{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":3.03,"endTime":5.97,"body":"Fossil fuel"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":3.03,"endTime":5.97,"body":"is too good to be true, it it"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":5.97,"endTime":10.26,"body":"has super nice properties and"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":5.97,"endTime":10.26,"body":"has been gone through the"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":10.53,"endTime":15.72,"body":"biorefinery of nature for free."},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":10.53,"endTime":15.72,"body":"It is very hard to beat on cost,"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":15.96,"endTime":21.54,"body":"which basically means that if"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":15.96,"endTime":21.54,"body":"you want to be successful, we"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":21.54,"endTime":27.78,"body":"need policies that change the"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":21.54,"endTime":27.78,"body":"economics of our processes."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":32.58,"endTime":34.53,"body":"Good morning, good"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":32.58,"endTime":34.53,"body":"afternoon or good evening"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":34.53,"endTime":38.25,"body":"wherever you are in the world."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":34.53,"endTime":38.25,"body":"This is the climate 21 podcast"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":38.28,"endTime":41.37,"body":"the number one podcast"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":38.28,"endTime":41.37,"body":"showcasing best practices in"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":41.37,"endTime":44.73,"body":"climate emissions reductions."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":41.37,"endTime":44.73,"body":"And I'm your host, global vice"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":44.73,"endTime":49.56,"body":"president for SAP. Tom Raftery."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":44.73,"endTime":49.56,"body":"Climate 21 is the name of an"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":49.56,"endTime":53.4,"body":"initiative by SAP to allow our"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":49.56,"endTime":53.4,"body":"customers calculate, report and"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":53.4,"endTime":57.09,"body":"reduce their greenhouse gas"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":53.4,"endTime":57.09,"body":"emissions. In this climate 21"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":57.09,"endTime":60.78,"body":"podcast, I will showcase best"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":57.09,"endTime":60.78,"body":"practices and thought leadership"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":60.78,"endTime":65.28,"body":"by SAP, by our customers, by our"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":60.78,"endTime":65.28,"body":"partners and by our competitors"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":65.28,"endTime":69.39,"body":"if they're game in climate"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":65.28,"endTime":69.39,"body":"emissions reductions. Don't"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":69.39,"endTime":72.87,"body":"forget to subscribe to this"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":69.39,"endTime":72.87,"body":"podcast in your podcast app of"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":72.87,"endTime":77.97,"body":"choice to be sure you don't miss"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":72.87,"endTime":77.97,"body":"any episodes. Hi, everyone."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":77.97,"endTime":80.01,"body":"Welcome to the Climate 21"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":77.97,"endTime":80.01,"body":"podcast."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":80.0,"endTime":84.65,"body":"My name is Tom Raftery with SAP"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":80.0,"endTime":84.65,"body":"and with me on the show today I"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":84.65,"endTime":87.71,"body":"have my special guest, Markus."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":84.65,"endTime":87.71,"body":"Markus, would you like to"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":87.74,"endTime":88.67,"body":"introduce yourself?"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":89.6,"endTime":93.29,"body":"Hi, Tom. Hi,"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":89.6,"endTime":93.29,"body":"everyone. So I'm Marcus Kraft."},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":93.29,"endTime":95.84,"body":"I'm a Professor of Chemical"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":93.29,"endTime":95.84,"body":"Engineering from the University"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":95.84,"endTime":99.53,"body":"of Cambridge. I work in"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":95.84,"endTime":99.53,"body":"Singapore as the director of"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":99.56,"endTime":105.05,"body":"CARES. This is the Cambridge"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":99.56,"endTime":105.05,"body":"research lab here in Singapore,"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":105.29,"endTime":110.24,"body":"and I'm also a researcher"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":105.29,"endTime":110.24,"body":"investigating what we can do"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":110.27,"endTime":113.6,"body":"about decarbonisation. Okay,"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":113.6,"endTime":116.75,"body":"super well, if you"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":113.6,"endTime":116.75,"body":"are researching what we can do"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":116.75,"endTime":120.29,"body":"and decarbonisation, then you're"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":116.75,"endTime":120.29,"body":"on the right podcast, given this"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":120.29,"endTime":126.89,"body":"is the climate 21 podcast, so"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":120.29,"endTime":126.89,"body":"thank you for that. So, Markus,"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":126.92,"endTime":132.38,"body":"let me let me start with a an"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":126.92,"endTime":132.38,"body":"easy one. How I mean, you"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":132.38,"endTime":135.77,"body":"mentioned you're part of cares"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":132.38,"endTime":135.77,"body":"the the kind of Cambridge"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":135.8,"endTime":139.52,"body":"outreach in Singapore. What's"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":135.8,"endTime":139.52,"body":"CARES doing about"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":139.58,"endTime":140.72,"body":"decarbonisation?"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":141.29,"endTime":144.95,"body":"Well, we have"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":141.29,"endTime":144.95,"body":"a big research program going,"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":145.73,"endTime":151.04,"body":"that looks at different aspects"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":145.73,"endTime":151.04,"body":"of it. Decarbonisation is a is a"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":151.04,"endTime":156.86,"body":"bit of an unfortunate name for"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":151.04,"endTime":156.86,"body":"trying to reduce the amount of"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":157.22,"endTime":164.42,"body":"CO2 based from fossil fuels out"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":157.22,"endTime":164.42,"body":"of our economy, because carbon"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":164.42,"endTime":168.2,"body":"is still an important molecule."},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":164.42,"endTime":168.2,"body":"And it will also be an important"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":168.2,"endTime":173.27,"body":"molecule once we have got rid of"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":168.2,"endTime":173.27,"body":"all the CO2 from fossil fuels."},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":173.9,"endTime":178.67,"body":"So there are different ways of"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":173.9,"endTime":178.67,"body":"dealing with it. And we look at"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":178.67,"endTime":182.36,"body":"all of these different pathways"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":178.67,"endTime":182.36,"body":"I'm going to describe, okay,"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":182.72,"endTime":190.52,"body":"cool. So the first thing you can"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":182.72,"endTime":190.52,"body":"do is to use low carbon or"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":190.52,"endTime":195.17,"body":"carbon neutral fuels. So we do"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":190.52,"endTime":195.17,"body":"some fuel research that"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":195.17,"endTime":200.51,"body":"investigate this, and a low"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":195.17,"endTime":200.51,"body":"carbon fuel could be a biofuel"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":200.54,"endTime":206.03,"body":"and the various versions of it,"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":200.54,"endTime":206.03,"body":"it could be a synthetic fuel"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":206.63,"endTime":212.57,"body":"okay, for example, it could be"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":206.63,"endTime":212.57,"body":"hydrogen, it could be methanol,"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":213.32,"endTime":217.88,"body":"it could be a biofuel made of"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":213.32,"endTime":217.88,"body":"algae, it could be sort of a mix"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":217.88,"endTime":224.3,"body":"between the two. So what type of"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":217.88,"endTime":224.3,"body":"fuel is the fuel of the future?"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":225.35,"endTime":230.63,"body":"And here, the ultimate question"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":225.35,"endTime":230.63,"body":"is, can we produce a low carbon"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":230.63,"endTime":237.2,"body":"fuel at cost that is competitive"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":230.63,"endTime":237.2,"body":"with diesel or petrol? That is"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":237.2,"endTime":242.42,"body":"the key challenge. And that is a"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":237.2,"endTime":242.42,"body":"super hard problem. Okay, and of"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":242.42,"endTime":246.74,"body":"course, do we have enough"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":242.42,"endTime":246.74,"body":"resources to produce these fuels"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":246.74,"endTime":251.45,"body":"on scale? Right, because if you"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":246.74,"endTime":251.45,"body":"have biofuel, depending on what"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":251.45,"endTime":258.23,"body":"type of biofuel it is, you may"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":251.45,"endTime":258.23,"body":"eat into our food crops and that"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":258.23,"endTime":261.41,"body":"is something we definitely don't"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":258.23,"endTime":261.41,"body":"want to do. So you have to be"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":261.41,"endTime":267.11,"body":"clever about it. So, and another"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":261.41,"endTime":267.11,"body":"point is not only how you make"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":267.11,"endTime":269.99,"body":"these fuels, but what is the"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":267.11,"endTime":269.99,"body":"best fuel in terms of if you"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":269.99,"endTime":275.39,"body":"still want to burn it. Like for"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":269.99,"endTime":275.39,"body":"example, in a jet engine, you"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":275.39,"endTime":281.36,"body":"know, an airplane which probably"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":275.39,"endTime":281.36,"body":"will be run on a hydrocarbon"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":281.36,"endTime":284.45,"body":"fuel, a low carbon, hydrocarbon"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":281.36,"endTime":284.45,"body":"fuel, whatever that means,"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":284.45,"endTime":288.83,"body":"that's a hydrocarbon fuel with"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":284.45,"endTime":288.83,"body":"this wonderful energy density"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":288.83,"endTime":293.06,"body":"that is not based on fossil"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":288.83,"endTime":293.06,"body":"sources. That's the key point,"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":293.09,"endTime":299.48,"body":"okay. And that is  this is"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":293.09,"endTime":299.48,"body":"probably the technology of the"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":299.48,"endTime":304.22,"body":"future. as far as air traffic is"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":299.48,"endTime":304.22,"body":"concerned, and here, we need to"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":304.22,"endTime":309.44,"body":"ask a question, can we burn such"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":304.22,"endTime":309.44,"body":"a fuel cleanly? So are there any"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":309.44,"endTime":313.52,"body":"emissions coming out, okay,"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":309.44,"endTime":313.52,"body":"because that in turn has a great"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":313.52,"endTime":318.02,"body":"impact. So we also do some"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":313.52,"endTime":318.02,"body":"research on emissions in our"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":318.02,"endTime":322.46,"body":"programme. Okay, so that's the"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":318.02,"endTime":322.46,"body":"first point. But I told you"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":322.46,"endTime":328.25,"body":"there are three, okay. I will be"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":322.46,"endTime":328.25,"body":"a bit shorter in the next two."},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":328.4,"endTime":336.77,"body":"So another one is to capture"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":328.4,"endTime":336.77,"body":"carbon, okay, to separate it"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":336.86,"endTime":340.61,"body":"from the exhaust, and then do"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":336.86,"endTime":340.61,"body":"something with it. You can"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":340.61,"endTime":344.66,"body":"either then store it or utilise"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":340.61,"endTime":344.66,"body":"it, which brings me then back to"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":344.66,"endTime":349.58,"body":"the synthetic fuels. So we have"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":344.66,"endTime":349.58,"body":"one programme where we take CO2"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":349.58,"endTime":353.9,"body":"and try to turn it into either"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":349.58,"endTime":353.9,"body":"fuels or high quality products"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":353.9,"endTime":358.46,"body":"that sell for higher price,"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":353.9,"endTime":358.46,"body":"okay. But this is in terms of"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":358.46,"endTime":363.98,"body":"technology readiness levels, at"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":358.46,"endTime":363.98,"body":"quite a low level, which is a"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":363.98,"endTime":369.77,"body":"point we can discuss, and is"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":363.98,"endTime":369.77,"body":"very important. The third point"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":369.8,"endTime":376.76,"body":"brings me to increasing"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":369.8,"endTime":376.76,"body":"efficiency of how we use energy"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":376.76,"endTime":379.76,"body":"at the moment. And this, in"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":376.76,"endTime":379.76,"body":"turn, brings me to"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":380.06,"endTime":385.25,"body":"digitalisation. And the big"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":380.06,"endTime":385.25,"body":"question here is, can we use"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":385.28,"endTime":392.78,"body":"digitalisation and artificial"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":385.28,"endTime":392.78,"body":"intelligence to reduce or to"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":392.78,"endTime":397.49,"body":"increase the efficiency with"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":392.78,"endTime":397.49,"body":"which we use our energy? Right?"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":397.76,"endTime":404.75,"body":"So these are, at least in our"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":397.76,"endTime":404.75,"body":"book, the three challenges and"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":404.9,"endTime":408.74,"body":"we have in our big research"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":404.9,"endTime":408.74,"body":"programmes, sub-programmes that"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":408.74,"endTime":410.51,"body":"work on each of these streams.."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":410.99,"endTime":418.49,"body":"Okay. Obviously,"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":410.99,"endTime":418.49,"body":"none of these will work entirely"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":418.52,"endTime":422.3,"body":"in isolation. And we're going to"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":418.52,"endTime":422.3,"body":"have to take a kind of a blended"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":422.3,"endTime":425.87,"body":"approach going forward, we'll"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":422.3,"endTime":425.87,"body":"have to try essentially"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":425.87,"endTime":433.82,"body":"everything. If we look at the"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":425.87,"endTime":433.82,"body":"fuel research you're doing, is"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":433.82,"endTime":438.53,"body":"there any one standout"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":433.82,"endTime":438.53,"body":"technology that you think is"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":438.53,"endTime":443.3,"body":"head and shoulders above the"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":438.53,"endTime":443.3,"body":"others or does it depend on the"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":443.33,"endTime":447.5,"body":"usage of the fuel? I know, some"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":443.33,"endTime":447.5,"body":"people have looked into"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":447.5,"endTime":452.84,"body":"potentially using hydrogen for"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":447.5,"endTime":452.84,"body":"planes, but I suspect from what"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":452.84,"endTime":457.79,"body":"I've read, and please correct me"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":452.84,"endTime":457.79,"body":"if you found otherwise, but I"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":457.79,"endTime":462.32,"body":"suspect hydrogen is a non runner"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":457.79,"endTime":462.32,"body":"for planes and we'll end up"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":462.32,"endTime":467.09,"body":"using some form of synthetic"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":462.32,"endTime":467.09,"body":"fuels as you as you talked about"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":467.09,"endTime":471.41,"body":"earlier, feel free to jump in"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":467.09,"endTime":471.41,"body":"and tell me that's rubbish or,"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":472.4,"endTime":476.75,"body":"or what your what your findings"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":472.4,"endTime":476.75,"body":"are for the research into fuels."},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":477.17,"endTime":480.08,"body":"I wish I was"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":477.17,"endTime":480.08,"body":"in a position to tell you, this"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":480.08,"endTime":484.61,"body":"is rubbish, okay. And I, and the"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":480.08,"endTime":484.61,"body":"fact that I cannot tell you this"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":484.61,"endTime":488.87,"body":"is rubbish, that's really the"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":484.61,"endTime":488.87,"body":"bad news because it means that"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":488.87,"endTime":492.62,"body":"the technology readiness levels"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":488.87,"endTime":492.62,"body":"of the alternative technologies,"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":492.68,"endTime":497.99,"body":"they're just not there yet. So"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":492.68,"endTime":497.99,"body":"we do have to still continue"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":497.99,"endTime":501.62,"body":"developing the technology to"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":497.99,"endTime":501.62,"body":"produce a synthetic fuel or the"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":501.62,"endTime":508.7,"body":"biofuels to a level that we then"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":501.62,"endTime":508.7,"body":"are able to conclude, okay, this"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":508.7,"endTime":513.32,"body":"is now really useful. This can"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":508.7,"endTime":513.32,"body":"be rolled out on a big scale, or"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":513.32,"endTime":518.66,"body":"not, okay? Of course, if you"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":513.32,"endTime":518.66,"body":"think about hydrogen, hydrogen"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":519.05,"endTime":523.88,"body":"is best transported if it's"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":519.05,"endTime":523.88,"body":"connected to a carbon atom."},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":525.92,"endTime":533.36,"body":"Okay, hydrogen is not a good"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":525.92,"endTime":533.36,"body":"molecule, it is very small. It"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":533.36,"endTime":536.69,"body":"doesnt have a high energy"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":533.36,"endTime":536.69,"body":"density, if you store it, it's"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":536.69,"endTime":540.8,"body":"gas, it's a gas, it can, you"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":536.69,"endTime":540.8,"body":"know, it's hard to transport."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":570.5500000000001,"endTime":573.7,"body":"needs a very low"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":570.5500000000001,"endTime":573.7,"body":"temperatures can interact with a"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":573.7,"endTime":577.5100000000001,"body":"metal that has been held by and"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":573.7,"endTime":577.5100000000001,"body":"make them brittle. All kinds of"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":577.44,"endTime":579.99,"body":"Although"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":577.44,"endTime":579.99,"body":"hydrogen technology in a way is"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":577.5100000000001,"endTime":577.96,"body":"problems."},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":579.99,"endTime":584.3100000000001,"body":"a good thing. But it is much"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":579.99,"endTime":584.3100000000001,"body":"practical, and much more"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":584.3100000000001,"endTime":587.6400000000001,"body":"practical. If you look at a"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":584.3100000000001,"endTime":587.6400000000001,"body":"hydrocarbon molecule, there is a"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":587.6400000000001,"endTime":592.47,"body":"reason why we love fossil fuels"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":587.6400000000001,"endTime":592.47,"body":"so much. Okay, number one reason"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":592.47,"endTime":596.7,"body":"number one is, it's it's"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":592.47,"endTime":596.7,"body":"versatile, it can be used for"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":596.7,"endTime":601.1400000000001,"body":"almost anything, and it's really"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":596.7,"endTime":601.1400000000001,"body":"almost a sin to combust it only"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":601.1700000000001,"endTime":604.59,"body":"because you can also use it for"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":601.1700000000001,"endTime":604.59,"body":"commodity chemicals and so on."},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":604.62,"endTime":609.7800000000001,"body":"Okay, it's a beautiful molecule."},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":604.62,"endTime":609.7800000000001,"body":"And then, and it has a wonderful"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":609.7800000000001,"endTime":614.7,"body":"energy density. If you think"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":609.7800000000001,"endTime":614.7,"body":"about that, you know, a person"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":614.7,"endTime":620.37,"body":"like me, you can't see me now"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":614.7,"endTime":620.37,"body":"but I take you I tell you that"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":620.4000000000001,"endTime":624.1500000000001,"body":"if I was given food for four"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":620.4000000000001,"endTime":624.1500000000001,"body":"weeks, I would be still alive,"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":624.21,"endTime":629.0100000000001,"body":"okay. And this is only because"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":624.21,"endTime":629.0100000000001,"body":"of the high energy density. Now"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":629.0100000000001,"endTime":634.1400000000001,"body":"if you look at the robots in,"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":629.0100000000001,"endTime":634.1400000000001,"body":"say, for example, the leading"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":634.1400000000001,"endTime":639.2700000000001,"body":"robot labs in the country, all"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":634.1400000000001,"endTime":639.2700000000001,"body":"over the world, then you see,"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":639.48,"endTime":643.62,"body":"they're all connected with a"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":639.48,"endTime":643.62,"body":"cable to the plug socket. And"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":643.62,"endTime":647.8800000000001,"body":"the reason for that is the"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":643.62,"endTime":647.8800000000001,"body":"batteries, you know, would be,"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":648.1800000000001,"endTime":654.4200000000001,"body":"they wouldn't last a day. And"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":648.1800000000001,"endTime":654.4200000000001,"body":"your body keeps all the energy"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":654.4200000000001,"endTime":658.2,"body":"constantly with you. If you"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":654.4200000000001,"endTime":658.2,"body":"don't, you know, there are many"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":658.2,"endTime":661.1700000000001,"body":"people who don't eat for a whole"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":658.2,"endTime":661.1700000000001,"body":"week because they're fasting."},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":661.44,"endTime":665.46,"body":"And it's not a problem, they"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":661.44,"endTime":665.46,"body":"feel even better. Sometimes."},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":665.46,"endTime":668.7600000000001,"body":"that is what they say, I'm not"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":665.46,"endTime":668.7600000000001,"body":"recommending this now to you."},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":669.33,"endTime":673.44,"body":"But what I'm trying to say is"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":669.33,"endTime":673.44,"body":"that hydrocarbon fuels have a"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":673.44,"endTime":679.5,"body":"very high energy density. And"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":673.44,"endTime":679.5,"body":"that is beautiful. They also"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":679.9200000000001,"endTime":684.4200000000001,"body":"come in liquid forms, which"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":679.9200000000001,"endTime":684.4200000000001,"body":"means it can be very easily"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":684.4200000000001,"endTime":687.5100000000001,"body":"transported. This is the reason"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":684.4200000000001,"endTime":687.5100000000001,"body":"why if you go to a petrol"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":687.5100000000001,"endTime":691.71,"body":"station, you can fill up your"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":687.5100000000001,"endTime":691.71,"body":"tank so quickly. And this is one"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":691.71,"endTime":695.1,"body":"of the problems with electric"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":691.71,"endTime":695.1,"body":"cars, where you have the"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":695.1,"endTime":700.5,"body":"charging problem of batteries,"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":695.1,"endTime":700.5,"body":"okay? And we need to, we need to"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":700.5,"endTime":704.34,"body":"address this problem. There are"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":700.5,"endTime":704.34,"body":"many reasons why you should use"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":704.34,"endTime":709.23,"body":"an electric car. But the speed"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":704.34,"endTime":709.23,"body":"of charging is not one of them."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":709.9100000000001,"endTime":714.5600000000001,"body":"Yeah, but I have an"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":709.9100000000001,"endTime":714.5600000000001,"body":"electric car. And what I do is I"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":714.5600000000001,"endTime":717.6800000000001,"body":"just plug it in at night time"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":714.5600000000001,"endTime":717.6800000000001,"body":"when it's not being used, and"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":717.71,"endTime":721.4000000000001,"body":"it's full in the morning. And"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":717.71,"endTime":721.4000000000001,"body":"then there's no issues. And I"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":721.4000000000001,"endTime":725.0600000000001,"body":"went on a trip to Asturias in"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":721.4000000000001,"endTime":725.0600000000001,"body":"the north of Spain, 850"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":725.0600000000001,"endTime":727.85,"body":"kilometers away during the"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":725.0600000000001,"endTime":727.85,"body":"summer. And it just meant that"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":727.85,"endTime":732.0200000000001,"body":"after driving around 350"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":727.85,"endTime":732.0200000000001,"body":"kilometers, I pulled in for a"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":732.0200000000001,"endTime":737.1500000000001,"body":"bite to eat. And I had a fast"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":732.0200000000001,"endTime":737.1500000000001,"body":"charger. The car was full again,"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":737.1500000000001,"endTime":738.62,"body":"by the time I'd finished eating."},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":738.95,"endTime":742.37,"body":"That is good"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":738.95,"endTime":742.37,"body":"news. And I believe that this"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":742.37,"endTime":746.3900000000001,"body":"technology in future, will - are"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":742.37,"endTime":746.3900000000001,"body":"still have some room to improve"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":746.3900000000001,"endTime":751.85,"body":"even more. Maybe the battery"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":746.3900000000001,"endTime":751.85,"body":"technology will make such"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":751.8800000000001,"endTime":757.1,"body":"progress that we can even fly"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":751.8800000000001,"endTime":757.1,"body":"airplanes with batteries. But I"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":757.1,"endTime":759.95,"body":"don't think this is around the"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":757.1,"endTime":759.95,"body":"corner. But we should not"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":759.95,"endTime":764.1500000000001,"body":"discard it completely. So it's,"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":759.95,"endTime":764.1500000000001,"body":"you know, battery research, in"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":764.1500000000001,"endTime":768.3800000000001,"body":"my view. And energy storage in"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":764.1500000000001,"endTime":768.3800000000001,"body":"general is extremely important."},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":768.74,"endTime":769.0100000000001,"body":"Yeah,"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":769.07,"endTime":771.4100000000001,"body":"I mean, if you look"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":769.07,"endTime":771.4100000000001,"body":"at the the batteries we have"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":771.4100000000001,"endTime":777.0500000000001,"body":"today, they cost 10% of what an"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":771.4100000000001,"endTime":777.0500000000001,"body":"equivalent battery would have"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":777.0500000000001,"endTime":781.85,"body":"cost 10 years ago. And they hold"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":777.0500000000001,"endTime":781.85,"body":"three times the amount of"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":781.85,"endTime":785.1800000000001,"body":"energy, the the energy density"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":781.85,"endTime":785.1800000000001,"body":"of batteries has gone up"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":785.4200000000001,"endTime":787.1,"body":"threefold since 2010."},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":788.5400000000001,"endTime":790.2800000000001,"body":"This is good"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":788.5400000000001,"endTime":790.2800000000001,"body":"news. But compared to"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":790.2800000000001,"endTime":791.69,"body":"hydrocarbon fuel, it's still"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":792.11,"endTime":792.9200000000001,"body":"still very far"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":792.11,"endTime":792.9200000000001,"body":"away."},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":792.44,"endTime":795.8000000000001,"body":"orders of"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":792.44,"endTime":795.8000000000001,"body":"magnitude difference. Yeah, but"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":795.83,"endTime":801.95,"body":"anyway, there are there are"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":795.83,"endTime":801.95,"body":"different reasons why for cars,"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":801.98,"endTime":807.86,"body":"this is potentially a very good"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":801.98,"endTime":807.86,"body":"idea. And I don't want to overdo"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":808.3100000000001,"endTime":811.6400000000001,"body":"the hydrocarbon fuel argument"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":808.3100000000001,"endTime":811.6400000000001,"body":"too much but what Im trying to"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":811.7,"endTime":817.0400000000001,"body":"say is it is a very important"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":811.7,"endTime":817.0400000000001,"body":"product which we also need for"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":817.0400000000001,"endTime":821.57,"body":"our chemical industry to produce"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":817.0400000000001,"endTime":821.57,"body":"the materials that we are all"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":821.57,"endTime":827.48,"body":"using and being able to produce"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":821.57,"endTime":827.48,"body":"such molecules without fossil"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":827.48,"endTime":832.6700000000001,"body":"fuel, that will be an important"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":827.48,"endTime":832.6700000000001,"body":"skill which we need for the"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":832.6700000000001,"endTime":833.6,"body":"future, its absolutely clear."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":833.6,"endTime":838.07,"body":"Yeah. As synthetic"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":833.6,"endTime":838.07,"body":"fuels. I mean, I I think from"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":838.1,"endTime":840.7700000000001,"body":"what I've read and again, you're"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":838.1,"endTime":840.7700000000001,"body":"doing the research on it, so"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":840.7700000000001,"endTime":844.2800000000001,"body":"you're closer to it, but I"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":840.7700000000001,"endTime":844.2800000000001,"body":"suspect for the airline for"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":844.2800000000001,"endTime":847.2800000000001,"body":"aviation in particular synthetic"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":844.2800000000001,"endTime":847.2800000000001,"body":"fuels have probably the greatest"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":847.2800000000001,"endTime":847.94,"body":"potential"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":848.73,"endTime":851.5200000000001,"body":"Yeah, this is"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":848.73,"endTime":851.5200000000001,"body":"also how we see it. But anyway,"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":851.5200000000001,"endTime":855.1800000000001,"body":"we are hoping, what we want to"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":851.5200000000001,"endTime":855.1800000000001,"body":"do is to produce cheaper"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":855.1800000000001,"endTime":859.5300000000001,"body":"synthetic fuels, okay. And that"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":855.1800000000001,"endTime":859.5300000000001,"body":"is very closely related to"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":859.5300000000001,"endTime":864.0,"body":"catalyst development, okay. So,"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":859.5300000000001,"endTime":864.0,"body":"depending on how you do it,"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":864.0300000000001,"endTime":867.3900000000001,"body":"there are different ways of"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":864.0300000000001,"endTime":867.3900000000001,"body":"doing it, but catalysts almost"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":867.3900000000001,"endTime":871.23,"body":"always play an important role."},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":867.3900000000001,"endTime":871.23,"body":"So, a lot of our work actually"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":871.23,"endTime":873.9300000000001,"body":"specialises on catalyst"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":871.23,"endTime":873.9300000000001,"body":"development, so this is"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":873.9300000000001,"endTime":878.85,"body":"classical chemical engineering"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":873.9300000000001,"endTime":878.85,"body":"domain. But now, and this is"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":878.85,"endTime":882.21,"body":"already, I told you about"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":878.85,"endTime":882.21,"body":"digitalisation, this is where"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":882.21,"endTime":886.8000000000001,"body":"already the bridge comes in,"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":882.21,"endTime":886.8000000000001,"body":"okay, because of artificial"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":886.8000000000001,"endTime":891.9000000000001,"body":"intelligence, we can now"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":886.8000000000001,"endTime":891.9000000000001,"body":"represent chemistry and"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":891.9000000000001,"endTime":899.61,"body":"materials already in, sort of,"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":891.9000000000001,"endTime":899.61,"body":"the computer. So, automating a"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":899.61,"endTime":903.84,"body":"laboratory, automating, creating"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":899.61,"endTime":903.84,"body":"a world model  this is what we"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":903.84,"endTime":909.5100000000001,"body":"are actually doing  that will"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":903.84,"endTime":909.5100000000001,"body":"help not only with trying to"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":909.5100000000001,"endTime":912.9000000000001,"body":"make, for example, a district"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":909.5100000000001,"endTime":912.9000000000001,"body":"heating system more efficient,"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":913.11,"endTime":919.9200000000001,"body":"it also helps us to accelerate"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":913.11,"endTime":919.9200000000001,"body":"the process of science. Okay, so"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":919.95,"endTime":924.33,"body":"you can have a lab robot for"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":919.95,"endTime":924.33,"body":"fast screening of different"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":924.45,"endTime":930.3000000000001,"body":"chemicals and reactions, so you"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":924.45,"endTime":930.3000000000001,"body":"get fewer products you don't"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":930.3000000000001,"endTime":935.49,"body":"want, you get fewer wastes, you"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":930.3000000000001,"endTime":935.49,"body":"get higher efficiency, you make"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":935.49,"endTime":939.57,"body":"the process cheaper, you use"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":935.49,"endTime":939.57,"body":"less energy. And that all"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":939.57,"endTime":942.45,"body":"because the whole process has"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":939.57,"endTime":942.45,"body":"now been automated to use"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":943.23,"endTime":950.25,"body":"optimisation, machine learning"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":943.23,"endTime":950.25,"body":"and all the mathematics that is"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":950.25,"endTime":955.23,"body":"known to, to accelerate the"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":950.25,"endTime":955.23,"body":"materials research and also to"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":955.23,"endTime":961.0200000000001,"body":"do the process research. And I"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":955.23,"endTime":961.0200000000001,"body":"believe that this, now we call"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":961.0200000000001,"endTime":966.6600000000001,"body":"it world model, that this"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":961.0200000000001,"endTime":966.6600000000001,"body":"attempt of making things virtual"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":967.1700000000001,"endTime":972.1500000000001,"body":"will help us to accelerate the"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":967.1700000000001,"endTime":972.1500000000001,"body":"overall progress of our"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":972.1500000000001,"endTime":976.71,"body":"research. And hopefully, that"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":972.1500000000001,"endTime":976.71,"body":"will give us a virtuous circle,"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":976.83,"endTime":980.6700000000001,"body":"virtuous circle where we produce"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":976.83,"endTime":980.6700000000001,"body":"something better. And because we"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":980.6700000000001,"endTime":984.0300000000001,"body":"have something better, we can be"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":980.6700000000001,"endTime":984.0300000000001,"body":"faster and so on. Yeah, and you"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":984.0300000000001,"endTime":988.0500000000001,"body":"have seen this, for example,"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":984.0300000000001,"endTime":988.0500000000001,"body":"when you look at the cost of"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":988.0500000000001,"endTime":992.4000000000001,"body":"solar cells, okay, where we have"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":988.0500000000001,"endTime":992.4000000000001,"body":"better materials, cheaper, and"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":992.4000000000001,"endTime":998.0100000000001,"body":"so on, okay. So this is a, an"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":992.4000000000001,"endTime":998.0100000000001,"body":"important aspect of our"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":998.0100000000001,"endTime":1004.46,"body":"research. And the world model"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":998.0100000000001,"endTime":1004.46,"body":"I've been talking about is"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1004.46,"endTime":1007.58,"body":"called The World Avatar project."},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1004.46,"endTime":1007.58,"body":"And"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1008.0790000000001,"endTime":1011.769,"body":"so just just to"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1008.0790000000001,"endTime":1011.769,"body":"clarify, for my own sake, what"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1011.769,"endTime":1015.849,"body":"you're talking about is, as we"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1011.769,"endTime":1015.849,"body":"would call it in the technology"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1015.849,"endTime":1021.729,"body":"world, creating a kind of a"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1015.849,"endTime":1021.729,"body":"digital twin of the environment"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1021.729,"endTime":1025.329,"body":"that you're that you're trying"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1021.729,"endTime":1025.329,"body":"to make more efficient. And then"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1025.329,"endTime":1029.859,"body":"using AI on the digital twin to"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1025.329,"endTime":1029.859,"body":"optimize optimize the processes."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1029.859,"endTime":1032.379,"body":"Is that a decent summary of what"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1029.859,"endTime":1032.379,"body":"you're talking about?"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1033.12,"endTime":1038.1,"body":"Yeah, this is"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1033.12,"endTime":1038.1,"body":"definitely a summary. But what"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1038.1,"endTime":1045.21,"body":"we are doing is slightly more"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1038.1,"endTime":1045.21,"body":"general. Okay, so we develop the"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1045.21,"endTime":1049.5,"body":"universal digital twin, this is"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1045.21,"endTime":1049.5,"body":"the mother of all digital twins."},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1050.43,"endTime":1055.47,"body":"This is why, why I told you"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1050.43,"endTime":1055.47,"body":"about the world model. So one of"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1055.47,"endTime":1059.01,"body":"the problems, so, you know,"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1055.47,"endTime":1059.01,"body":"imagine you have a digital twin"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1059.01,"endTime":1062.91,"body":"of your car, you have a digital"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1059.01,"endTime":1062.91,"body":"twin of your fridge, you know,"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1063.18,"endTime":1069.27,"body":"and you have a digital twin of"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1063.18,"endTime":1069.27,"body":"maybe your, your stereo. I don't"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1069.3,"endTime":1071.73,"body":"even know whether that still"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1069.3,"endTime":1071.73,"body":"exists, nobody has a stereo,"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1072.3600000000001,"endTime":1078.45,"body":"that tells you something about"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1072.3600000000001,"endTime":1078.45,"body":"how old I am, okay. So, but"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1078.45,"endTime":1082.8600000000001,"body":"these digital twins need to talk"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1078.45,"endTime":1082.8600000000001,"body":"to one another. Okay, so you get"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1082.92,"endTime":1087.99,"body":"into what we call an"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1082.92,"endTime":1087.99,"body":"interoperability problem. Okay,"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1088.17,"endTime":1092.64,"body":"so we have developed research"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1088.17,"endTime":1092.64,"body":"that addresses this problem and"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1092.64,"endTime":1098.88,"body":"allows digital twins to talk to"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1092.64,"endTime":1098.88,"body":"one another. So in the first"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1098.91,"endTime":1103.47,"body":"instance, we try to get all the"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1098.91,"endTime":1103.47,"body":"components of an industrial"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1103.47,"endTime":1107.73,"body":"chemical park here in Singapore,"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1103.47,"endTime":1107.73,"body":"that's Jurong Island, and that"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1107.73,"endTime":1114.21,"body":"led to the J-Park Simulator. And"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1107.73,"endTime":1114.21,"body":"we then use this concept further"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1114.24,"endTime":1120.0900000000001,"body":"and build then The World Avatar"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1114.24,"endTime":1120.0900000000001,"body":"project. And that project allows"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1121.1100000000001,"endTime":1125.55,"body":"basically the inclusion of"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1121.1100000000001,"endTime":1125.55,"body":"everything, because you also,"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1126.42,"endTime":1130.5900000000001,"body":"you use technologies called"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1126.42,"endTime":1130.5900000000001,"body":"knowledge graph technology that"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1130.5900000000001,"endTime":1135.81,"body":"has been developed for the last"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1130.5900000000001,"endTime":1135.81,"body":"20 years. And that allows you to"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1135.81,"endTime":1141.78,"body":"completely distribute your data,"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1135.81,"endTime":1141.78,"body":"to have it interoperable, and to"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1141.78,"endTime":1144.63,"body":"make the digital twins talk to"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1141.78,"endTime":1144.63,"body":"one another."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1145.24,"endTime":1148.3,"body":"Okay. Okay, and"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1145.24,"endTime":1148.3,"body":"what are they saying when they"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1148.3,"endTime":1149.17,"body":"talk to one another?"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1149.67,"endTime":1153.06,"body":"This is a"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1149.67,"endTime":1153.06,"body":"good question. They will tell"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1153.06,"endTime":1160.95,"body":"you about their state. Okay, so"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1153.06,"endTime":1160.95,"body":"say we have a digital twin"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1161.16,"endTime":1165.3300000000002,"body":"that is part of the overall"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1161.16,"endTime":1165.3300000000002,"body":"world, this world avatar  of"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1165.3300000000002,"endTime":1173.0700000000002,"body":"our laboratory. Okay, and this"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1165.3300000000002,"endTime":1173.0700000000002,"body":"digital twin knows that all"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1173.0700000000002,"endTime":1178.1100000000001,"body":"their sensor data, it's a bit"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1173.0700000000002,"endTime":1178.1100000000001,"body":"the best example is like your"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1178.1100000000001,"endTime":1183.78,"body":"brain and your body. Okay, so"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1178.1100000000001,"endTime":1183.78,"body":"your brain contains a world"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1183.78,"endTime":1188.8200000000002,"body":"model that tells you everything"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1183.78,"endTime":1188.8200000000002,"body":"there is to know about the world"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1188.8200000000002,"endTime":1195.42,"body":"to you. And then you have"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1188.8200000000002,"endTime":1195.42,"body":"senses, and that can be the"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1195.42,"endTime":1199.3200000000002,"body":"temperature on your skin, it can"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1195.42,"endTime":1199.3200000000002,"body":"be what you see or what you"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1199.3200000000002,"endTime":1206.76,"body":"hear, okay. So you have also a"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1199.3200000000002,"endTime":1206.76,"body":"virtual representation of some"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1206.76,"endTime":1211.29,"body":"parts of your body, so you may"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1206.76,"endTime":1211.29,"body":"have heard that if people lose"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1211.29,"endTime":1214.77,"body":"an arm that they still have pain"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1211.29,"endTime":1214.77,"body":"in the arm, although the arm is"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1214.77,"endTime":1219.54,"body":"not there anymore, which tells"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1214.77,"endTime":1219.54,"body":"you that there is a digital twin"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1219.54,"endTime":1223.5900000000001,"body":"of that arm in your world model."},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1219.54,"endTime":1223.5900000000001,"body":"And the same is true for our"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1223.5900000000001,"endTime":1228.69,"body":"laboratory. Okay, so we have"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1223.5900000000001,"endTime":1228.69,"body":"these sensors, so, and now, we"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1228.69,"endTime":1234.72,"body":"also have a cabinet with"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1228.69,"endTime":1234.72,"body":"flammable liquids, they have"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1234.8700000000001,"endTime":1242.5800000000002,"body":"RFID tabs, okay, so if at six"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1234.8700000000001,"endTime":1242.5800000000002,"body":"o'clock, not all the bottles"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1242.5800000000002,"endTime":1246.81,"body":"have been returned into the"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1242.5800000000002,"endTime":1246.81,"body":"flammable liquid cabinet because"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1246.81,"endTime":1251.25,"body":"one student forgot to put it"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1246.81,"endTime":1251.25,"body":"back, there will be an email to"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1251.25,"endTime":1257.4,"body":"our lab person who would then"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1251.25,"endTime":1257.4,"body":"follow this up, okay, this is a"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1257.4,"endTime":1261.3300000000002,"body":"safety measure, but it could"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1257.4,"endTime":1261.3300000000002,"body":"also be a fume hood that isnt"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1261.3300000000002,"endTime":1266.94,"body":"closed. So there would come, oh,"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1261.3300000000002,"endTime":1266.94,"body":"fume hood XYZ, okay, I know,"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1266.94,"endTime":1270.15,"body":"I've noticed I'm not closed,"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1266.94,"endTime":1270.15,"body":"then there is a process, an"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1270.15,"endTime":1273.45,"body":"agent that would look at that"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1270.15,"endTime":1273.45,"body":"state, and would tell me, oh,"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1273.51,"endTime":1277.3500000000001,"body":"the fume hood is not closed,"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1273.51,"endTime":1277.3500000000001,"body":"let's go contact somebody who"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1277.3500000000001,"endTime":1281.28,"body":"can close it for me, right. And"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1277.3500000000001,"endTime":1281.28,"body":"of course, for you as a person"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1281.28,"endTime":1285.18,"body":"similar, okay, you haven't had"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1281.28,"endTime":1285.18,"body":"some water to drink. And after a"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1285.18,"endTime":1288.8400000000001,"body":"while this, you know, this"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1285.18,"endTime":1288.8400000000001,"body":"feeling that I am thirsty gets"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1288.8400000000001,"endTime":1293.0700000000002,"body":"stronger and stronger and to the"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1288.8400000000001,"endTime":1293.0700000000002,"body":"extent that you will do"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1293.0700000000002,"endTime":1296.04,"body":"something about it, and then you"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1293.0700000000002,"endTime":1296.04,"body":"go and drink something, until"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1296.04,"endTime":1300.18,"body":"you get hungry, and then you eat"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1296.04,"endTime":1300.18,"body":"something, okay, and then you"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1300.18,"endTime":1305.97,"body":"get tired, and so on. I have to"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1300.18,"endTime":1305.97,"body":"say that you may already have"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1305.97,"endTime":1308.76,"body":"noticed that I'm an enthusiast"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1305.97,"endTime":1308.76,"body":"and that I like this work very"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1308.79,"endTime":1315.39,"body":"much. And the inspiration for"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1308.79,"endTime":1315.39,"body":"this, I draw from Marvin"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1315.39,"endTime":1319.47,"body":"Minskys book The Emotion"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1315.39,"endTime":1319.47,"body":"Machine. So the listeners, if"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1319.47,"endTime":1325.89,"body":"they are interested in one of"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1319.47,"endTime":1325.89,"body":"the fathers of AI's greatest"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1325.89,"endTime":1329.97,"body":"works, then they should read"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1325.89,"endTime":1329.97,"body":"this book, I think it was"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1329.97,"endTime":1335.4,"body":"published early 90s. And this"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1329.97,"endTime":1335.4,"body":"whole idea of systems of agents"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1335.4,"endTime":1342.06,"body":"that that basically, form a"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1335.4,"endTime":1342.06,"body":"society of mind, is described in"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1342.06,"endTime":1348.18,"body":"this book beautifully. It's"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1342.06,"endTime":1348.18,"body":"really an eye-opening story. And"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1349.02,"endTime":1353.67,"body":"of course, at the time when this"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1349.02,"endTime":1353.67,"body":"book was written, the technical"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1354.21,"endTime":1358.05,"body":"conditions werent there, hadn't"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1354.21,"endTime":1358.05,"body":"been made to be able to"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1358.05,"endTime":1362.25,"body":"implement it, but now, now we"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1358.05,"endTime":1362.25,"body":"can experiment with it, and if"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1362.25,"endTime":1367.8,"body":"you combine these ideas with"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1362.25,"endTime":1367.8,"body":"machine learning, then you get a"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1367.8,"endTime":1369.3,"body":"very powerful system."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1369.8700000000001,"endTime":1372.03,"body":"and what does that"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1369.8700000000001,"endTime":1372.03,"body":"have to do with decarbonisation?"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1371.44,"endTime":1376.54,"body":"Ah yeah, so I"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1371.44,"endTime":1376.54,"body":"can tell you how we use this for"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1376.54,"endTime":1381.3400000000001,"body":"decarbonisation. So, one thing"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1376.54,"endTime":1381.3400000000001,"body":"is if you have such a system"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1381.3700000000001,"endTime":1385.03,"body":"which is a bit like the brain of"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1381.3700000000001,"endTime":1385.03,"body":"the world, okay, you can just"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1385.03,"endTime":1390.28,"body":"like you imagine a scenario a"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1385.03,"endTime":1390.28,"body":"parallel world where you can"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1390.46,"endTime":1397.18,"body":"imagine a scenario in the world"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1390.46,"endTime":1397.18,"body":"model. So, I can check does it"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1397.18,"endTime":1403.45,"body":"make sense to replace some coal"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1397.18,"endTime":1403.45,"body":"fired power station by nuclear"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1403.45,"endTime":1408.3400000000001,"body":"power plants? Okay, and where"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1403.45,"endTime":1408.3400000000001,"body":"should I put them? What impact"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1408.3400000000001,"endTime":1412.5700000000002,"body":"has that on the on the on the"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1408.3400000000001,"endTime":1412.5700000000002,"body":"network? Okay, how do I best"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1412.5700000000002,"endTime":1418.06,"body":"design which is the best"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1412.5700000000002,"endTime":1418.06,"body":"technology to roll out okay. So,"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1418.0900000000001,"endTime":1422.3200000000002,"body":"this is one aspect that you can"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1418.0900000000001,"endTime":1422.3200000000002,"body":"use, but the second aspect is"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1422.74,"endTime":1426.8500000000001,"body":"now, we are talking in the UK"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1422.74,"endTime":1426.8500000000001,"body":"with the company that"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1427.0900000000001,"endTime":1431.29,"body":"administers the smart meters. So"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1427.0900000000001,"endTime":1431.29,"body":"now, of course, you can"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1431.29,"endTime":1436.45,"body":"represent every house every"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1431.29,"endTime":1436.45,"body":"consumer in this world model."},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1436.48,"endTime":1442.3300000000002,"body":"And of course, you can then say,"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1436.48,"endTime":1442.3300000000002,"body":"right, how do I manage my"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1442.3300000000002,"endTime":1446.98,"body":"energy, and if you have a car,"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1442.3300000000002,"endTime":1446.98,"body":"and you don't use it, and you"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1446.98,"endTime":1450.73,"body":"want to use your car as an"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1446.98,"endTime":1450.73,"body":"energy storage to the grid, I"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1450.76,"endTime":1456.3400000000001,"body":"may now develop a digital twin"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1450.76,"endTime":1456.3400000000001,"body":"of your car that is able to"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1456.3400000000001,"endTime":1460.66,"body":"trade energy directly with other"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1456.3400000000001,"endTime":1460.66,"body":"sources. So, we can look into"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1460.66,"endTime":1466.8400000000001,"body":"different ways of how to deal"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1460.66,"endTime":1466.8400000000001,"body":"with with electricity network"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1466.8700000000001,"endTime":1471.76,"body":"and roll out and introduce"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1466.8700000000001,"endTime":1471.76,"body":"payment mechanisms, new payment"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1471.76,"endTime":1476.74,"body":"mechanisms that sort of create a"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1471.76,"endTime":1476.74,"body":"non regulated market in the"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1476.74,"endTime":1482.2,"body":"sense that the that the market"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1476.74,"endTime":1482.2,"body":"always optimally reacts in an"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1482.23,"endTime":1487.42,"body":"optimal low carbon way. Right."},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1482.23,"endTime":1487.42,"body":"So that would be that is one"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1487.42,"endTime":1490.66,"body":"research project that we are"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1487.42,"endTime":1490.66,"body":"doing together with Nanyang"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1490.66,"endTime":1492.94,"body":"Technological University here in"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1490.66,"endTime":1492.94,"body":"Singapore."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1493.51,"endTime":1499.24,"body":"Nice, nice, okay."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1493.51,"endTime":1499.24,"body":"Okay. And what kind of"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1499.5700000000002,"endTime":1503.26,"body":"challenges are you facing? And"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1499.5700000000002,"endTime":1503.26,"body":"in this kind of research what,"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1503.53,"endTime":1506.68,"body":"you know, what are the hurdles"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1503.53,"endTime":1506.68,"body":"that you have to overcome?"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1508.63,"endTime":1511.15,"body":"The biggest"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1508.63,"endTime":1511.15,"body":"hurdle, okay, now you wouldn't,"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1511.45,"endTime":1515.47,"body":"it's maybe a bit unlikely for"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1511.45,"endTime":1515.47,"body":"you to hear me say this, but the"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1515.47,"endTime":1518.14,"body":"biggest hurdle is to actually"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1515.47,"endTime":1518.14,"body":"find the people who can do it."},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1519.55,"endTime":1523.63,"body":"Because its very complicated."},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1519.55,"endTime":1523.63,"body":"So the problem is, you know, if"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1523.63,"endTime":1527.3500000000001,"body":"you want to research, if you"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1523.63,"endTime":1527.3500000000001,"body":"want to do something about"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1527.38,"endTime":1531.73,"body":"interoperability problems, then"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1527.38,"endTime":1531.73,"body":"you need people who not only"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1531.76,"endTime":1535.03,"body":"know one domain, it's not enough"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1531.76,"endTime":1535.03,"body":"to be a very good computer"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1535.03,"endTime":1538.06,"body":"scientist, or a very good"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1535.03,"endTime":1538.06,"body":"electrical engineer or a very"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1538.06,"endTime":1544.63,"body":"good chemist. You need somebody"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1538.06,"endTime":1544.63,"body":"who can work in all of these"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1544.63,"endTime":1549.49,"body":"worlds. So we spend a lot of"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1544.63,"endTime":1549.49,"body":"time training people to get them"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1549.49,"endTime":1554.1100000000001,"body":"to the point where they actually"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1549.49,"endTime":1554.1100000000001,"body":"make original contributions. So"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1554.1100000000001,"endTime":1557.89,"body":"it's, it's very fascinating,"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1554.1100000000001,"endTime":1557.89,"body":"it's very interesting, but it's"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1557.89,"endTime":1559.0900000000001,"body":"also very challenging."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1559.54,"endTime":1562.66,"body":"I can imagine that"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1559.54,"endTime":1562.66,"body":"being frustrating. Yeah. Yeah."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1562.69,"endTime":1563.0800000000002,"body":"So"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1563.1100000000001,"endTime":1565.15,"body":"But we've"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1563.1100000000001,"endTime":1565.15,"body":"been very fortunate. I have a"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1565.15,"endTime":1571.51,"body":"wonderful team, super clever,"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1565.15,"endTime":1571.51,"body":"young people. So that is one of"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1571.51,"endTime":1574.48,"body":"the most enjoyable aspects of my"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1571.51,"endTime":1574.48,"body":"of my of my job."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1574.8400000000001,"endTime":1577.21,"body":"Superb, superb. And"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1574.8400000000001,"endTime":1577.21,"body":"what are the kind of the next"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1577.21,"endTime":1578.65,"body":"steps where to from here?"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1579.49,"endTime":1582.76,"body":"I have One of"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1579.49,"endTime":1582.76,"body":"the exciting studies we do at"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1582.76,"endTime":1588.19,"body":"the moment is, it's actually"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1582.76,"endTime":1588.19,"body":"part of the UK national digital"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1588.19,"endTime":1594.19,"body":"twin project. And here we create"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1588.19,"endTime":1594.19,"body":"knowledge graph technology for"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1594.19,"endTime":1598.8400000000001,"body":"the first time to look into"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1594.19,"endTime":1598.8400000000001,"body":"flood risks and flood risk"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1599.17,"endTime":1602.47,"body":"mitigation. So if you have"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1599.17,"endTime":1602.47,"body":"extreme weather event, imagine,"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1602.5,"endTime":1607.45,"body":"okay, now everything is"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1602.5,"endTime":1607.45,"body":"digitalisation, you have senses"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1607.5700000000002,"endTime":1612.91,"body":"of the waterways, you know,"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1607.5700000000002,"endTime":1612.91,"body":"along a river, you have some"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1612.94,"endTime":1617.5,"body":"heavy rainfall or something, you"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1612.94,"endTime":1617.5,"body":"build up a wave, you can sort of"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1618.1000000000001,"endTime":1621.6100000000001,"body":"predict how that would impact"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1618.1000000000001,"endTime":1621.6100000000001,"body":"we're looking at Norfolk, in"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1621.6100000000001,"endTime":1625.51,"body":"particular Kings Lynn in the UK"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1621.6100000000001,"endTime":1625.51,"body":", you can sort of predict how"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1625.51,"endTime":1630.01,"body":"this flood waves come in, or"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1625.51,"endTime":1630.01,"body":"maybe a storm from the sea. And"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1630.88,"endTime":1635.14,"body":"so with that we have, we can"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1630.88,"endTime":1635.14,"body":"then look into the"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1635.14,"endTime":1639.1000000000001,"body":"infrastructure, we know which of"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1635.14,"endTime":1639.1000000000001,"body":"the infrastructure is"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1639.1000000000001,"endTime":1643.18,"body":"vulnerable, we can then switch"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1639.1000000000001,"endTime":1643.18,"body":"it off to avoid bigger damage,"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1643.21,"endTime":1647.68,"body":"we can have mitigation schemes,"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1643.21,"endTime":1647.68,"body":"okay. All online. And this is"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1647.68,"endTime":1650.71,"body":"the first time where our"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1647.68,"endTime":1650.71,"body":"Knowledge Graph concept is not"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1650.74,"endTime":1655.48,"body":"only academic research, but it's"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1650.74,"endTime":1655.48,"body":"really implemented. And this is"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1655.5700000000002,"endTime":1657.16,"body":"I find this terribly exciting."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1657.8500000000001,"endTime":1662.71,"body":"So okay, cool. And"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1657.8500000000001,"endTime":1662.71,"body":"you've you've been involved in"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1662.74,"endTime":1665.92,"body":"producing a book as well,"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1662.74,"endTime":1665.92,"body":"Intelligent Decarbonisation. Do"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1665.92,"endTime":1666.88,"body":"you want to talk about that?"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1667.94,"endTime":1671.69,"body":"Of course."},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1667.94,"endTime":1671.69,"body":"So, dear listener, dear"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1671.69,"endTime":1678.71,"body":"listener, please buy my book."},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1671.69,"endTime":1678.71,"body":"Okay, I, other than that, first"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1678.71,"endTime":1682.16,"body":"of all, I would like to say that"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1678.71,"endTime":1682.16,"body":"I didn't write this book. So"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1682.16,"endTime":1688.43,"body":"this book was edited by me and"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1682.16,"endTime":1688.43,"body":"my coworker, Dr Oliver"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1688.46,"endTime":1696.56,"body":"Inderwildi, with whom I work. So"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1688.46,"endTime":1696.56,"body":"we went out and we had a paper"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1696.6200000000001,"endTime":1701.6000000000001,"body":"on this topic, and then it"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1696.6200000000001,"endTime":1701.6000000000001,"body":"became clear that it's, it's a"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1701.6000000000001,"endTime":1705.5900000000001,"body":"big theme, okay, digitalisation"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1701.6000000000001,"endTime":1705.5900000000001,"body":"and decarbonisation are two"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1705.5900000000001,"endTime":1710.78,"body":"main, big streams that keep us"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1705.5900000000001,"endTime":1710.78,"body":"occupied. If you look at"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1710.81,"endTime":1713.48,"body":"governments research"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1710.81,"endTime":1713.48,"body":"programmes, you will find one on"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1713.48,"endTime":1716.18,"body":"decarbonisation and you will"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1713.48,"endTime":1716.18,"body":"find one on digitalisation all"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1716.18,"endTime":1719.99,"body":"over the world. And the question"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1716.18,"endTime":1719.99,"body":"is, how do these fields, you"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1719.99,"endTime":1725.69,"body":"know, connect to one another? So"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1719.99,"endTime":1725.69,"body":"in the book, we contacted people"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1725.69,"endTime":1728.96,"body":"from academia, but also from"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1725.69,"endTime":1728.96,"body":"different types of industries"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1728.96,"endTime":1736.94,"body":"and NGOs. We also have about ten"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1728.96,"endTime":1736.94,"body":"interviews with leaders in the"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1736.94,"endTime":1741.77,"body":"field. So these are presidents"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1736.94,"endTime":1741.77,"body":"from universities, leaders of"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1742.0700000000002,"endTime":1746.39,"body":"international funding"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1742.0700000000002,"endTime":1746.39,"body":"organisations, we have people"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1747.26,"endTime":1752.15,"body":"in, with NGOs, Grow Asia, for"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1747.26,"endTime":1752.15,"body":"example, so food agriculture"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1752.18,"endTime":1757.1000000000001,"body":"also covered. We have people"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1752.18,"endTime":1757.1000000000001,"body":"from industry, Siemens, for"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1757.1000000000001,"endTime":1761.72,"body":"example. We have consulting"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1757.1000000000001,"endTime":1761.72,"body":"people, cybersecurity, so we"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1761.75,"endTime":1768.47,"body":"the book is trying to cover"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1761.75,"endTime":1768.47,"body":"pretty much any aspect of the,"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1768.56,"endTime":1776.93,"body":"of this greater topic, both by"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1768.56,"endTime":1776.93,"body":"scientific articles, and these"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1776.93,"endTime":1780.95,"body":"interviews, to give you"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1776.93,"endTime":1780.95,"body":"different perspectives on this."},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1781.6100000000001,"endTime":1788.39,"body":"And I found it, to be honest, it"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1781.6100000000001,"endTime":1788.39,"body":"was a fantastic experience to"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1788.75,"endTime":1793.6100000000001,"body":"connect to all these people,"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1788.75,"endTime":1793.6100000000001,"body":"gather data together, and it"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1793.6100000000001,"endTime":1798.47,"body":"will now come out right before"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1793.6100000000001,"endTime":1798.47,"body":"Christmas, which brings me back"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1798.47,"endTime":1804.29,"body":"to, you go and order. But you"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1798.47,"endTime":1804.29,"body":"will get it through the"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1804.29,"endTime":1810.89,"body":"university libraries. And so"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1804.29,"endTime":1810.89,"body":"it's relatively, should be not"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1810.89,"endTime":1814.0700000000002,"body":"too difficult to get"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1810.89,"endTime":1814.0700000000002,"body":"subscriptions. And the chapters"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1814.0700000000002,"endTime":1819.05,"body":"that I have written are also"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1814.0700000000002,"endTime":1819.05,"body":"there in preprint format. And so"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1819.05,"endTime":1825.65,"body":"that, that's a good thing. Its"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1819.05,"endTime":1825.65,"body":"a book by Springer. And as I"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1825.65,"endTime":1830.1200000000001,"body":"said, this combination,"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1825.65,"endTime":1830.1200000000001,"body":"artificial intelligence,"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1830.3300000000002,"endTime":1834.77,"body":"decarbonisation comes in many"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1830.3300000000002,"endTime":1834.77,"body":"shapes or forms. One thing we"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1834.77,"endTime":1839.21,"body":"also address is  I already"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1834.77,"endTime":1839.21,"body":"mentioned cyber, cyber threats."},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1839.8400000000001,"endTime":1848.78,"body":"We also look at the existential"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1839.8400000000001,"endTime":1848.78,"body":"risks of AI, okay. So I don't"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1848.78,"endTime":1853.67,"body":"know whether you've heard of"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1848.78,"endTime":1853.67,"body":"Nick Bostrom, he had this, wrote"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1853.67,"endTime":1857.5700000000002,"body":"this book Superintelligence"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1853.67,"endTime":1857.5700000000002,"body":"where he talks about existential"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1857.5700000000002,"endTime":1863.63,"body":"risks. And in my view, when we,"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1857.5700000000002,"endTime":1863.63,"body":"when we do something like"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1863.69,"endTime":1867.68,"body":"developing a world model, weve"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1863.69,"endTime":1867.68,"body":"really got to be a bit careful"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1867.98,"endTime":1873.3500000000001,"body":"that that we do it in the right"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1867.98,"endTime":1873.3500000000001,"body":"way, okay, and that"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1873.8600000000001,"endTime":1875.63,"body":"We don't want a"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1873.8600000000001,"endTime":1875.63,"body":"Skynet moment."},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1876.43,"endTime":1880.63,"body":"No,"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1876.43,"endTime":1880.63,"body":"definitely not. And, and you've"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1880.63,"endTime":1886.0900000000001,"body":"got to be a bit careful. And so"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1880.63,"endTime":1886.0900000000001,"body":"I'm not sure whether you heard"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1886.0900000000001,"endTime":1892.8400000000001,"body":"of Max Tegmark, this is the Life"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1886.0900000000001,"endTime":1892.8400000000001,"body":"3.0 book publisher, author. I"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1892.8400000000001,"endTime":1896.95,"body":"really admire this guy for his"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1892.8400000000001,"endTime":1896.95,"body":"two books, [Our] Mathematical"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1896.95,"endTime":1902.68,"body":"Universe and Life 3.0. I really"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1896.95,"endTime":1902.68,"body":"love this. So he also talks"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1902.68,"endTime":1909.16,"body":"about the potential risks of AI."},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1902.68,"endTime":1909.16,"body":"Okay. And so he started a"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1909.16,"endTime":1915.22,"body":"movement that looks into the"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1909.16,"endTime":1915.22,"body":"dangers of artificial"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1915.22,"endTime":1921.97,"body":"intelligence. And one of his ex"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1915.22,"endTime":1921.97,"body":"students has also contributed to"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1921.97,"endTime":1927.43,"body":"the book. And here they"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1921.97,"endTime":1927.43,"body":"concentrate specifically on the"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1927.43,"endTime":1930.55,"body":"use of artificial intelligence"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1927.43,"endTime":1930.55,"body":"algorithms on climate"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1930.55,"endTime":1935.2,"body":"prediction. Right, you know, but"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1930.55,"endTime":1935.2,"body":"there are also other aspects,"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1935.47,"endTime":1940.8400000000001,"body":"where people try to use the"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1935.47,"endTime":1940.8400000000001,"body":"machine learning aspect to look"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1940.8700000000001,"endTime":1944.5900000000001,"body":"at this specific, specific"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1940.8700000000001,"endTime":1944.5900000000001,"body":"problem. Okay."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":1945.43,"endTime":1946.81,"body":"Future of life.org."},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1947.47,"endTime":1949.8700000000001,"body":"Yeah, that's"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1947.47,"endTime":1949.8700000000001,"body":"it. I highly recommend this"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1949.8700000000001,"endTime":1955.81,"body":"website, because it looks at a"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1949.8700000000001,"endTime":1955.81,"body":"whole variety of impact of"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1955.8400000000001,"endTime":1958.99,"body":"artificial intelligence, but"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1955.8400000000001,"endTime":1958.99,"body":"also other existential risks."},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1959.65,"endTime":1965.29,"body":"Like nuclear weapons, for"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1959.65,"endTime":1965.29,"body":"example, they still there, or"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1965.3200000000002,"endTime":1970.75,"body":"biotechnology and specific DNA"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1965.3200000000002,"endTime":1970.75,"body":"manipulation? I'm not sure"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1970.75,"endTime":1974.8300000000002,"body":"whether you saw the latest James"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1970.75,"endTime":1974.8300000000002,"body":"Bond film No, not yet. Okay,"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1974.8600000000001,"endTime":1978.79,"body":"well, then that I cannot say"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1974.8600000000001,"endTime":1978.79,"body":"more. I don't want to spoil your"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1978.79,"endTime":1985.48,"body":"experience. But that also plays"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1978.79,"endTime":1985.48,"body":"an enormous role. And you see"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1985.48,"endTime":1990.43,"body":"how it's been, how vicious this"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1985.48,"endTime":1990.43,"body":"technology can be. Right? So"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1990.43,"endTime":1997.15,"body":"this bad person uses the DNA"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1990.43,"endTime":1997.15,"body":"technology to be a bad person."},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":1997.69,"endTime":1999.3700000000001,"body":"So that's all I can say. Okay."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2000.45,"endTime":2004.5900000000001,"body":"Spoiler alert."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2000.45,"endTime":2004.5900000000001,"body":"Okay. Markus, we're coming"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2004.5900000000001,"endTime":2007.8,"body":"towards the end of the podcast."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2004.5900000000001,"endTime":2007.8,"body":"Now, is there any question I"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2007.8,"endTime":2011.49,"body":"haven't asked that you wish I"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2007.8,"endTime":2011.49,"body":"had or any topic we've not"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2011.49,"endTime":2013.8300000000002,"body":"addressed that you think it's"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2011.49,"endTime":2013.8300000000002,"body":"important for people to be aware"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2013.44,"endTime":2019.65,"body":"I think we"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2013.44,"endTime":2019.65,"body":"had a good coverage of what we"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2013.8300000000002,"endTime":2014.01,"body":"of,"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2019.68,"endTime":2032.13,"body":"wanted to cover. One thing maybe"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2019.68,"endTime":2032.13,"body":"that I would like to say is that"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2032.22,"endTime":2037.65,"body":"climate change needs to be"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2032.22,"endTime":2037.65,"body":"addressed. This is not a joke."},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2038.67,"endTime":2045.96,"body":"We need to really focus our"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2038.67,"endTime":2045.96,"body":"research efforts, but also"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2045.96,"endTime":2053.97,"body":"policymaking, to make bigger"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2045.96,"endTime":2053.97,"body":"steps towards not using fossil"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2053.97,"endTime":2060.72,"body":"fuel because the one and key"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2053.97,"endTime":2060.72,"body":"measure on whether or not we are"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2060.72,"endTime":2067.56,"body":"successfully doing something to"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2060.72,"endTime":2067.56,"body":"mitigate climate change is, lies"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2067.56,"endTime":2071.85,"body":"in the answer to the question,"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2067.56,"endTime":2071.85,"body":"are we using less fossil fuel"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2071.85,"endTime":2075.4500000000003,"body":"than before? And the answer must"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2071.85,"endTime":2075.4500000000003,"body":"be, we are not using any fossil"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2075.4500000000003,"endTime":2080.85,"body":"fuel, okay. Only then  then and"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2075.4500000000003,"endTime":2080.85,"body":"only then  we are making"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2080.85,"endTime":2085.77,"body":"progress. Okay. And this is"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2080.85,"endTime":2085.77,"body":"going to be super hard, because"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2085.8,"endTime":2090.36,"body":"I told you earlier, fossil fuel"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2085.8,"endTime":2090.36,"body":"is too good to be true, it has"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2090.39,"endTime":2094.77,"body":"super nice properties and has"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2090.39,"endTime":2094.77,"body":"been, gone through the"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2094.86,"endTime":2099.9,"body":"biorefinery of nature for free."},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2094.86,"endTime":2099.9,"body":"It is very hard to beat on cost,"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2100.08,"endTime":2105.63,"body":"which basically means that if"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2100.08,"endTime":2105.63,"body":"you want to be successful, we"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2105.63,"endTime":2113.34,"body":"need policies that change the"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2105.63,"endTime":2113.34,"body":"economics of our processes. And"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2113.37,"endTime":2119.31,"body":"if you ask me, where the most"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2113.37,"endTime":2119.31,"body":"important point is that we need"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2119.31,"endTime":2123.75,"body":"to address in order to make"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2119.31,"endTime":2123.75,"body":"progress, then I would say it is"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2123.75,"endTime":2130.17,"body":"not a technological, it is"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2123.75,"endTime":2130.17,"body":"policymaking one we need to"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2130.2000000000003,"endTime":2136.35,"body":"address to make fossil fuel too"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2130.2000000000003,"endTime":2136.35,"body":"expensive to be used. That, in"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2136.35,"endTime":2141.48,"body":"turn, will have strong impact on"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2136.35,"endTime":2141.48,"body":"the social fabric of our"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2141.48,"endTime":2147.84,"body":"societies. We need to understand"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2141.48,"endTime":2147.84,"body":"how to mitigate the negative"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2147.84,"endTime":2153.54,"body":"financial effects that"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2147.84,"endTime":2153.54,"body":"increasing a carbon tax will"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2153.54,"endTime":2158.46,"body":"have on the poor people in the"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2153.54,"endTime":2158.46,"body":"society. And I think this is the"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2158.46,"endTime":2164.61,"body":"key point I want to make to talk"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2158.46,"endTime":2164.61,"body":"to your politician and say, we"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2164.61,"endTime":2165.93,"body":"need to solve this problem."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2167.07,"endTime":2170.76,"body":"Yep, no,"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2167.07,"endTime":2170.76,"body":"absolutely. Absolutely. I have"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2170.76,"endTime":2177.54,"body":"lived in Spain, here since 2008."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2170.76,"endTime":2177.54,"body":"So 13 years now. And I've never"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2177.93,"endTime":2182.19,"body":"thought to apply for"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2177.93,"endTime":2182.19,"body":"citizenship, because I am Irish,"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2182.2200000000003,"endTime":2185.85,"body":"not Spanish. So I don't feel"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2182.2200000000003,"endTime":2185.85,"body":"Spanish. So I don't see why you"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2185.85,"endTime":2190.26,"body":"should apply for citizenship,"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2185.85,"endTime":2190.26,"body":"except until recently. And it's"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2190.26,"endTime":2193.53,"body":"not that I feel any more Spanish"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2190.26,"endTime":2193.53,"body":"now. It's that I'm"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2193.53,"endTime":2198.03,"body":"disenfranchised. I do not have a"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2193.53,"endTime":2198.03,"body":"vote here in Spanish national"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2198.03,"endTime":2201.9,"body":"elections, because I'm not a"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2198.03,"endTime":2201.9,"body":"Spanish citizen. And I want to"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2201.9,"endTime":2205.44,"body":"change that. So I am now going"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2201.9,"endTime":2205.44,"body":"to apply for Spanish"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2205.59,"endTime":2210.15,"body":"citizenship, so that I can get a"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2205.59,"endTime":2210.15,"body":"vote so that I can cast it"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2210.18,"endTime":2214.05,"body":"towards candidates who have a"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2210.18,"endTime":2214.05,"body":"strong climate agenda. The only"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2214.05,"endTime":2218.16,"body":"reason the only reason I'm"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2214.05,"endTime":2218.16,"body":"getting Spanish citizenship,"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2218.25,"endTime":2221.85,"body":"it's so that I have a say, and"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2218.25,"endTime":2221.85,"body":"that I can vote for people who"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2221.85,"endTime":2223.38,"body":"want to make a climate"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2221.85,"endTime":2223.38,"body":"difference."},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2224.13,"endTime":2227.9320000000002,"body":"I couldn't"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2224.13,"endTime":2227.9320000000002,"body":"agree more with that. Because I"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2228.022,"endTime":2233.273,"body":"am now not just German, I also"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2228.022,"endTime":2233.273,"body":"hold a British passport for"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2233.364,"endTime":2239.248,"body":"exactly the same reason I did it"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2233.364,"endTime":2239.248,"body":"10 years ago, before Brexit even"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2239.339,"endTime":2245.1330000000003,"body":"wasn't a topic. But for the same"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2239.339,"endTime":2245.1330000000003,"body":"reason I thought, you know, I'm"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2245.223,"endTime":2250.8360000000002,"body":"now living in this community. I"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2245.223,"endTime":2250.8360000000002,"body":"like it. And I'm grateful that"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2250.927,"endTime":2256.268,"body":"I'm accepted. But I also want to"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2250.927,"endTime":2256.268,"body":"contribute. And one way of"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2256.359,"endTime":2261.972,"body":"contributing is to vote. And,"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2256.359,"endTime":2261.972,"body":"and so democracy and taking part"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2262.062,"endTime":2264.96,"body":"is now more important than ever."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2265.2200000000003,"endTime":2267.549,"body":"Yeah. Yeah,"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2265.2200000000003,"endTime":2267.549,"body":"absolutely. Markus, if people"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2267.606,"endTime":2271.129,"body":"want to know more about yourself"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2267.606,"endTime":2271.129,"body":"or about CARES, or about your"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2271.186,"endTime":2273.913,"body":"book, Intelligent"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2271.186,"endTime":2273.913,"body":"Decarbonisation, or any of the"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2273.9700000000003,"endTime":2277.55,"body":"topics we discussed today, where"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2273.9700000000003,"endTime":2277.55,"body":"would you have me direct them?"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2278.57,"endTime":2281.731,"body":"Ideally, my"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2278.57,"endTime":2281.731,"body":"group's website in Cambridge,"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2281.808,"endTime":2286.742,"body":"you mean you Google my name and"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2281.808,"endTime":2286.742,"body":"say Cambridge, and then you come"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2286.819,"endTime":2290.982,"body":"to the CoMo group, the"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2286.819,"endTime":2290.982,"body":"Computation Modeling Group, and"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2291.059,"endTime":2295.454,"body":"that has all the information"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2291.059,"endTime":2295.454,"body":"that I about the research, I"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2295.531,"endTime":2300.311,"body":"talked about it on the website,"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2295.531,"endTime":2300.311,"body":"most of the stuff available is"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2300.388,"endTime":2305.4,"body":"preprints directly to read. Some"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2300.388,"endTime":2305.4,"body":"of them may be a bit scientific."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2306.39,"endTime":2307.35,"body":"You would hope so."},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2309.42,"endTime":2313.17,"body":"Others are,"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2309.42,"endTime":2313.17,"body":"make make sense even for for"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2313.83,"endTime":2315.33,"body":"informed layman."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2315.93,"endTime":2318.75,"body":"Super super. Marcus"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2315.93,"endTime":2318.75,"body":"has been fantastic. Thanks a"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2318.75,"endTime":2320.28,"body":"million for coming on the"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2318.75,"endTime":2320.28,"body":"podcast today."},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2321.33,"endTime":2323.61,"body":"Thank you,"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2321.33,"endTime":2323.61,"body":"Tom. It was a pleasure. I really"},{"speaker":"Prof Markus Kraft","startTime":2323.61,"endTime":2324.96,"body":"enjoyed it. Thank you."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2326.2490000000003,"endTime":2329.052,"body":"Okay, we've come to"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2326.2490000000003,"endTime":2329.052,"body":"the end of the show. Thanks,"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2329.11,"endTime":2332.848,"body":"everyone for listening. If you'd"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2329.11,"endTime":2332.848,"body":"like to know more about Climate"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2332.907,"endTime":2336.5280000000002,"body":"21 Feel free to drop me an email"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2332.907,"endTime":2336.5280000000002,"body":"to Tom dot raftery@sap.com or"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2336.5860000000002,"endTime":2340.266,"body":"connect with me on LinkedIn or"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2336.5860000000002,"endTime":2340.266,"body":"Twitter. If you'd like the show,"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2340.324,"endTime":2343.536,"body":"please don't forget to subscribe"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2340.324,"endTime":2343.536,"body":"to it and your podcast"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2343.5950000000003,"endTime":2347.099,"body":"application of choice to get new"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2343.5950000000003,"endTime":2347.099,"body":"episodes as soon as they're"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2347.157,"endTime":2350.603,"body":"published. Also, please don't"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2347.157,"endTime":2350.603,"body":"forget to rate and review the"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2350.6620000000003,"endTime":2354.399,"body":"podcast it really does help new"},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2350.6620000000003,"endTime":2354.399,"body":"people to find the show. Thanks."},{"speaker":"Tom Raftery","startTime":2354.458,"endTime":2355.86,"body":"Catch you all next time."}]}