{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":14.61,"endTime":17.31,"body":"Welcome to the Thin"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":14.61,"endTime":17.31,"body":"End of the Wedge, the podcast"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":17.31,"endTime":20.04,"body":"where experts from around the"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":17.31,"endTime":20.04,"body":"world share new and interesting"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":20.04,"endTime":23.97,"body":"stories about life in the"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":20.04,"endTime":23.97,"body":"ancient Middle East. My name is"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":23.97,"endTime":27.66,"body":"Jon. Each episode I talk to"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":23.97,"endTime":27.66,"body":"friends and colleagues, and get"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":27.66,"endTime":30.87,"body":"them to explain their work in a"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":27.66,"endTime":30.87,"body":"way we can all understand."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":32.159,"endTime":37.649,"body":"This episode we look at medicine"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":32.159,"endTime":37.649,"body":"in ancient Iraq. People then"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":37.679,"endTime":40.679,"body":"obviously suffered from many of"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":37.679,"endTime":40.679,"body":"the same problems as we do"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":40.679,"endTime":45.839,"body":"today. But they understood the"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":40.679,"endTime":45.839,"body":"human body, disease, and the"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":45.839,"endTime":50.159,"body":"world around them differently."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":45.839,"endTime":50.159,"body":"It can be very difficult to"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":50.159,"endTime":53.849,"body":"recognise the diseases we know"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":50.159,"endTime":53.849,"body":"from the descriptions found in"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":53.849,"endTime":55.019,"body":"the ancient texts."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":57.42,"endTime":61.17,"body":"The cures suggested in ancient"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":57.42,"endTime":61.17,"body":"medical texts can look strange"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":61.17,"endTime":65.4,"body":"to us. Just as disease was"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":61.17,"endTime":65.4,"body":"partly natural and partly"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":65.4,"endTime":69.96,"body":"supernatural in origin, so cures"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":65.4,"endTime":69.96,"body":"rely on what we would call"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":69.96,"endTime":75.57,"body":"medical and magical remedies."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":69.96,"endTime":75.57,"body":"Some ingredients can be seen to"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":75.57,"endTime":80.76,"body":"follow a rationale. Others look"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":75.57,"endTime":80.76,"body":"more mysterious. Some look"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":80.76,"endTime":84.84,"body":"simply disgusting. But things"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":80.76,"endTime":84.84,"body":"are not always what they might"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":84.84,"endTime":85.29,"body":"seem."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":87.36,"endTime":91.65,"body":"Our guest is an expert in"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":87.36,"endTime":91.65,"body":"Mesopotamian medicine. He has"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":91.65,"endTime":95.58,"body":"worked extensively on texts that"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":91.65,"endTime":95.58,"body":"treat symptoms featuring heat in"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":95.58,"endTime":100.59,"body":"some waywhat we might call"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":95.58,"endTime":100.59,"body":"fevers of various kinds. More"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":100.59,"endTime":104.07,"body":"recently he has been working on"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":100.59,"endTime":104.07,"body":"scribal remarks in the medical"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":104.07,"endTime":107.67,"body":"texts, which reveal evidence for"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":104.07,"endTime":107.67,"body":"alternative treatments,"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":108.0,"endTime":111.63,"body":"different local traditions, or"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":108.0,"endTime":111.63,"body":"other ways of integrating"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":111.66,"endTime":113.52,"body":"different ways of doing things."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":115.05,"endTime":118.89,"body":"So get yourself a cup of tea,"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":115.05,"endTime":118.89,"body":"make yourself comfortable, and"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":118.89,"endTime":120.51,"body":"let's meet today's guest."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":128.699,"endTime":131.999,"body":"Hello, and welcome to Thin End"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":128.699,"endTime":131.999,"body":"of the Wedge. Thank you for"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":131.999,"endTime":132.779,"body":"joining us."},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":133.26,"endTime":136.44,"body":"Hello, Jon. I am"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":133.26,"endTime":136.44,"body":"happy to hear you."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":137.25,"endTime":140.4,"body":"Could you tell us"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":137.25,"endTime":140.4,"body":"please: who are you, and what do"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":140.4,"endTime":140.97,"body":"you do?"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":140.93,"endTime":145.04,"body":"I am Andrs"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":140.93,"endTime":145.04,"body":"Bcskay. And I'm an"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":145.04,"endTime":148.85,"body":"assyriologist and ancie"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":145.04,"endTime":148.85,"body":"t historiker (= historian), and"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":148.01,"endTime":174.71,"body":"Could you set the scene for us"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":148.01,"endTime":174.71,"body":"please: what do we need to know,"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":148.85,"endTime":151.73,"body":"a faculty member of the Depar"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":148.85,"endTime":151.73,"body":"ment of Ancient History at t"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":151.76,"endTime":156.95,"body":"e Pzmny Pter Catholic Univers"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":151.76,"endTime":156.95,"body":"ty in Budapest. I hold lectures"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":156.95,"endTime":161.63,"body":"and seminars for students of hi"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":156.95,"endTime":161.63,"body":"tory and culture of the anci"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":161.63,"endTime":165.26,"body":"nt near east. And my research"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":161.63,"endTime":165.26,"body":"ocuses mainly on the Mesopotami"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":165.92,"endTime":169.64,"body":"n medicine and magic. And rec"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":165.92,"endTime":169.64,"body":"ntly I am dealing with gloss"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":169.64,"endTime":170.24,"body":"s in c"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":175.25,"endTime":177.65,"body":"and what sources do you use in"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":175.25,"endTime":177.65,"body":"your research?"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":178.47,"endTime":183.03,"body":"I think that the most important"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":178.47,"endTime":183.03,"body":"fact that one of the largest"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":183.09,"endTime":186.54,"body":"text groups dealing with the"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":183.09,"endTime":186.54,"body":"medical topics in the ancient"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":186.57,"endTime":191.55,"body":"world originates from Babylonia"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":186.57,"endTime":191.55,"body":"and Assyria. With their two"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":191.58,"endTime":195.48,"body":"millennium-long tradition, the"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":191.58,"endTime":195.48,"body":"medical texts written in"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":195.48,"endTime":199.59,"body":"cuneiform attest the healing"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":195.48,"endTime":199.59,"body":"activity of one of the oldest"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":199.77,"endTime":203.76,"body":"literate cultures. These texts"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":199.77,"endTime":203.76,"body":"preserve numerous disease names,"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":204.0,"endTime":207.63,"body":"symptoms, treatment"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":204.0,"endTime":207.63,"body":"descriptions, and they also"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":207.63,"endTime":211.44,"body":"document the use of several"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":207.63,"endTime":211.44,"body":"hundred plants, stones,"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":211.62,"endTime":216.12,"body":"minerals, as healing material;"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":211.62,"endTime":216.12,"body":"diagnosis, prognosis"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":216.27,"endTime":219.87,"body":"pharmacological, and therapy"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":216.27,"endTime":219.87,"body":"feature equally in the"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":219.87,"endTime":224.73,"body":"Mesopotamian sources, which did"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":219.87,"endTime":224.73,"body":"not form a hermetically closed"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":224.76,"endTime":228.63,"body":"tradition, but made an important"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":224.76,"endTime":228.63,"body":"contribution to the healing"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":228.63,"endTime":232.8,"body":"activity of the later Near"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":228.63,"endTime":232.8,"body":"Eastern and more likely Greek"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":232.8,"endTime":236.7,"body":"and Roman antiquity. And I'm"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":232.8,"endTime":236.7,"body":"sure that the significance of"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":236.73,"endTime":241.26,"body":"Babylonian medicine cannot be"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":236.73,"endTime":241.26,"body":"overestimated with regard to the"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":241.26,"endTime":245.31,"body":"history of medicine, or the"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":241.26,"endTime":245.31,"body":"history of science in general."},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":246.11,"endTime":249.86,"body":"The first cuneiform medical"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":246.11,"endTime":249.86,"body":"texts are from the late third"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":249.86,"endTime":253.85,"body":"millennium, but the most sources"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":249.86,"endTime":253.85,"body":"can be related to the first"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":253.85,"endTime":258.5,"body":"millennium BC. Cuneiform medical"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":253.85,"endTime":258.5,"body":"texts originate from tablet"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":258.5,"endTime":262.37,"body":"collections of royal palaces,"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":258.5,"endTime":262.37,"body":"temples, as well as private"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":262.37,"endTime":266.84,"body":"persons. The most widely known"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":262.37,"endTime":266.84,"body":"were found as a part of"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":267.35,"endTime":271.04,"body":"neo-Assyrian royal libraries in"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":267.35,"endTime":271.04,"body":"Nineveh kept in British Museum,"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":271.43,"endTime":274.55,"body":"as well as in library of an"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":271.43,"endTime":274.55,"body":"incantation priest's family in"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":274.55,"endTime":279.92,"body":"Ashur. Moreover, huge amount of"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":274.55,"endTime":279.92,"body":"cuneiform medical texts came to"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":279.92,"endTime":283.58,"body":"light in temple and private"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":279.92,"endTime":283.58,"body":"libraries in the first"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":283.58,"endTime":288.32,"body":"millennium Babylonia. Medical"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":283.58,"endTime":288.32,"body":"texts are known especially from"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":288.32,"endTime":292.22,"body":"tablet collections originating"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":288.32,"endTime":292.22,"body":"from Uruk, Borsippa, Nippur, and"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":292.22,"endTime":297.08,"body":"Babylon. A comprehensive"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":292.22,"endTime":297.08,"body":"investigation of the Babylonian"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":297.2,"endTime":302.75,"body":"medical sources still remains a"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":297.2,"endTime":302.75,"body":"desideratum of the research. But"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":302.75,"endTime":305.9,"body":"we have to emphasize that the"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":302.75,"endTime":305.9,"body":"Neo- and Late Babylonian medical"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":305.93,"endTime":309.8,"body":"texts fall outside of the scope"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":305.93,"endTime":309.8,"body":"of the more published or"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":309.8,"endTime":313.46,"body":"mainstream medical corpus, known"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":309.8,"endTime":313.46,"body":"to us from the Neo-Assyrian"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":313.52,"endTime":317.9,"body":"medical tablets. And they"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":313.52,"endTime":317.9,"body":"represent a local healing"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":317.9,"endTime":318.65,"body":"tradition."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":319.7,"endTime":323.24,"body":"You've worked a lot"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":319.7,"endTime":323.24,"body":"on fever, When the Babylonian"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":323.24,"endTime":327.47,"body":"medical texts  talk about fever,"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":323.24,"endTime":327.47,"body":"what do they mean by that?"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":328.19,"endTime":333.14,"body":"First of all, we"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":328.19,"endTime":333.14,"body":"have to emphasize that fever or"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":333.17,"endTime":337.52,"body":"terms for fever mainly occurs as"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":333.17,"endTime":337.52,"body":"a type of suffering in a list of"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":337.52,"endTime":341.36,"body":"symptoms description of the"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":337.52,"endTime":341.36,"body":"medical prescription, but"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":341.39,"endTime":347.18,"body":"various terms related to fever"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":341.39,"endTime":347.18,"body":"also appear individually as a"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":347.24,"endTime":351.77,"body":"name of disease. In medical"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":347.24,"endTime":351.77,"body":"texts, patients' high"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":351.77,"endTime":356.24,"body":"temperature can be described"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":351.77,"endTime":356.24,"body":"using different Sumerian and"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":356.27,"endTime":361.79,"body":"Akkadian lexemes. The verbal and"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":356.27,"endTime":361.79,"body":"nominal form of the lexeme \"to"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":361.79,"endTime":367.52,"body":"be warm\" or \"to be hot\" is"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":361.79,"endTime":367.52,"body":"Akkadian ememu or ummu. The"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":367.52,"endTime":372.35,"body":"nominal form is the most"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":367.52,"endTime":372.35,"body":"commonly used term, which refer"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":372.38,"endTime":376.88,"body":"generally to the entire body or"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":372.38,"endTime":376.88,"body":"to specific parts of the human"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":376.88,"endTime":381.41,"body":"body. This term is not a"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":376.88,"endTime":381.41,"body":"specific medical phrase for the"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":381.47,"endTime":385.34,"body":"heat sensed on the human body,"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":381.47,"endTime":385.34,"body":"but it also related to the"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":385.34,"endTime":387.41,"body":"various topics or non medical"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":385.34,"endTime":387.41,"body":"sources."},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":387.96,"endTime":393.03,"body":"Besides the general use of heat"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":387.96,"endTime":393.03,"body":"or fever, several specific names"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":393.15,"endTime":397.95,"body":"of illness were constructed"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":393.15,"endTime":397.95,"body":"using this term, such as \"strong"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":398.88,"endTime":403.53,"body":"heat\"--ummu dannu; \"flaring of"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":398.88,"endTime":403.53,"body":"heat\"--tsirihti ummi; \"intense\""},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":403.56,"endTime":409.29,"body":"or \"not intense heat\"--ummi"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":403.56,"endTime":409.29,"body":"hahhash or la hahhash; \"chronic"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":409.32,"endTime":414.0,"body":"heat\"--ummu lazzu; \"constant"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":409.32,"endTime":414.0,"body":"heat\"--ummu kayyamanu; \"even\" or"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":414.3,"endTime":419.01,"body":"\"uneven heat\"--ummu mithar or la"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":414.3,"endTime":419.01,"body":"mithar. All of these terms can"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":419.01,"endTime":423.33,"body":"be associated with the empirical"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":419.01,"endTime":423.33,"body":"experiences of change of"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":423.33,"endTime":428.64,"body":"temperature in strength or"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":423.33,"endTime":428.64,"body":"intensity or its duration."},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":429.69,"endTime":434.34,"body":"Further Mesopotamian lexemes"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":429.69,"endTime":434.34,"body":"associated with fever, are terms"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":434.34,"endTime":440.64,"body":"for burning pain or burning"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":434.34,"endTime":440.64,"body":"sensation--in Akkadian, hamatu"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":440.64,"endTime":444.6,"body":"and tsarahu--which can be"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":440.64,"endTime":444.6,"body":"attested on the patient's"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":444.63,"endTime":449.82,"body":"internal or external body parts,"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":444.63,"endTime":449.82,"body":"like on stomach, or on skin."},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":451.02,"endTime":455.1,"body":"Besides lexemes with general"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":451.02,"endTime":455.1,"body":"meaning for the high temperature"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":455.25,"endTime":459.09,"body":"and burning sensation, the"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":455.25,"endTime":459.09,"body":"Mesopotamian medical terminology"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":459.12,"endTime":463.08,"body":"used two original expressions to"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":459.12,"endTime":463.08,"body":"indicate specific disease"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":463.08,"endTime":467.7,"body":"associated with fever. One of"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":463.08,"endTime":467.7,"body":"them the term is li'bu, which"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":467.7,"endTime":472.65,"body":"doesn't mean fever in itself,"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":467.7,"endTime":472.65,"body":"but it stands together with"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":472.65,"endTime":477.99,"body":"terms for fever such as fever,"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":472.65,"endTime":477.99,"body":"burning fever, or strong fever."},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":478.5,"endTime":482.82,"body":"Moreover in one prescription"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":478.5,"endTime":482.82,"body":"li'bu in fact is the synonym of"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":482.82,"endTime":487.08,"body":"strong heat or strong fever, and"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":482.82,"endTime":487.08,"body":"further texts mentioned strong"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":487.11,"endTime":490.71,"body":"li'bu, which could also be"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":487.11,"endTime":490.71,"body":"interpreted as association of"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":490.71,"endTime":495.54,"body":"strong heat. Another specific"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":490.71,"endTime":495.54,"body":"fever-like medical term is"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":495.75,"endTime":501.06,"body":"Akkadian tsetum, which derives"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":495.75,"endTime":501.06,"body":"from the verb \"to come out\" and"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":501.06,"endTime":505.83,"body":"literally means \"what is coming"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":501.06,"endTime":505.83,"body":"out\". In medical texts, this"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":505.83,"endTime":510.03,"body":"variation refers of two"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":505.83,"endTime":510.03,"body":"different medical problems: one"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":510.03,"endTime":513.81,"body":"of them is skin disease; and the"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":510.03,"endTime":513.81,"body":"other one heat radiance related"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":513.81,"endTime":516.54,"body":"to the sun. Maybe it is the"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":513.81,"endTime":516.54,"body":"sunstroke."},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":517.53,"endTime":520.92,"body":"Finally, it is important to note"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":517.53,"endTime":520.92,"body":"that the various medical terms"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":520.92,"endTime":524.58,"body":"for high temperature or inflamed"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":520.92,"endTime":524.58,"body":"status of the patient's body"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":525.12,"endTime":527.67,"body":"cannot be interpreted as a fever"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":525.12,"endTime":527.67,"body":"in the sense of the modern"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":527.67,"endTime":531.39,"body":"medical diagnosis, because the"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":527.67,"endTime":531.39,"body":"Mesopotamians had no"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":531.42,"endTime":535.53,"body":"physiological knowledge about"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":531.42,"endTime":535.53,"body":"the evolution of fever and have"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":535.53,"endTime":539.82,"body":"no specific tools for measure of"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":535.53,"endTime":539.82,"body":"temperature of the body. Lacking"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":539.82,"endTime":543.27,"body":"the real information about the"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":539.82,"endTime":543.27,"body":"anatomy and physiology of the"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":543.3,"endTime":547.47,"body":"human body, empirical experience"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":543.3,"endTime":547.47,"body":"of Mesopotamian diagnosis was"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":547.47,"endTime":553.08,"body":"limited to the external surface"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":547.47,"endTime":553.08,"body":"of the patient's body. And we"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":553.08,"endTime":555.78,"body":"also have to know that the"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":553.08,"endTime":555.78,"body":"references to the mentioned"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":555.84,"endTime":560.58,"body":"lexemes can be found in all"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":555.84,"endTime":560.58,"body":"types of medical texts. But we"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":560.58,"endTime":564.75,"body":"can observe differences between"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":560.58,"endTime":564.75,"body":"the terminology and the context"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":564.75,"endTime":570.15,"body":"of the references. For example,"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":564.75,"endTime":570.15,"body":"the so-called \"vade mecum\" text,"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":570.63,"endTime":575.13,"body":"which contains healing plants"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":570.63,"endTime":575.13,"body":"and disease names, do not"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":575.13,"endTime":580.53,"body":"mention any lexemes of fever or"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":575.13,"endTime":580.53,"body":"heat, which is the most frequent"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":580.56,"endTime":583.74,"body":"frequent term for the high"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":580.56,"endTime":583.74,"body":"temperature in therapeutic"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":583.74,"endTime":587.82,"body":"effects. On the other hand, the"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":583.74,"endTime":587.82,"body":"use of different terms may not"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":587.82,"endTime":590.91,"body":"always indicate different"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":587.82,"endTime":590.91,"body":"meaning."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":592.16,"endTime":594.5,"body":"How did you get one"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":592.16,"endTime":594.5,"body":"of these fevers?"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":595.56,"endTime":598.89,"body":"The Babylonian"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":595.56,"endTime":598.89,"body":"medical texts do not describe"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":598.89,"endTime":603.81,"body":"precisely the physical reason of"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":598.89,"endTime":603.81,"body":"the disease. And the theoretical"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":603.81,"endTime":608.43,"body":"basis of the Babylonian medicine"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":603.81,"endTime":608.43,"body":"was primarily influenced by"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":608.55,"endTime":612.9,"body":"religious-magical view. From"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":608.55,"endTime":612.9,"body":"this point of view, diseases"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":612.9,"endTime":617.22,"body":"were caused by the effect of"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":612.9,"endTime":617.22,"body":"evil demons or they are"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":617.22,"endTime":621.99,"body":"punishment of the gods. We can"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":617.22,"endTime":621.99,"body":"observe the appearing of disease"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":621.99,"endTime":626.22,"body":"including a fever-like disease,"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":621.99,"endTime":626.22,"body":"were described as the seizure of"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":626.22,"endTime":629.58,"body":"the patient or patient's body"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":626.22,"endTime":629.58,"body":"part, which can be associated"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":629.58,"endTime":634.11,"body":"with the personalisation of the"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":629.58,"endTime":634.11,"body":"supernatural forces. In the case"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":634.11,"endTime":639.57,"body":"of fever, at least three demons"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":634.11,"endTime":639.57,"body":"can be mentioned. In the symptom"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":639.6,"endTime":642.9,"body":"prescription for medical"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":639.6,"endTime":642.9,"body":"prescription mukil resh lemutti"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":642.93,"endTime":647.58,"body":"demon caused fever in patient's"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":642.93,"endTime":647.58,"body":"body. Another one is a female"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":647.58,"endTime":651.39,"body":"demon Lamashtu, whose"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":647.58,"endTime":651.39,"body":"destruction powers connected to"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":651.39,"endTime":655.83,"body":"the fever. Furthermore, the male"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":651.39,"endTime":655.83,"body":"demon Asakku is related to"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":655.83,"endTime":659.07,"body":"fever-like disease, and this"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":655.83,"endTime":659.07,"body":"demon can be associated with"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":659.25,"endTime":664.41,"body":"feverish stadium of the disease"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":659.25,"endTime":664.41,"body":"malaria. Moreover, the use of"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":664.47,"endTime":667.44,"body":"amulets against fever"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":664.47,"endTime":667.44,"body":"demonstrate clearly the close"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":667.44,"endTime":670.44,"body":"connection between fever and"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":667.44,"endTime":670.44,"body":"supernatural forces."},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":671.08,"endTime":675.22,"body":"On the other hand, our sources"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":671.08,"endTime":675.22,"body":"rarely mention direct connection"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":675.22,"endTime":679.75,"body":"between the specific medical"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":675.22,"endTime":679.75,"body":"problems and fever. In a letter"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":679.75,"endTime":684.49,"body":"written by Nabu-nasir, a court"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":679.75,"endTime":684.49,"body":"exorcist of Ashurbanipal, you"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":684.49,"endTime":688.72,"body":"can read about the cause and"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":684.49,"endTime":688.72,"body":"effect of teething problems and"},{"speaker":"fever","startTime":688.72,"endTime":693.55,"body":"\"As to what the king my"},{"speaker":"fever","startTime":688.72,"endTime":693.55,"body":"lord wrote to me, write me"},{"speaker":"fever","startTime":693.55,"endTime":697.66,"body":"truthfully. I'm speaking the"},{"speaker":"fever","startTime":693.55,"endTime":697.66,"body":"truth to the king, my lord. The"},{"speaker":"fever","startTime":697.66,"endTime":701.5,"body":"burning wherewith his head,"},{"speaker":"fever","startTime":697.66,"endTime":701.5,"body":"arms, and feet were burned, was"},{"speaker":"fever","startTime":701.5,"endTime":706.78,"body":"because of his teeth. His teeth"},{"speaker":"fever","startTime":701.5,"endTime":706.78,"body":"were trying to come out. Because"},{"speaker":"fever","startTime":706.78,"endTime":711.46,"body":"of that, he felt burned and"},{"speaker":"fever","startTime":706.78,"endTime":711.46,"body":"transfer it to his innards. Now"},{"speaker":"fever","startTime":711.46,"endTime":716.35,"body":"he is very well and has fully"},{"speaker":"fever","startTime":711.46,"endTime":716.35,"body":"recovered\". In this letter, the"},{"speaker":"fever","startTime":716.35,"endTime":719.86,"body":"court incantation priest"},{"speaker":"fever","startTime":716.35,"endTime":719.86,"body":"explains to the king that the"},{"speaker":"fever","startTime":719.86,"endTime":723.79,"body":"inflamed status or the fever"},{"speaker":"fever","startTime":719.86,"endTime":723.79,"body":"status of the patient's body"},{"speaker":"fever","startTime":724.24,"endTime":727.3,"body":"connected directly to the"},{"speaker":"fever","startTime":724.24,"endTime":727.3,"body":"teething problems."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":728.39,"endTime":730.34,"body":"How would they cure"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":728.39,"endTime":730.34,"body":"the fevers?"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":731.11,"endTime":733.63,"body":"Yeah, we have a"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":731.11,"endTime":733.63,"body":"lot of different medical terms"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":733.63,"endTime":738.16,"body":"for fever. And we have a lot of"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":733.63,"endTime":738.16,"body":"medical prescriptions to cure"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":738.16,"endTime":742.36,"body":"the fever. The most frequent"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":738.16,"endTime":742.36,"body":"healing procedures are the"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":742.39,"endTime":747.94,"body":"ointments, bandages, lotions,"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":742.39,"endTime":747.94,"body":"and finally the potions. The"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":747.94,"endTime":752.47,"body":"consistency and the method of"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":747.94,"endTime":752.47,"body":"these treatment depends mainly"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":752.53,"endTime":756.19,"body":"on the part of the body where"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":752.53,"endTime":756.19,"body":"the medical treatments are"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":756.19,"endTime":761.29,"body":"applied. Generally, for external"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":756.19,"endTime":761.29,"body":"problems they use bandages or"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":761.29,"endTime":765.16,"body":"ointments, and for internal"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":761.29,"endTime":765.16,"body":"treatments, mainly potions and"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":765.19,"endTime":769.57,"body":"enemas. It means that fever, for"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":765.19,"endTime":769.57,"body":"example, at a  person's head was"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":769.57,"endTime":773.86,"body":"cured mainly by external"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":769.57,"endTime":773.86,"body":"procedures like ointment and"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":773.86,"endTime":774.7,"body":"bandages."},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":775.95,"endTime":779.22,"body":"Formally different types of"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":775.95,"endTime":779.22,"body":"therapeutic procedures can be"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":779.22,"endTime":783.27,"body":"distinguished. One part of the"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":779.22,"endTime":783.27,"body":"treatment consists of only a"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":783.27,"endTime":787.38,"body":"single drug, but the majority of"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":783.27,"endTime":787.38,"body":"the procedures use several"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":787.38,"endTime":791.37,"body":"healing substances. In most"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":787.38,"endTime":791.37,"body":"cases, the drugs were used in"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":791.37,"endTime":795.21,"body":"dry form, and after crushing"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":791.37,"endTime":795.21,"body":"they were mixed or boiled in"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":795.21,"endTime":799.35,"body":"liquids--mostly in oil or"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":795.21,"endTime":799.35,"body":"beer--and applied directly on"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":799.35,"endTime":804.3,"body":"patients body part. Although the"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":799.35,"endTime":804.3,"body":"direct mention of cooling the"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":804.3,"endTime":808.02,"body":"patient is rare in our sources,"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":804.3,"endTime":808.02,"body":"we can observe that the"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":808.02,"endTime":811.74,"body":"application of liquid or"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":808.02,"endTime":811.74,"body":"semi-liquid medicine is written"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":811.83,"endTime":815.58,"body":"in therapeutic prescriptions."},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":811.83,"endTime":815.58,"body":"The scientific background of"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":815.58,"endTime":819.93,"body":"this praxis against fever could"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":815.58,"endTime":819.93,"body":"be based most probably on the"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":819.96,"endTime":824.13,"body":"opposition with hot and cold or"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":819.96,"endTime":824.13,"body":"dry and wet."},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":825.2,"endTime":828.56,"body":"Here I would like to present"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":825.2,"endTime":828.56,"body":"treatments to demonstrate the"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":828.56,"endTime":832.28,"body":"different types of healing"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":828.56,"endTime":832.28,"body":"procedures. The first presented"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":832.28,"endTime":836.6,"body":"prescription is a simplicium,"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":832.28,"endTime":836.6,"body":"which means that the recipe uses"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":836.63,"endTime":841.43,"body":"only a single drug. And this"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":836.63,"endTime":841.43,"body":"prescription is preserved on a"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":841.43,"endTime":845.0,"body":"cuneiform tablet from the"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":841.43,"endTime":845.0,"body":"library of Kisir-assur. I quote"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":845.0,"endTime":850.28,"body":"\"If somebody has been"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":845.0,"endTime":850.28,"body":"seized by heat, you mix first"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":850.28,"endTime":855.05,"body":"class wine from the country of"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":850.28,"endTime":855.05,"body":"Pizala with olive oil, then wrap"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":855.08,"endTime":861.05,"body":"him continually and he will"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":855.08,"endTime":861.05,"body":"recover\". The peculiarity of"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":861.05,"endTime":865.37,"body":"this prescription is the mention"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":861.05,"endTime":865.37,"body":"of the specific type of wine"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":865.4,"endTime":870.8,"body":"serving here as materia medica."},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":865.4,"endTime":870.8,"body":"The therapies and ointment in"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":870.8,"endTime":874.82,"body":"the text do not mention any"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":870.8,"endTime":874.82,"body":"specific body part. Therefore,"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":874.82,"endTime":878.36,"body":"we can suggest that the whole"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":874.82,"endTime":878.36,"body":"body of the patient was salved."},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":879.38,"endTime":883.73,"body":"The next station includes more"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":879.38,"endTime":883.73,"body":"recipes for the same disease."},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":884.03,"endTime":887.93,"body":"This prescription is preserved"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":884.03,"endTime":887.93,"body":"in a four-column tablet which"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":887.93,"endTime":892.25,"body":"originated from the same library"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":887.93,"endTime":892.25,"body":"as the previous one. \"If"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":892.28,"endTime":896.18,"body":"somebody has been seized by"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":892.28,"endTime":896.18,"body":"fever, you wrap repeatedly"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":896.27,"endTime":901.31,"body":"kukku-plant, and burashu-juniper"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":896.27,"endTime":901.31,"body":"mixed in oil\". And the next"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":901.31,"endTime":906.83,"body":"recipes use coral and rub it"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":901.31,"endTime":906.83,"body":"repeatedly mixed in oil. The"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":906.83,"endTime":911.12,"body":"next one uses azallu-plant and"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":906.83,"endTime":911.12,"body":"something which is broken and"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":911.12,"endTime":915.71,"body":"you rub it repeatedly mixed in"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":911.12,"endTime":915.71,"body":"oil. And the last one--box-vine"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":915.77,"endTime":917.42,"body":"is a plant against heat."},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":918.44,"endTime":922.37,"body":"In this case, the text includes"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":918.44,"endTime":922.37,"body":"at least five different"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":922.37,"endTime":926.57,"body":"procedures. Each of them is"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":922.37,"endTime":926.57,"body":"ointment using different healing"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":926.57,"endTime":931.25,"body":"plants. All healing plants are"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":926.57,"endTime":931.25,"body":"very common. And they were also"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":931.25,"endTime":935.42,"body":"used against further disease. We"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":931.25,"endTime":935.42,"body":"can interpret the different"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":935.42,"endTime":939.41,"body":"procedures as an alternate,"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":935.42,"endTime":939.41,"body":"which was probably copied from"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":939.41,"endTime":943.85,"body":"different original tablets."},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":939.41,"endTime":943.85,"body":"Unfortunately, we do not have an"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":943.85,"endTime":948.38,"body":"information how was choosing the"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":943.85,"endTime":948.38,"body":"suitable procedure. The"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":948.38,"endTime":952.82,"body":"Babylonian doctor applied these"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":948.38,"endTime":952.82,"body":"therapies parallel. All of the"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":952.82,"endTime":956.18,"body":"mentioned procedures use single"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":952.82,"endTime":956.18,"body":"or maximum two healing"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":956.18,"endTime":960.47,"body":"substances. But the medicines"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":956.18,"endTime":960.47,"body":"against fever can be made much"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":960.47,"endTime":966.08,"body":"more drugs. We know one"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":960.47,"endTime":966.08,"body":"prescription which listed 79"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":966.11,"endTime":971.96,"body":"drugs, including plants, trees,"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":966.11,"endTime":971.96,"body":"minerals, and stones. The"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":971.96,"endTime":976.07,"body":"popularity of this prescription"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":971.96,"endTime":976.07,"body":"among the Mesopotamian healers,"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":976.4,"endTime":980.09,"body":"could testify that the process"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":976.4,"endTime":980.09,"body":"is known from three different"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":980.12,"endTime":984.2,"body":"cuneiform tablets. And one of"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":980.12,"endTime":984.2,"body":"them the same Assyrian library"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":984.35,"endTime":987.5,"body":"than the previous two tablets,"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":984.35,"endTime":987.5,"body":"another one from the Late"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":987.5,"endTime":988.94,"body":"Babylonian archives."},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":990.04,"endTime":993.16,"body":"A further group of the"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":990.04,"endTime":993.16,"body":"treatments against fever"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":993.28,"endTime":997.48,"body":"consists of various magical"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":993.28,"endTime":997.48,"body":"procedures. One of these"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":997.48,"endTime":1000.96,"body":"procedures described applying of"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":997.48,"endTime":1000.96,"body":"phylacteries, which was"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":1000.96,"endTime":1005.64,"body":"sometimes also followed by"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":1000.96,"endTime":1005.64,"body":"ointments. A phylactery means"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":1005.67,"endTime":1009.66,"body":"the healing drugs were wrapped"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":1005.67,"endTime":1009.66,"body":"in leather or wool and it was"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":1009.66,"endTime":1014.37,"body":"placed around patient's neck."},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":1009.66,"endTime":1014.37,"body":"Here I present again a citation"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":1014.4,"endTime":1018.6,"body":"of this type of cures. \"If"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":1014.4,"endTime":1018.6,"body":"somebody has been seized by"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":1018.6,"endTime":1023.13,"body":"heat, you can use hair of the"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":1018.6,"endTime":1023.13,"body":"man's skull, something broken,"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":1023.88,"endTime":1029.1,"body":"place it on his neck and salve"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":1023.88,"endTime":1029.1,"body":"him with antimitu-plant, and he"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":1029.1,"endTime":1033.75,"body":"will recover\". Second, \"if"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":1029.1,"endTime":1033.75,"body":"ditto, which means that if"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":1033.75,"endTime":1038.22,"body":"somebody has been received by"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":1033.75,"endTime":1038.22,"body":"fever, use bone of mankind,"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":1038.46,"endTime":1044.07,"body":"ata'ishu or ninu-plant,"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":1038.46,"endTime":1044.07,"body":"harmunu-plant and salve him. If"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":1044.07,"endTime":1049.44,"body":"ditto again, living fly-catching"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":1044.07,"endTime":1049.44,"body":"spider and you wrap it in a tuft"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":1049.5,"endTime":1053.64,"body":"of wool\". The next one--\"if"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":1049.5,"endTime":1053.64,"body":"ditto, black hair from the leg"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":1053.64,"endTime":1058.2,"body":"of donkey, leather worker"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":1053.64,"endTime":1058.2,"body":"fungus, you rub them on to"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":1058.26,"endTime":1062.85,"body":"leather\". Next one--\"if ditto,"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":1058.26,"endTime":1062.85,"body":"the scale of snake, mother"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":1062.85,"endTime":1066.75,"body":"scorpion, bone of mankind,"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":1062.85,"endTime":1066.75,"body":"soiled rag, black frit,"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":1067.08,"endTime":1072.3,"body":"musu-stone, tsattsuntu-plant,"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":1067.08,"endTime":1072.3,"body":"you wrap them on the leather\"."},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":1073.2,"endTime":1077.73,"body":"Next one--, \"if ditto, you wrap"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":1073.2,"endTime":1077.73,"body":"hulu-mouse, plant of Lamashtu in"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":1077.73,"endTime":1081.75,"body":"a tuft of wool and place it"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":1077.73,"endTime":1081.75,"body":"around his neck\". And the last"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":1082.5,"endTime":1085.44,"body":"one--\"if ditto,"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":1082.5,"endTime":1085.44,"body":"nuhhurtu-plant, cobweb, s"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":1085.71,"endTime":1090.09,"body":"mething broken, lizard from t"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":1085.71,"endTime":1090.09,"body":"e steppe, you rub them mixed w"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":1090.24,"endTime":1091.92,"body":"th oil on the leather\"."},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":1092.61,"endTime":1097.29,"body":"This quoted text preserves one"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":1092.61,"endTime":1097.29,"body":"treatment in each line. The"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":1097.29,"endTime":1101.46,"body":"drugs are different, but the"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":1097.29,"endTime":1101.46,"body":"method is always the same: to"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":1101.46,"endTime":1105.69,"body":"place the phylactery around the"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":1101.46,"endTime":1105.69,"body":"patient's neck. In other"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":1105.69,"endTime":1110.13,"body":"references, similar procedures"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":1105.69,"endTime":1110.13,"body":"were applied by incantations,"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":1110.19,"endTime":1113.46,"body":"which ensure the affectivity of"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":1110.19,"endTime":1113.46,"body":"these treatments."},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":1114.24,"endTime":1117.3,"body":"Another part of magical"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":1114.24,"endTime":1117.3,"body":"procedures against fever"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":1117.3,"endTime":1121.83,"body":"describes making and applying of"},{"speaker":"the text","startTime":1117.3,"endTime":1121.83,"body":"cylinder-shaped amulets. Here I"},{"speaker":"quote again","startTime":1121.83,"endTime":1128.04,"body":"\"If one day the"},{"speaker":"quote again","startTime":1121.83,"endTime":1128.04,"body":"fever seized him, on another day"},{"speaker":"quote again","startTime":1128.07,"endTime":1133.29,"body":"left him, you mix caal clay in"},{"speaker":"quote again","startTime":1128.07,"endTime":1133.29,"body":"canal water and wipe the ill"},{"speaker":"quote again","startTime":1133.32,"endTime":1137.52,"body":"man's body. Take hair from the"},{"speaker":"quote again","startTime":1133.32,"endTime":1137.52,"body":"right part of the donkey and the"},{"speaker":"quote again","startTime":1137.52,"endTime":1141.75,"body":"hair from the left part of the"},{"speaker":"quote again","startTime":1137.52,"endTime":1141.75,"body":"donkey. Mix them in the clay and"},{"speaker":"quote again","startTime":1141.75,"endTime":1145.68,"body":"make a cylinder seal. Put the"},{"speaker":"quote again","startTime":1141.75,"endTime":1145.68,"body":"remaining animal hair on the"},{"speaker":"quote again","startTime":1145.68,"endTime":1150.39,"body":"cylinder seal, something broken,"},{"speaker":"quote again","startTime":1145.68,"endTime":1150.39,"body":"and repeat the incantation"},{"speaker":"quote again","startTime":1150.48,"endTime":1154.02,"body":"'Lamashtu, daughter of Anu, who"},{"speaker":"quote again","startTime":1150.48,"endTime":1154.02,"body":"was named her name by the gods"},{"speaker":"quote again","startTime":1154.26,"endTime":1158.94,"body":"Ardat-lili etc. etc.' This is"},{"speaker":"quote again","startTime":1154.26,"endTime":1158.94,"body":"the incantation formula. You"},{"speaker":"quote again","startTime":1158.94,"endTime":1213.99,"body":"write this incantation on it\"."},{"speaker":"quote again","startTime":1161.53,"endTime":1165.868,"body":"As we see, the amulet was made"},{"speaker":"quote again","startTime":1161.53,"endTime":1165.868,"body":"of canal clay and canal water"},{"speaker":"quote again","startTime":1165.941,"endTime":1170.641,"body":"mixed with donkey hair from both"},{"speaker":"quote again","startTime":1165.941,"endTime":1170.641,"body":"sides of the animal. The magical"},{"speaker":"quote again","startTime":1170.714,"endTime":1175.053,"body":"medical impact of his amulet is"},{"speaker":"quote again","startTime":1170.714,"endTime":1175.053,"body":"based on two components: the"},{"speaker":"quote again","startTime":1175.125,"endTime":1179.247,"body":"inherent magic character of the"},{"speaker":"quote again","startTime":1175.125,"endTime":1179.247,"body":"material, and the magical"},{"speaker":"quote again","startTime":1179.319,"endTime":1183.152,"body":"quality of the incantation"},{"speaker":"quote again","startTime":1179.319,"endTime":1183.152,"body":"written on it. The magical"},{"speaker":"quote again","startTime":1183.224,"endTime":1187.202,"body":"background of the materials"},{"speaker":"quote again","startTime":1183.224,"endTime":1187.202,"body":"related to the canal can be"},{"speaker":"quote again","startTime":1187.274,"endTime":1191.252,"body":"explained by the purifying"},{"speaker":"quote again","startTime":1187.274,"endTime":1191.252,"body":"aspect of the water courses,"},{"speaker":"quote again","startTime":1191.324,"endTime":1195.663,"body":"which can carry the patient sin"},{"speaker":"quote again","startTime":1191.324,"endTime":1195.663,"body":"and illnesses from the human"},{"speaker":"quote again","startTime":1195.735,"endTime":1200.147,"body":"sphere into the netherworld. The"},{"speaker":"quote again","startTime":1195.735,"endTime":1200.147,"body":"hair from the left and right"},{"speaker":"quote again","startTime":1200.219,"endTime":1204.558,"body":"side of the donkey was used as"},{"speaker":"quote again","startTime":1200.219,"endTime":1204.558,"body":"an ingredient of an amulet in"},{"speaker":"quote again","startTime":1204.63,"endTime":1208.463,"body":"two such rituals against"},{"speaker":"quote again","startTime":1204.63,"endTime":1208.463,"body":"Lamashtu, who was one of the"},{"speaker":"quote again","startTime":1208.535,"endTime":1212.947,"body":"demons who can cause fever. And"},{"speaker":"quote again","startTime":1208.535,"endTime":1212.947,"body":"the procedure's connection to"},{"speaker":"quote again","startTime":1213.019,"endTime":1216.49,"body":"Lamashtu supports the"},{"speaker":"quote again","startTime":1213.019,"endTime":1216.49,"body":"incantation written on the"},{"speaker":"quote again","startTime":1216.562,"endTime":1220.684,"body":"cylinder amulet. It is important"},{"speaker":"quote again","startTime":1216.562,"endTime":1220.684,"body":"to note that this amulet"},{"speaker":"quote again","startTime":1220.757,"endTime":1225.168,"body":"inscribed with the incantation"},{"speaker":"quote again","startTime":1220.757,"endTime":1225.168,"body":"has been also archaeologically"},{"speaker":"quote again","startTime":1225.24,"endTime":1229.579,"body":"discovered in a Persian grave in"},{"speaker":"quote again","startTime":1225.24,"endTime":1229.579,"body":"Ugarit. Now, as we've seen,"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1229.34,"endTime":1259.82,"body":"You offered an"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1229.34,"endTime":1259.82,"body":"explanation for the use of some"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1229.652,"endTime":1233.918,"body":"there's a lot of different"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1229.652,"endTime":1233.918,"body":"procedures. One of them use only"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1233.991,"endTime":1238.04,"body":"healing drugs. Another used"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1233.991,"endTime":1238.04,"body":"healing drugs, minerals, and"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1238.113,"endTime":1242.669,"body":"various drugs. And the third one"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1238.113,"endTime":1242.669,"body":"is clearly magical procedures."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1242.741,"endTime":1246.718,"body":"We suppose that Babylonian"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1242.741,"endTime":1246.718,"body":"doctors can use all types of"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1246.791,"endTime":1251.347,"body":"these treatments. But I repeat"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1246.791,"endTime":1251.347,"body":"again, we do not know how choose"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1251.419,"endTime":1256.12,"body":"the Babylonian doctor which"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1251.419,"endTime":1256.12,"body":"procedure will be fit to the patient."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1259.82,"endTime":1264.32,"body":"of the ingredients. A remarkable"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1259.82,"endTime":1264.32,"body":"ingredient that caught my eye is"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1264.32,"endTime":1268.61,"body":"lizards. Do we know why some"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1264.32,"endTime":1268.61,"body":"recipes talk about putting a"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1268.61,"endTime":1272.21,"body":"lizard in a pot with the drugs"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1268.61,"endTime":1272.21,"body":"boiling it up and then removing"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1272.21,"endTime":1274.25,"body":"it before giving the potion to"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1272.21,"endTime":1274.25,"body":"the patient?"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1275.5,"endTime":1278.98,"body":"The lizard was"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1275.5,"endTime":1278.98,"body":"used as a pharmacopoeia of"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1279.01,"endTime":1283.93,"body":"ointments in at least two or"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1279.01,"endTime":1283.93,"body":"three prescriptions. And"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1283.96,"endTime":1288.25,"body":"additionally, it was also"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1283.96,"endTime":1288.25,"body":"applied as an amulet in the same"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1288.28,"endTime":1293.02,"body":"prescription against fever. The"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1288.28,"endTime":1293.02,"body":"explanation--maybe the"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1293.02,"endTime":1297.67,"body":"Mesopotamian thought that the"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1293.02,"endTime":1297.67,"body":"ectotherm animal took the"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1297.67,"endTime":1301.96,"body":"patient's heat upon itself. It's"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1297.67,"endTime":1301.96,"body":"important to know the"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1301.96,"endTime":1305.83,"body":"sympathetic aspect of the lizard"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1301.96,"endTime":1305.83,"body":"attested also in the Hittite"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1305.83,"endTime":1310.39,"body":"medical texts, and also clearly"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1305.83,"endTime":1310.39,"body":"mentioned a green lizard"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1310.42,"endTime":1315.49,"body":"enclosed in a vessel and used as"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1310.42,"endTime":1315.49,"body":"an amulet against fever. And we"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1315.49,"endTime":1320.65,"body":"also know the frog was used in a"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1315.49,"endTime":1320.65,"body":"similar method in Babylonian"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1320.83,"endTime":1321.55,"body":"medicine."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1323.32,"endTime":1326.56,"body":"Other ingredients"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1323.32,"endTime":1326.56,"body":"include bodily fluids and waste"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1326.56,"endTime":1330.82,"body":"products. Are these ingredients"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1326.56,"endTime":1330.82,"body":"always what they seem to be?"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1331.86,"endTime":1334.2,"body":"The medical"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1331.86,"endTime":1334.2,"body":"texts sometimes mention several"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1334.2,"endTime":1339.84,"body":"drug names originated from"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1334.2,"endTime":1339.84,"body":"animals or humans. And it seems"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1339.84,"endTime":1345.09,"body":"to be that these drug names"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1339.84,"endTime":1345.09,"body":"served as a Deck-name or secret"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1345.09,"endTime":1350.34,"body":"name of real healing plants. For"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1345.09,"endTime":1350.34,"body":"example, \"human semen\" means the"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1350.34,"endTime":1355.74,"body":"seed of amilianu- plant. Or the"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1350.34,"endTime":1355.74,"body":"\"pig bristle\" is a Deckname of"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1355.74,"endTime":1360.45,"body":"the elikulla-plant. Another t"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1355.74,"endTime":1360.45,"body":"pe of this Deckname is a"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1360.45,"endTime":1364.53,"body":"sociated with the names of g"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1360.45,"endTime":1364.53,"body":"ds or demons. \"Plant of S"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1364.53,"endTime":1370.95,"body":"amash\" seems to be an alias of s"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1364.53,"endTime":1370.95,"body":"agiru-plant. But we also know"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1370.98,"endTime":1376.11,"body":"that sometimes one Deckname can"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1370.98,"endTime":1376.11,"body":"e connected to more than one"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1376.11,"endTime":1380.58,"body":"ealing plant. And finally, the"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1376.11,"endTime":1380.58,"body":"se of the Deckname or the secr"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1380.58,"endTime":1384.66,"body":"t name in medical texts can be e"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1380.58,"endTime":1384.66,"body":"plained maybe that this text"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1384.66,"endTime":1388.05,"body":"belongs to the secret know"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1384.66,"endTime":1388.05,"body":"edge owned by the families of h"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1388.05,"endTime":1390.63,"body":"alers and incantation prie"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1388.05,"endTime":1390.63,"body":"ts."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1392.19,"endTime":1394.5,"body":"You mentioned that"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1392.19,"endTime":1394.5,"body":"more recently you've been"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1394.5,"endTime":1398.73,"body":"working on glosses. What is a"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1394.5,"endTime":1398.73,"body":"gloss, actually?"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1399.47,"endTime":1403.25,"body":"Yeah, formally,"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1399.47,"endTime":1403.25,"body":"glosses are scribal remarks"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1403.49,"endTime":1408.71,"body":"between the lines of cuneiform"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1403.49,"endTime":1408.71,"body":"texts and glosses were written"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1408.71,"endTime":1412.25,"body":"usually with smaller and"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1408.71,"endTime":1412.25,"body":"sometimes lower contrast"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1412.28,"endTime":1419.84,"body":"cuneiform signs. We can identify"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1412.28,"endTime":1419.84,"body":"different types. The most"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1419.87,"endTime":1423.95,"body":"frequent type is interlinear"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1419.87,"endTime":1423.95,"body":"glosses, which has two"},{"speaker":"sub-types","startTime":1424.19,"endTime":1429.23,"body":"superscript or"},{"speaker":"sub-types","startTime":1424.19,"endTime":1429.23,"body":"subscript. Another one is the so"},{"speaker":"sub-types","startTime":1429.23,"endTime":1434.54,"body":"called embedded variants or"},{"speaker":"sub-types","startTime":1429.23,"endTime":1434.54,"body":"embedded glosses. Finally, the"},{"speaker":"sub-types","startTime":1434.54,"endTime":1439.73,"body":"last type is text written in"},{"speaker":"sub-types","startTime":1434.54,"endTime":1439.73,"body":"blank lines. And functionally,"},{"speaker":"sub-types","startTime":1439.88,"endTime":1445.4,"body":"the glosses may serve mainly an"},{"speaker":"sub-types","startTime":1439.88,"endTime":1445.4,"body":"explanatory remarks. Making"},{"speaker":"sub-types","startTime":1445.4,"endTime":1449.0,"body":"glosses can be associated with"},{"speaker":"sub-types","startTime":1445.4,"endTime":1449.0,"body":"the copying and editorial"},{"speaker":"sub-types","startTime":1449.0,"endTime":1453.71,"body":"activities of the ancient"},{"speaker":"sub-types","startTime":1449.0,"endTime":1453.71,"body":"scholars. And we can also assume"},{"speaker":"sub-types","startTime":1454.07,"endTime":1457.64,"body":"that this type of scribal"},{"speaker":"sub-types","startTime":1454.07,"endTime":1457.64,"body":"remarks preserved oral comments"},{"speaker":"sub-types","startTime":1457.67,"endTime":1461.99,"body":"or explanations similarly to"},{"speaker":"sub-types","startTime":1457.67,"endTime":1461.99,"body":"those contained in the"},{"speaker":"sub-types","startTime":1462.02,"endTime":1463.67,"body":"commentary texts."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1465.14,"endTime":1467.81,"body":"Could you tell us"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1465.14,"endTime":1467.81,"body":"what different types you found"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1468.41,"endTime":1471.23,"body":"and what the broader"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1468.41,"endTime":1471.23,"body":"significance of each type is,"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1471.23,"endTime":1471.62,"body":"please?"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1472.47,"endTime":1475.83,"body":"Yeah, sure. The"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1472.47,"endTime":1475.83,"body":"vast majority of glosses in"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1475.83,"endTime":1480.33,"body":"medical texts are written in"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1475.83,"endTime":1480.33,"body":"subscript. And I think the high"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1480.33,"endTime":1484.65,"body":"number of subscript glosses"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1480.33,"endTime":1484.65,"body":"suggests that this type was most"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1484.65,"endTime":1489.78,"body":"widely used in medical texts."},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1484.65,"endTime":1489.78,"body":"But it is very important to note"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1489.93,"endTime":1493.5,"body":"that, for example, the embedded"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1489.93,"endTime":1493.5,"body":"variants or embedded glosses are"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1493.5,"endTime":1498.06,"body":"much more common in other text"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1493.5,"endTime":1498.06,"body":"types. For example, in omen"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1498.09,"endTime":1503.73,"body":"incantation series. The function"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1498.09,"endTime":1503.73,"body":"of the embedded variants is"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1503.73,"endTime":1507.87,"body":"always the same. That's to"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1503.73,"endTime":1507.87,"body":"provide alternative terms,"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1507.96,"endTime":1510.93,"body":"mostly for drugs, or an"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1507.96,"endTime":1510.93,"body":"alternative way of treatment."},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1511.8,"endTime":1516.57,"body":"The function of glosses--it's"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1511.8,"endTime":1516.57,"body":"complicated. There's a group of"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1516.6,"endTime":1520.26,"body":"pronounciation glosses that"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1516.6,"endTime":1520.26,"body":"center around Sumerian logograms"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1520.29,"endTime":1524.88,"body":"or syllabic signs, Akkadian"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1520.29,"endTime":1524.88,"body":"terms. On the other hand, the"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1524.88,"endTime":1528.96,"body":"majority of the glosses are the"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1524.88,"endTime":1528.96,"body":"so-called interlinear variants,"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1529.68,"endTime":1533.76,"body":"which provide mostly alternative"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1529.68,"endTime":1533.76,"body":"drugs, or technical terms."},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1533.97,"endTime":1538.77,"body":"Alternative drugs may represent,"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1533.97,"endTime":1538.77,"body":"I suppose, a suggestion for"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1538.89,"endTime":1543.03,"body":"cheaper or more upmarket"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1538.89,"endTime":1543.03,"body":"ingredients, or simply it's"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1543.03,"endTime":1547.98,"body":"representative of different"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1543.03,"endTime":1547.98,"body":"healing tradition. Most of the"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1547.98,"endTime":1551.49,"body":"glosses and embedded variants"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1547.98,"endTime":1551.49,"body":"represent semantic variants,"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1551.58,"endTime":1555.72,"body":"which seems were considered"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1551.58,"endTime":1555.72,"body":"equal from the therapeutic point"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1555.72,"endTime":1560.49,"body":"of view. In addition, different"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1555.72,"endTime":1560.49,"body":"cuneiform signs with the same"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1560.49,"endTime":1564.42,"body":"meanings can be identified as"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1560.49,"endTime":1564.42,"body":"another possible semantic link"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1564.66,"endTime":1568.8,"body":"between the variants and the"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1564.66,"endTime":1568.8,"body":"gloss. Finally, orthographic"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1568.89,"endTime":1572.43,"body":"variants also indicated with the"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1568.89,"endTime":1572.43,"body":"help of glosses."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1573.99,"endTime":1575.34,"body":"When will your book"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1573.99,"endTime":1575.34,"body":"appear?"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1576.39,"endTime":1581.19,"body":"Hopefully it"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1576.39,"endTime":1581.19,"body":"will appear in this year. I will"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1581.19,"endTime":1586.44,"body":"be very happy. But the draft is"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1581.19,"endTime":1586.44,"body":"ready for publishing now. And"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1586.44,"endTime":1590.61,"body":"hopefully it will publish in the"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1586.44,"endTime":1590.61,"body":"series of Dubsar."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1592.17,"endTime":1594.42,"body":"And how can we"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1592.17,"endTime":1594.42,"body":"follow your work more generally?"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1595.38,"endTime":1598.68,"body":"My papers,"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1595.38,"endTime":1598.68,"body":"articles and small scientific"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1598.71,"endTime":1604.65,"body":"writings can be followed on"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1598.71,"endTime":1604.65,"body":"Academia and ResearchGate. But I"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1604.65,"endTime":1608.82,"body":"have also a lot of information"},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1604.65,"endTime":1608.82,"body":"on the website of my university."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1608.82,"endTime":1609.87,"body":"Well, thank you very"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1608.82,"endTime":1609.87,"body":"much."},{"speaker":"Andras Bacskay","startTime":1609.87,"endTime":1610.14,"body":"You're welcome."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1610.14,"endTime":1616.44,"body":"Id also like to"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1610.14,"endTime":1616.44,"body":"thank our patrons: Tyler"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1616.44,"endTime":1622.44,"body":"Russell, Enrique Jimenez, Jana"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1616.44,"endTime":1622.44,"body":"Matuszak, Nancy Highcock, Jay C,"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1622.8,"endTime":1628.05,"body":"Rune Rattenborg, Woodthrush,"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1622.8,"endTime":1628.05,"body":"Elisa Rossberger, Mark Weeden,"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1628.62,"endTime":1634.14,"body":"Jordi Mon Companys, Thomas"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1628.62,"endTime":1634.14,"body":"Bolin, Joan Porter MacIver, John"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1634.14,"endTime":1640.23,"body":"MacGinnis, Andrew George, Yelena"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1634.14,"endTime":1640.23,"body":"Rakic, Michael Katsevman, Mend"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1640.23,"endTime":1646.17,"body":"Mariwany, Kathryn Topper, Zach"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1640.23,"endTime":1646.17,"body":"Rubin, Sabina Franke, Sophus"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1646.17,"endTime":1652.47,"body":"Helle, Shai Gordin, Aaron Macks,"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1646.17,"endTime":1652.47,"body":"Jonathan Stkl, Maarja Seire,"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1652.89,"endTime":1657.99,"body":"Jaafar Jotheri, Morgan Hite,"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1652.89,"endTime":1657.99,"body":"Chikako Watanabe, Mark"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1657.99,"endTime":1661.23,"body":"McElwaine, Heather Baker,"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1657.99,"endTime":1661.23,"body":"Sukanya Ramanujan, Laura"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1661.23,"endTime":1662.7,"body":"Battini, Jonathan Blanchard"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1661.23,"endTime":1662.7,"body":"Smith, Vanessa Richards, as well"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1662.7,"endTime":1664.89,"body":"as those who prefer to remain"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1662.7,"endTime":1664.89,"body":"anonymous."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1665.7,"endTime":1668.31,"body":"I really appreciate your"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1665.7,"endTime":1668.31,"body":"support. It makes a big"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1668.31,"endTime":1672.81,"body":"difference. Every penny received"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1668.31,"endTime":1672.81,"body":"has contributed towards"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1672.81,"endTime":1676.26,"body":"translations. Thanks of course"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1672.81,"endTime":1676.26,"body":"to the lovely people who have"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1676.26,"endTime":1679.68,"body":"worked on the translations on a"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1676.26,"endTime":1679.68,"body":"voluntary basis or for well"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1679.68,"endTime":1683.91,"body":"below the market rate. For"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1679.68,"endTime":1683.91,"body":"Arabic, thanks in particular to"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1683.91,"endTime":1688.65,"body":"Zainab Mizyidawi, as well as"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1683.91,"endTime":1688.65,"body":"Lina Meerchyad and May Al-Aseel."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1689.49,"endTime":1696.03,"body":"For Turkish, thank you to Pinar"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1689.49,"endTime":1696.03,"body":"Durgun and Nesrin Akan. TEW is"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1696.03,"endTime":1699.54,"body":"still young, but I want to reach"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1696.03,"endTime":1699.54,"body":"a sustainable level, where"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1699.54,"endTime":1702.69,"body":"translators are given proper"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1699.54,"endTime":1702.69,"body":"compensation for their hard"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1702.69,"endTime":1703.2,"body":"work."},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1705.42,"endTime":1708.69,"body":"And thank you for listening to"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1705.42,"endTime":1708.69,"body":"Thin End of the Wedge. If you"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1708.69,"endTime":1711.96,"body":"enjoy what we do, and you would"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1708.69,"endTime":1711.96,"body":"like to help make these podcasts"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1711.96,"endTime":1715.08,"body":"available in Middle Eastern"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1711.96,"endTime":1715.08,"body":"languages, please consider"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1715.08,"endTime":1718.89,"body":"joining our Patreon family. You"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1715.08,"endTime":1718.89,"body":"can find us at"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1718.95,"endTime":1725.28,"body":"patreon.com/wedgepod. You can"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1718.95,"endTime":1725.28,"body":"also support us in other ways:"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1725.94,"endTime":1729.78,"body":"simply subscribe to the podcast;"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1725.94,"endTime":1729.78,"body":"leave us a five star review on"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1729.78,"endTime":1733.05,"body":"iTunes or your podcatcher of"},{"speaker":"Jon Taylor","startTime":1729.78,"endTime":1733.05,"body":"choice; recommend us to your"},{"speaker":"friends; follow us on Twitter","startTime":1733.05,"endTime":1739.26,"body":"@wedge_pod. If you want the"},{"speaker":"friends; follow us on Twitter","startTime":1739.26,"endTime":1742.8,"body":"latest podcast news, you can"},{"speaker":"friends; follow us on Twitter","startTime":1739.26,"endTime":1742.8,"body":"sign up for our newsletter. You"},{"speaker":"friends; follow us on Twitter","startTime":1742.8,"endTime":1746.61,"body":"can find all the links in the"},{"speaker":"friends; follow us on Twitter","startTime":1742.8,"endTime":1746.61,"body":"show notes and on our website at"},{"speaker":"friends; follow us on Twitter","startTime":1746.85,"endTime":1755.52,"body":"wedgepod.org. Thanks, and I hope"},{"speaker":"friends; follow us on Twitter","startTime":1746.85,"endTime":1755.52,"body":"youll join us next time."}]}