Thinking 2 Think

Narcissism: No One Clapped, Would You Still Matter?

Michael Antonio Aponte Episode 54

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A missed title at a conference shouldn’t spark a crisis of identity—yet for Elena, a decorated senior research fellow, it did. We follow that sharp sting and instant correction to uncover a deeper pattern: when confidence depends on credentials, minor slights can feel like existential threats. Using a vivid case from Aponte’s “The Mask of Credentials,” we explore how ego maintenance becomes brittle, how vulnerable narcissism hides behind quiet competence, and why the chase for recognition keeps failing to deliver durable self-worth.

We unpack the psychology from several angles. Freud gives us the frame for ego defenses, while contemporary research maps narcissism as a spectrum with grandiose and vulnerable forms. Kohut’s theory of missing mirroring explains the craving for external validation, and Kernberg’s model clarifies the split between a polished public image and a hidden core of shame. We trace two development pathways—chronic invalidation and overindulgence—and show how both can produce entitlement, poor frustration tolerance, and hypersensitivity to status cues. Then we widen the lens to culture: social media rewards the mask of success, driving a cycle of short-lived highs, escalating corrections, and brittle relationships.

Along the way, we examine the relational cost. When identity is outsourced to others’ reactions, people become instruments—mirrors to reflect a preferred image—rather than partners. Miss the cue, and value plummets. To break the loop, we share concrete practices: catch the surge when status feels threatened, pause before correcting, and ask, “Would I still believe in my value if no one noticed?” We introduce logical humility—the discipline of letting ideas stand on their own—so credentials become tools, not life support. Finally, we challenge a subtler mask: grandiose suffering, the move to claim specialness through hardship rather than achievement.

If you’ve ever felt your mood hinge on recognition, this conversation offers a path to steadier ground. Subscribe, share with a friend who loves psychology deep dives, and leave a review with your answer to our core question: what remains when no one is watching?

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Setting The Agenda: Ego And Titles

SPEAKER_01

Welcome back, everyone, to another deep dive here on the Thinking2Think podcast.

SPEAKER_00

Great to be here.

SPEAKER_01

Today we are uh really getting into something fascinating, maybe a little uncomfortable too. We're looking at achievement and ego. Or rather, why some really successful people, you know, the ones with all the degrees, the fancy titles, can sometimes have, well, the most fragile sense of who they are.

SPEAKER_00

Yeah, it's this deep connection, isn't it, between chasing credentials and um maybe some underlying narcissistic tendencies. That's what we're unpacking.

SPEAKER_01

Exactly. We're diving deep into the psychology of it all.

SPEAKER_00

And our mission today, it's really grounded in this uh this brilliant little story, an anecdote from Emma Ponte's paper, The Mask of Credentials. It's so relatable.

SPEAKER_01

It really is.

SPEAKER_00

And we're gonna use that, plus our whole stack of sources, everything from Freud to, you know, modern personality theories to really get under the hood of this reliance on titles.

Elena’s Sting And Instant Correction

SPEAKER_01

Okay, let's set the scene with that story then. It revolves around this professional, uh, Elena.

SPEAKER_00

And she's the picture of success, right? Three college degrees, tons of experience, and this job title, she's really proud of, senior research fellow. Clearly worked hard for it.

SPEAKER_01

Absolutely. Someone you'd assume is incredibly confident.

SPEAKER_00

So she's at this important meeting, maybe a conference, ready to share her expertise. Everything seems normal.

SPEAKER_01

But then comes the introduction. A colleague, probably trying to be quick or maybe just casual, introduces her.

SPEAKER_00

And instead of listing everything, the degrees, the fellowship.

SPEAKER_01

He just says, I'd like to introduce Dr. Morgan.

SPEAKER_00

Simple enough, right?

SPEAKER_01

You'd think so.

SPEAKER_00

Yeah.

SPEAKER_01

But Aponte points out, Elena felt this immediate, like sharp, a small sting inside.

SPEAKER_00

Oof. Yeah. That internal jolt.

SPEAKER_01

It was like an alarm went off, a feeling of being slighted, somehow diminished. And her reaction was instant, almost automatic.

SPEAKER_00

What did she do?

SPEAKER_01

She jumped in, corrected him right away. Actually, I'm a senior research fellow at Oxford.

SPEAKER_00

Wow. Okay. So not just, oh, you forgot my title, but the full prestigious marker. Exactly. And that's the core of it, isn't it? A Ponza's analysis isn't about manners, it's about the mind rushing to protect a sense of self that felt, well, threatened.

SPEAKER_01

Right. When your feeling of worth is all tied up in those external things, the title, the university, the award, it your confidence is actually uh incredibly fragile.

SPEAKER_00

So any little disregard, even something seemingly minor like that introduction.

SPEAKER_01

It feels like a major attack. The ego kicks in defensively, sometimes aggressively. It needs to reassert that external marker to feel safe again.

SPEAKER_00

It makes you wonder why such a strong reaction. A senior research fellow at Oxford, objectively successful, why does a simple Dr. Morgan cause a sting? It feels disproportionate.

From Freud To Narcissism’s Spectrum

SPEAKER_01

It does feel disproportionate from the outside, which tells us there's a deeper psychological engine running here. And that takes us straight to, well, Freud and the concept of the ego.

SPEAKER_00

Okay, the classic ego.

SPEAKER_01

Yeah. Freud saw the ego as, you know, the part of us that deals with reality. It helps define who we think we are.

SPEAKER_00

Kind of the manager of the per personality.

SPEAKER_01

Sort of, yeah. And critically, it defends us when we feel uncertain or attacked. It's supposed to be this healthy balance, right? Between our basic desires, our morals, and how we see ourselves.

SPEAKER_00

But Freud also talked about when that self-focus goes wrong.

SPEAKER_01

He did. He linked excessive self-centeredness, turning too far inward, to what we now really understand through the lens of narcissism.

SPEAKER_00

So there's a line. The ego itself isn't bad. We need it.

SPEAKER_01

Absolutely need it. For basic functioning.

SPEAKER_00

But when does it cross over? When does that focus on the self become, well, pathological, that needy hunt for validation?

SPEAKER_01

Aaron Powell It crosses over when healthy self-love, the basic self-esteem you need to set goals, take care of yourself, gets replaced by this desperate dependence on outside approval. That's the shift into unhealthy narcissism. And if they get that approval, they feel okay, stable, maybe even great. But the second that external validation wobbles, if the praise stops, or someone questions them or introduces them wrongly.

SPEAKER_00

Defensiveness, anger.

SPEAKER_01

Yeah. Or deep insecurity rushes in. Because their sense of worth isn't internal. It's totally conditional on that outside feedback.

SPEAKER_00

Aaron Powell And that really seems like the trap high achievers like Alina can fall into. They use their achievements, the credentials, the titles as the main way to feel good about themselves.

SPEAKER_01

Aaron Powell Exactly. Their internal emotional state becomes dependent on like their market performance, how well their credentials are being recognized.

SPEAKER_00

Aaron Powell And psychology today doesn't just see narcissism as an on-off switch, right?

SPEAKER_01

Aaron Powell No, definitely not. Researchers like uh Krizan and Herlach, they really emphasize that it's a spectrum. Well, we all have some narcissistic traits to some degree. Trevor Burrus, Jr.

SPEAKER_00

It's about how much they interfere with life.

SPEAKER_01

Aaron Powell Precisely. It ranges from mild tendencies that might just make someone a bit annoying, all the way to severe personality disorders.

SPEAKER_00

Aaron Powell And within that spectrum, there are different types, different flavors of it.

SPEAKER_01

Aaron Powell Generally, we talk about two main prototypes, which helps explain why someone like Elena, who is clearly high functioning, can still show this fragility. Okay, what are those? Aaron Powell Well, first you've got the grandiose narcissist. This is the stereotype, right? Loud, obviously confident, maybe arrogant, constantly seeking attention. They wear their supposed superiority on their sleeve.

SPEAKER_00

Easy to spot, usually.

SPEAKER_01

Usually. But then there's the second type, which might be more relevant here, the vulnerable narcissist, sometimes called covert narcissism.

SPEAKER_00

Vulnerable. How can someone with Elena's credentials be vulnerable? Everything about her CV screams competence.

SPEAKER_01

Ah, but that's the whole point of the mask. The vulnerable narcissist is actually hiding a deep core insecurity. All that competence, the pride, sometimes even a kind of exaggerated humility, it's all a shield.

SPEAKER_00

A shield for what?

SPEAKER_01

For hypersensitivity. They feel slighted easily, they read criticism into neutral comments, they might not shout about how great they are, like the grandiose type.

SPEAKER_00

But they secretly feel entitled to recognition.

SPEAKER_01

Exactly. They feel the world should see their inherent specialness, and they use their achievements like Elena's degrees and fellowship as proof. Proof to themselves and proof to others that they deserve that recognition, even if they aren't demanding it loudly all the time.

SPEAKER_00

So Elena saying, actually, I'm a senior research fellow.

SPEAKER_01

Yeah.

SPEAKER_00

Isn't just a boast, it's a defense.

SPEAKER_01

It's a defense against the perceived shame or humiliation of being just Dr. Morgan. It's the vulnerability lashing out to protect itself.

SPEAKER_00

That connects directly to what Dr. Romani emphasizes, right? That the root cause is this profound insecurity.

SPEAKER_01

Absolutely. Dr. Romani nails it. The grandiosity, the credential flashing, the quick correction, she calls it a suit of armor built around unprocessed insecurity and importantly, shame.

SPEAKER_00

Shame they can't face.

SPEAKER_01

Right. So they're constantly fighting this internal battle. When someone ignores their title, it's not just a social slip-up. It feels like a direct hit, a crack in the armor.

SPEAKER_00

And the only way to respond is to push back, assert dominance.

SPEAKER_01

Instantly. To restabilize that fragile self, to push the shame back down, lash out, correct, put the other person down, whatever it takes to feel back on top.

SPEAKER_00

Okay. That paints a clear picture of the mechanism, but it still begs the question: where does that deep insecurity come from, especially in people who seem so accomplished?

SPEAKER_01

That's the crucial developmental question. And our sources offer a couple of, well, slightly different, but really complementary ideas from psychodynamic theory.

SPEAKER_00

How does it start?

SPEAKER_01

We can look at Heinz Cohut's view first. He focused on what we might be missing from childhood. Cohut believes some people just didn't get enough emotional mirroring or validation from their parents or main caregivers.

SPEAKER_00

Mirroring, like reflecting back their feelings.

SPEAKER_01

Yeah, and affirming their sense of self. The caregivers failed to be good self-objects, as he called them.

SPEAKER_00

Okay, self-object. What does that mean? And how does lacking one lead to needing credentials later?

SPEAKER_01

A self-object is basically someone, usually a parent early on, who helps you build and confirm your sense of who you are. They validate your feelings, your small achievements in a steady, unconditional way, if that's missing.

SPEAKER_00

If the child feels unseen or maybe ignored emotionally.

SPEAKER_01

Then they grow up with this fundamental gap, this deficit inside. Yeah. And as adults, they're constantly unconsciously trying to fill that void.

SPEAKER_00

With external things.

SPEAKER_01

With external praise, status, awards, or yes, specific titles, like senior research fellow at Oxford. The credential becomes the substitute for the missing validation from childhood. It's trying to patch up that broken internal structure.

SPEAKER_00

Wow. So the job title is doing the emotional work a parent should have done. That's a lot to ask of a title.

Childhood Roots: Kohut And Kernberg

SPEAKER_01

It really is. Now, slightly different angle, you have Otto Kernberg. He focused more on internal conflict.

SPEAKER_00

Okay. How did you see it?

SPEAKER_01

Kernberg thought narcissism comes from this intense internal battle, a split between the perfect, idealized image, they show the world, the successful fellow, and all the negative feelings, the fear, the shame that they desperately hide.

SPEAKER_00

Hide even from themselves sometimes.

SPEAKER_01

Often, yes. It's a conflict between the shiny outside and the messy inside.

SPEAKER_00

So cohoot is about trying to get something missing from the outside. Kernberg is about managing an internal conflict, but both seem to imply that this isn't something you're born with.

SPEAKER_01

Definitely. The consensus is that narcissists, especially these patterns we're discussing, are made, not born. And the research points to two main pathways, development-wise.

SPEAKER_00

Okay, what's the first one?

SPEAKER_01

The first is often called the trauma or neglect pathway. This might start with a kid who's maybe biologically a bit more sensitive or had a difficult temperament.

SPEAKER_00

Aaron Powell And then they run into a tough environment.

SPEAKER_01

Exactly. An environment with chronic invalidation, constantly being told, stop crying, be more like your brother, that's not good enough. Or maybe there's a lack of a secure attachment, perhaps due to neglect, abuse, or just chaos.

SPEAKER_00

Aaron Ross Powell That sounds like it would create a feeling of powerlessness.

SPEAKER_01

Aaron Ross Powell A deep sense of powerlessness, yes.

SPEAKER_00

That's okay.

SPEAKER_01

And the feeling that their real self is somehow flawed or unacceptable. Shockwike and others talk about this leading to turning away from real connection.

SPEAKER_00

Why turn away?

SPEAKER_01

To protect themselves from more disappointment or rejection. They retreat into this kind of self-absorption, building up a sense of superiority internally, almost as a defense. And that superiority needs constant proof.

SPEAKER_00

Proof-like credentials.

SPEAKER_01

Proof-like credentials. Now, the second pathway is kind of the opposite, and maybe more famous, the overindulgence pathway.

SPEAKER_00

Right. The spoiled child. How does being given too much lead to this defensive fragility? It seems counterintuitive.

SPEAKER_01

It does. But think about it. This is the child who gets excessive praise, often for just existing, told constantly they're special, better than others, maybe even that rules don't apply to them.

SPEAKER_00

That sounds like it builds entitlement.

SPEAKER_01

Huge entitlement, yes. Research shows this inflated praise is a direct line to entitlement, a key precursor to narcissistic traits. But the critical failure here is what they don't learn.

SPEAKER_00

What skills are missing?

SPEAKER_01

They never really learn to sue themselves when things go wrong. They don't learn how to handle disappointment healthfully. And crucially, empathy often isn't modeled or expected.

SPEAKER_00

So they grow up expecting the world to cater to their specialness.

SPEAKER_01

Pretty much. And when the world inevitably doesn't, then someone gives the wrong introduction or they don't get the exact response they feel entitled to, they can't cope, it triggers this huge distress.

SPEAKER_00

And the credential becomes what? A tool to demand that special treatment.

SPEAKER_01

It becomes proof. Proof that they deserve the special treatment they expect. It's their evidence to wave at the world.

SPEAKER_00

So when that evidence isn't acknowledged, like with Elena.

SPEAKER_01

The whole system feels attacked. Which brings us right back to that narcissistic wound.

SPEAKER_00

Let's zero in on that moment of the wound. Aponte calls it that. Others talk about a threat to self-esteem.

SPEAKER_01

Yeah, and Dr. Fox adds a really useful concept here. Variable self-esteem. People with these traits don't have consistently high self-esteem despite appearances.

SPEAKER_00

It goes up and down.

Social Media And The Validation Loop

SPEAKER_01

Wildly. They swing between feeling grandiose, superior, on top of the world, often fueled by their credentials or recent praise, and then suddenly crashing down into feeling inferior, insecure, or worthless.

SPEAKER_00

So Elena walks into that meeting, probably feeling pretty good, riding high on her senior research fellow status.

SPEAKER_01

Exactly. But that feeling is built on sand. Then she hits something she can't control, the simple introduction.

SPEAKER_00

That's the trigger.

SPEAKER_01

That's the trigger. The slight, the perceived criticism, the non-acceptance cue. Dr. Fox notes it can be really small, like not getting a text back they expected. It flips the switch.

SPEAKER_00

And sends them sliding towards the insecurity pole.

SPEAKER_01

Right. And that rapid slide, that gap between the high and the low, creates intense psychological pain. It's humiliating, terrifying.

SPEAKER_00

So the correction, the actually I'm a senior research fellow.

SPEAKER_01

Is an emergency break. It's the ego lashing out instantly to stop the fall, to push back against the shame, reassert the status, and climb back up to feeling dominant or superior again.

SPEAKER_00

Wow. It's a really reactive state.

SPEAKER_01

Highly reactive. And unfortunately, our modern world, especially online, seems almost designed to pour fuel on this fire.

SPEAKER_00

How so? How does culture feed into this?

SPEAKER_01

Well, think about what gets rewarded, especially on social media. Grapsis and colleagues connect this personality style directly to the chase for status and recognition.

SPEAKER_00

LinkedIn profiles, Instagram feeds.

SPEAKER_01

Exactly. Platforms are built around showcasing achievements, appearances, lifestyles. It's all about displaying the mask, constantly curating that successful image.

SPEAKER_00

It's not enough to get the job. You have to post about getting the job.

SPEAKER_01

Right. And the psychological research is clear. People chase this stuff, the likes, the followers, the public titles, because it provides a boost, a short-term hit of conditional confidence.

SPEAKER_00

But it doesn't last.

SPEAKER_01

Nope. Like any external fix, the high fades fast, which creates this vicious cycle. You need another hit. So you had to keep posting, keep bragging, keep achieving publicly, or, like Elena, jump in immediately to correct someone.

SPEAKER_00

Just to get that validation again, to feel okay.

SPEAKER_01

Just to keep the fragile self propped up.

SPEAKER_00

Her correction wasn't just about accuracy. It was like needing a quick injection of status to feel stable again.

Relationships As Mirrors, Not People

SPEAKER_01

This is probably a good moment to just quickly say, uh, we really hope you're finding this deep dive valuable. We'd hate for you to miss future ones.

SPEAKER_00

Yeah, definitely.

SPEAKER_01

So if you haven't already, please do subscribe, maybe give a thumbs up if you're liking it, and uh hit that notifications bell. Our episodes can be a bit sporadic because, well, our day jobs in education keep us pretty busy.

SPEAKER_00

They definitely do. But we love doing these when we can. Okay, so back to it. That idea of the self-fueling loop needing constant hits of validation that really sets up the next piece. What does this do to relationships? Aaron Powell Yeah.

SPEAKER_01

This is where it gets, frankly, quite damaging. When someone is that reliant on external validation, their relationships tend to become, well, strategic.

SPEAKER_00

Instrumental.

SPEAKER_01

Instrumental. Meaning they use people.

SPEAKER_00

Essentially, yes. We can look at this through the lens of the alternative DSM V model for personality disorders, the AMPD. It highlights two big problems here.

SPEAKER_01

Okay, what's the first?

SPEAKER_00

First is identity impairment. We've kind of touched on this. It's needing that excessive reference to others for self-definition and self-esteem regulation.

SPEAKER_01

Aaron Powell So they literally need other people to tell them who they are or at least confirm their desired image.

SPEAKER_00

Right. Their sense of self is outsourced, which leads directly to the second problem: intimacy impairment.

SPEAKER_01

Meaning they can't get close to people.

SPEAKER_00

Or rather, the relationships they do form are often quite superficial. They exist primarily, sometimes solely, to serve self-esteem regulation for the person with narcissistic traits. So the other person isn't valued for themselves.

SPEAKER_01

Not really. They become, in Kohut's terms, again, a self-object, not a whole person, but a tool. Their value depends entirely on how well they perform the function of reflecting back the narcissist's desired image or boosting their ego.

SPEAKER_00

Just have to hold up the mirror just right.

SPEAKER_01

Exactly. And if they fail, if they stop serving that function, like the colleague who just said Dr.

SPEAKER_00

Morgan.

SPEAKER_01

Precisely. He failed in his function, affirming her full status. And Shawquick and colleagues describe what happens then. The other person's value drops to zero. They get devalued as losers and discarded.

SPEAKER_00

Wow. Disparted just for not using the full title.

SPEAKER_01

It sounds extreme, but that's the internal mechanism. The intense correction Elena gave wasn't just about facts. It was likely also a subconscious move to devalue the person who failed her, putting yourself back in the superior position.

SPEAKER_00

It's a harsh way to navigate the world, protecting the self by basically objectifying others.

SPEAKER_01

It is. It sacrifices genuine connection for this very fragile self-protection.

Practical Tools: Awareness And Humility

SPEAKER_00

So if this is the core issue, this fragility, this dependence, how does someone break free? If maybe someone listening recognizes that small sting in themselves, how do they move towards real self-respect?

SPEAKER_01

It's a journey, for sure. MA APONTE offered some really practical starting points. And the absolute first step, maybe the hardest, is just awareness.

SPEAKER_00

Noticing the feeling.

SPEAKER_01

Noticing the urge, that feeling Elena had, that flash of indignation or defensiveness when your status feels ignored. You have to catch it in the moment. Pause. Recognize. Okay, my ego is trying to defend something fragile here.

SPEAKER_00

Instead of just reacting, correcting, puffing up.

SPEAKER_01

You observe it. And then Aponte gives us this incredibly powerful self-reflection question. You have to ask yourself honestly, would I still believe in my value if no one else noticed? Oof, that's a tough one. It really is. Yeah. Because it cuts right to the heart of conditional self-worth. If the honest answer is no or I'm not sure, then you know where the work needs to happen.

SPEAKER_00

Okay, so awareness, then self-questioning. But for someone who's built their whole identity around achievements, how do they actually separate their worth from, say, their job title? It seems deeply tangled.

SPEAKER_01

It is tangled. And a ponte suggests cultivating something called logical humility.

SPEAKER_00

Logical humility. What's that?

SPEAKER_01

It's basically the understanding, the conviction that your ideas, your contributions, your insights, they have to stand on their own. They don't need the fancy title bolted on to have value.

SPEAKER_00

So if I need to say, as a senior research fellow, before people will listen, the problem isn't them, it's my own belief.

SPEAKER_01

It suggests a lack of belief in the intrinsic authority of your knowledge or your perspective. Logical humility means trusting that what you know is valuable regardless of the label attached. You have to be willing to let your work speak for itself without the credential as a crutch.

SPEAKER_00

Shifting the focus from the status of the speaker to the substance of what's being said.

SPEAKER_01

Exactly. Because confidence that's built from the inside, genuine, unconditional self-worth that's durable. It doesn't disappear if someone forgets your title or you don't get the corner office.

SPEAKER_00

It's not dependent on the market.

SPEAKER_01

Right. And when you manage to separate your inherent value as a person from your list of accomplishments, that's when you start building real, lasting self-respect. The credentials that just become tools you use, not masks you hide behind.

SPEAKER_00

This has been, wow, such a detailed look at this whole mask of credentials idea. Starting with that tiny sting Alina felt and unpacking layers of psychology.

SPEAKER_01

It really shows how that need to display the mask, flash of the title, it's usually a protective shell around a vulnerable core, often rooted in those early experiences of insecurity or shame.

SPEAKER_00

And the way out isn't necessarily more achievement.

SPEAKER_01

No. It's about building that internal foundation, that unconditional self-worth that doesn't need constant outside proof.

SPEAKER_00

Now, before we wrap up, you mentioned vulnerability earlier. And the mask of credentials isn't the only mask people wear, is it?

SPEAKER_01

No, absolutely not. We focus a lot on the high status type, the Elena example. But the vulnerable narcissist, remember, can also express their entitlement covertly. And sometimes that comes through suffering.

SPEAKER_00

Suffering. How does that work?

Grandiose Suffering And Hidden Entitlement

SPEAKER_01

Dr. Fox talks about this idea of grandiose suffering. Have you ever met someone who seems to constantly emphasize how uniquely terrible their experiences are, how much they've sacrificed, how deep their pain is, in a way that implies no one else could possibly understand.

SPEAKER_00

Yeah. It's like their suffering makes them special.

SPEAKER_01

Exactly. It's another form of asserting superiority, but through hardship instead of success. Sholquick and others mention masochistic narcissism, where there's almost a secret pride, a hidden grandiosity in being the one who endures the most.

SPEAKER_00

So instead of I'm special because I'm a fellow at Oxford, it's I'm special because my burden is uniquely heavy.

SPEAKER_01

Precisely. It's still about being set apart, more significant, more sensitive, just using a different currency. It's a covert way to claim superiority.

SPEAKER_00

That is a really provocative thought to end on. It makes you, the listener, maybe reconsider people who seem excessively humble or who constantly foreground their struggles.

SPEAKER_01

Are they genuinely sharing, or is there an element of covertly asserting specialness, a kind of hidden entitlement through victimhood?

SPEAKER_00

It definitely challenges us to look beyond the surface, whether the mask is made of gold or uh maybe sackcloth.

SPEAKER_01

The key check remains. Is there a sense of worth internal and unconditional, or does it rely on some external validation, whether through success or suffering?

SPEAKER_00

A lot to think about there. Okay, before we sign off, just a final reminder for you.

SPEAKER_01

Go check out the website.

SPEAKER_00

Yes, please head to our website. The link is in the description below. You can sign up for our free ebook there and also get updates on various products and services we're planning for members down the line.

SPEAKER_01

Thanks so much for tuning in and thinking along with us today.

Closing Thoughts And Listener Resources

SPEAKER_00

Thank you for listening to this Deep Drive in Thinking2th podcast.