{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":0.0,"endTime":0.84,"body":"Hey, Cosmo!"},{"speaker":"Cosmo","startTime":1.53,"endTime":3.09,"body":"Hey, Dr. Universe!"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":3.69,"endTime":6.51,"body":"What did the bee"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":3.69,"endTime":6.51,"body":"say to the flower?"},{"speaker":"Cosmo","startTime":7.68,"endTime":10.53,"body":"I don't know. What did"},{"speaker":"Cosmo","startTime":7.68,"endTime":10.53,"body":"the bee say to the flower?"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":11.25,"endTime":12.18,"body":"Hey, bud."},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":20.43,"endTime":22.89,"body":"Hey friends, I'm Dr. Universe,"},{"speaker":"Cosmo","startTime":23.64,"endTime":25.2,"body":"and I'm Cosmo,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":26.02,"endTime":28.18,"body":"and if you're"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":26.02,"endTime":28.18,"body":"anything like us, you've got"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":28.18,"endTime":32.32,"body":"lots of big questions about our"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":28.18,"endTime":32.32,"body":"world. Today, we're talking"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":32.32,"endTime":36.49,"body":"about a column I wrote to answer"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":32.32,"endTime":36.49,"body":"a question sent in by a kid just"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":36.49,"endTime":39.4,"body":"like you. Let's get started."},{"speaker":"Cosmo","startTime":43.08,"endTime":47.46,"body":"Gabby, nine, from Kansas,"},{"speaker":"Cosmo","startTime":43.08,"endTime":47.46,"body":"wants to know: why do bees make"},{"speaker":"Cosmo","startTime":47.46,"endTime":47.94,"body":"honey?"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":48.9,"endTime":52.14,"body":"It's such a good"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":48.9,"endTime":52.14,"body":"question. The short answer is,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":52.14,"endTime":55.68,"body":"they make honey so they can eat"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":52.14,"endTime":55.68,"body":"it. It's the food honey bees eat"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":55.68,"endTime":59.28,"body":"in the winter. Do you know what"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":55.68,"endTime":59.28,"body":"adult honey bees eat most of the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":59.28,"endTime":59.67,"body":"year?"},{"speaker":"Cosmo","startTime":60.45,"endTime":62.91,"body":"Yeah, nectar and pollen."},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":62.0,"endTime":64.88,"body":"Nectar is a sugary"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":62.0,"endTime":64.88,"body":"liquid that flowers make. The"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":64.88,"endTime":68.42,"body":"only reason a plant makes nectar"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":64.88,"endTime":68.42,"body":"is to lure pollinators like bees"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":68.78,"endTime":77.03,"body":"to visit the flowers. Bees have"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":68.78,"endTime":77.03,"body":"super long tongue-like things"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":77.03,"endTime":81.35,"body":"called a proboscis. They stick"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":77.03,"endTime":81.35,"body":"out that proboscis and use it"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":81.35,"endTime":85.1,"body":"like a straw to suck up the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":81.35,"endTime":85.1,"body":"nectar. While they're doing"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":85.1,"endTime":88.49,"body":"that, a bunch of the flower's"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":85.1,"endTime":88.49,"body":"pollen gets stuck to the bees."},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":88.94,"endTime":92.33,"body":"That works because bees are"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":88.94,"endTime":92.33,"body":"super hairy, even their"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":92.36,"endTime":96.86,"body":"tongue-like proboscis is covered"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":92.36,"endTime":96.86,"body":"in little hairs. All those hairs"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":96.89,"endTime":101.24,"body":"help hold onto nectar and"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":96.89,"endTime":101.24,"body":"pollen. Have you ever seen a bee"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":101.24,"endTime":102.68,"body":"out visiting flowers?"},{"speaker":"Cosmo","startTime":103.72,"endTime":107.98,"body":"Yeah, they fly from"},{"speaker":"Cosmo","startTime":103.72,"endTime":107.98,"body":"flower to flower. Sometimes they"},{"speaker":"Cosmo","startTime":107.98,"endTime":111.64,"body":"stop for a bit, but then they"},{"speaker":"Cosmo","startTime":107.98,"endTime":111.64,"body":"move on to another flower."},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":112.86,"endTime":115.59,"body":"When they visit"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":112.86,"endTime":115.59,"body":"different flowers, some of the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":115.59,"endTime":119.73,"body":"pollen they already picked up"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":115.59,"endTime":119.73,"body":"falls off. That's how plants"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":119.73,"endTime":123.72,"body":"make baby plants. They need a"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":119.73,"endTime":123.72,"body":"pollinator, like a bee, to move"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":123.72,"endTime":125.52,"body":"the pollen from plant to plant."},{"speaker":"Cosmo","startTime":126.84,"endTime":130.08,"body":"I've seen bees with lots"},{"speaker":"Cosmo","startTime":126.84,"endTime":130.08,"body":"of yellow pollen stuck to their"},{"speaker":"Cosmo","startTime":130.08,"endTime":131.4,"body":"legs and bodies."},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":132.33,"endTime":135.24,"body":"Totally. They take"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":132.33,"endTime":135.24,"body":"some of the pollen back to their"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":135.24,"endTime":139.23,"body":"colony and make it into bee"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":135.24,"endTime":139.23,"body":"bread. I'm going to give you the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":139.23,"endTime":141.51,"body":"recipe for bee bread so you can"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":139.23,"endTime":141.51,"body":"read it."},{"speaker":"Cosmo","startTime":141.0,"endTime":147.9,"body":"Okay! It says they mix"},{"speaker":"Cosmo","startTime":141.0,"endTime":147.9,"body":"pollen and nectar, and put it in"},{"speaker":"Cosmo","startTime":147.9,"endTime":151.92,"body":"an open space in the honeycomb"},{"speaker":"Cosmo","startTime":147.9,"endTime":151.92,"body":"called a cell. Then they cover"},{"speaker":"Cosmo","startTime":151.92,"endTime":155.22,"body":"it with honey and let it"},{"speaker":"Cosmo","startTime":151.92,"endTime":155.22,"body":"ferment. That means it starts to"},{"speaker":"Cosmo","startTime":155.22,"endTime":159.15,"body":"break down and change. It's"},{"speaker":"Cosmo","startTime":155.22,"endTime":159.15,"body":"similar to how humans make"},{"speaker":"Cosmo","startTime":159.15,"endTime":162.27,"body":"yogurt, sauerkraut, and"},{"speaker":"Cosmo","startTime":159.15,"endTime":162.27,"body":"sourdough bread."},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":163.66,"endTime":166.66,"body":"Bee bread is an"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":163.66,"endTime":166.66,"body":"important food for bees because"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":166.66,"endTime":170.41,"body":"it contains protein. That helps"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":166.66,"endTime":170.41,"body":"baby bees grow."},{"speaker":"Cosmo","startTime":171.5,"endTime":175.28,"body":"That's what my mom always"},{"speaker":"Cosmo","startTime":171.5,"endTime":175.28,"body":"tells me, that I need protein to"},{"speaker":"Cosmo","startTime":175.28,"endTime":175.94,"body":"grow."},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":176.87,"endTime":180.29,"body":"Exactly. But"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":176.87,"endTime":180.29,"body":"pollen and bee bread aren't the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":180.29,"endTime":184.34,"body":"main things adult bees eat. They"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":180.29,"endTime":184.34,"body":"mostly eat the sugary sweet"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":184.34,"endTime":186.65,"body":"nectar they slurp up from"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":184.34,"endTime":186.65,"body":"flowers."},{"speaker":"Cosmo","startTime":187.52,"endTime":190.04,"body":"That actually sounds"},{"speaker":"Cosmo","startTime":187.52,"endTime":190.04,"body":"pretty tasty."},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":191.33,"endTime":193.7,"body":"While they're out"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":191.33,"endTime":193.7,"body":"visiting flowers, they swallow a"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":193.7,"endTime":197.48,"body":"bunch of nectar and store it in"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":193.7,"endTime":197.48,"body":"a special pouch called the honey"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":197.48,"endTime":200.84,"body":"stomach. It's not the same as"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":197.48,"endTime":200.84,"body":"their regular stomach."},{"speaker":"Cosmo","startTime":202.1,"endTime":204.74,"body":"But what if they get"},{"speaker":"Cosmo","startTime":202.1,"endTime":204.74,"body":"hungry while they're doing all"},{"speaker":"Cosmo","startTime":204.74,"endTime":205.7,"body":"that work?"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":205.7,"endTime":209.72,"body":"Well, they can eat"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":205.7,"endTime":209.72,"body":"a little of the nectar to give"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":209.72,"endTime":213.47,"body":"them energy to do their job, but"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":209.72,"endTime":213.47,"body":"most of it goes to the honey"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":213.47,"endTime":217.01,"body":"stomach. I have to warn you,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":213.47,"endTime":217.01,"body":"this is where it starts to get a"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":217.01,"endTime":221.51,"body":"little intense. Proteins in the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":217.01,"endTime":221.51,"body":"bee spit start changing the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":221.51,"endTime":225.77,"body":"nectar right away. When the bee"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":221.51,"endTime":225.77,"body":"gets back to the colony, she"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":225.8,"endTime":228.95,"body":"barfs up the nectar she's"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":225.8,"endTime":228.95,"body":"carrying in her honey stomach"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":229.28,"endTime":231.92,"body":"right into the mouth of another"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":229.28,"endTime":231.92,"body":"bee."},{"speaker":"Cosmo","startTime":231.28,"endTime":234.31,"body":"No, that is so gross!"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":235.6,"endTime":238.42,"body":"It's called"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":235.6,"endTime":238.42,"body":"trophallaxis. It's something"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":238.42,"endTime":242.47,"body":"that social insects that live"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":238.42,"endTime":242.47,"body":"and work all together in a big"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":242.47,"endTime":247.21,"body":"group do to pass on food and"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":242.47,"endTime":247.21,"body":"information and other stuff,"},{"speaker":"Cosmo","startTime":248.17,"endTime":250.33,"body":"That makes me want to"},{"speaker":"Cosmo","startTime":248.17,"endTime":250.33,"body":"barf!"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":251.23,"endTime":254.68,"body":"So the bees barf"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":251.23,"endTime":254.68,"body":"it from one bee's mouth, to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":254.68,"endTime":259.18,"body":"another bee's mouth, to another"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":254.68,"endTime":259.18,"body":"bee's mouth. It mixes with more"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":259.18,"endTime":263.59,"body":"and more bee's spit and turns"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":259.18,"endTime":263.59,"body":"more and more into honey. When"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":263.59,"endTime":267.79,"body":"it's ready, the last bee spits"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":263.59,"endTime":267.79,"body":"it into a cell in the honeycomb."},{"speaker":"Cosmo","startTime":268.53,"endTime":270.39,"body":"Oh, thank goodness!"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":271.02,"endTime":273.75,"body":"Then the bees turn"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":271.02,"endTime":273.75,"body":"around and flap their wings"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":273.75,"endTime":277.47,"body":"super fast to blow air at the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":273.75,"endTime":277.47,"body":"honey. Have you ever flapped"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":277.47,"endTime":280.56,"body":"your paw in front of something"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":277.47,"endTime":280.56,"body":"to make it dry faster?"},{"speaker":"Cosmo","startTime":281.28,"endTime":284.82,"body":"Yeah! Sometimes, if I'm"},{"speaker":"Cosmo","startTime":281.28,"endTime":284.82,"body":"doing crafts and I want the glue"},{"speaker":"Cosmo","startTime":284.82,"endTime":285.84,"body":"to dry right away."},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":286.86,"endTime":289.53,"body":"All that wing"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":286.86,"endTime":289.53,"body":"flapping removes water from the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":289.53,"endTime":293.31,"body":"honey until it's just right."},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":289.53,"endTime":293.31,"body":"Then the bees seal it up with"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":293.31,"endTime":294.09,"body":"wax."},{"speaker":"Cosmo","startTime":294.75,"endTime":297.27,"body":"Then, they can eat it"},{"speaker":"Cosmo","startTime":294.75,"endTime":297.27,"body":"when it's winter and there"},{"speaker":"Cosmo","startTime":297.27,"endTime":300.36,"body":"aren't any flowers around to"},{"speaker":"Cosmo","startTime":297.27,"endTime":300.36,"body":"make nectar and pollen."},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":300.93,"endTime":303.93,"body":"Exactly. It's like"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":300.93,"endTime":303.93,"body":"how we store food in our"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":303.93,"endTime":305.43,"body":"cabinets or fridge."},{"speaker":"Cosmo","startTime":306.18,"endTime":309.9,"body":"Oh no. Does that mean we"},{"speaker":"Cosmo","startTime":306.18,"endTime":309.9,"body":"eat the bee's winter food when"},{"speaker":"Cosmo","startTime":309.9,"endTime":313.95,"body":"we eat honey? Because I really"},{"speaker":"Cosmo","startTime":309.9,"endTime":313.95,"body":"like honey on my toast."},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":314.94,"endTime":317.94,"body":"Don't worry, bees"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":314.94,"endTime":317.94,"body":"make way more honey than they"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":317.94,"endTime":322.41,"body":"need. And honey bees aren't"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":317.94,"endTime":322.41,"body":"exactly like wild insects."},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":322.74,"endTime":326.16,"body":"They're more like cows or"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":322.74,"endTime":326.16,"body":"chickens that people take care"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":326.16,"endTime":330.27,"body":"of. Beekeepers are careful to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":326.16,"endTime":330.27,"body":"only take the extra honey that"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":330.27,"endTime":334.2,"body":"bees don't need, and if they"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":330.27,"endTime":334.2,"body":"realize their bees need extra"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":334.2,"endTime":338.55,"body":"food, they can make sugar water"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":334.2,"endTime":338.55,"body":"or special candy that bees eat."},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":338.88,"endTime":341.1,"body":"It's like nectar made by people."},{"speaker":"Cosmo","startTime":342.32,"endTime":346.07,"body":"Well, that's a relief. So"},{"speaker":"Cosmo","startTime":342.32,"endTime":346.07,"body":"I can eat all the bee barf honey"},{"speaker":"Cosmo","startTime":346.07,"endTime":348.47,"body":"I want without worrying about"},{"speaker":"Cosmo","startTime":346.07,"endTime":348.47,"body":"the bees?"},{"speaker":"Cosmo","startTime":349.04,"endTime":349.46,"body":"Yep."},{"speaker":"Cosmo","startTime":350.42,"endTime":353.39,"body":"Even though lots and lots of"},{"speaker":"Cosmo","startTime":350.42,"endTime":353.39,"body":"bees barfed it up."},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":354.23,"endTime":356.84,"body":"Someday, I'll tell"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":354.23,"endTime":356.84,"body":"you about the other kind of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":356.84,"endTime":361.31,"body":"trophallaxis some social insects"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":356.84,"endTime":361.31,"body":"do, the kind that comes from one"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":361.31,"endTime":362.99,"body":"insect's rear end."},{"speaker":"Cosmo","startTime":363.5,"endTime":365.03,"body":"No!"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":369.35,"endTime":371.69,"body":"That's all for"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":369.35,"endTime":371.69,"body":"this episode, friends."},{"speaker":"Cosmo","startTime":372.56,"endTime":376.82,"body":"Big thanks to Rae Olsson,"},{"speaker":"Cosmo","startTime":372.56,"endTime":376.82,"body":"insect scientist at Washington"},{"speaker":"Cosmo","startTime":376.82,"endTime":380.42,"body":"State University, for lending"},{"speaker":"Cosmo","startTime":376.82,"endTime":380.42,"body":"their expertise to this"},{"speaker":"Cosmo","startTime":380.42,"endTime":381.11,"body":"question."},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":382.14,"endTime":384.42,"body":"As always, if"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":382.14,"endTime":384.42,"body":"you've got a science question"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":384.42,"endTime":390.81,"body":"for me, you can submit it at"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":384.42,"endTime":390.81,"body":"askdruniverse.wsu.edu. That's"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":390.87,"endTime":399.03,"body":"A-S-K-D-R-U-N-I-V-E-R-S-E dot"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":390.87,"endTime":399.03,"body":"W-S-U dot E-D-U. Who knows where"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":399.03,"endTime":401.37,"body":"your questions will take us"},{"speaker":"Dr. Universe","startTime":399.03,"endTime":401.37,"body":"next!"}]}