{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":3.21,"endTime":6.24,"body":"It is a"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":3.21,"endTime":6.24,"body":"material that is designed to"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":6.24,"endTime":11.1,"body":"really hold enormous amounts of"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":6.24,"endTime":11.1,"body":"carbon dioxide. And that's key,"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":11.13,"endTime":16.02,"body":"right? We have a huge, huge"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":11.13,"endTime":16.02,"body":"surplus of co2. Where do we"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":16.02,"endTime":20.13,"body":"stick it? We can pump it on the"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":16.02,"endTime":20.13,"body":"ground force that works, but"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":20.19,"endTime":24.72,"body":"it's expensive. We make concrete"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":20.19,"endTime":24.72,"body":"anyway. Let's put the co2 in"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":24.72,"endTime":24.96,"body":"there."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":26.91,"endTime":28.86,"body":"Good morning, good"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":26.91,"endTime":28.86,"body":"afternoon or good evening"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":28.86,"endTime":32.58,"body":"wherever you are in the world."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":28.86,"endTime":32.58,"body":"This is the climate 21 podcast,"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":32.64,"endTime":35.73,"body":"the number one podcast"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":32.64,"endTime":35.73,"body":"showcasing best practices and"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":35.73,"endTime":39.06,"body":"climate emissions reductions."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":35.73,"endTime":39.06,"body":"And I'm your host, global Vice"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":39.06,"endTime":43.89,"body":"President for SAP. Tom Raftery."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":39.06,"endTime":43.89,"body":"Climate 21 is the name of an"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":43.89,"endTime":47.73,"body":"initiative by SAP to allow our"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":43.89,"endTime":47.73,"body":"customers calculate, report and"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":47.73,"endTime":51.45,"body":"reduce their greenhouse gas"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":47.73,"endTime":51.45,"body":"emissions. In this climate 21"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":51.45,"endTime":55.11,"body":"podcast, I will showcase best"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":51.45,"endTime":55.11,"body":"practices and thought leadership"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":55.11,"endTime":59.61,"body":"by SAP, by our customers by our"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":55.11,"endTime":59.61,"body":"partners on by our competitors"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":59.61,"endTime":63.72,"body":"if their game in climate"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":59.61,"endTime":63.72,"body":"emissions reductions. Don't"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":63.72,"endTime":67.23,"body":"forget to subscribe to this"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":63.72,"endTime":67.23,"body":"podcast in your podcast app of"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":67.23,"endTime":73.8,"body":"choice to be sure you don't miss"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":67.23,"endTime":73.8,"body":"any episodes. Hi, everyone."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":73.8,"endTime":76.98,"body":"Welcome to the climate 21"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":73.8,"endTime":76.98,"body":"podcast. My name is Tom Raftery"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":76.98,"endTime":80.67,"body":"with SAP and with me on the show"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":76.98,"endTime":80.67,"body":"today I have my special guest"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":80.67,"endTime":83.04,"body":"Volker Volker, would you like to"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":80.67,"endTime":83.04,"body":"introduce yourself?"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":83.63,"endTime":86.42,"body":"Tom, thank you"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":83.63,"endTime":86.42,"body":"for having me today. My name is"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":86.42,"endTime":90.38,"body":"Volker Sick professor at the"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":86.42,"endTime":90.38,"body":"University of Michigan and also"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":90.38,"endTime":92.66,"body":"director of the global co2"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":90.38,"endTime":92.66,"body":"initiative."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":93.23,"endTime":95.54,"body":"Okay, well, I think"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":93.23,"endTime":95.54,"body":"most of us can figure out what"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":95.54,"endTime":98.03,"body":"the University of Michigan is."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":95.54,"endTime":98.03,"body":"But what's the global co2"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":98.03,"endTime":98.63,"body":"initiative."},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":98.76,"endTime":100.71,"body":"So it's a it's"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":98.76,"endTime":100.71,"body":"an entity and organization"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":100.71,"endTime":105.06,"body":"housed at the University of"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":100.71,"endTime":105.06,"body":"Michigan. And we are looking at"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":105.3,"endTime":109.35,"body":"developing and deploying"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":105.3,"endTime":109.35,"body":"technologies that can help us"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":109.38,"endTime":113.49,"body":"address climate change related"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":109.38,"endTime":113.49,"body":"problems. And the way we do that"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":113.49,"endTime":119.28,"body":"is to look at the co2 molecule a"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":113.49,"endTime":119.28,"body":"little differently, not treating"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":119.28,"endTime":124.14,"body":"it as an enemy. say, Okay, what"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":119.28,"endTime":124.14,"body":"can we do to remove some of it"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":124.14,"endTime":128.04,"body":"at least from the atmosphere or"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":124.14,"endTime":128.04,"body":"avoid it introduced into the"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":128.04,"endTime":133.2,"body":"atmosphere. So we learn how to"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":128.04,"endTime":133.2,"body":"actually make products out of"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":133.2,"endTime":137.76,"body":"the co2. The whole organization"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":133.2,"endTime":137.76,"body":"is geared towards that we do"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":137.76,"endTime":141.15,"body":"everything from developing"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":137.76,"endTime":141.15,"body":"technologies all the way to"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":141.24,"endTime":145.23,"body":"force educating the future"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":141.24,"endTime":145.23,"body":"workforce. After all, we are at"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":145.26,"endTime":146.07,"body":"a university."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":146.37,"endTime":149.67,"body":"Nice, nice, nice."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":146.37,"endTime":149.67,"body":"So this is this is basically"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":149.67,"endTime":152.73,"body":"what's broadly called carbon"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":149.67,"endTime":152.73,"body":"capture and usage, is that"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":152.73,"endTime":153.15,"body":"correct?"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":153.72,"endTime":157.17,"body":"That is"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":153.72,"endTime":157.17,"body":"correct. So of course, we first"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":157.17,"endTime":161.85,"body":"need to have the co2 at hand,"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":157.17,"endTime":161.85,"body":"it's a gas. So that poses some"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":161.85,"endTime":167.61,"body":"challenges. And then we use it"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":161.85,"endTime":167.61,"body":"to make products that we need,"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":168.09,"endTime":172.29,"body":"that we currently make in a"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":168.09,"endTime":172.29,"body":"different way. In a sense, you"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":172.29,"endTime":177.36,"body":"know, we're looking at a nature"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":172.29,"endTime":177.36,"body":"so often what's, what's one"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":177.36,"endTime":182.25,"body":"person's waste is someone else's"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":177.36,"endTime":182.25,"body":"raw material. That's how we look"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":182.25,"endTime":182.52,"body":"at it."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":183.18,"endTime":187.47,"body":"Ok, so can you A)"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":183.18,"endTime":187.47,"body":"maybe give me some examples of a"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":187.62,"endTime":191.58,"body":"where you're getting the"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":187.62,"endTime":191.58,"body":"feedstock carbon and B), then"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":191.61,"endTime":193.98,"body":"what you're doing with this"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":191.61,"endTime":193.98,"body":"waste carbon, what are you"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":193.98,"endTime":194.67,"body":"making from it?"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":195.27,"endTime":200.04,"body":"Right. So, as"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":195.27,"endTime":200.04,"body":"always, it's easiest to collect"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":200.07,"endTime":204.18,"body":"bits and pieces if they are in"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":200.07,"endTime":204.18,"body":"high concentration. Right. So"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":204.21,"endTime":208.56,"body":"the first the first way of"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":204.21,"endTime":208.56,"body":"looking at collecting co2 is"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":208.68,"endTime":214.74,"body":"from emissions. We still have"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":208.68,"endTime":214.74,"body":"many, many fossil fuel based"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":214.74,"endTime":219.54,"body":"power plants, so we can harvest"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":214.74,"endTime":219.54,"body":"the co2 there. There are many"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":219.57,"endTime":224.55,"body":"industrial processes that"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":219.57,"endTime":224.55,"body":"release co2, look at steelmaking"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":224.61,"endTime":228.9,"body":"or cement production. Cement"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":224.61,"endTime":228.9,"body":"production and of itself is"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":228.9,"endTime":234.18,"body":"responsible for up to 8% of the"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":228.9,"endTime":234.18,"body":"co2 emissions every year. So"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":234.18,"endTime":237.66,"body":"going to the cement factories"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":234.18,"endTime":237.66,"body":"and harvesting it, there is a"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":237.66,"endTime":241.71,"body":"really good way of doing that"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":237.66,"endTime":241.71,"body":"all the way to your brewing,"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":242.28,"endTime":245.58,"body":"corn ethanol production, co2 is"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":242.28,"endTime":245.58,"body":"being emitted that could be"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":245.58,"endTime":250.74,"body":"collected. And then lastly, it"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":245.58,"endTime":250.74,"body":"also can be taken out directly"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":250.74,"endTime":255.66,"body":"from air. We know that this is"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":250.74,"endTime":255.66,"body":"one of the key issues, why we"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":255.78,"endTime":260.64,"body":"why we worry about this, there's"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":255.78,"endTime":260.64,"body":"too much co2 in the air. But"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":260.64,"endTime":264.72,"body":"while I say too much, it still"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":260.64,"endTime":264.72,"body":"is tiny in concentration"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":264.72,"endTime":268.5,"body":"compared to what comes out of a"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":264.72,"endTime":268.5,"body":"cement factory. So it requires a"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":268.5,"endTime":273.09,"body":"lot of effort, a lot of energy."},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":268.5,"endTime":273.09,"body":"But regardless, once we have it,"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":273.12,"endTime":280.23,"body":"it's the same stuff. And then we"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":273.12,"endTime":280.23,"body":"can look at making many many"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":280.23,"endTime":286.29,"body":"many different products. Think"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":280.23,"endTime":286.29,"body":"about everything that contains"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":286.29,"endTime":290.4,"body":"carbon organic chemistry"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":286.29,"endTime":290.4,"body":"products. These are many of the"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":290.4,"endTime":296.07,"body":"chemicals soaps, polymer"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":290.4,"endTime":296.07,"body":"materials, we can look at making"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":296.07,"endTime":302.31,"body":"carbon black. All of that is is"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":296.07,"endTime":302.31,"body":"a Essentially a different way of"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":302.31,"endTime":306.15,"body":"making the same products, we"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":302.31,"endTime":306.15,"body":"currently already use the carbon"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":306.15,"endTime":313.56,"body":"outcomes in the co2 instead of"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":306.15,"endTime":313.56,"body":"petroleum. And we can also look"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":313.56,"endTime":318.42,"body":"at what else can we make you if"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":313.56,"endTime":318.42,"body":"you have the raw materials like"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":318.42,"endTime":321.0,"body":"being in the kitchen, being a"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":318.42,"endTime":321.0,"body":"chef, what can I cook with that"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":321.0,"endTime":326.79,"body":"stuff. So, with co2, I can"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":321.0,"endTime":326.79,"body":"actually also make new building"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":326.79,"endTime":332.79,"body":"materials, I can stick it into"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":326.79,"endTime":332.79,"body":"concrete, partially reversing"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":332.82,"endTime":337.77,"body":"what has happened, when I make"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":332.82,"endTime":337.77,"body":"cement, where I bake, minerals,"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":337.8,"endTime":342.45,"body":"drive out the co2, sticking it"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":337.8,"endTime":342.45,"body":"back in will turn it into a"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":342.45,"endTime":346.98,"body":"rock. And that is actually very"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":342.45,"endTime":346.98,"body":"exciting. Because once it's in"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":346.98,"endTime":350.64,"body":"that rock, it stays there. So"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":346.98,"endTime":350.64,"body":"that helps me address this"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":350.64,"endTime":354.09,"body":"climate problem. It's removing"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":350.64,"endTime":354.09,"body":"it from from the environment for"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":354.09,"endTime":354.42,"body":"good."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":354.57,"endTime":357.63,"body":"Okay, and that that"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":354.57,"endTime":357.63,"body":"seems like a nice kind of almost"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":357.66,"endTime":363.27,"body":"closed loop system. Because, you"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":357.66,"endTime":363.27,"body":"know, as you say, creating"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":363.3,"endTime":366.45,"body":"cement in the first place,"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":363.3,"endTime":366.45,"body":"causes a huge amount of"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":366.45,"endTime":369.78,"body":"emissions. But if you can"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":366.45,"endTime":369.78,"body":"capture that, and then use that"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":369.78,"endTime":374.1,"body":"to then make the concrete, you"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":369.78,"endTime":374.1,"body":"haven't released that co2 that"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":374.1,"endTime":376.44,"body":"would otherwise have gone out"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":374.1,"endTime":376.44,"body":"into the atmosphere from the"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":376.44,"endTime":378.78,"body":"creation of the concrete. Right?"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":376.44,"endTime":378.78,"body":"cement."},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":378.81,"endTime":382.2,"body":"Exactly."},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":378.81,"endTime":382.2,"body":"Exactly. Yeah. So so this is"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":382.23,"endTime":384.72,"body":"this is, this is a really good"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":382.23,"endTime":384.72,"body":"way of looking at it, right. So"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":384.72,"endTime":389.94,"body":"that, that we really are mindful"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":384.72,"endTime":389.94,"body":"of of our resources, we do not"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":389.94,"endTime":393.3,"body":"put anything to waste and look"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":389.94,"endTime":393.3,"body":"at how we can sort of repurpose"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":393.3,"endTime":396.99,"body":"what otherwise ends up in the"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":393.3,"endTime":396.99,"body":"atmosphere. And the same would"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":396.99,"endTime":399.9,"body":"be true for for plastic"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":396.99,"endTime":399.9,"body":"materials might when they"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":399.9,"endTime":403.47,"body":"decompose, we burn them, that's"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":399.9,"endTime":403.47,"body":"you, too, can be harvested and"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":403.47,"endTime":405.81,"body":"turned back into plastics. Okay."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":405.87,"endTime":408.9,"body":"Nice. Nice. And"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":405.87,"endTime":408.9,"body":"with the concrete that's"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":408.9,"endTime":412.23,"body":"produced in this way. I mean,"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":408.9,"endTime":412.23,"body":"you said it makes it kind of"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":412.29,"endTime":417.3,"body":"almost like a rock. And I saw"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":412.29,"endTime":417.3,"body":"during the week as well, an"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":417.3,"endTime":421.23,"body":"article you forwarded about"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":417.3,"endTime":421.23,"body":"bendable concrete, can you can"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":421.23,"endTime":422.49,"body":"you talk a little bit about"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":421.23,"endTime":422.49,"body":"that?"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":422.97,"endTime":427.26,"body":"Certainly. If"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":422.97,"endTime":427.26,"body":"we look at co2 in concrete,"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":427.56,"endTime":430.35,"body":"that's sort of unusual to begin"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":427.56,"endTime":430.35,"body":"with. That's next traditionally,"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":430.35,"endTime":435.57,"body":"how concrete is being made? And"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":430.35,"endTime":435.57,"body":"and and from a researchers point"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":435.57,"endTime":439.62,"body":"of view, that's an okay, if we"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":435.57,"endTime":439.62,"body":"do that, what else can we think"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":439.62,"endTime":444.03,"body":"about modifying for concrete?"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":439.62,"endTime":444.03,"body":"concrete is a material that has"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":444.03,"endTime":449.88,"body":"been it's fundamental form the"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":444.03,"endTime":449.88,"body":"use for 1000s of years. But"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":449.88,"endTime":454.53,"body":"what's what's common to two"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":449.88,"endTime":454.53,"body":"concrete materials is why"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":454.53,"endTime":458.28,"body":"they're very strong, we can"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":454.53,"endTime":458.28,"body":"build enormous structures,"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":458.82,"endTime":463.32,"body":"they're also very brittle,"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":458.82,"endTime":463.32,"body":"concrete doesn't bent in"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":463.32,"endTime":468.6,"body":"therefore, it's very easy to"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":463.32,"endTime":468.6,"body":"crack it. And once it's broken,"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":468.63,"endTime":472.92,"body":"that's it. structure is, is no"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":468.63,"endTime":472.92,"body":"longer usable, or at least it's"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":472.98,"endTime":478.02,"body":"it's severely impaired. Where I"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":472.98,"endTime":478.02,"body":"left here in the state of"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":478.02,"endTime":482.94,"body":"Michigan, that's a significant"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":478.02,"endTime":482.94,"body":"problem for roads, and where we"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":482.94,"endTime":488.55,"body":"have lots of potholes, because"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":482.94,"endTime":488.55,"body":"concrete breaks, right. And if"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":488.55,"endTime":494.52,"body":"we could avoid that, that will"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":488.55,"endTime":494.52,"body":"be enormous. We spend half of"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":494.52,"endTime":502.23,"body":"our efforts in concrete making"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":494.52,"endTime":502.23,"body":"on repair. So where it's it's"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":502.23,"endTime":505.92,"body":"huge, it's we make 10s of"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":502.23,"endTime":505.92,"body":"billions of tons of concrete"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":505.92,"endTime":509.94,"body":"every year. Imagine we have to"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":505.92,"endTime":509.94,"body":"make a fraction of that just"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":509.94,"endTime":514.74,"body":"because it lives longer. So the"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":509.94,"endTime":514.74,"body":"question is how how can you make"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":514.8,"endTime":518.43,"body":"concrete that that lasts longer?"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":514.8,"endTime":518.43,"body":"What what would have to be the"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":518.43,"endTime":523.86,"body":"case with hertz that it is"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":518.43,"endTime":523.86,"body":"already strong, right? So it can"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":523.86,"endTime":528.54,"body":"it can it can take the load,"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":523.86,"endTime":528.54,"body":"huge buildings, enormous dams to"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":528.54,"endTime":532.95,"body":"old, the old water and whatnot"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":528.54,"endTime":532.95,"body":"else. The problem again, is that"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":533.04,"endTime":539.04,"body":"brittle nature that it just"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":533.04,"endTime":539.04,"body":"cracks like a like a like a wave"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":539.04,"endTime":546.39,"body":"or a crack an egg. Exactly a"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":539.04,"endTime":546.39,"body":"shell of an egg. And so how can"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":546.39,"endTime":550.44,"body":"I avoid this? Well, what if that"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":546.39,"endTime":550.44,"body":"concrete could bend a little"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":550.44,"endTime":555.54,"body":"bit? What if I make it slightly"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":550.44,"endTime":555.54,"body":"flexible? Not not bendable, like"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":555.54,"endTime":559.95,"body":"a like a like a wooden board,"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":555.54,"endTime":559.95,"body":"but somewhere between the stiff"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":559.95,"endTime":564.09,"body":"concrete material and the wooden"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":559.95,"endTime":564.09,"body":"board? And that's sort of the"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":564.09,"endTime":568.05,"body":"idea behind this bendable"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":564.09,"endTime":568.05,"body":"concrete. And then the question"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":568.05,"endTime":575.55,"body":"then is how do I achieve that?"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":568.05,"endTime":575.55,"body":"Me too, look at replacing some"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":575.55,"endTime":580.77,"body":"of the materials in the concrete"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":575.55,"endTime":580.77,"body":"with finer powders instead of"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":580.77,"endTime":585.03,"body":"the coarse grains. So it's one"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":580.77,"endTime":585.03,"body":"of the starting points, but the"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":585.03,"endTime":591.81,"body":"real secret sauce lies in"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":585.03,"endTime":591.81,"body":"actually tiny little fibers. So"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":591.81,"endTime":596.76,"body":"we we look at these concrete"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":591.81,"endTime":596.76,"body":"materials, exactly as you would"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":596.76,"endTime":602.49,"body":"describe a composite material"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":596.76,"endTime":602.49,"body":"right? These epoxy, plastic"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":602.49,"endTime":605.97,"body":"materials that have less fibers"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":602.49,"endTime":605.97,"body":"in it, you know what it was more"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":605.97,"endTime":609.99,"body":"kinds of containers. And so if"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":605.97,"endTime":609.99,"body":"we if we make concrete in the"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":609.99,"endTime":614.1,"body":"same way, and he now begins to"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":609.99,"endTime":614.1,"body":"be a little more flexible,"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":614.1,"endTime":617.82,"body":"because there is this polymer,"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":614.1,"endTime":617.82,"body":"we can stretch, we can stretch"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":618.81,"endTime":623.46,"body":"polymer films, we use that in"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":618.81,"endTime":623.46,"body":"our kitchens. So natural that is"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":623.46,"endTime":627.9,"body":"now in their concrete to a"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":623.46,"endTime":627.9,"body":"substantial fraction, the"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":627.9,"endTime":633.63,"body":"concrete will slightly be"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":627.9,"endTime":633.63,"body":"bendable. And therefore, if"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":633.63,"endTime":637.41,"body":"there's excessive loads, you can"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":633.63,"endTime":637.41,"body":"sort of move out of the way and"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":637.41,"endTime":644.04,"body":"then rebound before breaking. If"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":637.41,"endTime":644.04,"body":"it does break, he will not fall"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":644.04,"endTime":648.66,"body":"apart, like a traditional"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":644.04,"endTime":648.66,"body":"concrete will create very, very"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":648.66,"endTime":653.94,"body":"small, tiny, tiny little cracks."},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":648.66,"endTime":653.94,"body":"As soon as a human here or less,"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":654.36,"endTime":658.5,"body":"okay, and the fibers will hold"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":654.36,"endTime":658.5,"body":"together the remainder of the"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":658.5,"endTime":664.74,"body":"concrete. And in that little"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":658.5,"endTime":664.74,"body":"tiny crack, water and carbon"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":664.74,"endTime":669.0,"body":"dioxide from the air can"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":664.74,"endTime":669.0,"body":"penetrate and actually filled"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":669.0,"endTime":672.84,"body":"that crack. So it makes this"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":669.0,"endTime":672.84,"body":"material actually self healing."},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":673.71,"endTime":679.8,"body":"concrete is cured by mixing the"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":673.71,"endTime":679.8,"body":"cement with water and co2. So"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":679.8,"endTime":683.82,"body":"it's it's a fascinating material"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":679.8,"endTime":683.82,"body":"that Professor Lee in our civil"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":683.82,"endTime":688.47,"body":"engineering department has"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":683.82,"endTime":688.47,"body":"invented. And there are many"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":688.47,"endTime":692.73,"body":"flavors of that material that"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":688.47,"endTime":692.73,"body":"have different bendability that"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":693.15,"endTime":700.17,"body":"additional properties that one"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":693.15,"endTime":700.17,"body":"can can develop. And lastly, it"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":700.44,"endTime":704.31,"body":"is a material that is designed"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":700.44,"endTime":704.31,"body":"to really hold enormous amounts"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":704.31,"endTime":709.38,"body":"of carbon dioxide. And that's"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":704.31,"endTime":709.38,"body":"key, right? We have a we have a"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":709.41,"endTime":715.29,"body":"we have a huge, huge surplus of"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":709.41,"endTime":715.29,"body":"co2, what do we stick it, we can"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":715.29,"endTime":718.83,"body":"pump it on the ground. Of course"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":715.29,"endTime":718.83,"body":"that works. But it's expensive."},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":719.55,"endTime":722.88,"body":"We make concrete Anyway, let's"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":719.55,"endTime":722.88,"body":"put the co2 in that."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":723.48,"endTime":727.74,"body":"Nice. And I also"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":723.48,"endTime":727.74,"body":"saw in the article that reduced"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":755.21,"endTime":757.7600000000001,"body":"the requirement for steel for"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":755.21,"endTime":757.7600000000001,"body":"strengthening concrete,"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":758.0400000000001,"endTime":761.7,"body":"Right. steel"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":758.0400000000001,"endTime":761.7,"body":"needs to be in concrete to make"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":761.7,"endTime":767.7600000000001,"body":"it stronger, stiffer so that the"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":761.7,"endTime":767.7600000000001,"body":"structure doesn't doesn't break"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":767.7600000000001,"endTime":773.07,"body":"when it moves. But since that"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":767.7600000000001,"endTime":773.07,"body":"concrete in itself will, will"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":773.4000000000001,"endTime":778.59,"body":"slightly shift when a load is"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":773.4000000000001,"endTime":778.59,"body":"exposed. We don't need that much"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":778.59,"endTime":786.8100000000001,"body":"steel. And of course, that is"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":778.59,"endTime":786.8100000000001,"body":"that is a critical win for two"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":786.8100000000001,"endTime":793.0200000000001,"body":"reasons. One is steel production"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":786.8100000000001,"endTime":793.0200000000001,"body":"in of itself is producing a lot"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":793.0200000000001,"endTime":796.5,"body":"of carbon dioxide emissions. If"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":793.0200000000001,"endTime":796.5,"body":"we need to make less, that's"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":796.5,"endTime":800.94,"body":"better. And it also is a"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":796.5,"endTime":800.94,"body":"significant cost when I when I"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":801.3000000000001,"endTime":806.3100000000001,"body":"design buildings or bridges, the"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":801.3000000000001,"endTime":806.3100000000001,"body":"the amount of steel in there is"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":806.3100000000001,"endTime":806.94,"body":"significant."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":807.1700000000001,"endTime":810.3800000000001,"body":"And this this"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":807.1700000000001,"endTime":810.3800000000001,"body":"concrete and then of course, the"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":810.3800000000001,"endTime":814.97,"body":"steel as as well as it has in"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":810.3800000000001,"endTime":814.97,"body":"itself a significant carbon"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":814.97,"endTime":818.6600000000001,"body":"impact. So reducing that reduces"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":814.97,"endTime":818.6600000000001,"body":"it's kind of a double whammy, it"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":818.6600000000001,"endTime":819.98,"body":"reduces the overall impact."},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":820.19,"endTime":822.2,"body":"Exactly,"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":820.19,"endTime":822.2,"body":"exactly. And you know that"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":822.23,"endTime":825.9200000000001,"body":"that's I think overall how we"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":822.23,"endTime":825.9200000000001,"body":"need to look at today's"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":826.19,"endTime":829.7,"body":"problems, whether these are co2"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":826.19,"endTime":829.7,"body":"related or not, you need to look"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":829.73,"endTime":833.48,"body":"at synergies, you need to look"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":829.73,"endTime":833.48,"body":"at the impact of the whole"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":833.48,"endTime":837.95,"body":"system from start to finish. If"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":833.48,"endTime":837.95,"body":"we look at solutions in"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":837.95,"endTime":842.72,"body":"isolation, that might work in"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":837.95,"endTime":842.72,"body":"that isolated viewpoint, but it"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":842.72,"endTime":846.1400000000001,"body":"might make other things worse"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":842.72,"endTime":846.1400000000001,"body":"here as you say we have a double"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":846.1400000000001,"endTime":846.5300000000001,"body":"win."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":846.71,"endTime":850.85,"body":"Yeah, that that"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":846.71,"endTime":850.85,"body":"concrete is there a significant"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":850.85,"endTime":854.5400000000001,"body":"price difference between it and"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":850.85,"endTime":854.5400000000001,"body":"regular concrete?"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":855.2,"endTime":859.22,"body":"Yes, of"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":855.2,"endTime":859.22,"body":"course, I will, I will not want"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":859.22,"endTime":862.34,"body":"to sort of say that we have the"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":859.22,"endTime":862.34,"body":"solution to all of our problems"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":862.34,"endTime":866.6,"body":"here. It is it is more expensive"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":862.34,"endTime":866.6,"body":"than regular concrete for"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":867.08,"endTime":872.3900000000001,"body":"several reasons. One is of"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":867.08,"endTime":872.3900000000001,"body":"course, harvesting the carbon"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":872.3900000000001,"endTime":878.36,"body":"dioxides costs, money and"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":872.3900000000001,"endTime":878.36,"body":"energy. So that is one thing and"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":878.36,"endTime":884.36,"body":"then also the raw materials that"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":878.36,"endTime":884.36,"body":"also go into that concrete"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":884.3900000000001,"endTime":890.57,"body":"mainly the fibers can be quite"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":884.3900000000001,"endTime":890.57,"body":"costly. So all in all, depending"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":890.57,"endTime":896.1500000000001,"body":"on the quality, the ductility"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":890.57,"endTime":896.1500000000001,"body":"that you want, these materials"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":896.1500000000001,"endTime":901.19,"body":"can easily cost twice as much as"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":896.1500000000001,"endTime":901.19,"body":"regular concrete, which is of"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":901.19,"endTime":907.22,"body":"course a problem. And how do we"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":901.19,"endTime":907.22,"body":"how do we think about this? Is"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":907.22,"endTime":910.61,"body":"there ever going to be a"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":907.22,"endTime":910.61,"body":"solution to it. And of course,"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":910.61,"endTime":914.0300000000001,"body":"we all know about the economies"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":910.61,"endTime":914.0300000000001,"body":"of scale as we make things more,"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":914.3900000000001,"endTime":917.3900000000001,"body":"more abundantly, they get"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":914.3900000000001,"endTime":917.3900000000001,"body":"cheaper and all that but there's"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":917.3900000000001,"endTime":919.85,"body":"a limit. It's more effort,"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":917.3900000000001,"endTime":919.85,"body":"there's more stuff in it"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":919.85,"endTime":923.5100000000001,"body":"compared to regular concrete, so"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":919.85,"endTime":923.5100000000001,"body":"it will remain quite likely more"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":923.5100000000001,"endTime":929.57,"body":"expensive. However, as we start"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":923.5100000000001,"endTime":929.57,"body":"To talk about this concrete,"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":929.99,"endTime":934.37,"body":"since it's bendable, it doesn't"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":929.99,"endTime":934.37,"body":"break as easily, it lives"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":934.37,"endTime":938.4200000000001,"body":"longer. So I don't have to"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":934.37,"endTime":938.4200000000001,"body":"replace it as off. So over its"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":938.4200000000001,"endTime":941.99,"body":"lifetime, it actually can be"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":938.4200000000001,"endTime":941.99,"body":"quite cost competitive, if not"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":941.99,"endTime":950.6,"body":"better. So it becomes a question"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":941.99,"endTime":950.6,"body":"of financing such projects. How"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":950.6,"endTime":955.25,"body":"do you how do you convince a"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":950.6,"endTime":955.25,"body":"buyer that the upfront expense"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":955.5500000000001,"endTime":958.8800000000001,"body":"is worth it, because you don't"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":955.5500000000001,"endTime":958.8800000000001,"body":"have to worry about it down the"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":958.8800000000001,"endTime":964.46,"body":"road. Now, if I'm not, if I'm if"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":958.8800000000001,"endTime":964.46,"body":"I'm commuting on a freeway that"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":964.46,"endTime":970.61,"body":"doesn't have potholes, it's"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":964.46,"endTime":970.61,"body":"totally worth it. But if I have"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":970.61,"endTime":974.4200000000001,"body":"to make decisions, let's say on"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":970.61,"endTime":974.4200000000001,"body":"a public budget, that would"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":974.4200000000001,"endTime":978.0500000000001,"body":"significantly increase"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":974.4200000000001,"endTime":978.0500000000001,"body":"construction costs, that's a"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":978.0500000000001,"endTime":980.84,"body":"different story. You're"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":978.0500000000001,"endTime":980.84,"body":"responsible to your taxpayers."},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":981.32,"endTime":986.0600000000001,"body":"So it's, it's it's a challenge"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":981.32,"endTime":986.0600000000001,"body":"that we have, have worked to do"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":986.0600000000001,"endTime":990.47,"body":"to overcome educate and explain"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":986.0600000000001,"endTime":990.47,"body":"the long term benefits?"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":990.98,"endTime":993.0500000000001,"body":"Would carbon"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":990.98,"endTime":993.0500000000001,"body":"pricing help?"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":993.23,"endTime":998.21,"body":"Undeniably, I"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":993.23,"endTime":998.21,"body":"mean, any, any, any pricing? Any"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":998.24,"endTime":1005.0200000000001,"body":"any carbon dividend or tax"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":998.24,"endTime":1005.0200000000001,"body":"rebate? is sort of a a negative"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1005.0200000000001,"endTime":1009.4300000000001,"body":"component and the cost of making"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1005.0200000000001,"endTime":1009.4300000000001,"body":"that material? So if I don't"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1009.4300000000001,"endTime":1014.7700000000001,"body":"have to pass it on to the"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1009.4300000000001,"endTime":1014.7700000000001,"body":"consumer, yes, it will certainly"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1014.7700000000001,"endTime":1020.2900000000001,"body":"become cost competitive. So his"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1014.7700000000001,"endTime":1020.2900000000001,"body":"question is, do we have the"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1020.2900000000001,"endTime":1025.57,"body":"will? Do we have the desire, we"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1020.2900000000001,"endTime":1025.57,"body":"have the political cloud to get"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1025.57,"endTime":1025.96,"body":"there?"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1026.07,"endTime":1029.88,"body":"Yeah, I mean, what"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1026.07,"endTime":1029.88,"body":"what we're talking about is a"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1029.88,"endTime":1034.41,"body":"carbon capture and usage or"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1029.88,"endTime":1034.41,"body":"carbon capture and storage, are"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1035.04,"endTime":1038.88,"body":"two hugely important things that"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1035.04,"endTime":1038.88,"body":"are, I think, still very"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1038.88,"endTime":1044.16,"body":"immature technologies, because"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1038.88,"endTime":1044.16,"body":"they're important because even"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1044.16,"endTime":1048.33,"body":"with all of the, you know, great"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1044.16,"endTime":1048.33,"body":"work that's happening right now,"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1048.33,"endTime":1051.48,"body":"to reduce the emissions, the"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1048.33,"endTime":1051.48,"body":"emissions are still our"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1051.48,"endTime":1055.0800000000002,"body":"emissions are still going up,"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1051.48,"endTime":1055.0800000000002,"body":"despite all that work. But even"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1055.0800000000002,"endTime":1060.39,"body":"with that, we're at you know,"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1055.0800000000002,"endTime":1060.39,"body":"400 420 parts per million, which"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1060.42,"endTime":1062.6100000000001,"body":"on the one side for you for"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1060.42,"endTime":1062.6100000000001,"body":"extracting heat from the air"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1062.6100000000001,"endTime":1065.94,"body":"isn't a lot. But for, you know,"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1062.6100000000001,"endTime":1065.94,"body":"everything else on the planet,"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1065.94,"endTime":1070.41,"body":"it's way too much. So we are"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1065.94,"endTime":1070.41,"body":"going to have to figure out ways"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1070.44,"endTime":1075.48,"body":"to remove co2 from the air and"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1070.44,"endTime":1075.48,"body":"put it somewhere whether it's"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1075.48,"endTime":1078.48,"body":"put in use or put it in long"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1075.48,"endTime":1078.48,"body":"term storage. So this, this is"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1078.48,"endTime":1079.44,"body":"really important stuff,"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1079.5,"endTime":1081.78,"body":"It definitely"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1079.5,"endTime":1081.78,"body":"is and, you know, what, what"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1081.78,"endTime":1084.9,"body":"makes it even more challenging"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1081.78,"endTime":1084.9,"body":"is that we really don't have"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1084.93,"endTime":1089.73,"body":"time, we need to tackle that now"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1084.93,"endTime":1089.73,"body":"and need to tackle it at scale."},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1090.8700000000001,"endTime":1096.0900000000001,"body":"I mean, we begin to see signs of"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1090.8700000000001,"endTime":1096.0900000000001,"body":"the climate running away. In"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1096.0900000000001,"endTime":1100.05,"body":"other words, sort of nonlinear"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1096.0900000000001,"endTime":1100.05,"body":"effects taking over and leading"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1100.05,"endTime":1104.52,"body":"to temperature extremes, weather"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1100.05,"endTime":1104.52,"body":"extremes that we haven't seen in"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1104.52,"endTime":1111.27,"body":"human history. And therefore we"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1104.52,"endTime":1111.27,"body":"cannot wait with with active"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1111.72,"endTime":1114.96,"body":"countermeasures. Because on the"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1111.72,"endTime":1114.96,"body":"other hand, it's also clear that"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1114.96,"endTime":1118.68,"body":"we cannot just stop emitting"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1114.96,"endTime":1118.68,"body":"more co2 Vitaminas, human"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1118.68,"endTime":1122.43,"body":"societies cannot just abruptly"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1118.68,"endTime":1122.43,"body":"change what has gradually been"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1122.43,"endTime":1126.78,"body":"built up over centuries. So that"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1122.43,"endTime":1126.78,"body":"takes time. But I mean, if we if"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1126.78,"endTime":1130.8,"body":"we look at the magnitude of the"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1126.78,"endTime":1130.8,"body":"problem, in experimental"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1130.8,"endTime":1136.8300000000002,"body":"facilities, instead of pilots"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1130.8,"endTime":1136.8300000000002,"body":"efforts, annually, we currently"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1136.8300000000002,"endTime":1143.8500000000001,"body":"capture about 17 million tons of"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1136.8300000000002,"endTime":1143.8500000000001,"body":"co2. In order for us to help"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1143.8500000000001,"endTime":1146.94,"body":"stabilize the climate, along"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1143.8500000000001,"endTime":1146.94,"body":"with massive emissions"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1146.94,"endTime":1153.69,"body":"reductions. Projections ranged"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1146.94,"endTime":1153.69,"body":"from five to 15 billion tonnes a"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1153.69,"endTime":1158.49,"body":"year that have to be removed. So"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1153.69,"endTime":1158.49,"body":"100 times more."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1158.559,"endTime":1160.8690000000001,"body":"And just to"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1158.559,"endTime":1160.8690000000001,"body":"clarify, that's billion with a B"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1160.9,"endTime":1163.72,"body":"billion with a"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1160.9,"endTime":1163.72,"body":"B. Yep. So it's, it's it's a"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1163.72,"endTime":1168.76,"body":"lot. It is a lot, as I said,"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1163.72,"endTime":1168.76,"body":"about 100 times more than what"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1168.76,"endTime":1172.24,"body":"we currently do. And and then,"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1168.76,"endTime":1172.24,"body":"of course, we need to handle all"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1172.24,"endTime":1174.28,"body":"that. That's a lot of material."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1174.94,"endTime":1178.0,"body":"One way I try and"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1174.94,"endTime":1178.0,"body":"get people to think about this"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1178.03,"endTime":1184.1200000000001,"body":"is, you know, I think, what"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1178.03,"endTime":1184.1200000000001,"body":"what, what is a tonne of co2"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1184.8400000000001,"endTime":1189.31,"body":"volumetrically? Let's say it's"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1184.8400000000001,"endTime":1189.31,"body":"roughly the size of a small town"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1189.31,"endTime":1194.5900000000001,"body":"car. Now, I might be slightly"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1189.31,"endTime":1194.5900000000001,"body":"there in terms of the volume,"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1194.5900000000001,"endTime":1197.38,"body":"but you know, it's probably that"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1194.5900000000001,"endTime":1197.38,"body":"order of magnitude."},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1197.5,"endTime":1200.38,"body":"Yeah, I mean,"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1197.5,"endTime":1200.38,"body":"I think what what might be even"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1200.41,"endTime":1206.53,"body":"even easier to grasp is, if we"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1200.41,"endTime":1206.53,"body":"look at this in terms of mass"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1206.8300000000002,"endTime":1214.0900000000001,"body":"weight, if we look at 1 million"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1206.8300000000002,"endTime":1214.0900000000001,"body":"tonnes of co2 would be the"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1214.0900000000001,"endTime":1220.9,"body":"equivalent of the weight of 17"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1214.0900000000001,"endTime":1220.9,"body":"million humans. So that is"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1220.99,"endTime":1221.74,"body":"staggering."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1222.1000000000001,"endTime":1225.3400000000001,"body":"That's 1 million we"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1222.1000000000001,"endTime":1225.3400000000001,"body":"have to get to 15 billion."},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1225.94,"endTime":1231.04,"body":"Yes, exactly."},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1225.94,"endTime":1231.04,"body":"So that would be just 1 billion"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1231.04,"endTime":1237.8200000000002,"body":"times is the equivalent of twice"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1231.04,"endTime":1237.8200000000002,"body":"the earth's population? I, so"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1237.88,"endTime":1240.8500000000001,"body":"we have to get to"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1237.88,"endTime":1240.8500000000001,"body":"15 billion a year."},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1241.75,"endTime":1243.31,"body":"Right?"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1241.75,"endTime":1243.31,"body":"Exactly."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1244.03,"endTime":1245.56,"body":"It's an enormous"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1244.03,"endTime":1245.56,"body":"challenge."},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1246.1000000000001,"endTime":1249.49,"body":"It is, it is"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1246.1000000000001,"endTime":1249.49,"body":"it is. And you know, I think we"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1249.49,"endTime":1253.6000000000001,"body":"don't we don't see and grasp."},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1249.49,"endTime":1253.6000000000001,"body":"That's the problem, because the"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1253.6000000000001,"endTime":1257.29,"body":"introduction of co2 happens"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1253.6000000000001,"endTime":1257.29,"body":"gradually, it's dispersed."},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1257.3200000000002,"endTime":1261.16,"body":"Everybody does a little bit here"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1257.3200000000002,"endTime":1261.16,"body":"and there, we don't see it, you"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1261.16,"endTime":1266.3200000000002,"body":"can smell it, it doesn't"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1261.16,"endTime":1266.3200000000002,"body":"irritate your eyes. So it's only"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1266.3200000000002,"endTime":1270.6100000000001,"body":"now becoming more clear in the"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1266.3200000000002,"endTime":1270.6100000000001,"body":"public eye that we have a"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1270.6100000000001,"endTime":1275.92,"body":"massive problem. And what we"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1270.6100000000001,"endTime":1275.92,"body":"have sort of done needs to be"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1276.04,"endTime":1281.02,"body":"undone at least to a significant"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1276.04,"endTime":1281.02,"body":"level, in a fraction of the"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1281.02,"endTime":1286.1200000000001,"body":"time, we had 200 plus years to"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1281.02,"endTime":1286.1200000000001,"body":"create the situation. We have"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1286.1200000000001,"endTime":1289.06,"body":"less than 100, nearly 50 to"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1286.1200000000001,"endTime":1289.06,"body":"actually fix it."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1289.1200000000001,"endTime":1292.51,"body":"Yeah. Cuz we"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1289.1200000000001,"endTime":1292.51,"body":"reverse it. Yeah. Yeah. It's not"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1292.51,"endTime":1295.24,"body":"enough to stop the runaway,"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1292.51,"endTime":1295.24,"body":"it's, we have to actually"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1295.24,"endTime":1295.81,"body":"reverse it."},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1296.0800000000002,"endTime":1298.45,"body":"Exactly. I"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1296.0800000000002,"endTime":1298.45,"body":"mean, that's exactly the thing,"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1298.45,"endTime":1302.92,"body":"right? It's not, it's not enough"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1298.45,"endTime":1302.92,"body":"to sort of stop polluting, and"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1302.92,"endTime":1306.6100000000001,"body":"the rest is just sort of around"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1302.92,"endTime":1306.6100000000001,"body":"us. And at the same time, we"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1306.6100000000001,"endTime":1312.67,"body":"need to think about, okay, life"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1306.6100000000001,"endTime":1312.67,"body":"on planet Earth is carbon based."},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1313.15,"endTime":1316.81,"body":"A lot of the things we use, for"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1313.15,"endTime":1316.81,"body":"very good reason, a nature of"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1316.81,"endTime":1322.0900000000001,"body":"the carbon atom just lends"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1316.81,"endTime":1322.0900000000001,"body":"itself to it. We can't avoid"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1322.1200000000001,"endTime":1327.1000000000001,"body":"using carbon. I mean, apart from"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1322.1200000000001,"endTime":1327.1000000000001,"body":"our metabolism, but just"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1327.28,"endTime":1330.1000000000001,"body":"choosing technologies to make"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1327.28,"endTime":1330.1000000000001,"body":"the things that are around us,"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1331.03,"endTime":1335.89,"body":"it's almost impossible to"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1331.03,"endTime":1335.89,"body":"replace everything that is not"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1335.89,"endTime":1338.92,"body":"carbon containing with it's"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1335.89,"endTime":1338.92,"body":"something that's not carbon"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1338.92,"endTime":1343.18,"body":"containing. So how do we do"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1338.92,"endTime":1343.18,"body":"this, if we if we, if we tap"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1343.18,"endTime":1348.1000000000001,"body":"into the ground to extract more"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1343.18,"endTime":1348.1000000000001,"body":"carbon, we make the problem"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1348.1000000000001,"endTime":1351.79,"body":"worse. But then we have this"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1348.1000000000001,"endTime":1351.79,"body":"abundant source in the"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1351.79,"endTime":1356.47,"body":"atmosphere. And as you described"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1351.79,"endTime":1356.47,"body":"earlier, this circularity in the"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1356.47,"endTime":1361.21,"body":"processes, so we can base our"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1356.47,"endTime":1361.21,"body":"our needs on on harvesting net"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1361.21,"endTime":1364.24,"body":"co2, the concrete not without a"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1361.21,"endTime":1364.24,"body":"cost."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1364.39,"endTime":1367.15,"body":"Yeah. So that was"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1364.39,"endTime":1367.15,"body":"that was something I was going"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1367.15,"endTime":1370.15,"body":"to get to as well, because it"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1367.15,"endTime":1370.15,"body":"does introduce greater costs to"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1370.15,"endTime":1375.46,"body":"the system, because it requires"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1370.15,"endTime":1375.46,"body":"significant amount of energy to"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1375.52,"endTime":1381.46,"body":"capture the carbon. And, and you"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1375.52,"endTime":1381.46,"body":"you have to think that, you"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1381.46,"endTime":1385.39,"body":"know, some form of carbon"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1381.46,"endTime":1385.39,"body":"credits or carbon pricing, are"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1385.39,"endTime":1389.8600000000001,"body":"going to help with that, as well"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1385.39,"endTime":1389.8600000000001,"body":"as you know, economies of scale"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1389.8600000000001,"endTime":1394.48,"body":"as we start to do it on a huge,"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1389.8600000000001,"endTime":1394.48,"body":"huge Well, on the scale that we"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1394.51,"endTime":1395.3500000000001,"body":"need to do it."},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1395.8600000000001,"endTime":1399.88,"body":"I absolutely"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1395.8600000000001,"endTime":1399.88,"body":"agree. And, of course, every"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1399.88,"endTime":1407.17,"body":"time every time you raise the"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1399.88,"endTime":1407.17,"body":"the needs, or the just the mere"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1407.17,"endTime":1413.3500000000001,"body":"idea of a new tax, people react,"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1407.17,"endTime":1413.3500000000001,"body":"typically very negatively. But"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1413.38,"endTime":1417.22,"body":"let's look at it from a"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1413.38,"endTime":1417.22,"body":"different point of view. If we"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1417.22,"endTime":1423.01,"body":"if we think about co2 as a waste"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1417.22,"endTime":1423.01,"body":"product, and we just dump it"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1423.01,"endTime":1428.1100000000001,"body":"right, it just goes away. So in"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1423.01,"endTime":1428.1100000000001,"body":"a sense, it's very similar to"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1428.71,"endTime":1432.3400000000001,"body":"what happens with our"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1428.71,"endTime":1432.3400000000001,"body":"wastewater, with our our"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1432.3400000000001,"endTime":1437.8,"body":"domestic waste industrial waste"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1432.3400000000001,"endTime":1437.8,"body":"1000 years ago or so with far"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1437.8,"endTime":1442.45,"body":"fewer humans on Earth. This was"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1437.8,"endTime":1442.45,"body":"much of a problem, the things"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1442.45,"endTime":1445.15,"body":"that were made were all nature"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1442.45,"endTime":1445.15,"body":"based, they decompose that were"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1445.15,"endTime":1449.65,"body":"repurposed. But as human"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1445.15,"endTime":1449.65,"body":"societies sort of, let me say,"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1449.74,"endTime":1454.93,"body":"condensed into cities in"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1449.74,"endTime":1454.93,"body":"specialized net cycle was"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1454.93,"endTime":1461.02,"body":"broken. And we now had to create"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1454.93,"endTime":1461.02,"body":"the means the mechanisms and and"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1461.02,"endTime":1465.31,"body":"in the the financial framework"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1461.02,"endTime":1465.31,"body":"to actually handle that waste."},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1465.7,"endTime":1470.92,"body":"So we don't think twice about"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1465.7,"endTime":1470.92,"body":"paying for wastewater for"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1470.92,"endTime":1475.06,"body":"domestic garbage pickup and all"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1470.92,"endTime":1475.06,"body":"that. So I think over time, it"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1475.06,"endTime":1479.5,"body":"will likely become natural that"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1475.06,"endTime":1479.5,"body":"we have to pay for handling co2."},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1480.25,"endTime":1483.5800000000002,"body":"Yeah, and if you look at if you"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1480.25,"endTime":1483.5800000000002,"body":"look at some projections, even"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1483.5800000000002,"endTime":1488.5900000000001,"body":"though it sounds in the context"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1483.5800000000002,"endTime":1488.5900000000001,"body":"of billions of tons of co2, and"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1488.89,"endTime":1493.27,"body":"maybe $100 a ton to pay for"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1488.89,"endTime":1493.27,"body":"sounds like an awful lot of"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1493.27,"endTime":1498.19,"body":"money. But if you look at how"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1493.27,"endTime":1498.19,"body":"much it would actually add to"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1498.22,"endTime":1502.48,"body":"the cost of the products we use,"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1498.22,"endTime":1502.48,"body":"it's not that much. It's a few"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1502.48,"endTime":1510.16,"body":"cents to two liter of gasoline."},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1502.48,"endTime":1510.16,"body":"Now, of course, that hurts, it"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1510.16,"endTime":1513.13,"body":"hurts many people. But if we"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1510.16,"endTime":1513.13,"body":"look at the fluctuation of the"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1513.13,"endTime":1518.65,"body":"gasoline price, it's really not"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1513.13,"endTime":1518.65,"body":"even noticeable in that context."},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1518.71,"endTime":1521.3500000000001,"body":"Sure. So I think we have to bite"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1518.71,"endTime":1521.3500000000001,"body":"that bullet."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1521.77,"endTime":1524.53,"body":"And concrete is a"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1521.77,"endTime":1524.53,"body":"great example because it is you"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1524.53,"endTime":1527.56,"body":"know, something that is fixed"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1524.53,"endTime":1527.56,"body":"and solid and typically stay Is"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1527.56,"endTime":1532.15,"body":"there for decades, which is"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1527.56,"endTime":1532.15,"body":"ideally what you want, with some"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1532.15,"endTime":1535.8400000000001,"body":"like way of sequestering carbon,"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1532.15,"endTime":1535.8400000000001,"body":"preferably longer than decades."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1536.77,"endTime":1539.3500000000001,"body":"Are there any other products"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1536.77,"endTime":1539.3500000000001,"body":"that you're looking at that are"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1539.3500000000001,"endTime":1540.76,"body":"as good as this particular one?"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1541.03,"endTime":1543.73,"body":"Well, I think"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1541.03,"endTime":1543.73,"body":"any any type of of rock like"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1543.73,"endTime":1548.92,"body":"material, you can, you can also"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1543.73,"endTime":1548.92,"body":"just make make gravel that you"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1548.92,"endTime":1553.45,"body":"would then use in construction"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1548.92,"endTime":1553.45,"body":"or in your yard. There are"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1553.45,"endTime":1557.5900000000001,"body":"minerals, there are industrial"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1553.45,"endTime":1557.5900000000001,"body":"wastes, that you could react"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1557.5900000000001,"endTime":1562.27,"body":"with co2. And and you have yet"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1557.5900000000001,"endTime":1562.27,"body":"another rock like material that"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1562.48,"endTime":1566.23,"body":"stays around like, like"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1562.48,"endTime":1566.23,"body":"mountainside mountains are made"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1566.23,"endTime":1570.8200000000002,"body":"out of limestone or other"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1566.23,"endTime":1570.8200000000002,"body":"carbonates. And they last for"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1571.54,"endTime":1577.66,"body":"millions of years. So it's it"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1571.54,"endTime":1577.66,"body":"certainly it certainly is a"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1577.66,"endTime":1582.46,"body":"broad opportunity to take care"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1577.66,"endTime":1582.46,"body":"of a lot of carbon dioxide and"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1582.46,"endTime":1586.45,"body":"create economic wealth, right."},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1582.46,"endTime":1586.45,"body":"It's not that we just pay for"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1586.45,"endTime":1591.94,"body":"the waste disposal, we actually"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1586.45,"endTime":1591.94,"body":"make something that creates an"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1591.94,"endTime":1597.0700000000002,"body":"income and it employs people."},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1591.94,"endTime":1597.0700000000002,"body":"Right. It's not forget that."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1597.3700000000001,"endTime":1599.89,"body":"Yeah, of course, of"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1597.3700000000001,"endTime":1599.89,"body":"course, we have to be"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1599.89,"endTime":1602.38,"body":"contributing to the economy as"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1599.89,"endTime":1602.38,"body":"well. Yep, no doubt. Right,"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1602.5,"endTime":1605.56,"body":"Volker, we're heading towards"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1602.5,"endTime":1605.56,"body":"the end of the podcast. Now, is"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1605.56,"endTime":1609.31,"body":"there any question I have not"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1605.56,"endTime":1609.31,"body":"asked you or any topic we've not"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1609.31,"endTime":1612.31,"body":"covered? That you think it's"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1609.31,"endTime":1612.31,"body":"important for people to be aware"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1612.31,"endTime":1612.5800000000002,"body":"of?"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1612.8500000000001,"endTime":1615.25,"body":"Well, I think"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1612.8500000000001,"endTime":1615.25,"body":"it's, it's really important to"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1615.25,"endTime":1619.48,"body":"think about the urgency of this"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1615.25,"endTime":1619.48,"body":"problem, right? And how we can"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1619.48,"endTime":1624.04,"body":"accelerate this, how we can how"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1619.48,"endTime":1624.04,"body":"we can overall creates an"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1624.04,"endTime":1630.28,"body":"ecosystem that maybe has to go"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1624.04,"endTime":1630.28,"body":"very deep in the way we do"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1630.28,"endTime":1635.29,"body":"business. I talked earlier about"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1630.28,"endTime":1635.29,"body":"the the cost of concrete being"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1635.29,"endTime":1640.0,"body":"higher for the co2 based"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1635.29,"endTime":1640.0,"body":"bendable concrete. But if you"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1640.0,"endTime":1643.1200000000001,"body":"look at it in the overall"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1640.0,"endTime":1643.1200000000001,"body":"context of a construction"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1643.1200000000001,"endTime":1647.65,"body":"project, the cost of the"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1643.1200000000001,"endTime":1647.65,"body":"materials is often"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1647.65,"endTime":1654.64,"body":"insignificant. Right? So but to"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1647.65,"endTime":1654.64,"body":"you, as a concrete supplier"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1655.15,"endTime":1658.66,"body":"doesn't doesn't help, right? If"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1655.15,"endTime":1658.66,"body":"your product is not cost"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1658.66,"endTime":1662.6200000000001,"body":"competitive, you will not get to"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1658.66,"endTime":1662.6200000000001,"body":"contract. So how do we how do we"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1662.6200000000001,"endTime":1666.73,"body":"handle those kinds of things."},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1662.6200000000001,"endTime":1666.73,"body":"And part of part of that is what"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1666.73,"endTime":1671.8300000000002,"body":"we see in, in legislation, for"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1666.73,"endTime":1671.8300000000002,"body":"example, that we see in New York"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1671.8300000000002,"endTime":1676.27,"body":"states and others with the low,"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1671.8300000000002,"endTime":1676.27,"body":"low body carbon purchase"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1676.27,"endTime":1680.3500000000001,"body":"mandates. So you create that"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1676.27,"endTime":1680.3500000000001,"body":"incentive to accelerate the"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1680.3500000000001,"endTime":1683.95,"body":"introduction into the market."},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1680.3500000000001,"endTime":1683.95,"body":"But else that really has to"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1683.95,"endTime":1689.5900000000001,"body":"start within the universities"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1683.95,"endTime":1689.5900000000001,"body":"already. We have to, we have to"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1689.5900000000001,"endTime":1693.6100000000001,"body":"look at at least some of the"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1689.5900000000001,"endTime":1693.6100000000001,"body":"research being directed with a"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1693.6100000000001,"endTime":1699.25,"body":"purpose with the intent to"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1693.6100000000001,"endTime":1699.25,"body":"commercialize the results. So"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1699.25,"endTime":1703.45,"body":"bringing the whole value chain,"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1699.25,"endTime":1703.45,"body":"the whole ecosystem of the"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1703.45,"endTime":1708.0700000000002,"body":"commercialization space, in the"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1703.45,"endTime":1708.0700000000002,"body":"mix is critically important."},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1708.28,"endTime":1712.24,"body":"Yeah. Again, we can't leave that"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1708.28,"endTime":1712.24,"body":"to market forces alone. It just,"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1712.72,"endTime":1717.01,"body":"there is not enough time, and"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1712.72,"endTime":1717.01,"body":"therefore we have to really work"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1717.01,"endTime":1717.4,"body":"on that."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1717.7,"endTime":1723.97,"body":"Okay. Makes sense."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1717.7,"endTime":1723.97,"body":"Given all we've talked about so"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1723.97,"endTime":1726.43,"body":"far, Volker are you optimistic"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1723.97,"endTime":1726.43,"body":"for our future?"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1726.73,"endTime":1729.79,"body":"I am. I mean,"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1726.73,"endTime":1729.79,"body":"look, if humans weren't"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1729.79,"endTime":1733.8400000000001,"body":"optimistic Overall, we wouldn't"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1729.79,"endTime":1733.8400000000001,"body":"exist. We wouldn't exist"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1733.8400000000001,"endTime":1737.8300000000002,"body":"anymore. I you know, I think"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1733.8400000000001,"endTime":1737.8300000000002,"body":"that the problem is daunting."},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1738.01,"endTime":1742.39,"body":"The problem is daunting, but we"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1738.01,"endTime":1742.39,"body":"do have, we do have solutions"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1742.39,"endTime":1747.04,"body":"that will work. And we will need"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1742.39,"endTime":1747.04,"body":"to see that they actually get"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1747.73,"endTime":1753.8200000000002,"body":"further developed and deployed."},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1747.73,"endTime":1753.8200000000002,"body":"And it's actually Yes, I am and"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1753.8200000000002,"endTime":1755.23,"body":"will remain optimistic."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1755.28,"endTime":1758.97,"body":"Super, super"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1755.28,"endTime":1758.97,"body":"Volker, If people want to know"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1759.0,"endTime":1764.13,"body":"more about yourself, are the"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1759.0,"endTime":1764.13,"body":"global co2 initiative are the"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1764.13,"endTime":1767.22,"body":"University of Michigan or any of"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1764.13,"endTime":1767.22,"body":"the things we talked about"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1767.22,"endTime":1768.96,"body":"today? Where would you have me"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1767.22,"endTime":1768.96,"body":"direct them?"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1769.5,"endTime":1773.01,"body":"I think the"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1769.5,"endTime":1773.01,"body":"easiest entry point also keep it"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1773.25,"endTime":1779.04,"body":"in the context. The name would"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1773.25,"endTime":1779.04,"body":"be our website, www dot global"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1779.04,"endTime":1783.8700000000001,"body":"co2 initiative.org. From there,"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1779.04,"endTime":1783.8700000000001,"body":"there are links to the"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1783.8700000000001,"endTime":1788.19,"body":"university to individual"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1783.8700000000001,"endTime":1788.19,"body":"projects to myself, and also our"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1788.19,"endTime":1791.49,"body":"social media accounts. LinkedIn,"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1788.19,"endTime":1791.49,"body":"and Twitter."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1791.67,"endTime":1794.04,"body":"Okay. Perfect"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1791.67,"endTime":1794.04,"body":"Volker. That's been great."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1794.04,"endTime":1795.63,"body":"Thanks. A million for coming on"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1794.04,"endTime":1795.63,"body":"the podcast today."},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1795.8490000000002,"endTime":1798.3990000000001,"body":"Tom. It's been"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1795.8490000000002,"endTime":1798.3990000000001,"body":"a pleasure talking with you and"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1798.699,"endTime":1800.6490000000001,"body":"have a wonderful rest of t"},{"speaker":"Prof Volker Sick","startTime":1798.699,"endTime":1800.6490000000001,"body":"e day?"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1803.38,"endTime":1805.72,"body":"Thank you. Okay, we"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1803.38,"endTime":1805.72,"body":"ve come to the end of the sh"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1805.72,"endTime":1809.0800000000002,"body":"w. Thanks, everyone for listenin"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1805.72,"endTime":1809.0800000000002,"body":". If you'd like to know more ab"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1809.1100000000001,"endTime":1813.97,"body":"ut climate 21 Feel free to drop"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1809.1100000000001,"endTime":1813.97,"body":"e an email to Tom dot Raftery"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1814.1200000000001,"endTime":1817.54,"body":"at SAP comm or connect with me"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1814.1200000000001,"endTime":1817.54,"body":"on LinkedIn or Twitter. If you"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1817.54,"endTime":1819.73,"body":"d like to show please don't forg"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1817.54,"endTime":1819.73,"body":"t to subscribe to it"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1819.73,"endTime":1822.64,"body":"n your podcast application of ch"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1819.73,"endTime":1822.64,"body":"ice to get new episodes as"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1822.64,"endTime":1826.48,"body":"oon as they're published. Als"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1822.64,"endTime":1826.48,"body":", please don't forget to rate"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1826.48,"endTime":1831.19,"body":"and review the podcast reall"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1826.48,"endTime":1831.19,"body":"does help new people to find th"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1832.03,"endTime":1832.96,"body":"show. Thanks. Catch you"}]}