{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"startTime":13.95,"endTime":17.46,"body":"Hello, and welcome to the Thin"},{"startTime":13.95,"endTime":17.46,"body":"End of the Wedge, the podcast"},{"startTime":17.46,"endTime":20.19,"body":"where experts from around the"},{"startTime":17.46,"endTime":20.19,"body":"world share new and interesting"},{"startTime":20.19,"endTime":24.15,"body":"stories about life in the"},{"startTime":20.19,"endTime":24.15,"body":"ancient Middle East. My name is"},{"startTime":24.15,"endTime":27.81,"body":"Jon. Each episode I talk to"},{"startTime":24.15,"endTime":27.81,"body":"friends and colleagues and get"},{"startTime":27.81,"endTime":31.02,"body":"them to explain their work in a"},{"startTime":27.81,"endTime":31.02,"body":"way we can all understand."},{"startTime":31.77,"endTime":35.88,"body":"Freedom is a complicated concept"},{"startTime":31.77,"endTime":35.88,"body":"when applied to ancient Iraq."},{"startTime":36.21,"endTime":40.11,"body":"There are many ways to not be"},{"startTime":36.21,"endTime":40.11,"body":"free, whether on a short term"},{"startTime":40.11,"endTime":44.07,"body":"temporary basis, or as a"},{"startTime":40.11,"endTime":44.07,"body":"permanent or semi permanent"},{"startTime":44.07,"endTime":49.56,"body":"status. Even outside of slavery,"},{"startTime":44.07,"endTime":49.56,"body":"there could be restrictions on"},{"startTime":49.56,"endTime":52.71,"body":"someone's movement and"},{"startTime":49.56,"endTime":52.71,"body":"compulsion of their labor."},{"startTime":53.91,"endTime":58.53,"body":"Were the world’s first prisons"},{"startTime":53.91,"endTime":58.53,"body":"built in Mesopotamia? Who would"},{"startTime":58.53,"endTime":61.35,"body":"be subject to confinement and"},{"startTime":58.53,"endTime":61.35,"body":"what would that involve?"},{"startTime":62.16,"endTime":65.85,"body":"Cuneiform texts touch on the"},{"startTime":62.16,"endTime":65.85,"body":"ideology and practice of"},{"startTime":65.85,"endTime":69.84,"body":"restraining liberty. Why was"},{"startTime":65.85,"endTime":69.84,"body":"anyone confined in the first"},{"startTime":69.84,"endTime":73.29,"body":"place? Who benefitted from that,"},{"startTime":69.84,"endTime":73.29,"body":"and how?"},{"startTime":74.79,"endTime":79.11,"body":"Our guest is an expert in"},{"startTime":74.79,"endTime":79.11,"body":"imprisonment in ancient Iraq. He"},{"startTime":79.11,"endTime":82.32,"body":"guides us through the social"},{"startTime":79.11,"endTime":82.32,"body":"context of confinement, and"},{"startTime":82.32,"endTime":85.41,"body":"explores the similarities and"},{"startTime":82.32,"endTime":85.41,"body":"differences from modern"},{"startTime":85.41,"endTime":86.1,"body":"practice."},{"startTime":87.06,"endTime":90.93,"body":"So get yourself a cup of tea,"},{"startTime":87.06,"endTime":90.93,"body":"make yourself comfortable, and"},{"startTime":90.93,"endTime":92.58,"body":"let's meet today's guest."},{"startTime":101.13,"endTime":103.68,"body":"Hello, and welcome to Thin End"},{"startTime":101.13,"endTime":103.68,"body":"of the Wedge. Thank you for"},{"startTime":103.68,"endTime":104.4,"body":"joining us."},{"startTime":104.67,"endTime":105.96,"body":"It's my pleasure to be here."},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":106.5,"endTime":110.04,"body":"who"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":106.5,"endTime":110.04,"body":"are you, and what do you do?"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":110.82,"endTime":115.17,"body":"My name is Nicholas Reid. I'm a"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":110.82,"endTime":115.17,"body":"professor of Old Testament /"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":115.17,"endTime":118.02,"body":"Ancient Near Eastern Studies at"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":115.17,"endTime":118.02,"body":"Reformed Theological Seminary in"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":118.02,"endTime":121.77,"body":"Orlando. My main area of"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":118.02,"endTime":121.77,"body":"research is assyriology,"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":121.77,"endTime":126.24,"body":"focusing on social history. And"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":121.77,"endTime":126.24,"body":"also I like to work on"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":126.45,"endTime":127.41,"body":"unpublished texts."},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":128.58,"endTime":132.69,"body":"So today, we're going to talk"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":128.58,"endTime":132.69,"body":"about your work on confinement"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":132.72,"endTime":136.71,"body":"and control. There were lots of"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":132.72,"endTime":136.71,"body":"ways in which someone might be"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":136.71,"endTime":140.82,"body":"obliged to stay in a certain"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":136.71,"endTime":140.82,"body":"place or do a particular kind of"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":140.82,"endTime":146.1,"body":"work. It's not as simple as just"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":140.82,"endTime":146.1,"body":"free versus imprisoned, is it?"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":146.7,"endTime":150.06,"body":"So could you introduce us please"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":146.7,"endTime":150.06,"body":"to the different types of"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":150.09,"endTime":151.95,"body":"confinement in ancient Iraq?"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":152.7,"endTime":157.11,"body":"Yeah, it's interesting."},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":152.7,"endTime":157.11,"body":"Confinement or detention,"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":157.14,"endTime":163.05,"body":"imprisonment. It's not regulated"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":157.14,"endTime":163.05,"body":"in any way. And so it's used for"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":163.05,"endTime":166.08,"body":"a variety of purposes. Now, that"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":163.05,"endTime":166.08,"body":"doesn't mean you could just go"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":166.08,"endTime":169.68,"body":"grab anybody and just hold them"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":166.08,"endTime":169.68,"body":"indefinitely. People were"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":169.68,"endTime":173.37,"body":"accountable to others. But there"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":169.68,"endTime":173.37,"body":"wasn't a standard approach or a"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":173.37,"endTime":177.27,"body":"standard function for"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":173.37,"endTime":177.27,"body":"confinement. And so it's"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":177.27,"endTime":181.2,"body":"multi-functional and it's"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":177.27,"endTime":181.2,"body":"multi-contextual. It occurs in a"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":181.2,"endTime":186.12,"body":"variety of contexts. We know"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":181.2,"endTime":186.12,"body":"from archaeology that space in"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":186.12,"endTime":189.21,"body":"the ancient Near East was"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":186.12,"endTime":189.21,"body":"generally multifunctional. And"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":189.21,"endTime":193.59,"body":"so it's not surprising to see"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":189.21,"endTime":193.59,"body":"that prisons could appear in ..."},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":193.74,"endTime":198.3,"body":"or imprisonment or confinement"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":193.74,"endTime":198.3,"body":"could occur in, say, a temple, a"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":198.3,"endTime":202.38,"body":"workhouse in a palace, in a"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":198.3,"endTime":202.38,"body":"private residence. So it happens"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":202.38,"endTime":207.63,"body":"in a variety of contexts. It"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":202.38,"endTime":207.63,"body":"also happens in a variety of"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":207.63,"endTime":213.39,"body":"reasons. It's normally tied to a"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":207.63,"endTime":213.39,"body":"judicial process. So if someone"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":213.39,"endTime":217.29,"body":"is suspected of committing a"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":213.39,"endTime":217.29,"body":"crime, being held for a variety"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":217.29,"endTime":222.15,"body":"of reasons, or even as to force"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":217.29,"endTime":222.15,"body":"a payment after an offense, a"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":222.15,"endTime":226.08,"body":"person could be detained for"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":222.15,"endTime":226.08,"body":"that purpose. So it's clearly"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":226.08,"endTime":229.2,"body":"attested in judicial process,"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":226.08,"endTime":229.2,"body":"which causes us then to see"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":229.2,"endTime":232.32,"body":"crime intersecting a lot with"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":229.2,"endTime":232.32,"body":"imprisonment, not so much"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":232.32,"endTime":236.25,"body":"because it's as punishment, but"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":232.32,"endTime":236.25,"body":"because a person who commits an"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":236.25,"endTime":239.49,"body":"offence could be held until it's"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":236.25,"endTime":239.49,"body":"determined whether or not"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":239.49,"endTime":241.44,"body":"they're guilty and a punishment"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":239.49,"endTime":241.44,"body":"is meted out."},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":242.04,"endTime":246.24,"body":"The second way we see it"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":242.04,"endTime":246.24,"body":"attested is labour coercion. A"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":246.24,"endTime":251.25,"body":"person can be forced to perform"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":246.24,"endTime":251.25,"body":"certain duties. And this usually"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":251.25,"endTime":255.0,"body":"happens with the lower stratum,"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":251.25,"endTime":255.0,"body":"but it's not consistent in the"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":255.0,"endTime":258.51,"body":"record. It seems to be something"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":255.0,"endTime":258.51,"body":"that, say, for example, if a"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":258.51,"endTime":262.02,"body":"person runs off of their work"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":258.51,"endTime":262.02,"body":"responsibilities during the Ur"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":262.02,"endTime":266.25,"body":"III period, they can end up"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":262.02,"endTime":266.25,"body":"living under guard. This doesn't"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":266.25,"endTime":269.16,"body":"seem to be the case with the Old"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":266.25,"endTime":269.16,"body":"Babylonian period, but does"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":269.16,"endTime":272.04,"body":"appear again, say with the"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":269.16,"endTime":272.04,"body":"Kassite or middle Babylonian"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":272.04,"endTime":277.17,"body":"period. The third main area I"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":272.04,"endTime":277.17,"body":"think that we see confinement"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":277.2,"endTime":281.34,"body":"being used is in relation to"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":277.2,"endTime":281.34,"body":"debt. And that's what we think"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":281.34,"endTime":284.55,"body":"of as a debtors prison or"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":281.34,"endTime":284.55,"body":"something like that. But it's"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":284.55,"endTime":287.37,"body":"when someone owes money and"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":284.55,"endTime":287.37,"body":"they're being forced to pay it;"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":287.37,"endTime":290.97,"body":"being held in order to work it"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":287.37,"endTime":290.97,"body":"off or being held until a"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":290.97,"endTime":294.72,"body":"payment can be made. That"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":290.97,"endTime":294.72,"body":"doesn't necessarily either with"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":294.72,"endTime":297.48,"body":"labour coercion or with debt,"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":294.72,"endTime":297.48,"body":"that doesn't have to be the"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":297.48,"endTime":301.32,"body":"debtor. And it doesn't have to"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":297.48,"endTime":301.32,"body":"be the person who ran off from"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":301.32,"endTime":305.37,"body":"the job. It also could be a"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":301.32,"endTime":305.37,"body":"member of that household. So"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":305.37,"endTime":309.0,"body":"it's fascinating. It happens in"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":305.37,"endTime":309.0,"body":"a variety of contexts, for a"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":309.0,"endTime":310.2,"body":"variety of reasons."},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":311.49,"endTime":314.79,"body":"You mentioned there that space"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":311.49,"endTime":314.79,"body":"had different functions, and you"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":314.79,"endTime":317.22,"body":"mentioned the word prison, and"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":314.79,"endTime":317.22,"body":"then very quickly corrected"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":317.22,"endTime":320.91,"body":"yourself. So before we go too"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":317.22,"endTime":320.91,"body":"far, could we please just"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":320.91,"endTime":323.31,"body":"discuss whether or not there"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":320.91,"endTime":323.31,"body":"were prisons?"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":324.15,"endTime":327.6,"body":"Right. I mean, it's a question"},{"speaker":"Could you tell us please","startTime":324.15,"endTime":327.6,"body":"that's been generally asked in"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":327.6,"endTime":330.36,"body":"whether they were prisons in"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":330.72,"endTime":333.24,"body":"ancient Mesopotamia. I think it"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":330.72,"endTime":333.24,"body":"depends on how you answer it. I"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":333.24,"endTime":336.39,"body":"think everyone would agree that"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":333.24,"endTime":336.39,"body":"if you're thinking of a modern"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":336.39,"endTime":340.71,"body":"prison, as we have them today,"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":336.39,"endTime":340.71,"body":"and that debate is usually"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":340.74,"endTime":343.68,"body":"defined, or what a prison is"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":340.74,"endTime":343.68,"body":"defined, largely by the US"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":343.68,"endTime":348.42,"body":"context. So a prison is"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":343.68,"endTime":348.42,"body":"typically seen as a place that a"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":348.42,"endTime":352.59,"body":"person is being held for"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":348.42,"endTime":352.59,"body":"punishment, rather than like a"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":352.59,"endTime":355.68,"body":"jail, for example, where a"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":352.59,"endTime":355.68,"body":"person is being held as part of"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":355.74,"endTime":357.12,"body":"a judicial process."},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":357.99,"endTime":361.44,"body":"That distinction, then, is sort"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":357.99,"endTime":361.44,"body":"of carried over into Ancient"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":361.44,"endTime":364.98,"body":"Studies. And in the field of"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":361.44,"endTime":364.98,"body":"assyriology, people will ask"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":364.98,"endTime":368.01,"body":"questions such as \"Okay, is it"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":364.98,"endTime":368.01,"body":"being used as punishment?\""},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":368.88,"endTime":372.93,"body":"There's very little evidence, if"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":368.88,"endTime":372.93,"body":"any, that it was. How long were"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":372.93,"endTime":376.98,"body":"people being held? Most of the"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":372.93,"endTime":376.98,"body":"time people intersect with"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":377.04,"endTime":379.74,"body":"detention in these texts. Most"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":377.04,"endTime":379.74,"body":"of the time, it's pretty short"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":379.74,"endTime":384.12,"body":"term, though there are some"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":379.74,"endTime":384.12,"body":"longer stays that are attested."},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":384.84,"endTime":387.42,"body":"The other question that"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":384.84,"endTime":387.42,"body":"assyriologists will often ask"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":387.42,"endTime":391.02,"body":"is, \"Is it an institutional"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":387.42,"endTime":391.02,"body":"context?\" Because prisons are"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":391.08,"endTime":395.85,"body":"institutions of sorts today. And"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":391.08,"endTime":395.85,"body":"generally, it's agreed that"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":395.88,"endTime":398.19,"body":"there were not prisons by that"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":395.88,"endTime":398.19,"body":"definition."},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":398.94,"endTime":401.88,"body":"I think what's interesting is,"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":398.94,"endTime":401.88,"body":"if you look at the way modern"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":401.88,"endTime":405.6,"body":"prisons are being studied today,"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":401.88,"endTime":405.6,"body":"though, people are looking"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":405.6,"endTime":410.1,"body":"beyond stated functionality to"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":405.6,"endTime":410.1,"body":"actual use. How does the prison"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":410.1,"endTime":414.93,"body":"actually function? And how does"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":410.1,"endTime":414.93,"body":"the jail actually function? And"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":414.96,"endTime":418.65,"body":"that sort of evidence has led, I"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":414.96,"endTime":418.65,"body":"think, to ... as people ask"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":418.65,"endTime":421.14,"body":"those sort of questions has led"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":418.65,"endTime":421.14,"body":"to ... a broadening of an"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":421.14,"endTime":424.92,"body":"understanding of what a prison"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":421.14,"endTime":424.92,"body":"is. But I think, in general,"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":424.92,"endTime":428.76,"body":"just like when we talk about"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":424.92,"endTime":428.76,"body":"firsts with Mesopotamia, I think"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":428.76,"endTime":432.3,"body":"that, in general, we would say,"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":428.76,"endTime":432.3,"body":"\"No, it's not a prison, in sort"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":432.3,"endTime":435.18,"body":"of the normal sense of the"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":432.3,"endTime":435.18,"body":"word\". But I do think the"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":435.18,"endTime":439.05,"body":"evidence is relevant to"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":435.18,"endTime":439.05,"body":"understanding how the detaining"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":439.05,"endTime":442.2,"body":"of the body has been used"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":439.05,"endTime":442.2,"body":"throughout history."},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":442.86,"endTime":446.94,"body":"Holding people for forcing"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":442.86,"endTime":446.94,"body":"labour has deep historical"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":446.94,"endTime":451.98,"body":"roots. Requiring payment has"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":446.94,"endTime":451.98,"body":"deep historical roots. Holding"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":451.98,"endTime":454.65,"body":"someone as part of a judicial"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":451.98,"endTime":454.65,"body":"process has deep historical"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":454.65,"endTime":457.86,"body":"roots. And so I think all of"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":454.65,"endTime":457.86,"body":"that is relevant to the broader"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":457.86,"endTime":460.77,"body":"question of studying prisons"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":457.86,"endTime":460.77,"body":"from an historical perspective."},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":461.43,"endTime":463.92,"body":"But I don't think we can say"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":461.43,"endTime":463.92,"body":"that there were prisons in"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":463.92,"endTime":464.82,"body":"ancient Mesopotamia."},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":465.81,"endTime":470.25,"body":"Okay, so we have these different"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":465.81,"endTime":470.25,"body":"types of confinement. What's the"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":470.25,"endTime":474.57,"body":"justification for that? Were"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":470.25,"endTime":474.57,"body":"there some people liable to it"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":474.6,"endTime":478.23,"body":"or exempt from it? Did it happen"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":474.6,"endTime":478.23,"body":"in circumstances within a"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":478.23,"endTime":481.59,"body":"person's control? Or could it be"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":478.23,"endTime":481.59,"body":"imposed regardless of your"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":481.59,"endTime":482.64,"body":"actions, for example?"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":483.81,"endTime":487.11,"body":"It's an interesting question. It"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":483.81,"endTime":487.11,"body":"really depends. It depends on"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":487.11,"endTime":490.32,"body":"the cause behind the"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":487.11,"endTime":490.32,"body":"confinement. Any member of a"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":490.32,"endTime":494.52,"body":"household, for example, could"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":490.32,"endTime":494.52,"body":"end up confined for debt, or"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":494.52,"endTime":498.72,"body":"because of a suspected crime. So"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":494.52,"endTime":498.72,"body":"a person could be held no matter"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":498.72,"endTime":502.29,"body":"who you are, virtually anyone"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":498.72,"endTime":502.29,"body":"could be held for those reasons."},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":503.1,"endTime":505.56,"body":"It does seem to be that with the"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":503.1,"endTime":505.56,"body":"lower stratum, as I mentioned"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":505.56,"endTime":509.85,"body":"before, they do seem to be more"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":505.56,"endTime":509.85,"body":"susceptible to detention for"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":509.85,"endTime":512.91,"body":"labour coercion in certain"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":509.85,"endTime":512.91,"body":"periods in certain historical"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":512.91,"endTime":516.87,"body":"contexts from ancient"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":512.91,"endTime":516.87,"body":"Mesopotamia. But most of it is"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":516.9,"endTime":520.26,"body":"more broadly attached to one's"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":516.9,"endTime":520.26,"body":"actions. So if a person fled"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":520.26,"endTime":523.44,"body":"from an official work project"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":520.26,"endTime":523.44,"body":"during the Ur III period, they"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":523.44,"endTime":527.07,"body":"end up living under guard very"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":523.44,"endTime":527.07,"body":"often. And even though this"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":527.07,"endTime":530.34,"body":"doesn't happen in other periods,"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":527.07,"endTime":530.34,"body":"it does often seem to be"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":530.34,"endTime":532.89,"body":"attached to the actions of a"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":530.34,"endTime":532.89,"body":"person."},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":533.67,"endTime":538.59,"body":"Okay, what was the goal of"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":533.67,"endTime":538.59,"body":"confinement then? Is the focus"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":538.62,"endTime":542.91,"body":"on the individual or on an"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":538.62,"endTime":542.91,"body":"institution, the wider society?"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":543.51,"endTime":546.15,"body":"Who is supposed to benefit and"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":543.51,"endTime":546.15,"body":"how?"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":547.17,"endTime":551.52,"body":"Yeah, detention was normally to"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":547.17,"endTime":551.52,"body":"work through a judicial process"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":551.52,"endTime":555.51,"body":"gathering evidence, forcing"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":551.52,"endTime":555.51,"body":"payment, requiring compensation"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":555.51,"endTime":560.7,"body":"for a crime, or to force work"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":555.51,"endTime":560.7,"body":"performance. On that basis, I"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":560.7,"endTime":564.51,"body":"think we have to consider it"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":560.7,"endTime":564.51,"body":"being more about wider society."},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":565.2,"endTime":568.98,"body":"It was intended to confine"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":565.2,"endTime":568.98,"body":"people in order to make them"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":568.98,"endTime":574.53,"body":"conform to certain expectations,"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":568.98,"endTime":574.53,"body":"whether it was related to crime,"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":574.77,"endTime":579.18,"body":"or to require them to be"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":574.77,"endTime":579.18,"body":"involved with building projects"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":579.18,"endTime":584.4,"body":"or work owed to institutions."},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":579.18,"endTime":584.4,"body":"It's really only with the"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":584.4,"endTime":588.66,"body":"attachment of ideology,"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":584.4,"endTime":588.66,"body":"religious ideology, in literary"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":588.66,"endTime":592.65,"body":"text and later rituals, that we"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":588.66,"endTime":592.65,"body":"can sort of begin to see the"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":592.65,"endTime":597.06,"body":"benefit of the prisoner really"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":592.65,"endTime":597.06,"body":"coming into view. So I think we"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":597.06,"endTime":599.76,"body":"would have to say that in"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":597.06,"endTime":599.76,"body":"general, it's the wider society"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":599.76,"endTime":600.51,"body":"that matters."},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":601.62,"endTime":604.89,"body":"Can we move a little further"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":601.62,"endTime":604.89,"body":"then on that religious dimension"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":604.89,"endTime":607.8,"body":"to confinement? What role does"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":604.89,"endTime":607.8,"body":"it play here?"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":608.49,"endTime":611.67,"body":"Yeah, I don't know that it plays"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":608.49,"endTime":611.67,"body":"really much of any role at all"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":611.67,"endTime":616.11,"body":"in terms of the everyday"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":611.67,"endTime":616.11,"body":"practice. We're not told any"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":616.14,"endTime":618.78,"body":"clear reasons why someone's"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":616.14,"endTime":618.78,"body":"being held for religious"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":618.78,"endTime":623.58,"body":"purposes in the everyday texts,"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":618.78,"endTime":623.58,"body":"so documents of practice. But"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":623.58,"endTime":626.76,"body":"it's interesting that ideology"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":623.58,"endTime":626.76,"body":"did come to be attached to"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":626.76,"endTime":630.24,"body":"imprisonment. That is evident in"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":626.76,"endTime":630.24,"body":"literary texts and later"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":630.24,"endTime":635.55,"body":"rituals. This is likely in part"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":630.24,"endTime":635.55,"body":"due to the intersection between"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":635.58,"endTime":640.38,"body":"religion and the judicial"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":635.58,"endTime":640.38,"body":"process. I think the classic"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":640.38,"endTime":644.7,"body":"example of this is the hymn to"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":640.38,"endTime":644.7,"body":"Nungal, which is a literary text"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":644.7,"endTime":648.6,"body":"that was frequently copied in"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":644.7,"endTime":648.6,"body":"the Old Babylonian period, as"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":648.6,"endTime":652.26,"body":"part of the training of the"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":648.6,"endTime":652.26,"body":"decad. And Nungal is a prison"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":652.26,"endTime":656.7,"body":"goddess, who oversees the prison"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":652.26,"endTime":656.7,"body":"and her house is inescapable."},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":657.33,"endTime":661.17,"body":"And at one point in the text,"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":657.33,"endTime":661.17,"body":"the area's made up for the"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":661.17,"endTime":664.29,"body":"ritual of the river ordeal,"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":661.17,"endTime":664.29,"body":"which is often seen as the"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":664.29,"endTime":668.1,"body":"divine river. And there's the"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":664.29,"endTime":668.1,"body":"river ordeal, this ordeal that"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":668.1,"endTime":671.25,"body":"one must go through in which the"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":668.1,"endTime":671.25,"body":"gods sort of determine if a"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":671.25,"endTime":674.88,"body":"person is guilty or not. We"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":671.25,"endTime":674.88,"body":"don't know all of the details of"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":674.88,"endTime":678.06,"body":"how that's supposed to work."},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":674.88,"endTime":678.06,"body":"There's some speculation about"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":678.09,"endTime":682.2,"body":"what occurs, but it does clearly"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":678.09,"endTime":682.2,"body":"have some sort of ritual and"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":682.23,"endTime":684.63,"body":"ordeal religious element to it."},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":685.08,"endTime":688.11,"body":"And what's interesting in the"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":685.08,"endTime":688.11,"body":"hymn to Nungal is that she"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":688.14,"endTime":692.01,"body":"snatches ... or her chief"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":688.14,"endTime":692.01,"body":"prosecutor snatches ... the"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":692.01,"endTime":695.25,"body":"guilty party from death, and"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":692.01,"endTime":695.25,"body":"brings them back into the"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":695.25,"endTime":698.91,"body":"prison. That's really not"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":695.25,"endTime":698.91,"body":"expected from the evidence and"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":698.91,"endTime":703.35,"body":"probably not reflective of what"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":698.91,"endTime":703.35,"body":"happened in everyday practice."},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":703.86,"endTime":708.18,"body":"But she brings them back into"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":703.86,"endTime":708.18,"body":"her house of confinement. And"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":708.21,"endTime":713.13,"body":"there the person, you know,"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":708.21,"endTime":713.13,"body":"cries out and laments and Nungal"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":713.16,"endTime":719.16,"body":"through that process will purify"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":713.16,"endTime":719.16,"body":"the individual, and then cleanse"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":719.16,"endTime":722.94,"body":"them like silver, and then"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":719.16,"endTime":722.94,"body":"represent them or repair the"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":722.94,"endTime":726.84,"body":"relationship with their personal"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":722.94,"endTime":726.84,"body":"god, who is necessary for their"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":726.84,"endTime":730.68,"body":"protection. And so it's"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":726.84,"endTime":730.68,"body":"interesting that, that Nungal"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":730.71,"endTime":735.06,"body":"does that; this concept of"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":730.71,"endTime":735.06,"body":"purification, in this literary"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":735.06,"endTime":738.69,"body":"text that dates to the Old"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":735.06,"endTime":738.69,"body":"Babylonian period. I think"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":738.69,"endTime":742.47,"body":"Attinger dates it to the Ur III"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":738.69,"endTime":742.47,"body":"period based on some of the"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":742.47,"endTime":745.68,"body":"readings that are preserved"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":742.47,"endTime":745.68,"body":"there. But it's somewhere in"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":745.68,"endTime":747.39,"body":"that rough period of time."},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":748.41,"endTime":751.83,"body":"But what is interesting is that"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":748.41,"endTime":751.83,"body":"Nungal is featured in some"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":751.83,"endTime":756.63,"body":"actual documents of practice,"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":751.83,"endTime":756.63,"body":"through her casting net. So for"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":756.63,"endTime":759.93,"body":"example, at Sippar, where the"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":756.63,"endTime":759.93,"body":"cult of Shamash was related to"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":759.93,"endTime":764.07,"body":"justice, the casting that does"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":759.93,"endTime":764.07,"body":"feature in ordeals, where oaths"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":764.07,"endTime":767.43,"body":"will have to be taken as part of"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":764.07,"endTime":767.43,"body":"the judicial process as we see"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":767.43,"endTime":771.36,"body":"this in some of these legal"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":767.43,"endTime":771.36,"body":"texts. So Nungal does have a"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":771.36,"endTime":775.68,"body":"role. And the idea is that the"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":771.36,"endTime":775.68,"body":"the casting net, it's"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":775.68,"endTime":779.16,"body":"inescapable. And so if you go"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":775.68,"endTime":779.16,"body":"and you take this oath before"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":779.31,"endTime":783.84,"body":"Nungal, there's clearly a"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":779.31,"endTime":783.84,"body":"religious element to that. Just"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":783.84,"endTime":787.56,"body":"like it used to in the United"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":783.84,"endTime":787.56,"body":"States. And I ... I believe in"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":787.56,"endTime":790.41,"body":"Britain as well, where people"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":787.56,"endTime":790.41,"body":"would swear on the Bible as part"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":790.41,"endTime":792.6,"body":"of this process to tell the"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":790.41,"endTime":792.6,"body":"truth."},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":793.47,"endTime":797.64,"body":"What's interesting is how then"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":793.47,"endTime":797.64,"body":"this ideology then gets attached"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":797.67,"endTime":802.47,"body":"to later rituals, like the king"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":797.67,"endTime":802.47,"body":"who spends time in prison and on"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":802.47,"endTime":807.96,"body":"the eighth day of the month of"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":802.47,"endTime":807.96,"body":"Tashritu is then brought out. So"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":807.99,"endTime":811.08,"body":"it's interesting how on the"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":807.99,"endTime":811.08,"body":"everyday level, it doesn't seem"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":811.08,"endTime":814.98,"body":"to have any necessarily"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":811.08,"endTime":814.98,"body":"religious attachment to it. But"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":814.98,"endTime":818.43,"body":"it did come to have this"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":814.98,"endTime":818.43,"body":"ideology that was attached to"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":818.43,"endTime":823.29,"body":"it, that then began to focus on"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":818.43,"endTime":823.29,"body":"the benefit of the individual"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":823.29,"endTime":828.72,"body":"and had a purifying element to"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":823.29,"endTime":828.72,"body":"it. It's really not so much that"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":828.81,"endTime":832.65,"body":"they're made better through"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":828.81,"endTime":832.65,"body":"playing of musical instruments"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":832.65,"endTime":836.67,"body":"like we think of today with"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":832.65,"endTime":836.67,"body":"therapy. And it's not so much"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":836.67,"endTime":841.53,"body":"that it's the idea of positive"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":836.67,"endTime":841.53,"body":"change in the individual in sort"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":841.53,"endTime":844.8,"body":"of the correction sense that we"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":841.53,"endTime":844.8,"body":"have today. It really seems to"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":844.8,"endTime":848.22,"body":"be in the hymn to Nungal being"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":844.8,"endTime":848.22,"body":"tied to ritual. Through ritual"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":848.22,"endTime":850.14,"body":"lament this person is purified."},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":851.4,"endTime":855.54,"body":"Okay, I wonder if we could chat"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":851.4,"endTime":855.54,"body":"a little bit about sources. If"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":855.54,"endTime":857.73,"body":"there are no prisons, then"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":855.54,"endTime":857.73,"body":"presumably, there are no prison"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":857.73,"endTime":863.04,"body":"records. And you turned there to"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":857.73,"endTime":863.04,"body":"a literary text to explain the"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":863.04,"endTime":867.0,"body":"ideology of imprisonment. And"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":863.04,"endTime":867.0,"body":"you questioned there the extent"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":867.0,"endTime":869.55,"body":"to which that reflects, you"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":867.0,"endTime":869.55,"body":"know, reality on a day to day"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":869.55,"endTime":872.79,"body":"basis. But the you mentioned"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":869.55,"endTime":872.79,"body":"there the legal texts that have"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":872.79,"endTime":875.85,"body":"something to say. So what"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":872.79,"endTime":875.85,"body":"sources are available to study"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":875.85,"endTime":876.54,"body":"this topic?"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":877.26,"endTime":880.98,"body":"Yeah, so there are literary"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":877.26,"endTime":880.98,"body":"texts. There's royal"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":880.98,"endTime":885.12,"body":"inscriptions. Documents of"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":880.98,"endTime":885.12,"body":"practice. So we'll see a number"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":885.12,"endTime":888.18,"body":"of administrative texts, where"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":885.12,"endTime":888.18,"body":"people will be living under"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":888.18,"endTime":893.37,"body":"guard, receiving rations. There"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":888.18,"endTime":893.37,"body":"are legal texts that mention it."},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":893.37,"endTime":895.56,"body":"There are personal letters"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":893.37,"endTime":895.56,"body":"written from people who are in"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":895.56,"endTime":898.38,"body":"prison. There are also personal"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":895.56,"endTime":898.38,"body":"letters written by people who"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":898.38,"endTime":902.49,"body":"are confining others and waiting"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":898.38,"endTime":902.49,"body":"for instruction on what to do."},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":903.63,"endTime":907.59,"body":"Imprisonment of sorts pops up in"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":903.63,"endTime":907.59,"body":"a variety of different text"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":907.59,"endTime":911.85,"body":"types, most of them are"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":907.59,"endTime":911.85,"body":"administrative documents. And"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":911.88,"endTime":915.66,"body":"that's expected, because they"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":911.88,"endTime":915.66,"body":"were responsible for reporting"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":915.75,"endTime":919.26,"body":"where human resources were, what"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":915.75,"endTime":919.26,"body":"they were doing, the context."},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":919.26,"endTime":922.8,"body":"And they were also receiving"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":919.26,"endTime":922.8,"body":"rations for those individuals."},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":922.8,"endTime":926.1,"body":"So it's important that they"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":922.8,"endTime":926.1,"body":"report on where they are, and"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":926.1,"endTime":927.69,"body":"who's there at that time."},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":929.58,"endTime":932.91,"body":"What was life like in"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":929.58,"endTime":932.91,"body":"confinement, then? You're fed,"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":932.91,"endTime":936.54,"body":"and presumably clothed? Your"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":932.91,"endTime":936.54,"body":"basic needs are looked after."},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":936.54,"endTime":939.54,"body":"You can write letters, I guess,"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":936.54,"endTime":939.54,"body":"if you can read and write"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":939.54,"endTime":942.96,"body":"yourself. What would it be like"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":939.54,"endTime":942.96,"body":"to be in the confinement? And"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":942.96,"endTime":946.92,"body":"what impact would that have on"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":942.96,"endTime":946.92,"body":"your life after release? Do we"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":946.92,"endTime":947.25,"body":"know?"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":947.91,"endTime":952.41,"body":"Life on the inside of prisons,"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":947.91,"endTime":952.41,"body":"when we're told about it is ..."},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":952.41,"endTime":955.95,"body":"we're told it's miserable. There"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":952.41,"endTime":955.95,"body":"are complaints about prisoners"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":955.95,"endTime":959.88,"body":"being beaten; that's as probably"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":955.95,"endTime":959.88,"body":"part of the judicial process."},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":960.93,"endTime":964.44,"body":"There's mention of a fear of"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":960.93,"endTime":964.44,"body":"death. There's death attested."},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":964.44,"endTime":969.03,"body":"We don't always know why. Some"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":964.44,"endTime":969.03,"body":"think that they're afraid. In"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":969.03,"endTime":971.7,"body":"some texts, it's the expression"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":969.03,"endTime":971.7,"body":"of the fear of death or"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":971.7,"endTime":975.93,"body":"beatings. Other times, we're"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":971.7,"endTime":975.93,"body":"just told that someone dies in"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":975.93,"endTime":978.27,"body":"an administrative document. And"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":975.93,"endTime":978.27,"body":"we don't know why. So we can't"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":978.27,"endTime":981.57,"body":"really assess what happened"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":978.27,"endTime":981.57,"body":"there. Certainly death is"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":981.57,"endTime":984.06,"body":"attested in variety of texts"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":981.57,"endTime":984.06,"body":"that don't intersect with"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":984.06,"endTime":988.14,"body":"imprisonment. So we can't really"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":984.06,"endTime":988.14,"body":"make too much of that."},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":988.83,"endTime":991.38,"body":"And the prison is described in"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":988.83,"endTime":991.38,"body":"one personal letter is a house"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":991.38,"endTime":996.66,"body":"of famine. It's generally seen"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":991.38,"endTime":996.66,"body":"as a place that's not pleasant."},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":997.83,"endTime":1002.75,"body":"I think that there is a rough"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":997.83,"endTime":1002.75,"body":"predictor of treatment. It's the"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1002.75,"endTime":1006.08,"body":"reason behind imprisonment. If"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1002.75,"endTime":1006.08,"body":"one is being held in order to be"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1006.08,"endTime":1010.67,"body":"coerced to work, then generally,"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1006.08,"endTime":1010.67,"body":"we expect to see some sort of"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1010.67,"endTime":1014.09,"body":"provision made for that worker"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1010.67,"endTime":1014.09,"body":"in terms of rations and"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1014.09,"endTime":1018.74,"body":"provision, because they want to"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1014.09,"endTime":1018.74,"body":"extract labour from them. In"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1018.74,"endTime":1021.2,"body":"general, in these institutional"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1018.74,"endTime":1021.2,"body":"contexts where a person's being"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1021.2,"endTime":1025.4,"body":"worked, there seems to be a"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1021.2,"endTime":1025.4,"body":"general provision made for them."},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1027.08,"endTime":1029.54,"body":"When people were being held as"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1027.08,"endTime":1029.54,"body":"part of judicial process, or"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1029.54,"endTime":1034.22,"body":"because they had been suspected"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1029.54,"endTime":1034.22,"body":"of a crime, for example, then it"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1034.22,"endTime":1037.88,"body":"seems that you could in many"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1034.22,"endTime":1037.88,"body":"instances be more dependent on"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1037.88,"endTime":1040.22,"body":"your social network for"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1037.88,"endTime":1040.22,"body":"survival, because that's why we"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1040.22,"endTime":1043.55,"body":"have the personal letters as"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1040.22,"endTime":1043.55,"body":"they're often asking for a"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1043.55,"endTime":1046.31,"body":"higher official or a person"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1043.55,"endTime":1046.31,"body":"they're dependent upon to"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1046.73,"endTime":1050.39,"body":"provide for them, so that they"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1046.73,"endTime":1050.39,"body":"can gain access to clothing or"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1050.39,"endTime":1052.28,"body":"to food or to bribe the guard."},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1053.15,"endTime":1056.21,"body":"So there's a variety of"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1053.15,"endTime":1056.21,"body":"predictors, I think, that we can"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1056.24,"endTime":1060.74,"body":"look at and see how someone was"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1056.24,"endTime":1060.74,"body":"generally to be treated when"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1060.74,"endTime":1064.22,"body":"they're being confined and the"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1060.74,"endTime":1064.22,"body":"contexts speak to that. But it's"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1064.22,"endTime":1068.21,"body":"not a failsafe way of looking at"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1064.22,"endTime":1068.21,"body":"it, because we certainly know of"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1068.3,"endTime":1073.4,"body":"famine, say happening in neparum"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1068.3,"endTime":1073.4,"body":"in Mari, for example. There's"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1073.4,"endTime":1075.83,"body":"mention of starvation as well."},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1073.4,"endTime":1075.83,"body":"So in these institutional"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1075.83,"endTime":1078.89,"body":"contexts. But in general, I"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1075.83,"endTime":1078.89,"body":"think that when a person is"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1078.89,"endTime":1083.24,"body":"being coerced to work, they're"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1078.89,"endTime":1083.24,"body":"generally are provided for in"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1083.24,"endTime":1087.86,"body":"some sense, whereas more private"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1083.24,"endTime":1087.86,"body":"or in contexts where they are"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1087.86,"endTime":1092.03,"body":"suspected of a crime, they seem"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1087.86,"endTime":1092.03,"body":"to be more dependent on their"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1092.03,"endTime":1092.93,"body":"social network."},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1095.18,"endTime":1098.24,"body":"If you're being confined in"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1095.18,"endTime":1098.24,"body":"order to extract your labour,"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1098.3,"endTime":1101.57,"body":"are you then doing a special"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1098.3,"endTime":1101.57,"body":"type of work? Or are you doing"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1101.57,"endTime":1104.63,"body":"the same type of work as maybe"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1101.57,"endTime":1104.63,"body":"somebody else but just not being"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1104.63,"endTime":1105.32,"body":"paid for it?"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1106.55,"endTime":1110.57,"body":"Yeah, it's not entirely clear."},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1106.55,"endTime":1110.57,"body":"The texts that give us this"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1110.57,"endTime":1115.94,"body":"information is very limited. And"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1110.57,"endTime":1115.94,"body":"there have been studies about"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1115.94,"endTime":1119.21,"body":"people who are working in"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1115.94,"endTime":1119.21,"body":"confined work contexts like the"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1119.21,"endTime":1123.38,"body":"bit asiri or the neparum."},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1119.21,"endTime":1123.38,"body":"Sometimes that's attached to"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1123.77,"endTime":1126.89,"body":"perhaps milling, for example. So"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1123.77,"endTime":1126.89,"body":"that would not necessarily be"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1126.95,"endTime":1130.46,"body":"something that those individuals"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1126.95,"endTime":1130.46,"body":"would normally be doing. In"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1130.46,"endTime":1132.62,"body":"other contexts, though, I think"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1130.46,"endTime":1132.62,"body":"they would have been working"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1132.62,"endTime":1135.83,"body":"alongside other people"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1132.62,"endTime":1135.83,"body":"performing similar types of"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1135.83,"endTime":1140.57,"body":"duties. Again, this is where the"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1135.83,"endTime":1140.57,"body":"lack of standardisation comes"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1140.57,"endTime":1144.14,"body":"in. We don't see a singular"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1140.57,"endTime":1144.14,"body":"thing occurring."},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1145.17,"endTime":1147.99,"body":"And I suspect that like for"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1145.17,"endTime":1147.99,"body":"example, in the Ur III period"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1147.99,"endTime":1151.71,"body":"when a potter ... there was a"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1147.99,"endTime":1151.71,"body":"potter named Lugal-ninglagare,"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1152.01,"endTime":1155.28,"body":"who had run away and he appears"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1152.01,"endTime":1155.28,"body":"in prison living under guard and"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1155.28,"endTime":1160.32,"body":"then is back in his potter crew,"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1155.28,"endTime":1160.32,"body":"later in texts. I suspect that"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1160.32,"endTime":1164.07,"body":"he was still perhaps performing"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1160.32,"endTime":1164.07,"body":"similar functions. He just did"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1164.07,"endTime":1166.92,"body":"not have some of the same"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1164.07,"endTime":1166.92,"body":"freedoms that other individuals"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1166.92,"endTime":1170.64,"body":"on those projects would have"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1166.92,"endTime":1170.64,"body":"had. So whether that's reduced"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1170.64,"endTime":1175.2,"body":"rations, whether that's just no"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1170.64,"endTime":1175.2,"body":"freedom in the evening to walk"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1175.2,"endTime":1178.41,"body":"about; you have to go back and"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1175.2,"endTime":1178.41,"body":"sit with a guard. We don't know"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1178.5,"endTime":1182.37,"body":"exactly, but I don't anticipate"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1178.5,"endTime":1182.37,"body":"that that potter for example,"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1182.37,"endTime":1185.82,"body":"would then suddenly just be"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1182.37,"endTime":1185.82,"body":"milling or doing some other work"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1185.82,"endTime":1188.88,"body":"or responsibility. I think it"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1185.82,"endTime":1188.88,"body":"has to do more about having to"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1188.88,"endTime":1193.05,"body":"live under guard and losing even"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1188.88,"endTime":1193.05,"body":"some of the ... even if there"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1193.05,"endTime":1196.35,"body":"were limited freedoms ... losing"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1193.05,"endTime":1196.35,"body":"some of those freedoms while on"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1196.35,"endTime":1197.34,"body":"the work projects."},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1198.08,"endTime":1201.05,"body":"Okay, given the nature then of"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1198.08,"endTime":1201.05,"body":"confinement as you've described"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1201.05,"endTime":1205.1,"body":"it so far, if I were walking"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1201.05,"endTime":1205.1,"body":"down the street, and I saw"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1205.1,"endTime":1207.71,"body":"somebody, would I be able to"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1205.1,"endTime":1207.71,"body":"tell if they were being"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1207.71,"endTime":1208.7,"body":"imprisoned or not?"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1209.75,"endTime":1213.38,"body":"It's a difficult question. What"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1209.75,"endTime":1213.38,"body":"we do know is, is that they were"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1213.41,"endTime":1216.53,"body":"living under guard. That's"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1213.41,"endTime":1216.53,"body":"really where we get the word"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1216.65,"endTime":1220.55,"body":"ennung and ennunga. They're"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1216.65,"endTime":1220.55,"body":"living under guard. So a house"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1220.55,"endTime":1224.06,"body":"of guard is where they're"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1220.55,"endTime":1224.06,"body":"confined. So if they are walking"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1224.06,"endTime":1227.12,"body":"about the street in this"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1224.06,"endTime":1227.12,"body":"scenario, then they are being"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1227.12,"endTime":1229.58,"body":"controlled in their mobility. I"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1227.12,"endTime":1229.58,"body":"think that when we think about"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1229.58,"endTime":1234.92,"body":"the ancient world, we think of"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1229.58,"endTime":1234.92,"body":"slaves or even prisoners as not"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1234.92,"endTime":1238.61,"body":"being able to move about at all."},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1234.92,"endTime":1238.61,"body":"And I think Seth Richardson has"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1238.61,"endTime":1241.73,"body":"done a good job in some of his"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1238.61,"endTime":1241.73,"body":"work, talking about how there"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1241.73,"endTime":1246.77,"body":"was mobility that was involved."},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1241.73,"endTime":1246.77,"body":"But that mobility is controlled."},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1247.19,"endTime":1251.39,"body":"And so I think that that could"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1247.19,"endTime":1251.39,"body":"be a way of thinking about it is"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1251.39,"endTime":1254.03,"body":"that we do know that some of"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1251.39,"endTime":1254.03,"body":"these you would have definitely"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1254.03,"endTime":1256.88,"body":"been able to tell, because they"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1254.03,"endTime":1256.88,"body":"would have been wearing fetters."},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1257.99,"endTime":1262.31,"body":"And bonds; they would have been"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1257.99,"endTime":1262.31,"body":"held in brick structures, unable"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1262.31,"endTime":1266.39,"body":"to move about. They would have"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1262.31,"endTime":1266.39,"body":"been attached to a guard. If"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1266.39,"endTime":1269.51,"body":"there was some movement that was"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1266.39,"endTime":1269.51,"body":"allowed, that was probably"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1269.54,"endTime":1273.8,"body":"controlled movement that was"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1269.54,"endTime":1273.8,"body":"approved. They were not able to"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1273.8,"endTime":1276.38,"body":"just go about and do whatever"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1273.8,"endTime":1276.38,"body":"they wanted. That's for sure."},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1277.46,"endTime":1280.19,"body":"Right. So you mentioned earlier"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1277.46,"endTime":1280.19,"body":"that one of the major questions"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1280.19,"endTime":1283.67,"body":"that people ask him at this"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1280.19,"endTime":1283.67,"body":"topic is how long somebody would"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1283.67,"endTime":1287.24,"body":"remain in confinement. So what"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1283.67,"endTime":1287.24,"body":"are the ideas around that?"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1288.2,"endTime":1291.92,"body":"Part of it goes back to the"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1288.2,"endTime":1291.92,"body":"inquiry into the history of"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1291.92,"endTime":1295.91,"body":"prisons. The history of prisons"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1291.92,"endTime":1295.91,"body":"as a field of inquiry is"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1295.91,"endTime":1301.25,"body":"relatively recent one, dating"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1295.91,"endTime":1301.25,"body":"back to roughly the 1970s. And"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1301.25,"endTime":1304.07,"body":"part of the way of determining"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1301.25,"endTime":1304.07,"body":"in those early studies about"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1304.07,"endTime":1307.61,"body":"what a prison was, was based on"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1304.07,"endTime":1307.61,"body":"the US example. In the US"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1307.61,"endTime":1313.85,"body":"example, jails are largely local"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1307.61,"endTime":1313.85,"body":"facilities that are used to hold"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1313.85,"endTime":1317.57,"body":"individuals or for small"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1313.85,"endTime":1317.57,"body":"punishments leading up to"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1317.57,"endTime":1321.68,"body":"typically about a year. With"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1317.57,"endTime":1321.68,"body":"prisons, it's more of a state or"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1321.68,"endTime":1326.21,"body":"federal institution, and"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1321.68,"endTime":1326.21,"body":"punishments often exceed a year."},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1326.63,"endTime":1330.65,"body":"And so the length of time was"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1326.63,"endTime":1330.65,"body":"enveloped into one of the"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1330.68,"endTime":1334.88,"body":"questions about how we assess"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1330.68,"endTime":1334.88,"body":"whether or not it's a prison. If"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1334.88,"endTime":1337.49,"body":"someone's there only for a few"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1334.88,"endTime":1337.49,"body":"days, then it really doesn't"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1337.49,"endTime":1341.51,"body":"qualify as a prison at all. If"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1337.49,"endTime":1341.51,"body":"that's all we ever see. And so"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1341.51,"endTime":1345.38,"body":"the question was just do we see"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1341.51,"endTime":1345.38,"body":"things longer that might reflect"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1345.38,"endTime":1349.49,"body":"the idea of a prison sentence?"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1345.38,"endTime":1349.49,"body":"What we see in Mesopotamia is"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1349.49,"endTime":1353.0,"body":"most of the evidence points"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1349.49,"endTime":1353.0,"body":"towards short term stays in"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1353.0,"endTime":1357.29,"body":"confinement. These don't qualify"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1353.0,"endTime":1357.29,"body":"as prisons in the standard"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1357.32,"endTime":1358.52,"body":"classic sense."},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1359.57,"endTime":1363.53,"body":"But there are lengthier stays"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1359.57,"endTime":1363.53,"body":"that are attested. Over a year."},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1364.22,"endTime":1367.67,"body":"The longest that I'm aware of"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1364.22,"endTime":1367.67,"body":"happens during Shu-suen's reign,"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1367.67,"endTime":1370.37,"body":"where an individual stays for"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1367.67,"endTime":1370.37,"body":"over three years, which is"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1370.37,"endTime":1374.36,"body":"really unexpected. But that does"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1370.37,"endTime":1374.36,"body":"not seem to be an indicator of a"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1374.36,"endTime":1378.44,"body":"normal length of time, as"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1374.36,"endTime":1378.44,"body":"there's a spike in the length of"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1378.44,"endTime":1382.13,"body":"stays around the early years of"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1378.44,"endTime":1382.13,"body":"Shu-suen's reign. And again,"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1382.16,"endTime":1384.59,"body":"because it's not regulated, and"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1382.16,"endTime":1384.59,"body":"because it can be used for a"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1384.62,"endTime":1387.41,"body":"variety of reasons, I don't"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1384.62,"endTime":1387.41,"body":"think this really informs more"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1387.44,"endTime":1390.47,"body":"broadly how we should think"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1387.44,"endTime":1390.47,"body":"about imprisonment in ancient"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1390.47,"endTime":1392.9,"body":"Mesopotamia. Instead, I think"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1390.47,"endTime":1392.9,"body":"these are anomalies where"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1392.9,"endTime":1397.55,"body":"individuals were held for"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1392.9,"endTime":1397.55,"body":"extensive periods of time. There"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1397.55,"endTime":1401.27,"body":"is some language in texts from"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1397.55,"endTime":1401.27,"body":"say, Mari, where one text"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1401.27,"endTime":1404.81,"body":"mentions putting a person away,"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1401.27,"endTime":1404.81,"body":"so as to never hear from them"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1404.81,"endTime":1407.84,"body":"again. So this seems to have"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1404.81,"endTime":1407.84,"body":"this idea of ... whether"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1407.84,"endTime":1411.38,"body":"rhetorical or actual ... this"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1407.84,"endTime":1411.38,"body":"idea of confining someone"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1411.38,"endTime":1415.79,"body":"indefinitely. But in general,"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1411.38,"endTime":1415.79,"body":"most of the time when we see"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1415.79,"endTime":1419.72,"body":"individuals being detained,"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1415.79,"endTime":1419.72,"body":"they're confined for a"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1419.72,"endTime":1423.92,"body":"relatively short period of time."},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1419.72,"endTime":1423.92,"body":"Sometimes just four days or so."},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1425.45,"endTime":1428.36,"body":"With that said, I mean, a lot of"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1425.45,"endTime":1428.36,"body":"times the documents don't tell"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1428.36,"endTime":1430.85,"body":"us the information that we're"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1428.36,"endTime":1430.85,"body":"always wanting to ask of them."},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1431.66,"endTime":1433.67,"body":"Because that's not the purpose"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1431.66,"endTime":1433.67,"body":"of the writing."},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1434.81,"endTime":1437.57,"body":"How does this kind of"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1434.81,"endTime":1437.57,"body":"confinement or this range of"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1437.57,"endTime":1441.02,"body":"confinement types in the ancient"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1437.57,"endTime":1441.02,"body":"Middle East fit within the"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1441.02,"endTime":1442.82,"body":"longer historical picture?"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1443.54,"endTime":1447.41,"body":"I do think it's informative"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1443.54,"endTime":1447.41,"body":"insofar as scholars working on"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1447.44,"endTime":1451.43,"body":"ancient Mesopotamia, those who"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1447.44,"endTime":1451.43,"body":"are working on the classical"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1451.43,"endTime":1455.75,"body":"world, and even those working on"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1451.43,"endTime":1455.75,"body":"modern prisons are beginning to"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1455.75,"endTime":1459.11,"body":"think more broadly about how"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1455.75,"endTime":1459.11,"body":"confining the body can be used"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1459.14,"endTime":1464.54,"body":"for a variety of reasons. And so"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1459.14,"endTime":1464.54,"body":"as people look at how, basically"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1464.54,"endTime":1468.26,"body":"after the abolition of slavery"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1464.54,"endTime":1468.26,"body":"in the United States, for"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1468.26,"endTime":1472.37,"body":"example, the only way you can"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1468.26,"endTime":1472.37,"body":"basically re-enslave someone was"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1472.37,"endTime":1476.57,"body":"through crime. Prisoners were"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1472.37,"endTime":1476.57,"body":"ruled out as ones who did not"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1476.57,"endTime":1480.98,"body":"have the same rights as other"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1476.57,"endTime":1480.98,"body":"individuals by virtue of their"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1480.98,"endTime":1484.97,"body":"humanity. And so that became"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1480.98,"endTime":1484.97,"body":"then a mechanism that could be"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1484.97,"endTime":1488.63,"body":"used, and was used through the"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1484.97,"endTime":1488.63,"body":"formation of new laws, to"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1488.63,"endTime":1492.71,"body":"control the recently free"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1488.63,"endTime":1492.71,"body":"population to force them to"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1492.71,"endTime":1495.56,"body":"work. And so all these laws"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1492.71,"endTime":1495.56,"body":"called \"the Jim Crow laws\" were"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1495.56,"endTime":1500.36,"body":"created in order to be able to"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1495.56,"endTime":1500.36,"body":"force work from the recently"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1500.36,"endTime":1501.44,"body":"freed population."},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1501.89,"endTime":1505.94,"body":"And so as people look at how"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1501.89,"endTime":1505.94,"body":"that's happened, or with more"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1505.94,"endTime":1509.81,"body":"recently, the war on drugs,"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1505.94,"endTime":1509.81,"body":"people look at how prisons are"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1509.81,"endTime":1513.86,"body":"actually used in society, not"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1509.81,"endTime":1513.86,"body":"just their stated functions. And"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1513.86,"endTime":1516.05,"body":"I think as we start to look"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1513.86,"endTime":1516.05,"body":"under the hood of modern"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1516.05,"endTime":1519.17,"body":"prisons, then there are very"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1516.05,"endTime":1519.17,"body":"interesting things that we can"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1519.17,"endTime":1523.64,"body":"think about when we look also at"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1519.17,"endTime":1523.64,"body":"ancient prisons. In this special"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1523.64,"endTime":1527.0,"body":"issue of the Journal of Ancient"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1523.64,"endTime":1527.0,"body":"Near Eastern History, there was"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1527.03,"endTime":1530.33,"body":"some great articles on different"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1527.03,"endTime":1530.33,"body":"types of historical writing."},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1531.14,"endTime":1534.02,"body":"Seth Richardson, for example,"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1531.14,"endTime":1534.02,"body":"wrote on a nice article on"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1534.02,"endTime":1537.14,"body":"political history. And Dan"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1534.02,"endTime":1537.14,"body":"Fleming wrote on social history."},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1537.14,"endTime":1541.19,"body":"And I think that he made a good"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1537.14,"endTime":1541.19,"body":"point there about how social"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1541.19,"endTime":1544.58,"body":"history provides us an"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1541.19,"endTime":1544.58,"body":"apolitical context to ask"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1544.64,"endTime":1548.15,"body":"fundamental questions about what"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1544.64,"endTime":1548.15,"body":"does it mean to be just. And so"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1548.15,"endTime":1551.36,"body":"we look at ancient Mesopotamia"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1548.15,"endTime":1551.36,"body":"and we look at this idea of"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1551.57,"endTime":1555.26,"body":"people being imprisoned for a"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1551.57,"endTime":1555.26,"body":"variety of reasons, we see"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1555.26,"endTime":1559.79,"body":"religious ideology being"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1555.26,"endTime":1559.79,"body":"attached to it. We see this idea"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1559.79,"endTime":1564.5,"body":"of reform and even, you know,"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1559.79,"endTime":1564.5,"body":"through ritual or through"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1564.5,"endTime":1567.89,"body":"literary texts, when we see"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1564.5,"endTime":1567.89,"body":"these sort of ideas, how do we"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1567.89,"endTime":1571.1,"body":"think of those? Does that seem"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1567.89,"endTime":1571.1,"body":"to be something that's good?"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1571.25,"endTime":1575.18,"body":"Does that seem to be something"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1571.25,"endTime":1575.18,"body":"that's just? It's an apolitical"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1575.18,"endTime":1577.91,"body":"context to ask hard questions"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1575.18,"endTime":1577.91,"body":"about what does it mean to be a"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1577.91,"endTime":1578.96,"body":"just society."},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1579.41,"endTime":1582.68,"body":"And so I think that, for that"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1579.41,"endTime":1582.68,"body":"reason, the study of prisons or"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1582.68,"endTime":1586.34,"body":"imprisonment in the ancient"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1582.68,"endTime":1586.34,"body":"world, will continue to have a"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1586.34,"endTime":1590.45,"body":"valid place in our broader"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1586.34,"endTime":1590.45,"body":"thoughts and thinking about the"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1590.45,"endTime":1594.38,"body":"history of prisons, from a"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1590.45,"endTime":1594.38,"body":"broader perspective. Not because"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1594.38,"endTime":1597.83,"body":"there's a evolution. Not because"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1594.38,"endTime":1597.83,"body":"there's a one to one connection,"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1598.13,"endTime":1601.64,"body":"or anything like that, but just"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1598.13,"endTime":1601.64,"body":"that imprisonment is ... was"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1601.64,"endTime":1605.15,"body":"multifunctional, because if you"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1601.64,"endTime":1605.15,"body":"can detain the body, then you"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1605.15,"endTime":1609.32,"body":"can control a person. And you"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1605.15,"endTime":1609.32,"body":"can do so with limiting damage"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1609.32,"endTime":1613.52,"body":"to that individual. And so that"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1609.32,"endTime":1613.52,"body":"then becomes a mechanism that"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1613.52,"endTime":1617.45,"body":"can be used for a variety of"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1613.52,"endTime":1617.45,"body":"reasons. And I think that has"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1617.45,"endTime":1620.48,"body":"deep historical roots and"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1617.45,"endTime":1620.48,"body":"something we see in both modern"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1620.48,"endTime":1623.69,"body":"prisons, but also in antiquity"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1620.48,"endTime":1623.69,"body":"with the study of imprisonment."},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1624.08,"endTime":1626.93,"body":"Okay, thank you. So you've"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1624.08,"endTime":1626.93,"body":"written about this in detail in"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1626.96,"endTime":1629.15,"body":"a book, how many that was"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1626.96,"endTime":1629.15,"body":"published recently?"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1629.69,"endTime":1633.77,"body":"Yes. Prisons in Ancient"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1629.69,"endTime":1633.77,"body":"Mesopotamia, published 2022."},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1634.46,"endTime":1636.92,"body":"What's next for you, then? Are"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1634.46,"endTime":1636.92,"body":"you going to work more on"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1636.92,"endTime":1640.07,"body":"confinement? Or do you have a"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1636.92,"endTime":1640.07,"body":"another topic to explore?"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1640.85,"endTime":1643.64,"body":"Yeah, so I'm going to be"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1640.85,"endTime":1643.64,"body":"continuing to do some more work"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1643.64,"endTime":1648.14,"body":"on confinement. I'll be"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1643.64,"endTime":1648.14,"body":"exploring some other topics and"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1648.2,"endTime":1653.27,"body":"dabbling in other periods as"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1648.2,"endTime":1653.27,"body":"well with it. I'm also working"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1653.27,"endTime":1656.0,"body":"on publishing some texts as"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1653.27,"endTime":1656.0,"body":"well. And that's always fun,"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1656.0,"endTime":1658.76,"body":"because you never know where"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1656.0,"endTime":1658.76,"body":"that's going to lead you. Once"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1658.76,"endTime":1662.57,"body":"you find something, right? But"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1658.76,"endTime":1662.57,"body":"yes, I do intend to continue to"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1662.57,"endTime":1665.15,"body":"work on the topic in a variety"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1662.57,"endTime":1665.15,"body":"of ways."},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1665.72,"endTime":1667.49,"body":"Okay, well, thank you very much"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1665.72,"endTime":1667.49,"body":"indeed."},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1667.91,"endTime":1670.1,"body":"My pleasure. Thanks for having"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1667.91,"endTime":1670.1,"body":"me, Jon."},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1671.18,"endTime":1675.44,"body":"I’d also like to thank our"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1671.18,"endTime":1675.44,"body":"patrons: Tyler Russell, Enrique"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1675.44,"endTime":1681.38,"body":"Jimenez, Jana Matuszak, Nancy"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1675.44,"endTime":1681.38,"body":"Highcock, Jay C, Rune"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1681.41,"endTime":1687.71,"body":"Rattenborg, Woodthrush, Elisa"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1681.41,"endTime":1687.71,"body":"Rossberger, Mark Weeden, Jordi"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1687.71,"endTime":1693.86,"body":"Mon Companys, Thomas Bolin, Joan"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1687.71,"endTime":1693.86,"body":"Porter MacIver, John MacGinnis,"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1694.37,"endTime":1700.19,"body":"Andrew George, Yelena Rakic,"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1694.37,"endTime":1700.19,"body":"Mend Mariwany, Zach Rubin,"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1700.73,"endTime":1706.34,"body":"Sabina Franke, Shai Gordin,"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1700.73,"endTime":1706.34,"body":"Aaron Macks, Maarja Seire,"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1706.88,"endTime":1712.37,"body":"Jaafar Jotheri, Morgan Hite,"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1706.88,"endTime":1712.37,"body":"Chikako Watanabe, Mark"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1712.37,"endTime":1716.57,"body":"McElwaine, Heather Baker,"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1712.37,"endTime":1716.57,"body":"Jonathan Blanchard Smith,"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1717.11,"endTime":1722.24,"body":"Kliment Ohr, Christina"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1717.11,"endTime":1722.24,"body":"Tsouparopoulou, TT, Melanie"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1722.24,"endTime":1727.97,"body":"Gross, Claire Weir, Marc"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1722.24,"endTime":1727.97,"body":"Veldman, Bruno Biermann, Faimon"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1727.97,"endTime":1732.95,"body":"Roberts, Jason Moser, Pavla"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1727.97,"endTime":1732.95,"body":"Rosenstein, Müge"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1732.98,"endTime":1739.22,"body":"Durusu-Tanrıöver, Tate Paulette,"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1732.98,"endTime":1739.22,"body":"Willis Monroe, Toby Wickenden,"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1739.97,"endTime":1742.64,"body":"as well as those who prefer to"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1739.97,"endTime":1742.64,"body":"remain anonymous."},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1743.69,"endTime":1746.3,"body":"I really appreciate your"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1743.69,"endTime":1746.3,"body":"support. It makes a big"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1746.3,"endTime":1750.8,"body":"difference. Every penny received"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1746.3,"endTime":1750.8,"body":"has contributed towards"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1750.8,"endTime":1754.25,"body":"translations. Thanks of course"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1750.8,"endTime":1754.25,"body":"to the lovely people who have"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1754.25,"endTime":1757.67,"body":"worked on the translations on a"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1754.25,"endTime":1757.67,"body":"voluntary basis or for well"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1757.67,"endTime":1761.9,"body":"below the market rate. For"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1757.67,"endTime":1761.9,"body":"Arabic, thanks in particular to"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1761.9,"endTime":1766.64,"body":"Zainab Mizyidawi, as well as"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1761.9,"endTime":1766.64,"body":"Lina Meerchyad and May Al-Aseel."},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1767.48,"endTime":1773.48,"body":"For Turkish, thank you to Pinar"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1767.48,"endTime":1773.48,"body":"Durgun and Nesrin Akan. TEW is"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1773.48,"endTime":1776.99,"body":"still young, but I want to reach"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1773.48,"endTime":1776.99,"body":"a sustainable level, where"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1776.99,"endTime":1780.17,"body":"translators are given proper"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1776.99,"endTime":1780.17,"body":"compensation for their hard"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1780.17,"endTime":1780.62,"body":"work."},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1781.88,"endTime":1785.18,"body":"And thank you for listening to"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1781.88,"endTime":1785.18,"body":"Thin End of the Wedge. If you"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1785.18,"endTime":1788.45,"body":"enjoy what we do, and you would"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1785.18,"endTime":1788.45,"body":"like to help make these podcasts"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1788.45,"endTime":1791.54,"body":"available in Middle Eastern"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1788.45,"endTime":1791.54,"body":"languages, please consider"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1791.54,"endTime":1795.38,"body":"joining our Patreon family. You"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1791.54,"endTime":1795.38,"body":"can find us at"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1795.47,"endTime":1801.74,"body":"patreon.com/wedgepod. You can"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1795.47,"endTime":1801.74,"body":"also support us in other ways:"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1802.4,"endTime":1806.24,"body":"simply subscribe to the podcast;"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1802.4,"endTime":1806.24,"body":"leave us a five star review on"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1806.24,"endTime":1809.54,"body":"Apple Music or your favourite"},{"speaker":"the field of assyriology","startTime":1806.24,"endTime":1809.54,"body":"podcatcher; recommend us to your"},{"speaker":"friends; follow us on Twitter","startTime":1809.54,"endTime":1815.72,"body":"@wedge_pod. If you want the"},{"speaker":"friends; follow us on Twitter","startTime":1815.72,"endTime":1819.29,"body":"latest podcast news, you can"},{"speaker":"friends; follow us on Twitter","startTime":1815.72,"endTime":1819.29,"body":"sign up for our newsletter. You"},{"speaker":"friends; follow us on Twitter","startTime":1819.29,"endTime":1823.07,"body":"can find all the links in the"},{"speaker":"friends; follow us on Twitter","startTime":1819.29,"endTime":1823.07,"body":"show notes and on our website at"},{"speaker":"friends; follow us on Twitter","startTime":1826.13,"endTime":1832.01,"body":"wedgepod.org. Thanks, and I hope"},{"speaker":"friends; follow us on Twitter","startTime":1826.13,"endTime":1832.01,"body":"you’ll join us next time."}]}