96,"endTime":1366.08,"body":"I've had a couple of drinks, I"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1366.08,"endTime":1369.41,"body":"think I'm definitely more"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1366.08,"endTime":1369.41,"body":"susceptible to having a couple"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1369.41,"endTime":1372.86,"body":"more. So I think that would kind"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1369.41,"endTime":1372.86,"body":"of be I mean, obviously, that's"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1372.86,"endTime":1376.19,"body":"in kind of a more social"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1372.86,"endTime":1376.19,"body":"context. But I think I would"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1376.19,"endTime":1379.1,"body":"definitely be firmer at the"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1376.19,"endTime":1379.1,"body":"start of a night that I was only"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1379.1,"endTime":1382.58,"body":"going to have two pints say,"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1379.1,"endTime":1382.58,"body":"then I will be by the time I'd"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1382.58,"endTime":1386.18,"body":"had those two pints, if people"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1382.58,"endTime":1386.18,"body":"were Yes, you know, say, Go and"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1386.18,"endTime":1386.93,"body":"have another one."},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1387.05,"endTime":1389.66,"body":"Well, that marries"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1387.05,"endTime":1389.66,"body":"up with the sort of evidence in"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1389.66,"endTime":1393.56,"body":"terms of succeeding at control,"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1389.66,"endTime":1393.56,"body":"drinking or moderation. You"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1393.56,"endTime":1397.25,"body":"know, it really does rely on"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1393.56,"endTime":1397.25,"body":"having very clear boundaries,"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1397.25,"endTime":1399.95,"body":"which you you know, you don't"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1397.25,"endTime":1399.95,"body":"really they're not really up for"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1399.95,"endTime":1403.04,"body":"negotiation, if you like, but at"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1399.95,"endTime":1403.04,"body":"the same time, you know, when I"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1403.04,"endTime":1406.16,"body":"started moderate drinking, I was"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1403.04,"endTime":1406.16,"body":"crystal clear about what those"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1406.16,"endTime":1408.83,"body":"boundaries are. And now I've"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1406.16,"endTime":1408.83,"body":"just kind of relaxed a bit,"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1408.83,"endTime":1412.19,"body":"because I know, you know, I've"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1408.83,"endTime":1412.19,"body":"just got used to my social"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1412.19,"endTime":1415.82,"body":"networks, and my identity, and"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1412.19,"endTime":1415.82,"body":"the expectations on me aren't so"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1415.82,"endTime":1419.27,"body":"great to kind of pressure me to"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1415.82,"endTime":1419.27,"body":"drink more, if you like. And so"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1419.3,"endTime":1422.93,"body":"in terms of these falls in youth"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1419.3,"endTime":1422.93,"body":"drinking, are there any other"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1422.93,"endTime":1425.81,"body":"kind of key factors that we"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1422.93,"endTime":1425.81,"body":"haven't touched on that may be"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1425.81,"endTime":1429.44,"body":"contributing to this? So we kind"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1425.81,"endTime":1429.44,"body":"of talked about, you know,"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1429.44,"endTime":1434.6,"body":"changes in parental styles,"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1429.44,"endTime":1434.6,"body":"possible roles of social media"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1434.6,"endTime":1438.83,"body":"and drugs, and these changing"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1434.6,"endTime":1438.83,"body":"social norms may be an"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1438.83,"endTime":1439.73,"body":"identities?"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1439.76,"endTime":1442.52,"body":"Yeah, I think"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1439.76,"endTime":1442.52,"body":"one thing that came out of some"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1442.52,"endTime":1445.61,"body":"of the research, which I think"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1442.52,"endTime":1445.61,"body":"is really interesting is that"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1445.64,"endTime":1448.97,"body":"young people are more future"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1445.64,"endTime":1448.97,"body":"focused. So I think this is"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1448.97,"endTime":1453.44,"body":"partly to do with disposable"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1448.97,"endTime":1453.44,"body":"income and the economy and all"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1453.44,"endTime":1456.53,"body":"those kind of elements. But"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1453.44,"endTime":1456.53,"body":"there is this sense amongst"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1456.53,"endTime":1460.58,"body":"young people that they really"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1456.53,"endTime":1460.58,"body":"need to spend their time doing"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1460.58,"endTime":1463.85,"body":"schoolwork and getting to a"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1460.58,"endTime":1463.85,"body":"point where they'll go to"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1463.85,"endTime":1466.7,"body":"university or they'll go down a"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1463.85,"endTime":1466.7,"body":"different path, but they'll have"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1466.7,"endTime":1469.67,"body":"a good job at the end of it. And"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1466.7,"endTime":1469.67,"body":"they young people certainly"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1469.67,"endTime":1472.52,"body":"think of themselves as being"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1469.67,"endTime":1472.52,"body":"more future focused than"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1472.52,"endTime":1476.36,"body":"previous generations, in"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1472.52,"endTime":1476.36,"body":"interviews with them. And I"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1476.36,"endTime":1478.79,"body":"think that is really"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1476.36,"endTime":1478.79,"body":"interesting, because you do see"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1478.79,"endTime":1483.08,"body":"there a difference between"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1478.79,"endTime":1483.08,"body":"different socio economic status"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1483.08,"endTime":1487.61,"body":"groups. So that kind of attitude"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1483.08,"endTime":1487.61,"body":"and outlook is is definitely"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1487.61,"endTime":1492.02,"body":"more prevalent amongst the kind"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1487.61,"endTime":1492.02,"body":"of higher sex or the more well"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1492.02,"endTime":1495.89,"body":"off groups. So how much of that"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1492.02,"endTime":1495.89,"body":"is kind of been driven by"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1495.92,"endTime":1500.0,"body":"parental influence or those kind"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1495.92,"endTime":1500.0,"body":"of elements? I'm not sure but"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1500.03,"endTime":1502.34,"body":"That is definitely something"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1500.03,"endTime":1502.34,"body":"which Yeah, there does seem to"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1502.34,"endTime":1503.69,"body":"be a discrepancy there."},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1504.14,"endTime":1506.75,"body":"And I can't help"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1504.14,"endTime":1506.75,"body":"but wonder, you know, there's a"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1506.75,"endTime":1510.32,"body":"lot of worrying figures about"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1506.75,"endTime":1510.32,"body":"kind of mental health issues"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1510.32,"endTime":1514.19,"body":"that younger people are facing"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1510.32,"endTime":1514.19,"body":"overall. And you know, I can't"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1514.19,"endTime":1518.15,"body":"help but think that so much of"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1514.19,"endTime":1518.15,"body":"that is linked to the pressures"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1518.15,"endTime":1521.39,"body":"that young people face and the"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1518.15,"endTime":1521.39,"body":"uncertainties they face about"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1521.42,"endTime":1524.9,"body":"know what kind of job that they"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1521.42,"endTime":1524.9,"body":"might possibly be able to get or"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1524.9,"endTime":1527.75,"body":"what kind of career because"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1524.9,"endTime":1527.75,"body":"those opportunities just seem to"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1527.75,"endTime":1530.54,"body":"be diminishing and kind of"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1527.75,"endTime":1530.54,"body":"longer term?"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1530.57,"endTime":1533.0,"body":"Absolutely. I"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1530.57,"endTime":1533.0,"body":"mean, with the effect of"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1533.09,"endTime":1538.55,"body":"COVID-19 and the lockdowns on"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1533.09,"endTime":1538.55,"body":"inequalities adjust are already"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1538.55,"endTime":1541.4,"body":"huge and are the worrying thing"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1538.55,"endTime":1541.4,"body":"is that it probably will just"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1541.4,"endTime":1543.86,"body":"make them more ingrained and"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1541.4,"endTime":1543.86,"body":"just have such a long term"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1543.86,"endTime":1548.06,"body":"impact. If you look at kind of"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1543.86,"endTime":1548.06,"body":"the data, young people are one"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1548.06,"endTime":1551.69,"body":"of the groups who are citing"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1548.06,"endTime":1551.69,"body":"kind of the most negative"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1551.69,"endTime":1555.35,"body":"effects to their well being and"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1551.69,"endTime":1555.35,"body":"like you say, a big part of that"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1555.35,"endTime":1558.86,"body":"is because the uncertainty about"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1555.35,"endTime":1558.86,"body":"where they're going to be and"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1558.89,"endTime":1560.93,"body":"the the opportunities they're"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1558.89,"endTime":1560.93,"body":"going to have what's going to"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1560.93,"endTime":1564.5,"body":"happen with schoolwork and"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1560.93,"endTime":1564.5,"body":"university and all those"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1564.5,"endTime":1566.9,"body":"elements where it's you know,"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1564.5,"endTime":1566.9,"body":"it's obviously it's an"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1566.93,"endTime":1570.23,"body":"incredibly worrying time for"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1566.93,"endTime":1570.23,"body":"everybody. But I think at least"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1570.23,"endTime":1574.1,"body":"if you're kind of set in a"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1570.23,"endTime":1574.1,"body":"career path, or you've, you've"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1574.1,"endTime":1577.13,"body":"got a job and you've got"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1574.1,"endTime":1577.13,"body":"experience, then perhaps it"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1577.13,"endTime":1580.85,"body":"doesn't feel quite as World"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1577.13,"endTime":1580.85,"body":"altering. So I have two sisters"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1581.36,"endTime":1586.16,"body":"16 and 18. One started uni"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1581.36,"endTime":1586.16,"body":"during the pandemic and one"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1586.19,"endTime":1590.18,"body":"who's kind of going through the"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1586.19,"endTime":1590.18,"body":"process of a levels, and the"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1590.18,"endTime":1593.78,"body":"disruption to them has been"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1590.18,"endTime":1593.78,"body":"absolutely enormous. They've had"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1593.78,"endTime":1596.9,"body":"exams cancelled, you know,"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1593.78,"endTime":1596.9,"body":"schools on and then it's off"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1596.9,"endTime":1599.48,"body":"again, and they're encouraged to"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1596.9,"endTime":1599.48,"body":"go to holes, and then they're"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1599.48,"endTime":1603.44,"body":"encouraged not to, and it's just"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1599.48,"endTime":1603.44,"body":"affected kind of every element"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1603.47,"endTime":1607.1,"body":"of their lives. So you can"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1603.47,"endTime":1607.1,"body":"completely understand why young"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1607.1,"endTime":1609.68,"body":"people are experiencing all"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1607.1,"endTime":1609.68,"body":"these negative effects."},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1609.86,"endTime":1612.95,"body":"Absolutely. It's"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1609.86,"endTime":1612.95,"body":"so worrying. And I do think, you"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1612.95,"endTime":1615.71,"body":"know, as well as the older"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1612.95,"endTime":1615.71,"body":"groups who are particularly"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1615.71,"endTime":1618.71,"body":"vulnerable in health terms, I"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1615.71,"endTime":1618.71,"body":"really just feel for the younger"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1618.71,"endTime":1621.89,"body":"people, you know, thinking back"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1618.71,"endTime":1621.89,"body":"about how important my social"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1621.89,"endTime":1626.45,"body":"life was to me in my younger"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1621.89,"endTime":1626.45,"body":"years. And so, you know, we"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1626.45,"endTime":1630.23,"body":"discussed a bit about, We fess"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1626.45,"endTime":1630.23,"body":"d up about our some of our pa"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1630.23,"endTime":1633.71,"body":"t drinking in parks and whatno"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1630.23,"endTime":1633.71,"body":". But did you attempt to d"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1633.71,"endTime":1637.28,"body":"y January? And if so, what was t"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1633.71,"endTime":1637.28,"body":"e sort of experience you had wi"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1637.28,"endTime":1637.4,"body":"h i"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1637.43,"endTime":1640.22,"body":"Um, yeah, so"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1637.43,"endTime":1640.22,"body":"I did do dry January, actually."},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1641.48,"endTime":1644.9,"body":"It's normally forbidden, because"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1641.48,"endTime":1644.9,"body":"my best friend, it's her"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1644.9,"endTime":1647.27,"body":"birthday in January. So I'm"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1644.9,"endTime":1647.27,"body":"never normally allowed to do it."},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1647.27,"endTime":1650.54,"body":"But I took the opportunity of"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1647.27,"endTime":1650.54,"body":"social isolation this year to do"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1650.54,"endTime":1654.95,"body":"it. And actually, I must say,"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1650.54,"endTime":1654.95,"body":"I've quite enjoyed it. So I"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1654.95,"endTime":1658.94,"body":"would say that I like to drink"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1654.95,"endTime":1658.94,"body":"and, you know, sometimes perhaps"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1658.94,"endTime":1661.19,"body":"drink too much. I think"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1658.94,"endTime":1661.19,"body":"particularly over Christmas,"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1661.19,"endTime":1664.43,"body":"because I live in London, and I"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1661.19,"endTime":1664.43,"body":"wasn't able to kind of go home"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1664.43,"endTime":1667.4,"body":"and see family. Don't get me"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1664.43,"endTime":1667.4,"body":"wrong, I'll put my violin away,"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1667.4,"endTime":1669.95,"body":"because we did have a lovely"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1667.4,"endTime":1669.95,"body":"time, but to whom it was we"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1669.95,"endTime":1673.43,"body":"definitely kind of got into the"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1669.95,"endTime":1673.43,"body":"habit of drinking more while we"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1673.43,"endTime":1675.95,"body":"had a bit of time off over"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1673.43,"endTime":1675.95,"body":"Christmas. So I think it kind of"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1675.95,"endTime":1679.16,"body":"got to that point where January"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1675.95,"endTime":1679.16,"body":"started, we thought I was quite"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1679.16,"endTime":1683.21,"body":"a good opportunity and to stop"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1679.16,"endTime":1683.21,"body":"for a while. And I thought I'd"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1683.21,"endTime":1687.29,"body":"struggle a lot more than a half."},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1683.21,"endTime":1687.29,"body":"But I suppose for me, I'm quite"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1687.29,"endTime":1690.05,"body":"a social drinker. I like going"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1687.29,"endTime":1690.05,"body":"out with friends. And I like"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1690.05,"endTime":1693.83,"body":"going to the pub. So had those"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1690.05,"endTime":1693.83,"body":"elements been there. Perhaps I"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1693.83,"endTime":1696.92,"body":"would have struggled a lot more"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1693.83,"endTime":1696.92,"body":"with it. I'm not sure. Yeah,"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1696.92,"endTime":1701.03,"body":"it's interesting, because on our"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1696.92,"endTime":1701.03,"body":"previous episode on defensive"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1701.09,"endTime":1705.86,"body":"and MC, one of our our guests"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1701.09,"endTime":1705.86,"body":"said that she found not drinking"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1705.86,"endTime":1709.64,"body":"a lot easier because she knew"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1705.86,"endTime":1709.64,"body":"the pubs were closed. So I would"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1709.64,"endTime":1712.13,"body":"say there was one night I can't"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1709.64,"endTime":1712.13,"body":"remember what we were watching"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1712.13,"endTime":1715.28,"body":"now. But we were watching"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1712.13,"endTime":1715.28,"body":"something and someone handed"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1715.31,"endTime":1718.55,"body":"some what a glass of whiskey and"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1715.31,"endTime":1718.55,"body":"I was like, oh, maybe I'll get a"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1718.55,"endTime":1722.6,"body":"drink. And then and then I"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1718.55,"endTime":1722.6,"body":"remembered it. But that was one"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1722.6,"endTime":1726.29,"body":"of the only times really that"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1722.6,"endTime":1726.29,"body":"I've felt like that craving. But"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1726.29,"endTime":1728.69,"body":"yeah, I do think it would"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1726.29,"endTime":1728.69,"body":"definitely be different if I was"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1728.69,"endTime":1731.03,"body":"more of a more of a home"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1728.69,"endTime":1731.03,"body":"drinker."},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1731.12,"endTime":1733.28,"body":"Yeah. It's"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1731.12,"endTime":1733.28,"body":"interesting, because, again, in"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1733.28,"endTime":1737.51,"body":"the previous episode, Emily and"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1733.28,"endTime":1737.51,"body":"Dawn, did some research, you"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1737.51,"endTime":1740.69,"body":"know, found the people that some"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1737.51,"endTime":1740.69,"body":"people that they spoke to"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1740.75,"endTime":1744.92,"body":"lockdown, and the change in"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1740.75,"endTime":1744.92,"body":"circumstances actually triggered"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1744.92,"endTime":1748.64,"body":"this kind of reflection"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1744.92,"endTime":1748.64,"body":"reflective process, and to"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1748.64,"endTime":1751.73,"body":"really carefully evaluate, you"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1748.64,"endTime":1751.73,"body":"know, what does it mean if I'm"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1751.73,"endTime":1755.42,"body":"drinking at home, and what my"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1751.73,"endTime":1755.42,"body":"reasons for doing that? And yes,"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1755.42,"endTime":1759.08,"body":"I suppose that is a such an"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1755.42,"endTime":1759.08,"body":"outlier this year, assuming that"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1759.32,"endTime":1763.28,"body":"God forbid, will be some form of"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1759.32,"endTime":1763.28,"body":"lockdown again next January. But"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1763.58,"endTime":1766.79,"body":"But yeah, but yeah, again, it"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1763.58,"endTime":1766.79,"body":"goes back to your kind of work"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1766.79,"endTime":1770.81,"body":"around the contexts. It's it's"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1766.79,"endTime":1770.81,"body":"just so significant isn't it was"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1770.81,"endTime":1773.93,"body":"different environmental and"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1770.81,"endTime":1773.93,"body":"social factors that influence"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1773.93,"endTime":1775.55,"body":"our drinking motives?"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1775.6,"endTime":1777.85,"body":"Yeah,"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1775.6,"endTime":1777.85,"body":"absolutely. We're actually in"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1778.18,"endTime":1780.94,"body":"started a paper drafting paper,"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1778.18,"endTime":1780.94,"body":"which looks at kind of the"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1780.94,"endTime":1784.15,"body":"differences between people who"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1780.94,"endTime":1784.15,"body":"are doing dry January this year"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1784.15,"endTime":1787.66,"body":"compared to last year to kind of"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1784.15,"endTime":1787.66,"body":"the different drinking"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1787.66,"endTime":1790.48,"body":"characteristics and socio"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1787.66,"endTime":1790.48,"body":"demographic groups that are kind"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1790.48,"endTime":1793.9,"body":"of more engaged with it, perhaps"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1790.48,"endTime":1793.9,"body":"this year or less engaged with"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1793.9,"endTime":1796.3,"body":"it this year. So I think that"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1793.9,"endTime":1796.3,"body":"will be really interesting"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1796.3,"endTime":1800.62,"body":"because, as you say, it's just"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1796.3,"endTime":1800.62,"body":"absolutely catastrophic changes"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1800.62,"endTime":1804.28,"body":"to people's lifestyles and"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1800.62,"endTime":1804.28,"body":"routines. So, we know that you"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1804.28,"endTime":1806.65,"body":"know the pandemic and the"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1804.28,"endTime":1806.65,"body":"lockdowns have had a polarising"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1806.65,"endTime":1809.11,"body":"impact on drinking where some"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1806.65,"endTime":1809.11,"body":"people are drinking more, some"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1809.11,"endTime":1811.63,"body":"people are drinking less. So I"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1809.11,"endTime":1811.63,"body":"think it would be really"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1811.63,"endTime":1815.02,"body":"interesting to see those groups"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1811.63,"endTime":1815.02,"body":"who are kind of engaging with"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1815.02,"endTime":1818.41,"body":"dry January, perhaps for the"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1815.02,"endTime":1818.41,"body":"first time this year. And so in"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1818.41,"endTime":1822.94,"body":"terms of thinking forward about"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1818.41,"endTime":1822.94,"body":"youth drinking and the trends, I"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1822.94,"endTime":1827.05,"body":"think there's some evidence that"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1822.94,"endTime":1827.05,"body":"young people in Britain still"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1827.05,"endTime":1830.92,"body":"drink more than the European"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1827.05,"endTime":1830.92,"body":"average. So even though overall,"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1830.92,"endTime":1835.39,"body":"the decline is really positive,"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1830.92,"endTime":1835.39,"body":"certainly in terms of like 11 to"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1835.39,"endTime":1838.48,"body":"15 year olds, you wouldn't want"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1835.39,"endTime":1838.48,"body":"to see any drinking amongst"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1838.48,"endTime":1842.32,"body":"those groups. But do you have a"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1838.48,"endTime":1842.32,"body":"sense of where we might kind of"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1842.32,"endTime":1845.44,"body":"go from here, what might happen"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1842.32,"endTime":1845.44,"body":"with those trends, or how we"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1845.44,"endTime":1848.11,"body":"might best be thinking about"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1845.44,"endTime":1848.11,"body":"kind of taking some of those"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1848.11,"endTime":1852.64,"body":"lessons into a be think about"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1848.11,"endTime":1852.64,"body":"how we can achieve reductions in"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1852.64,"endTime":1855.55,"body":"drinking amongst other age"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1852.64,"endTime":1855.55,"body":"groups where there haven't been"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1855.55,"endTime":1858.88,"body":"those falls, but also, there's"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1855.55,"endTime":1858.88,"body":"some very harmful drinking"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1858.91,"endTime":1863.2,"body":"patterns and consequences. Yeah,"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1858.91,"endTime":1863.2,"body":"it's really interesting. So in"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1863.2,"endTime":1867.43,"body":"terms of Great Britain's kind of"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1863.2,"endTime":1867.43,"body":"position, into in terms of"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1867.43,"endTime":1870.61,"body":"Europe, at least, we have"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1867.43,"endTime":1870.61,"body":"actually changed quite a lot. So"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1870.61,"endTime":1873.73,"body":"I think we used to be one of the"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1870.61,"endTime":1873.73,"body":"worst, perhaps even the second"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1873.73,"endTime":1878.2,"body":"worst, around 2002. So this is"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1873.73,"endTime":1878.2,"body":"adolescent drinking. And"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1878.2,"endTime":1882.97,"body":"actually, the declines in kind"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1878.2,"endTime":1882.97,"body":"of youth drinking are bigger in"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1882.97,"endTime":1886.0,"body":"Great Britain than in than in"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1882.97,"endTime":1886.0,"body":"other places. So we've actually,"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1886.03,"endTime":1888.49,"body":"we're not quite as bad as we"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1886.03,"endTime":1888.49,"body":"used to be when you kind of look"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1888.49,"endTime":1892.33,"body":"at cross country comparisons."},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1888.49,"endTime":1892.33,"body":"But definitely, there are still,"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1892.45,"endTime":1895.39,"body":"you know, there's still too much"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1892.45,"endTime":1895.39,"body":"drinking amongst particularly 11"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1895.39,"endTime":1898.33,"body":"to 15 year olds where, like you"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1895.39,"endTime":1898.33,"body":"say you, you wouldn't want to"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1898.33,"endTime":1900.97,"body":"see any rarely, because they are"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1898.33,"endTime":1900.97,"body":"so vulnerable to kind of the"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1900.97,"endTime":1904.72,"body":"negative effects. I mean, nobody"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1900.97,"endTime":1904.72,"body":"really knows what's going to"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1904.72,"endTime":1907.72,"body":"happen with the, with the"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1904.72,"endTime":1907.72,"body":"trends. So one thing we have"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1907.72,"endTime":1911.08,"body":"seen in the last three or four"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1907.72,"endTime":1911.08,"body":"years is actually those declines"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1911.08,"endTime":1915.94,"body":"are levelling off, at least in"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1911.08,"endTime":1915.94,"body":"England or the UK. So they seem"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1915.94,"endTime":1918.64,"body":"to kind of have got to a point"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1915.94,"endTime":1918.64,"body":"and now they're just been"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1918.64,"endTime":1921.88,"body":"maintained. So whether that"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1918.64,"endTime":1921.88,"body":"will, you know, stay a stable"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1921.88,"endTime":1924.49,"body":"level or whether it could"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1921.88,"endTime":1924.49,"body":"potentially start creeping back"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1924.49,"endTime":1927.4,"body":"up? Again, nobody's really sure."},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1924.49,"endTime":1927.4,"body":"And I think that's one of the"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1927.4,"endTime":1930.46,"body":"reasons that people are kind of"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1927.4,"endTime":1930.46,"body":"so invested in understanding"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1930.49,"endTime":1934.09,"body":"what's driven the decline so"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1930.49,"endTime":1934.09,"body":"that we can kind of capitalise"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1934.09,"endTime":1936.88,"body":"on that and encourage further"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1934.09,"endTime":1936.88,"body":"declines. And I think it's"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1936.88,"endTime":1939.28,"body":"really interesting, you know,"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1936.88,"endTime":1939.28,"body":"when you think about different"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1939.31,"endTime":1942.61,"body":"age groups, because certainly"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1939.31,"endTime":1942.61,"body":"traditionally, and you know, in"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1942.61,"endTime":1946.69,"body":"terms of media coverage, I think"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1942.61,"endTime":1946.69,"body":"most people would have this idea"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1946.69,"endTime":1949.75,"body":"that, that young people are, you"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1946.69,"endTime":1949.75,"body":"know, the problem group, they're"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1949.75,"endTime":1953.74,"body":"the ones going out every weekend"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1949.75,"endTime":1953.74,"body":"and getting drunk and falling"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1953.74,"endTime":1956.92,"body":"out of bars and having fights"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1953.74,"endTime":1956.92,"body":"and all those kinds of elements."},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1957.25,"endTime":1959.5,"body":"But actually, when you look at"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1957.25,"endTime":1959.5,"body":"kind of trends in alcohol"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1959.5,"endTime":1962.83,"body":"consumption, the increases in"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1959.5,"endTime":1962.83,"body":"consumption, and the kind of"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1962.83,"endTime":1966.19,"body":"heavy harmful consumption a lot"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1962.83,"endTime":1966.19,"body":"of the time is, is happening in"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1966.19,"endTime":1969.04,"body":"middle age groups. And it's not"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1966.19,"endTime":1969.04,"body":"necessarily that people are"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1969.04,"endTime":1972.16,"body":"going out all the time, but it's"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1969.04,"endTime":1972.16,"body":"drinking at home. And we think a"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1972.16,"endTime":1975.22,"body":"lot of that is because there's"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1972.16,"endTime":1975.22,"body":"kind of increase in availability"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1975.22,"endTime":1978.73,"body":"of cheap alcohol sold at all"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1975.22,"endTime":1978.73,"body":"hours of the day, and you know,"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1978.76,"endTime":1981.88,"body":"most shops that you go in, and"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1978.76,"endTime":1981.88,"body":"it's just so available. So"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1981.88,"endTime":1984.97,"body":"people kind of fall into these"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1981.88,"endTime":1984.97,"body":"habitual drinking patterns where"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1984.97,"endTime":1988.6,"body":"they have, you know, a bottle of"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1984.97,"endTime":1988.6,"body":"wine a night or a few times a"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1988.6,"endTime":1992.35,"body":"week. And that's actually, you"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1988.6,"endTime":1992.35,"body":"know, really quite harmful over"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1992.35,"endTime":1995.02,"body":"a period of time and is much"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1992.35,"endTime":1995.02,"body":"higher than the guidelines"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1995.02,"endTime":1998.08,"body":"suggest is, is a safe or at"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":1995.02,"endTime":1998.08,"body":"least low risk level."},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1998.17,"endTime":2000.18,"body":"Absolutely. And I"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":1998.17,"endTime":2000.18,"body":"think, again, in the previous"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":2000.18,"endTime":2003.6,"body":"episodes, I think that reflects"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":2000.18,"endTime":2003.6,"body":"the a lot of the discussion"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":2003.6,"endTime":2007.02,"body":"where many people sort of"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":2003.6,"endTime":2007.02,"body":"working in the alcohol field"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":2007.05,"endTime":2012.15,"body":"feel that that is practical, or"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":2007.05,"endTime":2012.15,"body":"pragmatic, or desirable to try"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":2012.15,"endTime":2016.05,"body":"and shift that balance so that"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":2012.15,"endTime":2016.05,"body":"more consumption, more drinking"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":2016.05,"endTime":2020.34,"body":"takes place in regulated"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":2016.05,"endTime":2020.34,"body":"environments and pubs and you"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":2020.34,"endTime":2023.43,"body":"know, away from the home home"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":2020.34,"endTime":2023.43,"body":"environment, which is so"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":2023.43,"endTime":2027.78,"body":"unregulated and a lot of people"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":2023.43,"endTime":2027.78,"body":"say that there's far less checks"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":2027.78,"endTime":2031.98,"body":"and boundaries on on the kind of"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":2027.78,"endTime":2031.98,"body":"drinking and and it's so easy to"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":2031.98,"endTime":2035.1,"body":"do just on a regular basis. So"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":2031.98,"endTime":2035.1,"body":"yeah, I think there is a lot of"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":2035.1,"endTime":2038.85,"body":"favour in the alcohol field on"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":2035.1,"endTime":2038.85,"body":"the whole or a lot of"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":2038.85,"endTime":2043.29,"body":"recognition for Yeah, just not"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":2038.85,"endTime":2043.29,"body":"labelling pubs as as bad places,"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":2043.29,"endTime":2046.8,"body":"but rather than a kind of an"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":2043.29,"endTime":2046.8,"body":"opportunity for less harmful"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":2046.8,"endTime":2051.42,"body":"drinking patterns to emerge as"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":2046.8,"endTime":2051.42,"body":"can much more easily occur in in"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":2051.42,"endTime":2055.83,"body":"kind of home context. Well,"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":2051.42,"endTime":2055.83,"body":"thanks so much for Yeah, it's"},{"speaker":"James Morris","startTime":2055.83,"endTime":2056.67,"body":"been really, really good."},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":2056.76,"endTime":2058.56,"body":"Oh, thank you"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":2056.76,"endTime":2058.56,"body":"for having me. I really enjoyed"},{"speaker":"Dr Melissa Oldham","startTime":2058.56,"endTime":2058.86,"body":"it."}]}