{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":13.92,"endTime":16.59,"body":"Hello. And welcome"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":13.92,"endTime":16.59,"body":"to the Thin End of the Wedge,"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":16.8,"endTime":19.71,"body":"the podcast where experts from"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":16.8,"endTime":19.71,"body":"around the world share new and"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":19.71,"endTime":23.85,"body":"interesting stories about life"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":19.71,"endTime":23.85,"body":"in the ancient Middle East. My"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":23.85,"endTime":27.63,"body":"name is Jon. Each episode I talk"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":23.85,"endTime":27.63,"body":"to friends and colleagues, and"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":27.63,"endTime":31.02,"body":"get them to explain their work"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":27.63,"endTime":31.02,"body":"in a way we can all understand."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":31.92,"endTime":35.04,"body":"We often talk about"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":31.92,"endTime":35.04,"body":"collaboration between cuneiform"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":35.04,"endTime":38.7,"body":"specialists and archaeological"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":35.04,"endTime":38.7,"body":"specialists in terms of"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":38.7,"endTime":43.83,"body":"combining the evidence offered"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":38.7,"endTime":43.83,"body":"by each field. Texts might give"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":43.83,"endTime":47.85,"body":"us names or dates, for example,"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":43.83,"endTime":47.85,"body":"while archaeological context"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":47.97,"endTime":51.42,"body":"will guide us in applying that"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":47.97,"endTime":51.42,"body":"information: what phase of the"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":51.42,"endTime":53.1,"body":"building do those tablets come"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":51.42,"endTime":53.1,"body":"from?"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":54.69,"endTime":58.29,"body":"More recently, attention has"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":54.69,"endTime":58.29,"body":"been paid to the tablets that"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":58.29,"endTime":63.06,"body":"carry the texts as objects in"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":58.29,"endTime":63.06,"body":"their own right. We might"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":63.09,"endTime":67.26,"body":"analyse the clays or their"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":63.09,"endTime":67.26,"body":"inclusions. An aspect that still"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":67.26,"endTime":71.43,"body":"receives far less attention is"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":67.26,"endTime":71.43,"body":"what the situation and context"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":71.49,"endTime":75.18,"body":"in which tablets are found tell"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":71.49,"endTime":75.18,"body":"us about those tablets"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":75.18,"endTime":80.34,"body":"themselves. How were people"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":75.18,"endTime":80.34,"body":"using them? Do we see moments"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":80.34,"endTime":83.88,"body":"frozen in time, like countless"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":80.34,"endTime":83.88,"body":"mini-Pompeiis?"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":85.41,"endTime":88.86,"body":"Our guest is an experienced"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":85.41,"endTime":88.86,"body":"archaeologist, who has worked in"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":88.86,"endTime":92.58,"body":"great detail on finds of tablets"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":88.86,"endTime":92.58,"body":"from several sites in western"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":92.58,"endTime":96.87,"body":"Asia. He explains how"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":92.58,"endTime":96.87,"body":"archaeological methodologies can"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":96.87,"endTime":99.33,"body":"help us understand the textual"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":96.87,"endTime":99.33,"body":"sources."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":113.97,"endTime":117.06,"body":"Hello, and welcome to Thin End"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":113.97,"endTime":117.06,"body":"of the Wedge. Thank you for"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":117.06,"endTime":117.78,"body":"joining us."},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":117.96,"endTime":119.82,"body":"Thank you"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":117.96,"endTime":119.82,"body":"very much. Very happy to be"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":119.82,"endTime":120.21,"body":"here."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":120.72,"endTime":124.11,"body":"Could you tell us"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":120.72,"endTime":124.11,"body":"please: who are you, and what do"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":124.11,"endTime":124.68,"body":"you do?"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":125.31,"endTime":128.13,"body":"My name is"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":125.31,"endTime":128.13,"body":"Victor Klinkenberg. And I'm"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":128.13,"endTime":130.38,"body":"originally from the Netherlands."},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":128.13,"endTime":130.38,"body":"And I am a prehistoric"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":130.53,"endTime":135.87,"body":"archaeologist. In my research, I"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":130.53,"endTime":135.87,"body":"investigate objects and other"},{"speaker":"material remains","startTime":135.87,"endTime":139.95,"body":"why they are"},{"speaker":"material remains","startTime":135.87,"endTime":139.95,"body":"in the location that we find"},{"speaker":"material remains","startTime":139.95,"endTime":142.95,"body":"them in the archaeological"},{"speaker":"material remains","startTime":139.95,"endTime":142.95,"body":"record. And with that"},{"speaker":"material remains","startTime":142.95,"endTime":147.57,"body":"information, I try to understand"},{"speaker":"material remains","startTime":142.95,"endTime":147.57,"body":"more about the social life of"},{"speaker":"material remains","startTime":147.57,"endTime":152.19,"body":"people in the past. So I have a"},{"speaker":"material remains","startTime":147.57,"endTime":152.19,"body":"critical perspective on the"},{"speaker":"material remains","startTime":152.22,"endTime":156.87,"body":"material remains. And with that"},{"speaker":"material remains","startTime":152.22,"endTime":156.87,"body":"I try to understand humans. And"},{"speaker":"material remains","startTime":156.87,"endTime":160.32,"body":"I currently work in Cyprus at"},{"speaker":"material remains","startTime":156.87,"endTime":160.32,"body":"the University of Cyprus in"},{"speaker":"material remains","startTime":160.32,"endTime":165.18,"body":"Nicosia, where I'm finishing a"},{"speaker":"material remains","startTime":160.32,"endTime":165.18,"body":"two year research fellowship"},{"speaker":"material remains","startTime":165.24,"endTime":168.66,"body":"working on my archaeological"},{"speaker":"material remains","startTime":165.24,"endTime":168.66,"body":"site near Paphos called"},{"speaker":"material remains","startTime":168.72,"endTime":172.68,"body":"Palloures. It's chalcolithic."},{"speaker":"material remains","startTime":168.72,"endTime":172.68,"body":"And there I do also this"},{"speaker":"material remains","startTime":172.71,"endTime":175.68,"body":"particular type of research"},{"speaker":"material remains","startTime":172.71,"endTime":175.68,"body":"where I investigate depositional"},{"speaker":"material remains","startTime":175.71,"endTime":179.55,"body":"patterns to understand how"},{"speaker":"material remains","startTime":175.71,"endTime":179.55,"body":"people behaved in the past."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":180.03,"endTime":182.25,"body":"Now, we’re going to"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":180.03,"endTime":182.25,"body":"talk about tablets, aren’t we?"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":182.49,"endTime":186.39,"body":"So, lumps of clay with cuneiform"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":182.49,"endTime":186.39,"body":"writing on. And that was their"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":186.39,"endTime":191.52,"body":"primary purpose—to carry text."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":186.39,"endTime":191.52,"body":"You’re approaching it not from"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":191.52,"endTime":194.82,"body":"the perspective of someone"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":191.52,"endTime":194.82,"body":"interested in the text, but from"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":194.82,"endTime":197.52,"body":"the perspective of an"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":194.82,"endTime":197.52,"body":"archaeologist. Could you"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":197.52,"endTime":200.82,"body":"introduce us to your"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":197.52,"endTime":200.82,"body":"archaeological approach to"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":200.82,"endTime":201.75,"body":"tablets please?"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":202.95,"endTime":205.02,"body":"Yeah,"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":202.95,"endTime":205.02,"body":"absolutely. As I was introduced"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":205.02,"endTime":209.34,"body":"to the topic in detail during my"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":205.02,"endTime":209.34,"body":"PhD, where I was working on the"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":209.37,"endTime":212.52,"body":"depositional patterns and"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":209.37,"endTime":212.52,"body":"activity pattern at a site in"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":212.52,"endTime":216.93,"body":"northern Syria, Tell Sabi Abyad."},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":212.52,"endTime":216.93,"body":"And I was fascinated with the"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":216.93,"endTime":220.32,"body":"sheer number of cuneiform"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":216.93,"endTime":220.32,"body":"tablets, and how much they were"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":220.35,"endTime":224.37,"body":"telling us about life at this"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":220.35,"endTime":224.37,"body":"site. So as a prehistoric"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":224.37,"endTime":227.94,"body":"archaeologist, I always felt"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":224.37,"endTime":227.94,"body":"like we were cheating by using"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":227.94,"endTime":231.69,"body":"all these texts. And then as I"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":227.94,"endTime":231.69,"body":"was approaching all the objects"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":231.69,"endTime":234.42,"body":"in the sites as an artifact and"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":231.69,"endTime":234.42,"body":"trying to understand why they"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":234.42,"endTime":238.44,"body":"were located where they were, I"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":234.42,"endTime":238.44,"body":"noticed that for the cuneiform"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":238.47,"endTime":243.03,"body":"tablets, they were usually"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":238.47,"endTime":243.03,"body":"treated quite differently. So"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":243.06,"endTime":247.14,"body":"both the archaeologists and the"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":243.06,"endTime":247.14,"body":"assyriologists at the site, they"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":247.14,"endTime":250.8,"body":"would kind of ignore a little"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":247.14,"endTime":250.8,"body":"bit this aspect of these"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":250.8,"endTime":252.0,"body":"artifacts ... of these objects."},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":252.0,"endTime":256.56,"body":"So how I see them is firstly as"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":252.0,"endTime":256.56,"body":"just an artifact that is part of"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":256.62,"endTime":260.28,"body":"a soil matrix inside a"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":256.62,"endTime":260.28,"body":"particular stratigraphic"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":260.31,"endTime":263.82,"body":"location in the site. This is"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":260.31,"endTime":263.82,"body":"how I work with them. And I look"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":263.82,"endTime":266.88,"body":"at them trying to understand if"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":263.82,"endTime":266.88,"body":"they are broken: are they"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":266.88,"endTime":270.51,"body":"fragmented or are they complete?"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":266.88,"endTime":270.51,"body":"In what kind of position are"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":270.51,"endTime":273.75,"body":"they located? Are they all"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":270.51,"endTime":273.75,"body":"grouped together? Or are they"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":273.75,"endTime":278.49,"body":"spread around? In what kind of"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":273.75,"endTime":278.49,"body":"soil matrix are they found, etc,"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":278.49,"endTime":284.73,"body":"etc. And it wasn't with any evil"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":278.49,"endTime":284.73,"body":"intent that I analysed this. But"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":284.76,"endTime":287.64,"body":"it was quite surprising what we"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":284.76,"endTime":287.64,"body":"found when we started to"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":287.64,"endTime":291.06,"body":"critically look at these"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":287.64,"endTime":291.06,"body":"contexts. And many of the"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":291.06,"endTime":294.54,"body":"contexts that were considered to"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":291.06,"endTime":294.54,"body":"be kind of unproblematic and in"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":294.54,"endTime":299.4,"body":"situ ... yeah, imagine a context"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":294.54,"endTime":299.4,"body":"where an archive was present"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":299.4,"endTime":303.45,"body":"with hundreds of cuneiform"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":299.4,"endTime":303.45,"body":"tablets, and oh my god, war has"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":303.45,"endTime":307.8,"body":"broken out. A cupboard falls on"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":303.45,"endTime":307.8,"body":"the floor, everyone runs away,"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":307.83,"endTime":312.09,"body":"the palace is torched. And this"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":307.83,"endTime":312.09,"body":"is how we find it. Sort of a"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":312.09,"endTime":316.17,"body":"Pompeii situation. It's a fun"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":312.09,"endTime":316.17,"body":"story, and it helps you kind of"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":316.17,"endTime":319.08,"body":"contextualise why we find"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":316.17,"endTime":319.08,"body":"tablets. But, ja, in"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":319.08,"endTime":323.52,"body":"archaeology, of course, it's not"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":319.08,"endTime":323.52,"body":"very common. This is why we"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":323.52,"endTime":326.79,"body":"really went into it and tried to"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":323.52,"endTime":326.79,"body":"understand really, how are these"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":326.82,"endTime":327.9,"body":"objects deposited?"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":328.89,"endTime":332.67,"body":"In your analysis,"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":328.89,"endTime":332.67,"body":"you talk about archives, as we"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":332.67,"endTime":336.75,"body":"often do in this field. But this"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":332.67,"endTime":336.75,"body":"is quite a complicated term in"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":336.75,"endTime":341.43,"body":"cuneiform studies. What do you"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":336.75,"endTime":341.43,"body":"mean by archive when you use"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":341.43,"endTime":342.03,"body":"that word?"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":343.08,"endTime":346.23,"body":"The term"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":343.08,"endTime":346.23,"body":"archive is, in my view, almost a"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":346.23,"endTime":350.28,"body":"problematic term. When I was"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":346.23,"endTime":350.28,"body":"working on the material at Tell"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":350.28,"endTime":354.06,"body":"Sabi Abyad, I was working very"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":350.28,"endTime":354.06,"body":"closely with Frans Wiggermann,"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":354.09,"endTime":358.53,"body":"who was the assyriologist of the"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":354.09,"endTime":358.53,"body":"excavation. He presented himself"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":358.53,"endTime":362.97,"body":"to me as a hardcore"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":358.53,"endTime":362.97,"body":"assyriologist, who would tell us"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":363.06,"endTime":366.96,"body":"archaeologists--the opposite"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":363.06,"endTime":366.96,"body":"camp for dispute in his, and"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":366.96,"endTime":371.55,"body":"then, my eyes--that he would"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":366.96,"endTime":371.55,"body":"tell us how things were, and how"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":371.55,"endTime":376.35,"body":"this worked, and what an archive"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":371.55,"endTime":376.35,"body":"was, etc. So if I may emphasize"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":376.38,"endTime":380.28,"body":"this division between his"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":376.38,"endTime":380.28,"body":"perspective and mine, his"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":380.28,"endTime":384.72,"body":"perspective would be that in the"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":380.28,"endTime":384.72,"body":"past, people stored their"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":384.75,"endTime":389.04,"body":"cuneiform tablets in a certain"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":384.75,"endTime":389.04,"body":"location, which was secured and"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":389.04,"endTime":392.34,"body":"easily accessible, to make sure"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":389.04,"endTime":392.34,"body":"that they would have all their"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":392.37,"endTime":397.05,"body":"administrative texts, letters,"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":392.37,"endTime":397.05,"body":"etc, together in one place that"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":397.05,"endTime":401.19,"body":"they could easily retrieve and"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":397.05,"endTime":401.19,"body":"work with. And that what we find"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":401.19,"endTime":405.39,"body":"in the archaeological record is"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":401.19,"endTime":405.39,"body":"exactly that: someone's"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":405.39,"endTime":409.44,"body":"cupboard. Someone's chest full"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":405.39,"endTime":409.44,"body":"of material. Or whatever"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":409.47,"endTime":413.7,"body":"practical physical context it"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":409.47,"endTime":413.7,"body":"was, but essentially a"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":413.7,"endTime":419.22,"body":"functioning archive of texts of"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":413.7,"endTime":419.22,"body":"one person or one institution"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":419.25,"endTime":420.18,"body":"from the past."},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":420.99,"endTime":424.71,"body":"And this has been disputed, also"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":420.99,"endTime":424.71,"body":"very much in assyriological"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":424.95,"endTime":427.65,"body":"literature. So I don't want to"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":424.95,"endTime":427.65,"body":"claim that this is a dispute"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":427.65,"endTime":431.91,"body":"between all assyriologists and"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":427.65,"endTime":431.91,"body":"archaeologists. So what a group"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":431.91,"endTime":436.23,"body":"of texts we find in the soil at"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":431.91,"endTime":436.23,"body":"an excavation, what that really"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":436.23,"endTime":440.85,"body":"means has been questioned. It is"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":436.23,"endTime":440.85,"body":"often still called an archive."},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":441.03,"endTime":444.54,"body":"Because very often we find"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":441.03,"endTime":444.54,"body":"tablets together in a large"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":444.54,"endTime":447.0,"body":"group or smaller groups that"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":444.54,"endTime":447.0,"body":"seem to be meaningfully"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":447.03,"endTime":450.78,"body":"connected. So very often, we"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":447.03,"endTime":450.78,"body":"will find a group of artifacts"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":450.78,"endTime":453.54,"body":"or a group of texts, and they"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":450.78,"endTime":453.54,"body":"were all written by the same"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":453.54,"endTime":458.49,"body":"person or addressed to the same"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":453.54,"endTime":458.49,"body":"person. Or they are involved in,"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":458.52,"endTime":461.91,"body":"for instance, one particular"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":458.52,"endTime":461.91,"body":"institution in a short period of"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":461.91,"endTime":465.51,"body":"time, such as a palace or some"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":461.91,"endTime":465.51,"body":"other smaller administrative"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":465.54,"endTime":470.82,"body":"unit. It makes sense to consider"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":465.54,"endTime":470.82,"body":"context like that in a group of"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":470.88,"endTime":473.79,"body":"meaningfully constituted texts"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":470.88,"endTime":473.79,"body":"as an archive."},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":474.75,"endTime":478.566,"body":"This word has stuck in the"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":474.75,"endTime":478.566,"body":"literature. And it's kind of"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":478.635,"endTime":482.868,"body":"used for all these different"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":478.635,"endTime":482.868,"body":"text groups. But when using this"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":482.938,"endTime":487.24,"body":"term, most people, I would say,"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":482.938,"endTime":487.24,"body":"they don't literally mean that"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":487.309,"endTime":491.681,"body":"that is an in situ archive--the"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":487.309,"endTime":491.681,"body":"bookcase of king so and so. But"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":491.75,"endTime":495.775,"body":"instead, it's an easy way to"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":491.75,"endTime":495.775,"body":"talk about a certain group of"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":495.844,"endTime":500.007,"body":"texts. So instead of talking"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":495.844,"endTime":500.007,"body":"about an administrative unit in"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":500.077,"endTime":503.616,"body":"the documentation of an"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":500.077,"endTime":503.616,"body":"archaeological site, so for"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":503.685,"endTime":507.987,"body":"instance, find number 365.2, we"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":503.685,"endTime":507.987,"body":"will talk about the archive of"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":508.057,"endTime":511.596,"body":"Tammitte, or the palace"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":508.057,"endTime":511.596,"body":"archives. And this helps in"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":511.665,"endTime":515.343,"body":"general discussions with"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":511.665,"endTime":515.343,"body":"colleagues, when you want to"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":515.412,"endTime":519.367,"body":"discuss certain texts or"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":515.412,"endTime":519.367,"body":"provenances of certain texts. At"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":519.437,"endTime":523.114,"body":"the moment, the word \"archive\""},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":519.437,"endTime":523.114,"body":"can mean both a strong"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":523.184,"endTime":527.278,"body":"interpretation--this was an"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":523.184,"endTime":527.278,"body":"archive, and it is in situ, and"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":527.347,"endTime":531.649,"body":"it is the original archive of a"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":527.347,"endTime":531.649,"body":"certain person or institution."},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":531.719,"endTime":535.605,"body":"But in another sense, many"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":531.719,"endTime":535.605,"body":"people use the term simply to"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":535.674,"endTime":539.768,"body":"denote a cluster of texts that"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":535.674,"endTime":539.768,"body":"were found in one place, and"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":539.837,"endTime":544.14,"body":"usually also are meaningfully"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":539.837,"endTime":544.14,"body":"connected through their content."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":545.79,"endTime":550.38,"body":"So are tablets found"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":545.79,"endTime":550.38,"body":"in archives then? How do we find"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":550.38,"endTime":551.25,"body":"these objects?"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":551.79,"endTime":554.28,"body":"This is like"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":551.79,"endTime":554.28,"body":"a core aspect of archeological"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":554.28,"endTime":557.88,"body":"research. And the further away"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":554.28,"endTime":557.88,"body":"in prehistory you go the further"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":557.88,"endTime":562.26,"body":"back in time, the more important"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":557.88,"endTime":562.26,"body":"it is for archaeologists to"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":562.26,"endTime":567.39,"body":"determine exactly how, when, and"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":562.26,"endTime":567.39,"body":"why something ended up in a"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":567.39,"endTime":571.2,"body":"place where they are found. This"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":567.39,"endTime":571.2,"body":"is a very important branch of"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":571.2,"endTime":574.23,"body":"archeological research in"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":571.2,"endTime":574.23,"body":"general. And when we are"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":574.26,"endTime":577.5,"body":"investigating behaviour in the"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":574.26,"endTime":577.5,"body":"past, we use these material"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":577.5,"endTime":582.9,"body":"remains. And so we must"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":577.5,"endTime":582.9,"body":"understand how old they are, why"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":582.9,"endTime":585.99,"body":"they are left where they are,"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":582.9,"endTime":585.99,"body":"how representative they are for"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":585.99,"endTime":589.08,"body":"the behaviours in the past, and"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":585.99,"endTime":589.08,"body":"what it says, for instance,"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":589.08,"endTime":592.77,"body":"about preservation. For"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":589.08,"endTime":592.77,"body":"cuneiform tablets, this has very"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":592.77,"endTime":596.55,"body":"often not been really critically"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":592.77,"endTime":596.55,"body":"assessed, and also not"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":596.55,"endTime":600.0,"body":"documented in great detail. So"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":596.55,"endTime":600.0,"body":"for many of the great sites"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":600.0,"endTime":603.48,"body":"which were excavated like 100"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":600.0,"endTime":603.48,"body":"years ago, they don't really"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":603.51,"endTime":606.72,"body":"provide us with the"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":603.51,"endTime":606.72,"body":"documentation that is necessary"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":606.75,"endTime":610.14,"body":"to investigate these"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":606.75,"endTime":610.14,"body":"depositional processes."},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":611.07,"endTime":614.07,"body":"I've looked at a couple of sites"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":611.07,"endTime":614.07,"body":"in northern Syria that were"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":614.07,"endTime":618.87,"body":"close to Tell Sabi Abyad, that I"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":614.07,"endTime":618.87,"body":"was working on for my PhD. And"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":618.87,"endTime":622.38,"body":"in all these sites, I was seeing"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":618.87,"endTime":622.38,"body":"a recurring pattern. And this"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":622.38,"endTime":626.79,"body":"pattern is that the tablets"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":622.38,"endTime":626.79,"body":"which we find are often mixed in"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":626.79,"endTime":631.38,"body":"with soil, the tablets are often"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":626.79,"endTime":631.38,"body":"broken, and they are located in"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":631.41,"endTime":635.37,"body":"construction layers. So they are"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":631.41,"endTime":635.37,"body":"found in a layer which we"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":635.4,"endTime":638.04,"body":"otherwise, if they were not"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":635.4,"endTime":638.04,"body":"texts, but other types of"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":638.7,"endTime":642.51,"body":"objects--pottery or stone"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":638.7,"endTime":642.51,"body":"artifacts, we would immediately"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":642.51,"endTime":647.31,"body":"classify this as secondary"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":642.51,"endTime":647.31,"body":"refuse. Secondary refuse means"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":647.31,"endTime":651.48,"body":"that it is material that was"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":647.31,"endTime":651.48,"body":"discarded, but not just on the"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":651.48,"endTime":656.61,"body":"place of use, but taken away and"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":651.48,"endTime":656.61,"body":"discarded elsewhere, away from"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":656.61,"endTime":659.94,"body":"the place of use. So really, to"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":656.61,"endTime":659.94,"body":"get rid of this material."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":661.29,"endTime":664.08,"body":"Could you tell us"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":661.29,"endTime":664.08,"body":"more about that, please? On a"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":664.08,"endTime":667.44,"body":"very basic level,"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":664.08,"endTime":667.44,"body":"archaeologically, how would you"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":667.44,"endTime":670.86,"body":"tell the difference between"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":667.44,"endTime":670.86,"body":"something that is in situ, and"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":670.86,"endTime":672.18,"body":"something that is rubbish?"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":673.05,"endTime":675.36,"body":"Absolutely,"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":673.05,"endTime":675.36,"body":"yeah. Yeah, yeah. On the face,"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":675.48,"endTime":679.86,"body":"many of these contexts seem"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":675.48,"endTime":679.86,"body":"rather unproblematic. That's the"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":679.86,"endTime":682.92,"body":"important thing. That's like a"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":679.86,"endTime":682.92,"body":"set of rules or at least"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":683.01,"endTime":687.15,"body":"specific ways to interpret"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":683.01,"endTime":687.15,"body":"these. What are the specific"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":687.15,"endTime":690.66,"body":"arguments for why this is a"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":687.15,"endTime":690.66,"body":"particular context? Why is it"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":690.69,"endTime":695.73,"body":"discard? Why is it in situ?"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":690.69,"endTime":695.73,"body":"Etcetera. The term in situ is"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":695.73,"endTime":699.63,"body":"very problematic. So if we want"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":695.73,"endTime":699.63,"body":"to compare a regular"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":699.63,"endTime":702.75,"body":"archaeological deposit with"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":699.63,"endTime":702.75,"body":"something that is exactly in"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":702.75,"endTime":705.75,"body":"situ, we talked about Pompeii."},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":702.75,"endTime":705.75,"body":"So the Roman town that was"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":705.75,"endTime":709.92,"body":"covered by the volcanic ashes."},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":705.75,"endTime":709.92,"body":"And that appears to be like"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":709.92,"endTime":714.51,"body":"pristine condition, a moment"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":709.92,"endTime":714.51,"body":"frozen in time. But even there,"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":714.54,"endTime":718.2,"body":"there are so many processes"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":714.54,"endTime":718.2,"body":"involved in what is preserved"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":718.2,"endTime":722.52,"body":"and what is not, that's the term"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":718.2,"endTime":722.52,"body":"in situ implies that it is"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":722.58,"endTime":726.48,"body":"perfect, and that you can see"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":722.58,"endTime":726.48,"body":"straight away, that it is an"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":726.54,"endTime":729.63,"body":"absolute reflection of the past."},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":726.54,"endTime":729.63,"body":"Unproblematic."},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":730.2,"endTime":734.4,"body":"But it never really is. When"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":730.2,"endTime":734.4,"body":"we're looking at archaeological"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":734.4,"endTime":738.51,"body":"deposits, they're always put in"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":734.4,"endTime":738.51,"body":"the ground in some way, either"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":738.51,"endTime":743.7,"body":"deliberately or undeliberately,"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":738.51,"endTime":743.7,"body":"and afterwards are also affected"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":743.7,"endTime":746.73,"body":"by all sorts of processes such"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":743.7,"endTime":746.73,"body":"as looting, digging,"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":746.73,"endTime":750.75,"body":"construction of new buildings on"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":746.73,"endTime":750.75,"body":"top of older remains; of course,"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":750.96,"endTime":755.85,"body":"simple natural decay of a lot of"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":750.96,"endTime":755.85,"body":"material. So when we are looking"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":755.85,"endTime":758.34,"body":"at archaeological deposits,"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":755.85,"endTime":758.34,"body":"there are a couple of"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":758.34,"endTime":762.27,"body":"characteristics that can help us"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":758.34,"endTime":762.27,"body":"determine how they were placed"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":762.27,"endTime":765.66,"body":"in the ground and what happened"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":762.27,"endTime":765.66,"body":"with them afterwards. Now,"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":765.75,"endTime":769.08,"body":"especially in the Near East, in"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":765.75,"endTime":769.08,"body":"tells, wherever you can find"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":769.08,"endTime":772.92,"body":"these cuneiform tablets, we are"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":769.08,"endTime":772.92,"body":"dealing with great contexts in"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":772.92,"endTime":775.65,"body":"which we can still see where the"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":772.92,"endTime":775.65,"body":"walls of buildings were"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":775.65,"endTime":779.37,"body":"standing, they're often standing"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":775.65,"endTime":779.37,"body":"for a meter or more. And inside,"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":779.4,"endTime":782.94,"body":"we can characterise the soil by"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":779.4,"endTime":782.94,"body":"looking at its structure,"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":782.97,"endTime":788.22,"body":"colour, homogeneity, there's any"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":782.97,"endTime":788.22,"body":"layering, the type of soil that"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":788.22,"endTime":792.06,"body":"is present. That helps us"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":788.22,"endTime":792.06,"body":"determine how it was deposited:"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":792.06,"endTime":794.91,"body":"through natural or human-induced"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":792.06,"endTime":794.91,"body":"processes."},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":796.17,"endTime":800.85,"body":"Then there are artifact"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":796.17,"endTime":800.85,"body":"concentrations. If we find, for"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":800.85,"endTime":804.39,"body":"instance, on the floor of a"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":800.85,"endTime":804.39,"body":"building a lot of artifacts, we"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":804.39,"endTime":808.56,"body":"can look at their composition."},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":804.39,"endTime":808.56,"body":"So the total context: are they"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":808.56,"endTime":812.82,"body":"all fragmented and broken? Or"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":808.56,"endTime":812.82,"body":"are they complete? And are they"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":812.82,"endTime":816.69,"body":"very valuable? Do we assume that"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":812.82,"endTime":816.69,"body":"they were valuable? Are they"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":816.69,"endTime":820.65,"body":"placed or located on a location"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":816.69,"endTime":820.65,"body":"that is meaningful, and that"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":820.65,"endTime":825.66,"body":"seems to reflect their actual"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":820.65,"endTime":825.66,"body":"use in ancient times? If we"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":825.66,"endTime":829.98,"body":"would find, for instance, a lot"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":825.66,"endTime":829.98,"body":"of pottery inside a toilet, it"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":829.98,"endTime":832.41,"body":"means that there's a functional"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":829.98,"endTime":832.41,"body":"difference between the two. So"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":832.41,"endTime":836.61,"body":"the context doesn't really mesh"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":832.41,"endTime":836.61,"body":"with the artifacts. And it means"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":836.61,"endTime":839.4,"body":"that these pottery fragments, or"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":836.61,"endTime":839.4,"body":"these pots, are probably not"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":839.4,"endTime":842.85,"body":"used inside this toilet, or"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":839.4,"endTime":842.85,"body":"bathroom or whatever."},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":843.63,"endTime":846.18,"body":"On the other hand, if we find"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":843.63,"endTime":846.18,"body":"some bread molds, for instance,"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":846.18,"endTime":850.89,"body":"that were used to bake bread, in"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":846.18,"endTime":850.89,"body":"an area where we have ovens, and"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":850.92,"endTime":854.34,"body":"also grinding stones, we can"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":850.92,"endTime":854.34,"body":"say, hey, there's some"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":854.34,"endTime":857.49,"body":"functional similarity here. It"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":854.34,"endTime":857.49,"body":"looks like a bakery, or a place"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":857.49,"endTime":860.64,"body":"where bread was made or food"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":857.49,"endTime":860.64,"body":"processed. And we have these"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":860.64,"endTime":864.9,"body":"artifacts, which are relating to"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":860.64,"endTime":864.9,"body":"the same processes. So there's"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":864.9,"endTime":869.13,"body":"this functional relationship. So"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":864.9,"endTime":869.13,"body":"completeness of the artifacts;"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":869.31,"endTime":873.93,"body":"their relative value--were they"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":869.31,"endTime":873.93,"body":"likely to be left behind? Or is"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":873.93,"endTime":876.0,"body":"there a possibility that they"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":873.93,"endTime":876.0,"body":"were left behind in a great"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":876.0,"endTime":880.38,"body":"hurry, such as during a"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":876.0,"endTime":880.38,"body":"catastrophe or during war? Is"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":880.38,"endTime":883.11,"body":"there a functional relationship"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":880.38,"endTime":883.11,"body":"between the objects and the"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":883.11,"endTime":887.37,"body":"space they are found in? And an"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":883.11,"endTime":887.37,"body":"important one--is there a sort"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":887.37,"endTime":891.18,"body":"of structuring in the artifacts"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":887.37,"endTime":891.18,"body":"that we find in one space? So"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":891.21,"endTime":894.99,"body":"are all artifacts really part of"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":891.21,"endTime":894.99,"body":"a homogeneous set? Can we say"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":894.99,"endTime":898.44,"body":"that they were all probably used"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":894.99,"endTime":898.44,"body":"there in one space? Or is it"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":898.44,"endTime":901.86,"body":"possible that some items are"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":898.44,"endTime":901.86,"body":"relating to the use of this"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":901.86,"endTime":907.29,"body":"space, and other items may be"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":901.86,"endTime":907.29,"body":"dumped there as refuse. These"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":907.29,"endTime":910.23,"body":"are all sorts of aspects that"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":907.29,"endTime":910.23,"body":"you can look at to determine"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":910.26,"endTime":915.03,"body":"whether or not the items reflect"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":910.26,"endTime":915.03,"body":"the activities and behaviour in"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":915.03,"endTime":917.1,"body":"that space in the past."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":918.21,"endTime":921.21,"body":"So we do sometimes"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":918.21,"endTime":921.21,"body":"find contexts that you said were"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":921.21,"endTime":925.89,"body":"rare, where tablets are almost"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":921.21,"endTime":925.89,"body":"frozen in time. But then we have"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":925.92,"endTime":929.76,"body":"others where the texts belong"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":925.92,"endTime":929.76,"body":"together somehow—they form a"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":929.76,"endTime":933.54,"body":"coherent group—but they weren’t"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":929.76,"endTime":933.54,"body":"found quite how they were"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":933.54,"endTime":937.56,"body":"originally left. Perhaps we"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":933.54,"endTime":937.56,"body":"could explore that second type"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":937.56,"endTime":941.25,"body":"in a bit more detail. You"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":937.56,"endTime":941.25,"body":"mentioned that you had worked at"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":941.25,"endTime":945.36,"body":"Tell Sabi Abyad. Could you give"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":941.25,"endTime":945.36,"body":"us an example from that site of"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":945.36,"endTime":949.08,"body":"how you interpreted the tablets"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":945.36,"endTime":949.08,"body":"that were found, and how that"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":949.08,"endTime":951.93,"body":"differs from the way they had"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":949.08,"endTime":951.93,"body":"been interpreted before?"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":953.25,"endTime":955.478,"body":"Tell Sabi"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":953.25,"endTime":955.478,"body":"Abyad is a small fortified"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":955.54,"endTime":958.883,"body":"settlement in the north of"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":955.54,"endTime":958.883,"body":"Syria, very close to modern"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":958.945,"endTime":962.66,"body":"Raqqa. And this was excavated by"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":958.945,"endTime":962.66,"body":"Peter Akkermans from Leiden"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":962.722,"endTime":966.56,"body":"University. I think they worked"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":962.722,"endTime":966.56,"body":"there for about 30 years until"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":966.622,"endTime":970.522,"body":"the war broke out--exactly the"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":966.622,"endTime":970.522,"body":"year I was supposed to go there."},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":970.584,"endTime":974.113,"body":"So I have never seen the place"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":970.584,"endTime":974.113,"body":"for real, but I've seen it"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":974.175,"endTime":977.765,"body":"digitally. So cuneiform tablets"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":974.175,"endTime":977.765,"body":"were found throughout this"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":977.827,"endTime":981.851,"body":"settlement. And some clusters. I"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":977.827,"endTime":981.851,"body":"mean, there are some areas where"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":981.913,"endTime":985.752,"body":"only one single fragment of a"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":981.913,"endTime":985.752,"body":"tablet was found. In the largest"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":985.814,"endTime":989.466,"body":"deposit, there's about 150"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":985.814,"endTime":989.466,"body":"tablets and fragments of tablets"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":989.528,"endTime":992.809,"body":"in one deposit. And this was"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":989.528,"endTime":992.809,"body":"known as \"the archive of"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":992.871,"endTime":996.214,"body":"Tammitte\". And Tammitte was an"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":992.871,"endTime":996.214,"body":"important figure in the"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":996.276,"endTime":999.805,"body":"settlement when it was in use."},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":996.276,"endTime":999.805,"body":"Because he was kind of the"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":999.867,"endTime":1002.529,"body":"manager of this whole"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":999.867,"endTime":1002.529,"body":"settlement. It was an"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1002.591,"endTime":1006.615,"body":"agricultural settlement. Lots of"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1002.591,"endTime":1006.615,"body":"administrative things were going"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1006.677,"endTime":1010.082,"body":"on. And he was in contact all"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1006.677,"endTime":1010.082,"body":"the time with the central"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1010.144,"endTime":1011.63,"body":"administration in Ashur."},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1012.38,"endTime":1015.71,"body":"And so in a small area, which we"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1012.38,"endTime":1015.71,"body":"can interpret probably as a"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1015.71,"endTime":1019.58,"body":"small apartment, consisting of"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1015.71,"endTime":1019.58,"body":"three small rooms that were"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1019.58,"endTime":1024.11,"body":"connected to each other, and a"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1019.58,"endTime":1024.11,"body":"bathroom with a toilet. They"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1024.11,"endTime":1028.28,"body":"were preserved wonderfully. We"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1024.11,"endTime":1028.28,"body":"found all these tablets across"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1028.28,"endTime":1032.21,"body":"all these rooms. So they were"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1028.28,"endTime":1032.21,"body":"spread out over an area of, I"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1032.21,"endTime":1036.38,"body":"would say, 20 square metres. And"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1032.21,"endTime":1036.38,"body":"the interpretation that was"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1036.38,"endTime":1039.86,"body":"given by Frans Wiggermann ... I"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1036.38,"endTime":1039.86,"body":"must say I'm painting a bad"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1039.86,"endTime":1043.04,"body":"picture of him. But we had good"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1039.86,"endTime":1043.04,"body":"times discussing these things"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1043.04,"endTime":1046.28,"body":"... he said these tablets, they"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1043.04,"endTime":1046.28,"body":"were dropped here, because they"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1046.28,"endTime":1049.7,"body":"were carried out during a start"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1046.28,"endTime":1049.7,"body":"of the war. And someone dropped"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1049.7,"endTime":1052.7,"body":"a chest full of tablets, and"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1049.7,"endTime":1052.7,"body":"they fell on the floor, and they"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1052.7,"endTime":1054.8,"body":"left them. And this is how we"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1052.7,"endTime":1054.8,"body":"found them."},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1055.82,"endTime":1059.585,"body":"This kind of makes sense. I"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1055.82,"endTime":1059.585,"body":"mean, the whole process of the"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1059.65,"endTime":1063.676,"body":"chest and the start of war is"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1059.65,"endTime":1063.676,"body":"maybe not immediately clear. But"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1063.741,"endTime":1067.766,"body":"all the tablets in this context,"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1063.741,"endTime":1067.766,"body":"they relate to each other. So"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1067.831,"endTime":1071.337,"body":"they're all part of the"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1067.831,"endTime":1071.337,"body":"administration of Tammitte. Or"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1071.402,"endTime":1075.362,"body":"they are letters, for instance,"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1071.402,"endTime":1075.362,"body":"are written to him, contracts"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1075.427,"endTime":1079.453,"body":"signed by him. And they're also"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1075.427,"endTime":1079.453,"body":"located in an apartment, which"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1079.518,"endTime":1083.283,"body":"is likely to have been his"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1079.518,"endTime":1083.283,"body":"apartment, where he stored this"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1083.348,"endTime":1087.374,"body":"material. So what I did for my"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1083.348,"endTime":1087.374,"body":"research in general at the site"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1087.439,"endTime":1091.204,"body":"was create a 3D model of all the"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1087.439,"endTime":1091.204,"body":"architecture, and all the"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1091.269,"endTime":1095.489,"body":"deposits, and all the finds that"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1091.269,"endTime":1095.489,"body":"we have. So every find had an X,"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1095.554,"endTime":1098.931,"body":"Y, and Z coordinate. And I"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1095.554,"endTime":1098.931,"body":"plotted these in a 3D GIS"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1098.996,"endTime":1102.956,"body":"computer system in which you can"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1098.996,"endTime":1102.956,"body":"have a 3D model of all these"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1103.021,"endTime":1107.111,"body":"things. So the architecture, all"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1103.021,"endTime":1107.111,"body":"the layers, as well as all the"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1107.176,"endTime":1110.423,"body":"finds, And with a database"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1107.176,"endTime":1110.423,"body":"connection to all these"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1110.487,"endTime":1114.188,"body":"individual items. So I could"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1110.487,"endTime":1114.188,"body":"select every tablet and show"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1114.253,"endTime":1117.5,"body":"them in 3D how they were located"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1114.253,"endTime":1117.5,"body":"in this fortress."},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1118.19,"endTime":1121.991,"body":"The first conclusion that I came"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1118.19,"endTime":1121.991,"body":"up with ... well, the first"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1122.054,"endTime":1125.476,"body":"interpretation, I said, Okay,"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1122.054,"endTime":1125.476,"body":"this is this is actually"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1125.539,"endTime":1129.087,"body":"secondary refuse. So this"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1125.539,"endTime":1129.087,"body":"material is not in situ, it is"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1129.151,"endTime":1133.143,"body":"not an archive, like a bookcase"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1129.151,"endTime":1133.143,"body":"that fell over and is buried by"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1133.206,"endTime":1137.261,"body":"soil or collapsed building. But"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1133.206,"endTime":1137.261,"body":"it is material that is discarded"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1137.324,"endTime":1141.126,"body":"away from the place of use. But"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1137.324,"endTime":1141.126,"body":"in many cases, the groups of"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1141.189,"endTime":1144.801,"body":"tablets are very clustered. And"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1141.189,"endTime":1144.801,"body":"I noticed that inside the"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1144.864,"endTime":1148.793,"body":"archive of Tammitte or in the"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1144.864,"endTime":1148.793,"body":"apartment of Tammitte, the layer"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1148.856,"endTime":1152.974,"body":"of tablet fragments was about 40"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1148.856,"endTime":1152.974,"body":"centimeters in thickness, nearly"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1153.038,"endTime":1156.649,"body":"half a meter. And they're"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1153.038,"endTime":1156.649,"body":"relatively small items. Most of"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1156.713,"endTime":1159.881,"body":"them are about 10 by 10"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1156.713,"endTime":1159.881,"body":"centimeters and maybe five"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1159.944,"endTime":1163.746,"body":"centimeters thick. So why they"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1159.944,"endTime":1163.746,"body":"will be located in layer of a"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1163.809,"endTime":1167.611,"body":"total 40 centimeters is a bit"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1163.809,"endTime":1167.611,"body":"strange. If they actually fell"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1167.674,"endTime":1171.666,"body":"on the floor, we'd expect them"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1167.674,"endTime":1171.666,"body":"all to lie perfectly flat on the"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1171.729,"endTime":1173.06,"body":"floor, and that's it."},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1174.2,"endTime":1178.1,"body":"So it turns out that a lot of"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1174.2,"endTime":1178.1,"body":"tablets fragments from that"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1178.19,"endTime":1181.58,"body":"apartment, from that deposit,"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1178.19,"endTime":1181.58,"body":"they were already fragmented"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1181.64,"endTime":1184.7,"body":"before we found them. And we"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1181.64,"endTime":1184.7,"body":"could refit some of these"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1184.7,"endTime":1188.27,"body":"fragments together into the"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1184.7,"endTime":1188.27,"body":"original tablet that it once"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1188.27,"endTime":1192.59,"body":"was. When I looked at these"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1188.27,"endTime":1192.59,"body":"refits and I drew lines between,"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1192.65,"endTime":1195.47,"body":"you know, one fragment to the"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1192.65,"endTime":1195.47,"body":"other, where they refitted to"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1195.47,"endTime":1198.71,"body":"each other, it turned out that"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1195.47,"endTime":1198.71,"body":"these fragments are sometimes"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1198.74,"endTime":1202.43,"body":"meters away from each other. So"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1198.74,"endTime":1202.43,"body":"they were already fragmented and"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1202.43,"endTime":1206.24,"body":"probably mixed in with this soil"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1202.43,"endTime":1206.24,"body":"before they were dumped in this"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1206.24,"endTime":1206.96,"body":"apartment."},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1207.71,"endTime":1212.63,"body":"So let's say in a normal context"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1207.71,"endTime":1212.63,"body":"at a site, when I would find a"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1212.63,"endTime":1216.56,"body":"layer of secondary refuse--and"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1212.63,"endTime":1216.56,"body":"this is the most common type of"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1216.56,"endTime":1220.91,"body":"archaeological deposit--we would"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1216.56,"endTime":1220.91,"body":"find broken pottery, bones,"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1221.33,"endTime":1227.18,"body":"burnt material, lots of"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1221.33,"endTime":1227.18,"body":"heterogeneous soil, stone items,"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1228.14,"endTime":1231.86,"body":"all sorts of things. And very"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1228.14,"endTime":1231.86,"body":"heterogeneous. These are"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1231.89,"endTime":1234.2,"body":"deposits that are filled with"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1231.89,"endTime":1234.2,"body":"all sorts of material, and they"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1234.2,"endTime":1238.37,"body":"don't seem to really pattern"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1234.2,"endTime":1238.37,"body":"anything. The deposits in which"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1238.37,"endTime":1242.81,"body":"we find tablets are relatively"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1238.37,"endTime":1242.81,"body":"homogeneous. So we do find"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1242.84,"endTime":1246.5,"body":"pieces of bone, some pottery,"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1242.84,"endTime":1246.5,"body":"and some other little things in"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1246.5,"endTime":1252.26,"body":"there. But there is a density of"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1246.5,"endTime":1252.26,"body":"these tablets. These tablets are"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1252.26,"endTime":1256.34,"body":"quite conspicuous. So while we"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1252.26,"endTime":1256.34,"body":"don't find tablets in most"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1256.34,"endTime":1260.03,"body":"deposits, when we do find"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1256.34,"endTime":1260.03,"body":"tablets, we find them clustered."},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1260.06,"endTime":1264.14,"body":"So a whole bunch together. The"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1260.06,"endTime":1264.14,"body":"deposit that they were in"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1264.17,"endTime":1269.21,"body":"contains charcoal, lots of"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1264.17,"endTime":1269.21,"body":"small, burnt bone fragments, or"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1269.21,"endTime":1273.32,"body":"pottery fragments amongst them."},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1269.21,"endTime":1273.32,"body":"It was, let's say, a very dirty"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1273.35,"endTime":1277.55,"body":"deposit. It wasn't a clean"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1273.35,"endTime":1277.55,"body":"layer. It was really garbage."},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1278.15,"endTime":1282.14,"body":"And so we can only interpret the"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1278.15,"endTime":1282.14,"body":"tablets themselves as part of"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1282.14,"endTime":1285.14,"body":"this garbage and part of this"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1282.14,"endTime":1285.14,"body":"sort of deliberate dumping of"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1285.14,"endTime":1288.77,"body":"material. Now, although there"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1285.14,"endTime":1288.77,"body":"were lots of little things in"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1288.77,"endTime":1291.65,"body":"this layer, it was very"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1288.77,"endTime":1291.65,"body":"homogeneous throughout. So"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1291.68,"endTime":1294.68,"body":"completely, it was filled with"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1291.68,"endTime":1294.68,"body":"charcoal, and these cuneiform"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1294.68,"endTime":1299.06,"body":"tablets, and little bits of"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1294.68,"endTime":1299.06,"body":"other general refuse. And it was"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1299.12,"endTime":1302.42,"body":"after it was dumped, there was a"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1299.12,"endTime":1302.42,"body":"floor constructed directly on"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1302.42,"endTime":1307.52,"body":"top. And what this tells me is"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1302.42,"endTime":1307.52,"body":"that what we have here is the"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1307.55,"endTime":1311.36,"body":"secondary discard--something"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1307.55,"endTime":1311.36,"body":"that was first discarded"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1311.36,"endTime":1311.87,"body":"elsewhere."},{"speaker":"Imagine this","startTime":1312.65,"endTime":1316.58,"body":"someone is working"},{"speaker":"Imagine this","startTime":1312.65,"endTime":1316.58,"body":"on an archive or cleaning it out"},{"speaker":"Imagine this","startTime":1316.58,"endTime":1321.05,"body":"or doing administrative duties."},{"speaker":"Imagine this","startTime":1316.58,"endTime":1321.05,"body":"And at some point, they noticed"},{"speaker":"Imagine this","startTime":1321.05,"endTime":1323.66,"body":"that some letter is no longer"},{"speaker":"Imagine this","startTime":1321.05,"endTime":1323.66,"body":"useful and doesn't need to be"},{"speaker":"Imagine this","startTime":1323.66,"endTime":1327.02,"body":"kept. Or maybe a contract that"},{"speaker":"Imagine this","startTime":1323.66,"endTime":1327.02,"body":"has been settled has been"},{"speaker":"Imagine this","startTime":1327.05,"endTime":1331.13,"body":"broken, wants to be completely"},{"speaker":"Imagine this","startTime":1327.05,"endTime":1331.13,"body":"destroyed. And is chucked in the"},{"speaker":"Imagine this","startTime":1331.13,"endTime":1333.95,"body":"corner of the room where in"},{"speaker":"Imagine this","startTime":1331.13,"endTime":1333.95,"body":"which these administrative"},{"speaker":"Imagine this","startTime":1333.95,"endTime":1337.76,"body":"things are being done. And at"},{"speaker":"Imagine this","startTime":1333.95,"endTime":1337.76,"body":"some point, there is so much of"},{"speaker":"Imagine this","startTime":1337.76,"endTime":1341.48,"body":"this rubbish that is piled"},{"speaker":"Imagine this","startTime":1337.76,"endTime":1341.48,"body":"together, or perhaps stores in a"},{"speaker":"Imagine this","startTime":1341.48,"endTime":1344.42,"body":"little container temporarily,"},{"speaker":"Imagine this","startTime":1341.48,"endTime":1344.42,"body":"that they want to get rid of it"},{"speaker":"Imagine this","startTime":1344.42,"endTime":1348.14,"body":"completely. And it is this"},{"speaker":"Imagine this","startTime":1344.42,"endTime":1348.14,"body":"material, which was first"},{"speaker":"Imagine this","startTime":1348.2,"endTime":1353.33,"body":"temporarily stored in, let's say"},{"speaker":"Imagine this","startTime":1348.2,"endTime":1353.33,"body":"in a little rubbish bin, is then"},{"speaker":"Imagine this","startTime":1353.33,"endTime":1358.22,"body":"discarded together in some"},{"speaker":"Imagine this","startTime":1353.33,"endTime":1358.22,"body":"construction layer, or in some"},{"speaker":"Imagine this","startTime":1358.25,"endTime":1362.12,"body":"garbage heap where it is covered"},{"speaker":"Imagine this","startTime":1358.25,"endTime":1362.12,"body":"with other material. So on the"},{"speaker":"Imagine this","startTime":1362.12,"endTime":1366.53,"body":"one hand, we see that cuneiform"},{"speaker":"Imagine this","startTime":1362.12,"endTime":1366.53,"body":"tablet contexts are also"},{"speaker":"Imagine this","startTime":1366.53,"endTime":1370.43,"body":"secondary refuse contexts,"},{"speaker":"Imagine this","startTime":1366.53,"endTime":1370.43,"body":"often, not always, but often."},{"speaker":"Imagine this","startTime":1371.15,"endTime":1373.79,"body":"But on the other hand, they are"},{"speaker":"Imagine this","startTime":1371.15,"endTime":1373.79,"body":"quite unique in that they have"},{"speaker":"Imagine this","startTime":1373.79,"endTime":1377.84,"body":"this material. And there are the"},{"speaker":"Imagine this","startTime":1373.79,"endTime":1377.84,"body":"deliberate discards probably by"},{"speaker":"Imagine this","startTime":1377.93,"endTime":1381.65,"body":"this person who was managing"},{"speaker":"Imagine this","startTime":1377.93,"endTime":1381.65,"body":"their archive or the texts."},{"speaker":"Imagine this","startTime":1383.3,"endTime":1387.02,"body":"So it looks to us, if we compare"},{"speaker":"Imagine this","startTime":1383.3,"endTime":1387.02,"body":"it to other similar proposals at"},{"speaker":"Imagine this","startTime":1387.02,"endTime":1391.94,"body":"the site, that this material was"},{"speaker":"Imagine this","startTime":1387.02,"endTime":1391.94,"body":"dumped here in a construction"},{"speaker":"Imagine this","startTime":1391.94,"endTime":1396.41,"body":"layer. So really a sort of a"},{"speaker":"Imagine this","startTime":1391.94,"endTime":1396.41,"body":"base for the next floor, which"},{"speaker":"Imagine this","startTime":1396.41,"endTime":1400.46,"body":"was a relatively common thing to"},{"speaker":"Imagine this","startTime":1396.41,"endTime":1400.46,"body":"do. It looks like these items"},{"speaker":"Imagine this","startTime":1400.46,"endTime":1405.02,"body":"were deliberately dumped in a"},{"speaker":"Imagine this","startTime":1400.46,"endTime":1405.02,"body":"place, that means that they are"},{"speaker":"Imagine this","startTime":1405.02,"endTime":1408.23,"body":"out of the way and you can't"},{"speaker":"Imagine this","startTime":1405.02,"endTime":1408.23,"body":"reach them anymore. So they're"},{"speaker":"Imagine this","startTime":1408.23,"endTime":1410.93,"body":"also secure. It also means that"},{"speaker":"Imagine this","startTime":1408.23,"endTime":1410.93,"body":"no one else can find these"},{"speaker":"Imagine this","startTime":1410.93,"endTime":1413.84,"body":"tablets, your old"},{"speaker":"Imagine this","startTime":1410.93,"endTime":1413.84,"body":"administration, to use it"},{"speaker":"Imagine this","startTime":1413.84,"endTime":1417.53,"body":"against you, if that is possible"},{"speaker":"Imagine this","startTime":1413.84,"endTime":1417.53,"body":"in some way. So this is how I"},{"speaker":"Imagine this","startTime":1417.56,"endTime":1421.16,"body":"worked with it. I tried to look"},{"speaker":"Imagine this","startTime":1417.56,"endTime":1421.16,"body":"at their 3D location, their"},{"speaker":"Imagine this","startTime":1421.16,"endTime":1425.63,"body":"state--they were all fragmented,"},{"speaker":"Imagine this","startTime":1421.16,"endTime":1425.63,"body":"they were covered in dirt. And"},{"speaker":"Imagine this","startTime":1425.96,"endTime":1428.75,"body":"the stratigraphic context in"},{"speaker":"Imagine this","startTime":1425.96,"endTime":1428.75,"body":"which we find them. And the"},{"speaker":"Imagine this","startTime":1428.75,"endTime":1432.71,"body":"conclusion is indeed secondary"},{"speaker":"Imagine this","startTime":1428.75,"endTime":1432.71,"body":"refuse that was deliberately"},{"speaker":"Imagine this","startTime":1432.71,"endTime":1433.61,"body":"dumped together."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1435.41,"endTime":1438.17,"body":"You’ve also worked"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1435.41,"endTime":1438.17,"body":"at Tell Fekheriye. What did you"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1438.17,"endTime":1439.34,"body":"learn from that site?"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1440.06,"endTime":1442.73,"body":"Yeah, so"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1440.06,"endTime":1442.73,"body":"after looking at the material"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1442.73,"endTime":1445.88,"body":"from Tell Sabi Abyad, I wanted"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1442.73,"endTime":1445.88,"body":"to get an idea if this was a"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1446.0,"endTime":1449.69,"body":"one-off, or this was a recurring"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1446.0,"endTime":1449.69,"body":"pattern at other similar sites"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1449.69,"endTime":1453.23,"body":"that were nearby. So I looked at"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1449.69,"endTime":1453.23,"body":"the documentation, or at least"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1453.23,"endTime":1456.74,"body":"the publications from Tell"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1453.23,"endTime":1456.74,"body":"Fekheriye. And in Tell"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1456.74,"endTime":1460.97,"body":"Fekheriye, there were about 51"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1456.74,"endTime":1460.97,"body":"cuneiform texts found, and they"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1460.97,"endTime":1464.06,"body":"were found underneath the floor"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1460.97,"endTime":1464.06,"body":"of this Middle Assyrian house,"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1464.15,"endTime":1468.14,"body":"number one. And according to the"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1464.15,"endTime":1468.14,"body":"excavator, they were discarded"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1468.14,"endTime":1471.74,"body":"in this area as the terrain was"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1468.14,"endTime":1471.74,"body":"filled with compact soil and"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1471.74,"endTime":1476.36,"body":"also broken and smashed up mud"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1471.74,"endTime":1476.36,"body":"bricks, and potsherds and other"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1476.36,"endTime":1480.53,"body":"material. And he claims that"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1476.36,"endTime":1480.53,"body":"this is indeed also to build a"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1480.53,"endTime":1483.74,"body":"solid foundation for the floor"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1480.53,"endTime":1483.74,"body":"of the subsequent architecture."},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1484.37,"endTime":1487.25,"body":"So again, also in this case,"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1484.37,"endTime":1487.25,"body":"we're really looking at a"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1487.25,"endTime":1492.17,"body":"context in which broken tablets"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1487.25,"endTime":1492.17,"body":"are mixed in with soil and other"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1492.2,"endTime":1496.43,"body":"general household refuse. And"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1492.2,"endTime":1496.43,"body":"they were dumped inside the"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1496.43,"endTime":1499.16,"body":"construction layer. Just [like]"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1496.43,"endTime":1499.16,"body":"at Sabi Abyad."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1500.27,"endTime":1503.66,"body":"Interesting. There"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1500.27,"endTime":1503.66,"body":"is the situation when tablets"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1503.66,"endTime":1507.02,"body":"are found, that we tend to"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1503.66,"endTime":1507.02,"body":"interpret those contexts through"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1507.02,"endTime":1510.32,"body":"the textual component rather"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1507.02,"endTime":1510.32,"body":"than the material component,"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1510.8,"endTime":1514.46,"body":"that is, tablets being lumps of"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1510.8,"endTime":1514.46,"body":"clay. This is perhaps because"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1514.46,"endTime":1518.24,"body":"tablets were primarily text"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1514.46,"endTime":1518.24,"body":"carriers, and maybe also related"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1518.24,"endTime":1521.78,"body":"to the disciplinary split"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1518.24,"endTime":1521.78,"body":"between text specialists and"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1521.81,"endTime":1522.86,"body":"archaeologists."},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1523.22,"endTime":1525.366,"body":"No,"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1523.22,"endTime":1525.366,"body":"absolutely. There's one context"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1525.427,"endTime":1528.984,"body":"at Tell Sabi Abyad where we"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1525.427,"endTime":1528.984,"body":"found a tablet fragment on the"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1529.045,"endTime":1532.848,"body":"bottom of a cesspit, very close"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1529.045,"endTime":1532.848,"body":"to the office of Tammitte. And"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1532.909,"endTime":1536.711,"body":"it turned out that this fragment"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1532.909,"endTime":1536.711,"body":"actually refits to one of the"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1536.773,"endTime":1540.697,"body":"fragments that were found inside"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1536.773,"endTime":1540.697,"body":"the office. So clearly, someone"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1540.759,"endTime":1544.254,"body":"needed to go to the bathroom"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1540.759,"endTime":1544.254,"body":"really quickly, and couldn't"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1544.316,"endTime":1548.118,"body":"find anything else except for"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1544.316,"endTime":1548.118,"body":"something in his office bin that"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1548.179,"endTime":1551.736,"body":"he could use as toilet paper."},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1548.179,"endTime":1551.736,"body":"And yeah, if you're thinking"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1551.797,"endTime":1555.354,"body":"about how these tablets were"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1551.797,"endTime":1555.354,"body":"used in the past, the writing"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1555.416,"endTime":1558.727,"body":"and administration and"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1555.416,"endTime":1558.727,"body":"everything is only a part. It's"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1558.789,"endTime":1562.529,"body":"an important part, but it's only"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1558.789,"endTime":1562.529,"body":"a part of it. And they could"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1562.591,"endTime":1566.393,"body":"have had all sorts of different"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1562.591,"endTime":1566.393,"body":"meanings and values to people,"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1566.454,"endTime":1567.62,"body":"even then. {LAUGHS}"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1571.73,"endTime":1575.12,"body":"And there's another context at"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1571.73,"endTime":1575.12,"body":"Giricano, which I found very"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1575.12,"endTime":1579.29,"body":"interesting, because often, when"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1575.12,"endTime":1579.29,"body":"we find a cluster of texts, it"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1579.29,"endTime":1582.38,"body":"is directly assumed that it's"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1579.29,"endTime":1582.38,"body":"probably meaningfully"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1582.38,"endTime":1585.98,"body":"constituted. And these are some"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1582.38,"endTime":1585.98,"body":"kind of little archive or a"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1585.98,"endTime":1589.76,"body":"major archive. And it makes"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1585.98,"endTime":1589.76,"body":"sense that we think this. So at"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1589.76,"endTime":1594.65,"body":"Giricano, there was a jar found."},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1589.76,"endTime":1594.65,"body":"And inside this jar are 15"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1594.68,"endTime":1598.37,"body":"Middle Assyrian texts. So they"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1594.68,"endTime":1598.37,"body":"clearly were placed there"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1598.37,"endTime":1602.36,"body":"together by someone in the past."},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1598.37,"endTime":1602.36,"body":"And the interpretation seems"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1602.42,"endTime":1606.5,"body":"rather clear cut that this is a"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1602.42,"endTime":1606.5,"body":"small archive. But it turns out"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1606.53,"endTime":1609.89,"body":"that these were maybe records of"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1606.53,"endTime":1609.89,"body":"outstanding transactions that"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1609.89,"endTime":1614.42,"body":"were not completed yet. And"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1609.89,"endTime":1614.42,"body":"again, it makes sense. They were"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1614.42,"endTime":1618.77,"body":"part of an archive of Ahuni."},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1614.42,"endTime":1618.77,"body":"This is a person who is a party"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1618.77,"endTime":1621.5,"body":"in every transaction in the"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1618.77,"endTime":1621.5,"body":"texts that were found in there."},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1621.95,"endTime":1625.88,"body":"So this was interpreted as the"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1621.95,"endTime":1625.88,"body":"archive of Ahuni. And yeah, it"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1625.88,"endTime":1629.09,"body":"seems unproblematic. But again,"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1625.88,"endTime":1629.09,"body":"if we look at the material"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1629.09,"endTime":1633.38,"body":"qualities of these items, we see"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1629.09,"endTime":1633.38,"body":"something different. The jar was"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1633.38,"endTime":1638.48,"body":"found in a very strange, poorly"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1633.38,"endTime":1638.48,"body":"defined context. It seems to be"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1638.51,"endTime":1641.96,"body":"buried or thrown away. It's not"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1638.51,"endTime":1641.96,"body":"really located in a perfect in"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1641.96,"endTime":1647.18,"body":"situ place inside the building."},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1641.96,"endTime":1647.18,"body":"The jar itself was partly"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1647.18,"endTime":1651.95,"body":"broken. The texts themselves"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1647.18,"endTime":1651.95,"body":"were broken, despite the"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1651.95,"endTime":1656.36,"body":"extremely careful excavation of"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1651.95,"endTime":1656.36,"body":"these texts, obviously. So"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1656.42,"endTime":1658.82,"body":"there's something different"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1656.42,"endTime":1658.82,"body":"going on. This is not a perfect"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1658.85,"endTime":1662.63,"body":"in situ archive that was just"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1658.85,"endTime":1662.63,"body":"left behind. These were already"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1662.66,"endTime":1665.66,"body":"fragmented and broken before"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1662.66,"endTime":1665.66,"body":"they were deposited."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1666.77,"endTime":1669.08,"body":"These finds of"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1666.77,"endTime":1669.08,"body":"tablets in jars are rather"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1669.08,"endTime":1673.22,"body":"intriguing. Quite a number of"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1669.08,"endTime":1673.22,"body":"finds have been made of tablets"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1673.22,"endTime":1677.06,"body":"in jars. We think that was one"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1673.22,"endTime":1677.06,"body":"of the main methods of storing"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1677.06,"endTime":1680.72,"body":"tablets, right? Although from a"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1677.06,"endTime":1680.72,"body":"modern perspective it seems much"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1680.72,"endTime":1684.53,"body":"less practical than using"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1680.72,"endTime":1684.53,"body":"shelves or baskets. So do you"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1684.53,"endTime":1688.34,"body":"think that these jars, or some"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1684.53,"endTime":1688.34,"body":"of them, at least, are better"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1688.34,"endTime":1690.47,"body":"understood as office bins?"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1691.35,"endTime":1693.66,"body":"Yeah, it's"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1691.35,"endTime":1693.66,"body":"difficult to say. There's also"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1693.72,"endTime":1696.81,"body":"always multiple characteristics"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1693.72,"endTime":1696.81,"body":"that you have to keep in mind,"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1696.81,"endTime":1699.03,"body":"that you have to look at to"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1696.81,"endTime":1699.03,"body":"determine what the functional"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1699.03,"endTime":1701.97,"body":"relationship and the motivation"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1699.03,"endTime":1701.97,"body":"behind placing these objects"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1701.97,"endTime":1705.42,"body":"inside the jar etc? Was it to"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1701.97,"endTime":1705.42,"body":"store them? Was it to transport"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1705.42,"endTime":1708.99,"body":"them? Was it to discard them?"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1705.42,"endTime":1708.99,"body":"And I don't think you can just"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1708.99,"endTime":1711.45,"body":"have some sort of umbrella"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1708.99,"endTime":1711.45,"body":"interpretation for each"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1711.45,"endTime":1714.87,"body":"particular physical context. I"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1711.45,"endTime":1714.87,"body":"mean, I don't think it was as"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1714.87,"endTime":1719.64,"body":"structured necessarily, as we"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1714.87,"endTime":1719.64,"body":"would like. Administrators could"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1719.64,"endTime":1723.27,"body":"use anything at their disposal"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1719.64,"endTime":1723.27,"body":"for storage, or transport, or"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1723.27,"endTime":1727.68,"body":"discard, or you name it. So that"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1723.27,"endTime":1727.68,"body":"means that I don't have a clear"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1727.68,"endTime":1730.32,"body":"cut answer for you. I don't"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1727.68,"endTime":1730.32,"body":"think we can really say that"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1730.32,"endTime":1733.95,"body":"they are most likely all"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1730.32,"endTime":1733.95,"body":"discard. But at the same time,"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1734.22,"endTime":1738.33,"body":"you can indeed also not claim"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1734.22,"endTime":1738.33,"body":"that these must be perfect"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1738.36,"endTime":1743.1,"body":"meaningful archives or folders"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1738.36,"endTime":1743.1,"body":"or files, or whatever. Look at"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1743.1,"endTime":1747.33,"body":"the fragmentation. Are there"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1743.1,"endTime":1747.33,"body":"other materials also inside?"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1747.42,"endTime":1750.6,"body":"What is the archaeological,"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1747.42,"endTime":1750.6,"body":"stratigraphic context of the jar"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1750.6,"endTime":1751.98,"body":"itself, etc.?"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1753.36,"endTime":1757.53,"body":"So, to kind wrap these contexts"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1753.36,"endTime":1757.53,"body":"up, we started to think that"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1757.53,"endTime":1761.07,"body":"there are a couple of important"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1757.53,"endTime":1761.07,"body":"things that we've seen. So first"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1761.07,"endTime":1765.3,"body":"of all, it looks like many"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1761.07,"endTime":1765.3,"body":"tablets that we find can be"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1765.33,"endTime":1769.65,"body":"characterised as secondary"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1765.33,"endTime":1769.65,"body":"refuse. So they are discarded"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1769.71,"endTime":1773.67,"body":"away from a place of use. And"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1769.71,"endTime":1773.67,"body":"they were often fragmented and"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1773.67,"endTime":1778.62,"body":"even burnt before they were"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1773.67,"endTime":1778.62,"body":"deposited. So this tells us that"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1778.74,"endTime":1783.12,"body":"probably these tablets were"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1778.74,"endTime":1783.12,"body":"discarded somewhere temporarily,"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1783.69,"endTime":1786.51,"body":"before they were finally"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1783.69,"endTime":1786.51,"body":"deposited in the place where we"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1786.51,"endTime":1791.28,"body":"find them. And this is what we"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1786.51,"endTime":1791.28,"body":"call the office bin hypothesis:"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1791.67,"endTime":1795.06,"body":"that people during"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1791.67,"endTime":1795.06,"body":"administrative activities would"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1795.06,"endTime":1800.19,"body":"have either a corner of a room"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1795.06,"endTime":1800.19,"body":"or maybe a container that they"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1800.22,"endTime":1803.79,"body":"would dump items that they want"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1800.22,"endTime":1803.79,"body":"to discard later. And these"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1803.79,"endTime":1805.56,"body":"could be sensitive documents."},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1805.58,"endTime":1809.227,"body":"So it's important that they were"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1805.58,"endTime":1809.227,"body":"not just discarded outside in"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1809.286,"endTime":1812.816,"body":"the courtyard of the palace."},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1809.286,"endTime":1812.816,"body":"They were kept together as what"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1812.875,"endTime":1816.17,"body":"we call provisional discards."},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1812.875,"endTime":1816.17,"body":"And afterwards were dumped"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1816.228,"endTime":1819.758,"body":"together in either a soil layer,"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1816.228,"endTime":1819.758,"body":"or perhaps even just in the"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1819.817,"endTime":1823.053,"body":"water, where they would"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1819.817,"endTime":1823.053,"body":"dissolve. And why some of these"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1823.112,"endTime":1826.76,"body":"were found inside soil layers?"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1823.112,"endTime":1826.76,"body":"This is probably to do with the"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1826.819,"endTime":1830.525,"body":"specific contexts that we find"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1826.819,"endTime":1830.525,"body":"them in. Because we find them in"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1830.584,"endTime":1834.349,"body":"construction layers very often."},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1830.584,"endTime":1834.349,"body":"So it is likely that if Ahuni or"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1834.408,"endTime":1837.526,"body":"Tammitte, or anyone else who is"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1834.408,"endTime":1837.526,"body":"sitting on a mound of"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1837.585,"endTime":1840.998,"body":"administrative documents that"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1837.585,"endTime":1840.998,"body":"they want to get rid of, and"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1841.056,"endTime":1844.528,"body":"they notice that someone next"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1841.056,"endTime":1844.528,"body":"door is building a new floor,"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1844.586,"endTime":1848.352,"body":"they say, Hey, wait, let me just"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1844.586,"endTime":1848.352,"body":"dump this material in there and"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1848.411,"endTime":1851.941,"body":"then construct your floor over"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1848.411,"endTime":1851.941,"body":"them, rather than walking all"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1851.999,"endTime":1855.53,"body":"the way to the river to dump"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1851.999,"endTime":1855.53,"body":"them in the water or something."},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1856.23,"endTime":1859.02,"body":"This explains a couple of"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1856.23,"endTime":1859.02,"body":"things. This explains the fact"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1859.02,"endTime":1863.28,"body":"that they seem like secondary"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1859.02,"endTime":1863.28,"body":"refuse. It explains why they"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1863.28,"endTime":1867.24,"body":"always seem to be a coherent set"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1863.28,"endTime":1867.24,"body":"of texts from one particular"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1867.24,"endTime":1871.02,"body":"archive or one particular"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1867.24,"endTime":1871.02,"body":"person. And why we find these"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1871.02,"endTime":1874.83,"body":"sort of compact clusters of this"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1871.02,"endTime":1874.83,"body":"material. And what we also of"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1874.83,"endTime":1877.74,"body":"course, have to ask ourselves"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1874.83,"endTime":1877.74,"body":"is, how do the contexts that we"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1877.74,"endTime":1882.33,"body":"find the few times that people"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1877.74,"endTime":1882.33,"body":"decided to dump tablets inside"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1882.33,"endTime":1886.23,"body":"the settlement, rather than"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1882.33,"endTime":1886.23,"body":"recycle the clay or dump them in"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1886.23,"endTime":1890.01,"body":"the water or something else to"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1886.23,"endTime":1890.01,"body":"destroy them? And how does this"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1890.01,"endTime":1892.89,"body":"reflect the original archives in"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1890.01,"endTime":1892.89,"body":"the past? And all the other"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1892.92,"endTime":1896.91,"body":"behaviours that are associated"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1892.92,"endTime":1896.91,"body":"with that? So it is relatively"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1896.91,"endTime":1900.42,"body":"random in the sense that we find"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1896.91,"endTime":1900.42,"body":"only a part of the"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1900.45,"endTime":1903.48,"body":"administration of the past that"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1900.45,"endTime":1903.48,"body":"happened to have followed this"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1903.48,"endTime":1906.9,"body":"process. It tells us to kind of"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1903.48,"endTime":1906.9,"body":"be cautious of how"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1906.9,"endTime":1910.02,"body":"representative we think these"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1906.9,"endTime":1910.02,"body":"are. Try to imagine"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1910.08,"endTime":1914.97,"body":"reconstructing society from"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1910.08,"endTime":1914.97,"body":"looking at office bins in a"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1914.97,"endTime":1918.6,"body":"couple of buildings in any city"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1914.97,"endTime":1918.6,"body":"that you have now. This is, I"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1918.6,"endTime":1921.0,"body":"think, how we should interpret"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1918.6,"endTime":1921.0,"body":"these texts. And we see at"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1921.0,"endTime":1925.32,"body":"Giricano this jar, we hope to be"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1921.0,"endTime":1925.32,"body":"able to interpret it maybe as"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1925.32,"endTime":1929.49,"body":"one of these provisional discard"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1925.32,"endTime":1929.49,"body":"contexts. So this was actually"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1929.49,"endTime":1932.43,"body":"maybe one of the office bins of"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1929.49,"endTime":1932.43,"body":"the past."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1933.51,"endTime":1936.15,"body":"As you mentioned at"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1933.51,"endTime":1936.15,"body":"the start, the majority of"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1936.15,"endTime":1940.2,"body":"tablets have been found in older"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1936.15,"endTime":1940.2,"body":"excavations where detailed"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1940.2,"endTime":1943.83,"body":"archaeological information was"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1940.2,"endTime":1943.83,"body":"not collected. Is there anything"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1943.83,"endTime":1948.06,"body":"we can do retrospectively to"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1943.83,"endTime":1948.06,"body":"look at finds of tablets on"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1948.06,"endTime":1951.24,"body":"these older excavations and"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1948.06,"endTime":1951.24,"body":"apply your approach to them?"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1951.51,"endTime":1954.51,"body":"Yeah, this"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1951.51,"endTime":1954.51,"body":"is certainly a problem. We have"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1954.51,"endTime":1957.9,"body":"about a half a million tablets"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1954.51,"endTime":1957.9,"body":"in museum collections around the"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1957.9,"endTime":1963.09,"body":"world right now. And a large"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1957.9,"endTime":1963.09,"body":"number of these probably we"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1963.09,"endTime":1967.05,"body":"cannot reconstruct their"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1963.09,"endTime":1967.05,"body":"contexts. Many tablets in the"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1967.05,"endTime":1970.95,"body":"past were even fired by the"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1967.05,"endTime":1970.95,"body":"excavators to preserve them. So"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1970.95,"endTime":1974.52,"body":"we can't even determine if they"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1970.95,"endTime":1974.52,"body":"have differential burning in the"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1974.52,"endTime":1977.46,"body":"past or other physical"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1974.52,"endTime":1977.46,"body":"properties that we might want to"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1977.49,"endTime":1982.62,"body":"investigate. But from the half"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1977.49,"endTime":1982.62,"body":"million tablets, I think there"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1982.62,"endTime":1986.04,"body":"should be enough to investigate"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1982.62,"endTime":1986.04,"body":"substantially how these"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1986.04,"endTime":1988.59,"body":"processes really worked at"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1986.04,"endTime":1988.59,"body":"different sites. Because I've"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1988.74,"endTime":1992.22,"body":"looked at only a handful of"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1988.74,"endTime":1992.22,"body":"excavations in the north of"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1992.22,"endTime":1996.39,"body":"Syria and a relatively random"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1992.22,"endTime":1996.39,"body":"selection, if I'm honest. And"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1996.39,"endTime":1999.63,"body":"there are contexts which we"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1996.39,"endTime":1999.63,"body":"definitely can consider to be in"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1999.63,"endTime":2003.41,"body":"situ. There are libraries where"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":1999.63,"endTime":2003.41,"body":"we can see complete tablets,"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2003.59,"endTime":2008.36,"body":"1000s of them, neatly arranged"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2003.59,"endTime":2008.36,"body":"in stacks or in rows. There is a"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2008.36,"endTime":2011.36,"body":"variety in the type of contexts"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2008.36,"endTime":2011.36,"body":"that we can find these tablets"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2011.36,"endTime":2011.57,"body":"in."},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2012.44,"endTime":2016.31,"body":"Rather than considering it"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2012.44,"endTime":2016.31,"body":"difficult, I think what I would"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2016.67,"endTime":2021.14,"body":"call for is to make an inventory"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2016.67,"endTime":2021.14,"body":"of what is possible. Which sites"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2021.14,"endTime":2024.98,"body":"can we actually determine, to"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2021.14,"endTime":2024.98,"body":"some degree, the depositional"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2024.98,"endTime":2028.19,"body":"history of these tablets? I"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2024.98,"endTime":2028.19,"body":"mean, we don't have to create a"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2028.19,"endTime":2031.49,"body":"fancy 3D model of every site. If"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2028.19,"endTime":2031.49,"body":"we can determine the"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2031.49,"endTime":2034.43,"body":"stratigraphic context of"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2031.49,"endTime":2034.43,"body":"tablets, then already, we can do"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2034.43,"endTime":2038.66,"body":"a lot. So I would say rather"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2034.43,"endTime":2038.66,"body":"than being hung up on all the"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2038.66,"endTime":2041.03,"body":"things that we cannot do is"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2038.66,"endTime":2041.03,"body":"really look at, okay, which"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2041.03,"endTime":2044.33,"body":"sites do we have this"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2041.03,"endTime":2044.33,"body":"information for? And let's get"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2044.33,"endTime":2049.22,"body":"on it. {LAUGHS} There's so"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2044.33,"endTime":2049.22,"body":"little work that has been done"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2049.31,"endTime":2053.27,"body":"on this specifically, there is"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2049.31,"endTime":2053.27,"body":"so much to gain by simply"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2053.27,"endTime":2055.67,"body":"getting started, and working on"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2053.27,"endTime":2055.67,"body":"the material where we can do"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2055.67,"endTime":2059.33,"body":"this. It's really exciting."},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2055.67,"endTime":2059.33,"body":"There's world to win."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2060.489,"endTime":2063.039,"body":"I really like the"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2060.489,"endTime":2063.039,"body":"human perspective your approach"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2063.039,"endTime":2066.609,"body":"brings. We're often guilty of"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2063.039,"endTime":2066.609,"body":"treating scribes almost like"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2066.609,"endTime":2069.309,"body":"robots, and rarely as"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2066.609,"endTime":2069.309,"body":"individuals."},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2069.9,"endTime":2072.0,"body":"Yeah,"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2069.9,"endTime":2072.0,"body":"definitely. Because I was"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2072.0,"endTime":2074.64,"body":"working on this, I was also"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2072.0,"endTime":2074.64,"body":"working on the depositional"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2074.64,"endTime":2078.6,"body":"patterns and how they are"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2074.64,"endTime":2078.6,"body":"socially meaningful. The first"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2078.6,"endTime":2082.41,"body":"step that I'm proposing now is"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2078.6,"endTime":2082.41,"body":"simply depositional analysis is"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2082.41,"endTime":2086.61,"body":"something that in archaeology"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2082.41,"endTime":2086.61,"body":"was a hot topic in 1960s. After"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2086.61,"endTime":2088.86,"body":"you've determined if you have"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2086.61,"endTime":2088.86,"body":"the proper archaeological"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2088.86,"endTime":2091.17,"body":"context, you can start thinking"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2088.86,"endTime":2091.17,"body":"about all the sort of social"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2091.17,"endTime":2095.13,"body":"behaviour that is part of these"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2091.17,"endTime":2095.13,"body":"practices, and what tablets"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2095.13,"endTime":2098.22,"body":"meant for people in the past,"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2095.13,"endTime":2098.22,"body":"how they were considered, how"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2098.22,"endTime":2102.96,"body":"they were valued. It's only the"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2098.22,"endTime":2102.96,"body":"first step. So it fascinates me."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2103.36,"endTime":2106.39,"body":"I'd love to see that"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2103.36,"endTime":2106.39,"body":"myself actually. Is there"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2106.39,"endTime":2109.36,"body":"somewhere we can read more about"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2106.39,"endTime":2109.36,"body":"your work? Or could you tell us"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2109.36,"endTime":2111.49,"body":"about your future plans for this"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2109.36,"endTime":2111.49,"body":"kind of work?"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2112.77,"endTime":2114.63,"body":"My current"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2112.77,"endTime":2114.63,"body":"research, I have kind of two"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2114.63,"endTime":2118.05,"body":"projects at the same time.My"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2114.63,"endTime":2118.05,"body":"main excavation project is"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2118.2,"endTime":2121.83,"body":"aluminous in Cyprus, and I"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2118.2,"endTime":2121.83,"body":"invite everyone to have a look"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2121.83,"endTime":2124.83,"body":"what we're doing there, because"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2121.83,"endTime":2124.83,"body":"it's equally exciting, even"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2124.83,"endTime":2128.07,"body":"though it's a completely"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2124.83,"endTime":2128.07,"body":"different context, please visit"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2128.16,"endTime":2133.41,"body":"palloures.eu, so \"p a double-l o"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2128.16,"endTime":2133.41,"body":"u r e s\". We have annual"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2133.41,"endTime":2136.83,"body":"excavations of about six, seven"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2133.41,"endTime":2136.83,"body":"weeks. And we post a lot on"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2136.83,"endTime":2140.04,"body":"social media. All sorts of"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2136.83,"endTime":2140.04,"body":"exciting things coming out all"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2140.04,"endTime":2143.91,"body":"the time. And here you'll find"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2140.04,"endTime":2143.91,"body":"many of my publications as well."},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2144.51,"endTime":2148.5,"body":"Otherwise, you can track me on"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2144.51,"endTime":2148.5,"body":"ResearchGate and academia.edu,"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2148.62,"endTime":2155.55,"body":"which I try to keep up to date,"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2148.62,"endTime":2155.55,"body":"but {LAUGHS} I'm not a star in"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2155.55,"endTime":2159.27,"body":"these things. I'd be very eager"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2155.55,"endTime":2159.27,"body":"to hear if people are interested"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2159.27,"endTime":2161.49,"body":"in collaborating on this"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2159.27,"endTime":2161.49,"body":"material. If they have"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2161.52,"endTime":2165.69,"body":"documentation of archaeological"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2161.52,"endTime":2165.69,"body":"sites. If there are ideas of how"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2165.69,"endTime":2168.45,"body":"we can apply these techniques"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2165.69,"endTime":2168.45,"body":"more. And if I can help with"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2168.45,"endTime":2171.54,"body":"this, think along, or just"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2168.45,"endTime":2171.54,"body":"simply discuss these things,"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2171.57,"endTime":2173.97,"body":"I'll be very interested. And"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2171.57,"endTime":2173.97,"body":"people can reach me on the"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2173.97,"endTime":2175.98,"body":"website of the University of"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2173.97,"endTime":2175.98,"body":"Cyprus."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2176.65,"endTime":2177.76,"body":"Thank you very much."},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2178.18,"endTime":2180.28,"body":"Yeah, no"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2178.18,"endTime":2180.28,"body":"worries. I'm happy to talk about"},{"speaker":"Victor Klinkenberg","startTime":2180.28,"endTime":2180.55,"body":"this."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2181.3,"endTime":2183.91,"body":"I’d also like to"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2181.3,"endTime":2183.91,"body":"thank our patrons: Tyler"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2183.91,"endTime":2189.91,"body":"Russell, Enrique Jimenez, Jana"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2183.91,"endTime":2189.91,"body":"Matuszak, Nancy Highcock, Jay C,"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2190.27,"endTime":2195.55,"body":"Rune Rattenborg, Woodthrush,"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2190.27,"endTime":2195.55,"body":"Elisa Rossberger, Mark Weeden,"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2196.12,"endTime":2201.61,"body":"Jordi Mon Companys, Thomas"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2196.12,"endTime":2201.61,"body":"Bolin, Joan Porter MacIver, John"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2201.61,"endTime":2207.7,"body":"MacGinnis, Andrew George, Yelena"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2201.61,"endTime":2207.7,"body":"Rakic, Michael Katsevman, Mend"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2207.7,"endTime":2213.64,"body":"Mariwany, Kathryn Topper, Zach"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2207.7,"endTime":2213.64,"body":"Rubin, Sabina Franke, Sophus"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2213.64,"endTime":2219.97,"body":"Helle, Shai Gordin, Aaron Macks,"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2213.64,"endTime":2219.97,"body":"Jonathan Stökl, Maarja Seire,"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2220.36,"endTime":2225.49,"body":"Jaafar Jotheri, Morgan Hite,"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2220.36,"endTime":2225.49,"body":"Chikako Watanabe, Mark"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2225.49,"endTime":2230.2,"body":"McElwaine, Heather Baker,"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2225.49,"endTime":2230.2,"body":"Sukanya Ramanujan, Laura"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2230.2,"endTime":2235.99,"body":"Battini, Jonathan Blanchard"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2230.2,"endTime":2235.99,"body":"Smith, Vanessa Richards, Kliment"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2235.99,"endTime":2241.78,"body":"Ohr, TT, Christina"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2235.99,"endTime":2241.78,"body":"Tsouparopoulou, Andrew Senior,"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2242.35,"endTime":2248.5,"body":"Melanie Gross, Adam, Claire"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2242.35,"endTime":2248.5,"body":"Weir, Marc Veldman, Bruno"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2248.5,"endTime":2254.77,"body":"Biermann, Faimon Roberts, Kim"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2248.5,"endTime":2254.77,"body":"Benzel, Maggie Justice, as well"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2254.77,"endTime":2256.99,"body":"as those who prefer to remain"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2254.77,"endTime":2256.99,"body":"anonymous."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2257.77,"endTime":2260.38,"body":"I really appreciate your"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2257.77,"endTime":2260.38,"body":"support. It makes a big"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2260.38,"endTime":2264.91,"body":"difference. Every penny received"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2260.38,"endTime":2264.91,"body":"has contributed towards"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2264.91,"endTime":2268.36,"body":"translations. Thanks of course"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2264.91,"endTime":2268.36,"body":"to the lovely people who have"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2268.36,"endTime":2271.75,"body":"worked on the translations on a"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2268.36,"endTime":2271.75,"body":"voluntary basis or for well"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2271.75,"endTime":2276.01,"body":"below the market rate. For"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2271.75,"endTime":2276.01,"body":"Arabic, thanks in particular to"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2276.01,"endTime":2280.75,"body":"Zainab Mizyidawi, as well as"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2276.01,"endTime":2280.75,"body":"Lina Meerchyad and May Al-Aseel."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2281.59,"endTime":2288.1,"body":"For Turkish, thank you to Pinar"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2281.59,"endTime":2288.1,"body":"Durgun and Nesrin Akan. TEW is"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2288.1,"endTime":2291.61,"body":"still young, but I want to reach"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2288.1,"endTime":2291.61,"body":"a sustainable level, where"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2291.61,"endTime":2294.79,"body":"translators are given proper"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2291.61,"endTime":2294.79,"body":"compensation for their hard"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2294.79,"endTime":2295.24,"body":"work."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2297.52,"endTime":2300.79,"body":"And thank you for listening to"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2297.52,"endTime":2300.79,"body":"Thin End of the Wedge. If you"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2300.79,"endTime":2304.06,"body":"enjoy what we do, and you would"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2300.79,"endTime":2304.06,"body":"like to help make these podcasts"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2304.06,"endTime":2307.15,"body":"available in Middle Eastern"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2304.06,"endTime":2307.15,"body":"languages, please consider"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2307.15,"endTime":2310.99,"body":"joining our Patreon family. You"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2307.15,"endTime":2310.99,"body":"can find us at"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2311.08,"endTime":2317.38,"body":"patreon.com/wedgepod. You can"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2311.08,"endTime":2317.38,"body":"also support us in other ways:"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2318.01,"endTime":2321.85,"body":"simply subscribe to the podcast;"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2318.01,"endTime":2321.85,"body":"leave us a five star review on"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2321.85,"endTime":2325.15,"body":"Apple Music or your favourite"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2321.85,"endTime":2325.15,"body":"podcatcher; recommend us to your"},{"speaker":"friends; follow us on Twitter","startTime":2325.15,"endTime":2331.33,"body":"@wedge_pod. If you want the"},{"speaker":"friends; follow us on Twitter","startTime":2331.33,"endTime":2334.9,"body":"latest podcast news, you can"},{"speaker":"friends; follow us on Twitter","startTime":2331.33,"endTime":2334.9,"body":"sign up for our newsletter. You"},{"speaker":"friends; follow us on Twitter","startTime":2334.9,"endTime":2338.68,"body":"can find all the links in the"},{"speaker":"friends; follow us on Twitter","startTime":2334.9,"endTime":2338.68,"body":"show notes and on our website at"},{"speaker":"friends; follow us on Twitter","startTime":2341.38,"endTime":2347.59,"body":"wedgepod.org. Thanks, and I hope"},{"speaker":"friends; follow us on Twitter","startTime":2341.38,"endTime":2347.59,"body":"you’ll join us next time."}]}