{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":13.95,"endTime":16.95,"body":"Hello and welcome to"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":13.95,"endTime":16.95,"body":"the Thin End of the Wedge, the"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":16.95,"endTime":19.74,"body":"podcast where experts from"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":16.95,"endTime":19.74,"body":"around the world share new and"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":19.74,"endTime":23.85,"body":"interesting stories about life"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":19.74,"endTime":23.85,"body":"in the ancient Middle East. My"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":23.85,"endTime":27.33,"body":"name is Jon. Each episode, I"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":23.85,"endTime":27.33,"body":"talk to friends and colleagues"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":27.48,"endTime":30.27,"body":"and get them to explain their"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":27.48,"endTime":30.27,"body":"work in a way we can all"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":30.27,"endTime":31.02,"body":"understand."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":31.98,"endTime":35.07,"body":"This episode is another"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":31.98,"endTime":35.07,"body":"dedicated to the winners of the"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":35.07,"endTime":38.85,"body":"prizes offered each year by the"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":35.07,"endTime":38.85,"body":"International Association for"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":38.85,"endTime":43.14,"body":"Assyriology. We hear from three"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":38.85,"endTime":43.14,"body":"early career scholars whose"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":43.14,"endTime":46.86,"body":"research has been recognised for"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":43.14,"endTime":46.86,"body":"its excellence. We start with"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":46.86,"endTime":50.01,"body":"the history of the Isin II"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":46.86,"endTime":50.01,"body":"dynasty, a pivotal moment in"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":50.01,"endTime":54.66,"body":"Babylonian history, but a poorly"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":50.01,"endTime":54.66,"body":"documented one. Then we turn to"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":54.66,"endTime":58.26,"body":"astrology and horoscopes in the"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":54.66,"endTime":58.26,"body":"late Babylonian period, before"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":58.26,"endTime":60.96,"body":"ending with an attempted coup"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":58.26,"endTime":60.96,"body":"that could have taken the"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":60.96,"endTime":63.36,"body":"Assyrian Empire in a different"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":60.96,"endTime":63.36,"body":"direction."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":64.65,"endTime":67.92,"body":"Congratulations to all three"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":64.65,"endTime":67.92,"body":"winners, and I hope you enjoy"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":67.92,"endTime":72.27,"body":"this special episode. So get"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":67.92,"endTime":72.27,"body":"yourself a cup of tea, make"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":72.27,"endTime":75.75,"body":"yourself comfortable, and let's"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":72.27,"endTime":75.75,"body":"meet today's guests."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":84.63,"endTime":87.45,"body":"Hello and welcome to Thin End of"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":84.63,"endTime":87.45,"body":"the Wedge. Thank you for joining"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":87.45,"endTime":87.78,"body":"us."},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":88.08,"endTime":89.55,"body":"Oh, thanks so"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":88.08,"endTime":89.55,"body":"much, Dr Taylor."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":89.94,"endTime":92.82,"body":"Could you tell us,"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":89.94,"endTime":92.82,"body":"please, who are you and what do"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":92.82,"endTime":93.36,"body":"you do?"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":94.14,"endTime":96.93,"body":"Yes, my name is"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":94.14,"endTime":96.93,"body":"William McGrath, and I'm a"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":96.93,"endTime":100.44,"body":"recent graduate from the"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":96.93,"endTime":100.44,"body":"University of Toronto studying"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":100.47,"endTime":104.13,"body":"assyriology, and I'm an early"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":100.47,"endTime":104.13,"body":"career assyriologist."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":104.38,"endTime":107.86,"body":"Okay, we're talking"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":104.38,"endTime":107.86,"body":"today because you won a prize"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":107.86,"endTime":110.44,"body":"earlier this summer, didn't you?"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":107.86,"endTime":110.44,"body":"So could you tell us what the"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":110.44,"endTime":113.32,"body":"prize was, please, and what did"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":110.44,"endTime":113.32,"body":"you win it for?"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":113.72,"endTime":117.05,"body":"Yes, I won the"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":113.72,"endTime":117.05,"body":"prize for best dissertation from"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":117.05,"endTime":120.89,"body":"the International Assyriological"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":117.05,"endTime":120.89,"body":"Association, which they very"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":120.89,"endTime":124.04,"body":"generously selected my"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":120.89,"endTime":124.04,"body":"dissertation, which is entitled"},{"speaker":"\"Resurgent Babylon","startTime":124.55,"endTime":128.09,"body":"A Cultural,"},{"speaker":"\"Resurgent Babylon","startTime":124.55,"endTime":128.09,"body":"Political and Intellectual"},{"speaker":"\"Resurgent Babylon","startTime":128.09,"endTime":130.25,"body":"History of the Second Dynasty of"},{"speaker":"\"Resurgent Babylon","startTime":128.09,"endTime":130.25,"body":"Isin\"."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":130.73,"endTime":132.56,"body":"Could you tell us a"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":130.73,"endTime":132.56,"body":"little bit more detail about"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":132.56,"endTime":134.81,"body":"your dissertation, then? What"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":132.56,"endTime":134.81,"body":"kinds of topics were you"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":134.84,"endTime":135.32,"body":"touchingon?"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":135.0,"endTime":139.89,"body":"Sure. Well, to"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":135.0,"endTime":139.89,"body":"begin with, my dissertation is a"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":139.89,"endTime":144.18,"body":"study of the Isin II period of"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":139.89,"endTime":144.18,"body":"Babylonian history, a period of"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":144.21,"endTime":151.86,"body":"132 years spanning from 1157 to"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":144.21,"endTime":151.86,"body":"1026 BC. I have framed my study"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":151.86,"endTime":155.97,"body":"of the Isin II period as having"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":151.86,"endTime":155.97,"body":"two major foci: political"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":155.97,"endTime":159.57,"body":"history, typified by the work of"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":155.97,"endTime":159.57,"body":"Brinkman; and literary"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":159.57,"endTime":164.43,"body":"theological innovation, typified"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":159.57,"endTime":164.43,"body":"by the work of Lambert, which I"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":164.43,"endTime":167.52,"body":"aim to bring together in a"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":164.43,"endTime":167.52,"body":"single work, with the hope that"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":167.52,"endTime":171.96,"body":"these two focuses may prove"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":167.52,"endTime":171.96,"body":"mutually informative. So to"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":171.96,"endTime":174.54,"body":"start with, perhaps I could"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":171.96,"endTime":174.54,"body":"frame the intellectual"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":174.54,"endTime":178.8,"body":"background of this project--why"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":174.54,"endTime":178.8,"body":"it made a certain sense for a"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":178.8,"endTime":182.25,"body":"Toronto student to come to this"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":178.8,"endTime":182.25,"body":"topic, because, as it turns out,"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":182.25,"endTime":185.55,"body":"both Brinkman and Lambert had"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":182.25,"endTime":185.55,"body":"connections with Toronto-based"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":185.61,"endTime":186.45,"body":"astrology."},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":187.2,"endTime":191.64,"body":"Well, first of all, in 1962"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":187.2,"endTime":191.64,"body":"Brinkman completed a PhD"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":191.64,"endTime":195.27,"body":"dissertation on the post-Kassite"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":191.64,"endTime":195.27,"body":"period for the University of"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":195.27,"endTime":199.11,"body":"Chicago. Over the next six"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":195.27,"endTime":199.11,"body":"years, he then developed a"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":199.11,"endTime":203.34,"body":"seminal version of this project,"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":199.11,"endTime":203.34,"body":"which was published in 1968"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":203.46,"endTime":206.61,"body":"under the title A Political"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":203.46,"endTime":206.61,"body":"History of Post-Kassite"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":206.64,"endTime":211.68,"body":"Babylonia. This work, of course,"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":206.64,"endTime":211.68,"body":"was the first major treatment of"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":211.68,"endTime":215.55,"body":"the Isin II period, and remains"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":211.68,"endTime":215.55,"body":"indispensable today. It's"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":215.58,"endTime":220.11,"body":"superbly reliable, cogently"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":215.58,"endTime":220.11,"body":"argued and with 2195 footnotes,"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":220.2,"endTime":224.67,"body":"it's exhaustively documented."},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":220.2,"endTime":224.67,"body":"Brinkman's updated work was"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":224.67,"endTime":227.73,"body":"again conducted at the"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":224.67,"endTime":227.73,"body":"University of Chicago, which is"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":227.73,"endTime":230.28,"body":"interesting because his access"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":227.73,"endTime":230.28,"body":"to the vast reference"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":230.28,"endTime":233.43,"body":"collections in the Oriental"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":230.28,"endTime":233.43,"body":"Institute's files was likely a"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":233.43,"endTime":237.33,"body":"contributing factor to making"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":233.43,"endTime":237.33,"body":"his work as thorough as it is."},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":238.2,"endTime":241.32,"body":"His connections with Toronto"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":238.2,"endTime":241.32,"body":"were also significant at the"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":241.32,"endTime":245.13,"body":"time and provided him early"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":241.32,"endTime":245.13,"body":"access to Grayson's editions of"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":245.13,"endTime":248.13,"body":"the chronicle texts, as well as"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":245.13,"endTime":248.13,"body":"an early involvement with"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":248.13,"endTime":251.34,"body":"Toronto's Royal Inscriptions of"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":248.13,"endTime":251.34,"body":"Mesopotamia project."},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":252.33,"endTime":255.66,"body":"Secondly, although one would"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":252.33,"endTime":255.66,"body":"hardly go so far as to"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":255.66,"endTime":259.68,"body":"characterise Lambert as a"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":255.66,"endTime":259.68,"body":"Canadian scholar, it is notable"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":259.68,"endTime":262.98,"body":"that his first assyriological"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":259.68,"endTime":262.98,"body":"publication caught the eye of"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":262.98,"endTime":267.45,"body":"Toronto based Hebraist R. J."},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":262.98,"endTime":267.45,"body":"Williams, and that subsequently,"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":267.78,"endTime":271.41,"body":"Lambert accepted a position at"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":267.78,"endTime":271.41,"body":"the University of Toronto, which"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":271.41,"endTime":277.2,"body":"he maintained from 1955 until"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":271.41,"endTime":277.2,"body":"1959. This period inaugurated"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":277.23,"endTime":280.5,"body":"Lambert's full time academic"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":277.23,"endTime":280.5,"body":"career, and it was during his"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":280.5,"endTime":283.68,"body":"stay in Toronto that he produced"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":280.5,"endTime":283.68,"body":"his paper, \"Ancestors, Authors"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":283.68,"endTime":286.56,"body":"and Canonicity\", and would have"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":283.68,"endTime":286.56,"body":"completed most of his work for"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":286.56,"endTime":290.4,"body":"his Babylonian wisdom literature"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":286.56,"endTime":290.4,"body":"project at this time. Of course,"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":290.43,"endTime":293.76,"body":"these, together with several of"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":290.43,"endTime":293.76,"body":"his later papers, proved"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":293.76,"endTime":296.7,"body":"foundational for the model of"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":293.76,"endTime":296.7,"body":"Babylonian religion that I"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":296.7,"endTime":298.32,"body":"maintain in my dissertation."},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":299.28,"endTime":302.4,"body":"To return to your question,"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":299.28,"endTime":302.4,"body":"\"what was my dissertation"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":302.4,"endTime":306.57,"body":"about?\", it was envisioned from"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":302.4,"endTime":306.57,"body":"the start as a re-examination of"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":306.57,"endTime":310.35,"body":"the Isin II dynasty of"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":306.57,"endTime":310.35,"body":"Babylonian kings, albeit one"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":310.35,"endTime":313.77,"body":"that was sorely needed, since it"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":310.35,"endTime":313.77,"body":"had been 50 years since the last"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":313.77,"endTime":318.12,"body":"in-depth treatment. So I was"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":313.77,"endTime":318.12,"body":"able to draw from new textual"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":318.12,"endTime":320.91,"body":"sources that weren't available"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":318.12,"endTime":320.91,"body":"to Brinkman for my look at the"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":320.91,"endTime":324.36,"body":"political history of the Isin II"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":320.91,"endTime":324.36,"body":"kings. And this is a corpus"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":324.36,"endTime":328.38,"body":"roughly 1/3 larger than that"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":324.36,"endTime":328.38,"body":"available in 1968 in fact,"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":328.86,"endTime":332.22,"body":"although many of these texts are"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":328.86,"endTime":332.22,"body":"laconic to a greater or lesser"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":332.22,"endTime":337.05,"body":"extent. Although my work treats"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":332.22,"endTime":337.05,"body":"the reigns of all 11 kings of"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":337.05,"endTime":340.65,"body":"the dynasty in question, it was"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":337.05,"endTime":340.65,"body":"inevitable that Nebuchadnezzar"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":340.65,"endTime":345.33,"body":"the First would be a major focus"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":340.65,"endTime":345.33,"body":"of my work, and this is because"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":345.39,"endTime":349.2,"body":"of the 54 kings of the"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":345.39,"endTime":349.2,"body":"post-kassite period, scholars"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":349.2,"endTime":352.05,"body":"have suggested that the only"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":349.2,"endTime":352.05,"body":"great king among them was"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":352.08,"endTime":356.1,"body":"Nebuchadnezzar the First."},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":352.08,"endTime":356.1,"body":"Further, of the over 100"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":356.1,"endTime":358.71,"body":"Babylonian kings to have reigned"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":356.1,"endTime":358.71,"body":"in the various Babylonian"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":358.71,"endTime":362.25,"body":"dynasties, Nebuchadnezzar is"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":358.71,"endTime":362.25,"body":"held to be among the top four"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":362.25,"endTime":366.0,"body":"Babylonian kings in terms of the"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":362.25,"endTime":366.0,"body":"importance which subsequent"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":366.03,"endTime":367.62,"body":"tradition ascribed to him."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":368.1,"endTime":369.63,"body":"This is quite"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":368.1,"endTime":369.63,"body":"exciting, then, isn't it? You"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":369.63,"endTime":373.08,"body":"have a large number of new"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":369.63,"endTime":373.08,"body":"sources, and you're presumably"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":373.08,"endTime":376.47,"body":"able to say something about one"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":373.08,"endTime":376.47,"body":"of the key figures in Babylonian"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":376.47,"endTime":380.55,"body":"history. Prior to publication,"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":376.47,"endTime":380.55,"body":"are you able to share what some"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":380.55,"endTime":382.92,"body":"of the conclusions are from your"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":380.55,"endTime":382.92,"body":"work?"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":383.35,"endTime":386.5,"body":"Certainly, yes."},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":383.35,"endTime":386.5,"body":"Listeners may be familiar with"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":386.5,"endTime":390.31,"body":"Nebuchadnezzar the First's"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":386.5,"endTime":390.31,"body":"much-discussed victory over the"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":390.31,"endTime":394.18,"body":"Elamites, and this episode will"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":390.31,"endTime":394.18,"body":"naturally call to mind that"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":394.18,"endTime":398.11,"body":"Babylonia, at this time, was not"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":394.18,"endTime":398.11,"body":"at peace. Rather, it was a time"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":398.11,"endTime":402.88,"body":"of tension and conflict with"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":398.11,"endTime":402.88,"body":"neighbours. In fact, the Isin II"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":402.91,"endTime":407.05,"body":"dynasty begins, and continues"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":402.91,"endTime":407.05,"body":"for some time, in what has been"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":407.05,"endTime":411.1,"body":"called the Assyrian-Elamite"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":407.05,"endTime":411.1,"body":"phase. That is, a time"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":411.1,"endTime":414.46,"body":"characterised by conflict with"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":411.1,"endTime":414.46,"body":"both Assyria to the north and"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":414.49,"endTime":415.69,"body":"Elam to the east."},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":416.53,"endTime":420.82,"body":"One of the major findings I came"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":416.53,"endTime":420.82,"body":"to is a significant reworking of"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":420.82,"endTime":424.27,"body":"the timeline for these events,"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":420.82,"endTime":424.27,"body":"which occur in Nebuchadnezzar"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":424.27,"endTime":428.68,"body":"the First's reign. Using newly"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":424.27,"endTime":428.68,"body":"available texts which provide"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":428.71,"endTime":432.97,"body":"new data about the timing of key"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":428.71,"endTime":432.97,"body":"events, I have produced a series"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":432.97,"endTime":436.36,"body":"of interlocking and mutually"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":432.97,"endTime":436.36,"body":"supportive arguments which"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":436.36,"endTime":439.3,"body":"result in the first definite"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":436.36,"endTime":439.3,"body":"timeline for Nebuchadnezzar's"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":439.33,"endTime":443.62,"body":"Elamite campaign. Having"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":439.33,"endTime":443.62,"body":"established that I, was also"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":443.62,"endTime":448.24,"body":"able to reassess a series of"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":443.62,"endTime":448.24,"body":"prior events, such as the prior"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":448.24,"endTime":452.2,"body":"military action of the Elamite"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":448.24,"endTime":452.2,"body":"king in the region as being more"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":452.2,"endTime":455.53,"body":"direct and consequential in"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":452.2,"endTime":455.53,"body":"motivating Nebuchadnezzar's"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":455.59,"endTime":460.6,"body":"ultimate response. I should add,"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":455.59,"endTime":460.6,"body":"however, that the work is not as"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":460.6,"endTime":463.66,"body":"much a re-examination of"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":460.6,"endTime":463.66,"body":"Nebuchadnezzar the First's"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":463.66,"endTime":468.64,"body":"reign, as a treatment of the"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":463.66,"endTime":468.64,"body":"entire dynasty. Owing to the"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":468.64,"endTime":472.21,"body":"information from new sources and"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":468.64,"endTime":472.21,"body":"outside of the events of"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":472.24,"endTime":476.29,"body":"Nebuchadnezzar's campaign just"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":472.24,"endTime":476.29,"body":"mentioned, my reconstruction of"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":476.29,"endTime":479.5,"body":"the dynasty differs from earlier"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":476.29,"endTime":479.5,"body":"works in several respects, or in"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":479.5,"endTime":482.77,"body":"numerous respects. This includes"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":479.5,"endTime":482.77,"body":"the positioning of"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":483.49,"endTime":485.44,"body":"Marduk-kabit-ahheshu's ascension"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":483.49,"endTime":485.44,"body":"to the throne,"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":486.13,"endTime":490.42,"body":"Itti-Marduk-balatu's military"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":486.13,"endTime":490.42,"body":"activity, the demise of"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":490.48,"endTime":493.75,"body":"Ninurta-nadin-shumi, although"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":490.48,"endTime":493.75,"body":"this is necessarily speculative,"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":494.26,"endTime":497.56,"body":"and Enlil-nadin-apli's"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":494.26,"endTime":497.56,"body":"usurpation by his uncle,"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":497.65,"endTime":498.52,"body":"Marduk-nadin-ahhe."},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":499.78,"endTime":502.45,"body":"While it has been the"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":499.78,"endTime":502.45,"body":"traditional view that the Isin"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":502.45,"endTime":505.42,"body":"II kings were initially the"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":502.45,"endTime":505.42,"body":"aggressors against the Assyrian"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":505.42,"endTime":509.5,"body":"kings, my work establishes that"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":505.42,"endTime":509.5,"body":"this pattern was consistent from"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":509.5,"endTime":513.31,"body":"kings two, three, four and five,"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":509.5,"endTime":513.31,"body":"rather than just kings three and"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":513.31,"endTime":516.91,"body":"four. In addition, my"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":513.31,"endTime":516.91,"body":"reconstruction of"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":516.91,"endTime":519.73,"body":"Tiglath-pileser the First's"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":516.91,"endTime":519.73,"body":"military actions against"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":519.73,"endTime":525.22,"body":"Babylonia contains updates and"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":519.73,"endTime":525.22,"body":"against previous accounts, I"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":525.22,"endTime":528.4,"body":"have argued that there was no"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":525.22,"endTime":528.4,"body":"Assyro-Babylonian clash in the"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":528.4,"endTime":532.99,"body":"reign of Adad-apla-iddina. In"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":528.4,"endTime":532.99,"body":"summary, my look at the"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":532.99,"endTime":536.5,"body":"political history of the dynasty"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":532.99,"endTime":536.5,"body":"has put forward a new"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":536.5,"endTime":539.17,"body":"formulation of the span of"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":536.5,"endTime":539.17,"body":"Babylonian history for"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":539.17,"endTime":542.56,"body":"consideration. I should add that"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":539.17,"endTime":542.56,"body":"I am indebted to several"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":542.56,"endTime":546.37,"body":"generations of archaeologists,"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":542.56,"endTime":546.37,"body":"curators, and philologists for"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":546.37,"endTime":548.89,"body":"making the contributions that I"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":546.37,"endTime":548.89,"body":"depended on."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":550.57,"endTime":552.52,"body":"I'm very much"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":550.57,"endTime":552.52,"body":"looking forward to reading that."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":553.24,"endTime":556.78,"body":"One of the benefits of the"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":553.24,"endTime":556.78,"body":"dissertation prize is the"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":556.84,"endTime":559.96,"body":"facility to help with the"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":556.84,"endTime":559.96,"body":"publication. So are you able to"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":559.96,"endTime":562.03,"body":"say what your plans are for"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":559.96,"endTime":562.03,"body":"this?"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":562.63,"endTime":565.69,"body":"Well, yes, I'm"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":562.63,"endTime":565.69,"body":"currently working to refine my"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":565.69,"endTime":570.16,"body":"dissertation and to selectively"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":565.69,"endTime":570.16,"body":"edit it down to a format which"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":570.16,"endTime":573.91,"body":"would be more applicable to a"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":570.16,"endTime":573.91,"body":"published book. I think because"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":573.91,"endTime":577.96,"body":"I was following a work that was"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":573.91,"endTime":577.96,"body":"particularly exhaustive, that is"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":577.99,"endTime":581.14,"body":"Brinkman's 1968 treatment of"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":577.99,"endTime":581.14,"body":"this period, I sort of"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":581.14,"endTime":584.83,"body":"endeavoured to be as exhaustive"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":581.14,"endTime":584.83,"body":"as I could be as well. But this"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":584.83,"endTime":586.99,"body":"resulted in a very long"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":584.83,"endTime":586.99,"body":"dissertation with a lot of"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":586.99,"endTime":590.62,"body":"footnotes. So I see now that"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":586.99,"endTime":590.62,"body":"there is a lot of editing that I"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":590.62,"endTime":593.44,"body":"should do in order to make a"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":590.62,"endTime":593.44,"body":"more streamlined and readable"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":593.44,"endTime":595.9,"body":"work that would appeal more to"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":593.44,"endTime":595.9,"body":"publishers."},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":597.13,"endTime":599.95,"body":"In addition to that, after I"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":597.13,"endTime":599.95,"body":"finished my dissertation,"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":600.52,"endTime":603.31,"body":"several esteemed and"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":600.52,"endTime":603.31,"body":"authoritative scholars wrote to"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":603.31,"endTime":606.55,"body":"me and have generously provided"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":603.31,"endTime":606.55,"body":"critique and suggestions for"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":606.55,"endTime":609.91,"body":"revisions. In addition, they"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":606.55,"endTime":609.91,"body":"have provided me with"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":609.91,"endTime":613.15,"body":"information about numerous texts"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":609.91,"endTime":613.15,"body":"pertaining to the reigns of"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":613.15,"endTime":616.66,"body":"Nebuchadnezzar the First and"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":613.15,"endTime":616.66,"body":"Adad-apla-iddina that remain"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":616.66,"endTime":619.42,"body":"unpublished and that I had not"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":616.66,"endTime":619.42,"body":"been aware of at the time of my"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":619.42,"endTime":623.17,"body":"work. So of course, these are"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":619.42,"endTime":623.17,"body":"for the most part,"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":623.2,"endTime":626.41,"body":"administrative texts, which"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":623.2,"endTime":626.41,"body":"would probably just contain"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":626.44,"endTime":630.34,"body":"royal titles or statements of"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":626.44,"endTime":630.34,"body":"affiliation. But still, this"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":630.34,"endTime":633.49,"body":"counts as very appealing and"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":630.34,"endTime":633.49,"body":"important information for the"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":633.49,"endTime":637.03,"body":"study of a dynasty that is, in"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":633.49,"endTime":637.03,"body":"fact, poorly documented on as a"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":637.03,"endTime":640.66,"body":"whole. So I'm beyond grateful to"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":637.03,"endTime":640.66,"body":"these scholars for generously"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":640.66,"endTime":643.51,"body":"sharing, and I would want to"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":640.66,"endTime":643.51,"body":"work this information over"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":643.51,"endTime":646.48,"body":"thoroughly in the course of"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":643.51,"endTime":646.48,"body":"revising my dissertation for"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":646.48,"endTime":647.23,"body":"publication."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":648.64,"endTime":651.1,"body":"Yeah, good luck."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":648.64,"endTime":651.1,"body":"That sounds very interesting"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":651.1,"endTime":654.25,"body":"indeed. That must presumably"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":651.1,"endTime":654.25,"body":"take up rather a lot of your"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":654.25,"endTime":657.19,"body":"time. But if you have any time"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":654.25,"endTime":657.19,"body":"left over, and if you can"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":657.19,"endTime":661.36,"body":"envisage the period after the"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":657.19,"endTime":661.36,"body":"dissertation is published, is"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":661.36,"endTime":663.52,"body":"there anything else you're"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":661.36,"endTime":663.52,"body":"working on or that you'd like to"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":663.52,"endTime":664.48,"body":"work on next?"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":665.02,"endTime":667.21,"body":"Oh, yes. Well,"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":665.02,"endTime":667.21,"body":"thanks for asking. Yeah. At the"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":667.24,"endTime":670.42,"body":"current moment, indeed, I am"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":667.24,"endTime":670.42,"body":"most focused on this material"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":670.42,"endTime":673.9,"body":"that would complement the"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":670.42,"endTime":673.9,"body":"revision of my dissertation, the"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":673.9,"endTime":676.75,"body":"good number of unpublished texts"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":673.9,"endTime":676.75,"body":"relating to the Isin II kings."},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":677.2,"endTime":679.51,"body":"Before getting there, I am"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":677.2,"endTime":679.51,"body":"thinking that I will produce a"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":679.51,"endTime":683.26,"body":"paper size study of this new"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":679.51,"endTime":683.26,"body":"material that could later be"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":683.26,"endTime":688.06,"body":"incorporated into the revised"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":683.26,"endTime":688.06,"body":"book edition.To that end, you"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":688.06,"endTime":691.51,"body":"know, curators at Yale have been"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":688.06,"endTime":691.51,"body":"very generous and forthcoming in"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":691.51,"endTime":695.26,"body":"providing photographs of a"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":691.51,"endTime":695.26,"body":"number of tablets, and I am very"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":695.38,"endTime":698.83,"body":"thankful for this. But I still"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":695.38,"endTime":698.83,"body":"have a good amount of legwork to"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":698.83,"endTime":701.62,"body":"do in reaching out to other"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":698.83,"endTime":701.62,"body":"collections elsewhere, and"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":701.65,"endTime":704.95,"body":"inquiring as to whether I might"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":701.65,"endTime":704.95,"body":"obtain permission to work with"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":704.95,"endTime":706.96,"body":"further Isin II period texts."},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":707.8,"endTime":711.85,"body":"Apart from this, I am developing"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":707.8,"endTime":711.85,"body":"a project that will examine a"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":711.85,"endTime":716.26,"body":"selection of Kassite"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":711.85,"endTime":716.26,"body":"administrative texts. This came"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":716.26,"endTime":719.62,"body":"about from considerations of the"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":716.26,"endTime":719.62,"body":"Middle Babylonian text"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":719.68,"endTime":723.34,"body":"publications, and the state of"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":719.68,"endTime":723.34,"body":"the publications that I observed"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":723.37,"endTime":726.43,"body":"in the course of my dissertation"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":723.37,"endTime":726.43,"body":"work. At which point, it became"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":726.43,"endTime":729.64,"body":"apparent to me that this area of"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":726.43,"endTime":729.64,"body":"the field remains somewhat"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":729.67,"endTime":733.72,"body":"underdeveloped. I've been in"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":729.67,"endTime":733.72,"body":"touch with Grant Frame and"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":733.72,"endTime":736.66,"body":"Jonathan Tenney, and they have"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":733.72,"endTime":736.66,"body":"kindly shared some insights with"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":736.66,"endTime":740.32,"body":"me. And as a result, I'm"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":736.66,"endTime":740.32,"body":"weighing my approach. There are,"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":740.32,"endTime":743.47,"body":"of course, many ways that one"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":740.32,"endTime":743.47,"body":"could come to a corpus as large"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":743.47,"endTime":747.07,"body":"and as significant as the"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":743.47,"endTime":747.07,"body":"Kassite administrative text from"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":747.07,"endTime":751.66,"body":"Nippur. I also note that there"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":747.07,"endTime":751.66,"body":"is a current upsurge in"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":751.69,"endTime":754.63,"body":"innovative and interesting"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":751.69,"endTime":754.63,"body":"Kassite period scholarship right"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":754.63,"endTime":758.62,"body":"now. And the amazing work being"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":754.63,"endTime":758.62,"body":"done at your Corpus of Seal"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":758.62,"endTime":761.35,"body":"Inscriptions of the Kassite"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":758.62,"endTime":761.35,"body":"period is a great example of"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":761.35,"endTime":761.68,"body":"that."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":762.07,"endTime":764.56,"body":"Oh gosh, that's very"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":762.07,"endTime":764.56,"body":"kind. Good luck with your work."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":764.59,"endTime":767.68,"body":"Congratulations on your prize,"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":764.59,"endTime":767.68,"body":"and thank you very much for"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":767.68,"endTime":768.82,"body":"talking about it today."},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":768.0,"endTime":771.09,"body":"Sure. Well,"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":768.0,"endTime":771.09,"body":"thanks so much for having me."},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":771.24,"endTime":773.91,"body":"Like I said, I really enjoyed"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":771.24,"endTime":773.91,"body":"the opportunity to discuss this."},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":774.15,"endTime":776.82,"body":"And if I could, I would just"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":774.15,"endTime":776.82,"body":"quickly like to thank my"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":776.82,"endTime":780.21,"body":"supervisors, Professor Beaulieu"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":776.82,"endTime":780.21,"body":"and Professor Baker, as well as"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":780.21,"endTime":783.12,"body":"Professor Benjamin Foster for"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":780.21,"endTime":783.12,"body":"suggesting that I apply for the"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":783.12,"endTime":786.57,"body":"IAA award in the first place. In"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":783.12,"endTime":786.57,"body":"addition, I'd just like to"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":786.57,"endTime":789.36,"body":"quickly thank the IAA review"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":786.57,"endTime":789.36,"body":"panel for selecting my"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":789.36,"endTime":791.55,"body":"dissertation, of course."},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":789.36,"endTime":791.55,"body":"Finally, thank you very much"},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":791.55,"endTime":792.9,"body":"again for having me on, Dr."},{"speaker":"William McGrath","startTime":791.55,"endTime":792.9,"body":"Taylor."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":792.91,"endTime":794.56,"body":"It's been a"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":792.91,"endTime":794.56,"body":"pleasure. Thank you again."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":794.0,"endTime":807.89,"body":"At this point, I must make a"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":794.0,"endTime":807.89,"body":"confession. I failed to record"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":807.89,"endTime":811.76,"body":"the question where I ask my next"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":807.89,"endTime":811.76,"body":"guest to introduce themself. My"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":811.76,"endTime":815.18,"body":"apologies to her and to you for"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":811.76,"endTime":815.18,"body":"that. So I'll do that on her"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":815.18,"endTime":820.61,"body":"behalf now. We hear next from"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":815.18,"endTime":820.61,"body":"Alessia Pilloni, who is a PhD"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":820.61,"endTime":823.13,"body":"student at the Frei Universitaet"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":820.61,"endTime":823.13,"body":"Berlin."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":825.44,"endTime":828.32,"body":"Hello and welcome to Thin End of"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":825.44,"endTime":828.32,"body":"the Wedge. Thank you for joining"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":828.32,"endTime":828.68,"body":"us."},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":829.13,"endTime":831.05,"body":"Hello, thank"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":829.13,"endTime":831.05,"body":"you so much for inviting me."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":831.68,"endTime":834.08,"body":"We've invited you on"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":831.68,"endTime":834.08,"body":"because you won a prize this"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":834.08,"endTime":837.41,"body":"summer. Could you start please"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":834.08,"endTime":837.41,"body":"by telling us what the prize was"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":837.41,"endTime":839.78,"body":"that you won and what you won it"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":837.41,"endTime":839.78,"body":"for?"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":839.0,"endTime":843.71,"body":"Yes. So last summer, at"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":839.0,"endTime":843.71,"body":"the Rencontre, I won the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":843.8,"endTime":849.2,"body":"runner-up prize for the best"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":843.8,"endTime":849.2,"body":"first article. The topic of my"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":849.2,"endTime":853.55,"body":"paper was the astrological"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":849.2,"endTime":853.55,"body":"schemes behind these two"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":853.58,"endTime":857.69,"body":"mysterious astrological"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":853.58,"endTime":857.69,"body":"terminology that are bit nisirtu"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":857.78,"endTime":859.97,"body":"and KI in the Babylonian"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":857.78,"endTime":859.97,"body":"horoscopes."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":860.33,"endTime":862.19,"body":"And where did you"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":860.33,"endTime":862.19,"body":"publish that article?"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":862.48,"endTime":864.97,"body":"I published it in the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":862.48,"endTime":864.97,"body":"Journal of Ancient Near Eastern"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":864.97,"endTime":866.95,"body":"History, 2024."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":867.67,"endTime":870.37,"body":"Well, first off,"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":867.67,"endTime":870.37,"body":"congratulations. Before we dig"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":870.37,"endTime":873.01,"body":"into your work in detail,"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":870.37,"endTime":873.01,"body":"perhaps you could set the scene"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":873.01,"endTime":877.36,"body":"for us and explain a little bit"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":873.01,"endTime":877.36,"body":"about what horoscopes are and"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":877.39,"endTime":880.36,"body":"the current state of research"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":877.39,"endTime":880.36,"body":"before your work, please?"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":881.08,"endTime":884.11,"body":"The starting point of"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":881.08,"endTime":884.11,"body":"my research is an edition that"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":884.11,"endTime":887.53,"body":"was already made in the '90s by"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":884.11,"endTime":887.53,"body":"Francesca Rochberg. Actually,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":887.56,"endTime":890.77,"body":"there was already an edition"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":887.56,"endTime":890.77,"body":"made by Abraham Sachs in the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":890.77,"endTime":895.9,"body":"'50s, but Francesca Rochberg"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":890.77,"endTime":895.9,"body":"added some more context, a nice"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":895.9,"endTime":898.6,"body":"introduction, and she clarified"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":895.9,"endTime":898.6,"body":"many of the things that were not"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":898.6,"endTime":903.49,"body":"clarified by Abraham Sachs"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":898.6,"endTime":903.49,"body":"before. So what is a horoscope?"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":903.49,"endTime":908.05,"body":"And why do we call these texts"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":903.49,"endTime":908.05,"body":"horoscopes? Well, we know that"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":908.05,"endTime":913.6,"body":"modern horoscopes are a very"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":908.05,"endTime":913.6,"body":"popular practice lately, and"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":913.78,"endTime":916.72,"body":"they actually derive from the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":913.78,"endTime":916.72,"body":"Babylonian ones. We can say that"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":916.72,"endTime":920.98,"body":"the Babylonian horoscopes were"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":916.72,"endTime":920.98,"body":"the ancestors of our modern"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":920.98,"endTime":921.7,"body":"horoscopes."},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":921.0,"endTime":923.989,"body":"So what are"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":921.0,"endTime":923.989,"body":"these horoscopes? We can define"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":924.059,"endTime":928.44,"body":"them as horoscopes because they"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":924.059,"endTime":928.44,"body":"record mainly two informations."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":927.39,"endTime":980.34,"body":"There is a larger"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":927.39,"endTime":980.34,"body":"question, isn't there, with"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":928.509,"endTime":932.751,"body":"One is the child's birth, the"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":928.509,"endTime":932.751,"body":"date of birth of the child, and"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":932.82,"endTime":936.992,"body":"the second one is the position"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":932.82,"endTime":936.992,"body":"of the planets at the time of"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":937.062,"endTime":941.165,"body":"that birth. So we can imagine"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":937.062,"endTime":941.165,"body":"sort of a map of the sky in a"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":941.234,"endTime":944.989,"body":"precise time. We might think"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":941.234,"endTime":944.989,"body":"that these positions were"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":945.058,"endTime":949.231,"body":"observed, but in fact, if we"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":945.058,"endTime":949.231,"body":"think about it, at any time, if"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":949.3,"endTime":953.681,"body":"we go out and look at the sky,"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":949.3,"endTime":953.681,"body":"we will never be able to see all"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":953.75,"endTime":958.131,"body":"the planets together. So either"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":953.75,"endTime":958.131,"body":"the sun is out, so it's bright,"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":958.201,"endTime":962.303,"body":"and we cannot see the other"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":958.201,"endTime":962.303,"body":"planets. And even if it's dark,"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":962.373,"endTime":966.475,"body":"even if the child was born at"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":962.373,"endTime":966.475,"body":"night, there is no way we can"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":966.545,"endTime":970.995,"body":"see all the planets together. So"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":966.545,"endTime":970.995,"body":"actually, the positions that we"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":971.064,"endTime":974.958,"body":"see in the horoscopes were all"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":971.064,"endTime":974.958,"body":"computed. In fact, we are"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":975.028,"endTime":978.991,"body":"already in the Late Babylonian"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":975.028,"endTime":978.991,"body":"period, so from the fourth"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":979.061,"endTime":983.372,"body":"century BC onwards, where the"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":979.061,"endTime":983.372,"body":"Babylonian scholars were already"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":983.442,"endTime":987.475,"body":"able to compute these positions."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":983.442,"endTime":987.475,"body":"They already had a lot of"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":986.85,"endTime":1006.86,"body":"omens and this kind of material."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":986.85,"endTime":1006.86,"body":"But if you're calculating things"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":987.544,"endTime":991.508,"body":"algorithms and tools on how to"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":987.544,"endTime":991.508,"body":"compute the occurrences of"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":991.577,"endTime":996.027,"body":"planetary phenomena and also the"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":991.577,"endTime":996.027,"body":"exact position at any time that"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":996.097,"endTime":1000.2,"body":"they wanted to. So that's what"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":996.097,"endTime":1000.2,"body":"they did for the horoscopes."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1006.86,"endTime":1009.92,"body":"and they're predictable, why do"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1006.86,"endTime":1009.92,"body":"they have meaning? And perhaps,"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1009.92,"endTime":1012.68,"body":"in the case of astrology, that"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1009.92,"endTime":1012.68,"body":"is what gives it the meaning?"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1013.7,"endTime":1015.38,"body":"In the few"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1013.7,"endTime":1015.38,"body":"cases where we have some"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1015.38,"endTime":1018.47,"body":"prognostication written down in"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1015.38,"endTime":1018.47,"body":"the tablet, they're actually all"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1018.47,"endTime":1023.42,"body":"positive. And they come after"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1018.47,"endTime":1023.42,"body":"planetary position. So we have"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1023.42,"endTime":1028.79,"body":"this horoscope from Uruk saying"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1023.42,"endTime":1028.79,"body":"that a planet is in its KI, so"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1028.79,"endTime":1034.04,"body":"in its place, and then some"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1028.79,"endTime":1034.04,"body":"positive predictions follow. In"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1034.04,"endTime":1038.66,"body":"this case, for example, I argue"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1034.04,"endTime":1038.66,"body":"that the positive predictions"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1038.69,"endTime":1043.64,"body":"are because the planet is in its"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1038.69,"endTime":1043.64,"body":"triplicity. So the zodiacal"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1043.64,"endTime":1047.99,"body":"position of this planet is part"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1043.64,"endTime":1047.99,"body":"of the triplicity that belongs"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1047.99,"endTime":1053.27,"body":"to that planet. So this gives an"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1047.99,"endTime":1053.27,"body":"outcome. What I can say more"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1053.3,"endTime":1058.04,"body":"about this is that how the"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1053.3,"endTime":1058.04,"body":"prognostication is structured"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1058.91,"endTime":1063.08,"body":"reminds us of the astral"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1058.91,"endTime":1063.08,"body":"divination. So, for example,"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1063.11,"endTime":1064.01,"body":"Enuma Anu Enlil."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1065.21,"endTime":1067.46,"body":"The horoscopes are"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1065.21,"endTime":1067.46,"body":"quite late creations, aren't"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1067.46,"endTime":1070.61,"body":"they? But the names of ... can"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1067.46,"endTime":1070.61,"body":"we call these \"signs\"  ... are"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1070.61,"endTime":1071.06,"body":"older?"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1071.84,"endTime":1075.2,"body":"Yes. So the"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1071.84,"endTime":1075.2,"body":"horoscopes are, in a way, an"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1075.2,"endTime":1079.52,"body":"outcome of what astronomers and"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1075.2,"endTime":1079.52,"body":"astrologers in Babylonia were"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1079.52,"endTime":1082.46,"body":"already doing for many years."},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1079.52,"endTime":1082.46,"body":"They started with astral"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1082.49,"endTime":1087.68,"body":"divination, which is the old way"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1082.49,"endTime":1087.68,"body":"of looking at the sky. So every"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1087.89,"endTime":1093.56,"body":"event in the sky corresponded to"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1087.89,"endTime":1093.56,"body":"something on Earth. But by the"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1093.56,"endTime":1099.23,"body":"fourth century BC, they already"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1093.56,"endTime":1099.23,"body":"had observed enough to be able"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1099.23,"endTime":1104.63,"body":"to predict the occurrences of"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1099.23,"endTime":1104.63,"body":"heavenly phenomena. And they"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1104.63,"endTime":1109.58,"body":"already invented algorithms and"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1104.63,"endTime":1109.58,"body":"other tools on how to predict"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1109.61,"endTime":1113.72,"body":"these phenomena, like in the"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1109.61,"endTime":1113.72,"body":"future, at any time. So I think"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1113.72,"endTime":1117.17,"body":"that at some point they just"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1113.72,"endTime":1117.17,"body":"combined the fact that you can"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1117.23,"endTime":1120.68,"body":"associate events in the sky and"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1117.23,"endTime":1120.68,"body":"on Earth with the fact that you"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1120.68,"endTime":1121.76,"body":"could predict them."},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1122.9,"endTime":1125.99,"body":"The problem with these"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1122.9,"endTime":1125.99,"body":"horoscopes is that we don't have"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1126.02,"endTime":1130.64,"body":"many mathematical astronomical"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1126.02,"endTime":1130.64,"body":"sources for that, meaning that"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1130.67,"endTime":1133.67,"body":"the main interest of"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1130.67,"endTime":1133.67,"body":"mathematical astronomy is"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1133.67,"endTime":1137.21,"body":"actually not calculating the"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1133.67,"endTime":1137.21,"body":"exact position of the planet in"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1137.21,"endTime":1140.96,"body":"every moment, but rather the"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1137.21,"endTime":1140.96,"body":"future occurrences of the same"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1140.96,"endTime":1143.9,"body":"phenomenon. That could be, I"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1140.96,"endTime":1143.9,"body":"don't know, the appearance of a"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1143.9,"endTime":1149.03,"body":"planet in the eastern horizon."},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1143.9,"endTime":1149.03,"body":"But we have some of these texts"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1149.06,"endTime":1153.05,"body":"that calculate the exact"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1149.06,"endTime":1153.05,"body":"position of the planet at given"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1153.05,"endTime":1156.5,"body":"moments, and these were probably"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1153.05,"endTime":1156.5,"body":"the sources for the horoscopes."},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1157.43,"endTime":1161.3,"body":"But as I said before, we don't"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1157.43,"endTime":1161.3,"body":"really know what is the outcome"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1161.33,"endTime":1167.12,"body":"of the horoscopes. It's just a"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1161.33,"endTime":1167.12,"body":"record of a date of birth of a"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1167.12,"endTime":1171.44,"body":"child that sometimes has a name,"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1167.12,"endTime":1171.44,"body":"sometimes it doesn't. There are"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1171.47,"endTime":1175.1,"body":"not a lot of interpretation of"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1171.47,"endTime":1175.1,"body":"the events described in the"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1175.1,"endTime":1175.76,"body":"tablets."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1177.08,"endTime":1179.45,"body":"That's a shame,"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1177.08,"endTime":1179.45,"body":"isn't it, because I was going to"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1179.45,"endTime":1182.0,"body":"ask, what do you do with these"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1179.45,"endTime":1182.0,"body":"things? If there are very few"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1182.03,"endTime":1184.73,"body":"prognostications, you don't"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1182.03,"endTime":1184.73,"body":"learn what the fate of your"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1184.73,"endTime":1188.18,"body":"child is, I guess you can, you"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1184.73,"endTime":1188.18,"body":"can explain it orally?"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1188.75,"endTime":1191.69,"body":"Exactly, that's"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1188.75,"endTime":1191.69,"body":"my understanding. Probably they"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1191.69,"endTime":1196.04,"body":"just serve as a scheme for the"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1191.69,"endTime":1196.04,"body":"astrologer to actually explain"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1196.07,"endTime":1199.16,"body":"the outcome, the"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1196.07,"endTime":1199.16,"body":"prognostication, to the client."},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1199.19,"endTime":1201.5,"body":"If we can talk about clients,"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1199.19,"endTime":1201.5,"body":"because we don't know that"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1201.5,"endTime":1201.92,"body":"either."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1203.36,"endTime":1206.66,"body":"Would people have"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1203.36,"endTime":1206.66,"body":"star signs, as we would think of"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1206.66,"endTime":1210.32,"body":"it? So would someone say, \"Oh,"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1206.66,"endTime":1210.32,"body":"I'm a Capricorn\", and that would"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1210.65,"endTime":1213.23,"body":"convey some kind of meaning."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1210.65,"endTime":1213.23,"body":"Would they consider themselves"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1213.23,"endTime":1216.29,"body":"to be a type of person based on"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1213.23,"endTime":1216.29,"body":"when they were born?"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1217.49,"endTime":1222.17,"body":"Yeah, that's very"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1217.49,"endTime":1222.17,"body":"interesting. Probably the solar"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1222.17,"endTime":1226.4,"body":"zodiacal sign, so where the sun"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1222.17,"endTime":1226.4,"body":"was in the moment where we were"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1226.4,"endTime":1231.5,"body":"born was not that important for"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1226.4,"endTime":1231.5,"body":"them. They say that a planet is"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1231.68,"endTime":1235.22,"body":"in a particular zodiacal sign."},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1231.68,"endTime":1235.22,"body":"What does that mean? Because now"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1235.22,"endTime":1237.92,"body":"we associate a zodiacal sign"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1235.22,"endTime":1237.92,"body":"with being completely"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1237.95,"endTime":1242.36,"body":"astrological. But actually the"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1237.95,"endTime":1242.36,"body":"purpose of the zodiac was"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1242.39,"endTime":1245.93,"body":"astronomy. So astronomical"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1242.39,"endTime":1245.93,"body":"computation, mathematical"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1245.93,"endTime":1250.82,"body":"astronomy. The zodiac, in fact,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1245.93,"endTime":1250.82,"body":"is ideal division of the path of"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1250.82,"endTime":1255.47,"body":"the sun. The path of the sun"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1250.82,"endTime":1255.47,"body":"sounds maybe a little bit"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1255.59,"endTime":1260.03,"body":"awkward or weird to a modern"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1255.59,"endTime":1260.03,"body":"audience, because we know that"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1260.27,"endTime":1263.36,"body":"the sun doesn't revolve around"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1260.27,"endTime":1263.36,"body":"the earth, but is the other way"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1263.36,"endTime":1267.11,"body":"around. But for the Babylonians,"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1263.36,"endTime":1267.11,"body":"that was not a given. They"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1267.11,"endTime":1268.94,"body":"thought that the sun was moving"},{"speaker":"Unknown","startTime":1267.11,"endTime":1268.94,"body":"around the Earth."},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1269.36,"endTime":1272.36,"body":"We also know"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1269.36,"endTime":1272.36,"body":"that a year for a Babylonian"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1272.66,"endTime":1277.85,"body":"lasted about 360 days, and"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1272.66,"endTime":1277.85,"body":"that's how they divided the path"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1277.85,"endTime":1280.73,"body":"of the sun, because the sun is"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1277.85,"endTime":1280.73,"body":"moving little by little every"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1280.73,"endTime":1284.75,"body":"day for 360 days, until"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1280.73,"endTime":1284.75,"body":"returning to the same position."},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1285.26,"endTime":1288.68,"body":"And that is exactly the zodiac."},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1285.26,"endTime":1288.68,"body":"So the division of this path."},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1289.28,"endTime":1293.54,"body":"Since 360 is a little bit of a"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1289.28,"endTime":1293.54,"body":"big number, then they divide it"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1293.54,"endTime":1297.83,"body":"into 12. That 12 are the"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1293.54,"endTime":1297.83,"body":"zodiacal signs as well as the"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1297.83,"endTime":1303.2,"body":"months of the year. And each"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1297.83,"endTime":1303.2,"body":"zodiacal sign is divided into 30"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1303.23,"endTime":1308.84,"body":"degrees, as well as a month is"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1303.23,"endTime":1308.84,"body":"divided into 30 days. So with"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1308.84,"endTime":1311.9,"body":"this amazing tool, this amazing"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1308.84,"endTime":1311.9,"body":"coordinate system, they were"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1311.9,"endTime":1315.98,"body":"able to compute the planetary"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1311.9,"endTime":1315.98,"body":"position, even if they couldn't"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1315.98,"endTime":1316.82,"body":"observe them."},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1317.6,"endTime":1321.23,"body":"And apart from these two data,"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1317.6,"endTime":1321.23,"body":"so the date of birth of the"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1321.23,"endTime":1325.28,"body":"child and the position of the"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1321.23,"endTime":1325.28,"body":"planets, we also have some other"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1325.37,"endTime":1328.58,"body":"information, but we're not"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1325.37,"endTime":1328.58,"body":"diving into that. I can just say"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1328.73,"endTime":1333.47,"body":"some of the horoscopes from"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1328.73,"endTime":1333.47,"body":"Babylon record also the"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1333.59,"endTime":1339.17,"body":"occurrences of eclipses, of"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1333.59,"endTime":1339.17,"body":"equinoxes and solstices that"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1339.17,"endTime":1342.65,"body":"happen close to the date of"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1339.17,"endTime":1342.65,"body":"birth. And, for example, some of"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1342.65,"endTime":1347.24,"body":"the horoscopes from Uruk record"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1342.65,"endTime":1347.24,"body":"the position of the moon and the"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1347.24,"endTime":1350.51,"body":"direction of the position of the"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1347.24,"endTime":1350.51,"body":"moon at the time of birth. So"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1350.51,"endTime":1354.29,"body":"whether it was going upward or"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1350.51,"endTime":1354.29,"body":"downward. All these data were"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1354.32,"endTime":1357.38,"body":"already clarified by Rochberg"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1354.32,"endTime":1357.38,"body":"and also others."},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1357.42,"endTime":1361.71,"body":"But we still have two mysterious"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1357.42,"endTime":1361.71,"body":"elements in these horoscopes"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1362.13,"endTime":1367.02,"body":"that consists of two terms. The"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1362.13,"endTime":1367.02,"body":"bit nisirtu, which is the \"house"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1367.02,"endTime":1371.07,"body":"of secrecy\", literally, or the"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1367.02,"endTime":1371.07,"body":"\"house of protection\", according"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1371.07,"endTime":1375.69,"body":"to some latest interpretations,"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1371.07,"endTime":1375.69,"body":"that is only found in the"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1375.69,"endTime":1378.93,"body":"horoscopes coming from Babylon,"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1375.69,"endTime":1378.93,"body":"from the city of Babylon. And"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1378.93,"endTime":1382.62,"body":"then we have another term that"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1378.93,"endTime":1382.62,"body":"is the KI. It's a Sumerian word,"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1382.65,"endTime":1386.25,"body":"and in Akkadian it would be"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1382.65,"endTime":1386.25,"body":"ashru, which means \"place\", and"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1386.73,"endTime":1389.67,"body":"nobody had an idea on what they"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1386.73,"endTime":1389.67,"body":"meant, because this terminology"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1389.7,"endTime":1393.99,"body":"appears in other texts. But in"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1389.7,"endTime":1393.99,"body":"other texts, it has a clear"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1394.02,"endTime":1397.89,"body":"context and a clear meaning,"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1394.02,"endTime":1397.89,"body":"whereas in the horoscopes, we"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1397.89,"endTime":1399.78,"body":"have no idea what it meant."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1400.08,"endTime":1402.15,"body":"What is the solution"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1400.08,"endTime":1402.15,"body":"to these two terms?"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1403.05,"endTime":1406.08,"body":"So bit nisirtu"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1403.05,"endTime":1406.08,"body":"is this term that we only find"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1406.08,"endTime":1409.8,"body":"in the horoscopes from Babylon."},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1406.08,"endTime":1409.8,"body":"Not in all of them, but is"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1409.83,"endTime":1414.66,"body":"exclusive of this corpus. So"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1409.83,"endTime":1414.66,"body":"scholars are already well aware"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1414.69,"endTime":1419.04,"body":"that bit nisirtu is actually"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1414.69,"endTime":1419.04,"body":"connected to very well-known"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1419.13,"endTime":1423.72,"body":"astrological concept that is"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1419.13,"endTime":1423.72,"body":"well developed also in Greek"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1423.75,"endTime":1427.08,"body":"astrology, that is that of the"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1423.75,"endTime":1427.08,"body":"exaltation. In Greek it is"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1427.08,"endTime":1432.81,"body":"called hypsoma. And is the"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1427.08,"endTime":1432.81,"body":"position where a planet as the"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1432.81,"endTime":1436.89,"body":"most powerful influence. This"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1432.81,"endTime":1436.89,"body":"concept already existed, and it"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1436.89,"endTime":1440.37,"body":"originated in Babylonia. The"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1436.89,"endTime":1440.37,"body":"only problem is, it is not"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1440.37,"endTime":1444.06,"body":"applicable to the horoscopes. So"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1440.37,"endTime":1444.06,"body":"we said that a planet has a"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1444.09,"endTime":1448.53,"body":"precise position where it has"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1444.09,"endTime":1448.53,"body":"its most powerful influence. So,"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1448.53,"endTime":1452.37,"body":"for example, we have Jupiter in"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1448.53,"endTime":1452.37,"body":"the constellation of Cancer, and"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1452.37,"endTime":1456.24,"body":"that's where Jupiter has its"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1452.37,"endTime":1456.24,"body":"most powerful influence. But"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1456.24,"endTime":1459.42,"body":"then in the horoscope, whenever"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1456.24,"endTime":1459.42,"body":"we find this terminology, like"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1459.42,"endTime":1464.19,"body":"bit nisirtu of a certain planet,"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1459.42,"endTime":1464.19,"body":"it's never this exaltation. It's"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1464.19,"endTime":1466.53,"body":"never connected to the"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1464.19,"endTime":1466.53,"body":"exaltation. It's not the most"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1466.53,"endTime":1470.16,"body":"powerful position of that"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1466.53,"endTime":1470.16,"body":"planet. So that's already a sign"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1470.22,"endTime":1475.44,"body":"that for the horoscope, this"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1470.22,"endTime":1475.44,"body":"meaning, this application of the"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1475.65,"endTime":1478.74,"body":"exaltation, is not valid. So we"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1475.65,"endTime":1478.74,"body":"need to find another one."},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1479.22,"endTime":1483.87,"body":"And the same goes for KI. KI has"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1479.22,"endTime":1483.87,"body":"such a broad range of meanings."},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1484.59,"endTime":1489.81,"body":"It was suggested by Brown that"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1484.59,"endTime":1489.81,"body":"it might refer to the ascendant."},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1489.9,"endTime":1492.84,"body":"Maybe some of you that are"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1489.9,"endTime":1492.84,"body":"familiar with modern astrology"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1492.84,"endTime":1497.28,"body":"know what an ascendant is. It's"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1492.84,"endTime":1497.28,"body":"actually the zodiacal sign"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1497.31,"endTime":1502.65,"body":"rising at the horizon at the"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1497.31,"endTime":1502.65,"body":"time when we are born. But"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1502.68,"endTime":1507.21,"body":"that's probably, unfortunately,"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1502.68,"endTime":1507.21,"body":"not the case. So even in this"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1507.21,"endTime":1511.02,"body":"context, we need to find another"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1507.21,"endTime":1511.02,"body":"meaning for this term. It's not"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1511.02,"endTime":1514.98,"body":"referred to the ascendant, nor"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1511.02,"endTime":1514.98,"body":"to any other well-known"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1515.01,"endTime":1515.73,"body":"concepts."},{"speaker":"So here comes my suggestion","startTime":1516.48,"endTime":1522.93,"body":"looking at other texts and other"},{"speaker":"So here comes my suggestion","startTime":1522.96,"endTime":1526.71,"body":"compendia from Mesopotamia, even"},{"speaker":"So here comes my suggestion","startTime":1522.96,"endTime":1526.71,"body":"from earlier astral science"},{"speaker":"So here comes my suggestion","startTime":1526.71,"endTime":1531.6,"body":"texts, I suggested these two"},{"speaker":"So here comes my suggestion","startTime":1526.71,"endTime":1531.6,"body":"terms are connected to the"},{"speaker":"So here comes my suggestion","startTime":1531.6,"endTime":1536.1,"body":"triplicities. So this is quite"},{"speaker":"So here comes my suggestion","startTime":1531.6,"endTime":1536.1,"body":"hard to imagine, but let's give"},{"speaker":"So here comes my suggestion","startTime":1536.1,"endTime":1540.15,"body":"it a try. Let's imagine that we"},{"speaker":"So here comes my suggestion","startTime":1536.1,"endTime":1540.15,"body":"have a circle, and this circle"},{"speaker":"So here comes my suggestion","startTime":1540.21,"endTime":1543.15,"body":"is divided into 12 equal parts."},{"speaker":"So here comes my suggestion","startTime":1540.21,"endTime":1543.15,"body":"I told you before that the"},{"speaker":"So here comes my suggestion","startTime":1543.15,"endTime":1547.05,"body":"Zodiac is the division of the"},{"speaker":"So here comes my suggestion","startTime":1543.15,"endTime":1547.05,"body":"path of the sun into 12 equal"},{"speaker":"So here comes my suggestion","startTime":1547.05,"endTime":1551.82,"body":"parts. Each of the parts"},{"speaker":"So here comes my suggestion","startTime":1547.05,"endTime":1551.82,"body":"correspond to one zodiacal sign,"},{"speaker":"So here comes my suggestion","startTime":1551.88,"endTime":1555.54,"body":"or one month, because they are"},{"speaker":"So here comes my suggestion","startTime":1551.88,"endTime":1555.54,"body":"the same, they are associated."},{"speaker":"So here comes my suggestion","startTime":1555.6,"endTime":1559.59,"body":"And Babylonians were really"},{"speaker":"So here comes my suggestion","startTime":1555.6,"endTime":1559.59,"body":"aware of this. So we can imagine"},{"speaker":"So here comes my suggestion","startTime":1559.59,"endTime":1562.26,"body":"that the first month, nisannu,"},{"speaker":"So here comes my suggestion","startTime":1559.59,"endTime":1562.26,"body":"corresponds to the first"},{"speaker":"So here comes my suggestion","startTime":1562.26,"endTime":1565.29,"body":"zodiacal sign, which is Ares,"},{"speaker":"So here comes my suggestion","startTime":1562.26,"endTime":1565.29,"body":"and the second month to the"},{"speaker":"So here comes my suggestion","startTime":1565.29,"endTime":1569.67,"body":"second sign and so on. In the"},{"speaker":"So here comes my suggestion","startTime":1565.29,"endTime":1569.67,"body":"triplicity scheme, months, or"},{"speaker":"So here comes my suggestion","startTime":1569.67,"endTime":1573.87,"body":"zodiacal signs, are arranged in"},{"speaker":"So here comes my suggestion","startTime":1569.67,"endTime":1573.87,"body":"four groups of three, so that"},{"speaker":"So here comes my suggestion","startTime":1573.87,"endTime":1578.37,"body":"their distance is always four"},{"speaker":"So here comes my suggestion","startTime":1573.87,"endTime":1578.37,"body":"months or signs. That's quite"},{"speaker":"So here comes my suggestion","startTime":1578.37,"endTime":1582.48,"body":"complicated, but if we want to"},{"speaker":"So here comes my suggestion","startTime":1578.37,"endTime":1582.48,"body":"put it in a easy way, we can say"},{"speaker":"So here comes my suggestion","startTime":1582.48,"endTime":1586.53,"body":"that they form triangles in a"},{"speaker":"So here comes my suggestion","startTime":1582.48,"endTime":1586.53,"body":"circle. And each of these"},{"speaker":"So here comes my suggestion","startTime":1586.62,"endTime":1590.46,"body":"triplicities is assigned to a"},{"speaker":"So here comes my suggestion","startTime":1586.62,"endTime":1590.46,"body":"different planet. And this is"},{"speaker":"So here comes my suggestion","startTime":1590.46,"endTime":1593.34,"body":"probably what these"},{"speaker":"So here comes my suggestion","startTime":1590.46,"endTime":1593.34,"body":"terminologies are referred to."},{"speaker":"So here comes my suggestion","startTime":1594.21,"endTime":1597.51,"body":"But there are different"},{"speaker":"So here comes my suggestion","startTime":1594.21,"endTime":1597.51,"body":"applications of this scheme. In"},{"speaker":"So here comes my suggestion","startTime":1597.51,"endTime":1603.48,"body":"one case, the bit nisirtu of a"},{"speaker":"So here comes my suggestion","startTime":1597.51,"endTime":1603.48,"body":"certain planet is associated to"},{"speaker":"So here comes my suggestion","startTime":1603.51,"endTime":1608.7,"body":"the month where the solstice or"},{"speaker":"So here comes my suggestion","startTime":1603.51,"endTime":1608.7,"body":"equinox that happens closest to"},{"speaker":"So here comes my suggestion","startTime":1608.7,"endTime":1610.44,"body":"the date of birth is happening."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1611.37,"endTime":1614.07,"body":"Was this just an"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1611.37,"endTime":1614.07,"body":"article you wrote as a single"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1614.07,"endTime":1616.92,"body":"piece of work, or does this"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1614.07,"endTime":1616.92,"body":"belong to a larger piece of"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1616.92,"endTime":1617.82,"body":"research for you?"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1618.33,"endTime":1621.75,"body":"Yes, yes, it"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1618.33,"endTime":1621.75,"body":"belongs to my research interest,"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1622.23,"endTime":1626.94,"body":"but I have to say it was not"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1622.23,"endTime":1626.94,"body":"expected. I'm still doing my"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1626.94,"endTime":1631.62,"body":"PhD. I'm halfway through it, and"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1626.94,"endTime":1631.62,"body":"I'm investigating the"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1631.92,"endTime":1635.61,"body":"differences between the astral"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1631.92,"endTime":1635.61,"body":"science texts from Uruk and"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1635.61,"endTime":1639.42,"body":"Babylon. Why these two cities?"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1635.61,"endTime":1639.42,"body":"Because this is where we have"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1639.57,"endTime":1643.8,"body":"all the text pertaining astral"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1639.57,"endTime":1643.8,"body":"science in the Late Babylonian"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1643.8,"endTime":1647.01,"body":"period. So we also have"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1643.8,"endTime":1647.01,"body":"mathematical astronomy, other"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1647.01,"endTime":1651.72,"body":"forms of astrology, some"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1647.01,"endTime":1651.72,"body":"calendrical texts, observation"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1651.72,"endTime":1652.68,"body":"and such."},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1653.07,"endTime":1656.914,"body":"One year ago, I was looking at"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1653.07,"endTime":1656.914,"body":"the horoscopes as a genre of"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1656.979,"endTime":1661.084,"body":"astrology in the Late Babylonian"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1656.979,"endTime":1661.084,"body":"period. And I was looking only"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1661.149,"endTime":1665.188,"body":"at the differences between the"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1661.149,"endTime":1665.188,"body":"texts from Uruk and Babylon and"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1665.253,"endTime":1668.902,"body":"see if I can detect how astral"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1665.253,"endTime":1668.902,"body":"knowledge was transmitted"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1668.967,"endTime":1673.202,"body":"between these two cities and how"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1668.967,"endTime":1673.202,"body":"they implemented each other. And"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1673.267,"endTime":1677.437,"body":"then I got into the terminology."},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1673.267,"endTime":1677.437,"body":"And as I said at the beginning,"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1677.502,"endTime":1681.412,"body":"they differ between the two"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1677.502,"endTime":1681.412,"body":"cities. We have bit nisirtu only"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1681.477,"endTime":1685.451,"body":"in Babylon and KI only in Uruk."},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1681.477,"endTime":1685.451,"body":"So I was mainly interested in"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1685.517,"endTime":1689.1,"body":"why they were using two"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1685.517,"endTime":1689.1,"body":"different terminology. And then"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1689.165,"endTime":1693.27,"body":"I looked at some other sources,"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1689.165,"endTime":1693.27,"body":"and I found out that actually I"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1693.335,"endTime":1697.44,"body":"could find a possible solution."},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1693.335,"endTime":1697.44,"body":"Or, as far as we know, we don't"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1697.505,"endTime":1701.023,"body":"know, if we find other"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1697.505,"endTime":1701.023,"body":"horoscopes, we might change our"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1701.088,"endTime":1705.258,"body":"view, but that's ... that's what"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1701.088,"endTime":1705.258,"body":"I was able to detect so far. So"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1705.324,"endTime":1709.363,"body":"yeah, it is part of my project"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1705.324,"endTime":1709.363,"body":"on astral knowledge transfer in"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1709.428,"endTime":1713.338,"body":"Late Babylonia. And also part of"},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1709.428,"endTime":1713.338,"body":"another bigger project with"},{"speaker":"this, which is Zodiac","startTime":1713.403,"endTime":1716.53,"body":"Ancient"},{"speaker":"this, which is Zodiac","startTime":1713.403,"endTime":1716.53,"body":"Astral Science in"},{"speaker":"this, which is Zodiac","startTime":1716.595,"endTime":1720.635,"body":"Transformation, led by Matthieu"},{"speaker":"this, which is Zodiac","startTime":1716.595,"endTime":1720.635,"body":"Ossendrijver, which is also my"},{"speaker":"this, which is Zodiac","startTime":1720.7,"endTime":1724.153,"body":"supervisor. Where we, as the"},{"speaker":"this, which is Zodiac","startTime":1720.7,"endTime":1724.153,"body":"title, says, investigate"},{"speaker":"this, which is Zodiac","startTime":1724.218,"endTime":1727.737,"body":"transformation in astral"},{"speaker":"this, which is Zodiac","startTime":1724.218,"endTime":1727.737,"body":"sciences in Babylonia, Egypt,"},{"speaker":"this, which is Zodiac","startTime":1727.802,"endTime":1728.91,"body":"Greece, and Rome."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1730.52,"endTime":1732.56,"body":"Well,"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1730.52,"endTime":1732.56,"body":"congratulations again. This is"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1732.56,"endTime":1735.26,"body":"fascinating stuff. I look"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1732.56,"endTime":1735.26,"body":"forward to the results of your"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1735.26,"endTime":1738.71,"body":"PhD. Good luck with that. And"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1735.26,"endTime":1738.71,"body":"thank you for explaining about"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1738.71,"endTime":1739.31,"body":"your work."},{"speaker":"Alessia Pilloni","startTime":1740.0,"endTime":1740.57,"body":"Thanks a lot."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1750.98,"endTime":1753.41,"body":"Hello and welcome to"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1750.98,"endTime":1753.41,"body":"Thin End of the Wedge. Thank you"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1753.41,"endTime":1754.19,"body":"for joining us."},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1754.79,"endTime":1755.93,"body":"Thank you for"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1754.79,"endTime":1755.93,"body":"having me."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1756.53,"endTime":1759.17,"body":"Could you tell us"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1756.53,"endTime":1759.17,"body":"please, who are you and what do"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1759.17,"endTime":1759.92,"body":"you do?"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1760.4,"endTime":1763.01,"body":"My name is"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1760.4,"endTime":1763.01,"body":"Christopher Jones. I'm a"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1763.19,"endTime":1766.31,"body":"assistant professor in the"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1763.19,"endTime":1766.31,"body":"Department of History at Union"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1766.31,"endTime":1771.14,"body":"University in Jackson,"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1766.31,"endTime":1771.14,"body":"Tennessee. We're a small school."},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1771.14,"endTime":1774.74,"body":"I teach quite broadly, but my"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1771.14,"endTime":1774.74,"body":"specialty in research and my"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1774.74,"endTime":1778.97,"body":"academic training is in"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1774.74,"endTime":1778.97,"body":"assyriology. And I specialise in"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1778.97,"endTime":1783.2,"body":"the study of the Neo-Assyrian"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1778.97,"endTime":1783.2,"body":"Empire in the seventh century"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1783.2,"endTime":1783.8,"body":"BC."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1784.37,"endTime":1787.28,"body":"We're talking today"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1784.37,"endTime":1787.28,"body":"because you won a prize in the"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1787.28,"endTime":1790.07,"body":"summer, didn't you? Could you"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1787.28,"endTime":1790.07,"body":"tell us, what did you win? And"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1790.1,"endTime":1791.36,"body":"what did you win it for?"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1792.14,"endTime":1794.72,"body":"It was an"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1792.14,"endTime":1794.72,"body":"award from the International"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1794.72,"endTime":1801.92,"body":"Association of Assyriology for"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1794.72,"endTime":1801.92,"body":"the best first article. So it's"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1801.92,"endTime":1805.79,"body":"a prize they award every year to"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1801.92,"endTime":1805.79,"body":"someone who's published their"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1805.79,"endTime":1810.41,"body":"first like real peer-reviewed"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1805.79,"endTime":1810.41,"body":"journal article in the field."},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1811.16,"endTime":1816.74,"body":"And my article was called ..."},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1811.16,"endTime":1816.74,"body":"it's called \"Failed Coup. The"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1816.74,"endTime":1819.95,"body":"Assassination of Sennacherib and"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1816.74,"endTime":1819.95,"body":"Esarhaddon's Struggle for the"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1819.95,"endTime":1824.84,"body":"Throne\". It's taking a new look"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1819.95,"endTime":1824.84,"body":"at one of the most dramatic"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1824.84,"endTime":1828.44,"body":"events in Assyrian history, when"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1824.84,"endTime":1828.44,"body":"the Assyrian king Sennacherib"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1828.44,"endTime":1833.78,"body":"was murdered by some of his own"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1828.44,"endTime":1833.78,"body":"sons. And there's a brief civil"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1833.78,"endTime":1838.79,"body":"war that results, in which the"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1833.78,"endTime":1838.79,"body":"son that Sennacherib actually"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1838.79,"endTime":1842.48,"body":"designated as his heir,"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1838.79,"endTime":1842.48,"body":"Esarhaddon, defeats the others"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1842.69,"endTime":1844.28,"body":"and claims the throne."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1845.48,"endTime":1847.49,"body":"There are different"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1845.48,"endTime":1847.49,"body":"interpretations of this event,"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1847.52,"endTime":1851.3,"body":"aren't there? So sometimes it's"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1847.52,"endTime":1851.3,"body":"blamed on one of Esarhaddon's"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1851.33,"endTime":1854.12,"body":"brothers. Sometimes Esarhaddon"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1851.33,"endTime":1854.12,"body":"himself is put in the frame."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1854.57,"endTime":1856.73,"body":"Could you say something about"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1854.57,"endTime":1856.73,"body":"that, please? You know, who"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1856.73,"endTime":1857.12,"body":"dunnit?"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1857.27,"endTime":1860.6,"body":"Yes. So for"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1857.27,"endTime":1860.6,"body":"the longest time, the only"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1860.6,"endTime":1866.21,"body":"account that was extant of this"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1860.6,"endTime":1866.21,"body":"assassination was from the"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1866.21,"endTime":1871.13,"body":"Bible. And that was in the book"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1866.21,"endTime":1871.13,"body":"of Second Kings. It says that"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1871.43,"endTime":1875.75,"body":"the Sennacherib's sons,"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1871.43,"endTime":1875.75,"body":"Adrammelek and Sharezer, killed"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1875.75,"endTime":1878.39,"body":"Sennacherib with a sword, and"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1875.75,"endTime":1878.39,"body":"they escaped to the land of"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1878.39,"endTime":1884.93,"body":"Ararat. And you know, when we"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1878.39,"endTime":1884.93,"body":"started to decipher cuneiform,"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1884.93,"endTime":1889.46,"body":"one of the first sources related"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1884.93,"endTime":1889.46,"body":"to this assassination that was"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1889.46,"endTime":1892.55,"body":"translated was a royal"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1889.46,"endTime":1892.55,"body":"inscription of Esarhaddon called"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1892.55,"endTime":1894.14,"body":"\"Nineveh A\". We actually have"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1892.55,"endTime":1894.14,"body":"quite a few copies of Nineveh A"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1894.14,"endTime":1899.42,"body":"now. These were basically mass"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1894.14,"endTime":1899.42,"body":"produced in 674 BC, in the"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1899.72,"endTime":1908.15,"body":"aftermath of Esarhaddon's failed"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1899.72,"endTime":1908.15,"body":"invasion of Egypt. He's"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1908.15,"endTime":1911.27,"body":"concerned that people might"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1908.15,"endTime":1911.27,"body":"believe his legitimacy is"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1911.27,"endTime":1913.85,"body":"somehow in question. That, you"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1911.27,"endTime":1913.85,"body":"know, losing this war means that"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1913.85,"endTime":1917.51,"body":"he's been cursed by the gods."},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1913.85,"endTime":1917.51,"body":"Something of that nature."},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1917.9,"endTime":1923.21,"body":"So he writes this document as a"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1917.9,"endTime":1923.21,"body":"defense of his legitimacy on the"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1923.21,"endTime":1928.22,"body":"throne. But he refers to the"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1923.21,"endTime":1928.22,"body":"assassination in some weird"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1928.22,"endTime":1933.29,"body":"ways. He doesn't refer to it"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1928.22,"endTime":1933.29,"body":"directly. He just refers to his"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1933.29,"endTime":1939.86,"body":"brother's alienated Sennacherib"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1933.29,"endTime":1939.86,"body":"from him, and then he marched on"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1939.86,"endTime":1943.61,"body":"Nineveh and drove them out while"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1939.86,"endTime":1943.61,"body":"they were, you know, angering"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1943.61,"endTime":1947.21,"body":"the gods. People were always"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1943.61,"endTime":1947.21,"body":"struck that it seemed a little"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1947.21,"endTime":1952.37,"body":"strange that he's not"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1947.21,"endTime":1952.37,"body":"identifying them as killing his"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1952.37,"endTime":1956.81,"body":"father, which would seem to be a"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1952.37,"endTime":1956.81,"body":"very effective charge against"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1956.81,"endTime":1957.98,"body":"their legitimacy."},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1958.7,"endTime":1963.92,"body":"In 1926 Theo Bauer and Benno"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1958.7,"endTime":1963.92,"body":"Landsberger published an article"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1963.92,"endTime":1967.58,"body":"where they suggested that maybe"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1963.92,"endTime":1967.58,"body":"Esarhaddon had actually carried"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1967.58,"endTime":1971.81,"body":"out the assassination. Not him"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1967.58,"endTime":1971.81,"body":"personally, but through an"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1971.81,"endTime":1977.21,"body":"accomplice or something, and he"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1971.81,"endTime":1977.21,"body":"engineered this and then blamed"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1977.21,"endTime":1984.8,"body":"his brothers for it. Now this"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1977.21,"endTime":1984.8,"body":"theory was mostly put to bed in"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1984.83,"endTime":1990.11,"body":"1980 when Simo Parpola published"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1984.83,"endTime":1990.11,"body":"a new edition of a tablet that"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1990.11,"endTime":1997.25,"body":"had not been well translated"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1990.11,"endTime":1997.25,"body":"beforehand. And the tablet is a"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1997.25,"endTime":2002.74,"body":"... an investigation into the"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":1997.25,"endTime":2002.74,"body":"aftermath. And it describes a"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2002.74,"endTime":2008.17,"body":"son of Sennacherib named"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2002.74,"endTime":2008.17,"body":"Urad-Mullissu, which Parpola,"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2008.2,"endTime":2011.89,"body":"you know, convincingly links"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2008.2,"endTime":2011.89,"body":"with the Adrammelek of Second"},{"speaker":"Kings 19","startTime":2011.89,"endTime":2019.15,"body":"37. In this tablet,"},{"speaker":"Kings 19","startTime":2011.89,"endTime":2019.15,"body":"Urad-Mullissu is described as"},{"speaker":"Kings 19","startTime":2019.18,"endTime":2023.65,"body":"plotting to kill the king, and"},{"speaker":"Kings 19","startTime":2019.18,"endTime":2023.65,"body":"somebody finds out, and tries to"},{"speaker":"Kings 19","startTime":2023.65,"endTime":2026.98,"body":"inform Sennacherib. But"},{"speaker":"Kings 19","startTime":2023.65,"endTime":2026.98,"body":"Urad-Mullissu finds out that"},{"speaker":"Kings 19","startTime":2026.98,"endTime":2031.69,"body":"this guy finds out, and there's"},{"speaker":"Kings 19","startTime":2026.98,"endTime":2031.69,"body":"a dramatic scene where some of"},{"speaker":"Kings 19","startTime":2031.72,"endTime":2035.98,"body":"Urad-Mullissu's accomplices"},{"speaker":"Kings 19","startTime":2031.72,"endTime":2035.98,"body":"bring the would be snitch into a"},{"speaker":"Kings 19","startTime":2035.98,"endTime":2040.93,"body":"room blindfolded. And they tell"},{"speaker":"Kings 19","startTime":2035.98,"endTime":2040.93,"body":"him that he's standing before"},{"speaker":"Kings 19","startTime":2040.93,"endTime":2046.63,"body":"Sennacherib and to tell them"},{"speaker":"Kings 19","startTime":2040.93,"endTime":2046.63,"body":"what he knows. And so he says,"},{"speaker":"Kings 19","startTime":2046.63,"endTime":2048.52,"body":"you know, your son,"},{"speaker":"Kings 19","startTime":2046.63,"endTime":2048.52,"body":"Urad-Mullissu is plotting to"},{"speaker":"Kings 19","startTime":2048.52,"endTime":2053.35,"body":"kill you. And then they take off"},{"speaker":"Kings 19","startTime":2048.52,"endTime":2053.35,"body":"the blindfold, and instead of"},{"speaker":"Kings 19","startTime":2053.35,"endTime":2058.93,"body":"Sennacherib standing before him,"},{"speaker":"Kings 19","startTime":2053.35,"endTime":2058.93,"body":"it's Urad-Mullissu. That kind of"},{"speaker":"Kings 19","startTime":2058.93,"endTime":2062.05,"body":"settled the debate again for a"},{"speaker":"Kings 19","startTime":2058.93,"endTime":2062.05,"body":"while."},{"speaker":"Kings 19","startTime":2062.23,"endTime":2065.38,"body":"But more recently, there's a"},{"speaker":"Kings 19","startTime":2062.23,"endTime":2065.38,"body":"couple of articles have"},{"speaker":"Kings 19","startTime":2065.38,"endTime":2070.54,"body":"appeared, one by Matthijs de"},{"speaker":"Kings 19","startTime":2065.38,"endTime":2070.54,"body":"Jong, couple by Andrew Knapp,"},{"speaker":"Kings 19","startTime":2071.32,"endTime":2074.92,"body":"one by Stephanie Dalley and Luis"},{"speaker":"Kings 19","startTime":2071.32,"endTime":2074.92,"body":"Siddal that tried to revive this"},{"speaker":"Kings 19","startTime":2074.92,"endTime":2080.95,"body":"theory. They made a couple of"},{"speaker":"Kings 19","startTime":2074.92,"endTime":2080.95,"body":"new arguments. In addition to"},{"speaker":"Kings 19","startTime":2081.01,"endTime":2087.85,"body":"Nineveh A, they argued that"},{"speaker":"Kings 19","startTime":2081.01,"endTime":2087.85,"body":"there's a Ashurbanipal prism"},{"speaker":"Kings 19","startTime":2087.85,"endTime":2093.31,"body":"where he says he executed"},{"speaker":"Kings 19","startTime":2087.85,"endTime":2093.31,"body":"Babylonian prisoners on a site"},{"speaker":"Kings 19","startTime":2093.34,"endTime":2098.11,"body":"where his grandfather had been"},{"speaker":"Kings 19","startTime":2093.34,"endTime":2098.11,"body":"assassinated. There's also"},{"speaker":"Kings 19","startTime":2098.11,"endTime":2102.97,"body":"suggestions that Esarhaddon"},{"speaker":"Kings 19","startTime":2098.11,"endTime":2102.97,"body":"moved on Nineveh too quickly;"},{"speaker":"Kings 19","startTime":2104.23,"endTime":2107.26,"body":"that he wouldn't have been able"},{"speaker":"Kings 19","startTime":2104.23,"endTime":2107.26,"body":"to gather an army and move that"},{"speaker":"Kings 19","startTime":2107.26,"endTime":2110.65,"body":"quickly, unless he had advanced"},{"speaker":"Kings 19","startTime":2107.26,"endTime":2110.65,"body":"knowledge that the assassination"},{"speaker":"Kings 19","startTime":2110.65,"endTime":2116.41,"body":"would take place. And so I"},{"speaker":"Kings 19","startTime":2110.65,"endTime":2116.41,"body":"didn't set out to write this"},{"speaker":"Kings 19","startTime":2116.41,"endTime":2120.4,"body":"article in this way, but, and"},{"speaker":"Kings 19","startTime":2116.41,"endTime":2120.4,"body":"you know, many of these new"},{"speaker":"Kings 19","startTime":2120.4,"endTime":2123.31,"body":"articles are relatively recent;"},{"speaker":"Kings 19","startTime":2120.4,"endTime":2123.31,"body":"they came out while I was still"},{"speaker":"Kings 19","startTime":2123.31,"endTime":2127.78,"body":"working on it, so it kind of"},{"speaker":"Kings 19","startTime":2123.31,"endTime":2127.78,"body":"reshaped the project. I'd wanted"},{"speaker":"Kings 19","startTime":2127.78,"endTime":2130.69,"body":"to do, a project kind of"},{"speaker":"Kings 19","startTime":2127.78,"endTime":2130.69,"body":"reassessing all the evidence"},{"speaker":"Kings 19","startTime":2130.69,"endTime":2133.84,"body":"surrounding the assassination,"},{"speaker":"Kings 19","startTime":2130.69,"endTime":2133.84,"body":"and it ended up turning into"},{"speaker":"Kings 19","startTime":2133.84,"endTime":2138.94,"body":"partly a scholarly refutation of"},{"speaker":"Kings 19","startTime":2133.84,"endTime":2138.94,"body":"some of these other positions."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2140.02,"endTime":2142.03,"body":"What is your"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2140.02,"endTime":2142.03,"body":"reconstruction, then? What did"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2142.03,"endTime":2144.82,"body":"your article bring to the"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2142.03,"endTime":2144.82,"body":"discussion? And what's the"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2144.85,"endTime":2147.46,"body":"latest, best idea of what really"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":2144.85,"endTime":2147.46,"body":"happened?"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2148.54,"endTime":2150.97,"body":"So I would"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2148.54,"endTime":2150.97,"body":"say my article made a couple of"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2151.0,"endTime":2156.94,"body":"interventions. The first is, I"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2151.0,"endTime":2156.94,"body":"think I've identified where"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2157.09,"endTime":2162.07,"body":"Esarhaddon was located at the"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2157.09,"endTime":2162.07,"body":"time of the assassination. So"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2162.07,"endTime":2167.95,"body":"it's clear from Nineveh A that"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2162.07,"endTime":2167.95,"body":"he's sent out of Nineveh long"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2167.95,"endTime":2172.66,"body":"before the assassination. He"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2167.95,"endTime":2172.66,"body":"says he was taken to a secret"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2172.66,"endTime":2177.46,"body":"place. That's all he says in the"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2172.66,"endTime":2177.46,"body":"Nineveh A inscription. And I"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2177.46,"endTime":2181.81,"body":"think this is really just a"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2177.46,"endTime":2181.81,"body":"statement of thanks to the gods"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2182.02,"endTime":2187.3,"body":"that he wasn't in Nineveh. He's"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2182.02,"endTime":2187.3,"body":"saying the gods intervened to"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2187.3,"endTime":2191.41,"body":"protect him, because they"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2187.3,"endTime":2191.41,"body":"decided that he was destined for"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2191.41,"endTime":2192.04,"body":"kingship."},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2192.88,"endTime":2197.59,"body":"The clue that really broke it"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2192.88,"endTime":2197.59,"body":"open is there are two letters"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2197.59,"endTime":2201.67,"body":"sent to Esarhaddon after he"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2197.59,"endTime":2201.67,"body":"became king from two different"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2201.67,"endTime":2207.22,"body":"people. One's a provincial"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2201.67,"endTime":2207.22,"body":"government official, and one is"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2207.25,"endTime":2212.38,"body":"a scholar who interprets omens"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2207.25,"endTime":2212.38,"body":"for the royal court. Both of"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2212.38,"endTime":2218.8,"body":"them refer to Esarhaddon being"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2212.38,"endTime":2218.8,"body":"located in a place they call"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2219.55,"endTime":2226.81,"body":"\"the tower\"--isiti or ashiti,"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2219.55,"endTime":2226.81,"body":"depending on which writer is"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2226.87,"endTime":2231.34,"body":"using it. It's not clear ... you"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2226.87,"endTime":2231.34,"body":"know, most people who've looked"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2231.34,"endTime":2233.68,"body":"at these letters before have"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2231.34,"endTime":2233.68,"body":"just thrown up their hands at"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2233.68,"endTime":2240.58,"body":"where the tower is, but the city"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2233.68,"endTime":2240.58,"body":"of Dur-Katlimmu on the Khabur"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2240.58,"endTime":2247.09,"body":"River in what's now Syria, which"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2240.58,"endTime":2247.09,"body":"was a early administrative"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2247.09,"endTime":2252.37,"body":"centre for the Assyrian rule in"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2247.09,"endTime":2252.37,"body":"that region. It's referred to in"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2252.37,"endTime":2259.21,"body":"Aramaic documents a couple of"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2252.37,"endTime":2259.21,"body":"times as Magdalu, which means"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2259.36,"endTime":2265.15,"body":"\"the tower, the fortress\" in"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2259.36,"endTime":2265.15,"body":"Aramaic. It's also referred to"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2265.15,"endTime":2270.07,"body":"an Akkadian as \"Birtu\", which"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2265.15,"endTime":2270.07,"body":"also means \"fortress\" or"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2270.22,"endTime":2274.21,"body":"\"tower\". So all of these"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2270.22,"endTime":2274.21,"body":"alternative names have the same"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2274.21,"endTime":2283.21,"body":"semantic range. I argue that"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2274.21,"endTime":2283.21,"body":"esiti is another name for"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2283.27,"endTime":2287.26,"body":"Dur-Katlimmu in the same way"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2283.27,"endTime":2287.26,"body":"that it's called Magdalu in"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2287.26,"endTime":2291.19,"body":"Aramaic. And these names"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2287.26,"endTime":2291.19,"body":"probably all refer to the"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2291.19,"endTime":2295.84,"body":"citadel towering over the river"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2291.19,"endTime":2295.84,"body":"and the surrounding countryside."},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2296.65,"endTime":2303.7,"body":"The location fits very nicely"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2296.65,"endTime":2303.7,"body":"with the route that Esarhaddon"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2303.7,"endTime":2308.23,"body":"describes taking in Nineveh A."},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2303.7,"endTime":2308.23,"body":"He says he went through the land"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2308.23,"endTime":2312.67,"body":"of Hanigalbat, which is an"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2308.23,"endTime":2312.67,"body":"archaic term for the the Jazirah"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2312.7,"endTime":2317.17,"body":"plain. So that means he would"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2312.7,"endTime":2317.17,"body":"have traveled north from"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2317.2,"endTime":2322.48,"body":"Dur-Katlimmu up the Khabur"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2317.2,"endTime":2322.48,"body":"River, and then turned and"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2322.48,"endTime":2330.73,"body":"headed east towards Nineveh."},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2322.48,"endTime":2330.73,"body":"This is not a very difficult"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2330.76,"endTime":2337.69,"body":"journey, so I would say he could"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2330.76,"endTime":2337.69,"body":"have made it in a couple of"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2337.69,"endTime":2343.09,"body":"days. If he's located in"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2337.69,"endTime":2343.09,"body":"Dur-Katlimmu arguments based on"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2343.09,"endTime":2348.04,"body":"him having a rapid reaction time"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2343.09,"endTime":2348.04,"body":"don't really hold water, I"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2348.04,"endTime":2353.89,"body":"think. And Dur-Katlimmu itself,"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2348.04,"endTime":2353.89,"body":"we have some evidence that the"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2353.92,"endTime":2357.07,"body":"city has some sort of special"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2353.92,"endTime":2357.07,"body":"link with the crown princes of"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2357.07,"endTime":2361.42,"body":"Assyria. There are officials who"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2357.07,"endTime":2361.42,"body":"serve the crown prince who are"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2361.42,"endTime":2367.09,"body":"listed on legal documents from"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2361.42,"endTime":2367.09,"body":"there. There are legal documents"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2367.09,"endTime":2371.41,"body":"with a strange formula that says"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2367.09,"endTime":2371.41,"body":"that the crown prince will be"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2371.92,"endTime":2377.11,"body":"the arbitrator of any dispute in"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2371.92,"endTime":2377.11,"body":"this contract. That's a very"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2377.11,"endTime":2381.64,"body":"rare legal formula. And then"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2377.11,"endTime":2381.64,"body":"finally, there was a paper I"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2381.64,"endTime":2386.26,"body":"heard at ASOR last year by"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2381.64,"endTime":2386.26,"body":"Laurel Poolman, a"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2386.26,"endTime":2393.46,"body":"zoo-archeologist. She said that"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2386.26,"endTime":2393.46,"body":"at Dur-Katlimmu there's a lot of"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2393.46,"endTime":2399.37,"body":"remains of exotic, charismatic"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2393.46,"endTime":2399.37,"body":"megafauna, and suggested that"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2399.4,"endTime":2404.86,"body":"there was some sort of elite"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2399.4,"endTime":2404.86,"body":"hunting going on there, which"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2404.86,"endTime":2409.12,"body":"would certainly be consistent"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2404.86,"endTime":2409.12,"body":"with the city being linked to"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2409.18,"endTime":2413.44,"body":"the crown princes and them being"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2409.18,"endTime":2413.44,"body":"based out of it, you know, in"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2413.44,"endTime":2418.33,"body":"some capacity. So I don't think"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2413.44,"endTime":2418.33,"body":"that Esarhaddon was sent out of"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2418.33,"endTime":2423.82,"body":"Nineveh in order to protect him,"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2418.33,"endTime":2423.82,"body":"or something like that; that"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2423.82,"endTime":2427.9,"body":"people were so angry at him that"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2423.82,"endTime":2427.9,"body":"they sent him away. I think he"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2427.9,"endTime":2431.86,"body":"was sent to Dur-Katlimmu just to"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2427.9,"endTime":2431.86,"body":"gain some experience in"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2431.86,"endTime":2436.42,"body":"government in preparation for"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2431.86,"endTime":2436.42,"body":"his taking the throne."},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2437.44,"endTime":2441.19,"body":"So another intervention in my"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2437.44,"endTime":2441.19,"body":"article has to do with the"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2441.19,"endTime":2445.87,"body":"perpetrators. Obviously, you"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2441.19,"endTime":2445.87,"body":"know, Urad-Mullissu Adrammelek"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2445.87,"endTime":2449.59,"body":"has been pretty well"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2445.87,"endTime":2449.59,"body":"established. But the two"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2449.59,"endTime":2454.21,"body":"accomplices listed in the letter"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2449.59,"endTime":2454.21,"body":"where they describe taking the"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2454.21,"endTime":2458.53,"body":"guy blindfolded before"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2454.21,"endTime":2458.53,"body":"Urad-Mullissu. One of these"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2458.53,"endTime":2462.79,"body":"guys, Nabu-shumu-ishkun, I think"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2458.53,"endTime":2462.79,"body":"can be pretty clearly identified"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2462.79,"endTime":2466.96,"body":"with a chariot driver of"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2462.79,"endTime":2466.96,"body":"Sennacherib, who disappears from"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2466.96,"endTime":2471.52,"body":"our sources after Sennacherib's"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2466.96,"endTime":2471.52,"body":"reign. The other one, the only"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2471.52,"endTime":2474.88,"body":"the first part of his name is"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2471.52,"endTime":2474.88,"body":"still extant on the tablet, and"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2474.88,"endTime":2480.43,"body":"it says, \"Sil\". This has often"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2474.88,"endTime":2480.43,"body":"been reconstructed \"Sillaya\"."},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2481.33,"endTime":2485.98,"body":"Simo Parpola did this in 1980"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2481.33,"endTime":2485.98,"body":"and people have just followed it"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2485.98,"endTime":2493.9,"body":"since. I don't think that is"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2485.98,"endTime":2493.9,"body":"correct. Sillaya\" is attested in"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2493.9,"endTime":2498.94,"body":"other texts as organizing"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2493.9,"endTime":2498.94,"body":"against Esarhaddon within the"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2498.94,"endTime":2504.7,"body":"empire. But they're from much"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2498.94,"endTime":2504.7,"body":"later, and I suggest that the"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2504.73,"endTime":2508.72,"body":"reconstruction of this name"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2504.73,"endTime":2508.72,"body":"should actually be Sil-Ashur,"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2509.14,"endTime":2512.68,"body":"who's the governor of Nineveh"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2509.14,"endTime":2512.68,"body":"during the reign of Sennacherib."},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2514.0,"endTime":2518.14,"body":"But as I was looking into names,"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2514.0,"endTime":2518.14,"body":"I got the idea that I should"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2518.14,"endTime":2523.96,"body":"record all the names of military"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2518.14,"endTime":2523.96,"body":"personnel in the legal documents"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2523.96,"endTime":2528.94,"body":"from Nineveh that appeared"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2523.96,"endTime":2528.94,"body":"during the time of Sennacherib."},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2529.9,"endTime":2534.94,"body":"And what I found was there are a"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2529.9,"endTime":2534.94,"body":"lot of legal documents of, you"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2534.94,"endTime":2539.17,"body":"know, charioteers, professional"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2534.94,"endTime":2539.17,"body":"soldiers in the Assyrian army"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2539.17,"endTime":2541.57,"body":"that are stationed in the"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2539.17,"endTime":2541.57,"body":"capital from the reign of"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2541.57,"endTime":2547.96,"body":"Sennacherib. But then they all"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2541.57,"endTime":2547.96,"body":"disappear. There is nobody who"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2547.96,"endTime":2553.81,"body":"was a charioteer in Nineveh in"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2547.96,"endTime":2553.81,"body":"681 BC, who appears in any legal"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2553.81,"endTime":2558.91,"body":"documents from the reign of"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2553.81,"endTime":2558.91,"body":"Esarhaddon. Now for charioteers"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2558.91,"endTime":2562.3,"body":"outside of Nineveh, that's not"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2558.91,"endTime":2562.3,"body":"true. For people who are"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2562.3,"endTime":2565.09,"body":"stationed out in the provinces,"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2562.3,"endTime":2565.09,"body":"we have plenty of examples where"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2565.09,"endTime":2567.46,"body":"they've got a legal document"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2565.09,"endTime":2567.46,"body":"dating from Sennacherib, another"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2567.46,"endTime":2571.96,"body":"one from Esarhaddon. The other"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2567.46,"endTime":2571.96,"body":"group that disappears like this"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2571.96,"endTime":2576.79,"body":"are officials who control"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2571.96,"endTime":2576.79,"body":"access, like locks and things"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2576.79,"endTime":2581.89,"body":"within the palaces. There's a"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2576.79,"endTime":2581.89,"body":"100% turnover there."},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2582.49,"endTime":2585.19,"body":"By comparison, you know, I"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2582.49,"endTime":2585.19,"body":"wanted to make sure that"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2585.19,"endTime":2588.31,"body":"Assyrian kings didn't just, you"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2585.19,"endTime":2588.31,"body":"know, bring in new charioteers"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2588.31,"endTime":2591.13,"body":"whenever they took office, or"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2588.31,"endTime":2591.13,"body":"something like a mass"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2591.13,"endTime":2595.45,"body":"retirement. I looked at"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2591.13,"endTime":2595.45,"body":"charioteers from the texts"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2595.54,"endTime":2599.32,"body":"dating from the reign of"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2595.54,"endTime":2599.32,"body":"Esarhaddon, and found that many"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2599.32,"endTime":2603.76,"body":"of them do have documents from"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2599.32,"endTime":2603.76,"body":"the reign of Ashurbanipal as"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2603.76,"endTime":2608.5,"body":"well. So the people who were"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2603.76,"endTime":2608.5,"body":"professional soldiers when"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2608.53,"endTime":2612.58,"body":"Esarhaddon died continued in"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2608.53,"endTime":2612.58,"body":"their jobs under the next king."},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2613.87,"endTime":2619.27,"body":"So based on that, I started to"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2613.87,"endTime":2619.27,"body":"get suspicious that the chariot"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2619.27,"endTime":2624.67,"body":"units stationed in Nineveh had"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2619.27,"endTime":2624.67,"body":"joined Urad-Mullissu during or"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2624.67,"endTime":2628.18,"body":"after the assassination. We're"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2624.67,"endTime":2628.18,"body":"not just looking at an"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2628.18,"endTime":2633.31,"body":"assassination now; we're looking"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2628.18,"endTime":2633.31,"body":"at a military coup. Then I found"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2633.31,"endTime":2636.37,"body":"there's a smoking gun letter. It"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2633.31,"endTime":2636.37,"body":"was sent during the reign of"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2636.37,"endTime":2642.19,"body":"Ashurbanipal, but it talks about"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2636.37,"endTime":2642.19,"body":"a charioteer. The writer informs"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2642.19,"endTime":2647.44,"body":"Ashurbanipal that this man had"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2642.19,"endTime":2647.44,"body":"fled the country during the"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2647.44,"endTime":2653.05,"body":"reign of your father. So it"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2647.44,"endTime":2653.05,"body":"seems to me that you know, the"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2653.08,"endTime":2657.94,"body":"charioteer units that joined the"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2653.08,"endTime":2657.94,"body":"rebellion either were killed or"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2657.94,"endTime":2662.38,"body":"executed or fled, or at the very"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2657.94,"endTime":2662.38,"body":"least, were cashiered from"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2662.38,"endTime":2667.33,"body":"service in the aftermath, which"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2662.38,"endTime":2667.33,"body":"left Esarhddon having to rebuild"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2667.39,"endTime":2668.74,"body":"the chariot corp."},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2669.6,"endTime":2674.79,"body":"And then my final interventions"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2669.6,"endTime":2674.79,"body":"are, one, this tablet that"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2674.79,"endTime":2678.63,"body":"Parpola published, there had"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2674.79,"endTime":2678.63,"body":"actually been a join made in the"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2678.63,"endTime":2684.69,"body":"early 2000s by Jeanette Fincke,"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2678.63,"endTime":2684.69,"body":"but she never published it. And"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2684.72,"endTime":2688.38,"body":"when I was doing research for my"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2684.72,"endTime":2688.38,"body":"dissertation at the British"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2688.38,"endTime":2692.82,"body":"Museum in 2018 I was able to"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2688.38,"endTime":2692.82,"body":"examine that and add some new"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2692.82,"endTime":2698.85,"body":"information from those joins;"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2692.82,"endTime":2698.85,"body":"mostly the names of some of the"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2698.85,"endTime":2704.19,"body":"guys who tried to inform"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2698.85,"endTime":2704.19,"body":"Sennacherib of a plot. They were"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2704.19,"endTime":2708.99,"body":"actually Babylonians. Probably"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2704.19,"endTime":2708.99,"body":"they were goldsmiths, probably"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2708.99,"endTime":2714.69,"body":"working in Urad-Mullissu's"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2708.99,"endTime":2714.69,"body":"palace household, when somehow"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2714.69,"endTime":2719.4,"body":"they learned about what was"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2714.69,"endTime":2719.4,"body":"being plotted. And the people"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2719.4,"endTime":2721.86,"body":"who wrote the letter were"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2719.4,"endTime":2721.86,"body":"investigating. I think they were"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2721.86,"endTime":2726.45,"body":"interviewing members of"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2721.86,"endTime":2726.45,"body":"Urad-Mullissu's household, and"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2726.45,"endTime":2729.87,"body":"they're pretty incredulous that"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2726.45,"endTime":2729.87,"body":"the people that of his household"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2729.87,"endTime":2732.75,"body":"are not, well, it seems like"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2729.87,"endTime":2732.75,"body":"they're saying they didn't know"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2732.75,"endTime":2736.68,"body":"anything. And the investigators"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2732.75,"endTime":2736.68,"body":"are skeptical that they didn't"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2736.68,"endTime":2739.38,"body":"know anything, because three"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2736.68,"endTime":2739.38,"body":"people were murdered in order to"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2739.38,"endTime":2743.61,"body":"cover up the plot before it even"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2739.38,"endTime":2743.61,"body":"happened. And, you know, how did"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2743.61,"endTime":2748.11,"body":"nobody notice? So that added a"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2743.61,"endTime":2748.11,"body":"little bit."},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2748.0,"endTime":2752.103,"body":"And then, kind of the final"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2748.0,"endTime":2752.103,"body":"piece of the puzzle was bringing"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2748.0,"endTime":2819.58,"body":"So coups, Singh argued, are what"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2748.0,"endTime":2819.58,"body":"he calls a coordination game,"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2752.171,"endTime":2755.591,"body":"in some studies of modern"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2752.171,"endTime":2755.591,"body":"military coups. One guy,"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2755.659,"endTime":2759.831,"body":"Naunihal Singh, he did a study"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2755.659,"endTime":2759.831,"body":"of military coups in Ghana. He"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2759.9,"endTime":2763.798,"body":"went to Ghana and interviewed"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2759.9,"endTime":2763.798,"body":"generals and people who had"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2763.866,"endTime":2767.217,"body":"tried to overthrow the"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2763.866,"endTime":2767.217,"body":"government and everything."},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2767.286,"endTime":2771.389,"body":"They're all you know, retired"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2767.286,"endTime":2771.389,"body":"now. He was surprised that the"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2771.458,"endTime":2775.698,"body":"way that generals made decisions"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2771.458,"endTime":2775.698,"body":"during a coup was pretty much"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2775.766,"endTime":2780.007,"body":"entirely based on whether they"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2775.766,"endTime":2780.007,"body":"thought the plotters were going"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2780.075,"endTime":2783.768,"body":"to win. It wasn't based on, \"do"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2780.075,"endTime":2783.768,"body":"we agree with this guy"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2783.837,"endTime":2788.008,"body":"politically?\" One general told"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2783.837,"endTime":2788.008,"body":"him, \"it would be very selfish"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2788.077,"endTime":2792.317,"body":"of me to throw away the lives of"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2788.077,"endTime":2792.317,"body":"my men based on the political"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2792.386,"endTime":2796.626,"body":"ideology that I support\". What"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2792.386,"endTime":2796.626,"body":"they're really doing is they're"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2796.694,"endTime":2800.729,"body":"watching, and they're trying to"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2796.694,"endTime":2800.729,"body":"see if the coup is going to"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2800.798,"endTime":2804.97,"body":"succeed. And if they think it's"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2800.798,"endTime":2804.97,"body":"going to succeed, they try to"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2805.038,"endTime":2809.415,"body":"get on its side, right, because"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2805.038,"endTime":2809.415,"body":"nobody wants to be on the losing"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2809.483,"endTime":2813.45,"body":"side. And if they think it's"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2809.483,"endTime":2813.45,"body":"going to fail, then they come"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2813.518,"endTime":2814.75,"body":"out and oppose it."},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2820.06,"endTime":2823.09,"body":"where the plotters are trying to"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2820.06,"endTime":2823.09,"body":"give the perception that their"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2823.09,"endTime":2826.81,"body":"victory is inevitable. Their"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2823.09,"endTime":2826.81,"body":"opponents are trying to give the"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2826.81,"endTime":2830.77,"body":"perception that failure is"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2826.81,"endTime":2830.77,"body":"inevitable. And most people are"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2830.77,"endTime":2833.5,"body":"kind of sitting on the fence"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2830.77,"endTime":2833.5,"body":"waiting as long as they can"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2833.5,"endTime":2837.79,"body":"before they decide which side"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2833.5,"endTime":2837.79,"body":"they're going to support. And I"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2837.79,"endTime":2841.33,"body":"think we see that happening in"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2837.79,"endTime":2841.33,"body":"the days and weeks following the"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2841.33,"endTime":2846.97,"body":"assassination, we have a lot of"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2841.33,"endTime":2846.97,"body":"tablets that record prophecies."},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2848.02,"endTime":2852.28,"body":"And these prophecies were issued"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2848.02,"endTime":2852.28,"body":"during the brief civil war, in"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2852.28,"endTime":2855.16,"body":"the aftermath of the"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2852.28,"endTime":2855.16,"body":"assassination on behalf of"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2855.16,"endTime":2858.1,"body":"Esarhaddon. They're mostly"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2855.16,"endTime":2858.1,"body":"linked with the Temple of Ishtar"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2858.1,"endTime":2858.91,"body":"of Arbela."},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2859.92,"endTime":2862.98,"body":"There's some evidence that"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2859.92,"endTime":2862.98,"body":"Esarhaddon's mother Naqia, was"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2862.98,"endTime":2868.2,"body":"out helping to organize this"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2862.98,"endTime":2868.2,"body":"propaganda campaign. And having"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2868.2,"endTime":2871.89,"body":"prophets say Esarhaddon is"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2868.2,"endTime":2871.89,"body":"destined to the kingship. I,"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2871.89,"endTime":2875.85,"body":"Ishtar of Arbela, is going to"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2871.89,"endTime":2875.85,"body":"help pull you through. These"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2875.85,"endTime":2880.71,"body":"things help create a perception"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2875.85,"endTime":2880.71,"body":"that Esarhaddon is going to win,"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2880.71,"endTime":2884.49,"body":"because he has the gods on his"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2880.71,"endTime":2884.49,"body":"side. And of course, he"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2884.49,"endTime":2888.51,"body":"immediately, as soon as he can"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2884.49,"endTime":2888.51,"body":"gather whatever military forces"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2888.51,"endTime":2894.33,"body":"were at his disposal, starts"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2888.51,"endTime":2894.33,"body":"marching towards Nineveh. And in"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2894.36,"endTime":2898.62,"body":"the Jazirah plain somewhere, he"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2894.36,"endTime":2898.62,"body":"meets a force loyal to"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2898.68,"endTime":2902.91,"body":"Urad-Mullissu. And there's only"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2898.68,"endTime":2902.91,"body":"a very slight battle, and most"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2902.91,"endTime":2907.17,"body":"of them switch sides and join"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2902.91,"endTime":2907.17,"body":"Esarhaddon. By the time he gets"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2907.17,"endTime":2911.67,"body":"to Nineveh, the support for his"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2907.17,"endTime":2911.67,"body":"brothers has collapsed. There's"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2911.67,"endTime":2915.24,"body":"some evidence that they're also"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2911.67,"endTime":2915.24,"body":"...Urad-Mullissu is one of the"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2915.24,"endTime":2919.83,"body":"plotters, but Esarhaddon says in"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2915.24,"endTime":2919.83,"body":"Nineveh A that they butted each"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2919.83,"endTime":2922.86,"body":"other like baby goats in the"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2919.83,"endTime":2922.86,"body":"middle of Nineveh for the right"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2922.86,"endTime":2928.08,"body":"to be king. So maybe they're not"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2922.86,"endTime":2928.08,"body":"as unified in their action."},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2928.8,"endTime":2933.03,"body":"We see this process play out"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2928.8,"endTime":2933.03,"body":"elsewhere too. The governor of"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2933.03,"endTime":2938.7,"body":"Ashur has some real decisions to"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2933.03,"endTime":2938.7,"body":"make, because he's got to bury"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2938.79,"endTime":2944.25,"body":"Sennacherib along with the other"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2938.79,"endTime":2944.25,"body":"kings of Assyria in Ashur. Can't"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2944.25,"endTime":2947.37,"body":"sit on the fence on that one,"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2944.25,"endTime":2947.37,"body":"right? You're either gonna"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2947.76,"endTime":2951.24,"body":"pretend like he just dropped"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2947.76,"endTime":2951.24,"body":"dead from a heart attack or"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2951.24,"endTime":2956.4,"body":"something, while his murderer"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2951.24,"endTime":2956.4,"body":"presides over the funeral or do"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2956.4,"endTime":2960.72,"body":"something else. There's an"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2956.4,"endTime":2960.72,"body":"unfortunately very fragmentary"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2960.72,"endTime":2964.71,"body":"letter that describes him"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2960.72,"endTime":2964.71,"body":"deploying armed soldiers in the"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2964.71,"endTime":2969.78,"body":"streets and trying to attack"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2964.71,"endTime":2969.78,"body":"somebody's house and some"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2969.78,"endTime":2974.49,"body":"official in Nineveh and arrest"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2969.78,"endTime":2974.49,"body":"him. And it's not entirely clear"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2974.49,"endTime":2978.72,"body":"which side he ended up on, but"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2974.49,"endTime":2978.72,"body":"clearly he had to do something,"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2978.72,"endTime":2982.44,"body":"and did something. It's just"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2978.72,"endTime":2982.44,"body":"unfortunately, the letter's too"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2982.44,"endTime":2984.78,"body":"fragmentary to be certain about"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2982.44,"endTime":2984.78,"body":"what."},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2985.8,"endTime":2989.64,"body":"In the aftermath, I, you know, I"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2985.8,"endTime":2989.64,"body":"find this assassination so"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2989.64,"endTime":2994.11,"body":"important, one, it's mentioned"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2989.64,"endTime":2994.11,"body":"in the Bible. It's mentioned in"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2994.14,"endTime":2997.83,"body":"Babylonian sources, where, in"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2994.14,"endTime":2997.83,"body":"both cases, it's seen as kind of"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2998.07,"endTime":3004.28,"body":"divine vengeance on Sennacherib"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":2998.07,"endTime":3004.28,"body":"for his invasion of Judah in 701"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":3004.28,"endTime":3010.73,"body":"BC, or his destruction of"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":3004.28,"endTime":3010.73,"body":"Babylon in 689. But it also sets"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":3010.73,"endTime":3015.53,"body":"the tone for Esarhaddon's time"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":3010.73,"endTime":3015.53,"body":"on the throne. He's full of"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":3015.53,"endTime":3021.08,"body":"paranoia. He's obsessed with"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":3015.53,"endTime":3021.08,"body":"uncovering plots against him. He"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":3021.08,"endTime":3027.98,"body":"has lots of his officials"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":3021.08,"endTime":3027.98,"body":"executed. It's very dark, and I"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":3027.98,"endTime":3031.16,"body":"think that the root is in"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":3027.98,"endTime":3031.16,"body":"there's a lot of fear on"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":3031.22,"endTime":3034.64,"body":"Esarhaddon's part that he's"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":3031.22,"endTime":3034.64,"body":"going to end up like his father"},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":3035.27,"endTime":3035.84,"body":"did."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":3036.39,"endTime":3038.16,"body":"Yeah, thank you."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":3036.39,"endTime":3038.16,"body":"That's super interesting. And"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":3038.16,"endTime":3039.84,"body":"congratulations on the prize."},{"speaker":"Christopher Jones","startTime":3041.01,"endTime":3041.55,"body":"Thank you."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":3042.86,"endTime":3045.71,"body":"I'd also like to"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":3042.86,"endTime":3045.71,"body":"thank our patrons, Enrique"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":3045.71,"endTime":3053.24,"body":"Jimenez, Jon, Matuszak, Nancy"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":3045.71,"endTime":3053.24,"body":"highcock, JC wood thrush, Elisa"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":3053.24,"endTime":3059.87,"body":"osberger, Mark Weeden, Jon"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":3053.24,"endTime":3059.87,"body":"companies, Thomas Bolin Jon,"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":3059.87,"endTime":3067.22,"body":"Porter McKeever Jon, McGinnis,"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":3059.87,"endTime":3067.22,"body":"Andrew George Jon, Zach Rubin,"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":3067.76,"endTime":3074.36,"body":"Sabina, Franke, Shai Gordon,"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":3067.76,"endTime":3074.36,"body":"Aaron Max, Maria Serey, Joffre,"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":3074.36,"endTime":3080.15,"body":"Jo three, Morgan, Hite, Chicago,"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":3074.36,"endTime":3080.15,"body":"Watanabe, Mark McElwain,"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":3080.66,"endTime":3084.74,"body":"Jonathon Blanchard. Smith,"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":3080.66,"endTime":3084.74,"body":"Clement Orr Christina,"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":3084.77,"endTime":3091.97,"body":"suporopalu, TT Melanie gross"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":3084.77,"endTime":3091.97,"body":"Claire Weir Mark Feldman, Bruno,"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":3091.97,"endTime":3098.6,"body":"Beerman, Feynman Roberts, Jason"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":3091.97,"endTime":3098.6,"body":"Moser, Pavlo, Rosenstein, NuGet"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":3098.6,"endTime":3104.48,"body":"Doro, sutandrova, Willis Monroe,"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":3098.6,"endTime":3104.48,"body":"Tate Paulette, Toby, wickendon,"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":3104.93,"endTime":3110.51,"body":"emert clavenstein, Barbara"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":3104.93,"endTime":3110.51,"body":"Porter, Cheryl Morgan, Kevin Roy"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":3110.51,"endTime":3117.59,"body":"Jackson, Susanna Paulus, Eric"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":3110.51,"endTime":3117.59,"body":"Whitaker, Jacob flgari, Jon"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":3117.59,"endTime":3123.74,"body":"ghanoush, Bonnie Nilam"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":3117.59,"endTime":3123.74,"body":"kwasmanen, Ben Michael Gitlin,"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":3124.31,"endTime":3126.95,"body":"as well as those who prefer to"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":3124.31,"endTime":3126.95,"body":"remain anonymous."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":3127.98,"endTime":3130.59,"body":"I really appreciate your"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":3127.98,"endTime":3130.59,"body":"support. It makes a big"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":3130.59,"endTime":3135.12,"body":"difference. Every penny received"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":3130.59,"endTime":3135.12,"body":"has contributed towards"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":3135.12,"endTime":3138.57,"body":"translations. Thanks of course"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":3135.12,"endTime":3138.57,"body":"to the lovely people who have"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":3138.57,"endTime":3141.99,"body":"worked on the translations on a"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":3138.57,"endTime":3141.99,"body":"voluntary basis or for well"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":3141.99,"endTime":3146.22,"body":"below the market rate. For"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":3141.99,"endTime":3146.22,"body":"Arabic, thanks in particular to"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":3146.22,"endTime":3150.96,"body":"Zainab Mizyidawi, as well as"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":3146.22,"endTime":3150.96,"body":"Lina Meerchyad and May Al-Aseel."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":3151.8,"endTime":3157.8,"body":"For Turkish, thank you to Pinar"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":3151.8,"endTime":3157.8,"body":"Durgun and Nesrin Akan. TEW is"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":3157.8,"endTime":3161.28,"body":"still young, but I want to reach"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":3157.8,"endTime":3161.28,"body":"a sustainable level, where"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":3161.28,"endTime":3164.49,"body":"translators are given proper"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":3161.28,"endTime":3164.49,"body":"compensation for their hard"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":3164.49,"endTime":3164.94,"body":"work."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":3166.2,"endTime":3169.47,"body":"And thank you for listening to"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":3166.2,"endTime":3169.47,"body":"Thin End of the Wedge. If you"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":3169.47,"endTime":3172.77,"body":"enjoy what we do, and you would"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":3169.47,"endTime":3172.77,"body":"like to help make these podcasts"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":3172.77,"endTime":3175.86,"body":"available in Middle Eastern"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":3172.77,"endTime":3175.86,"body":"languages, please consider"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":3175.86,"endTime":3179.67,"body":"joining our Patreon family. You"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":3175.86,"endTime":3179.67,"body":"can find us at"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":3182.28,"endTime":3186.06,"body":"patreon.com/wedgepod. You can"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":3182.28,"endTime":3186.06,"body":"also support us in other ways:"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":3186.72,"endTime":3190.56,"body":"simply subscribe to the podcast;"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":3186.72,"endTime":3190.56,"body":"leave us a five star review on"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":3190.56,"endTime":3193.86,"body":"Apple Music or your favourite"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":3190.56,"endTime":3193.86,"body":"podcatcher; recommend us to your"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":3193.86,"endTime":3197.82,"body":"friends. If you want the latest"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":3193.86,"endTime":3197.82,"body":"podcast news, you can sign up"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":3197.82,"endTime":3201.3,"body":"for our newsletter. You can find"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":3197.82,"endTime":3201.3,"body":"all the links in the show notes"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":3201.33,"endTime":3211.02,"body":"and on our website at"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":3201.33,"endTime":3211.02,"body":"wedgepod.org. Thanks, and I hope"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":3211.02,"endTime":3212.1,"body":"you’ll join us next time."}]}