{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"startTime":3.619,"endTime":8.619,"body":"If you have carbon that gets below a"},{"startTime":3.619,"endTime":8.619,"body":"thousand meters of depth in the ocean,"},{"startTime":9.059,"endTime":14.019,"body":"you're probably going to have that carbon"},{"startTime":9.059,"endTime":14.019,"body":"staying down there or anyway away from"},{"startTime":14.019,"endTime":19.999,"body":"the surface for about a thousand years,"},{"startTime":14.019,"endTime":19.999,"body":"which is pretty good time line, right?"},{"startTime":20.099,"endTime":22.659,"body":"We can probably find better"},{"startTime":20.099,"endTime":22.659,"body":"solution and better technology"},{"startTime":22.659,"endTime":23.829,"body":"in a thousand years from now."},{"startTime":23.829,"endTime":25.749,"body":"And we don't have to worry about it."},{"startTime":25.809,"endTime":26.139,"body":"Right"},{"startTime":26.68,"endTime":30.31,"body":"Good morning, good afternoon, or good"},{"startTime":26.68,"endTime":30.31,"body":"evening, wherever you are in the world."},{"startTime":30.9,"endTime":36.02,"body":"Welcome to episode 208 of the"},{"startTime":30.9,"endTime":36.02,"body":"Climate Confident podcast, the go to"},{"startTime":36.02,"endTime":39.55,"body":"show for best practices in climate"},{"startTime":36.02,"endTime":39.55,"body":"emission reductions and removals."},{"startTime":40.13,"endTime":43.9,"body":"I'm your host, Tom Raftery, and if you"},{"startTime":40.13,"endTime":43.9,"body":"haven't already, be sure to follow this"},{"startTime":43.91,"endTime":46.17,"body":"podcast in your podcast app of choice."},{"startTime":46.2,"endTime":48.12,"body":"So you never miss an episode."},{"startTime":49.09,"endTime":52.12,"body":"Before we dive in a huge, thank"},{"startTime":49.09,"endTime":52.12,"body":"you to our incredible supporters."},{"startTime":52.48,"endTime":56.05,"body":"Your backing keeps this podcast"},{"startTime":52.48,"endTime":56.05,"body":"going and I truly appreciate"},{"startTime":56.21,"endTime":57.37,"body":"each and every one of you."},{"startTime":58.15,"endTime":61.15,"body":"If you'd like to join our community,"},{"startTime":58.15,"endTime":61.15,"body":"you can support the show for as little"},{"startTime":61.15,"endTime":63.11,"body":"as three euros or dollars a month."},{"startTime":63.23,"endTime":64.86,"body":"That's less than the cost of a coffee."},{"startTime":65.23,"endTime":68.95,"body":"Just click the support link in"},{"startTime":65.23,"endTime":68.95,"body":"the show notes or visit tinyurl."},{"startTime":69.3,"endTime":70.53,"body":"com slash climatepod."},{"startTime":72.165,"endTime":76.275,"body":"In today's show, I'm thrilled to be"},{"startTime":72.165,"endTime":76.275,"body":"talking to Annalisa Bracco, and in"},{"startTime":76.275,"endTime":80.095,"body":"coming weeks, I'll be chatting to Dr."},{"startTime":76.275,"endTime":80.095,"body":"Gemma Green, co founder and exec chair"},{"startTime":80.095,"endTime":85.705,"body":"of PowerLedger, where we'll be talking"},{"startTime":80.095,"endTime":85.705,"body":"energy autonomy, Puja Balachander,"},{"startTime":85.706,"endTime":89.625,"body":"founder of Upgreen, and we'll be"},{"startTime":85.706,"endTime":89.625,"body":"talking about commercial property,"},{"startTime":89.625,"endTime":93.986,"body":"Jenny Morgan, we'll be talking about"},{"startTime":89.625,"endTime":93.986,"body":"her new book about cancel culture."},{"startTime":94.991,"endTime":99.221,"body":"And Chris Daugherty, CEO of Joulen,"},{"startTime":94.991,"endTime":99.221,"body":"we'll be talking about energy"},{"startTime":99.221,"endTime":101.921,"body":"grids, but back to today's show."},{"startTime":101.951,"endTime":104.991,"body":"And as I said, I'm talking to Annalisa."},{"startTime":105.351,"endTime":107.071,"body":"Annalisa, welcome to the podcast."},{"startTime":107.081,"endTime":108.801,"body":"Would you like to introduce yourself?"},{"startTime":109.214,"endTime":110.714,"body":"Sure, and thank you for having me."},{"startTime":111.044,"endTime":112.364,"body":"My name is Annalisa Bracco."},{"startTime":112.434,"endTime":117.274,"body":"I'm a physical oceanographer, climate"},{"startTime":112.434,"endTime":117.274,"body":"scientist, and I'm a professor at"},{"startTime":117.284,"endTime":119.664,"body":"the Georgia Institute of Technology."},{"startTime":119.704,"endTime":123.884,"body":"I work in the School of Earth and"},{"startTime":119.704,"endTime":123.884,"body":"Atmospheric Sciences, and I work with"},{"startTime":123.884,"endTime":130.364,"body":"models and with data when I have them to"},{"startTime":123.884,"endTime":130.364,"body":"figure out what is going on in our oceans"},{"startTime":130.454,"endTime":133.474,"body":"and how we can hope to make them better."},{"startTime":134.604,"endTime":135.394,"body":"Okay, great."},{"startTime":135.924,"endTime":139.244,"body":"And can you talk to me a little"},{"startTime":135.924,"endTime":139.244,"body":"bit about your journey to there?"},{"startTime":139.244,"endTime":143.644,"body":"You know, what got you into this space"},{"startTime":139.244,"endTime":143.644,"body":"and how you ended up where you are?"},{"startTime":144.775,"endTime":147.275,"body":"Yes kind of by chance, I would say."},{"startTime":147.345,"endTime":149.135,"body":"My background is in physics."},{"startTime":149.685,"endTime":152.635,"body":"I have a bachelor degree in"},{"startTime":149.685,"endTime":152.635,"body":"physics that I got in Italy."},{"startTime":152.635,"endTime":153.875,"body":"I'm Italian originally."},{"startTime":154.375,"endTime":156.735,"body":"And I really studied theoretical physics."},{"startTime":156.735,"endTime":160.075,"body":"So general relativity, particle"},{"startTime":156.735,"endTime":160.075,"body":"physics, things like that."},{"startTime":160.825,"endTime":164.315,"body":"Towards the end the system"},{"startTime":160.825,"endTime":164.315,"body":"in Italy required you to do a"},{"startTime":164.345,"endTime":166.545,"body":"thesis, so a research project."},{"startTime":166.639,"endTime":170.669,"body":"I ended up doing it on"},{"startTime":166.639,"endTime":170.669,"body":"the formation of planets."},{"startTime":171.779,"endTime":176.539,"body":"And in looking at the formation of"},{"startTime":171.779,"endTime":176.539,"body":"planets, I looked into the presence of"},{"startTime":176.539,"endTime":181.789,"body":"vortices and the role that vortices,"},{"startTime":176.539,"endTime":181.789,"body":"so turbulent motions that is organised"},{"startTime":181.809,"endTime":183.469,"body":"in those structures could do."},{"startTime":184.449,"endTime":188.339,"body":"And it turns out that vortices are also"},{"startTime":184.449,"endTime":188.339,"body":"in the atmosphere and in the ocean."},{"startTime":188.839,"endTime":195.759,"body":"I had started my PhD by, by then"},{"startTime":188.839,"endTime":195.759,"body":"and my advisor was not so much"},{"startTime":195.759,"endTime":197.409,"body":"into planetary science anymore."},{"startTime":197.409,"endTime":201.019,"body":"And so he asked, would you"},{"startTime":197.409,"endTime":201.019,"body":"consider applying it, what you"},{"startTime":201.019,"endTime":205.829,"body":"have learned and fluid dynamics"},{"startTime":201.019,"endTime":205.829,"body":"capabilities to ocean or atmosphere?"},{"startTime":206.879,"endTime":208.069,"body":"I love to sail."},{"startTime":208.719,"endTime":210.899,"body":"So I was definitely an ocean person."},{"startTime":211.249,"endTime":213.259,"body":"And so I said, Sure, ocean."},{"startTime":213.599,"endTime":213.869,"body":"Right."},{"startTime":214.489,"endTime":220.039,"body":"That's pretty much how I turn"},{"startTime":214.489,"endTime":220.039,"body":"away from planetary science"},{"startTime":220.039,"endTime":221.419,"body":"and went into oceanography."},{"startTime":221.419,"endTime":226.449,"body":"And from from that, going into climate"},{"startTime":221.419,"endTime":226.449,"body":"more broadly has been really easy."},{"startTime":227.669,"endTime":228.039,"body":"Okay."},{"startTime":228.419,"endTime":233.689,"body":"And what has, do you think surprised"},{"startTime":228.419,"endTime":233.689,"body":"you most on your journey from"},{"startTime":234.119,"endTime":236.899,"body":"planetary sciences to now oceanography?"},{"startTime":238.589,"endTime":245.652,"body":"Certainly, the availability of"},{"startTime":238.589,"endTime":245.652,"body":"data was a first big change."},{"startTime":245.722,"endTime":254.187,"body":"I think when we went from planetary into"},{"startTime":245.722,"endTime":254.187,"body":"geophysical flows or atmosphere or ocean."},{"startTime":254.507,"endTime":257.297,"body":"It was really at the time where"},{"startTime":254.507,"endTime":257.297,"body":"we were starting to have a lot"},{"startTime":257.297,"endTime":258.877,"body":"of satellite data coming through."},{"startTime":259.287,"endTime":263.747,"body":"And so that was extremely exciting"},{"startTime":259.287,"endTime":263.747,"body":"because you work on, on planets and"},{"startTime":263.757,"endTime":267.147,"body":"you don't have as much, at least at"},{"startTime":263.757,"endTime":267.147,"body":"the time, we did don't have as much."},{"startTime":267.187,"endTime":270.037,"body":"And so you build those wonderful"},{"startTime":267.187,"endTime":270.037,"body":"theories, but sometimes it's"},{"startTime":270.272,"endTime":271.582,"body":"difficult to prove them."},{"startTime":271.582,"endTime":276.162,"body":"And in fact, our idea that the vortices"},{"startTime":271.582,"endTime":276.162,"body":"played a role in the formation of planets"},{"startTime":276.172,"endTime":280.702,"body":"was seen and proved only like 20 years"},{"startTime":276.172,"endTime":280.702,"body":"later by someone else because we were"},{"startTime":280.702,"endTime":282.232,"body":"not working in that field anymore."},{"startTime":282.262,"endTime":286.062,"body":"But they actually observed one"},{"startTime":282.262,"endTime":286.062,"body":"of those vortices contributing"},{"startTime":286.062,"endTime":287.302,"body":"to the formation of a planet."},{"startTime":287.922,"endTime":292.542,"body":"While, on the, on our planet, we were"},{"startTime":287.922,"endTime":292.542,"body":"already collecting satellite data."},{"startTime":292.542,"endTime":295.202,"body":"And so that was, was really fascinating."},{"startTime":295.712,"endTime":300.202,"body":"And of course, it was also fascinating"},{"startTime":295.712,"endTime":300.202,"body":"that there was an immediate problem"},{"startTime":300.202,"endTime":305.235,"body":"that relevant for society, which was"},{"startTime":300.202,"endTime":305.235,"body":"that we were kind of changing what that"},{"startTime":305.275,"endTime":307.255,"body":"atmosphere and that ocean look like."},{"startTime":307.855,"endTime":312.325,"body":"Because we are emitting CO2"},{"startTime":307.855,"endTime":312.325,"body":"and other greenhouse gases."},{"startTime":312.325,"endTime":315.809,"body":"And so we were changing the"},{"startTime":312.325,"endTime":315.809,"body":"chemistry of our planet."},{"startTime":316.579,"endTime":320.889,"body":"And the other thing that was"},{"startTime":316.579,"endTime":320.889,"body":"fascinating for me as I love to work on"},{"startTime":320.919,"endTime":325.179,"body":"interdisciplinary settings and so work"},{"startTime":320.919,"endTime":325.179,"body":"with colleagues that do other things."},{"startTime":325.689,"endTime":327.639,"body":"And that was very, very"},{"startTime":325.689,"endTime":327.639,"body":"easy on our planet."},{"startTime":327.679,"endTime":330.019,"body":"Because if you're thinking about"},{"startTime":327.679,"endTime":330.019,"body":"the ocean, you have to think"},{"startTime":330.019,"endTime":331.249,"body":"about who lives in the ocean."},{"startTime":331.249,"endTime":333.399,"body":"If you think about the"},{"startTime":331.249,"endTime":333.399,"body":"atmosphere, you do the same."},{"startTime":333.779,"endTime":339.119,"body":"And so it was much easier to go"},{"startTime":333.779,"endTime":339.119,"body":"into projects that involve other"},{"startTime":339.179,"endTime":340.819,"body":"dimensions than just physics."},{"startTime":341.554,"endTime":342.424,"body":"Okay, nice."},{"startTime":342.884,"endTime":347.414,"body":"And what have you found in your"},{"startTime":342.884,"endTime":347.414,"body":"studies of the ocean to-date?"},{"startTime":348.869,"endTime":349.699,"body":"That it's warming."},{"startTime":351.629,"endTime":352.409,"body":"That's for sure."},{"startTime":352.959,"endTime":354.739,"body":"That it's constantly changing."},{"startTime":355.259,"endTime":358.019,"body":"And that has been happening forever."},{"startTime":358.069,"endTime":361.559,"body":"We may be changing it a little bit"},{"startTime":358.069,"endTime":361.559,"body":"faster than it used to be, at least"},{"startTime":361.559,"endTime":366.569,"body":"on certain fields, but definitely that"},{"startTime":361.559,"endTime":366.569,"body":"it's a very, very dynamic environment."},{"startTime":367.199,"endTime":373.139,"body":"That we are really doing quite a bit"},{"startTime":367.199,"endTime":373.139,"body":"of damage in terms of biodiversity."},{"startTime":373.179,"endTime":377.339,"body":"And so we have to work to"},{"startTime":373.179,"endTime":377.339,"body":"improve that, and we're doing it."},{"startTime":377.919,"endTime":382.269,"body":"But we definitely have to consider that"},{"startTime":377.919,"endTime":382.269,"body":"carefully because a billion people live"},{"startTime":382.719,"endTime":387.139,"body":"out of protein or get anyway, most of"},{"startTime":382.719,"endTime":387.139,"body":"their protein supply from the ocean."},{"startTime":387.149,"endTime":391.239,"body":"And so we need that biodiversity and"},{"startTime":387.149,"endTime":391.239,"body":"need to preserve it also for economic"},{"startTime":391.239,"endTime":394.369,"body":"reasons, also for survival reasons for us."},{"startTime":395.312,"endTime":398.702,"body":"I've learned that the ocean can"},{"startTime":395.312,"endTime":398.702,"body":"be a beautiful medium and can"},{"startTime":398.712,"endTime":400.452,"body":"also be a very dangerous one."},{"startTime":400.572,"endTime":405.309,"body":"So you have to always pay"},{"startTime":400.572,"endTime":405.309,"body":"attention to what is going on."},{"startTime":405.909,"endTime":407.329,"body":"Very, very hard to measure."},{"startTime":407.399,"endTime":411.489,"body":"It's still, you know, it's common to"},{"startTime":407.399,"endTime":411.489,"body":"say that we have more observation of"},{"startTime":411.489,"endTime":414.119,"body":"Mars now than we have of our ocean."},{"startTime":414.619,"endTime":418.529,"body":"And in a lot of ways that's true"},{"startTime":414.619,"endTime":418.529,"body":"because we can see the surface"},{"startTime":418.529,"endTime":423.067,"body":"of the ocean very well from the"},{"startTime":418.529,"endTime":423.067,"body":"satellite measurements but deep ocean."},{"startTime":423.087,"endTime":424.467,"body":"It's it's hard to measure."},{"startTime":424.527,"endTime":430.717,"body":"And we do have  instruments that get us"},{"startTime":424.527,"endTime":430.717,"body":"to 1000 or 2000 metres pretty regularly."},{"startTime":431.217,"endTime":433.417,"body":"But we don't have a lot below that."},{"startTime":433.967,"endTime":438.252,"body":"So there is still a lot of to"},{"startTime":433.967,"endTime":438.252,"body":"discover really very interesting."},{"startTime":439.262,"endTime":443.582,"body":"And today is also becoming more and"},{"startTime":439.262,"endTime":443.582,"body":"more important for the problem of rare"},{"startTime":444.082,"endTime":448.622,"body":"minerals, for the interest that there is"},{"startTime":444.082,"endTime":448.622,"body":"in extracting resources from the ocean,"},{"startTime":449.192,"endTime":455.352,"body":"the interest that there is potentially"},{"startTime":449.192,"endTime":455.352,"body":"in storing CO2 and, and carbon that we"},{"startTime":455.517,"endTime":460.087,"body":"subtract from the atmosphere somehow"},{"startTime":455.517,"endTime":460.087,"body":"in the depth of the ocean, because it's"},{"startTime":460.087,"endTime":462.107,"body":"a safer place where you can put it."},{"startTime":462.117,"endTime":465.127,"body":"So a lot of interest also from"},{"startTime":462.117,"endTime":465.127,"body":"a technological perspective."},{"startTime":466.187,"endTime":467.227,"body":"Okay, okay."},{"startTime":467.807,"endTime":469.287,"body":"And you said it's getting warmer."},{"startTime":469.337,"endTime":471.857,"body":"I mean, that sounds kind of"},{"startTime":469.337,"endTime":471.857,"body":"like a good thing, right?"},{"startTime":473.347,"endTime":474.207,"body":"No, not really."},{"startTime":476.507,"endTime":478.607,"body":"I go swimming in the ocean"},{"startTime":476.507,"endTime":478.607,"body":"and it's freezing cold if it's"},{"startTime":478.607,"endTime":479.507,"body":"a couple of degrees warmer."},{"startTime":479.507,"endTime":479.997,"body":"Isn't that a good thing?"},{"startTime":479.997,"endTime":480.451,"body":"I'm being facetious obviously."},{"startTime":480.451,"endTime":480.787,"body":"I was actually"},{"startTime":484.13,"endTime":487.24,"body":"seeing yesterday you know,"},{"startTime":484.13,"endTime":487.24,"body":"originally I'm from Italy."},{"startTime":487.24,"endTime":491.967,"body":"I was still reading the Italian news"},{"startTime":487.24,"endTime":491.967,"body":"and seeing people swimming in the South"},{"startTime":492.057,"endTime":496.237,"body":"because it's still so warm that you"},{"startTime":492.057,"endTime":496.237,"body":"can just go to the beach right now."},{"startTime":496.847,"endTime":498.797,"body":"It's great for that."},{"startTime":498.817,"endTime":504.047,"body":"It's not so great when you have, I"},{"startTime":498.817,"endTime":504.047,"body":"mean, an ocean that warms up means"},{"startTime":504.067,"endTime":506.457,"body":"that the ocean is storing more energy."},{"startTime":506.527,"endTime":510.787,"body":"And obviously the ocean is warming"},{"startTime":506.527,"endTime":510.787,"body":"from the surface down below."},{"startTime":510.787,"endTime":514.697,"body":"So where you have a lot of energy"},{"startTime":510.787,"endTime":514.697,"body":"stored near the surface, you"},{"startTime":514.697,"endTime":520.477,"body":"also have a lot of potential for"},{"startTime":514.697,"endTime":520.477,"body":"extreme events in terms of weather."},{"startTime":520.847,"endTime":524.117,"body":"And so you are increasing the"},{"startTime":520.847,"endTime":524.117,"body":"possibility of having hurricanes."},{"startTime":524.147,"endTime":527.747,"body":"You are increasing the possibility"},{"startTime":524.147,"endTime":527.747,"body":"to have in the Mediterranean"},{"startTime":527.747,"endTime":529.747,"body":"Sea are called now medicanes."},{"startTime":530.247,"endTime":535.094,"body":"So big storm that have a very"},{"startTime":530.247,"endTime":535.094,"body":"strong destructive power."},{"startTime":536.117,"endTime":538.567,"body":"Stronger hurricanes are becoming the norm."},{"startTime":539.077,"endTime":544.757,"body":"We are seeing them just the intensity of"},{"startTime":539.077,"endTime":544.757,"body":"the hurricanes is, it's slowly changing."},{"startTime":545.307,"endTime":551.867,"body":"The other thing without even getting to"},{"startTime":545.307,"endTime":551.867,"body":"that level of, damage is that we are by"},{"startTime":551.887,"endTime":556.677,"body":"changing what the ocean is storing in"},{"startTime":551.887,"endTime":556.677,"body":"terms of heat near the surface, we are"},{"startTime":556.677,"endTime":558.787,"body":"really changing the precipitation pattern."},{"startTime":558.857,"endTime":561.807,"body":"So where it rains and how much it rains."},{"startTime":562.337,"endTime":566.757,"body":"And that is problematic because the"},{"startTime":562.337,"endTime":566.757,"body":"system, the climate system is evolving"},{"startTime":566.757,"endTime":571.237,"body":"towards more rain where it's already"},{"startTime":566.757,"endTime":571.237,"body":"wet and less rain where it's already dry"},{"startTime":571.867,"endTime":577.437,"body":"and obviously tends to be dry over land"},{"startTime":571.867,"endTime":577.437,"body":"and tends to be very wet over the ocean."},{"startTime":578.357,"endTime":582.127,"body":"But that means that we have a less supply"},{"startTime":578.357,"endTime":582.127,"body":"of fresh water over land in certain"},{"startTime":582.127,"endTime":584.257,"body":"areas, which is obviously not good."},{"startTime":585.44,"endTime":589.06,"body":"And also that whenever there is"},{"startTime":585.44,"endTime":589.06,"body":"a storm, there is going to be a"},{"startTime":589.09,"endTime":593.03,"body":"stronger storm, even if we don't"},{"startTime":589.09,"endTime":593.03,"body":"get to the level of hurricanes."},{"startTime":594.02,"endTime":595.47,"body":"I can give you an example."},{"startTime":595.48,"endTime":601.18,"body":"Last year, I was organizing a workshop"},{"startTime":595.48,"endTime":601.18,"body":"at Spelman University here in Atlanta."},{"startTime":601.87,"endTime":607.38,"body":"And on the last day, we had"},{"startTime":601.87,"endTime":607.38,"body":"eight inches, eight inches of"},{"startTime":607.42,"endTime":609.62,"body":"rain coming down in two hours."},{"startTime":610.46,"endTime":611.74,"body":"That's about 20 centimeters."},{"startTime":613.524,"endTime":619.024,"body":"So we had to stop everything because"},{"startTime":613.524,"endTime":619.024,"body":"it started raining into the cafeteria,"},{"startTime":619.034,"endTime":622.334,"body":"which was the room very close to"},{"startTime":619.034,"endTime":622.334,"body":"where we were having the conference."},{"startTime":622.804,"endTime":626.344,"body":"The Benz, Mercedes Benz Stadium,"},{"startTime":622.804,"endTime":626.344,"body":"which is the biggest stadiums we"},{"startTime":626.344,"endTime":628.874,"body":"have here in Atlanta got flooded."},{"startTime":629.284,"endTime":632.064,"body":"Clark University nearby"},{"startTime":629.284,"endTime":632.064,"body":"got completely flooded."},{"startTime":632.434,"endTime":638.894,"body":"I mean, eight inches is what we get"},{"startTime":632.434,"endTime":638.894,"body":"in a month, in a, in a good, you know,"},{"startTime":638.904,"endTime":641.214,"body":"month of August when it rains a lot."},{"startTime":641.564,"endTime":646.734,"body":"And we got it in two hours and this,"},{"startTime":641.564,"endTime":646.734,"body":"this year, August was completely dry."},{"startTime":646.734,"endTime":647.924,"body":"We didn't get anything."},{"startTime":648.324,"endTime":652.214,"body":"So that kind of changes where you"},{"startTime":648.324,"endTime":652.214,"body":"get everything concentrated together."},{"startTime":652.444,"endTime":654.904,"body":"It's also because the ocean"},{"startTime":652.444,"endTime":654.904,"body":"is becoming so much warmer."},{"startTime":655.374,"endTime":660.104,"body":"And so we are changing the way the"},{"startTime":655.374,"endTime":660.104,"body":"patterns of, of rainfall change."},{"startTime":660.439,"endTime":661.939,"body":"The humidity, the concentration."},{"startTime":662.709,"endTime":665.329,"body":"It's just different water vapor."},{"startTime":665.659,"endTime":665.989,"body":"So,"},{"startTime":666.114,"endTime":672.697,"body":"Yeah, I remember, I John Holdren, who"},{"startTime":666.114,"endTime":672.697,"body":"was President Obama's chief scientific"},{"startTime":672.72,"endTime":679.28,"body":"advisor, saying that climate change, to"},{"startTime":672.72,"endTime":679.28,"body":"use the phrase I used earlier, sounds"},{"startTime":679.28,"endTime":684.114,"body":"benign, and it should more accurately"},{"startTime":679.28,"endTime":684.114,"body":"be called global climatic disruption."},{"startTime":684.444,"endTime":688.174,"body":"But course, that doesn't kind of roll off"},{"startTime":684.444,"endTime":688.174,"body":"the tongue as easily as climate change."},{"startTime":688.969,"endTime":689.419,"body":"Yes,"},{"startTime":689.619,"endTime":692.749,"body":"You mentioned, that the weather"},{"startTime":689.619,"endTime":692.749,"body":"impacts of a warming ocean."},{"startTime":692.759,"endTime":694.509,"body":"What about the impacts on biodiversity?"},{"startTime":696.559,"endTime":698.509,"body":"Near the surface those are huge."},{"startTime":699.029,"endTime":702.839,"body":"This is especially true"},{"startTime":699.029,"endTime":702.839,"body":"for tropical ecosystems."},{"startTime":702.839,"endTime":707.109,"body":"So, essentially, the ecosystem"},{"startTime":702.839,"endTime":707.109,"body":"that live around coral reefs."},{"startTime":708.119,"endTime":714.079,"body":"We have lost about 75% of the"},{"startTime":708.119,"endTime":714.079,"body":"biodiversity in those systems already."},{"startTime":714.079,"endTime":715.609,"body":"The causes are multiples."},{"startTime":715.629,"endTime":719.019,"body":"It's not just global warming"},{"startTime":715.629,"endTime":719.019,"body":"or the fact that the ocean"},{"startTime":719.059,"endTime":721.459,"body":"is getting warmer more often."},{"startTime":721.979,"endTime":725.289,"body":"It's also excess fishing"},{"startTime":721.979,"endTime":725.289,"body":"and it's pollution."},{"startTime":726.132,"endTime":730.852,"body":"However, those systems are really"},{"startTime":726.132,"endTime":730.852,"body":"extremely important for survival of"},{"startTime":730.922,"endTime":734.572,"body":"population that live out of fishery"},{"startTime":730.922,"endTime":734.572,"body":"and that are usually small islands"},{"startTime":734.572,"endTime":738.082,"body":"where there are not a lot of other"},{"startTime":734.572,"endTime":738.082,"body":"resources, but also because they do"},{"startTime":738.082,"endTime":742.562,"body":"provide a protein supply for a billion"},{"startTime":738.082,"endTime":742.562,"body":"people, and that's a very large number."},{"startTime":743.062,"endTime":747.322,"body":"It's one tenth of our population,"},{"startTime":743.062,"endTime":747.322,"body":"essentially of a world population."},{"startTime":747.815,"endTime":753.035,"body":"Coral reefs are especially sensitive"},{"startTime":747.815,"endTime":753.035,"body":"to temperatures because corals"},{"startTime":753.735,"endTime":756.975,"body":"are populated by a tiny algae."},{"startTime":757.055,"endTime":761.344,"body":"It becomes really unhappy"},{"startTime":757.055,"endTime":761.344,"body":"if the temperature is above"},{"startTime":761.344,"endTime":765.272,"body":"29, 28 degrees celsius."},{"startTime":765.312,"endTime":771.612,"body":"And so whenever you have those episodes of"},{"startTime":765.312,"endTime":771.612,"body":"really strong warming,  this little algae,"},{"startTime":771.622,"endTime":776.822,"body":"which is called Zoanthella, just leave"},{"startTime":771.622,"endTime":776.822,"body":"the coral and the coral lose the color"},{"startTime":776.842,"endTime":782.902,"body":"because the color of the corals come from"},{"startTime":776.842,"endTime":782.902,"body":"the algae and is what we say bleached."},{"startTime":783.602,"endTime":784.412,"body":"So we have what is."},{"startTime":784.652,"endTime":786.082,"body":"generally known as coral bleaching."},{"startTime":787.242,"endTime":793.582,"body":"Now, if this warmth lasts only"},{"startTime":787.242,"endTime":793.582,"body":"a few days, the algae can come"},{"startTime":793.592,"endTime":795.732,"body":"back and repopulate the coral."},{"startTime":796.122,"endTime":800.302,"body":"But if it lasts over a week or"},{"startTime":796.122,"endTime":800.302,"body":"especially over two weeks, it's"},{"startTime":800.342,"endTime":802.752,"body":"pretty much a done deal for the coral."},{"startTime":803.302,"endTime":807.902,"body":"So that's how we are losing also"},{"startTime":803.302,"endTime":807.902,"body":"so much of coral coverage and"},{"startTime":807.902,"endTime":810.382,"body":"coral biodiversity right now."},{"startTime":810.447,"endTime":814.847,"body":"This is especially true in the Atlantic."},{"startTime":814.877,"endTime":818.857,"body":"In the Atlantic, we have lost"},{"startTime":814.877,"endTime":818.857,"body":"75 to 80% of all coral reefs."},{"startTime":819.817,"endTime":821.297,"body":"The coverage is simply gone."},{"startTime":822.937,"endTime":830.257,"body":"This past summer, I was in the US virgin"},{"startTime":822.937,"endTime":830.257,"body":"Islands, and the temperature at 8 meters"},{"startTime":830.287,"endTime":834.507,"body":"below the surface was 29.6 degrees in May."},{"startTime":836.482,"endTime":837.302,"body":"And what should it be"},{"startTime":839.297,"endTime":842.247,"body":"Definitely no more than 27 and a half."},{"startTime":842.932,"endTime":843.352,"body":"right?"},{"startTime":844.797,"endTime":846.847,"body":"So it's two degrees warmer already."},{"startTime":846.887,"endTime":849.977,"body":"And this was really the"},{"startTime":846.887,"endTime":849.977,"body":"beginning of the warm season."},{"startTime":850.037,"endTime":851.877,"body":"It was, it was pretty depressing."},{"startTime":851.887,"endTime":857.217,"body":"I went snorkeling and there was, I"},{"startTime":851.887,"endTime":857.217,"body":"counted over two hours, the number"},{"startTime":857.217,"endTime":859.557,"body":"of, of corals that were still alive."},{"startTime":859.747,"endTime":861.097,"body":"I could count them on my hands."},{"startTime":861.607,"endTime":866.427,"body":"And, and the thing is that it's, it's a"},{"startTime":861.607,"endTime":866.427,"body":"region that is covered by dead corals now."},{"startTime":866.427,"endTime":869.377,"body":"So you actually see all"},{"startTime":866.427,"endTime":869.377,"body":"the ones that are gone."},{"startTime":870.917,"endTime":875.037,"body":"And, and that's definitely a temperature"},{"startTime":870.917,"endTime":875.037,"body":"signal, yeah, that is dominating."},{"startTime":875.067,"endTime":877.357,"body":"Obviously, pollution doesn't help."},{"startTime":877.957,"endTime":882.707,"body":"And so it, and overfishing has not"},{"startTime":877.957,"endTime":882.707,"body":"helped because there are a lot of fish"},{"startTime":882.737,"endTime":887.927,"body":"that really help the corals staying"},{"startTime":882.737,"endTime":887.927,"body":"clean and being more resilient."},{"startTime":887.987,"endTime":893.557,"body":"And obviously if you get rid of them,"},{"startTime":887.987,"endTime":893.557,"body":"It's easier for algae to take over"},{"startTime":893.607,"endTime":898.8,"body":"and, and just cover the, the, the"},{"startTime":893.607,"endTime":898.8,"body":"corals and, kill them also that way."},{"startTime":899.36,"endTime":903.48,"body":"But the heating signal has"},{"startTime":899.36,"endTime":903.48,"body":"really been the top problem"},{"startTime":903.72,"endTime":904.49,"body":"in those systems."},{"startTime":905.455,"endTime":907.905,"body":"and so what?"},{"startTime":908.765,"endTime":915.115,"body":"I mean, I'm asking that, it's sure,"},{"startTime":908.765,"endTime":915.115,"body":"corals look gorgeous, obviously, when"},{"startTime":915.125,"endTime":920.235,"body":"the algae are there, but what's the"},{"startTime":915.125,"endTime":920.235,"body":"implication of losing the corals?"},{"startTime":920.265,"endTime":923.855,"body":"What services do they provide for us that"},{"startTime":920.265,"endTime":923.855,"body":"they no longer will when they're gone?"},{"startTime":925.39,"endTime":927.04,"body":"Corals are foundational."},{"startTime":927.43,"endTime":932.38,"body":"What it means is that they are kind of"},{"startTime":927.43,"endTime":932.38,"body":"at the base of the ecosystem that lives"},{"startTime":959.82,"endTime":962.3800000000001,"body":"in the ocean at tropical latitudes."},{"startTime":962.4100000000001,"endTime":966.58,"body":"So if you get rid of the coral, you get"},{"startTime":962.4100000000001,"endTime":966.58,"body":"rid of all the fish that lives around the"},{"startTime":966.58,"endTime":971.2,"body":"corals, which are usually tiny, and then"},{"startTime":966.58,"endTime":971.2,"body":"you get rid, for example, Parrot fish."},{"startTime":971.47,"endTime":976.465,"body":"You get rid of all the bigger fish"},{"startTime":971.47,"endTime":976.465,"body":"that live out of the small fish."},{"startTime":976.5150000000001,"endTime":979.065,"body":"And so you really destroy"},{"startTime":976.5150000000001,"endTime":979.065,"body":"the whole ecosystem."},{"startTime":979.695,"endTime":985.075,"body":"So again, it you're really getting rid"},{"startTime":979.695,"endTime":985.075,"body":"off the whole system that that gives food"},{"startTime":985.075,"endTime":987.4350000000001,"body":"and provides food for a billion people."},{"startTime":987.845,"endTime":994.7950000000001,"body":"And most importantly, you are really"},{"startTime":987.845,"endTime":994.7950000000001,"body":"reducing the biodiversity in those areas,"},{"startTime":994.825,"endTime":1001.0,"body":"because if you don't have the corals"},{"startTime":994.825,"endTime":1001.0,"body":"and it just get swap away by algaes,"},{"startTime":1001.2600000000001,"endTime":1005.24,"body":"which are not the one that live on the"},{"startTime":1001.2600000000001,"endTime":1005.24,"body":"corals, of course that cover everything."},{"startTime":1005.32,"endTime":1009.2650000000001,"body":"You are destroying the whole,"},{"startTime":1005.32,"endTime":1009.2650000000001,"body":"the whole structure, the"},{"startTime":1009.2650000000001,"endTime":1011.105,"body":"whole base of your ecosystem."},{"startTime":1011.105,"endTime":1014.1850000000001,"body":"And so you're really taking"},{"startTime":1011.105,"endTime":1014.1850000000001,"body":"down everything above that."},{"startTime":1014.999,"endTime":1020.129,"body":"Corals are also extremely old and very,"},{"startTime":1014.999,"endTime":1020.129,"body":"very resilient, which means that if"},{"startTime":1020.129,"endTime":1024.669,"body":"you're looking back and you're thinking"},{"startTime":1020.129,"endTime":1024.669,"body":"at the big extinctions corals are the"},{"startTime":1024.669,"endTime":1031.099,"body":"one that managed to survive relatively"},{"startTime":1024.669,"endTime":1031.099,"body":"well and were apparently only wiped"},{"startTime":1031.159,"endTime":1033.709,"body":"out almost completely, only twice."},{"startTime":1034.209,"endTime":1035.969,"body":"Out of the six major extinctions."},{"startTime":1035.989,"endTime":1040.799,"body":"So, you know, it doesn't sound really"},{"startTime":1035.989,"endTime":1040.799,"body":"promising if we are getting rid of them."},{"startTime":1040.845,"endTime":1042.275,"body":"There is hope in my mind."},{"startTime":1042.275,"endTime":1045.855,"body":"I think there are areas where"},{"startTime":1042.275,"endTime":1045.855,"body":"corals are not doing so badly."},{"startTime":1046.475,"endTime":1050.905,"body":"Only last month we discover National"},{"startTime":1046.475,"endTime":1050.905,"body":"Geographic an expedition through"},{"startTime":1050.905,"endTime":1054.795,"body":"National Geographic discovered in"},{"startTime":1050.905,"endTime":1054.795,"body":"the Solomon Islands, the biggest"},{"startTime":1055.17,"endTime":1062.13,"body":"single coral ever recorded at the"},{"startTime":1055.17,"endTime":1062.13,"body":"site and is alive and doing greatly."},{"startTime":1062.18,"endTime":1067.04,"body":"It's around Solomon Islands and is"},{"startTime":1062.18,"endTime":1067.04,"body":"the size of two basketball courts."},{"startTime":1067.4070000000002,"endTime":1072.737,"body":"So, you know, there are still areas"},{"startTime":1067.4070000000002,"endTime":1072.737,"body":"where things are looking relatively good."},{"startTime":1073.492,"endTime":1077.382,"body":"Why is that coral doing particularly"},{"startTime":1073.492,"endTime":1077.382,"body":"well when others are failing so badly?"},{"startTime":1077.747,"endTime":1082.017,"body":"So this one definitely has"},{"startTime":1077.747,"endTime":1082.017,"body":"been left alone, right?"},{"startTime":1082.087,"endTime":1086.6670000000001,"body":"We didn't even know it existed and"},{"startTime":1082.087,"endTime":1086.6670000000001,"body":"probably is in a region that has not"},{"startTime":1086.6670000000001,"endTime":1089.387,"body":"been affected as much by the warming."},{"startTime":1090.252,"endTime":1090.622,"body":"Okay."},{"startTime":1090.737,"endTime":1096.262,"body":"There are others for example, the Coral"},{"startTime":1090.737,"endTime":1096.262,"body":"Triangle, which is the biggest hotspot of"},{"startTime":1096.262,"endTime":1101.212,"body":"biodiversity that we have on the planet"},{"startTime":1096.262,"endTime":1101.212,"body":"when it comes to ocean biodiversity."},{"startTime":1101.732,"endTime":1107.912,"body":"It and is located in the Pacific around"},{"startTime":1101.732,"endTime":1107.912,"body":"the equator and towards the Indian Ocean."},{"startTime":1107.922,"endTime":1110.002,"body":"So in the Western Pacific."},{"startTime":1110.002,"endTime":1112.5520000000001,"body":"In the coral triangle, there are hotspot."},{"startTime":1113.172,"endTime":1118.612,"body":"So regions, areas, coral, single reefs"},{"startTime":1113.172,"endTime":1118.612,"body":"that are doing still extremely well."},{"startTime":1120.0620000000001,"endTime":1126.3020000000001,"body":"Despite the fact that we have the El Nino"},{"startTime":1120.0620000000001,"endTime":1126.3020000000001,"body":"Southern Oscillation that brings very warm"},{"startTime":1126.3020000000001,"endTime":1133.252,"body":"water in certain years, and there is a lot"},{"startTime":1126.3020000000001,"endTime":1133.252,"body":"of variability and some of those corals"},{"startTime":1133.252,"endTime":1135.122,"body":"have been able to recover all the time."},{"startTime":1135.132,"endTime":1140.482,"body":"So we kind of have clear indication that"},{"startTime":1135.132,"endTime":1140.482,"body":"they bleach and clear indication that"},{"startTime":1140.512,"endTime":1146.0420000000001,"body":"in one or two years, they are able to"},{"startTime":1140.512,"endTime":1146.0420000000001,"body":"have corals back living pretty happily."},{"startTime":1146.612,"endTime":1148.977,"body":"And that is very good news."},{"startTime":1149.487,"endTime":1155.137,"body":"We believe my group research actually"},{"startTime":1149.487,"endTime":1155.137,"body":"believe so has shown that most likely the"},{"startTime":1155.137,"endTime":1161.637,"body":"fact that they get new larvae, so they get"},{"startTime":1155.137,"endTime":1161.637,"body":"replenished off of coral larvae from many"},{"startTime":1161.6470000000002,"endTime":1167.557,"body":"different directions because the currents"},{"startTime":1161.6470000000002,"endTime":1167.557,"body":"and the physics of the ocean is so active."},{"startTime":1167.557,"endTime":1168.827,"body":"There is so dynamic."},{"startTime":1169.287,"endTime":1172.1870000000001,"body":"So that may be helping"},{"startTime":1169.287,"endTime":1172.1870000000001,"body":"them recover so quickly."},{"startTime":1172.742,"endTime":1176.742,"body":"because you can imagine bleaching"},{"startTime":1172.742,"endTime":1176.742,"body":"a whole coral reef, and then"},{"startTime":1176.7820000000002,"endTime":1181.392,"body":"getting a lot of new larvae the"},{"startTime":1176.7820000000002,"endTime":1181.392,"body":"following year or six months later."},{"startTime":1181.432,"endTime":1185.5620000000001,"body":"And those larvae are finding already"},{"startTime":1181.432,"endTime":1185.5620000000001,"body":"the structure that they need to grow."},{"startTime":1185.5620000000001,"endTime":1189.362,"body":"And so they attach there and they"},{"startTime":1185.5620000000001,"endTime":1189.362,"body":"just regrow on top of what was"},{"startTime":1189.362,"endTime":1192.012,"body":"left and bring new life to it."},{"startTime":1192.942,"endTime":1195.352,"body":"So that's very positive."},{"startTime":1195.892,"endTime":1198.3120000000001,"body":"It's not true for everywhere"},{"startTime":1195.892,"endTime":1198.3120000000001,"body":"in the Coral Triangle."},{"startTime":1198.612,"endTime":1201.502,"body":"The Great Barrier Reef in"},{"startTime":1198.612,"endTime":1201.502,"body":"Australia is not doing that well."},{"startTime":1203.037,"endTime":1210.047,"body":"But definitely pristine corals tend"},{"startTime":1203.037,"endTime":1210.047,"body":"to do much better than reefs where"},{"startTime":1210.047,"endTime":1215.257,"body":"there is a lot of other issues"},{"startTime":1210.047,"endTime":1215.257,"body":"that are causing the corals to die."},{"startTime":1215.297,"endTime":1219.237,"body":"So Florida, for example, is not doing very"},{"startTime":1215.297,"endTime":1219.237,"body":"well, but there is also a lot of problem"},{"startTime":1219.237,"endTime":1225.357,"body":"with pollution that is coming from having"},{"startTime":1219.237,"endTime":1225.357,"body":"coastlines that are strongly populated."},{"startTime":1226.817,"endTime":1229.307,"body":"The other reason corals are"},{"startTime":1226.817,"endTime":1229.307,"body":"so important and reefs are so"},{"startTime":1229.307,"endTime":1233.852,"body":"important that they are really"},{"startTime":1229.307,"endTime":1233.852,"body":"great at protecting from big storms."},{"startTime":1234.5520000000001,"endTime":1240.432,"body":"And so they also have a very important"},{"startTime":1234.5520000000001,"endTime":1240.432,"body":"role to play in mitigation strategies"},{"startTime":1240.472,"endTime":1246.952,"body":"against you know, weather that is becoming"},{"startTime":1240.472,"endTime":1246.952,"body":"more dangerous over time and storms."},{"startTime":1248.457,"endTime":1248.807,"body":"Okay."},{"startTime":1249.267,"endTime":1252.1770000000001,"body":"And what about things like sea cucumbers?"},{"startTime":1252.607,"endTime":1253.237,"body":"Can you explain"},{"startTime":1253.3220000000001,"endTime":1254.722,"body":"That's, yes,"},{"startTime":1254.787,"endTime":1257.387,"body":"and other solutions are"},{"startTime":1254.787,"endTime":1257.387,"body":"helping some corals survive?"},{"startTime":1257.702,"endTime":1261.962,"body":"That, is a discovery of a colleague of"},{"startTime":1257.702,"endTime":1261.962,"body":"mine that, that just lives essentially,"},{"startTime":1262.0720000000001,"endTime":1266.742,"body":"his office is just across mine on"},{"startTime":1262.0720000000001,"endTime":1266.742,"body":"that side,  Markay and his group has"},{"startTime":1266.742,"endTime":1272.012,"body":"been studying corals in an island in"},{"startTime":1266.742,"endTime":1272.012,"body":"the Pacific, which is called Morea,"},{"startTime":1272.502,"endTime":1277.432,"body":"where  the National Science Foundation"},{"startTime":1272.502,"endTime":1277.432,"body":"has long term monitoring research"},{"startTime":1277.442,"endTime":1280.184,"body":"station for now about 20 years."},{"startTime":1280.9840000000002,"endTime":1285.614,"body":"And they were doing some experiment"},{"startTime":1280.9840000000002,"endTime":1285.614,"body":"trying to transplant a new coral."},{"startTime":1285.654,"endTime":1289.4740000000002,"body":"So what you can do with corals, the,"},{"startTime":1285.654,"endTime":1289.4740000000002,"body":"the cool thing about corals is that if"},{"startTime":1289.4740000000002,"endTime":1294.654,"body":"you take a branch of corals and you make"},{"startTime":1289.4740000000002,"endTime":1294.654,"body":"small pieces and you plant those small"},{"startTime":1294.684,"endTime":1300.944,"body":"pieces, usually you can essentially"},{"startTime":1294.684,"endTime":1300.944,"body":"those small pieces will survive and"},{"startTime":1300.944,"endTime":1307.7540000000001,"body":"so you can start from one single small"},{"startTime":1300.944,"endTime":1307.7540000000001,"body":"piece and you can cover a whole area"},{"startTime":1307.784,"endTime":1312.4940000000001,"body":"with little ones that are going to grow"},{"startTime":1307.784,"endTime":1312.4940000000001,"body":"and so you repopulate the whole area."},{"startTime":1313.334,"endTime":1319.94,"body":"And so one of his students and"},{"startTime":1313.334,"endTime":1319.94,"body":"researchers in Marquet's group was doing"},{"startTime":1319.94,"endTime":1325.14,"body":"that work of really planting corals"},{"startTime":1319.94,"endTime":1325.14,"body":"in an area that had sea cucumbers."},{"startTime":1325.21,"endTime":1330.4,"body":"And he decided to remove them because"},{"startTime":1325.21,"endTime":1330.4,"body":"the, he hasn't seen them that much."},{"startTime":1331.51,"endTime":1334.91,"body":"And interesting enough the"},{"startTime":1331.51,"endTime":1334.91,"body":"corals he replanted didn't do"},{"startTime":1334.91,"endTime":1336.8700000000001,"body":"very well, they kind of died."},{"startTime":1337.7,"endTime":1339.93,"body":"And so that immediately."},{"startTime":1340.77,"endTime":1343.54,"body":"prompted the question, what"},{"startTime":1340.77,"endTime":1343.54,"body":"are those sea cucumber doing?"},{"startTime":1344.0800000000002,"endTime":1348.7,"body":"And sea cucumber in the Pacific"},{"startTime":1344.0800000000002,"endTime":1348.7,"body":"were extremely common and have"},{"startTime":1348.7,"endTime":1350.19,"body":"been collected for eating."},{"startTime":1351.3500000000001,"endTime":1358.16,"body":"So, the population of sea cucumber, it's"},{"startTime":1351.3500000000001,"endTime":1358.16,"body":"extremely small today and was incredibly"},{"startTime":1358.16,"endTime":1362.7,"body":"large, even just 40 years ago, you had"},{"startTime":1358.16,"endTime":1362.7,"body":"sea cucumbers everywhere on the bottom."},{"startTime":1362.79,"endTime":1364.77,"body":"And now it's very rare to see them."},{"startTime":1364.77,"endTime":1368.6100000000001,"body":"In fact, this researcher did"},{"startTime":1364.77,"endTime":1368.6100000000001,"body":"not see them before he went"},{"startTime":1368.92,"endTime":1371.3300000000002,"body":"planting in that specific region."},{"startTime":1371.97,"endTime":1378.66,"body":"It turns out that sea cucumber really"},{"startTime":1371.97,"endTime":1378.66,"body":"clean the bottom where the corals want"},{"startTime":1378.67,"endTime":1384.54,"body":"to attach and they eat every possible"},{"startTime":1378.67,"endTime":1384.54,"body":"bacteria or virus that they found around"},{"startTime":1385.21,"endTime":1388.03,"body":"and so they are fantastic cleaners."},{"startTime":1389.4950000000001,"endTime":1394.525,"body":"And if you remove them the corals,"},{"startTime":1389.4950000000001,"endTime":1394.525,"body":"which are, you know, those little"},{"startTime":1394.545,"endTime":1399.165,"body":"pieces that you're trying to plant"},{"startTime":1394.545,"endTime":1399.165,"body":"that can be more easily attacked by"},{"startTime":1399.185,"endTime":1402.255,"body":"bacteria and viruses and, and die."},{"startTime":1402.795,"endTime":1408.135,"body":"And if you can instead keep the sea"},{"startTime":1402.795,"endTime":1408.135,"body":"cucumber and eventually allow them"},{"startTime":1408.165,"endTime":1412.915,"body":"to grow in areas where they're being"},{"startTime":1408.165,"endTime":1412.915,"body":"eradicated you are really helping the"},{"startTime":1412.915,"endTime":1414.915,"body":"coral to become much more resilient."},{"startTime":1416.4,"endTime":1422.8400000000001,"body":"And so you have a much higher potential"},{"startTime":1416.4,"endTime":1422.8400000000001,"body":"of recovery after they get bleached or"},{"startTime":1422.8600000000001,"endTime":1426.94,"body":"after they get ruined by other reasons."},{"startTime":1427.3500000000001,"endTime":1430.0900000000001,"body":"And they can survive and"},{"startTime":1427.3500000000001,"endTime":1430.0900000000001,"body":"grow much, much better."},{"startTime":1430.71,"endTime":1434.81,"body":"So there are, there are those symbiotic"},{"startTime":1430.71,"endTime":1434.81,"body":"behaviors through various species."},{"startTime":1434.81,"endTime":1439.8,"body":"And, and, That's really why Marine"},{"startTime":1434.81,"endTime":1439.8,"body":"Protected Areas are so incredibly helpful."},{"startTime":1440.7150000000001,"endTime":1440.765,"body":"Right."},{"startTime":1440.81,"endTime":1445.68,"body":"Small areas where you cannot touch"},{"startTime":1440.81,"endTime":1445.68,"body":"anything and you just let the system"},{"startTime":1445.69,"endTime":1449.93,"body":"go back to what it wants to be,"},{"startTime":1445.69,"endTime":1449.93,"body":"with all the possible species that"},{"startTime":1449.93,"endTime":1452.94,"body":"want to live there, helps immensely."},{"startTime":1453.28,"endTime":1457.97,"body":"You get in, in a couple of"},{"startTime":1453.28,"endTime":1457.97,"body":"years, you get an increase in"},{"startTime":1457.97,"endTime":1459.66,"body":"fish population of about 400%."},{"startTime":1460.7440000000001,"endTime":1464.857,"body":"and that's to the advantage of everybody,"},{"startTime":1460.7440000000001,"endTime":1464.857,"body":"because if you get the fish population"},{"startTime":1464.867,"endTime":1469.007,"body":"back, the fishermen can go out and fish,"},{"startTime":1464.867,"endTime":1469.007,"body":"they just cannot fish within the marine"},{"startTime":1469.007,"endTime":1470.877,"body":"protected area, but can fish around."},{"startTime":1471.627,"endTime":1476.6470000000002,"body":"And fish are very smart animals"},{"startTime":1471.627,"endTime":1476.6470000000002,"body":"and they tend to use the marine"},{"startTime":1476.6470000000002,"endTime":1480.487,"body":"protected area for nursery especially"},{"startTime":1476.6470000000002,"endTime":1480.487,"body":"if you put them in the right place."},{"startTime":1480.487,"endTime":1485.127,"body":"And so then you still get to"},{"startTime":1480.487,"endTime":1485.127,"body":"fish and you get to fish more."},{"startTime":1487.217,"endTime":1487.787,"body":"Nice."},{"startTime":1488.1870000000001,"endTime":1494.237,"body":"And just from a practical perspective,"},{"startTime":1488.1870000000001,"endTime":1494.237,"body":"how does one go around planting corals?"},{"startTime":1494.287,"endTime":1498.967,"body":"Does it require getting into a wetsuit"},{"startTime":1494.287,"endTime":1498.967,"body":"or a dry suit and going to the bottom"},{"startTime":1498.967,"endTime":1502.617,"body":"of the ocean and literally pushing"},{"startTime":1498.967,"endTime":1502.617,"body":"them into the floor, or something?"},{"startTime":1502.757,"endTime":1502.8970000000002,"body":"Yeah,"},{"startTime":1503.597,"endTime":1503.867,"body":"Yeah."},{"startTime":1503.867,"endTime":1508.212,"body":"they, they usually put little"},{"startTime":1503.867,"endTime":1508.212,"body":"structures and you can also 3D print"},{"startTime":1508.2720000000002,"endTime":1511.862,"body":"the structures where they want, you"},{"startTime":1508.2720000000002,"endTime":1511.862,"body":"want them to attach because they like to"},{"startTime":1511.862,"endTime":1514.212,"body":"attach to some kind of hard substrate."},{"startTime":1514.942,"endTime":1520.432,"body":"And, and so you, you kind of make"},{"startTime":1514.942,"endTime":1520.432,"body":"it 3D printed structure and you put"},{"startTime":1520.432,"endTime":1524.8220000000001,"body":"it in and then you attach the coral"},{"startTime":1520.432,"endTime":1524.8220000000001,"body":"to it and they can go out of that."},{"startTime":1525.372,"endTime":1530.467,"body":"One place where you can see that"},{"startTime":1525.372,"endTime":1530.467,"body":"done really at industrial scale"},{"startTime":1530.887,"endTime":1533.597,"body":"is in the Red Sea, for example."},{"startTime":1534.217,"endTime":1534.607,"body":"Okay."},{"startTime":1535.6670000000001,"endTime":1536.4470000000001,"body":"Why, why there?"},{"startTime":1537.277,"endTime":1542.837,"body":"Waters have become really, really warm,"},{"startTime":1537.277,"endTime":1542.837,"body":"so corals have been degrading really"},{"startTime":1542.837,"endTime":1549.4370000000001,"body":"quickly, and there are a lot of money to"},{"startTime":1542.837,"endTime":1549.4370000000001,"body":"be put into restoration, given the region."},{"startTime":1549.8220000000001,"endTime":1554.8120000000001,"body":"So there are interest and, the"},{"startTime":1549.8220000000001,"endTime":1554.8120000000001,"body":"willingness of trying to restore them."},{"startTime":1555.352,"endTime":1557.502,"body":"So they are really doing"},{"startTime":1555.352,"endTime":1557.502,"body":"it at a large scale."},{"startTime":1558.4170000000001,"endTime":1558.887,"body":"Okay."},{"startTime":1559.307,"endTime":1562.627,"body":"And your group, you've been applying"},{"startTime":1559.307,"endTime":1562.627,"body":"AI and machine learning, which"},{"startTime":1562.627,"endTime":1566.9370000000001,"body":"is obviously a hot topic these"},{"startTime":1562.627,"endTime":1566.9370000000001,"body":"days to, to map ocean regions."},{"startTime":1567.257,"endTime":1571.637,"body":"How is AI reshaping our"},{"startTime":1567.257,"endTime":1571.637,"body":"understanding of ocean ecosystems?"},{"startTime":1571.6570000000002,"endTime":1574.207,"body":"And what kind of breakthroughs"},{"startTime":1571.6570000000002,"endTime":1574.207,"body":"are you most excited about there?"},{"startTime":1576.2720000000002,"endTime":1583.232,"body":"We are using machine learning to"},{"startTime":1576.2720000000002,"endTime":1583.232,"body":"really identify the areas where"},{"startTime":1583.332,"endTime":1590.209,"body":"currents, so really ocean currents,"},{"startTime":1583.332,"endTime":1590.209,"body":"are likely to mix larvae and fries,"},{"startTime":1590.219,"endTime":1592.559,"body":"which are the little fish effectively."},{"startTime":1593.0990000000002,"endTime":1597.1390000000001,"body":"And, and that is essentially"},{"startTime":1593.0990000000002,"endTime":1597.1390000000001,"body":"mapping what are the ecoregions"},{"startTime":1597.1490000000001,"endTime":1600.6390000000001,"body":"where you expect to have more or"},{"startTime":1597.1490000000001,"endTime":1600.6390000000001,"body":"less the same kind of ecosystem."},{"startTime":1601.8490000000002,"endTime":1606.949,"body":"And then also building networks"},{"startTime":1601.8490000000002,"endTime":1606.949,"body":"that can tell us if I do have this"},{"startTime":1606.949,"endTime":1611.1190000000001,"body":"kind of ecosystem here and that"},{"startTime":1606.949,"endTime":1611.1190000000001,"body":"ecosystem is releasing larvae at"},{"startTime":1611.1190000000001,"endTime":1613.319,"body":"some point, where my larvae can go."},{"startTime":1613.699,"endTime":1618.289,"body":"And is my little ecosystem here,"},{"startTime":1613.699,"endTime":1618.289,"body":"which maybe is less affected by"},{"startTime":1618.289,"endTime":1623.804,"body":"climate change or is not getting too"},{"startTime":1618.289,"endTime":1623.804,"body":"warm or whatever, can give larvae to"},{"startTime":1623.804,"endTime":1626.904,"body":"another place that it's less lucky."},{"startTime":1627.584,"endTime":1632.114,"body":"And therefore also depending on"},{"startTime":1627.584,"endTime":1632.114,"body":"this distribution of regions where I"},{"startTime":1632.114,"endTime":1633.9740000000002,"body":"should put my marine protected area."},{"startTime":1634.684,"endTime":1639.074,"body":"Because I really want to protect an area"},{"startTime":1634.684,"endTime":1639.074,"body":"that gives out larvae the most and that"},{"startTime":1639.094,"endTime":1643.2240000000002,"body":"is very effective at helping other areas"},{"startTime":1639.094,"endTime":1643.2240000000002,"body":"instead of trying to protect an area"},{"startTime":1643.2240000000002,"endTime":1645.5990000000002,"body":"that is just a big receiver, for example."},{"startTime":1646.8490000000002,"endTime":1653.3890000000001,"body":"So we are doing that because we can use"},{"startTime":1646.8490000000002,"endTime":1653.3890000000001,"body":"high resolution what we call reanalysis."},{"startTime":1653.3890000000001,"endTime":1658.559,"body":"So essentially models that embed"},{"startTime":1653.3890000000001,"endTime":1658.559,"body":"all the information from satellite"},{"startTime":1658.569,"endTime":1660.3890000000001,"body":"data and in situ data that we have."},{"startTime":1661.374,"endTime":1664.64,"body":"And that  show us what the temperature"},{"startTime":1661.374,"endTime":1664.64,"body":"distribution and the current"},{"startTime":1664.65,"endTime":1667.13,"body":"distribution was for the last 40 years."},{"startTime":1667.5900000000001,"endTime":1671.54,"body":"And we can essentially build those"},{"startTime":1667.5900000000001,"endTime":1671.54,"body":"ecoregions and really study how"},{"startTime":1671.56,"endTime":1676.0900000000001,"body":"those ecoregions may change according"},{"startTime":1671.56,"endTime":1676.0900000000001,"body":"to different climate patterns"},{"startTime":1676.0900000000001,"endTime":1677.99,"body":"or different periods and so on."},{"startTime":1678.69,"endTime":1683.0700000000002,"body":"And try to really see where we"},{"startTime":1678.69,"endTime":1683.0700000000002,"body":"need to put protection in place."},{"startTime":1683.9940000000001,"endTime":1687.704,"body":"But there are a lot of other"},{"startTime":1683.9940000000001,"endTime":1687.704,"body":"applications of artificial intelligence."},{"startTime":1687.7540000000001,"endTime":1690.584,"body":"The great thing about the"},{"startTime":1687.7540000000001,"endTime":1690.584,"body":"ocean is that we have data."},{"startTime":1690.624,"endTime":1692.844,"body":"We are starting to really"},{"startTime":1690.624,"endTime":1692.844,"body":"have a lot of data."},{"startTime":1692.874,"endTime":1695.7340000000002,"body":"That's true also for the atmosphere,"},{"startTime":1692.874,"endTime":1695.7340000000002,"body":"by the way, not just for the"},{"startTime":1695.7340000000002,"endTime":1698.414,"body":"ocean or for land for that matter."},{"startTime":1698.814,"endTime":1700.934,"body":"But there's often sparse data."},{"startTime":1700.944,"endTime":1705.944,"body":"So people have collected a lot of data"},{"startTime":1700.944,"endTime":1705.944,"body":"in different ways, in different places."},{"startTime":1706.434,"endTime":1712.424,"body":"And what artificial intelligence is"},{"startTime":1706.434,"endTime":1712.424,"body":"really good at is to allow an analysis"},{"startTime":1712.454,"endTime":1717.614,"body":"of all those data together, and is"},{"startTime":1712.454,"endTime":1717.614,"body":"very good at extracting patterns,"},{"startTime":1717.894,"endTime":1723.154,"body":"telling you what may be going on that"},{"startTime":1717.894,"endTime":1723.154,"body":"you would have a very hard time seeing"},{"startTime":1723.204,"endTime":1728.864,"body":"without that ability of computational"},{"startTime":1723.204,"endTime":1728.864,"body":"capabilities that that allows."},{"startTime":1729.5140000000001,"endTime":1733.964,"body":"So it's really helpful in you"},{"startTime":1729.5140000000001,"endTime":1733.964,"body":"know, developing this kind of eco"},{"startTime":1733.964,"endTime":1737.394,"body":"regionalisation for the ocean has"},{"startTime":1733.964,"endTime":1737.394,"body":"been attempt also with different"},{"startTime":1737.434,"endTime":1741.394,"body":"methods in the Mediterranean Sea,"},{"startTime":1737.434,"endTime":1741.394,"body":"for example, I have a colleague"},{"startTime":1741.394,"endTime":1742.784,"body":"that has done something like that."},{"startTime":1743.2340000000002,"endTime":1745.654,"body":"We are also starting to"},{"startTime":1743.2340000000002,"endTime":1745.654,"body":"have a lot of genetic data."},{"startTime":1746.464,"endTime":1746.814,"body":"Oh, right."},{"startTime":1747.105,"endTime":1753.4750000000001,"body":"So we collect small pieces or fish and,"},{"startTime":1747.105,"endTime":1753.4750000000001,"body":"and really look at the genetics and that"},{"startTime":1753.4850000000001,"endTime":1758.105,"body":"allow us to say if two different corals,"},{"startTime":1753.4850000000001,"endTime":1758.105,"body":"for example, have been related or not,"},{"startTime":1758.7250000000001,"endTime":1762.4750000000001,"body":"and if they have been related or whether"},{"startTime":1758.7250000000001,"endTime":1762.4750000000001,"body":"it may be that they've been related"},{"startTime":1762.4850000000001,"endTime":1764.405,"body":"over a timescale of hundreds of years."},{"startTime":1765.105,"endTime":1769.03,"body":"And so then we have to figure"},{"startTime":1765.105,"endTime":1769.03,"body":"it out, how that is possible."},{"startTime":1769.56,"endTime":1774.18,"body":"But putting all those data together and"},{"startTime":1769.56,"endTime":1774.18,"body":"using machine learning can give us a"},{"startTime":1774.19,"endTime":1777.38,"body":"map of what the genetic exchanges are."},{"startTime":1777.91,"endTime":1781.65,"body":"And if we can map those genetic"},{"startTime":1777.91,"endTime":1781.65,"body":"exchanges, we can understand also a"},{"startTime":1781.65,"endTime":1787.74,"body":"little bit of the evolution of the"},{"startTime":1781.65,"endTime":1787.74,"body":"system and how those system is connected"},{"startTime":1788.432,"endTime":1788.842,"body":"Okay."},{"startTime":1789.502,"endTime":1796.902,"body":"And just curious, could genetic"},{"startTime":1789.502,"endTime":1796.902,"body":"information that you collect,"},{"startTime":1796.922,"endTime":1801.7820000000002,"body":"could it also allow you, for"},{"startTime":1796.922,"endTime":1801.7820000000002,"body":"example, to say whether certain"},{"startTime":1801.8120000000001,"endTime":1803.872,"body":"species are in an area or not?"},{"startTime":1803.872,"endTime":1808.0420000000001,"body":"Because it's obviously quite"},{"startTime":1803.872,"endTime":1808.0420000000001,"body":"hard to observe any species that"},{"startTime":1808.0420000000001,"endTime":1809.902,"body":"are below particular depths."},{"startTime":1810.122,"endTime":1813.472,"body":"So maybe you could use the genetic"},{"startTime":1810.122,"endTime":1813.472,"body":"information there to say, ah,"},{"startTime":1813.472,"endTime":1814.742,"body":"there are these species here."},{"startTime":1815.6100000000001,"endTime":1822.727,"body":"Yes, we are definitely not that"},{"startTime":1815.6100000000001,"endTime":1822.727,"body":"far yet in mapping the bottom."},{"startTime":1822.9070000000002,"endTime":1827.6670000000001,"body":"The latest research or hot topic, in"},{"startTime":1822.9070000000002,"endTime":1827.6670000000001,"body":"fact, I had a conversation about that"},{"startTime":1827.6770000000001,"endTime":1833.287,"body":"just yesterday, is to use what is"},{"startTime":1827.6770000000001,"endTime":1833.287,"body":"called eDNA to map or to get essentially"},{"startTime":1833.307,"endTime":1835.377,"body":"to the answer that to your question."},{"startTime":1835.857,"endTime":1840.577,"body":"And that is essentially the DNA"},{"startTime":1835.857,"endTime":1840.577,"body":"that ecosystem leaves and especially"},{"startTime":1840.6470000000002,"endTime":1842.997,"body":"corals leaves in the water."},{"startTime":1844.057,"endTime":1845.627,"body":"So you can just collect the water."},{"startTime":1845.627,"endTime":1851.9070000000002,"body":"And it's really the same idea of,"},{"startTime":1845.627,"endTime":1851.9070000000002,"body":"of when, you know, I have two kids."},{"startTime":1851.9070000000002,"endTime":1857.017,"body":"And for my first one, they figured out"},{"startTime":1851.9070000000002,"endTime":1857.017,"body":"the gender in the usual traditional"},{"startTime":1857.017,"endTime":1861.257,"body":"way with with ultrasound, but with the"},{"startTime":1857.017,"endTime":1861.257,"body":"second one, they were able to just get"},{"startTime":1861.287,"endTime":1863.317,"body":"a little bit of my blood very early on."},{"startTime":1863.837,"endTime":1869.607,"body":"And from that, they would see the"},{"startTime":1863.837,"endTime":1869.607,"body":"leftover DNA from my kid that goes into"},{"startTime":1869.607,"endTime":1874.747,"body":"my blood and is a extremely small amount"},{"startTime":1869.607,"endTime":1874.747,"body":"and determine the gender from that."},{"startTime":1875.1470000000002,"endTime":1878.617,"body":"And that's really the same idea"},{"startTime":1875.1470000000002,"endTime":1878.617,"body":"now as being applied to the ocean."},{"startTime":1878.627,"endTime":1884.6970000000001,"body":"So wherever you have any kind of system,"},{"startTime":1878.627,"endTime":1884.6970000000001,"body":"which is located in a specific area"},{"startTime":1884.6970000000001,"endTime":1890.092,"body":"and corals are sessile so you, you"},{"startTime":1884.6970000000001,"endTime":1890.092,"body":"have them in a very specific place."},{"startTime":1890.462,"endTime":1893.672,"body":"There is a little bit of DNA"},{"startTime":1890.462,"endTime":1893.672,"body":"that gets into the water from the"},{"startTime":1893.682,"endTime":1895.942,"body":"system and you can measure it."},{"startTime":1896.3220000000001,"endTime":1902.892,"body":"And so you can actually see how far"},{"startTime":1896.3220000000001,"endTime":1902.892,"body":"that spread and you can try to quantify."},{"startTime":1902.912,"endTime":1906.726,"body":"If you see the DNA and you don't"},{"startTime":1902.912,"endTime":1906.726,"body":"know that there is a coral there,"},{"startTime":1906.736,"endTime":1910.656,"body":"you can start thinking of how far it"},{"startTime":1906.736,"endTime":1910.656,"body":"may be and you can try to locate it."},{"startTime":1911.126,"endTime":1915.1860000000001,"body":"And that becomes very, very interesting"},{"startTime":1911.126,"endTime":1915.1860000000001,"body":"for very deep ecosystems that, as"},{"startTime":1915.1960000000001,"endTime":1919.526,"body":"you said, are expensive and you"},{"startTime":1915.1960000000001,"endTime":1919.526,"body":"have to know it and you, you kind"},{"startTime":1919.526,"endTime":1923.4560000000001,"body":"of stumble on them sometimes, but"},{"startTime":1919.526,"endTime":1923.4560000000001,"body":"you, we don't have a map for those."},{"startTime":1923.9560000000001,"endTime":1927.636,"body":"But again, we are really just at"},{"startTime":1923.9560000000001,"endTime":1927.636,"body":"the beginning, and so we still have"},{"startTime":1927.636,"endTime":1933.9660000000001,"body":"to figure it out exactly how to get"},{"startTime":1927.636,"endTime":1933.9660000000001,"body":"from the information and how fast"},{"startTime":1934.1760000000002,"endTime":1938.146,"body":"that information degrades over space"},{"startTime":1934.1760000000002,"endTime":1938.146,"body":"and over time, because it does."},{"startTime":1938.146,"endTime":1941.046,"body":"Obviously, if you're too far away,"},{"startTime":1938.146,"endTime":1941.046,"body":"you're not going to measure anything."},{"startTime":1941.046,"endTime":1947.0410000000002,"body":"The concentration is just too low for"},{"startTime":1941.046,"endTime":1947.0410000000002,"body":"detection and temperature plays a role."},{"startTime":1947.0510000000002,"endTime":1950.0610000000001,"body":"So depending on the temperature"},{"startTime":1947.0510000000002,"endTime":1950.0610000000001,"body":"of your water is going to"},{"startTime":1950.0710000000001,"endTime":1952.5510000000002,"body":"degrade faster or slower."},{"startTime":1953.031,"endTime":1956.871,"body":"And so those are all information"},{"startTime":1953.031,"endTime":1956.871,"body":"that we still need to put together."},{"startTime":1957.481,"endTime":1961.701,"body":"In that regard, machine learning is"},{"startTime":1957.481,"endTime":1961.701,"body":"extremely helpful because you can imagine"},{"startTime":1961.731,"endTime":1967.941,"body":"of having much fewer information that"},{"startTime":1961.731,"endTime":1967.941,"body":"you would have need traditionally to"},{"startTime":1967.941,"endTime":1970.611,"body":"be able to kind of make those maps."},{"startTime":1972.531,"endTime":1975.371,"body":"But we still need a little"},{"startTime":1972.531,"endTime":1975.371,"body":"bit of research on that."},{"startTime":1975.851,"endTime":1977.021,"body":"It's very exciting, though."},{"startTime":1977.656,"endTime":1977.996,"body":"Yeah,"},{"startTime":1978.131,"endTime":1978.201,"body":"Very, excited."},{"startTime":1979.351,"endTime":1979.701,"body":"exciting."},{"startTime":1980.276,"endTime":1987.1860000000001,"body":"And what about, I mean, you mentioned"},{"startTime":1980.276,"endTime":1987.1860000000001,"body":"using oceans as a, a carbon sink."},{"startTime":1987.806,"endTime":1990.096,"body":"So, is that something"},{"startTime":1987.806,"endTime":1990.096,"body":"you're looking into as well?"},{"startTime":1990.8310000000001,"endTime":1992.001,"body":"Yes, we are."},{"startTime":1992.011,"endTime":1994.911,"body":"It's a very hot topic is"},{"startTime":1992.011,"endTime":1994.911,"body":"another very hot topic."},{"startTime":1995.664,"endTime":2000.584,"body":"If you look at projections of"},{"startTime":1995.664,"endTime":2000.584,"body":"how emissions are going and all"},{"startTime":2000.594,"endTime":2005.566,"body":"the things we need to do to, to"},{"startTime":2000.594,"endTime":2005.566,"body":"try to stop the or limit warming."},{"startTime":2006.096,"endTime":2011.766,"body":"Not only we should try to use"},{"startTime":2006.096,"endTime":2011.766,"body":"alternative form of energy compared"},{"startTime":2011.806,"endTime":2017.016,"body":"to fossil fuel we should also try"},{"startTime":2011.806,"endTime":2017.016,"body":"to remove some of the carbon dioxide"},{"startTime":2017.016,"endTime":2018.306,"body":"that we have in the atmosphere."},{"startTime":2018.9260000000002,"endTime":2022.156,"body":"And there are different ways of doing it."},{"startTime":2022.656,"endTime":2026.786,"body":"Some I believe more promising than"},{"startTime":2022.656,"endTime":2026.786,"body":"others, but obviously when you're thinking"},{"startTime":2026.786,"endTime":2029.886,"body":"about concentration of carbon the ocean."},{"startTime":2029.9160000000002,"endTime":2031.536,"body":"It's a huge reservoir of that."},{"startTime":2032.496,"endTime":2037.976,"body":"And so there are ideas on how to"},{"startTime":2032.496,"endTime":2037.976,"body":"do that using the ocean as well."},{"startTime":2038.526,"endTime":2043.722,"body":"First of all, the ocean is also a"},{"startTime":2038.526,"endTime":2043.722,"body":"fantastic storing place for carbon."},{"startTime":2043.892,"endTime":2048.892,"body":"If you have carbon that gets below a"},{"startTime":2043.892,"endTime":2048.892,"body":"thousand meters of depth in the ocean,"},{"startTime":2049.332,"endTime":2054.292,"body":"you're probably going to have that carbon"},{"startTime":2049.332,"endTime":2054.292,"body":"staying down there or anyway away from"},{"startTime":2054.292,"endTime":2060.272,"body":"the surface for about a thousand years,"},{"startTime":2054.292,"endTime":2060.272,"body":"which is pretty good time line, right?"},{"startTime":2060.372,"endTime":2063.672,"body":"If you want to store, if we can"},{"startTime":2060.372,"endTime":2063.672,"body":"say for a thousand years, we're"},{"startTime":2063.672,"endTime":2065.962,"body":"not going to get that carbon back."},{"startTime":2066.192,"endTime":2068.752,"body":"We can probably find better"},{"startTime":2066.192,"endTime":2068.752,"body":"solution and better technology"},{"startTime":2068.752,"endTime":2069.922,"body":"in a thousand years from now."},{"startTime":2069.922,"endTime":2071.842,"body":"And we don't have to worry about it."},{"startTime":2071.902,"endTime":2072.232,"body":"Right."},{"startTime":2072.732,"endTime":2074.172,"body":"So that's, that's the first thing."},{"startTime":2074.182,"endTime":2078.952,"body":"And the other thing is that if"},{"startTime":2074.182,"endTime":2078.952,"body":"you're thinking about natural ways"},{"startTime":2078.982,"endTime":2083.212,"body":"of reduce carbon, you are thinking"},{"startTime":2078.982,"endTime":2083.212,"body":"about forest and green stuff."},{"startTime":2083.902,"endTime":2091.552,"body":"And in reality, 70% of the surface of"},{"startTime":2083.902,"endTime":2091.552,"body":"our planet is ocean and 50% of the oxygen"},{"startTime":2091.572,"endTime":2093.482,"body":"that we breathe come from the ocean."},{"startTime":2093.6820000000002,"endTime":2097.782,"body":"And so it comes from photosynthesis that"},{"startTime":2093.6820000000002,"endTime":2097.782,"body":"occur in the ocean through plankton."},{"startTime":2099.1620000000003,"endTime":2107.327,"body":"So among the various ideas is to"},{"startTime":2099.1620000000003,"endTime":2107.327,"body":"grow algae of various kind that"},{"startTime":2107.327,"endTime":2110.717,"body":"are going to then be sunk at depth."},{"startTime":2110.857,"endTime":2116.087,"body":"And so they will do all the conversion,"},{"startTime":2110.857,"endTime":2116.087,"body":"release the oxygen, capture the CO2,"},{"startTime":2116.097,"endTime":2118.607,"body":"grow using those carbon molecule."},{"startTime":2118.607,"endTime":2123.047,"body":"And then you sink everything at the"},{"startTime":2118.607,"endTime":2123.047,"body":"bottom and you are essentially taking"},{"startTime":2123.047,"endTime":2127.347,"body":"away carbon from the atmosphere"},{"startTime":2123.047,"endTime":2127.347,"body":"and putting it in the ocean depth."},{"startTime":2127.857,"endTime":2135.977,"body":"Another way that is being considered is"},{"startTime":2127.857,"endTime":2135.977,"body":"what it's known as alkalinity enhancement"},{"startTime":2136.047,"endTime":2140.707,"body":"or weathering, usually we use weathering,"},{"startTime":2136.047,"endTime":2140.707,"body":"the expression weathering over land and"},{"startTime":2140.927,"endTime":2142.597,"body":"alkalinity enhancement on the ocean."},{"startTime":2143.607,"endTime":2146.007,"body":"And this is a little"},{"startTime":2143.607,"endTime":2146.007,"body":"bit more sophisticated."},{"startTime":2146.0570000000002,"endTime":2151.907,"body":"There is another natural way of"},{"startTime":2146.0570000000002,"endTime":2151.907,"body":"removing carbon, which is to form"},{"startTime":2151.937,"endTime":2157.047,"body":"carbonates from basalt or olivine rocks."},{"startTime":2157.877,"endTime":2163.337,"body":"And this is a process that happens"},{"startTime":2157.877,"endTime":2163.337,"body":"very naturally on top of big mountains."},{"startTime":2163.347,"endTime":2167.627,"body":"So you, you have essentially a weathering"},{"startTime":2163.347,"endTime":2167.627,"body":"of the mountain in the sense that the"},{"startTime":2167.627,"endTime":2175.167,"body":"winds, the weather will destroy a little"},{"startTime":2167.627,"endTime":2175.167,"body":"bit of the mountain rock and pulverise"},{"startTime":2175.187,"endTime":2181.351,"body":"it, and when that happens, there is then"},{"startTime":2175.187,"endTime":2181.351,"body":"a chance of having a chemical reaction"},{"startTime":2181.361,"endTime":2186.551,"body":"between that dust that is generated"},{"startTime":2181.361,"endTime":2186.551,"body":"and the carbon dioxide which is in the"},{"startTime":2186.551,"endTime":2188.881,"body":"atmosphere and you end up with carbonates."},{"startTime":2189.361,"endTime":2194.601,"body":"You can think of enhancing that"},{"startTime":2189.361,"endTime":2194.601,"body":"and accelerating that and doing"},{"startTime":2194.601,"endTime":2196.511,"body":"it over land or over the ocean."},{"startTime":2196.761,"endTime":2201.281,"body":"So you take a piece of rock, basalt"},{"startTime":2196.761,"endTime":2201.281,"body":"rock for example, the Rockies in"},{"startTime":2201.281,"endTime":2202.931,"body":"the US would be great for that."},{"startTime":2203.511,"endTime":2204.558,"body":"You pulverise it."},{"startTime":2205.218,"endTime":2206.896,"body":"And then you distribute it somewhere."},{"startTime":2207.256,"endTime":2213.036,"body":"You can put it over fields where"},{"startTime":2207.256,"endTime":2213.036,"body":"you are growing crops, for example."},{"startTime":2213.616,"endTime":2218.2110000000002,"body":"And you know, you can add it, you can add"},{"startTime":2213.616,"endTime":2218.2110000000002,"body":"that powder to the fertilizer that you're"},{"startTime":2218.2110000000002,"endTime":2221.951,"body":"using, and then you fertilize your field."},{"startTime":2222.621,"endTime":2228.324,"body":"Over the next couple of weeks"},{"startTime":2222.621,"endTime":2228.324,"body":"you will get a reaction with the"},{"startTime":2228.324,"endTime":2229.6440000000002,"body":"CO2 that is in the atmosphere."},{"startTime":2230.569,"endTime":2232.449,"body":"and form carbonate."},{"startTime":2232.459,"endTime":2236.689,"body":"Those carbonate will sink whenever"},{"startTime":2232.459,"endTime":2236.689,"body":"you water your crops, will go in the"},{"startTime":2236.689,"endTime":2238.649,"body":"water system, get into the river."},{"startTime":2239.169,"endTime":2243.589,"body":"You are changing the alkalinity"},{"startTime":2239.169,"endTime":2243.589,"body":"of that, because they're alkaline,"},{"startTime":2243.829,"endTime":2244.7690000000002,"body":"obviously are carbonates."},{"startTime":2245.239,"endTime":2248.159,"body":"So you're changing that in your river."},{"startTime":2248.199,"endTime":2254.509,"body":"The river will get into the ocean and"},{"startTime":2248.199,"endTime":2254.509,"body":"will, you will change the acidity by"},{"startTime":2254.559,"endTime":2259.039,"body":"making it more alkaline of your whole"},{"startTime":2254.559,"endTime":2259.039,"body":"system, which is great because the ocean"},{"startTime":2259.039,"endTime":2264.069,"body":"is also becoming a little bit too acidic"},{"startTime":2259.039,"endTime":2264.069,"body":"because of the CO2 that we're adding."},{"startTime":2264.489,"endTime":2266.789,"body":"And so, everything is to gain."},{"startTime":2266.989,"endTime":2269.879,"body":"You can think of doing the same"},{"startTime":2266.989,"endTime":2269.879,"body":"thing at the ocean surface."},{"startTime":2269.879,"endTime":2276.539,"body":"So just spray this kind of dust at the"},{"startTime":2269.879,"endTime":2276.539,"body":"ocean surface and let the atmosphere"},{"startTime":2276.559,"endTime":2281.589,"body":"that is on top do the reaction and"},{"startTime":2276.559,"endTime":2281.589,"body":"then this carbonate that forms is going"},{"startTime":2281.599,"endTime":2286.329,"body":"to be a little bit heavier than the"},{"startTime":2281.599,"endTime":2286.329,"body":"surrounding water will just sink and"},{"startTime":2286.329,"endTime":2288.369,"body":"you are sequestering carbon that way."},{"startTime":2289.079,"endTime":2294.259,"body":"I am a little bit less optimistic"},{"startTime":2289.079,"endTime":2294.259,"body":"about directly doing it on the ocean."},{"startTime":2294.629,"endTime":2298.989,"body":"Because every time you have to"},{"startTime":2294.629,"endTime":2298.989,"body":"deal with the ocean, it's expensive"},{"startTime":2299.029,"endTime":2300.869,"body":"to get the material there."},{"startTime":2301.079,"endTime":2304.689,"body":"And so you also have to consider how"},{"startTime":2301.079,"endTime":2304.689,"body":"much carbon you're going to use just"},{"startTime":2304.699,"endTime":2310.7690000000002,"body":"to be able to get, you know, a research"},{"startTime":2304.699,"endTime":2310.7690000000002,"body":"vessel or a vessel of some kind that is"},{"startTime":2310.7690000000002,"endTime":2312.839,"body":"going to spray this dust all the time."},{"startTime":2313.244,"endTime":2317.3740000000003,"body":"And then you still need a couple"},{"startTime":2313.244,"endTime":2317.3740000000003,"body":"of weeks of this material to"},{"startTime":2317.3740000000003,"endTime":2318.964,"body":"stay near the ocean surface."},{"startTime":2319.004,"endTime":2323.534,"body":"And again, the ocean is turbulent and"},{"startTime":2319.004,"endTime":2323.534,"body":"you do a vertical motions as well."},{"startTime":2323.554,"endTime":2326.154,"body":"And so you're going to lose some of that."},{"startTime":2326.404,"endTime":2331.554,"body":"So we, we are still trying to figure it"},{"startTime":2326.404,"endTime":2331.554,"body":"out exactly what is the return on the"},{"startTime":2331.554,"endTime":2333.6240000000003,"body":"investment if you do it over the ocean."},{"startTime":2334.1240000000003,"endTime":2338.914,"body":"But I, you know, overland is being"},{"startTime":2334.1240000000003,"endTime":2338.914,"body":"tried and there's been successful."},{"startTime":2339.364,"endTime":2342.074,"body":"And at the end, you get"},{"startTime":2339.364,"endTime":2342.074,"body":"it into the ocean anyway."},{"startTime":2342.074,"endTime":2342.1240000000003,"body":"Okay."},{"startTime":2343.559,"endTime":2343.909,"body":"Okay."},{"startTime":2343.909,"endTime":2349.799,"body":"And to your mind, what is the most"},{"startTime":2343.909,"endTime":2349.799,"body":"exciting technology which, you know,"},{"startTime":2349.799,"endTime":2354.159,"body":"will help us improve our ocean's health?"},{"startTime":2355.0860000000002,"endTime":2364.616,"body":"In terms of ocean health, specifically,"},{"startTime":2355.0860000000002,"endTime":2364.616,"body":"it's very important to have  citizen"},{"startTime":2364.616,"endTime":2370.136,"body":"science kind of efforts and"},{"startTime":2364.616,"endTime":2370.136,"body":"marine protected areas in place."},{"startTime":2370.891,"endTime":2376.291,"body":"The ocean is extremely, it's shown"},{"startTime":2370.891,"endTime":2376.291,"body":"to be extremely good at recovering"},{"startTime":2376.901,"endTime":2379.161,"body":"if you let him do his own things."},{"startTime":2379.911,"endTime":2384.381,"body":"And so protecting it is"},{"startTime":2379.911,"endTime":2384.381,"body":"incredibly important."},{"startTime":2384.391,"endTime":2388.861,"body":"So really just putting protection"},{"startTime":2384.391,"endTime":2388.861,"body":"measurements in place is extremely"},{"startTime":2388.861,"endTime":2391.981,"body":"important, especially from the"},{"startTime":2388.861,"endTime":2391.981,"body":"biodiversity side of things."},{"startTime":2392.521,"endTime":2393.791,"body":"I can give you an example."},{"startTime":2393.811,"endTime":2399.751,"body":"The Sea of Cortez is a fantastic"},{"startTime":2393.811,"endTime":2399.751,"body":"place, which has amount of biodiversity"},{"startTime":2399.751,"endTime":2403.061,"body":"because it goes all the way to"},{"startTime":2399.751,"endTime":2403.061,"body":"big mammals, which is insane."},{"startTime":2403.871,"endTime":2409.871,"body":"And fishermen there have realised already"},{"startTime":2403.871,"endTime":2409.871,"body":"in the late nineties that they had lost"},{"startTime":2410.431,"endTime":2414.061,"body":"70, 80% of what they were able to fish."},{"startTime":2415.526,"endTime":2420.8160000000003,"body":"And the establishment of marine"},{"startTime":2415.526,"endTime":2420.8160000000003,"body":"protected area there with the help"},{"startTime":2420.8160000000003,"endTime":2424.8360000000002,"body":"of the fishermen that have also"},{"startTime":2420.8160000000003,"endTime":2424.8360000000002,"body":"developed a school so that they teach"},{"startTime":2425.256,"endTime":2428.216,"body":"the new generation to go out and fish."},{"startTime":2428.216,"endTime":2432.579,"body":"But then it, it becomes"},{"startTime":2428.216,"endTime":2432.579,"body":"I'm missing the word here."},{"startTime":2432.9990000000003,"endTime":2437.129,"body":"When tourists to go out and"},{"startTime":2432.9990000000003,"endTime":2437.129,"body":"fish and then release the catch."},{"startTime":2437.794,"endTime":2438.244,"body":"Oh, yeah."},{"startTime":2438.244,"endTime":2438.994,"body":"Catch and release."},{"startTime":2439.359,"endTime":2439.909,"body":"Yes."},{"startTime":2440.169,"endTime":2444.399,"body":"So and they are doing it to really"},{"startTime":2440.169,"endTime":2444.399,"body":"protect the environment, and they have"},{"startTime":2444.399,"endTime":2449.379,"body":"figured out that they can make the same"},{"startTime":2444.399,"endTime":2449.379,"body":"amount of money doing that versus just"},{"startTime":2449.409,"endTime":2454.799,"body":"fishing exclusively, and that they can"},{"startTime":2449.409,"endTime":2454.799,"body":"still fish, but they have to do it in"},{"startTime":2454.799,"endTime":2459.659,"body":"certain seasons and only up to certain"},{"startTime":2454.799,"endTime":2459.659,"body":"amounts, and they have recovered the"},{"startTime":2459.659,"endTime":2467.294,"body":"population by 70, 80% of what they had"},{"startTime":2459.659,"endTime":2467.294,"body":"lost in, in, in less than 20 years."},{"startTime":2467.324,"endTime":2471.114,"body":"And the biodiversity is back"},{"startTime":2467.324,"endTime":2471.114,"body":"and the tourism is great and"},{"startTime":2471.114,"endTime":2472.724,"body":"they're doing better than before."},{"startTime":2472.724,"endTime":2476.744,"body":"And they really did it from"},{"startTime":2472.724,"endTime":2476.744,"body":"small communities that realised"},{"startTime":2476.764,"endTime":2479.254,"body":"that they were losing what they"},{"startTime":2476.764,"endTime":2479.254,"body":"always had for generations."},{"startTime":2480.024,"endTime":2484.587,"body":"So in, this regard, I think that the"},{"startTime":2480.024,"endTime":2484.587,"body":"ocean really needs this kind of efforts."},{"startTime":2485.137,"endTime":2492.732,"body":"On a larger scale, if I'm looking at all"},{"startTime":2485.137,"endTime":2492.732,"body":"the possible technologies, and I think"},{"startTime":2492.732,"endTime":2500.512,"body":"we need more investigations and I think"},{"startTime":2492.732,"endTime":2500.512,"body":"it's not going to be a solution just 1."},{"startTime":2501.202,"endTime":2504.732,"body":"I mean, there's going to be"},{"startTime":2501.202,"endTime":2504.732,"body":"a portfolio of solutions."},{"startTime":2504.802,"endTime":2509.577,"body":"Some are going to work bigger scale and"},{"startTime":2504.802,"endTime":2509.577,"body":"some are going to work smaller scale."},{"startTime":2510.107,"endTime":2514.754,"body":"Direct air capture is very promising"},{"startTime":2510.107,"endTime":2514.754,"body":"because there's a potential to scale up."},{"startTime":2515.364,"endTime":2521.014,"body":"It's just a matter of cost at this point,"},{"startTime":2515.364,"endTime":2521.014,"body":"but we do have the technology in place."},{"startTime":2521.564,"endTime":2526.981,"body":"Weathering so alkalinity announcement over"},{"startTime":2521.564,"endTime":2526.981,"body":"agricultural setting seems very simple."},{"startTime":2526.981,"endTime":2531.581,"body":"Another 1 that should be able"},{"startTime":2526.981,"endTime":2531.581,"body":"to scale up pretty quickly."},{"startTime":2533.056,"endTime":2537.516,"body":"There, I think it's more of a issue of"},{"startTime":2533.056,"endTime":2537.516,"body":"really having a good understanding of what"},{"startTime":2537.516,"endTime":2540.186,"body":"the side effects are in the water system."},{"startTime":2540.686,"endTime":2545.406,"body":"So reverse and then once it gets"},{"startTime":2540.686,"endTime":2545.406,"body":"all in the ocean you know, green"},{"startTime":2545.406,"endTime":2551.0860000000002,"body":"energy, clean energy, all of that"},{"startTime":2545.406,"endTime":2551.0860000000002,"body":"is needed and that's the 1st things"},{"startTime":2551.106,"endTime":2552.876,"body":"that we should probably focus on."},{"startTime":2553.339,"endTime":2558.539,"body":"But yeah, and I mean, you can also"},{"startTime":2553.339,"endTime":2558.539,"body":"think of taking out CO2 and carbon"},{"startTime":2558.549,"endTime":2562.079,"body":"really directly from the ocean"},{"startTime":2558.549,"endTime":2562.079,"body":"that the weather becomes very, very"},{"startTime":2562.079,"endTime":2563.899,"body":"expensive just because of a density."},{"startTime":2564.459,"endTime":2569.449,"body":"So, flushing the water into the"},{"startTime":2564.459,"endTime":2569.449,"body":"systems that will do the extraction"},{"startTime":2569.879,"endTime":2571.459,"body":"it's energetically very expensive."},{"startTime":2571.4790000000003,"endTime":2575.549,"body":"So I'm, I'm less convinced"},{"startTime":2571.4790000000003,"endTime":2575.549,"body":"we can reduce the."},{"startTime":2575.784,"endTime":2579.474,"body":"price of that to, to the"},{"startTime":2575.784,"endTime":2579.474,"body":"point of becoming sustainable."},{"startTime":2580.659,"endTime":2583.539,"body":"Okay, and a left field question for you."},{"startTime":2584.259,"endTime":2592.839,"body":"If you could have any fictional character"},{"startTime":2584.259,"endTime":2592.839,"body":"or any real person alive or dead to"},{"startTime":2592.839,"endTime":2597.599,"body":"be a spokesperson for the health of"},{"startTime":2592.839,"endTime":2597.599,"body":"the oceans, who would it be and why?"},{"startTime":2598.5370000000003,"endTime":2601.337,"body":"I don't know if I would like"},{"startTime":2598.5370000000003,"endTime":2601.337,"body":"to just have one person."},{"startTime":2601.347,"endTime":2606.0370000000003,"body":"I think I work on a documentary as"},{"startTime":2601.347,"endTime":2606.0370000000003,"body":"a scientific advisor, not too long."},{"startTime":2606.047,"endTime":2610.707,"body":"And the spoke person was Giovanni"},{"startTime":2606.047,"endTime":2610.707,"body":"Saldini, who is a sailor that went"},{"startTime":2610.797,"endTime":2613.077,"body":"around the world interviewing people."},{"startTime":2613.467,"endTime":2620.457,"body":"Both scientists and regular citizen that"},{"startTime":2613.467,"endTime":2620.457,"body":"are working trying to rebuild the ocean"},{"startTime":2620.497,"endTime":2627.0170000000003,"body":"health and went around every, I mean,"},{"startTime":2620.497,"endTime":2627.0170000000003,"body":"everywhere from, you know, interviewing"},{"startTime":2627.0170000000003,"endTime":2631.187,"body":"people in Hong Kong to interviewing"},{"startTime":2627.0170000000003,"endTime":2631.187,"body":"scientists in Hawaii to interviewing"},{"startTime":2631.187,"endTime":2633.887,"body":"fishermen in the Sea of Cortez."},{"startTime":2634.427,"endTime":2638.717,"body":"All of them had incredible story to"},{"startTime":2634.427,"endTime":2638.717,"body":"contribute and so I think it would"},{"startTime":2638.727,"endTime":2642.607,"body":"be unfair to to just give one name"},{"startTime":2638.727,"endTime":2642.607,"body":"because there are so many people"},{"startTime":2642.607,"endTime":2646.957,"body":"that are actually doing fantastic"},{"startTime":2642.607,"endTime":2646.957,"body":"work everywhere, really everywhere."},{"startTime":2647.587,"endTime":2651.237,"body":"I would just like to have more"},{"startTime":2647.587,"endTime":2651.237,"body":"opportunities for those people"},{"startTime":2651.257,"endTime":2656.577,"body":"to really show what they're doing"},{"startTime":2651.257,"endTime":2656.577,"body":"and how much little things may"},{"startTime":2656.717,"endTime":2662.237,"body":"matter, you know, contributions"},{"startTime":2656.717,"endTime":2662.237,"body":"really sum up to make a difference."},{"startTime":2662.7670000000003,"endTime":2666.527,"body":"And the other thing I would like"},{"startTime":2662.7670000000003,"endTime":2666.527,"body":"really important for me is I would"},{"startTime":2666.527,"endTime":2669.647,"body":"like a little bit more education"},{"startTime":2666.527,"endTime":2669.647,"body":"about the condition of the ocean and"},{"startTime":2669.657,"endTime":2674.937,"body":"why it matters and what we can do,"},{"startTime":2669.657,"endTime":2674.937,"body":"because that's often relatively simple"},{"startTime":2674.947,"endTime":2677.687,"body":"measurements that we could all all take."},{"startTime":2678.907,"endTime":2681.087,"body":"And there is not a lot of education."},{"startTime":2681.406,"endTime":2687.3160000000003,"body":"We learn about environmental issues"},{"startTime":2681.406,"endTime":2687.3160000000003,"body":"relatively late in school, in school"},{"startTime":2687.3160000000003,"endTime":2692.926,"body":"settings, and you know, everybody knows"},{"startTime":2687.3160000000003,"endTime":2692.926,"body":"about turtles but there is so much"},{"startTime":2692.926,"endTime":2697.0860000000002,"body":"more that, that we could teach and that"},{"startTime":2692.926,"endTime":2697.0860000000002,"body":"really you could learn from a very early"},{"startTime":2697.0860000000002,"endTime":2698.916,"body":"age just because it's so interesting."},{"startTime":2699.466,"endTime":2705.7960000000003,"body":"I teach a course where I ask my students"},{"startTime":2699.466,"endTime":2705.7960000000003,"body":"to make Art, something that is artistic"},{"startTime":2705.856,"endTime":2711.216,"body":"can be a school book, a children book,"},{"startTime":2705.856,"endTime":2711.216,"body":"it can be a poem about the deep ocean."},{"startTime":2711.266,"endTime":2713.056,"body":"We really don't know too much."},{"startTime":2713.106,"endTime":2716.776,"body":"And, and undergraduate students"},{"startTime":2713.106,"endTime":2716.776,"body":"come up with, I mean, I have here,"},{"startTime":2717.036,"endTime":2719.726,"body":"because I'm collecting them and we're,"},{"startTime":2717.036,"endTime":2719.726,"body":"we're probably, you know, this is"},{"startTime":2719.726,"endTime":2725.986,"body":"a poem that a student wrote with,"},{"startTime":2719.726,"endTime":2725.986,"body":"with, uh, uh, yeah, look at this."},{"startTime":2726.151,"endTime":2726.631,"body":"Lovely."},{"startTime":2727.4410000000003,"endTime":2728.4610000000002,"body":"It's lovely."},{"startTime":2728.931,"endTime":2735.531,"body":"And I may, I may be, we may be finally"},{"startTime":2728.931,"endTime":2735.531,"body":"be going to a exhibition to a museum"},{"startTime":2735.541,"endTime":2738.271,"body":"where we can show those to families."},{"startTime":2738.301,"endTime":2742.231,"body":"I mean, just give them to school"},{"startTime":2738.301,"endTime":2742.231,"body":"kids and things like that."},{"startTime":2742.261,"endTime":2743.9210000000003,"body":"It will be extremely important."},{"startTime":2743.9210000000003,"endTime":2749.321,"body":"So I don't want to just mention one person"},{"startTime":2743.9210000000003,"endTime":2749.321,"body":"because it should be a collective effort."},{"startTime":2750.261,"endTime":2750.581,"body":"Great."},{"startTime":2750.901,"endTime":2751.301,"body":"Great."},{"startTime":2751.701,"endTime":2754.371,"body":"We're coming towards the end"},{"startTime":2751.701,"endTime":2754.371,"body":"of the podcast now, Annalisa."},{"startTime":2754.371,"endTime":2759.1910000000003,"body":"Is there any question I haven't asked"},{"startTime":2754.371,"endTime":2759.1910000000003,"body":"that you wish I had or aspect of this we"},{"startTime":2759.1910000000003,"endTime":2762.241,"body":"haven't touched on that you think it's"},{"startTime":2759.1910000000003,"endTime":2762.241,"body":"important for people to be aware of?"},{"startTime":2764.261,"endTime":2767.561,"body":"I would only say just"},{"startTime":2764.261,"endTime":2767.561,"body":"just a general statement."},{"startTime":2767.581,"endTime":2771.591,"body":"We have an unbelievable planet,"},{"startTime":2767.581,"endTime":2771.591,"body":"and just being curious about"},{"startTime":2771.601,"endTime":2773.791,"body":"how it works is fundamental."},{"startTime":2774.771,"endTime":2779.827,"body":"And we were able to work with teachers"},{"startTime":2774.771,"endTime":2779.827,"body":"few years ago, and I discovered that there"},{"startTime":2779.827,"endTime":2784.562,"body":"were two teachers, more or less my age,"},{"startTime":2779.827,"endTime":2784.562,"body":"who have never seen the ocean and we were"},{"startTime":2784.562,"endTime":2790.802,"body":"able to send them for the first time on a"},{"startTime":2784.562,"endTime":2790.802,"body":"cruise, on a research cruise for a week."},{"startTime":2791.692,"endTime":2799.022,"body":"Now, I think that that kind of experience,"},{"startTime":2791.692,"endTime":2799.022,"body":"if you're teaching about the ocean,"},{"startTime":2799.672,"endTime":2802.122,"body":"go out and see how amazing it is."},{"startTime":2802.762,"endTime":2809.077,"body":"And just really for everybody, be"},{"startTime":2802.762,"endTime":2809.077,"body":"curious about what is going on and"},{"startTime":2809.497,"endTime":2813.877,"body":"you will automatically try to protect"},{"startTime":2809.497,"endTime":2813.877,"body":"it just because it's so beautiful."},{"startTime":2815.317,"endTime":2815.5170000000003,"body":"Great."},{"startTime":2815.5170000000003,"endTime":2816.187,"body":"Fantastic."},{"startTime":2816.467,"endTime":2820.277,"body":"Annalisa, if people would like to know"},{"startTime":2816.467,"endTime":2820.277,"body":"more about yourself or any of the things"},{"startTime":2820.277,"endTime":2823.087,"body":"we discussed on the podcast today,"},{"startTime":2820.277,"endTime":2823.087,"body":"where would you have me direct them?"},{"startTime":2824.427,"endTime":2829.014,"body":"My website it's definitely"},{"startTime":2824.427,"endTime":2829.014,"body":"a great place sites."},{"startTime":2829.3740000000003,"endTime":2830.304,"body":"gatech."},{"startTime":2830.304,"endTime":2834.564,"body":"edu Annalisa Bracco, but you can"},{"startTime":2830.304,"endTime":2834.564,"body":"just Google me and it will show up."},{"startTime":2834.564,"endTime":2841.799,"body":"Or LinkedIn is another place where you"},{"startTime":2834.564,"endTime":2841.799,"body":"can find me where I post whichever news"},{"startTime":2841.799,"endTime":2843.659,"body":"we have, especially on the science side."},{"startTime":2844.904,"endTime":2845.174,"body":"Great."},{"startTime":2845.174,"endTime":2846.434,"body":"I'll put those links in the show notes."},{"startTime":2846.884,"endTime":2847.404,"body":"Fantastic."},{"startTime":2847.424,"endTime":2848.804,"body":"Annalisa, it's been really interesting."},{"startTime":2848.804,"endTime":2850.534,"body":"Thanks a million for coming"},{"startTime":2848.804,"endTime":2850.534,"body":"on the podcast today."},{"startTime":2851.554,"endTime":2852.7490000000003,"body":"Thank you for having me."},{"startTime":2852.779,"endTime":2853.649,"body":"This was great."},{"startTime":2853.7690000000002,"endTime":2855.029,"body":"Very happy to be here."},{"startTime":2855.675,"endTime":2857.545,"body":"Okay, we've come to the end of the show."},{"startTime":2858.265,"endTime":2859.375,"body":"Thanks everyone for listening."},{"startTime":2860.235,"endTime":2864.385,"body":"If you'd like to know more about the"},{"startTime":2860.235,"endTime":2864.385,"body":"Climate Confident podcast, feel free to"},{"startTime":2864.395,"endTime":2868.305,"body":"drop me an email to tomraftery at outlook."},{"startTime":2868.555,"endTime":2872.035,"body":"com or message me on LinkedIn or Twitter."},{"startTime":2872.605,"endTime":2876.3450000000003,"body":"If you like the show, please don't"},{"startTime":2872.605,"endTime":2876.3450000000003,"body":"forget to click follow on it in your"},{"startTime":2876.3650000000002,"endTime":2880.8450000000003,"body":"podcast application of choice to get new"},{"startTime":2876.3650000000002,"endTime":2880.8450000000003,"body":"episodes as soon as they're published."},{"startTime":2881.475,"endTime":2884.435,"body":"Also, please don't forget to"},{"startTime":2881.475,"endTime":2884.435,"body":"rate and review the podcast."},{"startTime":2884.635,"endTime":2887.165,"body":"It really does help new"},{"startTime":2884.635,"endTime":2887.165,"body":"people to find the show."},{"startTime":2888.255,"endTime":2888.705,"body":"Thanks."},{"startTime":2889.375,"endTime":2890.295,"body":"Catch you all next time."}]}