{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":13.74,"endTime":16.38,"body":"Hello, and welcome"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":13.74,"endTime":16.38,"body":"to the Thin End of the Wedge."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":16.59,"endTime":19.5,"body":"The podcast where experts from"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":16.59,"endTime":19.5,"body":"around the world share new and"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":19.5,"endTime":23.64,"body":"interesting stories about life"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":19.5,"endTime":23.64,"body":"in the ancient Middle East. My"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":23.64,"endTime":27.09,"body":"name is Jon. Each episode, I"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":23.64,"endTime":27.09,"body":"talk to friends and colleagues,"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":27.27,"endTime":30.03,"body":"and get them to explain their"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":27.27,"endTime":30.03,"body":"work in a way we can all"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":30.03,"endTime":30.81,"body":"understand.."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":31.89,"endTime":35.58,"body":"This episode, we take our first"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":31.89,"endTime":35.58,"body":"look at the wonderful world of"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":35.58,"endTime":39.69,"body":"archaeological conservation. If"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":35.58,"endTime":39.69,"body":"you've ever visited a museum,"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":39.99,"endTime":42.87,"body":"you've seen the results of an"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":39.99,"endTime":42.87,"body":"enormous amount of work by"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":42.87,"endTime":45.87,"body":"conservators, although you"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":42.87,"endTime":45.87,"body":"probably didn't realise it at"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":45.87,"endTime":50.4,"body":"the time. From excavation,"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":45.87,"endTime":50.4,"body":"through museum storage,"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":50.46,"endTime":54.84,"body":"research, and display, objects"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":50.46,"endTime":54.84,"body":"are the subject of a lot of"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":54.84,"endTime":57.03,"body":"patient, painstaking effort."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":58.59,"endTime":61.62,"body":"Conservators rarely get the"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":58.59,"endTime":61.62,"body":"credit they deserve, because"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":61.62,"endTime":65.64,"body":"they typically operate out of"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":61.62,"endTime":65.64,"body":"view, behind the scenes. But"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":65.64,"endTime":69.69,"body":"these are the people who, on a"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":65.64,"endTime":69.69,"body":"practical level, ensure that the"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":69.72,"endTime":73.35,"body":"objects produced by ancient"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":69.72,"endTime":73.35,"body":"cultures survive for future"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":73.35,"endTime":77.88,"body":"generations to see and study."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":73.35,"endTime":77.88,"body":"Even many researchers"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":77.88,"endTime":81.0,"body":"specialising in the ancient"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":77.88,"endTime":81.0,"body":"Middle East have never met the"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":81.0,"endTime":84.36,"body":"conservators who facilitate"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":81.0,"endTime":84.36,"body":"their work, and often have only"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":84.36,"endTime":88.08,"body":"a very limited understanding of"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":84.36,"endTime":88.08,"body":"what they do, and why they do it"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":88.08,"endTime":88.53,"body":"that way."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":89.91,"endTime":92.34,"body":"We learn most of what we know"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":89.91,"endTime":92.34,"body":"about the ancient Middle East"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":92.34,"endTime":95.91,"body":"through objects. That goes for"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":92.34,"endTime":95.91,"body":"those of us who specialise in"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":95.91,"endTime":99.78,"body":"reading the texts as well. We"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":95.91,"endTime":99.78,"body":"sometimes express ourselves in"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":99.78,"endTime":103.41,"body":"strange ways. For example, we"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":99.78,"endTime":103.41,"body":"routinely talk about \"cuneiform"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":103.44,"endTime":107.07,"body":"tablets\". But of course, the"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":103.44,"endTime":107.07,"body":"tablets aren't cuneiform (that"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":107.07,"endTime":111.39,"body":"is \"wedge shaped\"). It's the"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":107.07,"endTime":111.39,"body":"writing that's cuneiform. We all"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":111.39,"endTime":115.05,"body":"know that what we really mean to"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":111.39,"endTime":115.05,"body":"say is \"clay tablets made to"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":115.05,"endTime":119.34,"body":"contain cuneiform text\". Even"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":115.05,"endTime":119.34,"body":"that's not quite right either,"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":119.34,"endTime":122.82,"body":"though. Tablets aren't made of"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":119.34,"endTime":122.82,"body":"clay; the material is a much"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":122.82,"endTime":126.36,"body":"coarser mud. The physical"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":122.82,"endTime":126.36,"body":"qualities of tablets are"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":126.36,"endTime":129.78,"body":"important, and we'll come back"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":126.36,"endTime":129.78,"body":"to that in future episodes. But"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":129.78,"endTime":133.59,"body":"for now, it's worth stressing"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":129.78,"endTime":133.59,"body":"that these ancient texts take"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":133.59,"endTime":136.44,"body":"physical form, and one that"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":133.59,"endTime":136.44,"body":"needs care."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":138.18,"endTime":142.05,"body":"Our guest is a conservator with"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":138.18,"endTime":142.05,"body":"decades of experience working on"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":142.05,"endTime":146.46,"body":"excavations and in museums in"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":142.05,"endTime":146.46,"body":"Europe and the Middle East. And"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":146.46,"endTime":150.03,"body":"she's literally written the book"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":146.46,"endTime":150.03,"body":"about the conservation of clay"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":150.03,"endTime":150.78,"body":"tablets."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":151.47,"endTime":155.34,"body":"So get yourself a cup of tea,"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":151.47,"endTime":155.34,"body":"make yourself comfortable. And"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":155.34,"endTime":156.96,"body":"let's meet today's guest."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":165.18,"endTime":168.12,"body":"Hello, and welcome to Thin End"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":165.18,"endTime":168.12,"body":"of the Wedge. Thank you very"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":168.12,"endTime":169.08,"body":"much for joining us."},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":169.89,"endTime":172.05,"body":"Hello, and"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":169.89,"endTime":172.05,"body":"thanks for invitation."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":172.74,"endTime":176.16,"body":"Could you tell us"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":172.74,"endTime":176.16,"body":"please: who are you, and what do"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":176.16,"endTime":176.61,"body":"you do?"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":177.42,"endTime":179.55,"body":"My name is"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":177.42,"endTime":179.55,"body":"Carmen Gutschow. And I'm a"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":179.55,"endTime":182.13,"body":"diploma restorer of"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":179.55,"endTime":182.13,"body":"archaeological objects and"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":182.13,"endTime":183.9,"body":"specialised in cuneiform"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":182.13,"endTime":183.9,"body":"tablets."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":184.71,"endTime":187.08,"body":"Could you start by"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":184.71,"endTime":187.08,"body":"explaining what a conservator"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":187.08,"endTime":188.01,"body":"does, please?"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":188.48,"endTime":192.35,"body":"Yes, my job is"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":188.48,"endTime":192.35,"body":"carefully cleaning of excavated"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":192.41,"endTime":197.18,"body":"objects from soil and crust and"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":192.41,"endTime":197.18,"body":"if necessary, to join broken"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":197.18,"endTime":202.37,"body":"pieces or to consolidate weak"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":197.18,"endTime":202.37,"body":"objects. And this work can be on"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":202.37,"endTime":206.81,"body":"excavations or in collections or"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":202.37,"endTime":206.81,"body":"for exhibitions."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":207.5,"endTime":209.42,"body":"What kind of work"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":207.5,"endTime":209.42,"body":"does that involve?"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":210.44,"endTime":213.83,"body":"The different"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":210.44,"endTime":213.83,"body":"materials need different ways of"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":213.83,"endTime":218.66,"body":"cleaning and treatment. So you"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":213.83,"endTime":218.66,"body":"have to examine your objects, if"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":218.66,"endTime":222.59,"body":"they are sensitive or solid to"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":218.66,"endTime":222.59,"body":"decide the right treatment for"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":222.59,"endTime":227.15,"body":"cleaning like dry or wet, or"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":222.59,"endTime":227.15,"body":"maybe with chemicals. And to"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":227.15,"endTime":231.32,"body":"choice the tools for cleaning"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":227.15,"endTime":231.32,"body":"like wooden stick or scalpel,"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":231.35,"endTime":236.15,"body":"brushes, or using fine machines"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":231.35,"endTime":236.15,"body":"like an ultrasonic or a hand"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":236.15,"endTime":241.52,"body":"grinder for example. And also"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":236.15,"endTime":241.52,"body":"the kinds of glue and which"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":241.52,"endTime":246.74,"body":"concentration for consolidation"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":241.52,"endTime":246.74,"body":"or bonding is needed. Also, the"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":246.74,"endTime":250.97,"body":"right packing and storing in the"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":246.74,"endTime":250.97,"body":"end of the work is part of the"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":250.97,"endTime":254.99,"body":"job, or perhaps the preparing"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":250.97,"endTime":254.99,"body":"for exhibitions."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":255.86,"endTime":258.74,"body":"Can you give us some"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":255.86,"endTime":258.74,"body":"examples of what you mean? What"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":258.74,"endTime":261.5,"body":"would make you choose one"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":258.74,"endTime":261.5,"body":"treatment method or type of tool"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":261.5,"endTime":262.55,"body":"rather than another?"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":263.09,"endTime":266.6,"body":"For example,"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":263.09,"endTime":266.6,"body":"the cleaning of pottery: proper"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":266.6,"endTime":271.58,"body":"fired pottery, you can wash. But"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":266.6,"endTime":271.58,"body":"if the pottery is low fired or"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":271.82,"endTime":277.1,"body":"heavy affected in the ground,"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":271.82,"endTime":277.1,"body":"the material can be soft and so"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":277.16,"endTime":282.14,"body":"to bath or to brush the surface"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":277.16,"endTime":282.14,"body":"can damaging the object. In that"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":282.14,"endTime":286.64,"body":"case, you must choice a dry"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":282.14,"endTime":286.64,"body":"cleaning with brushes and tools"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":286.67,"endTime":292.01,"body":"to remove the soil or slightly"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":286.67,"endTime":292.01,"body":"damp by rolling over the surface"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":292.04,"endTime":296.48,"body":"with cotton swabs. If the"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":292.04,"endTime":296.48,"body":"pottery is painted, this layer"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":296.48,"endTime":301.31,"body":"can be sensitive and washed"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":296.48,"endTime":301.31,"body":"away. I've worked on soft"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":301.31,"endTime":305.84,"body":"painted pottery and the painting"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":301.31,"endTime":305.84,"body":"seems relatively solid when dry"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":305.96,"endTime":311.36,"body":"but turns super soft in wet"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":305.96,"endTime":311.36,"body":"condition. Then you could easy"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":311.39,"endTime":314.81,"body":"whip off the painting just by"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":311.39,"endTime":314.81,"body":"touching with your finger or a"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":314.81,"endTime":320.12,"body":"soft brush. Sometimes I asked"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":314.81,"endTime":320.12,"body":"myself how many pottery known as"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":320.15,"endTime":324.53,"body":"unpainted was maybe painted"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":320.15,"endTime":324.53,"body":"before the general brush washing"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":324.53,"endTime":328.82,"body":"on excavation. Therefore, my"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":324.53,"endTime":328.82,"body":"advice is to keep an eye on the"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":328.82,"endTime":333.2,"body":"sherds before drop into the"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":328.82,"endTime":333.2,"body":"water basin and use middle soft"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":333.29,"endTime":336.05,"body":"natural brushes. They're not"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":333.29,"endTime":336.05,"body":"these hard plastic ones which I"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":336.05,"endTime":340.52,"body":"often noticed. I've worked out"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":336.05,"endTime":340.52,"body":"some ways to clean those"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":340.52,"endTime":344.84,"body":"sensitive painted surfaces wet"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":340.52,"endTime":344.84,"body":"and with chemical treatments to"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":344.84,"endTime":347.03,"body":"soften sinter crust on top."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":347.81,"endTime":348.92,"body":"What is sinter?"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":349.7,"endTime":352.49,"body":"Sinter forms"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":349.7,"endTime":352.49,"body":"over a period of time on"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":352.49,"endTime":357.68,"body":"surfaces and is a certain"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":352.49,"endTime":357.68,"body":"leaching minerals like calcium"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":357.68,"endTime":362.63,"body":"carbonate. Ceramic is often"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":357.68,"endTime":362.63,"body":"covered by sinter crust, but"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":362.63,"endTime":367.4,"body":"also stone and metal objects."},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":362.63,"endTime":367.4,"body":"Those calcareous crusts can be"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":367.4,"endTime":372.62,"body":"softened and removed by acids"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":367.4,"endTime":372.62,"body":"like citric acid or acetic acid."},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":373.37,"endTime":377.45,"body":"The artefacts can be bathed in"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":373.37,"endTime":377.45,"body":"low concentration or you can"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":377.45,"endTime":383.09,"body":"make a compress. Important is to"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":377.45,"endTime":383.09,"body":"neutralise the acid by washing"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":383.18,"endTime":387.44,"body":"or compresses in the end."},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":383.18,"endTime":387.44,"body":"Otherwise, you risk that the"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":387.44,"endTime":391.37,"body":"remains of the acid were"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":387.44,"endTime":391.37,"body":"damaging the artefacts after a"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":391.37,"endTime":395.87,"body":"while. It's fiddly and time"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":391.37,"endTime":395.87,"body":"consuming, but it's worth it."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":397.01,"endTime":399.65,"body":"Once the pottery"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":397.01,"endTime":399.65,"body":"fragments--or \"sherds\", as"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":399.65,"endTime":402.98,"body":"they're called--are cleaned,"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":399.65,"endTime":402.98,"body":"sometimes it's possible to join"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":402.98,"endTime":405.56,"body":"them back together into a more"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":402.98,"endTime":405.56,"body":"or less complete part isn't it?"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":406.13,"endTime":407.84,"body":"And that's also one of your"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":406.13,"endTime":407.84,"body":"jobs."},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":408.41,"endTime":411.68,"body":"To join the"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":408.41,"endTime":411.68,"body":"pottery is a bit like a 3D"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":411.68,"endTime":417.56,"body":"puzzle. The most people thinking"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":411.68,"endTime":417.56,"body":"the bonding is easy. But if you"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":417.56,"endTime":421.94,"body":"have seen some objects joined by"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":417.56,"endTime":421.94,"body":"a lay person, you will see it's"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":421.94,"endTime":427.22,"body":"not that. And it's time"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":421.94,"endTime":427.22,"body":"consuming to rework that. To"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":427.22,"endTime":431.21,"body":"make a proper bond, you have to"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":427.22,"endTime":431.21,"body":"follow some rules of bonding."},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":431.33,"endTime":436.67,"body":"For example, a weak breakage"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":431.33,"endTime":436.67,"body":"will need a consolidation before"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":437.0,"endTime":442.19,"body":"and a more rough sherd need"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":437.0,"endTime":442.19,"body":"thicker glue than a finer one."},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":443.15,"endTime":447.02,"body":"If you don't have a full contact"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":443.15,"endTime":447.02,"body":"area, you will need a filler in"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":447.02,"endTime":452.66,"body":"your glue. And don't smear the"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":447.02,"endTime":452.66,"body":"surplus over the surface; remove"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":452.66,"endTime":456.95,"body":"it directly. Also if you have"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":452.66,"endTime":456.95,"body":"bubbles or run marks, for"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":456.95,"endTime":457.55,"body":"example."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":458.54,"endTime":461.24,"body":"What about other"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":458.54,"endTime":461.24,"body":"materials then? Ceramics are"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":461.24,"endTime":463.91,"body":"relatively robust compared to"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":461.24,"endTime":463.91,"body":"some other objects."},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":464.84,"endTime":466.76,"body":"Organic"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":464.84,"endTime":466.76,"body":"materials need a carefully"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":466.76,"endTime":470.84,"body":"treatment too much which could"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":466.76,"endTime":470.84,"body":"destroy by swelling the"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":470.84,"endTime":475.55,"body":"material. On the other hand"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":470.84,"endTime":475.55,"body":"drying out after exposing could"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":475.55,"endTime":480.62,"body":"produce cracks and deforming of"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":475.55,"endTime":480.62,"body":"the objects. These groups of"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":480.62,"endTime":484.88,"body":"material will need a certain"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":480.62,"endTime":484.88,"body":"humidity and needs to keep away"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":484.88,"endTime":488.39,"body":"from sunlight and controlled to"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":484.88,"endTime":488.39,"body":"prevent moulding."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":489.62,"endTime":491.72,"body":"How do you control"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":489.62,"endTime":491.72,"body":"humidity?"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":492.86,"endTime":496.07,"body":"To control the"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":492.86,"endTime":496.07,"body":"right humidity on site is not"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":496.07,"endTime":500.21,"body":"easy. And you didn't have"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":496.07,"endTime":500.21,"body":"climate control systems like in"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":500.21,"endTime":504.95,"body":"a proper lab or a storage. And"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":500.21,"endTime":504.95,"body":"sometimes you have to be a bit"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":505.13,"endTime":510.38,"body":"creative. So to keep the"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":505.13,"endTime":510.38,"body":"environment of an excavated"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":510.41,"endTime":514.79,"body":"condition, it will be good to"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":510.41,"endTime":514.79,"body":"put those objects with some of"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":514.79,"endTime":519.98,"body":"the soil in a box and covered"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":514.79,"endTime":519.98,"body":"breathable, or in a bag till you"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":519.98,"endTime":523.52,"body":"will have the possibility for"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":519.98,"endTime":523.52,"body":"their conservation treatment."},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":524.27,"endTime":528.14,"body":"important is to control wet or"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":524.27,"endTime":528.14,"body":"damp objects to prevent moulding"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":528.14,"endTime":533.33,"body":"processes. And the best is to"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":528.14,"endTime":533.33,"body":"keep them cool as possible."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":534.35,"endTime":536.66,"body":"What about metal"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":534.35,"endTime":536.66,"body":"objects? We might imagine that"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":536.66,"endTime":539.48,"body":"they're strong, but they can be"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":536.66,"endTime":539.48,"body":"vulnerable can't they?"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":540.68,"endTime":543.47,"body":"Metal objects"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":540.68,"endTime":543.47,"body":"are a bit different up to the"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":543.59,"endTime":549.83,"body":"metal and the alloys. Iron, for"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":543.59,"endTime":549.83,"body":"example, is often in very bad"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":549.83,"endTime":553.7,"body":"condition, because it's very"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":549.83,"endTime":553.7,"body":"fast affected by wet conditions"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":553.7,"endTime":559.73,"body":"and salinity of the soil where"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":553.7,"endTime":559.73,"body":"it's buried in. Iron often shows"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":559.73,"endTime":563.39,"body":"the swollen or cracked body."},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":559.73,"endTime":563.39,"body":"Normally it would be good to"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":563.39,"endTime":568.01,"body":"desalinate them, but on site you"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":563.39,"endTime":568.01,"body":"don't have the time and"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":568.04,"endTime":573.92,"body":"opportunities for that. So they"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":568.04,"endTime":573.92,"body":"need to be dried and stored in a"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":573.95,"endTime":579.23,"body":"dry condition to prevent ongoing"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":573.95,"endTime":579.23,"body":"processes of corrosion. Copper"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":579.23,"endTime":582.86,"body":"and his alloys have sometimes"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":579.23,"endTime":582.86,"body":"produced a patina layer which"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":582.86,"endTime":587.69,"body":"works like a natural protection"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":582.86,"endTime":587.69,"body":"on the surface. The corrosion on"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":587.69,"endTime":592.13,"body":"the crust will just reduce up to"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":587.69,"endTime":592.13,"body":"this patina and never to the"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":592.13,"endTime":596.36,"body":"shining metal if preserved."},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":592.13,"endTime":596.36,"body":"Sometimes the artefacts are"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":596.36,"endTime":600.32,"body":"completely corroded through, but"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":596.36,"endTime":600.32,"body":"the patina if protected will"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":600.32,"endTime":603.68,"body":"showing only the details of the"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":600.32,"endTime":603.68,"body":"original face."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":604.52,"endTime":607.1,"body":"So how would you"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":604.52,"endTime":607.1,"body":"treat a metal object suffering"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":607.0,"endTime":610.0,"body":"For reducing"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":607.0,"endTime":610.0,"body":"the corrosion, you have"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":607.1,"endTime":607.97,"body":"from corrosion?"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":609.1,"endTime":673.66,"body":"Do you stick metal objects"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":609.1,"endTime":673.66,"body":"together in the same way as"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":610.0,"endTime":613.84,"body":"different options up to the"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":610.0,"endTime":613.84,"body":"hardness and the thickness of"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":613.84,"endTime":618.67,"body":"the crust. The softest tool is"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":613.84,"endTime":618.67,"body":"the wooden stick, but normally"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":618.67,"endTime":623.23,"body":"you will need a scalpel. And for"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":618.67,"endTime":623.23,"body":"a stronger crust you can use"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":623.26,"endTime":628.12,"body":"ultrasonic like the dentist use"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":623.26,"endTime":628.12,"body":"to remove the calculus. But also"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":628.12,"endTime":632.59,"body":"fine hand grinder tools or sand"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":628.12,"endTime":632.59,"body":"blaster can be helpful. And"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":632.59,"endTime":635.77,"body":"sometimes you will need a"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":632.59,"endTime":635.77,"body":"chemical treatment to soften the"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":635.77,"endTime":641.11,"body":"crust. Gold, silver and lead,"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":635.77,"endTime":641.11,"body":"for example are softer metals"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":641.11,"endTime":644.26,"body":"and they need a careful t"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":641.11,"endTime":644.26,"body":"eatment to avoid scratches. I"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":645.07,"endTime":650.14,"body":"'s often precision work under m"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":645.07,"endTime":650.14,"body":"gnifying glasses and you will n"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":650.14,"endTime":655.42,"body":"ed some patience. And after r"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":650.14,"endTime":655.42,"body":"moving the corrosion, the m"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":655.42,"endTime":660.13,"body":"tal needs to be protected. T"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":655.42,"endTime":660.13,"body":"erefore, a thin varnish, for e"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":660.13,"endTime":665.44,"body":"ample, by Polyvinylbutyral 30 o"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":660.13,"endTime":665.44,"body":"a microcrystalline wax like C"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":665.47,"endTime":668.14,"body":"smoloid H 80 can be applied."},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":673.66,"endTime":674.29,"body":"pottery?"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":675.31,"endTime":680.74,"body":"To bond metal, a stronger glue"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":675.31,"endTime":680.74,"body":"is mostly needed. For example,"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":680.8,"endTime":685.81,"body":"an epoxy resin like Araldite"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":680.8,"endTime":685.81,"body":"2020. But it's not easy to"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":685.81,"endTime":689.95,"body":"handle, because it will take 24"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":685.81,"endTime":689.95,"body":"hours to harden and it's"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":690.07,"endTime":693.82,"body":"unsoluble after hard. You need"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":690.07,"endTime":693.82,"body":"to fix the bond very good"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":693.82,"endTime":698.47,"body":"against moving or"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":693.82,"endTime":698.47,"body":"Polyvinylbutyral 30 can be used"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":698.47,"endTime":699.55,"body":"for lighter bonds."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":700.87,"endTime":703.27,"body":"How do you decide"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":700.87,"endTime":703.27,"body":"what treatments to give on an"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":703.27,"endTime":706.66,"body":"archeological site when the"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":703.27,"endTime":706.66,"body":"range of options available is"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":706.66,"endTime":708.58,"body":"smaller than it is in a"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":706.66,"endTime":708.58,"body":"laboratory?"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":709.87,"endTime":713.02,"body":"Material and"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":709.87,"endTime":713.02,"body":"the condition of the object is"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":713.05,"endTime":718.51,"body":"to choice the right treatment,"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":713.05,"endTime":718.51,"body":"but also your opportunities. If"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":718.51,"endTime":722.41,"body":"you work on a site, your"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":718.51,"endTime":722.41,"body":"treatment is normally limited as"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":722.41,"endTime":726.1,"body":"working in a well prepared lab."},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":722.41,"endTime":726.1,"body":"And also the time you have is a"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":726.1,"endTime":731.56,"body":"factor. If you work on site, you"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":726.1,"endTime":731.56,"body":"have limited time. And so you"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":731.56,"endTime":736.54,"body":"have to decide \"Can I do just to"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":731.56,"endTime":736.54,"body":"limit to basic treatment? Or can"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":736.54,"endTime":740.92,"body":"I do more expensive treatment"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":736.54,"endTime":740.92,"body":"like replenishment on a vessel"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":740.98,"endTime":745.09,"body":"and a retouching? Or can I"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":740.98,"endTime":745.09,"body":"finish the treatment till the"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":745.09,"endTime":748.96,"body":"end of the campaign or must be"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":745.09,"endTime":748.96,"body":"decided a limited treatment to"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":748.96,"endTime":753.61,"body":"protect the objects until the"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":748.96,"endTime":753.61,"body":"next opportunity with more time?"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":753.7,"endTime":757.54,"body":"Or till I can organise the"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":753.7,"endTime":757.54,"body":"equipment and material for"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":757.54,"endTime":763.75,"body":"special treatment?\" When I work"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":757.54,"endTime":763.75,"body":"on site, I choice a basic"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":763.75,"endTime":768.79,"body":"equipment of glues, chemicals,"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":763.75,"endTime":768.79,"body":"and tools, which are able to"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":768.79,"endTime":773.2,"body":"conserve the most and general"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":768.79,"endTime":773.2,"body":"incidental of objects. For"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":773.2,"endTime":776.95,"body":"example, the glue,"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":773.2,"endTime":776.95,"body":"Polyvinylbutyral 30 can be used"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":776.95,"endTime":780.88,"body":"for the most materials for"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":776.95,"endTime":780.88,"body":"consolidation and for bonds."},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":781.78,"endTime":786.67,"body":"The most important solvents are"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":781.78,"endTime":786.67,"body":"acetone, ethanol, and distilled"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":786.67,"endTime":792.04,"body":"water for dissolving the glues"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":786.67,"endTime":792.04,"body":"and cleaning the surfaces. And"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":792.04,"endTime":796.3,"body":"of course, scalpels, brushes,"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":792.04,"endTime":796.3,"body":"and cotton are always in my bag."},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":797.8,"endTime":802.06,"body":"Working in a proper lab, of"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":797.8,"endTime":802.06,"body":"course, will offer you more and"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":802.06,"endTime":805.96,"body":"better opportunities even for"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":802.06,"endTime":805.96,"body":"special treatments, like"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":805.99,"endTime":810.4,"body":"extraction systems by working"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":805.99,"endTime":810.4,"body":"with chemical vapours or a"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":810.4,"endTime":815.32,"body":"drying cabin for iron, or a sand"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":810.4,"endTime":815.32,"body":"blaster and a wider range of"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":815.35,"endTime":818.05,"body":"chemicals and other stuff for"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":815.35,"endTime":818.05,"body":"treatments."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":818.95,"endTime":821.38,"body":"Does the site being"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":818.95,"endTime":821.38,"body":"in the Middle East affect the"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":821.38,"endTime":822.67,"body":"treatments you choose?"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":824.08,"endTime":826.63,"body":"If you work in"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":824.08,"endTime":826.63,"body":"Middle East, you have also to"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":826.63,"endTime":831.46,"body":"consider the hot and mostly dry"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":826.63,"endTime":831.46,"body":"climate, because this will have"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":831.52,"endTime":836.44,"body":"influence of the properties of"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":831.52,"endTime":836.44,"body":"the chemicals and glues. The"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":836.44,"endTime":840.22,"body":"glue which works good in Europe"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":836.44,"endTime":840.22,"body":"must not be a good glue for"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":840.22,"endTime":843.73,"body":"Middle East countries in"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":840.22,"endTime":843.73,"body":"general. But this is a mistake I"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":843.73,"endTime":847.75,"body":"recognise very often. For"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":843.73,"endTime":847.75,"body":"example, the very common glue"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":847.81,"endTime":853.0,"body":"Paraloid B 72 is long time used"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":847.81,"endTime":853.0,"body":"in conservation and has good"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":853.0,"endTime":856.96,"body":"properties. And so the most"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":853.0,"endTime":856.96,"body":"projects brought this glue to"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":856.96,"endTime":861.37,"body":"the excavations in the Middle"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":856.96,"endTime":861.37,"body":"East. But why it's not a good"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":861.37,"endTime":865.3,"body":"choice for Middle East? This"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":861.37,"endTime":865.3,"body":"glue has a glass transition"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":865.3,"endTime":870.01,"body":"point by 40 degrees. That means"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":865.3,"endTime":870.01,"body":"by this temperature, the glue"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":870.01,"endTime":874.03,"body":"gets soft. And everybody knows"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":870.01,"endTime":874.03,"body":"that the temperature in Middle"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":874.06,"endTime":879.01,"body":"East is long time over the year"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":874.06,"endTime":879.01,"body":"over 40 or 50 degrees. For those"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":879.01,"endTime":882.61,"body":"climates, you will need a glue"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":879.01,"endTime":882.61,"body":"with a higher glass transition"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":882.64,"endTime":888.7,"body":"point to get sure that your bond"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":882.64,"endTime":888.7,"body":"will stay strong. The glue with"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":888.7,"endTime":894.88,"body":"similar properties like Paraloid"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":888.7,"endTime":894.88,"body":"B 72 is Polyvinylbutyral 30. His"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":894.88,"endTime":898.75,"body":"glass transition point is 68"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":894.88,"endTime":898.75,"body":"degree and I have good"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":898.75,"endTime":899.83,"body":"experience with this."},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":901.12,"endTime":906.37,"body":"In general, I prefer glues in"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":901.12,"endTime":906.37,"body":"form of a powder or granulate,"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":906.76,"endTime":911.44,"body":"which will be dissolved on place"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":906.76,"endTime":911.44,"body":"when needed. So you can bring"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":911.53,"endTime":915.85,"body":"the glue by airplane and store"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":911.53,"endTime":915.85,"body":"them for a long time without the"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":915.85,"endTime":920.65,"body":"risk of drying out."},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":915.85,"endTime":920.65,"body":"Polyvinylbutyral 30 is a powder"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":920.65,"endTime":925.54,"body":"and dissolves easy enough in"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":920.65,"endTime":925.54,"body":"acetone or ethanol. Ethanol is"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":925.57,"endTime":930.31,"body":"the better choice, because it"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":925.57,"endTime":930.31,"body":"evaporates slower even in dry"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":930.31,"endTime":934.87,"body":"and hot climates. Another point"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":930.31,"endTime":934.87,"body":"is that ethanol can be found"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":934.9,"endTime":938.83,"body":"everywhere in pharmacy shops."},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":934.9,"endTime":938.83,"body":"Acetone was sometimes more"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":938.83,"endTime":943.84,"body":"difficult, especially in"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":938.83,"endTime":943.84,"body":"Afghanistan, for example. So you"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":943.84,"endTime":948.04,"body":"have to consider for how long"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":943.84,"endTime":948.04,"body":"you can store the chemicals and"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":948.04,"endTime":953.26,"body":"glues. The epoxy resin Araldite"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":948.04,"endTime":953.26,"body":"2020, for example, needs to be"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":953.26,"endTime":959.02,"body":"stored cooler after open. And so"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":953.26,"endTime":959.02,"body":"you will need a fridge."},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":959.23,"endTime":964.24,"body":"Otherwise you risk that the glue"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":959.23,"endTime":964.24,"body":"lose his properties early. And"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":964.27,"endTime":968.2,"body":"it's also important to know"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":964.27,"endTime":968.2,"body":"what's available in the"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":968.2,"endTime":972.64,"body":"countries, and what are the"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":968.2,"endTime":972.64,"body":"rules for transport by plane."},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":973.15,"endTime":977.02,"body":"Some solvents and liquids are"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":973.15,"endTime":977.02,"body":"not allowed. For example, a"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":977.02,"endTime":980.92,"body":"water based glue in your luggage"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":977.02,"endTime":980.92,"body":"is no problem. But a glue with"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":980.92,"endTime":982.63,"body":"acetone is forbidden."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":983.86,"endTime":986.32,"body":"You have particular"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":983.86,"endTime":986.32,"body":"experience in treating cuneiform"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":986.32,"endTime":990.07,"body":"tablets, don't you? Could you"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":986.32,"endTime":990.07,"body":"explain about that? What"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":990.07,"endTime":992.8,"body":"problems do they present and how"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":990.07,"endTime":992.8,"body":"do you treat them?"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":993.82,"endTime":995.74,"body":"Well, my"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":993.82,"endTime":995.74,"body":"special field is the"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":995.74,"endTime":999.85,"body":"conservation of clay tablets"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":995.74,"endTime":999.85,"body":"since 20 years now. The clay"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":999.85,"endTime":1004.56,"body":"tablets are a special group of"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":999.85,"endTime":1004.56,"body":"objects. I will distinguish"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1004.59,"endTime":1010.32,"body":"between tablets on site and in"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1004.59,"endTime":1010.32,"body":"collections. The problem during"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1010.32,"endTime":1013.92,"body":"an excavation is that the"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1010.32,"endTime":1013.92,"body":"material of the tablets and the"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1013.92,"endTime":1018.63,"body":"soil around is very similar."},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1013.92,"endTime":1018.63,"body":"They are hardly usable and"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1018.69,"endTime":1024.18,"body":"mostly unfired. In a wet"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1018.69,"endTime":1024.18,"body":"condition also the tablet is wet"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1024.18,"endTime":1030.15,"body":"and more sensitive and slightly"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1024.18,"endTime":1030.15,"body":"soft. And if the ground is dry"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1030.21,"endTime":1034.53,"body":"and hard, you will risk to break"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1030.21,"endTime":1034.53,"body":"the tablets or the surface can"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1034.53,"endTime":1040.32,"body":"be brutal and flaky. The most"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1034.53,"endTime":1040.32,"body":"suitable way to expose is with"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1040.32,"endTime":1045.21,"body":"the soil around and to dry them"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1040.32,"endTime":1045.21,"body":"slowly after exposing to prevent"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1045.21,"endTime":1050.49,"body":"cracks. They should be keep away"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1045.21,"endTime":1050.49,"body":"from direct sunlight and stored"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1050.52,"endTime":1055.77,"body":"covered in the shadow. After"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1050.52,"endTime":1055.77,"body":"drying the clay a stronger and"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1055.83,"endTime":1058.71,"body":"the tablet can be carefully"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1055.83,"endTime":1058.71,"body":"cleaned from soil and"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1059.07,"endTime":1060.87,"body":"consolidated if necessary."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1062.04,"endTime":1064.26,"body":"A treatment that"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1062.04,"endTime":1064.26,"body":"many people think of in relation"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1064.26,"endTime":1068.04,"body":"to tablets is firing. Could you"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1064.26,"endTime":1068.04,"body":"talk about that please?"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1068.97,"endTime":1071.91,"body":"Firing for"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1068.97,"endTime":1071.91,"body":"conservation is not necessary if"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1072.06,"endTime":1077.61,"body":"the storing the tablet is dry"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1072.06,"endTime":1077.61,"body":"and stable. But an unstable"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1077.61,"endTime":1081.39,"body":"climate could start processes"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1077.61,"endTime":1081.39,"body":"like the growing of salt"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1081.39,"endTime":1086.16,"body":"crystals, which destroying the"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1081.39,"endTime":1086.16,"body":"tablets. And that's why the"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1086.16,"endTime":1090.06,"body":"tablets were fired after"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1086.16,"endTime":1090.06,"body":"excavations in the past,"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1090.3,"endTime":1093.63,"body":"sometimes directly on sites or"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1090.3,"endTime":1093.63,"body":"they did it later in the"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1093.63,"endTime":1099.57,"body":"collection. That's the reason"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1093.63,"endTime":1099.57,"body":"why we found the most tablets in"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1099.57,"endTime":1104.55,"body":"collections as fired tablets"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1099.57,"endTime":1104.55,"body":"today. In the past, just a small"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1104.55,"endTime":1108.96,"body":"amount were fired, like prisms"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1104.55,"endTime":1108.96,"body":"or nails and some documents."},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1109.08,"endTime":1114.36,"body":"Another reason could be a fire"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1109.08,"endTime":1114.36,"body":"in a house. After the first"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1114.36,"endTime":1118.83,"body":"excavations in the past before"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1114.36,"endTime":1118.83,"body":"they start to fire tablets, they"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1118.83,"endTime":1122.34,"body":"recognise that the tablets"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1118.83,"endTime":1122.34,"body":"crumbled into dust after a year."},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1123.81,"endTime":1127.77,"body":"The idea was to fire the clay to"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1123.81,"endTime":1127.77,"body":"make it strong like a pottery"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1127.77,"endTime":1131.76,"body":"material. But they recognised"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1127.77,"endTime":1131.76,"body":"that this fact alone doesn't"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1131.76,"endTime":1135.3,"body":"brought the result of"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1131.76,"endTime":1135.3,"body":"stablisation. They figured out"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1135.33,"endTime":1138.36,"body":"that the problem of the"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1135.33,"endTime":1138.36,"body":"destroying was the salt inside"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1138.36,"endTime":1143.49,"body":"the clay structure. By an"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1138.36,"endTime":1143.49,"body":"unstable climate of the storing,"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1143.64,"endTime":1147.42,"body":"the growing of salt crystals"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1143.64,"endTime":1147.42,"body":"will be activated and breaking"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1147.42,"endTime":1151.44,"body":"and crumbling the tablets."},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1147.42,"endTime":1151.44,"body":"Unfired or fired, doesn't make"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1151.44,"endTime":1152.4,"body":"here a big difference."},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1153.51,"endTime":1157.17,"body":"After firing the clay turned"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1153.51,"endTime":1157.17,"body":"into a new material with other"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1157.17,"endTime":1162.54,"body":"properties. This new material is"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1157.17,"endTime":1162.54,"body":"ceramic which is waterproof and"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1162.6,"endTime":1167.46,"body":"therefore the tablets can be"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1162.6,"endTime":1167.46,"body":"bathed in distilled water to"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1167.46,"endTime":1172.59,"body":"wash out the salt. This"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1167.46,"endTime":1172.59,"body":"treatment works and so it became"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1172.59,"endTime":1177.27,"body":"the common way of conservation"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1172.59,"endTime":1177.27,"body":"for the tablets. It has taken"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1177.27,"endTime":1182.19,"body":"some decades to modify the"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1177.27,"endTime":1182.19,"body":"procedure, mainly in the point"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1182.19,"endTime":1187.92,"body":"of the schedule. Sometimes the"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1182.19,"endTime":1187.92,"body":"tablets broken while the firing."},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1188.64,"endTime":1193.92,"body":"The reason for that could be"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1188.64,"endTime":1193.92,"body":"that the firing was too high or"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1193.95,"endTime":1199.32,"body":"too fast, and also the reaction"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1193.95,"endTime":1199.32,"body":"of salt by higher temperature."},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1199.77,"endTime":1203.34,"body":"So, for example, calcium"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1199.77,"endTime":1203.34,"body":"carbonate produce a gas pressure"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1203.37,"endTime":1208.95,"body":"over 630 degrees. The"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1203.37,"endTime":1208.95,"body":"transformation process from clay"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1208.95,"endTime":1214.08,"body":"into ceramics starts around 600"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1208.95,"endTime":1214.08,"body":"degrees. And firing tests at the"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1214.08,"endTime":1218.16,"body":"British Museum around 2000"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1214.08,"endTime":1218.16,"body":"figured out that the temperature"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1218.16,"endTime":1223.05,"body":"up to 630 degrees makes the most"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1218.16,"endTime":1223.05,"body":"tablets strong enough for the"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1223.05,"endTime":1228.09,"body":"water treatment, and showing a"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1223.05,"endTime":1228.09,"body":"minimum of damaging like cracks"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1228.12,"endTime":1230.22,"body":"or breaks during this process."},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1231.09,"endTime":1235.68,"body":"The following desalination of"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1231.09,"endTime":1235.68,"body":"tablets can take some weeks or"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1235.68,"endTime":1239.67,"body":"months, but also after that the"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1235.68,"endTime":1239.67,"body":"tablets will always need"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1239.7,"endTime":1244.5,"body":"monitoring. The general firing"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1239.7,"endTime":1244.5,"body":"for conservation is not longer"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1244.5,"endTime":1249.27,"body":"common today. We try to keep the"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1244.5,"endTime":1249.27,"body":"original condition if possible"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1249.27,"endTime":1253.86,"body":"now. In conservation, we are"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1249.27,"endTime":1253.86,"body":"always eager to preserve the"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1253.86,"endTime":1257.73,"body":"original condition best as"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1253.86,"endTime":1257.73,"body":"possible and with less external"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1257.73,"endTime":1262.35,"body":"influence as possible. From that"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1257.73,"endTime":1262.35,"body":"point, I wouldn't fire a tablet"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1262.41,"endTime":1266.22,"body":"if not necessary to preserve the"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1262.41,"endTime":1266.22,"body":"original of the tablets."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1267.3,"endTime":1270.15,"body":"How would firing"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1267.3,"endTime":1270.15,"body":"itself change the condition of a"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1270.15,"endTime":1270.72,"body":"tablet?"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1271.86,"endTime":1275.37,"body":"The firing of"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1271.86,"endTime":1275.37,"body":"tablets is a massive invasion,"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1275.55,"endTime":1279.72,"body":"because the firing process"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1275.55,"endTime":1279.72,"body":"change the material from clay"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1279.72,"endTime":1283.83,"body":"into ceramic. This material will"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1279.72,"endTime":1283.83,"body":"have new properties which we"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1283.83,"endTime":1288.57,"body":"just need for this desalination"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1283.83,"endTime":1288.57,"body":"process. But also the color will"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1288.57,"endTime":1293.88,"body":"change while the firing, mostly"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1288.57,"endTime":1293.88,"body":"into a reddish terracotta. And"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1293.91,"endTime":1299.16,"body":"if the firing was too high,"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1293.91,"endTime":1299.16,"body":"normally over 800/900 degrees,"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1299.22,"endTime":1304.41,"body":"also the size start to shrink."},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1299.22,"endTime":1304.41,"body":"So we would change a lot of the"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1304.41,"endTime":1305.52,"body":"original by that."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1306.48,"endTime":1309.33,"body":"Why are conservators"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1306.48,"endTime":1309.33,"body":"so keen to preserve the original"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1309.33,"endTime":1313.44,"body":"condition of objects? What might"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1309.33,"endTime":1313.44,"body":"we lose by firing a tablet?"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1314.43,"endTime":1316.35,"body":"What does it"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1314.43,"endTime":1316.35,"body":"mean for the different"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1316.35,"endTime":1320.46,"body":"scientists. So for example, if"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1316.35,"endTime":1320.46,"body":"an archaeologist found an"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1320.49,"endTime":1324.87,"body":"unfired tablet, contains decent"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1320.49,"endTime":1324.87,"body":"information of the in situ"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1324.87,"endTime":1329.46,"body":"situation of his site. He found"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1324.87,"endTime":1329.46,"body":"an unfired tablet in a room or"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1329.46,"endTime":1334.59,"body":"library or a vessel. Or he found"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1329.46,"endTime":1334.59,"body":"a fired tablet, because the"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1334.59,"endTime":1338.34,"body":"place was exposed to a fire in"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1334.59,"endTime":1338.34,"body":"the past; for example, the house"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1338.34,"endTime":1343.98,"body":"was on fire. Or he found a"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1338.34,"endTime":1343.98,"body":"tablet which was conscious fired"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1343.98,"endTime":1348.45,"body":"in the past, like a prism or a"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1343.98,"endTime":1348.45,"body":"nail. So you see the tablet"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1348.45,"endTime":1353.97,"body":"contains more information as the"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1348.45,"endTime":1353.97,"body":"words on it. By firing for"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1353.97,"endTime":1357.57,"body":"conservation, I would change or"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1353.97,"endTime":1357.57,"body":"destroy this information."},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1358.8,"endTime":1362.49,"body":"In case I need to fire a tablet,"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1358.8,"endTime":1362.49,"body":"I have to document all"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1362.49,"endTime":1366.81,"body":"information about the condition"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1362.49,"endTime":1366.81,"body":"before to keep this information."},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1368.1,"endTime":1372.54,"body":"If I fire an unfired tablet, I"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1368.1,"endTime":1372.54,"body":"change the colour and organic"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1372.54,"endTime":1378.87,"body":"material in the clay will burn"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1372.54,"endTime":1378.87,"body":"out. But also if I refire a"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1378.87,"endTime":1383.13,"body":"tablet, which was exposed to a"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1378.87,"endTime":1383.13,"body":"fire, I will change some"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1383.13,"endTime":1388.05,"body":"information about the event of"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1383.13,"endTime":1388.05,"body":"this fire, like the temperature"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1388.05,"endTime":1392.52,"body":"or the place in the fire. For"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1388.05,"endTime":1392.52,"body":"example, there are some tablets"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1392.52,"endTime":1397.14,"body":"in one place with irregular"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1392.52,"endTime":1397.14,"body":"colours in black and reddish,"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1397.89,"endTime":1402.33,"body":"then you can get an idea of the"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1397.89,"endTime":1402.33,"body":"position of the tablet during"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1402.33,"endTime":1408.45,"body":"the fire. Black means there was"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1402.33,"endTime":1408.45,"body":"no oxygen on this place during"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1408.45,"endTime":1411.81,"body":"the fire, because maybe the"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1408.45,"endTime":1411.81,"body":"tablet or this part of the"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1411.81,"endTime":1417.21,"body":"tablet was covered by soil or"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1411.81,"endTime":1417.21,"body":"another object. And reddish part"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1417.27,"endTime":1421.92,"body":"means that this part was exposed"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1417.27,"endTime":1421.92,"body":"to the fire. But after a"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1421.92,"endTime":1424.89,"body":"controlled firing for"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1421.92,"endTime":1424.89,"body":"conservation, the colour will be"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1424.89,"endTime":1426.48,"body":"just regular reddish."},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1427.44,"endTime":1431.43,"body":"And now we're looking from the"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1427.44,"endTime":1431.43,"body":"point of a philologist. His main"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1431.43,"endTime":1435.15,"body":"interests are the cuneiforms"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1431.43,"endTime":1435.15,"body":"which are the same fired or"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1435.15,"endTime":1440.85,"body":"unfired. The text will not"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1435.15,"endTime":1440.85,"body":"change by the firing. Therefore,"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1440.85,"endTime":1445.44,"body":"in particular in the past, they"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1440.85,"endTime":1445.44,"body":"easier decide to fire a tablet"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1445.5,"endTime":1449.7,"body":"to make her stronger. So the"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1445.5,"endTime":1449.7,"body":"history of tablet conservation"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1449.7,"endTime":1454.86,"body":"shows that this becomes long"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1449.7,"endTime":1454.86,"body":"time the common way. The British"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1454.86,"endTime":1457.83,"body":"Museum was here the first"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1454.86,"endTime":1457.83,"body":"address and developing of this"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1457.83,"endTime":1463.77,"body":"procedure. But maybe since 15-20"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1457.83,"endTime":1463.77,"body":"years, we refrain more and more"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1463.77,"endTime":1469.02,"body":"from that. If there's no need,"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1463.77,"endTime":1469.02,"body":"and other options like a good"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1469.05,"endTime":1473.88,"body":"climate controlled storage and"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1469.05,"endTime":1473.88,"body":"monitoring, the idea to preserve"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1473.91,"endTime":1476.61,"body":"the original condition dominate"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1473.91,"endTime":1476.61,"body":"today."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1477.69,"endTime":1480.42,"body":"You explained about"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1477.69,"endTime":1480.42,"body":"tablets on archaeological sites."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1480.6,"endTime":1482.52,"body":"What about those in museum"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1480.6,"endTime":1482.52,"body":"collections?"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1483.45,"endTime":1485.4,"body":"If you have"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1483.45,"endTime":1485.4,"body":"seen some collections, you will"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1485.4,"endTime":1488.91,"body":"recognise that the problems are"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1485.4,"endTime":1488.91,"body":"more or less everywhere the"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1488.91,"endTime":1494.55,"body":"same. It wasn't common to wrote"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1488.91,"endTime":1494.55,"body":"reports about the treatments in"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1494.55,"endTime":1498.57,"body":"the past. Therefore, often we"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1494.55,"endTime":1498.57,"body":"don't have information about the"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1498.57,"endTime":1505.68,"body":"treatment like fired or when,"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1498.57,"endTime":1505.68,"body":"how, and desalinated, or what"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1505.68,"endTime":1509.34,"body":"kind of materials for"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1505.68,"endTime":1509.34,"body":"conservation or consolidation"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1509.34,"endTime":1513.48,"body":"for gluing are used. In"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1509.34,"endTime":1513.48,"body":"collections you can find many"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1513.48,"endTime":1517.47,"body":"different conditions from"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1513.48,"endTime":1517.47,"body":"unfired to fired tablet,"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1517.5,"endTime":1522.72,"body":"restored and unrestored tablets,"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1517.5,"endTime":1522.72,"body":"fake joins of different tablets,"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1523.2,"endTime":1527.43,"body":"many kind of glues and other"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1523.2,"endTime":1527.43,"body":"materials for consolidation like"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1527.46,"endTime":1532.77,"body":"wax or resin or filling material"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1527.46,"endTime":1532.77,"body":"like plaster. With some"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1532.77,"endTime":1535.89,"body":"experience, you will have an"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1532.77,"endTime":1535.89,"body":"idea of the most kind of used"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1535.89,"endTime":1541.77,"body":"materials also without the old"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1535.89,"endTime":1541.77,"body":"report. But for sure notes will"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1541.77,"endTime":1545.01,"body":"be helpful and also interesting"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1541.77,"endTime":1545.01,"body":"for the history of the"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1545.07,"endTime":1550.62,"body":"restoration. Today, it is a must"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1545.07,"endTime":1550.62,"body":"to write reports of the"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1550.65,"endTime":1553.92,"body":"conservation from the condition"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1550.65,"endTime":1553.92,"body":"before till the end of the"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1553.92,"endTime":1554.61,"body":"treatment."},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1556.08,"endTime":1560.64,"body":"One of the main work in"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1556.08,"endTime":1560.64,"body":"collections is to rework the old"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1560.64,"endTime":1564.96,"body":"restorations. Some of the old"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1560.64,"endTime":1564.96,"body":"glues are yellowed or brownish,"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1565.32,"endTime":1569.34,"body":"and sometimes they become"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1565.32,"endTime":1569.34,"body":"brittle and bond gets open."},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1570.36,"endTime":1574.02,"body":"Sometimes bonds are sloppy"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1570.36,"endTime":1574.02,"body":"worked, because they use too"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1574.02,"endTime":1578.52,"body":"much glue or the joints are"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1574.02,"endTime":1578.52,"body":"incorrect, and the cuneiforms"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1578.55,"endTime":1583.35,"body":"are covered by glue or wax"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1578.55,"endTime":1583.35,"body":"consolidation. Also, the filling"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1583.41,"endTime":1587.85,"body":"with plaster or glue mix was"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1583.41,"endTime":1587.85,"body":"often sloppy worked and cover"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1587.85,"endTime":1591.96,"body":"the surface. By chance the old"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1587.85,"endTime":1591.96,"body":"glue can be dissolved with"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1591.99,"endTime":1597.54,"body":"acetone, ethanol or water. But"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1591.99,"endTime":1597.54,"body":"sometimes they become insoluble"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1597.54,"endTime":1602.94,"body":"and need to be reduced"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1597.54,"endTime":1602.94,"body":"mechanical with scalpel. If the"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1602.97,"endTime":1606.57,"body":"condition of the tablet is"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1602.97,"endTime":1606.57,"body":"stable, it's easy to rework the"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1606.57,"endTime":1610.83,"body":"old restoration. But the tablets"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1606.57,"endTime":1610.83,"body":"are often sensitive or brittle,"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1610.83,"endTime":1615.87,"body":"and you must be very careful. If"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1610.83,"endTime":1615.87,"body":"the tablet was completely broken"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1616.14,"endTime":1619.59,"body":"in small pieces or flakes and"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1616.14,"endTime":1619.59,"body":"just hold by the sloppy"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1619.59,"endTime":1624.84,"body":"restoration, you can't open and"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1619.59,"endTime":1624.84,"body":"remove all the old glue. Then"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1624.84,"endTime":1629.25,"body":"you can just try to cut off"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1624.84,"endTime":1629.25,"body":"what's loose by rework the mess."},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1630.15,"endTime":1633.72,"body":"I've worked in many collections"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1630.15,"endTime":1633.72,"body":"like in the Near East Museum in"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1633.72,"endTime":1638.19,"body":"Berlin, the Hilprecht collection"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1633.72,"endTime":1638.19,"body":"in Jena, or the Uruk-Warka"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1638.67,"endTime":1643.02,"body":"collection in Heidelberg, that"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1638.67,"endTime":1643.02,"body":"Bhl collection of the NINO in"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1643.05,"endTime":1648.18,"body":"Leiden and the Iraqi Museum in"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1643.05,"endTime":1648.18,"body":"Baghdad. Then, as today, you"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1648.18,"endTime":1651.45,"body":"can't find special clues for"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1648.18,"endTime":1651.45,"body":"conservation in Middle East"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1651.45,"endTime":1656.1,"body":"countries. Therefore all the"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1651.45,"endTime":1656.1,"body":"foreign excavations brought glue"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1656.1,"endTime":1659.94,"body":"from Europe or other Western"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1656.1,"endTime":1659.94,"body":"countries. That's why we can"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1659.94,"endTime":1664.02,"body":"find the same kind of glue all"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1659.94,"endTime":1664.02,"body":"over the world in these"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1664.02,"endTime":1669.21,"body":"collections. Local excavation"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1664.02,"endTime":1669.21,"body":"often used other glues from"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1669.21,"endTime":1672.72,"body":"their local market. They are"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1669.21,"endTime":1672.72,"body":"mostly unsuitable for"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1672.72,"endTime":1674.85,"body":"conservation, but they had no"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1672.72,"endTime":1674.85,"body":"option."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1675.9,"endTime":1679.02,"body":"Cuneiform is written"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1675.9,"endTime":1679.02,"body":"on so called \"clay tablets\". The"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1679.02,"endTime":1682.05,"body":"tablets are basically mud, and"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1679.02,"endTime":1682.05,"body":"they're found covered in mud."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1683.04,"endTime":1686.22,"body":"You're not a cuneiform"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1683.04,"endTime":1686.22,"body":"specialist. Can you explain how"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1686.22,"endTime":1689.97,"body":"you remove all the mud from a"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1686.22,"endTime":1689.97,"body":"clay tablet, without risk of"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1689.97,"endTime":1691.17,"body":"damaging the surface?"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1691.86,"endTime":1694.62,"body":"I'm often asked"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1691.86,"endTime":1694.62,"body":"\"How can you uncover the"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1694.65,"endTime":1698.46,"body":"cuneiforms if you can't read"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1694.65,"endTime":1698.46,"body":"them?\" My answer is, \"I'm"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1698.46,"endTime":1702.6,"body":"reading the material. I know the"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1698.46,"endTime":1702.6,"body":"form and the structure of the"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1702.6,"endTime":1707.01,"body":"wedges\". And in general, you can"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1702.6,"endTime":1707.01,"body":"see the fine difference of the"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1707.01,"endTime":1711.39,"body":"mud material from the tablet and"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1707.01,"endTime":1711.39,"body":"the soil on top under a"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1711.39,"endTime":1715.38,"body":"magnifying glass. It's normally"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1711.39,"endTime":1715.38,"body":"good visible and bit experience"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1715.38,"endTime":1716.43,"body":"is helpful of course."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1717.39,"endTime":1718.98,"body":"What are you working"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1717.39,"endTime":1718.98,"body":"on at the moment?"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1720.09,"endTime":1723.99,"body":"My current"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1720.09,"endTime":1723.99,"body":"projects are the restoration of"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1723.99,"endTime":1728.55,"body":"the Bhl collection at the NINO"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1723.99,"endTime":1728.55,"body":"in Leiden and the Sippar Library"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1728.55,"endTime":1732.96,"body":"in the Iraqi museum and the"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1728.55,"endTime":1732.96,"body":"museum project in Yazd in Iran."},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1733.41,"endTime":1737.25,"body":"Unfortunately, all projects are"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1733.41,"endTime":1737.25,"body":"laying on ice. The Sippar"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1737.25,"endTime":1742.14,"body":"project is a cooperation between"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1737.25,"endTime":1742.14,"body":"the LMU in Munich by Professor"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1742.14,"endTime":1746.94,"body":"Dr. Enrique Jimnez and the"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1742.14,"endTime":1746.94,"body":"University of Baghdad by Dr."},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1746.94,"endTime":1752.31,"body":"Anmar Abdul Fadhil, and the"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1746.94,"endTime":1752.31,"body":"Iraqi Museum in Baghdad. By our"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1752.31,"endTime":1755.61,"body":"last day in Baghdad, we will"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1752.31,"endTime":1755.61,"body":"also start to think about to"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1755.61,"endTime":1759.03,"body":"organise a kind of conservation"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1755.61,"endTime":1759.03,"body":"preaching for our tablet at the"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1759.03,"endTime":1762.51,"body":"museum. Everything was on a good"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1759.03,"endTime":1762.51,"body":"way and we are all looking"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1762.51,"endTime":1764.34,"body":"forward to continue that"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1762.51,"endTime":1764.34,"body":"project."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1765.51,"endTime":1766.86,"body":"How can we follow"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1765.51,"endTime":1766.86,"body":"your work?"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1767.79,"endTime":1769.77,"body":"About the"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1767.79,"endTime":1769.77,"body":"conservation and restoration of"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1769.77,"endTime":1774.81,"body":"tablets, there's my thesis"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1769.77,"endTime":1774.81,"body":"published by the BBVO--Berliner"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1774.81,"endTime":1778.74,"body":"Beitrage zum vorderen"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1774.81,"endTime":1778.74,"body":"Orient--volume 22nd. It's just"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1778.74,"endTime":1783.84,"body":"in German. And the title is"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1778.74,"endTime":1783.84,"body":"\"Methoden zur Restaurierung von"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1783.87,"endTime":1787.35,"body":"ungebrannten und gebrannten"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1783.87,"endTime":1787.35,"body":"Keilschrifttafeln: Gestern und"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1787.35,"endTime":1787.53,"body":"Heute\"."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1788.64,"endTime":1791.34,"body":"A note for"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1788.64,"endTime":1791.34,"body":"listeners: in English that's"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1791.37,"endTime":1795.06,"body":"\"methods of restoration of"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1791.37,"endTime":1795.06,"body":"unfired and fired cuneiform"},{"speaker":"tablets","startTime":1795.06,"endTime":1797.46,"body":"yesterday and today\""},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1798.36,"endTime":1801.75,"body":"And some of the"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1798.36,"endTime":1801.75,"body":"projects like the LMU Baghdad"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1801.75,"endTime":1805.05,"body":"project and the NINO also"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1801.75,"endTime":1805.05,"body":"mentioned my work on their home"},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1805.05,"endTime":1805.74,"body":"pages."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1806.55,"endTime":1807.78,"body":"Thank you very much."},{"speaker":"Carmen Gutschow","startTime":1808.08,"endTime":1808.74,"body":"Thank you."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1810.03,"endTime":1812.88,"body":"Id also like to"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1810.03,"endTime":1812.88,"body":"thank our patrons Tyler Russell,"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1813.03,"endTime":1817.86,"body":"Enrique Jimenez, Haider"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1813.03,"endTime":1817.86,"body":"al-Rekabi, Jana Matuszak, Nancy"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1817.86,"endTime":1822.84,"body":"Highcock, Jay C, Rune"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1817.86,"endTime":1822.84,"body":"Rattenborg, Woodthrush, Elisa"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1822.84,"endTime":1829.11,"body":"Rossberger, Mark Weeden, Jordi"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1822.84,"endTime":1829.11,"body":"Mon Companys, Thomas Bolin, Joan"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1829.11,"endTime":1833.82,"body":"Porter MacIver, and John"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1829.11,"endTime":1833.82,"body":"MacGinnis, Andrew George and"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1833.82,"endTime":1837.18,"body":"Yelena Rakic. I really"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1833.82,"endTime":1837.18,"body":"appreciate your support, it"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1837.18,"endTime":1841.23,"body":"makes a big difference. And"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1837.18,"endTime":1841.23,"body":"thank you for listening to Thin"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1841.23,"endTime":1844.59,"body":"End of the Wedge. If you enjoy"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1841.23,"endTime":1844.59,"body":"what we do, please consider"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1844.59,"endTime":1845.25,"body":"supporting us via Patreon."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1844.59,"endTime":1845.25,"body":"Thats patreon.com/wedgepod."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1845.25,"endTime":1846.6,"body":"Even a couple of pounds a month"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1845.25,"endTime":1846.6,"body":"helps keep the podcast going and"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1846.6,"endTime":1847.68,"body":"brings us closer to the point"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1846.6,"endTime":1847.68,"body":"where we can make. I really"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1847.68,"endTime":1848.7,"body":"appreciate your support, it"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1847.68,"endTime":1848.7,"body":"makes a big difference."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1848.7,"endTime":1849.78,"body":"And thank you for listening to"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1848.7,"endTime":1849.78,"body":"Thin End of the Wedge. If you"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1849.78,"endTime":1850.83,"body":"enjoy what we do, please"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1849.78,"endTime":1850.83,"body":"consider supporting us via"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1850.83,"endTime":1851.25,"body":"Patreon. Thats"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1850.83,"endTime":1851.25,"body":"patreon.com/wedgepod. Even a"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1851.25,"endTime":1853.98,"body":"couple of pounds a month helps"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1851.25,"endTime":1853.98,"body":"keep the podcast going and"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1853.98,"endTime":1856.5,"body":"brings us closer to the point"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1853.98,"endTime":1856.5,"body":"where we can make proper"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1856.5,"endTime":1860.7,"body":"translations into Middle Eastern"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1856.5,"endTime":1860.7,"body":"languages. You can also support"},{"speaker":"us in other ways","startTime":1860.7,"endTime":1864.99,"body":"simply"},{"speaker":"us in other ways","startTime":1860.7,"endTime":1864.99,"body":"subscribe to the podcast; leave"},{"speaker":"us in other ways","startTime":1864.99,"endTime":1868.11,"body":"us a five star review on iTunes"},{"speaker":"us in other ways","startTime":1864.99,"endTime":1868.11,"body":"or your podcatcher of choice;"},{"speaker":"us in other ways","startTime":1868.59,"endTime":1871.56,"body":"recommend us to your friends;"},{"speaker":"us in other ways","startTime":1868.59,"endTime":1871.56,"body":"follow us on Twitter:"},{"speaker":"us in other ways","startTime":1872.1,"endTime":1877.23,"body":"@wedge_pod. If you want the"},{"speaker":"us in other ways","startTime":1872.1,"endTime":1877.23,"body":"latest podcast news, you can"},{"speaker":"us in other ways","startTime":1877.23,"endTime":1880.44,"body":"sign up for our newsletter. You"},{"speaker":"us in other ways","startTime":1877.23,"endTime":1880.44,"body":"can find all the links in the"},{"speaker":"us in other ways","startTime":1880.44,"endTime":1890.73,"body":"show notes and on our website at"},{"speaker":"us in other ways","startTime":1880.44,"endTime":1890.73,"body":"wedgpod.org. Thanks, and I hope"},{"speaker":"us in other ways","startTime":1890.76,"endTime":1891.84,"body":"youll join us next time."}]}