{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":3.18,"endTime":6.54,"body":"We need to"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":3.18,"endTime":6.54,"body":"move frankly, very, very"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":6.54,"endTime":11.34,"body":"quickly. I'm saying what we"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":6.54,"endTime":11.34,"body":"humanity do over the next five"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":11.34,"endTime":15.06,"body":"years, will determine the future"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":11.34,"endTime":15.06,"body":"of humanity for the next"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":15.06,"endTime":15.51,"body":"milennium."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":18.51,"endTime":20.43,"body":"Good morning, good"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":18.51,"endTime":20.43,"body":"afternoon or good evening"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":20.43,"endTime":24.15,"body":"wherever you are in the world."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":20.43,"endTime":24.15,"body":"This is the climate 21 podcast,"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":24.21,"endTime":27.3,"body":"the number one podcast"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":24.21,"endTime":27.3,"body":"showcasing best practices and"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":27.3,"endTime":30.63,"body":"climate emissions reductions."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":27.3,"endTime":30.63,"body":"And I'm your host, global Vice"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":30.63,"endTime":35.46,"body":"President for SAP. Tom Raftery."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":30.63,"endTime":35.46,"body":"Climate 21 is the name of an"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":35.46,"endTime":39.3,"body":"initiative by SAP to allow our"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":35.46,"endTime":39.3,"body":"customers calculate, report and"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":39.3,"endTime":43.02,"body":"reduce their greenhouse gas"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":39.3,"endTime":43.02,"body":"emissions. In this climate 21"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":43.02,"endTime":46.68,"body":"podcast, I will showcase best"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":43.02,"endTime":46.68,"body":"practices and thought leadership"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":46.68,"endTime":51.18,"body":"by SAP, by our customers by our"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":46.68,"endTime":51.18,"body":"partners on by our competitors"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":51.18,"endTime":55.29,"body":"if their game in climate"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":51.18,"endTime":55.29,"body":"emissions reductions. Don't"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":55.29,"endTime":58.8,"body":"forget to subscribe to this"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":55.29,"endTime":58.8,"body":"podcast in your podcast app of"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":58.8,"endTime":64.14,"body":"choice to be sure you don't miss"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":58.8,"endTime":64.14,"body":"any episodes. Hi, everyone."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":64.14,"endTime":67.26,"body":"Welcome to the climate 21"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":64.14,"endTime":67.26,"body":"podcast. My name is Tom Raftery"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":67.26,"endTime":71.04,"body":"with SAP and with me on the"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":67.26,"endTime":71.04,"body":"podcast today I have my special"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":71.04,"endTime":75.3,"body":"guest. He's asked me to call"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":71.04,"endTime":75.3,"body":"him, Dave, but I'll let you"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":75.33,"endTime":77.82,"body":"introduce themselves. Dave, do"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":75.33,"endTime":77.82,"body":"you want introduce yourself?"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":78.57,"endTime":80.37,"body":"Yes, I'm"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":78.57,"endTime":80.37,"body":"very happy to do that. And"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":80.37,"endTime":84.78,"body":"delighted to be talking to you,"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":80.37,"endTime":84.78,"body":"Tom. I, my official title is"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":84.78,"endTime":89.61,"body":"Professor Sir David King, I was"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":84.78,"endTime":89.61,"body":"Chief Scientific adviser to Tony"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":89.61,"endTime":93.57,"body":"Blair. And after that, moved"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":89.61,"endTime":93.57,"body":"into the foreign office where I"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":93.57,"endTime":98.28,"body":"lead on the climate negotiations"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":93.57,"endTime":98.28,"body":"for the Foreign Secretary. And"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":98.28,"endTime":101.88,"body":"before all of that, I was head"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":98.28,"endTime":101.88,"body":"of the chemistry department at"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":101.88,"endTime":103.02,"body":"Cambridge University."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":103.59,"endTime":105.33,"body":"Okay, and now you"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":103.59,"endTime":105.33,"body":"are."},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":105.84,"endTime":109.47,"body":"And now I"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":105.84,"endTime":109.47,"body":"am the founder and chair of the"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":109.47,"endTime":114.87,"body":"Center for climate repair at my"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":109.47,"endTime":114.87,"body":"old University, Cambridge. Okay,"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":114.87,"endTime":115.41,"body":"super."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":115.77,"endTime":118.5,"body":"So before we get"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":115.77,"endTime":118.5,"body":"into the center for climate"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":118.5,"endTime":122.16,"body":"repair, obviously climate is"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":118.5,"endTime":122.16,"body":"something that you have been"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":122.16,"endTime":127.26,"body":"working on for many years now."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":122.16,"endTime":127.26,"body":"Why? Why is climate important to"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":127.26,"endTime":127.53,"body":"you?"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":129.3,"endTime":132.12,"body":"Well, I"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":129.3,"endTime":132.12,"body":"think quite simply, there is no"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":132.12,"endTime":138.66,"body":"more bigger challenge to"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":132.12,"endTime":138.66,"body":"humanity than climate change."},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":138.66,"endTime":143.43,"body":"And I'm saying, since really,"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":138.66,"endTime":143.43,"body":"our civilization began many"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":143.43,"endTime":148.14,"body":"1000s of years ago, this is the"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":143.43,"endTime":148.14,"body":"single biggest challenge to that"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":148.14,"endTime":149.19,"body":"civilization,"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":150.03,"endTime":152.25,"body":"and why so what"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":150.03,"endTime":152.25,"body":"makes it such a big threat?"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":153.0,"endTime":158.4,"body":"Basically,"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":153.0,"endTime":158.4,"body":"if we go, just to mid century,"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":158.67,"endTime":161.82,"body":"because we have not been doing"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":158.67,"endTime":161.82,"body":"the things we should have been"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":161.82,"endTime":168.3,"body":"doing, we can see that there"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":161.82,"endTime":168.3,"body":"will be something like 200 to"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":168.3,"endTime":176.13,"body":"300 million climate refugees"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":168.3,"endTime":176.13,"body":"from South East Asia alone. So"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":176.16,"endTime":182.25,"body":"in other words, the the latest"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":176.16,"endTime":182.25,"body":"carefully calculated prediction"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":182.61,"endTime":188.34,"body":"on where we will be by mid"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":182.61,"endTime":188.34,"body":"century, 30 years time is that"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":189.72,"endTime":196.26,"body":"90% of the landmass of Vietnam"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":189.72,"endTime":196.26,"body":"will be underwater, at least"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":196.26,"endTime":200.4,"body":"once a year, due to rising sea"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":196.26,"endTime":200.4,"body":"levels, and the greater"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":200.4,"endTime":204.42,"body":"intensity of hurricanes in that"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":200.4,"endTime":204.42,"body":"area, both due to climate"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":204.42,"endTime":208.29,"body":"change. Hurricanes pick up their"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":204.42,"endTime":208.29,"body":"intensity from the surface"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":208.29,"endTime":213.3,"body":"ocean, and the ocean behind the"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":208.29,"endTime":213.3,"body":"hurricane is much colder. So"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":213.3,"endTime":218.79,"body":"it's taking that energy up into"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":213.3,"endTime":218.79,"body":"the Hurricanes vortex, and the"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":218.88,"endTime":222.84,"body":"intensity of hurricanes. And"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":218.88,"endTime":222.84,"body":"even the number of Americans in"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":222.84,"endTime":226.89,"body":"Southeast Asia is far far"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":222.84,"endTime":226.89,"body":"greater than ever recorded by"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":226.89,"endTime":232.62,"body":"humanity before. So what we're"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":226.89,"endTime":232.62,"body":"seeing is hajiman City,"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":233.67,"endTime":240.45,"body":"virtually underwater. We're"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":233.67,"endTime":240.45,"body":"seeing today that this January,"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":240.66,"endTime":244.44,"body":"the city of Jakarta, the capital"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":240.66,"endTime":244.44,"body":"of Indonesia was underwater."},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":245.07,"endTime":249.36,"body":"Calcutta has been underwater a"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":245.07,"endTime":249.36,"body":"few times already. And in 30"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":249.36,"endTime":254.04,"body":"years time, neither of those two"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":249.36,"endTime":254.04,"body":"cities will be livable as"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":254.04,"endTime":257.94,"body":"cities. And we all hear about"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":254.04,"endTime":257.94,"body":"Bangladesh, two thirds of the"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":257.94,"endTime":262.62,"body":"landmass of Bangladesh will not"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":257.94,"endTime":262.62,"body":"be livable by just 30 years"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":262.62,"endTime":268.47,"body":"time. Now all of this is part"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":262.62,"endTime":268.47,"body":"and parcel of rising sea levels,"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":268.5,"endTime":272.76,"body":"rising temperatures, heat"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":268.5,"endTime":272.76,"body":"stress, in many parts of the"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":272.76,"endTime":276.96,"body":"world will be devastating. It'll"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":272.76,"endTime":276.96,"body":"be devastating for those parts"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":276.96,"endTime":280.62,"body":"of the world, which where people"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":276.96,"endTime":280.62,"body":"don't have access to air"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":280.62,"endTime":287.01,"body":"conditioning. And frankly, if"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":280.62,"endTime":287.01,"body":"the temperatures at 4344 degrees"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":287.1,"endTime":292.44,"body":"centigrade for three to four"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":287.1,"endTime":292.44,"body":"days on the trot and you don't"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":292.44,"endTime":295.38,"body":"have access to air conditioning"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":292.44,"endTime":295.38,"body":"and you may be sitting in the"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":295.38,"endTime":300.18,"body":"shade you will die. Miso, heat"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":295.38,"endTime":300.18,"body":"stress major me Did you"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":300.18,"endTime":305.43,"body":"challenge? Well, let me just go"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":300.18,"endTime":305.43,"body":"back to Vietnam, the Mekong"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":305.43,"endTime":311.04,"body":"Delta. And essentially, Vietnam"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":305.43,"endTime":311.04,"body":"is this Mekong Delta, it's been"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":311.07,"endTime":314.46,"body":"pushed out into the sea over the"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":311.07,"endTime":314.46,"body":"last million years of service."},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":314.85,"endTime":318.81,"body":"It's very close to sea level."},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":314.85,"endTime":318.81,"body":"But it's also one of the world's"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":318.81,"endTime":323.4,"body":"biggest rice producing area"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":318.81,"endTime":323.4,"body":"areas. In that Mekong Delta, we"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":323.4,"endTime":330.45,"body":"have a vast array of rice paddy"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":323.4,"endTime":330.45,"body":"fields. Similarly, Indonesia,"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":330.6,"endTime":333.51,"body":"and both of these countries,"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":330.6,"endTime":333.51,"body":"their paddy fields are very"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":333.51,"endTime":336.66,"body":"close to sea level, once they"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":333.51,"endTime":336.66,"body":"sell a native, they're not"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":336.66,"endTime":340.53,"body":"productive. rice production in"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":336.66,"endTime":340.53,"body":"that area of the world,"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":340.53,"endTime":345.33,"body":"including southeast China, which"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":340.53,"endTime":345.33,"body":"will also be frequently flooded,"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":346.14,"endTime":350.07,"body":"rice production in that area of"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":346.14,"endTime":350.07,"body":"the world will collapse. And so"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":350.1,"endTime":354.84,"body":"we're looking at a situation"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":350.1,"endTime":354.84,"body":"where not only will we have 200"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":354.84,"endTime":358.41,"body":"to 300 million refugees, but"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":354.84,"endTime":358.41,"body":"we're also looking at massive"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":358.41,"endTime":364.29,"body":"food shortages. And I think just"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":358.41,"endTime":364.29,"body":"taking that one example, 30"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":364.29,"endTime":369.33,"body":"years time, if we were to"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":364.29,"endTime":369.33,"body":"extrapolate forward to 200 years"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":369.33,"endTime":374.16,"body":"time, is devastating, it really"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":369.33,"endTime":374.16,"body":"is devastating. In other words,"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":374.16,"endTime":379.02,"body":"rising temperatures will simply"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":374.16,"endTime":379.02,"body":"push us right over the hill in"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":379.02,"endTime":384.42,"body":"terms of a civilization. And"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":379.02,"endTime":384.42,"body":"frankly, 200 years isn't a long"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":384.42,"endTime":389.46,"body":"time in human history. So this"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":384.42,"endTime":389.46,"body":"is the biggest challenge"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":389.46,"endTime":394.05,"body":"civilization has ever had to"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":389.46,"endTime":394.05,"body":"face up to. We picked up on it"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":394.05,"endTime":400.62,"body":"in 1992. And we began the United"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":394.05,"endTime":400.62,"body":"Nations led discussions twice a"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":400.62,"endTime":404.61,"body":"year, the cop meetings have"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":400.62,"endTime":404.61,"body":"taken place since then, we've"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":404.61,"endTime":409.83,"body":"had one agreement, 197 nations"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":404.61,"endTime":409.83,"body":"in Paris agreed on action to"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":409.83,"endTime":414.33,"body":"keep the temperature rise to"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":409.83,"endTime":414.33,"body":"less than 1.5 degrees"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":414.33,"endTime":417.81,"body":"centigrade, if at all possible"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":414.33,"endTime":417.81,"body":"above the pre industrial level."},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":418.77,"endTime":422.76,"body":"I'm afraid our record on"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":418.77,"endTime":422.76,"body":"managing this has been very bad"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":422.76,"endTime":429.39,"body":"even since 2015, six years ago,"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":422.76,"endTime":429.39,"body":"the greenhouse gas levels in the"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":429.39,"endTime":434.55,"body":"atmosphere have just kept on"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":429.39,"endTime":434.55,"body":"rising. So we have a challenge."},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":434.58,"endTime":438.48,"body":"But I don't believe we, we I"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":434.58,"endTime":438.48,"body":"believe we can manage the"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":438.48,"endTime":445.2,"body":"challenge. But we I mean, all of"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":438.48,"endTime":445.2,"body":"us are responsible for acting in"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":445.2,"endTime":446.13,"body":"response to them."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":446.61,"endTime":450.03,"body":"Okay, and is that"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":446.61,"endTime":450.03,"body":"what the Center for climate"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":450.03,"endTime":452.1,"body":"repair in Cambridge is about"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":450.03,"endTime":452.1,"body":"them?"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":452.52,"endTime":456.57,"body":"Absolutely."},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":452.52,"endTime":456.57,"body":"So, in essence, I left the"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":456.57,"endTime":460.95,"body":"Foreign Office in 2017, to come"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":456.57,"endTime":460.95,"body":"back to Cambridge to set up the"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":460.95,"endTime":465.57,"body":"center. Because what I wanted to"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":460.95,"endTime":465.57,"body":"do was use the pulling power,"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":465.72,"endTime":469.44,"body":"frankly, of the University of"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":465.72,"endTime":469.44,"body":"Cambridge, to pull the best"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":469.44,"endTime":474.3,"body":"minds in here from around the"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":469.44,"endTime":474.3,"body":"world. To discuss how we can"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":474.3,"endTime":480.36,"body":"meet these challenges. what I've"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":474.3,"endTime":480.36,"body":"got is four concepts that we"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":480.39,"endTime":485.22,"body":"have to be committed to first is"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":480.39,"endTime":485.22,"body":"deep and rapid emissions"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":485.37,"endTime":491.58,"body":"reduction. If we don't end the"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":485.37,"endTime":491.58,"body":"fossil fuel era, if we don't end"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":491.61,"endTime":495.63,"body":"the business of taking forests"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":491.61,"endTime":495.63,"body":"out tropical forests out around"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":495.63,"endTime":499.11,"body":"the world, if we don't end all"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":495.63,"endTime":499.11,"body":"of those things, frankly, we"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":499.11,"endTime":504.06,"body":"have cooked so much first, even"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":499.11,"endTime":504.06,"body":"rapid emissions reduction. And"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":504.06,"endTime":508.05,"body":"so working on all of the post"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":504.06,"endTime":508.05,"body":"fossil fuel technologies, and"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":508.05,"endTime":512.67,"body":"then working with businesses to"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":508.05,"endTime":512.67,"body":"see that we get rolled out, and"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":512.7,"endTime":516.39,"body":"there hasn't been a lot of"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":512.7,"endTime":516.39,"body":"success down that area. That"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":516.39,"endTime":521.52,"body":"second, greenhouse gas removal"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":516.39,"endTime":521.52,"body":"at scale. So let me say"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":521.52,"endTime":525.57,"body":"something about greenhouse"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":521.52,"endTime":525.57,"body":"gases. We all know that"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":525.57,"endTime":528.93,"body":"greenhouse gases keep the"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":525.57,"endTime":528.93,"body":"Earth's temperature about 30"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":528.93,"endTime":532.62,"body":"degrees centigrade warmer than"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":528.93,"endTime":532.62,"body":"the moon's temperature, Moon and"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":532.62,"endTime":535.92,"body":"the Earth the same distance from"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":532.62,"endTime":535.92,"body":"the Sun that warms both of us."},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":536.43,"endTime":540.57,"body":"But we've got an atmosphere. And"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":536.43,"endTime":540.57,"body":"the atmosphere acts as a kind of"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":540.75,"endTime":545.76,"body":"blanket over the earth and keeps"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":540.75,"endTime":545.76,"body":"us warmer. But actually the only"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":545.76,"endTime":549.21,"body":"part of that atmosphere that"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":545.76,"endTime":549.21,"body":"acts as a blanket is the"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":549.24,"endTime":555.99,"body":"minority gases, carbon dioxide,"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":549.24,"endTime":555.99,"body":"and methane for example."},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":557.1,"endTime":561.36,"body":"nitrogen and oxygen most of the"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":557.1,"endTime":561.36,"body":"atmosphere does not capture any"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":561.51,"endTime":567.69,"body":"radiated energy from the"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":561.51,"endTime":567.69,"body":"surface. greenhouse gases in the"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":567.69,"endTime":572.4,"body":"pre industrial era were about"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":567.69,"endTime":572.4,"body":"270 parts per million to 300"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":572.4,"endTime":578.28,"body":"parts per million. And today, if"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":572.4,"endTime":578.28,"body":"we count in as we must do"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":578.31,"endTime":584.01,"body":"methane and other greenhouse"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":578.31,"endTime":584.01,"body":"gases, we are at 508 parts per"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":584.01,"endTime":591.9,"body":"million. We pushed it up from"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":584.01,"endTime":591.9,"body":"270 to 300 to 508. I don't think"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":591.9,"endTime":595.86,"body":"there's a climate scientist"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":591.9,"endTime":595.86,"body":"would say 508 we can manage"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":595.86,"endTime":601.92,"body":"that. It's already too much. And"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":595.86,"endTime":601.92,"body":"so this second objective is to"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":601.92,"endTime":606.63,"body":"work globally, to see that we"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":601.92,"endTime":606.63,"body":"bring greenhouse gas levels down"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":606.63,"endTime":611.97,"body":"from 580 to 350 parts per"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":606.63,"endTime":611.97,"body":"million. I don't think we can do"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":611.97,"endTime":614.4,"body":"that before the end of the"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":611.97,"endTime":614.4,"body":"century. So it's going to be a"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":614.4,"endTime":619.29,"body":"slow process. We'll get there by"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":614.4,"endTime":619.29,"body":"the end of the century, if we"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":619.29,"endTime":623.25,"body":"can remove about 14 billion tons"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":619.29,"endTime":623.25,"body":"of greenhouse gases a year,"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":623.73,"endTime":627.18,"body":"think we're working on enough"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":623.73,"endTime":627.18,"body":"different technologies that I"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":627.18,"endTime":631.65,"body":"can honestly say, I know that we"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":627.18,"endTime":631.65,"body":"can do it, but we need to check"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":631.65,"endTime":635.94,"body":"that each of these mechanisms of"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":631.65,"endTime":635.94,"body":"doing it is is managing"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":636.12,"endTime":641.88,"body":"greenhouse gas levels need to be"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":636.12,"endTime":641.88,"body":"brought down to 350 parts per"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":641.88,"endTime":648.33,"body":"million or less by the end of"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":641.88,"endTime":648.33,"body":"the century. But there are"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":648.33,"endTime":654.15,"body":"things already happening. So for"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":648.33,"endTime":654.15,"body":"example, the Arctic region of"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":654.15,"endTime":659.19,"body":"the world is now at a crisis"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":654.15,"endTime":659.19,"body":"point. It's past a crisis point,"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":659.7,"endTime":663.9,"body":"that Arctic ice that was"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":659.7,"endTime":663.9,"body":"covering most of the Arctic Sea,"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":664.35,"endTime":668.25,"body":"over 1000s of years has been"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":664.35,"endTime":668.25,"body":"thinning and thinning and coming"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":668.25,"endTime":672.84,"body":"down until today, during the"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":668.25,"endTime":672.84,"body":"Arctic summer, about half of the"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":672.84,"endTime":676.23,"body":"Arctic Sea is exposed to"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":672.84,"endTime":676.23,"body":"sunlight that was previously"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":676.23,"endTime":681.3,"body":"covered with ice. Ice reflects"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":676.23,"endTime":681.3,"body":"the sun away, the blue sea"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":681.3,"endTime":686.55,"body":"absorbs the sunshine. And so the"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":681.3,"endTime":686.55,"body":"Arctic Circle region as a whole,"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":686.58,"endTime":688.2,"body":"this enormous region"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":689.58,"endTime":693.48,"body":"is now heating up at about three"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":689.58,"endTime":693.48,"body":"to three and a half times the"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":693.48,"endTime":697.62,"body":"rate of the rest of the planet."},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":693.48,"endTime":697.62,"body":"So we are ready last year at"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":697.62,"endTime":701.1,"body":"three and a half degrees"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":697.62,"endTime":701.1,"body":"centigrade above the pre"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":701.1,"endTime":705.45,"body":"industrial level in the Arctic"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":701.1,"endTime":705.45,"body":"Circle region. And what this"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":705.45,"endTime":709.65,"body":"means is because Greenland sits"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":705.45,"endTime":709.65,"body":"in the Arctic sea now during"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":709.65,"endTime":713.34,"body":"that out peak summer, Greenland"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":709.65,"endTime":713.34,"body":"is now beginning to lose its"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":713.34,"endTime":719.28,"body":"life more and more rapidly with"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":713.34,"endTime":719.28,"body":"time. And many reasons for this"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":719.28,"endTime":724.14,"body":"one is that the the ice is"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":719.28,"endTime":724.14,"body":"becoming blackened. As the ice"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":724.14,"endTime":730.08,"body":"on Greenland melts the"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":724.14,"endTime":730.08,"body":"accumulated dust from 1000s of"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":730.08,"endTime":734.16,"body":"years before it remains in the"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":730.08,"endTime":734.16,"body":"surface. The ice is black, and"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":734.19,"endTime":739.35,"body":"therefore it absorbs more"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":734.19,"endTime":739.35,"body":"sunlight. And so why is this a"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":739.35,"endTime":742.83,"body":"worry when all the Greenland ice"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":739.35,"endTime":742.83,"body":"has melted, the sea levels will"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":742.83,"endTime":748.59,"body":"rise by seven and a half meters"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":742.83,"endTime":748.59,"body":"globally. And that means what?"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":748.65,"endTime":754.23,"body":"Let me translate that into feet,"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":748.65,"endTime":754.23,"body":"that's 24 feet. And that's a"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":754.23,"endTime":758.55,"body":"global average sea level rise."},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":754.23,"endTime":758.55,"body":"Now, of course, that would make"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":758.55,"endTime":761.73,"body":"the map of the world look very"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":758.55,"endTime":761.73,"body":"different in all of our major"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":761.73,"endTime":765.03,"body":"cities sitting on your"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":761.73,"endTime":765.03,"body":"coastlines would no longer be"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":765.03,"endTime":770.94,"body":"by. But well before that, even"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":765.03,"endTime":770.94,"body":"at one or two meters sea level"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":770.94,"endTime":773.91,"body":"rise, which was what I was"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":770.94,"endTime":773.91,"body":"talking about. By mid century,"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":774.39,"endTime":778.92,"body":"we will see that we have massive"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":774.39,"endTime":778.92,"body":"challenges, cities sitting on"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":778.92,"endTime":783.66,"body":"coastlines. They didn't mention"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":778.92,"endTime":783.66,"body":"Calcutta, I didn't mention"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":784.53,"endTime":789.93,"body":"Mumbai, these cities in India"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":784.53,"endTime":789.93,"body":"sitting right by the coastline"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":790.08,"endTime":794.55,"body":"will no longer be livable. I'm"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":790.08,"endTime":794.55,"body":"talking about cities with 12 to"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":794.58,"endTime":799.38,"body":"20 million people. And this is"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":794.58,"endTime":799.38,"body":"just by mid century, by the end"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":799.38,"endTime":803.58,"body":"of the century, we may well see"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":799.38,"endTime":803.58,"body":"sea levels rising by two to"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":803.58,"endTime":807.93,"body":"three meters and maybe some"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":803.58,"endTime":807.93,"body":"people say four meters. And"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":807.96,"endTime":812.13,"body":"cities like New York blog"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":807.96,"endTime":812.13,"body":"viously be massively challenged."},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":812.73,"endTime":818.64,"body":"So I think the this this third"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":812.73,"endTime":818.64,"body":"aspect, remove greenhouse gases"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":818.64,"endTime":824.82,"body":"at scale. It's not a pipe dream,"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":818.64,"endTime":824.82,"body":"we have to do it. The next"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":824.82,"endTime":831.39,"body":"aspect of the of the challenge"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":824.82,"endTime":831.39,"body":"is what what do we do about the"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":831.39,"endTime":835.47,"body":"ice melting in the Arctic Circle"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":831.39,"endTime":835.47,"body":"region? And the answer has to be"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":835.47,"endTime":839.7,"body":"we have to rephrase. And the"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":835.47,"endTime":839.7,"body":"question then is how would you"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":839.7,"endTime":844.92,"body":"said about refreezing the Arctic"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":839.7,"endTime":844.92,"body":"Circle region. And I was at a"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":844.92,"endTime":852.75,"body":"meeting with President grimson"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":844.92,"endTime":852.75,"body":"from from Iceland last week. And"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":852.75,"endTime":858.81,"body":"he rightly was saying, we have"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":852.75,"endTime":858.81,"body":"to as a global community by time"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":858.84,"endTime":863.16,"body":"by refreezing the Arctic Circle"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":858.84,"endTime":863.16,"body":"region. And we are working on"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":863.16,"endTime":868.11,"body":"that. We are we have people here"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":863.16,"endTime":868.11,"body":"people in Stanford working on"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":868.11,"endTime":872.58,"body":"different techniques to manage"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":868.11,"endTime":872.58,"body":"the Arctic Circle rephrasing I"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":872.58,"endTime":877.71,"body":"have to say to you, Tom, that we"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":872.58,"endTime":877.71,"body":"prefer techniques that mimic"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":877.71,"endTime":883.71,"body":"nature, and we massively prefer"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":877.71,"endTime":883.71,"body":"techniques that will return our"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":883.71,"endTime":888.9,"body":"bio systems and our ecosystems"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":883.71,"endTime":888.9,"body":"to their former state. So we're"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":888.9,"endTime":893.1,"body":"focusing on getting not just the"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":888.9,"endTime":893.1,"body":"climate change under control,"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":893.31,"endTime":896.97,"body":"but the natural world into a"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":893.31,"endTime":896.97,"body":"better state as we move forward."},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":897.81,"endTime":901.74,"body":"Now, I promised four different"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":897.81,"endTime":901.74,"body":"commitments. And the fourth"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":901.74,"endTime":908.97,"body":"commitment is that we need"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":901.74,"endTime":908.97,"body":"rapid, flexible movement of"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":909.18,"endTime":912.96,"body":"nations to drive all this"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":909.18,"endTime":912.96,"body":"through forward. We need"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":913.59,"endTime":917.73,"body":"companies, we need"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":913.59,"endTime":917.73,"body":"philanthropists, we need people"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":917.79,"endTime":923.01,"body":"to come together and work on"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":917.79,"endTime":923.01,"body":"this together so that we can"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":923.01,"endTime":927.0,"body":"manage the problem. And so here"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":923.01,"endTime":927.0,"body":"in Cambridge, we are already"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":927.0,"endTime":930.48,"body":"pulling together, the"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":927.0,"endTime":930.48,"body":"scientists, the engineers, the"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":930.48,"endTime":933.87,"body":"economists, the social"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":930.48,"endTime":933.87,"body":"scientists, but also working"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":933.87,"endTime":939.72,"body":"with politicians working"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":933.87,"endTime":939.72,"body":"globally, with the communities"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":939.72,"endTime":944.46,"body":"that can begin to manage this"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":939.72,"endTime":944.46,"body":"problem. But we need to move"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":944.46,"endTime":950.13,"body":"frankly, very, very quickly. I'm"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":944.46,"endTime":950.13,"body":"saying what we humanity do over"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":950.13,"endTime":954.0,"body":"the next five years, will"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":950.13,"endTime":954.0,"body":"determine the future of humanity"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":954.0,"endTime":955.86,"body":"for the next millennium? Well,"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":956.069,"endTime":957.779,"body":"a couple of"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":956.069,"endTime":957.779,"body":"questions, I guess, I could"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":957.779,"endTime":962.639,"body":"first, you mentioned getting the"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":957.779,"endTime":962.639,"body":"concentration of co2 in the"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":962.639,"endTime":970.529,"body":"atmosphere from the above 500,"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":962.639,"endTime":970.529,"body":"that it's now down to 350. By"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":970.529,"endTime":976.529,"body":"the end of this century. I'm"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":970.529,"endTime":976.529,"body":"just wondering why 350? And why"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":976.529,"endTime":980.279,"body":"not aim for the original 270? Is"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":976.529,"endTime":980.279,"body":"it just that it can't be done in"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":980.279,"endTime":983.579,"body":"the time? And ultimately, we"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":980.279,"endTime":983.579,"body":"should go back to 270? Or have"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":983.579,"endTime":986.879,"body":"we given up on 270? altogether?"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":983.579,"endTime":986.879,"body":"Or is there not a requirement to"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":986.879,"endTime":989.789,"body":"ever get to 270? Or what what's"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":986.879,"endTime":989.789,"body":"the thinking there?"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1017.619,"endTime":1019.749,"body":"That's a"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1017.619,"endTime":1019.749,"body":"very, very good question. Why do"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1019.749,"endTime":1027.369,"body":"we focus on 350? That is a"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1019.749,"endTime":1027.369,"body":"number that James Hansen from"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1027.369,"endTime":1031.809,"body":"Columbia University and"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1027.369,"endTime":1031.809,"body":"previously at NASA, the icon of"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1031.809,"endTime":1036.219,"body":"climate scientists has has"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1031.809,"endTime":1036.219,"body":"figured, is a number that if we"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1036.219,"endTime":1039.909,"body":"could get there, we can manage"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1036.219,"endTime":1039.909,"body":"our future going forward in"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1039.909,"endTime":1045.009,"body":"time. But let me say you said"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1039.909,"endTime":1045.009,"body":"carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1045.009,"endTime":1050.439,"body":"levels today are 415 parts per"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1045.009,"endTime":1050.439,"body":"million, the biggest rise in"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1050.439,"endTime":1054.219,"body":"greenhouse gases today, although"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1050.439,"endTime":1054.219,"body":"the rise in carbon dioxide is"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1054.219,"endTime":1058.779,"body":"high annually, the biggest rise"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1054.219,"endTime":1058.779,"body":"is actually in methane levels in"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1058.779,"endTime":1063.6390000000001,"body":"terms of its impact on climate"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1058.779,"endTime":1063.6390000000001,"body":"change. And methane comes from"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1063.669,"endTime":1068.589,"body":"fugitive methane emitted emitted"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1063.669,"endTime":1068.589,"body":"from gas oil and coal recovery."},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1069.069,"endTime":1075.009,"body":"But it also comes from farming."},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1069.069,"endTime":1075.009,"body":"And when we have livestock when"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1075.009,"endTime":1079.719,"body":"we have rice production, these"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1075.009,"endTime":1079.719,"body":"are big methane producers. And"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1079.749,"endTime":1084.279,"body":"it comes from the Arctic region,"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1079.749,"endTime":1084.279,"body":"where a lot of methane is"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1084.279,"endTime":1088.719,"body":"trapped is put in the permafrost"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1084.279,"endTime":1088.719,"body":"regions of northern Canada and"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1088.719,"endTime":1094.539,"body":"northern Russia, etc. And so we"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1088.719,"endTime":1094.539,"body":"know that potentially there's"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1094.539,"endTime":1098.769,"body":"enough methane trapped in that"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1094.539,"endTime":1098.769,"body":"permafrost region to drive"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1098.769,"endTime":1102.699,"body":"temperatures up by 2025 degrees"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1098.769,"endTime":1102.699,"body":"centigrade. Now, that is"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1102.699,"endTime":1105.759,"body":"something we really have to"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1102.699,"endTime":1105.759,"body":"avoid. And there's another"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1105.759,"endTime":1111.549,"body":"reason for refreezing the Arctic"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1105.759,"endTime":1111.549,"body":"350 parts per million of carbon"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1111.549,"endTime":1115.779,"body":"dioxide plus all the other"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1111.549,"endTime":1115.779,"body":"greenhouse gases, I'm saying co2"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1115.779,"endTime":1120.339,"body":"equivalent is a very good"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1115.779,"endTime":1120.339,"body":"objective. If we could get it"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1120.339,"endTime":1124.959,"body":"down to 270 parts per million, I"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1120.339,"endTime":1124.959,"body":"wouldn't stop they would keep"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1124.959,"endTime":1130.8990000000001,"body":"going. But we are setting a"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1124.959,"endTime":1130.8990000000001,"body":"minimal objective at 350 parts"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1130.8990000000001,"endTime":1131.409,"body":"per million."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1131.6190000000001,"endTime":1136.779,"body":"Okay. Okay, super."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1131.6190000000001,"endTime":1136.779,"body":"Now, you mentioned then that the"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1136.809,"endTime":1144.6090000000002,"body":"aim is to reduce our suck out of"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1136.809,"endTime":1144.6090000000002,"body":"the atmosphere 40 billion tonnes"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1144.6390000000001,"endTime":1152.049,"body":"of climate emissions a year. And"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1144.6390000000001,"endTime":1152.049,"body":"that's a number that I think"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1152.049,"endTime":1154.839,"body":"people would have a very"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1152.049,"endTime":1154.839,"body":"difficult time getting their"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1154.839,"endTime":1161.709,"body":"heads around. So the way I try"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1154.839,"endTime":1161.709,"body":"and envisage this as I think of"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1161.739,"endTime":1168.6390000000001,"body":"a ton as being roughly the size"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1161.739,"endTime":1168.6390000000001,"body":"of a small car, a Mini Cooper,"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1168.669,"endTime":1172.299,"body":"for example, is roughly a ton in"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1168.669,"endTime":1172.299,"body":"weight. And then I think of,"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1172.539,"endTime":1176.409,"body":"well, what's the size of 100?"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1172.539,"endTime":1176.409,"body":"minis? What's the size of"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1176.439,"endTime":1184.329,"body":"1000 10,000? A million"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1176.439,"endTime":1184.329,"body":"1,000,000,040 billion a year? I"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1184.329,"endTime":1189.939,"body":"mean, where do we put 40"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1184.329,"endTime":1189.939,"body":"billion? Obviously, not mini"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1189.939,"endTime":1193.989,"body":"Coopers? Where do we put 40"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1189.939,"endTime":1193.989,"body":"billion tons of climate"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1194.019,"endTime":1197.6190000000001,"body":"emissions a year and make sure"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1194.019,"endTime":1197.6190000000001,"body":"that they stay there?"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1197.74,"endTime":1200.3200000000002,"body":"Yes, an"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1197.74,"endTime":1200.3200000000002,"body":"exceptionally important question"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1200.3200000000002,"endTime":1204.43,"body":"you're asking let me just"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1200.3200000000002,"endTime":1204.43,"body":"rephrase the 30 to 40 billion a"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1204.43,"endTime":1208.8400000000001,"body":"year to remove in terms of the"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1204.43,"endTime":1208.8400000000001,"body":"amount of emissions that we're"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1208.8400000000001,"endTime":1213.13,"body":"adding to the atmosphere today."},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1208.8400000000001,"endTime":1213.13,"body":"We are adding in five added"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1213.13,"endTime":1219.01,"body":"methane as before, about 50 to"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1213.13,"endTime":1219.01,"body":"55 billion tons of greenhouse"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1219.01,"endTime":1223.8700000000001,"body":"gases a year. So we humanity are"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1219.01,"endTime":1223.8700000000001,"body":"doing this. We're perfectly"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1223.8700000000001,"endTime":1227.02,"body":"capable of putting it up there."},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1223.8700000000001,"endTime":1227.02,"body":"Now we have to learn to take it"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1227.02,"endTime":1230.92,"body":"out. Roughly that rake, if we"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1227.02,"endTime":1230.92,"body":"could do 50 billion tonnes a"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1230.92,"endTime":1234.13,"body":"year, that would be marvelous."},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1230.92,"endTime":1234.13,"body":"But let me just say, this isn't"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1234.13,"endTime":1237.55,"body":"so we can go on emitting, we"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1234.13,"endTime":1237.55,"body":"have to reduce our emissions to"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1237.55,"endTime":1241.27,"body":"zero and then chartering the"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1237.55,"endTime":1241.27,"body":"absolute level of greenhouse"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1241.27,"endTime":1246.25,"body":"gases down. And one of the"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1241.27,"endTime":1246.25,"body":"answers that we're looking at"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1246.25,"endTime":1252.01,"body":"very, very carefully, is, how do"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1246.25,"endTime":1252.01,"body":"we manage this by attempting"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1252.01,"endTime":1258.19,"body":"also to, to return the oceans to"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1252.01,"endTime":1258.19,"body":"the state, they were in three or"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1258.19,"endTime":1262.96,"body":"400 years ago, when the oceans"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1258.19,"endTime":1262.96,"body":"were teeming with fish when the"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1262.96,"endTime":1267.55,"body":"oceans were full of whales. In"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1262.96,"endTime":1267.55,"body":"fact, Blue Whales always"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1267.55,"endTime":1273.88,"body":"commented on by the sailors of"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1267.55,"endTime":1273.88,"body":"previous times. Because"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1273.88,"endTime":1279.3700000000001,"body":"basically, once we can get the"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1273.88,"endTime":1279.3700000000001,"body":"whale population up again, the"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1279.4,"endTime":1284.41,"body":"the whales do something really"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1279.4,"endTime":1284.41,"body":"wonderful. The whales can spend"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1284.41,"endTime":1289.27,"body":"a lot of time down in the deep"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1284.41,"endTime":1289.27,"body":"water down near the ocean crust"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1289.3,"endTime":1296.5900000000001,"body":"near the ocean floor. And they"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1289.3,"endTime":1296.5900000000001,"body":"they feed on the material down"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1296.5900000000001,"endTime":1303.0700000000002,"body":"there, but they come up to the"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1296.5900000000001,"endTime":1303.0700000000002,"body":"surface to poop. And it's this"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1303.0700000000002,"endTime":1306.76,"body":"process that brings the"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1303.0700000000002,"endTime":1306.76,"body":"fertility up to the surface"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1306.76,"endTime":1311.02,"body":"region of the oceans. And once"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1306.76,"endTime":1311.02,"body":"you do that, you create large"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1311.02,"endTime":1316.42,"body":"green areas in the ocean. And"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1311.02,"endTime":1316.42,"body":"these green areas contain a"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1316.42,"endTime":1320.0800000000002,"body":"large amount of phytoplankton"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1316.42,"endTime":1320.0800000000002,"body":"and phytoplankton is the initial"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1320.0800000000002,"endTime":1324.22,"body":"foodstuff for fish larvae when"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1320.0800000000002,"endTime":1324.22,"body":"they catch when they hatch from"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1324.22,"endTime":1330.28,"body":"eggs. The average female fish"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1324.22,"endTime":1330.28,"body":"lays about 100,000 eggs a year."},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1330.67,"endTime":1336.04,"body":"And what this means is the"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1330.67,"endTime":1336.04,"body":"oceans full of fish eggs. And"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1336.04,"endTime":1341.6200000000001,"body":"wherever you create a green area"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1336.04,"endTime":1341.6200000000001,"body":"like this, you find within a few"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1341.6200000000001,"endTime":1348.3700000000001,"body":"months, that whole area is a"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1341.6200000000001,"endTime":1348.3700000000001,"body":"teeming ocean forest with a full"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1348.3700000000001,"endTime":1352.8400000000001,"body":"biodiverse system, many, many"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1348.3700000000001,"endTime":1352.8400000000001,"body":"different kinds of fish, and the"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1352.8400000000001,"endTime":1356.6200000000001,"body":"blue whales come along and with"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1352.8400000000001,"endTime":1356.6200000000001,"body":"a blue whale, one mouse for you"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1356.6200000000001,"endTime":1362.47,"body":"might catch a million fish. And"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1356.6200000000001,"endTime":1362.47,"body":"one of these areas, maybe 50,000"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1362.47,"endTime":1368.53,"body":"square kilometres in size, would"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1362.47,"endTime":1368.53,"body":"carry billions of fish. And that"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1368.56,"endTime":1372.7,"body":"that will survive for quite a"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1368.56,"endTime":1372.7,"body":"long time several years. Now,"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1372.7,"endTime":1377.26,"body":"what I want to do is see if we"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1372.7,"endTime":1377.26,"body":"can reproduce this natural"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1377.26,"endTime":1383.02,"body":"process across the ocean surface"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1377.26,"endTime":1383.02,"body":"and maybe two to 3% of the"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1383.02,"endTime":1387.46,"body":"ocean, the deep ocean surface"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1383.02,"endTime":1387.46,"body":"every year, I think we could"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1387.52,"endTime":1391.03,"body":"return the fish stock to the"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1387.52,"endTime":1391.03,"body":"ocean to the state they used to"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1391.03,"endTime":1397.03,"body":"be in. And we would also capture"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1391.03,"endTime":1397.03,"body":"a vast amount of greenhouse"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1397.03,"endTime":1402.4,"body":"gases through this green"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1397.03,"endTime":1402.4,"body":"material, but also through the"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1402.43,"endTime":1406.39,"body":"the mash of the the fish stocks"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1402.43,"endTime":1406.39,"body":"that we're adding to the ocean."},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1406.8400000000001,"endTime":1411.01,"body":"Now, if you think of what the"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1406.8400000000001,"endTime":1411.01,"body":"forests on land have been taking"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1411.01,"endTime":1415.96,"body":"up in terms of greenhouse gases,"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1411.01,"endTime":1415.96,"body":"it's it's an enormous tonnage"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1415.99,"endTime":1420.52,"body":"every year taken up by the"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1415.99,"endTime":1420.52,"body":"tropical forests of the world"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1420.52,"endTime":1425.74,"body":"and other forests. And so this"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1420.52,"endTime":1425.74,"body":"is the answer to the question we"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1425.74,"endTime":1431.56,"body":"add mass into the oceans, we"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1425.74,"endTime":1431.56,"body":"want to see and this is the"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1431.56,"endTime":1436.03,"body":"experiments I'm pushing to get"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1431.56,"endTime":1436.03,"body":"done around the world, we want"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1436.03,"endTime":1440.56,"body":"to see that there's no negative"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1436.03,"endTime":1440.56,"body":"outcomes of doing this, that we"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1440.56,"endTime":1444.13,"body":"don't D oxygenate the ocean"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1440.56,"endTime":1444.13,"body":"water because the fish will go"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1444.13,"endTime":1449.71,"body":"belly up. If we do that, we want"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1444.13,"endTime":1449.71,"body":"to see that we do this safely,"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1449.74,"endTime":1453.3400000000001,"body":"and that we managed to return"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1449.74,"endTime":1453.3400000000001,"body":"our oceans to their original"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1453.3400000000001,"endTime":1454.45,"body":"living condition."},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1455.8300000000002,"endTime":1461.26,"body":"If we look at how this also"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1455.8300000000002,"endTime":1461.26,"body":"happens, naturally, nevermind"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1461.26,"endTime":1466.3,"body":"the blue whales. When the wind"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1461.26,"endTime":1466.3,"body":"blows over the Sahara Desert, it"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1466.3,"endTime":1471.7,"body":"picks up a dust storm and the"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1466.3,"endTime":1471.7,"body":"dust storm is consists of dust"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1471.7,"endTime":1476.14,"body":"particles that are in fact"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1471.7,"endTime":1476.14,"body":"desert dust. These are very"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1476.14,"endTime":1479.5900000000001,"body":"small particles, that's an"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1476.14,"endTime":1479.5900000000001,"body":"important part of it. And they"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1479.5900000000001,"endTime":1483.88,"body":"contain iron, which is why"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1479.5900000000001,"endTime":1483.88,"body":"desert sand is a really yellow"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1483.88,"endTime":1489.6100000000001,"body":"color. And when the wind blows"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1483.88,"endTime":1489.6100000000001,"body":"over the Atlantic and then dies"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1489.6100000000001,"endTime":1494.3500000000001,"body":"down, the ocean is peppered with"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1489.6100000000001,"endTime":1494.3500000000001,"body":"these small dust particles,"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1494.47,"endTime":1498.13,"body":"which sit on the surface of the"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1494.47,"endTime":1498.13,"body":"ocean, the surface tension keeps"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1498.13,"endTime":1504.3400000000001,"body":"them there. And in sunlight,"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1498.13,"endTime":1504.3400000000001,"body":"within a month, that whole area"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1504.3400000000001,"endTime":1508.63,"body":"is green and a typical area"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1504.3400000000001,"endTime":1508.63,"body":"might be between 50,000 and"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1508.63,"endTime":1515.65,"body":"100,000 square kilometres. And"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1508.63,"endTime":1515.65,"body":"then we see within a year, that"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1515.65,"endTime":1519.94,"body":"place is teeming with every big"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1515.65,"endTime":1519.94,"body":"fish because they come in to eat"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1519.94,"endTime":1525.01,"body":"the little fish etc. So it is a"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1519.94,"endTime":1525.01,"body":"natural process. And we've got"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1525.01,"endTime":1529.15,"body":"to see whether we can manage to"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1525.01,"endTime":1529.15,"body":"roll this out. at scale, if we"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1529.15,"endTime":1534.1000000000001,"body":"could, it is possible that is"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1529.15,"endTime":1534.1000000000001,"body":"one technique could enable us to"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1534.1000000000001,"endTime":1539.26,"body":"capture 20 to 30, maybe even"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1534.1000000000001,"endTime":1539.26,"body":"more billion tons of greenhouse"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1539.26,"endTime":1544.5700000000002,"body":"gases a year. But the final"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1539.26,"endTime":1544.5700000000002,"body":"question is going to be and how"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1544.5700000000002,"endTime":1550.15,"body":"does it get sequestered? How is"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1544.5700000000002,"endTime":1550.15,"body":"it captured permanently. And the"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1550.69,"endTime":1555.73,"body":"work that we will do is to see"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1550.69,"endTime":1555.73,"body":"that it adds to the ocean crust"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1555.73,"endTime":1559.81,"body":"of the floor of the ocean."},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1555.73,"endTime":1559.81,"body":"Because that is how the ocean"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1559.81,"endTime":1565.0900000000001,"body":"crust originally was formed as,"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1559.81,"endTime":1565.0900000000001,"body":"as any living matter dies and"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1565.0900000000001,"endTime":1571.24,"body":"falls through the ocean, it can"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1565.0900000000001,"endTime":1571.24,"body":"pick up the minerals from the"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1571.24,"endTime":1576.43,"body":"ocean that turn it into very"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1571.24,"endTime":1576.43,"body":"stable carbonates. And that is"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1576.43,"endTime":1578.74,"body":"what the ocean crust contains."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1578.89,"endTime":1585.64,"body":"Okay. So how do we"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1578.89,"endTime":1585.64,"body":"do that? I mean, I know"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1585.7,"endTime":1589.1200000000001,"body":"technically, I have a few ideas,"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1585.7,"endTime":1589.1200000000001,"body":"technically and how we could do"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1589.1200000000001,"endTime":1593.05,"body":"that. But how do we finance"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1589.1200000000001,"endTime":1593.05,"body":"doing that? Well,"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1593.049,"endTime":1595.449,"body":"it is an"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1593.049,"endTime":1595.449,"body":"interesting aspect of this one,"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1595.449,"endTime":1603.429,"body":"because we to eat fish. And so"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1595.449,"endTime":1603.429,"body":"if we can control the fisheries"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1603.429,"endTime":1608.289,"body":"of the world, over the deep"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1603.429,"endTime":1608.289,"body":"ocean surface, in such a way"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1608.289,"endTime":1613.419,"body":"that we manage the level of"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1608.289,"endTime":1613.419,"body":"fishing, we can also charge for"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1613.419,"endTime":1618.8490000000002,"body":"the for the fish catch that goes"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1613.419,"endTime":1618.8490000000002,"body":"in for human consumption. So in"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1618.8490000000002,"endTime":1623.769,"body":"this way, it would be a more"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1618.8490000000002,"endTime":1623.769,"body":"than self financing process, I"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1623.769,"endTime":1628.539,"body":"think there's even a small"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1623.769,"endTime":1628.539,"body":"profit to be made from this. And"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1628.539,"endTime":1635.1390000000001,"body":"it becomes a an ocean place"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1628.539,"endTime":1635.1390000000001,"body":"where we're returning the ocean"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1635.1390000000001,"endTime":1640.479,"body":"to its original state and at the"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1635.1390000000001,"endTime":1640.479,"body":"same time, returning it as a"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1640.479,"endTime":1643.269,"body":"resource for human beings. Okay,"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1643.66,"endTime":1646.03,"body":"it has proven"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1643.66,"endTime":1646.03,"body":"incredibly difficult over the"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1646.03,"endTime":1649.63,"body":"last number of decades, though,"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1646.03,"endTime":1649.63,"body":"to stop overfishing, as we've"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1649.63,"endTime":1650.14,"body":"seen,"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1650.41,"endTime":1653.77,"body":"you're"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1650.41,"endTime":1653.77,"body":"quite right. And I think I mean,"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1653.77,"endTime":1657.28,"body":"the British government has, I"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1653.77,"endTime":1657.28,"body":"think of more marine protection"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1657.31,"endTime":1660.88,"body":"areas than any other country in"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1657.31,"endTime":1660.88,"body":"the world, maybe the United"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1660.88,"endTime":1665.38,"body":"States is up there. But the"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1660.88,"endTime":1665.38,"body":"reason is, because as I'm sure"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1665.38,"endTime":1670.3,"body":"you know, we used to have"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1665.38,"endTime":1670.3,"body":"colonies and an empire. Many of"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1670.3,"endTime":1674.41,"body":"these small islands, like"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1670.3,"endTime":1674.41,"body":"santolina have very small"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1674.41,"endTime":1678.7,"body":"populations, and we keep them"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1674.41,"endTime":1678.7,"body":"alive. And so we can be clear"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1678.7,"endTime":1682.15,"body":"big marine protection areas"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1678.7,"endTime":1682.15,"body":"around the small islands in the"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1682.15,"endTime":1690.13,"body":"deep oceans. And so our MPa is a"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1682.15,"endTime":1690.13,"body":"very extensive, and we have"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1690.7,"endTime":1694.6000000000001,"body":"banned fishing from most of"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1690.7,"endTime":1694.6000000000001,"body":"them, and then fishing on a"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1694.6000000000001,"endTime":1700.54,"body":"small scale to keep the"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1694.6000000000001,"endTime":1700.54,"body":"islanders going. But the problem"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1700.54,"endTime":1704.44,"body":"is policing. And with"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1700.54,"endTime":1704.44,"body":"satellites, we can pick up"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1704.8300000000002,"endTime":1708.94,"body":"fishing vessels that seem to be"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1704.8300000000002,"endTime":1708.94,"body":"stationary in these areas, and"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1708.94,"endTime":1712.39,"body":"then we follow those vessels and"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1708.94,"endTime":1712.39,"body":"try to capture them. But this"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1712.39,"endTime":1718.0,"body":"isn't easy. So policing is a"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1712.39,"endTime":1718.0,"body":"problem. And the whole process"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1718.18,"endTime":1723.8500000000001,"body":"would need to see that we we"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1718.18,"endTime":1723.8500000000001,"body":"manage the business of policing"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1723.91,"endTime":1729.49,"body":"the global ocean system as well."},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1723.91,"endTime":1729.49,"body":"Now all of this requires global"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1729.49,"endTime":1733.18,"body":"agreements around the world. And"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1729.49,"endTime":1733.18,"body":"this, this is is quite"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1733.18,"endTime":1740.3500000000001,"body":"challenging. My feeling is that"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1733.18,"endTime":1740.3500000000001,"body":"willing nations will join in, in"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1740.3500000000001,"endTime":1743.77,"body":"meeting these demands, because"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1740.3500000000001,"endTime":1743.77,"body":"we're all in this and we all"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1743.77,"endTime":1748.81,"body":"benefit. I created something I"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1743.77,"endTime":1748.81,"body":"was the instigator of something"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1748.81,"endTime":1752.95,"body":"called Mission Innovation, which"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1748.81,"endTime":1752.95,"body":"is a group of nations that we"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1752.95,"endTime":1756.49,"body":"call together to create all of"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1752.95,"endTime":1756.49,"body":"the technologies in the post"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1756.49,"endTime":1760.72,"body":"fossil fuel era. This was"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1756.49,"endTime":1760.72,"body":"initiated on the first day of"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1760.72,"endTime":1765.31,"body":"the COC meeting in 2015. Heads"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1760.72,"endTime":1765.31,"body":"of governments were invited to"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1765.31,"endTime":1768.49,"body":"stand underneath the banner"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1765.31,"endTime":1768.49,"body":"saying Mission Innovation, we"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1768.49,"endTime":1774.16,"body":"had 23 heads of governments"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1768.49,"endTime":1774.16,"body":"standing under that banner. And"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1774.16,"endTime":1778.99,"body":"those 23 heads of government out"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1774.16,"endTime":1778.99,"body":"of 197 nations in the world"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1778.99,"endTime":1784.1200000000001,"body":"sound like a small number, but"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1778.99,"endTime":1784.1200000000001,"body":"they represent 80% of global"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1784.1200000000001,"endTime":1791.8300000000002,"body":"GDP. So that team that is now"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1784.1200000000001,"endTime":1791.8300000000002,"body":"spending $23 billion a year plus"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1792.0700000000002,"endTime":1795.6100000000001,"body":"on these developing these new"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1792.0700000000002,"endTime":1795.6100000000001,"body":"technologies, that's public"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1795.6100000000001,"endTime":1800.26,"body":"money going into universities"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1795.6100000000001,"endTime":1800.26,"body":"and so on around the world is"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1801.1000000000001,"endTime":1808.1200000000001,"body":"about to expand that to 40"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1801.1000000000001,"endTime":1808.1200000000001,"body":"billion plus by 2025. These"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1808.1200000000001,"endTime":1813.0700000000002,"body":"willing nations seeing that they"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1808.1200000000001,"endTime":1813.0700000000002,"body":"can act will take the rest of"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1813.0700000000002,"endTime":1815.74,"body":"the world with them. I think"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1813.0700000000002,"endTime":1815.74,"body":"that's an important lesson."},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1816.16,"endTime":1816.6100000000001,"body":"Okay."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1817.029,"endTime":1820.569,"body":"The the the"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1817.029,"endTime":1820.569,"body":"audience of this podcast are"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1820.569,"endTime":1824.589,"body":"typically people who are I"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1820.569,"endTime":1824.589,"body":"think, because it's very hard to"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1824.589,"endTime":1827.439,"body":"get demographics for podcasts,"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1824.589,"endTime":1827.439,"body":"but I want to think it's people"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1827.439,"endTime":1833.229,"body":"Who are in business? And, you"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1827.439,"endTime":1833.229,"body":"know, from the last few podcasts"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1833.259,"endTime":1838.539,"body":"on this podcast, we can see that"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1833.259,"endTime":1838.539,"body":"the world is going to have to"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1838.539,"endTime":1843.729,"body":"very quickly move away from"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1838.539,"endTime":1843.729,"body":"emissions, climate emissions,"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1843.969,"endTime":1848.8590000000002,"body":"and into a post carbon world."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1843.969,"endTime":1848.8590000000002,"body":"You know, if not, it's game over"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1848.8590000000002,"endTime":1854.079,"body":"in a few short decades. You"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1848.8590000000002,"endTime":1854.079,"body":"know, with that in mind, in"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1854.079,"endTime":1857.739,"body":"terms of enterprises and"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1854.079,"endTime":1857.739,"body":"businesses is there. It's"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1857.739,"endTime":1859.659,"body":"obviously this is obviously"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1857.739,"endTime":1859.659,"body":"something that should be at the"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1859.659,"endTime":1862.959,"body":"front of their minds as they"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1859.659,"endTime":1862.959,"body":"plan forward the next four or"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1862.959,"endTime":1867.279,"body":"510 years that we are moving"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1862.959,"endTime":1867.279,"body":"away from fossil fuels and into"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1867.279,"endTime":1870.669,"body":"a post carbon world. What kind"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1867.279,"endTime":1870.669,"body":"of advice would you give"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1870.669,"endTime":1874.569,"body":"organizations as they look"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1870.669,"endTime":1874.569,"body":"forward, given that we are"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1874.5990000000002,"endTime":1876.249,"body":"entering this post carbon world,"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1876.5800000000002,"endTime":1880.03,"body":"the first"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1876.5800000000002,"endTime":1880.03,"body":"bit of advice, which is the"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1880.03,"endTime":1884.92,"body":"advice that the former governor"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1880.03,"endTime":1884.92,"body":"of the Bank of England was"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1884.92,"endTime":1890.5,"body":"giving this as Mark Carney, the"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1884.92,"endTime":1890.5,"body":"Canadian, yeah, he gave the the"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1890.5,"endTime":1896.92,"body":"advice to the banks in the City"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1890.5,"endTime":1896.92,"body":"of London saying any investment"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1896.92,"endTime":1902.05,"body":"you make into the fossil fuel"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1896.92,"endTime":1902.05,"body":"industry, and all of its"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1902.05,"endTime":1908.17,"body":"relations will not be fit for"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1902.05,"endTime":1908.17,"body":"purpose in the 21st century. And"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1908.17,"endTime":1912.13,"body":"so these will be stranded"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1908.17,"endTime":1912.13,"body":"assets, you will not get a"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1912.13,"endTime":1917.38,"body":"return on those investments,"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1912.13,"endTime":1917.38,"body":"because they really cannot"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1917.38,"endTime":1921.49,"body":"exist. Once everyone understands"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1917.38,"endTime":1921.49,"body":"the direction of travel of the"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1921.49,"endTime":1926.3500000000001,"body":"world today. Mark Carney was"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1921.49,"endTime":1926.3500000000001,"body":"very clear. And I would say very"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1926.3500000000001,"endTime":1932.44,"body":"blunt in his advice on this and"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1926.3500000000001,"endTime":1932.44,"body":"talking to financial leaders in"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1932.44,"endTime":1935.98,"body":"the City of London, I do find"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1932.44,"endTime":1935.98,"body":"that that message is getting"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1935.98,"endTime":1942.28,"body":"through. So if you want to fund"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1935.98,"endTime":1942.28,"body":"an oil company, for example,"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1942.5800000000002,"endTime":1945.5800000000002,"body":"make sure that what you're"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1942.5800000000002,"endTime":1945.5800000000002,"body":"funding is not further oil"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1945.5800000000002,"endTime":1950.8,"body":"discovery, not further oil"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1945.5800000000002,"endTime":1950.8,"body":"recovery or gas recovery, but"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1951.22,"endTime":1955.54,"body":"the alternative energy systems"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1951.22,"endTime":1955.54,"body":"that these companies need to"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1955.54,"endTime":1960.43,"body":"switch over to if those"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1955.54,"endTime":1960.43,"body":"companies wish to survive, as we"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1960.43,"endTime":1964.63,"body":"move forward through the coming"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1960.43,"endTime":1964.63,"body":"decades. So the most important"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1964.63,"endTime":1970.78,"body":"thing is look at the financial"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1964.63,"endTime":1970.78,"body":"community and methodology and"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1970.78,"endTime":1974.05,"body":"thinking around investment in"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1970.78,"endTime":1974.05,"body":"investment"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1975.4,"endTime":1979.78,"body":"into a viable future is of"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1975.4,"endTime":1979.78,"body":"course, the only sensible"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1979.78,"endTime":1985.3600000000001,"body":"investment to make. And fossil"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1979.78,"endTime":1985.3600000000001,"body":"fuel futures are non viable. We"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1985.3600000000001,"endTime":1993.76,"body":"are phasing in the current cars,"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1985.3600000000001,"endTime":1993.76,"body":"automobiles, road road vehicles"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1994.1200000000001,"endTime":1998.8300000000002,"body":"out of existence, because"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1994.1200000000001,"endTime":1998.8300000000002,"body":"they're based on the use of"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1999.3700000000001,"endTime":2004.0800000000002,"body":"fossil fuels to keep them going."},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":1999.3700000000001,"endTime":2004.0800000000002,"body":"And we're phasing in rapidly"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2004.0800000000002,"endTime":2008.01,"body":"here in England electric"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2004.0800000000002,"endTime":2008.01,"body":"vehicles, and of course, this is"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2008.01,"endTime":2011.64,"body":"happening around the world, then"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2008.01,"endTime":2011.64,"body":"the new world is already"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2011.64,"endTime":2017.94,"body":"emerging very, very rapidly. And"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2011.64,"endTime":2017.94,"body":"by the way, Prime Minister Boris"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2017.94,"endTime":2022.71,"body":"Johnson announced a week ago"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2017.94,"endTime":2022.71,"body":"that we will be reducing our"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2022.71,"endTime":2030.39,"body":"emissions by 78% by 2038. That"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2022.71,"endTime":2030.39,"body":"was the guess we have a climate"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2030.39,"endTime":2034.2,"body":"change committee of Parliament"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2030.39,"endTime":2034.2,"body":"that has been set up in 2008 by"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2034.2,"endTime":2038.46,"body":"an all party agreement, and that"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2034.2,"endTime":2038.46,"body":"committees sets targets for"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2038.46,"endTime":2042.3600000000001,"body":"carbon emissions every year"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2038.46,"endTime":2042.3600000000001,"body":"going forward. And so all he's"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2042.3600000000001,"endTime":2046.65,"body":"done is to take out is very,"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2042.3600000000001,"endTime":2046.65,"body":"very important figure, we have"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2046.65,"endTime":2053.52,"body":"already reduced our emissions by"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2046.65,"endTime":2053.52,"body":"50% since 1990. And this country"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2053.52,"endTime":2056.73,"body":"which I think we would all say"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2053.52,"endTime":2056.73,"body":"started the Industrial"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2056.73,"endTime":2061.41,"body":"Revolution. And it was all based"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2056.73,"endTime":2061.41,"body":"on coal burning, that this"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2061.41,"endTime":2066.21,"body":"country no longer is burning"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2061.41,"endTime":2066.21,"body":"coal to make electricity. So we"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2066.24,"endTime":2071.37,"body":"we have moved on from that."},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2066.24,"endTime":2071.37,"body":"What's the most successful way"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2071.37,"endTime":2074.31,"body":"in which we are producing"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2071.37,"endTime":2074.31,"body":"electricity in Britain, believe"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2074.31,"endTime":2078.87,"body":"it or not, it's offshore wind,"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2074.31,"endTime":2078.87,"body":"but everyone saw their offshore"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2078.87,"endTime":2082.68,"body":"wind is going to be so much more"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2078.87,"endTime":2082.68,"body":"expensive than any other form of"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2082.68,"endTime":2089.07,"body":"electricity production. When you"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2082.68,"endTime":2089.07,"body":"go offshore, you can put wind"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2089.07,"endTime":2094.32,"body":"turbine blades on the current"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2089.07,"endTime":2094.32,"body":"length of the blades is 110"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2094.32,"endTime":2100.59,"body":"meters so long, that these wind"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2094.32,"endTime":2100.59,"body":"turbines are extremely efficient"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2100.59,"endTime":2105.84,"body":"at producing electricity. So"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2100.59,"endTime":2105.84,"body":"this great farm of wind turbines"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2105.84,"endTime":2110.4,"body":"we have in the North Sea today"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2105.84,"endTime":2110.4,"body":"is producing nearly 50% of our"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2110.4,"endTime":2116.19,"body":"electricity. And that has come"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2110.4,"endTime":2116.19,"body":"up from virtually nothing in the"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2116.19,"endTime":2120.0,"body":"year 2000. But with a very"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2116.19,"endTime":2120.0,"body":"determined effort by one"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2120.0,"endTime":2123.96,"body":"government after the other to"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2120.0,"endTime":2123.96,"body":"get to our commitment to reduce"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2123.96,"endTime":2129.75,"body":"emissions to net zero by 2018."},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2123.96,"endTime":2129.75,"body":"50. So I think all of these"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2129.75,"endTime":2133.53,"body":"things can be done, they can be"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2129.75,"endTime":2133.53,"body":"done with sensible planning"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2133.53,"endTime":2138.84,"body":"sensible investments. And"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2133.53,"endTime":2138.84,"body":"everything has to be speeded up."},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2139.02,"endTime":2143.31,"body":"Because I'm afraid the rate of"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2139.02,"endTime":2143.31,"body":"travel of greenhouse gas"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2143.31,"endTime":2147.39,"body":"emissions around the world is is"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2143.31,"endTime":2147.39,"body":"beyond belief at the moment."},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2148.26,"endTime":2151.02,"body":"Now, of course, there's"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2148.26,"endTime":2151.02,"body":"something very good underlying,"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2151.26,"endTime":2157.35,"body":"which is the emergence of a"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2151.26,"endTime":2157.35,"body":"global middle class, which never"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2157.38,"endTime":2162.03,"body":"existed before. In the year"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2157.38,"endTime":2162.03,"body":"2000, we had just over a billion"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2162.2400000000002,"endTime":2165.96,"body":"people who I would describe as"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2162.2400000000002,"endTime":2165.96,"body":"middle class that is spending"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2165.96,"endTime":2171.6,"body":"between 10 and $100 a day. And"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2165.96,"endTime":2171.6,"body":"today were well on the way to"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2171.6,"endTime":2176.19,"body":"three and a half billion. So the"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2171.6,"endTime":2176.19,"body":"rapidly emerging economies of"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2176.19,"endTime":2180.69,"body":"bringing forward this big new"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2176.19,"endTime":2180.69,"body":"global middle class, but they're"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2180.69,"endTime":2185.43,"body":"consuming electricity"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2180.69,"endTime":2185.43,"body":"enormously, and they're"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2185.43,"endTime":2192.39,"body":"consuming meat. And so all of"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2185.43,"endTime":2192.39,"body":"these products require energy or"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2192.54,"endTime":2197.73,"body":"production of methane. And so"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2192.54,"endTime":2197.73,"body":"what we see is the negative side"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2197.73,"endTime":2202.53,"body":"of this rapid emergence, China"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2197.73,"endTime":2202.53,"body":"is now committed to net zero"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2202.53,"endTime":2207.33,"body":"emissions before 2016. And that"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2202.53,"endTime":2207.33,"body":"I am in touch with people on"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2207.33,"endTime":2211.5,"body":"their planning committee, I know"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2207.33,"endTime":2211.5,"body":"that this is a reality. But of"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2211.5,"endTime":2216.18,"body":"course, we know that India just"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2211.5,"endTime":2216.18,"body":"over the border is not committed"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2216.18,"endTime":2222.78,"body":"to that at all. And India is"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2216.18,"endTime":2222.78,"body":"still burning coal, at a very"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2222.78,"endTime":2227.46,"body":"rapid rate. So we've got a big"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2222.78,"endTime":2227.46,"body":"global problem on our hands, in"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2227.46,"endTime":2232.35,"body":"persuading these countries to"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2227.46,"endTime":2232.35,"body":"head towards net zero emissions,"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2232.35,"endTime":2235.98,"body":"let alone taking out greenhouse"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2232.35,"endTime":2235.98,"body":"gases."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2237.42,"endTime":2243.93,"body":"Yep. But I think"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2237.42,"endTime":2243.93,"body":"the top line here is that if you"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2243.93,"endTime":2248.76,"body":"are in business, if you are in"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2243.93,"endTime":2248.76,"body":"industry of any kind, you need"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2248.76,"endTime":2253.23,"body":"to be thinking in terms of the"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2248.76,"endTime":2253.23,"body":"world is moving this direction,"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2253.59,"endTime":2256.98,"body":"and have I want to stay in"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2253.59,"endTime":2256.98,"body":"business, I need to be ahead of"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2256.98,"endTime":2260.2200000000003,"body":"that curve, or at the top of"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2256.98,"endTime":2260.2200000000003,"body":"that curve to make sure people"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2260.2200000000003,"endTime":2264.03,"body":"are going to want to the planet"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2260.2200000000003,"endTime":2264.03,"body":"has to decarbonize, so if I can"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2264.03,"endTime":2266.94,"body":"help I can make money by doing"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2264.03,"endTime":2266.94,"body":"this."},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2267.42,"endTime":2271.2000000000003,"body":"Yes. So let"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2267.42,"endTime":2271.2000000000003,"body":"me give you examples of two"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2271.2000000000003,"endTime":2274.4700000000003,"body":"Dutch companies. I'm stepping"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2271.2000000000003,"endTime":2274.4700000000003,"body":"out of Britain, so I can use"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2274.4700000000003,"endTime":2279.48,"body":"another country as an exemplar."},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2274.4700000000003,"endTime":2279.48,"body":"The first is Unilever. And the"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2279.48,"endTime":2285.2400000000002,"body":"second is a company called DSM."},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2279.48,"endTime":2285.2400000000002,"body":"The second company DSM used to"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2285.2400000000002,"endTime":2292.41,"body":"stand for Dutch state minds."},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2285.2400000000002,"endTime":2292.41,"body":"Okay, but it's now the probably"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2292.44,"endTime":2298.44,"body":"the most sustainable company in"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2292.44,"endTime":2298.44,"body":"our of its kind in the world, if"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2298.44,"endTime":2301.77,"body":"there used to be it turned into"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2298.44,"endTime":2301.77,"body":"a chemical company. And today,"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2302.04,"endTime":2307.05,"body":"it's a company aiming to be net"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2302.04,"endTime":2307.05,"body":"zero emissions itself within a"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2307.05,"endTime":2313.89,"body":"few years. What they've done is"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2307.05,"endTime":2313.89,"body":"turn themselves around to meet"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2313.89,"endTime":2318.42,"body":"demands, for example, they"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2313.89,"endTime":2318.42,"body":"provide they're a b2b company."},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2318.9,"endTime":2323.58,"body":"They provide all the vitamins"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2318.9,"endTime":2323.58,"body":"that go into your cornflakes"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2324.33,"endTime":2328.41,"body":"every morning, right. So you"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2324.33,"endTime":2328.41,"body":"open a packet of Kellogg's, the"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2328.41,"endTime":2334.35,"body":"only name on the on the cover"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2328.41,"endTime":2334.35,"body":"and inside a DSM Bittman. I've"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2334.62,"endTime":2338.79,"body":"talked to them about advertising"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2334.62,"endTime":2338.79,"body":"that they should put inside the"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2338.9700000000003,"endTime":2339.69,"body":"DSM,"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2340.92,"endTime":2342.51,"body":"like Intel Inside"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2340.92,"endTime":2342.51,"body":"on the computers."},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2343.56,"endTime":2346.32,"body":"But the"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2343.56,"endTime":2346.32,"body":"point about DSM and Unilever is"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2346.32,"endTime":2350.73,"body":"both of these companies have"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2346.32,"endTime":2350.73,"body":"turned their profits up. very"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2350.73,"endTime":2354.27,"body":"significantly, the value of the"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2350.73,"endTime":2354.27,"body":"two companies on the stock"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2354.27,"endTime":2358.5,"body":"market also has gone up very"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2354.27,"endTime":2358.5,"body":"significantly. And I think this"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2358.5,"endTime":2362.13,"body":"is young people saying these"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2358.5,"endTime":2362.13,"body":"companies are going in the right"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2362.13,"endTime":2366.96,"body":"direction. But the other thing"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2362.13,"endTime":2366.96,"body":"is, the CEOs of both those"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2366.96,"endTime":2371.34,"body":"companies will tell you the"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2366.96,"endTime":2371.34,"body":"number of people taking time off"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2371.34,"endTime":2376.23,"body":"because they're ill has been"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2371.34,"endTime":2376.23,"body":"reduced massively. The number of"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2376.23,"endTime":2382.59,"body":"applications per job vacancy has"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2376.23,"endTime":2382.59,"body":"gone up massively. So what they"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2382.59,"endTime":2387.57,"body":"see is that the employee"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2382.59,"endTime":2387.57,"body":"satisfaction is has gone up"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2387.57,"endTime":2391.38,"body":"because the employees come into"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2387.57,"endTime":2391.38,"body":"work, saying, we're doing"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2391.38,"endTime":2395.91,"body":"something good, but what DSM"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2391.38,"endTime":2395.91,"body":"describes itself as the three p"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2395.91,"endTime":2403.08,"body":"company people, profit planet."},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2395.91,"endTime":2403.08,"body":"And absolutely, you know, this,"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2403.08,"endTime":2406.14,"body":"this gets to every employee,"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2403.08,"endTime":2406.14,"body":"they're really proud of the"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2406.59,"endTime":2410.4,"body":"department so far."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2406.59,"endTime":2410.4,"body":"We're coming to the end of the"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2410.4,"endTime":2411.18,"body":"podcast now."},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":2411.569,"endTime":2411.959,"body":"Dave,"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2412.56,"endTime":2414.2400000000002,"body":"are you optimistic"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2412.56,"endTime":2414.2400000000002,"body":"for our future,"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2414.78,"endTime":2418.23,"body":"as he one"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2414.78,"endTime":2418.23,"body":"has to be optimistic, Tom? I"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2418.23,"endTime":2423.36,"body":"could very easily throw in the"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2418.23,"endTime":2423.36,"body":"towel. You know, I have an age"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2423.36,"endTime":2426.39,"body":"where I could retire but I can"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2423.36,"endTime":2426.39,"body":"tell you I don't think I've ever"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2426.39,"endTime":2434.07,"body":"been as busy as I And the reason"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2426.39,"endTime":2434.07,"body":"is because the challenge is now"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2434.07,"endTime":2439.4700000000003,"body":"far greater than it was when I"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2434.07,"endTime":2439.4700000000003,"body":"got into this 20 plus years ago."},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2440.2200000000003,"endTime":2445.38,"body":"It's far greater now. And it"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2440.2200000000003,"endTime":2445.38,"body":"doesn't mean that we should give"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2445.38,"endTime":2450.84,"body":"up. I think there is a clear"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2445.38,"endTime":2450.84,"body":"path into the future. And that"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2450.84,"endTime":2455.67,"body":"path is frustratingly difficult"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2450.84,"endTime":2455.67,"body":"to follow, because there's so"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2455.67,"endTime":2458.58,"body":"many people who, for whatever"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2455.67,"endTime":2458.58,"body":"reason, want to block the"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2458.58,"endTime":2462.9,"body":"pathway. But frankly, it only"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2458.58,"endTime":2462.9,"body":"gets worse and worse, if we go"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2462.9,"endTime":2467.64,"body":"down that route. No, we must"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2462.9,"endTime":2467.64,"body":"never give up. That's that what"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2467.64,"endTime":2470.2200000000003,"body":"do I say to my grandchildren?"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2467.64,"endTime":2470.2200000000003,"body":"Now true?"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2470.25,"endTime":2473.19,"body":"No, I, I'm a glass"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2470.25,"endTime":2473.19,"body":"half full person. And I always"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2473.19,"endTime":2477.63,"body":"say that, you know, it's only"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2473.19,"endTime":2477.63,"body":"through, it might be it naive"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2477.63,"endTime":2480.3,"body":"optimism. But as long as you as"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2477.63,"endTime":2480.3,"body":"long as you're optimistic, and"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2480.3,"endTime":2482.34,"body":"you think there is a way"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2480.3,"endTime":2482.34,"body":"forward, that's the only way"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2482.34,"endTime":2485.73,"body":"forward. Is there? Like I say,"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2482.34,"endTime":2485.73,"body":"we're coming to the end of the"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2485.73,"endTime":2488.7000000000003,"body":"podcast. Now. Dave, is there any"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2485.73,"endTime":2488.7000000000003,"body":"question I have not asked you"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2488.7000000000003,"endTime":2492.0,"body":"that you wish I had, or any"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2488.7000000000003,"endTime":2492.0,"body":"topic, we've not touched on that"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2492.0,"endTime":2495.33,"body":"you think it's important for"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2492.0,"endTime":2495.33,"body":"people to be aware of trauma? I"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2495.33,"endTime":2497.76,"body":"think we've"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2495.33,"endTime":2497.76,"body":"covered the ground. And I have"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2497.76,"endTime":2501.06,"body":"to thank you for your very"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2497.76,"endTime":2501.06,"body":"perceptive questions, because"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2501.06,"endTime":2506.58,"body":"you have allowed me to explain"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2501.06,"endTime":2506.58,"body":"quite a bit at a level that that"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2506.58,"endTime":2510.09,"body":"I don't often get the chance to"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2506.58,"endTime":2510.09,"body":"do. So thank you very much. No,"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2510.09,"endTime":2510.81,"body":"no, no, no, no, no,"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2510.81,"endTime":2513.51,"body":"no, thank you so"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2510.81,"endTime":2513.51,"body":"much for coming on the podcast"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2513.51,"endTime":2517.56,"body":"and in helping to educate the"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2513.51,"endTime":2517.56,"body":"audience and talk about this"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2517.56,"endTime":2521.28,"body":"topic that is so incredibly"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2517.56,"endTime":2521.28,"body":"important. If people want to"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2521.31,"endTime":2525.12,"body":"know more about yourself, or"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2521.31,"endTime":2525.12,"body":"about the Center for climate"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2525.12,"endTime":2528.9,"body":"repair, or any of the topics we"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2525.12,"endTime":2528.9,"body":"discussed on the podcast today,"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2528.93,"endTime":2530.19,"body":"where would you have me direct"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2528.93,"endTime":2530.19,"body":"them?"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2531.78,"endTime":2534.96,"body":"So since"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2531.78,"endTime":2534.96,"body":"center for climate group period,"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2534.96,"endTime":2541.9500000000003,"body":"Cambridge is his title. And"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2534.96,"endTime":2541.9500000000003,"body":"think you will find that you get"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2542.13,"endTime":2543.57,"body":"website quite quickly."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2543.84,"endTime":2547.4700000000003,"body":"I put a link in the"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2543.84,"endTime":2547.4700000000003,"body":"show notes. Okay, Dave, thanks a"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2547.4700000000003,"endTime":2549.18,"body":"million for coming on the"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2547.4700000000003,"endTime":2549.18,"body":"podcast today. It's been"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2549.18,"endTime":2549.7200000000003,"body":"outstanding."},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2550.29,"endTime":2551.85,"body":"And Tom,"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2550.29,"endTime":2551.85,"body":"thanks for everything you're"},{"speaker":"Prof Sir David King","startTime":2551.85,"endTime":2552.18,"body":"doing."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2553.4700000000003,"endTime":2555.84,"body":"Okay, we've come to"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2553.4700000000003,"endTime":2555.84,"body":"the end of the show. Thanks,"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2555.84,"endTime":2559.2000000000003,"body":"everyone for listening. If you'd"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2555.84,"endTime":2559.2000000000003,"body":"like to know more about climate"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2559.23,"endTime":2564.09,"body":"21, feel free to drop me an"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2559.23,"endTime":2564.09,"body":"email to Tom raftery@sap.com or"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2564.2400000000002,"endTime":2567.66,"body":"connect with me on LinkedIn or"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2564.2400000000002,"endTime":2567.66,"body":"Twitter. If you'd like to show"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2567.66,"endTime":2569.85,"body":"please don't forget to subscribe"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2567.66,"endTime":2569.85,"body":"to it in your podcast"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2569.85,"endTime":2572.76,"body":"application of choice to get new"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2569.85,"endTime":2572.76,"body":"episodes as soon as they're"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2572.76,"endTime":2576.6,"body":"published. Also, please don't"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2572.76,"endTime":2576.6,"body":"forget to rate and review the"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2576.6,"endTime":2581.31,"body":"podcast. It really does help new"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2576.6,"endTime":2581.31,"body":"people to find the show. Thanks."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2582.15,"endTime":2583.08,"body":"Catch you all next time."}]}