{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"startTime":11.4,"endTime":14.24,"body":"Welcome. You're listening"},{"startTime":11.4,"endTime":14.24,"body":"to Mark and Jacky's."},{"startTime":14.28,"endTime":17.48,"body":"Wildlife and photography podcast, explore"},{"startTime":17.48,"endTime":21.24,"body":"and learn about the natural world,"},{"startTime":17.48,"endTime":21.24,"body":"and how to take pictures."},{"startTime":21.72,"endTime":24.72,"body":"This episode is all about"},{"startTime":21.72,"endTime":24.72,"body":"wildlife in nature."},{"startTime":25.0,"endTime":27.28,"body":"Understanding the natural"},{"startTime":25.0,"endTime":27.28,"body":"world is important."},{"startTime":27.6,"endTime":29.8,"body":"It's what makes life"},{"startTime":27.6,"endTime":29.8,"body":"on this planet possible."},{"startTime":30.12,"endTime":33.4,"body":"Our podcast gives you insights into"},{"startTime":30.12,"endTime":33.4,"body":"just how complicated"},{"startTime":33.72,"endTime":37.32,"body":"and fascinating that world is."},{"startTime":45.68,"endTime":49.16,"body":"Episode 12, Rewilding."},{"startTime":49.16,"endTime":51.88,"body":"For those of you that don't know,"},{"startTime":49.16,"endTime":51.88,"body":"what rewilding is all about."},{"startTime":52.48,"endTime":56.44,"body":"Let me explain. Rewilding"},{"startTime":52.48,"endTime":56.44,"body":"has many different names"},{"startTime":56.44,"endTime":61.32,"body":"there is rewilding, landscape restoration,"},{"startTime":56.44,"endTime":61.32,"body":"ecological restoration,"},{"startTime":61.72,"endTime":65.28,"body":"reawakening nature,"},{"startTime":61.72,"endTime":65.28,"body":"restoring natural diversity."},{"startTime":65.88,"endTime":67.76,"body":"But call it what you will."},{"startTime":67.76,"endTime":72.96,"body":"It's all about trying to get the nature"},{"startTime":67.76,"endTime":72.96,"body":"back into our world, helping to restore"},{"startTime":72.96,"endTime":77.2,"body":"what we've destroyed over the years"},{"startTime":72.96,"endTime":77.2,"body":"to a level that is sustainable."},{"startTime":77.64,"endTime":82.0,"body":"Now, for the sake of brevity, in this"},{"startTime":77.64,"endTime":82.0,"body":"podcast, I'm going to call it rewilding."},{"startTime":82.24,"endTime":84.64,"body":"It's a term I particularly like."},{"startTime":84.64,"endTime":86.88,"body":"But whenever I say rewilding."},{"startTime":87.28,"endTime":89.64,"body":"Don't take umbrage"},{"startTime":87.28,"endTime":89.64,"body":"that I'm using rewilding."},{"startTime":89.64,"endTime":93.96,"body":"Just think landscape restoration,"},{"startTime":89.64,"endTime":93.96,"body":"ecological restoration, reawakening"},{"startTime":93.96,"endTime":97.88,"body":"nature or restoring natural diversity,"},{"startTime":93.96,"endTime":97.88,"body":"whatever you like."},{"startTime":98.16,"endTime":100.2,"body":"But I'm going to use the term rewilding."},{"startTime":100.8,"endTime":104.6,"body":"Now, if you asked 10 people in the street"},{"startTime":100.8,"endTime":104.6,"body":"what rewilding should involve,"},{"startTime":104.6,"endTime":107.24,"body":"your likely to end up"},{"startTime":104.6,"endTime":107.24,"body":"with 10 different answers."},{"startTime":107.92,"endTime":110.08,"body":"Perhaps many of them would be."},{"startTime":110.08,"endTime":111.88,"body":"I don't know what rewilding is."},{"startTime":113.0,"endTime":117.72,"body":"However, if you ask 10 people"},{"startTime":113.0,"endTime":117.72,"body":"who are currently involved in rewilding,"},{"startTime":118.04,"endTime":120.68,"body":"you probably would end up"},{"startTime":118.04,"endTime":120.68,"body":"with 10 very different answers."},{"startTime":121.84,"endTime":126.6,"body":"Some people believe that rewilding"},{"startTime":121.84,"endTime":126.6,"body":"should be introducing large carnivores"},{"startTime":126.6,"endTime":131.32,"body":"back into our landscapes or maybe large"},{"startTime":126.6,"endTime":131.32,"body":"herbivores back into our landscapes."},{"startTime":132.64,"endTime":135.96,"body":"And other people believe rewilding"},{"startTime":132.64,"endTime":135.96,"body":"should start at the insect level."},{"startTime":136.6,"endTime":140.16,"body":"There are so many different people,"},{"startTime":136.6,"endTime":140.16,"body":"all with one goal in mind,"},{"startTime":140.32,"endTime":143.0,"body":"and that is to restore the natural world."},{"startTime":144.0,"endTime":146.0,"body":"I don't think the name is important."},{"startTime":146.44,"endTime":150.52,"body":"What I do think is that rewilding"},{"startTime":146.44,"endTime":150.52,"body":"brings back some of our natural world"},{"startTime":151.24,"endTime":153.68,"body":"where we live, work"},{"startTime":151.24,"endTime":153.68,"body":"and use as recreation."},{"startTime":154.52,"endTime":157.08,"body":"If you want to use different term,"},{"startTime":154.52,"endTime":157.08,"body":"that's fine with me"},{"startTime":157.48,"endTime":160.0,"body":"as long as we're"},{"startTime":157.48,"endTime":160.0,"body":"all heading in a similar direction."},{"startTime":161.28,"endTime":164.16,"body":"I'll state here now than in this podcast,"},{"startTime":164.16,"endTime":166.64,"body":"we're going to be talking"},{"startTime":164.16,"endTime":166.64,"body":"mainly about the U.K.,"},{"startTime":167.16,"endTime":169.48,"body":"and really focusing on Scotland."},{"startTime":169.48,"endTime":173.52,"body":"The reason for that is that we know"},{"startTime":169.48,"endTime":173.52,"body":"more about the rewilding efforts"},{"startTime":173.52,"endTime":174.8,"body":"that are going on in Scotland"},{"startTime":174.8,"endTime":178.24,"body":"than we do in any other country"},{"startTime":174.8,"endTime":178.24,"body":"that includes England."},{"startTime":178.96,"endTime":181.6,"body":"And why should we point the finger"},{"startTime":178.96,"endTime":181.6,"body":"at other countries"},{"startTime":181.8,"endTime":184.12,"body":"when our own is in such"},{"startTime":181.8,"endTime":184.12,"body":"a terrible condition?"},{"startTime":184.56,"endTime":188.16,"body":"Start at home, start small,"},{"startTime":184.56,"endTime":188.16,"body":"and try and rebuild nature,"},{"startTime":188.28,"endTime":192.24,"body":"from where you live. In Scotland"},{"startTime":188.28,"endTime":192.24,"body":"and England and the UK in general."},{"startTime":192.6,"endTime":196.4,"body":"Centuries of farming,"},{"startTime":192.6,"endTime":196.4,"body":"building and industry have made the UK"},{"startTime":196.4,"endTime":197.64,"body":"one of the most nature"},{"startTime":197.64,"endTime":201.44,"body":"depleted countries in Europe"},{"startTime":197.64,"endTime":201.44,"body":"and indeed in the rest of the world."},{"startTime":202.0,"endTime":204.92,"body":"Extensive agricultural lands"},{"startTime":202.0,"endTime":204.92,"body":"and road networks"},{"startTime":205.32,"endTime":208.64,"body":"in combination with other factors,"},{"startTime":205.32,"endTime":208.64,"body":"have reduced the wildlife"},{"startTime":208.64,"endTime":213.2,"body":"in the UK to a point not seen elsewhere"},{"startTime":208.64,"endTime":213.2,"body":"in the rich countries of the world."},{"startTime":213.72,"endTime":216.36,"body":"The UK as a whole"},{"startTime":213.72,"endTime":216.36,"body":"has some of the lowest amounts"},{"startTime":216.36,"endTime":220.56,"body":"of biodiversity remaining."},{"startTime":216.36,"endTime":220.56,"body":"Before the Industrial Revolution."},{"startTime":220.72,"endTime":223.12,"body":"forests covered much more of the UK."},{"startTime":223.64,"endTime":227.28,"body":"These large areas wilderness"},{"startTime":223.64,"endTime":227.28,"body":"were home to animals and plants,"},{"startTime":227.44,"endTime":230.64,"body":"which are now either"},{"startTime":227.44,"endTime":230.64,"body":"very rare or have gone completely."},{"startTime":231.0,"endTime":233.8,"body":"In those days, bears,"},{"startTime":231.0,"endTime":233.8,"body":"wolves, beavers and"},{"startTime":233.8,"endTime":237.08,"body":"Red squirrels were all common"},{"startTime":233.8,"endTime":237.08,"body":"in the British Isles."},{"startTime":237.08,"endTime":241.76,"body":"Beavers, they've been reintroduced,"},{"startTime":237.08,"endTime":241.76,"body":"and Red squirrels hang on in isolated"},{"startTime":241.76,"endTime":246.08,"body":"pockets, trying not to get the squirrel"},{"startTime":241.76,"endTime":246.08,"body":"pox from the introduced Grey squirrel."},{"startTime":247.32,"endTime":250.12,"body":"Wolves became extinct in Scotland lowlands"},{"startTime":250.2,"endTime":254.4,"body":"by the 15th century due to the vast"},{"startTime":250.2,"endTime":254.4,"body":"amounts of forests being cleared."},{"startTime":255.28,"endTime":258.32,"body":"In the highlands populations"},{"startTime":255.28,"endTime":258.32,"body":"reached a peak during the second"},{"startTime":258.32,"endTime":259.8,"body":"half of the 16th century."},{"startTime":259.8,"endTime":263.32,"body":"Wolves were driven"},{"startTime":259.8,"endTime":263.32,"body":"to extinction by persecution and hunting"},{"startTime":263.72,"endTime":266.72,"body":"chieftains and royalty"},{"startTime":263.72,"endTime":266.72,"body":"led some of the hunting parties."},{"startTime":267.16,"endTime":270.08,"body":"One attended by Mary Queen of Scots in"},{"startTime":270.52,"endTime":273.84,"body":"1563, employed 2000 Highlanders and ended"},{"startTime":273.84,"endTime":276.96,"body":"in the deaths of five wolves"},{"startTime":273.84,"endTime":276.96,"body":"and three hundred and sixty deer."},{"startTime":277.64,"endTime":279.4,"body":"Huge swathes of forest in Perth,"},{"startTime":279.4,"endTime":280.68,"body":"Lochaber, and Argyll"},{"startTime":281.04,"endTime":284.64,"body":"were systematically destroyed"},{"startTime":281.04,"endTime":284.64,"body":"to deprive the wolves and their habitat."},{"startTime":285.44,"endTime":289.6,"body":"In fact the remains of wolf trap"},{"startTime":285.44,"endTime":289.6,"body":"have also been found in Moy, near us,"},{"startTime":289.76,"endTime":294.64,"body":"near Inverness, in the highlands, dating"},{"startTime":289.76,"endTime":294.64,"body":"from between the 16th and 18th centuries."},{"startTime":296.0,"endTime":299.12,"body":"When the industrial revolution"},{"startTime":296.0,"endTime":299.12,"body":"in the 19th century,"},{"startTime":299.12,"endTime":302.04,"body":"accelerated the amount of change"},{"startTime":299.12,"endTime":302.04,"body":"that was going on."},{"startTime":302.48,"endTime":306.12,"body":"We had mass"},{"startTime":302.48,"endTime":306.12,"body":"farming, factories, roads, train"},{"startTime":306.12,"endTime":310.04,"body":"lines, urban sprawl,"},{"startTime":306.12,"endTime":310.04,"body":"has been the death for our wild places."},{"startTime":310.88,"endTime":313.6,"body":"And it can be measured"},{"startTime":310.88,"endTime":313.6,"body":"if we look at things like the"},{"startTime":313.6,"endTime":316.92,"body":"Biodiversity Intact Index, the BII for short."},{"startTime":317.6,"endTime":319.6,"body":"The UK came last week."},{"startTime":319.6,"endTime":323.28,"body":"The G7 countries,"},{"startTime":319.6,"endTime":323.28,"body":"the amount of biodiversity retained"},{"startTime":323.56,"endTime":327.52,"body":"is for Canada, which is top of"},{"startTime":323.56,"endTime":327.52,"body":"the list is 89 percent."},{"startTime":327.68,"endTime":329.84,"body":"Germany, 67 percent."},{"startTime":329.84,"endTime":331.28,"body":"France, 65 percent."},{"startTime":331.28,"endTime":335.16,"body":"Italy, 65, Japan 65. US sixty three."},{"startTime":335.68,"endTime":339.04,"body":"And the UK lags slightly below 50 percent."},{"startTime":340.16,"endTime":343.04,"body":"Compared to the other"},{"startTime":340.16,"endTime":343.04,"body":"G7 countries, the U.K."},{"startTime":343.04,"endTime":346.8,"body":"is at the very bottom in terms of"},{"startTime":343.04,"endTime":346.8,"body":"how much diversity still survives."},{"startTime":347.28,"endTime":350.36,"body":"The U.K. is the bottom"},{"startTime":347.28,"endTime":350.36,"body":"10 percent of all countries globally."},{"startTime":351.12,"endTime":355.08,"body":"And the countries that make up the U.K.,"},{"startTime":351.12,"endTime":355.08,"body":"Scotland comes first"},{"startTime":356.16,"endTime":361.8,"body":"at 56 percent Wales, 51 percent,"},{"startTime":356.16,"endTime":361.8,"body":"Northern Ireland, 50 percent,"},{"startTime":362.4,"endTime":365.84,"body":"and England, 47 percent."},{"startTime":365.84,"endTime":368.0,"body":"The UK signed up a few years ago."},{"startTime":368.4,"endTime":373.56,"body":"Well, 10 years ago, to be precise,"},{"startTime":368.4,"endTime":373.56,"body":"to the UN biodiversity targets."},{"startTime":374.68,"endTime":379.56,"body":"The U.K. has failed to reach 17"},{"startTime":374.68,"endTime":379.56,"body":"out of the 20 targets that it set."},{"startTime":380.36,"endTime":384.12,"body":"By its own self assessment,"},{"startTime":380.36,"endTime":384.12,"body":"it is not how the UN looked at it,"},{"startTime":384.12,"endTime":388.52,"body":"but how the UK looks at its failed"},{"startTime":384.12,"endTime":388.52,"body":"to 14 out of the 20."},{"startTime":389.2,"endTime":390.92,"body":"So it sounds a bit better."},{"startTime":390.92,"endTime":392.32,"body":"Although these figures are a bit"},{"startTime":392.32,"endTime":396.88,"body":"misleading as 6 of those 20 targets,"},{"startTime":392.32,"endTime":396.88,"body":"we've actually gone backwards."},{"startTime":397.12,"endTime":399.72,"body":"We're now worse off"},{"startTime":397.12,"endTime":399.72,"body":"than we were 10 years ago."},{"startTime":401.2,"endTime":402.76,"body":"To give you some idea,"},{"startTime":402.76,"endTime":406.04,"body":"41 percent of the species"},{"startTime":402.76,"endTime":406.04,"body":"in the UK are declining."},{"startTime":406.4,"endTime":410.28,"body":"One in 10 is threatened with extinction"},{"startTime":406.4,"endTime":410.28,"body":"in the next 30 years."},{"startTime":412.4,"endTime":416.64,"body":"We see funding that was going to use"},{"startTime":412.4,"endTime":416.64,"body":"to protect our landscapes being slashed."},{"startTime":417.08,"endTime":418.64,"body":"There's no money available."},{"startTime":418.64,"endTime":421.6,"body":"It's no longer possible"},{"startTime":418.64,"endTime":421.6,"body":"for some of the agencies that have been"},{"startTime":421.6,"endTime":425.36,"body":"set up to protect and nurture"},{"startTime":421.6,"endTime":425.36,"body":"or nature to function effectively."},{"startTime":425.44,"endTime":429.56,"body":"They are in name only without the means"},{"startTime":425.44,"endTime":429.56,"body":"to help or enforce the protection"},{"startTime":429.8,"endTime":432.24,"body":"that our natural environment"},{"startTime":429.8,"endTime":432.24,"body":"and nature needs."},{"startTime":434.36,"endTime":438.0,"body":"Global corporations are allowed"},{"startTime":434.36,"endTime":438.0,"body":"to pollute our rivers and seas,"},{"startTime":438.4,"endTime":442.32,"body":"dumping millions of gallons of raw sewage"},{"startTime":438.4,"endTime":442.32,"body":"into our fresh water"},{"startTime":442.32,"endTime":445.28,"body":"systems each year because it saves money."},{"startTime":445.44,"endTime":448.72,"body":"They don't need to make expensive"},{"startTime":445.44,"endTime":448.72,"body":"infrastructure investment."},{"startTime":449.28,"endTime":452.88,"body":"Why bother when you can dump raw sewage"},{"startTime":449.28,"endTime":452.88,"body":"into a river,"},{"startTime":452.88,"endTime":454.44,"body":"for instance, or into our seas."},{"startTime":456.44,"endTime":457.56,"body":"Here in Scotland,"},{"startTime":457.56,"endTime":458.48,"body":"our sea and shores"},{"startTime":458.48,"endTime":464.32,"body":"are being devastated by aquiculture,"},{"startTime":458.48,"endTime":464.32,"body":"mainly the farming of salmon. Fish farms"},{"startTime":464.32,"endTime":469.36,"body":"now contribute more pollution to Scotland"},{"startTime":464.32,"endTime":469.36,"body":"seas than almost any other industry."},{"startTime":469.92,"endTime":472.64,"body":"The faeces from the fish, fish poo"},{"startTime":472.64,"endTime":476.8,"body":"to you and me from"},{"startTime":472.64,"endTime":476.8,"body":"these farms is estimated to be equivalent"},{"startTime":477.16,"endTime":480.48,"body":"to the sewage output"},{"startTime":477.16,"endTime":480.48,"body":"of about two and a half million people."},{"startTime":481.56,"endTime":485.64,"body":"All this goes into our seas,"},{"startTime":481.56,"endTime":485.64,"body":"close to our shores."},{"startTime":486.12,"endTime":488.84,"body":"It means that these waters"},{"startTime":486.12,"endTime":488.84,"body":"are becoming very polluted."},{"startTime":490.2,"endTime":495.04,"body":"Our fishing industry are trawling and"},{"startTime":490.2,"endTime":495.04,"body":"dredging in more and more areas in the sea"},{"startTime":495.48,"endTime":499.88,"body":"and destroying our seabeds and the species"},{"startTime":495.48,"endTime":499.88,"body":"that these delicate habitats support."},{"startTime":501.84,"endTime":505.92,"body":"Now, because the UK is an island"},{"startTime":501.84,"endTime":505.92,"body":"and it was the birthplace"},{"startTime":505.92,"endTime":511.44,"body":"of the industrial revolution, we've seen"},{"startTime":505.92,"endTime":511.44,"body":"massive destruction of the natural world."},{"startTime":511.44,"endTime":514.56,"body":"We don't have as much land"},{"startTime":511.44,"endTime":514.56,"body":"mass as other countries do."},{"startTime":514.88,"endTime":516.88,"body":"And we got nowhere to expand to."},{"startTime":516.88,"endTime":518.6,"body":"We can't move things out."},{"startTime":518.6,"endTime":520.4,"body":"We're here. This is what we've got."},{"startTime":520.4,"endTime":522.4,"body":"We've got to manage it."},{"startTime":522.4,"endTime":526.6,"body":"Because the UK is a small island"},{"startTime":522.4,"endTime":526.6,"body":"with a high population density."},{"startTime":526.8,"endTime":529.68,"body":"The human pressures on our biodiversity"},{"startTime":529.68,"endTime":532.72,"body":"and our wildlife tend"},{"startTime":529.68,"endTime":532.72,"body":"to be very concentrated."},{"startTime":532.96,"endTime":536.2,"body":"Human population"},{"startTime":532.96,"endTime":536.2,"body":"density, transport and urban development"},{"startTime":536.36,"endTime":540.0,"body":"have all played their part"},{"startTime":536.36,"endTime":540.0,"body":"in the decline of the natural world."},{"startTime":540.52,"endTime":543.44,"body":"However, research has shown"},{"startTime":540.52,"endTime":543.44,"body":"that agriculture"},{"startTime":543.44,"endTime":547.52,"body":"is one of the main causes"},{"startTime":543.44,"endTime":547.52,"body":"for biodiversity decline in the UK."},{"startTime":549.56,"endTime":551.96,"body":"And it's not always been the case."},{"startTime":551.96,"endTime":556.68,"body":"It all started over 300 years ago,"},{"startTime":551.96,"endTime":556.68,"body":"and over that time, very few of"},{"startTime":556.68,"endTime":561.12,"body":"our landscapes have actually escaped"},{"startTime":556.68,"endTime":561.12,"body":"some form of human influence."},{"startTime":562.32,"endTime":565.84,"body":"And the human influence"},{"startTime":562.32,"endTime":565.84,"body":"is on a large scale, and sometimes on"},{"startTime":565.92,"endTime":571.48,"body":"a small scale pollinators are in decline,"},{"startTime":565.92,"endTime":571.48,"body":"struggling due to the urbanization,"},{"startTime":571.96,"endTime":577.48,"body":"industrial intensification of agriculture,"},{"startTime":571.96,"endTime":577.48,"body":"the heavy use of pesticides"},{"startTime":577.48,"endTime":582.12,"body":"and herbicides, and the loss of wildflower"},{"startTime":577.48,"endTime":582.12,"body":"meadows of all hurt our pollinators."},{"startTime":582.6,"endTime":586.12,"body":"But we rely on those pollinators"},{"startTime":582.6,"endTime":586.12,"body":"to produce our food."},{"startTime":587.24,"endTime":590.28,"body":"In the UK, we have 38"},{"startTime":587.24,"endTime":590.28,"body":"million motor vehicles"},{"startTime":590.28,"endTime":592.68,"body":"that are licensed to use on roads."},{"startTime":592.68,"endTime":595.24,"body":"Hopefully they're not all out on the road"},{"startTime":592.68,"endTime":595.24,"body":"at the same time."},{"startTime":595.76,"endTime":601.04,"body":"Now, roads fragment, wildlife habitat,"},{"startTime":595.76,"endTime":601.04,"body":"motor vehicles are a major cause"},{"startTime":601.04,"endTime":605.76,"body":"of air pollution and also wildlife"},{"startTime":601.04,"endTime":605.76,"body":"fatalities and casualties."},{"startTime":605.76,"endTime":611.04,"body":"Of our wildlife badges, hedgehogs, foxes,"},{"startTime":605.76,"endTime":611.04,"body":"rabbits, squirrels and deer"},{"startTime":611.36,"endTime":614.56,"body":"and the most common"},{"startTime":611.36,"endTime":614.56,"body":"wildlife casualties with species"},{"startTime":614.56,"endTime":618.24,"body":"such as Otter, Pine Martens, Owls and bats"},{"startTime":614.56,"endTime":618.24,"body":"also making it onto the list."},{"startTime":618.6,"endTime":621.28,"body":"But these are in the more remote areas."},{"startTime":621.28,"endTime":624.28,"body":"One awful fact. Well, fact, I find awful"},{"startTime":624.28,"endTime":627.04,"body":"is that 90 percent"},{"startTime":624.28,"endTime":627.04,"body":"of the people in the U.K."},{"startTime":627.12,"endTime":630.68,"body":"have never seen a live badger."},{"startTime":627.12,"endTime":630.68,"body":"Only a dead one on the roadside."},{"startTime":633.24,"endTime":634.32,"body":"A thought I've just"},{"startTime":634.32,"endTime":637.76,"body":"had maybe with the introduction"},{"startTime":634.32,"endTime":637.76,"body":"of electric vehicles."},{"startTime":638.36,"endTime":641.76,"body":"Will, that increase"},{"startTime":638.36,"endTime":641.76,"body":"the number of wildlife road kills?"},{"startTime":641.96,"endTime":643.8,"body":"Will it be a saviour?"},{"startTime":643.8,"endTime":647.08,"body":"Electric vehicles are quiet running"},{"startTime":643.8,"endTime":647.08,"body":"compared to a petrol or diesel"},{"startTime":647.08,"endTime":652.4,"body":"engine vehicle, giving much less advance"},{"startTime":647.08,"endTime":652.4,"body":"warning to wildlife crossing on roads."},{"startTime":653.08,"endTime":656.6,"body":"Electric vehicles may be our saviour"},{"startTime":653.08,"endTime":656.6,"body":"with automation that can detect hazards"},{"startTime":656.6,"endTime":658.24,"body":"and avoid collisions."},{"startTime":658.24,"endTime":661.84,"body":"Or perhaps when road tolls replace"},{"startTime":658.24,"endTime":661.84,"body":"current fuel tax,"},{"startTime":661.84,"endTime":665.84,"body":"vehicles will be aware of their location"},{"startTime":661.84,"endTime":665.84,"body":"and will be able to automatically"},{"startTime":665.84,"endTime":669.2,"body":"be slowed down and reduce the maximum"},{"startTime":665.84,"endTime":669.2,"body":"speeds allowable."},{"startTime":669.64,"endTime":673.64,"body":"Therefore, meaning that people"},{"startTime":669.64,"endTime":673.64,"body":"won't be trying to go too fast in areas"},{"startTime":673.64,"endTime":676.0,"body":"where there are lots of wildlife about."},{"startTime":677.6,"endTime":680.44,"body":"Or perhaps wild carnivores are the answer."},{"startTime":680.92,"endTime":684.04,"body":"There's a study carried out"},{"startTime":680.92,"endTime":684.04,"body":"in America by"},{"startTime":684.04,"endTime":686.0,"body":"Dr. Sophie Gilbert and called"},{"startTime":686.0,"endTime":689.64,"body":"\"The social economic benefits"},{"startTime":686.0,"endTime":689.64,"body":"of large carnivore recolonization"},{"startTime":689.76,"endTime":694.64,"body":"through reduced vehicle wildlife"},{"startTime":689.76,"endTime":694.64,"body":"collisions.\" It's very interesting read."},{"startTime":694.96,"endTime":696.44,"body":"You can find the paper online."},{"startTime":696.44,"endTime":698.48,"body":"Have a look at it and see whether"},{"startTime":698.48,"endTime":702.56,"body":"you think maybe restoring large carnivores"},{"startTime":698.48,"endTime":702.56,"body":"might be the answer."},{"startTime":703.8,"endTime":707.08,"body":"Now, I've been going on about this,"},{"startTime":703.8,"endTime":707.08,"body":"but why does diversity matter?"},{"startTime":707.12,"endTime":710.12,"body":"You may be asking when it matters, because"},{"startTime":710.52,"endTime":713.28,"body":"without it we may not be here."},{"startTime":713.6,"endTime":716.8,"body":"The biogeochemical cycle pathways"},{"startTime":717.36,"endTime":721.72,"body":"by that, it's a chemical substances"},{"startTime":717.36,"endTime":721.72,"body":"which are turned over or moved through"},{"startTime":721.72,"endTime":727.2,"body":"the biotic or moves through the biotic,"},{"startTime":721.72,"endTime":727.2,"body":"the biosphere and the abiotic,"},{"startTime":727.24,"endTime":731.0,"body":"the lithosphere, atmosphere"},{"startTime":727.24,"endTime":731.0,"body":"and hydrosphere compartments of the earth"},{"startTime":731.28,"endTime":735.96,"body":"are all dependent on wildlife"},{"startTime":731.28,"endTime":735.96,"body":"and our wild areas."},{"startTime":736.52,"endTime":740.48,"body":"Everything we do as a human"},{"startTime":736.52,"endTime":740.48,"body":"being is dependent on the natural world."},{"startTime":741.0,"endTime":744.96,"body":"We have not found yet"},{"startTime":741.0,"endTime":744.96,"body":"a way of living without a natural world."},{"startTime":745.64,"endTime":748.48,"body":"The natural world provide us"},{"startTime":745.64,"endTime":748.48,"body":"with the water we drink, the air"},{"startTime":748.48,"endTime":751.76,"body":"we breathe, and the food we eat."},{"startTime":751.76,"endTime":755.72,"body":"There is a rule of three,"},{"startTime":751.76,"endTime":755.72,"body":"which is rule three, which is survival."},{"startTime":756.04,"endTime":759.56,"body":"The rule of three states"},{"startTime":756.04,"endTime":759.56,"body":"that you can survive three minutes"},{"startTime":759.56,"endTime":764.88,"body":"without air, three days without water,"},{"startTime":759.56,"endTime":764.88,"body":"and three weeks without food."},{"startTime":765.48,"endTime":767.4,"body":"Maybe something to think about."},{"startTime":767.4,"endTime":770.72,"body":"We are dependent on a vast"},{"startTime":767.4,"endTime":770.72,"body":"network of species"},{"startTime":771.0,"endTime":773.84,"body":"to keep us provided"},{"startTime":771.0,"endTime":773.84,"body":"with these three essentials."},{"startTime":774.52,"endTime":777.28,"body":"One of the important things is"},{"startTime":774.52,"endTime":777.28,"body":"we don't understand"},{"startTime":777.28,"endTime":780.24,"body":"this web of life"},{"startTime":777.28,"endTime":780.24,"body":"well enough to draw conclusions."},{"startTime":780.96,"endTime":784.12,"body":"We think we do. We think"},{"startTime":780.96,"endTime":784.12,"body":"we can draw a conclusion"},{"startTime":784.2,"endTime":787.72,"body":"about what the outcomes will be"},{"startTime":784.2,"endTime":787.72,"body":"if we break certain parts of the Web"},{"startTime":787.72,"endTime":789.04,"body":"with our action."},{"startTime":789.04,"endTime":794.76,"body":"But we don't actually know what we believe"},{"startTime":789.04,"endTime":794.76,"body":"today may be disproved tomorrow"},{"startTime":795.0,"endTime":798.2,"body":"or in a year's time or 2 years time"},{"startTime":795.0,"endTime":798.2,"body":"or 10 years time."},{"startTime":799.0,"endTime":803.72,"body":"So something we believe may be good today"},{"startTime":799.0,"endTime":803.72,"body":"may actually be a disaster in the making."},{"startTime":804.76,"endTime":806.4,"body":"Think of asbestos."},{"startTime":806.4,"endTime":808.68,"body":"Think of burning coal, burning oil."},{"startTime":809.36,"endTime":811.68,"body":"There are lots of examples where we didn't"},{"startTime":811.68,"endTime":815.44,"body":"actually understand the natural world"},{"startTime":811.68,"endTime":815.44,"body":"and the web of life."},{"startTime":815.44,"endTime":820.12,"body":"Where we've actually started to destroy it"},{"startTime":815.44,"endTime":820.12,"body":"and perhaps ourselves."},{"startTime":821.6,"endTime":825.24,"body":"We need as some matter of urgency"},{"startTime":821.6,"endTime":825.24,"body":"to start thinking about what"},{"startTime":825.24,"endTime":829.08,"body":"we're currently doing,"},{"startTime":825.24,"endTime":829.08,"body":"making changes to our current practices"},{"startTime":829.4,"endTime":831.88,"body":"to try and reverse the damage"},{"startTime":829.4,"endTime":831.88,"body":"that we've already done."},{"startTime":832.64,"endTime":835.76,"body":"And I believe no matter what"},{"startTime":832.64,"endTime":835.76,"body":"your belief system is,"},{"startTime":836.0,"endTime":839.0,"body":"we're simply not clever"},{"startTime":836.0,"endTime":839.0,"body":"enough to understand what we're doing"},{"startTime":839.2,"endTime":842.08,"body":"and the consequences to us"},{"startTime":839.2,"endTime":842.08,"body":"and our descendants."},{"startTime":842.56,"endTime":845.88,"body":"We need to start"},{"startTime":842.56,"endTime":845.88,"body":"to make changes to return back"},{"startTime":846.2,"endTime":848.64,"body":"to a more naturalistic environment."},{"startTime":849.8,"endTime":851.92,"body":"I don't believe we can build our way out"},{"startTime":852.24,"endTime":858.28,"body":"or introduce machines and buildings"},{"startTime":852.24,"endTime":858.28,"body":"that will help us, think of climate change."},{"startTime":858.44,"endTime":862.08,"body":"There is only one way to do that,"},{"startTime":858.44,"endTime":862.08,"body":"that is to restore the biosphere"},{"startTime":862.56,"endTime":866.56,"body":"back to a normal temperature"},{"startTime":862.56,"endTime":866.56,"body":"or a temperature that we can survive on."},{"startTime":867.56,"endTime":870.0,"body":"It's easy to think when we look around."},{"startTime":870.28,"endTime":872.44,"body":"This is the way it's always been."},{"startTime":872.44,"endTime":873.72,"body":"Come to Scotland."},{"startTime":873.72,"endTime":876.8,"body":"The vast number of visitors"},{"startTime":873.72,"endTime":876.8,"body":"always think that the hills"},{"startTime":876.8,"endTime":879.52,"body":"have been like they are,"},{"startTime":876.8,"endTime":879.52,"body":"but it's simply not true."},{"startTime":880.04,"endTime":884.48,"body":"If you look at maps of the highlands"},{"startTime":880.04,"endTime":884.48,"body":"drawn up over 300 years ago, you can see"},{"startTime":884.48,"endTime":888.16,"body":"that there was a hell of a lot more tree"},{"startTime":884.48,"endTime":888.16,"body":"cover than there is today."},{"startTime":888.56,"endTime":889.84,"body":"Even with the amount of trees"},{"startTime":889.84,"endTime":893.6,"body":"planted in the early 60s"},{"startTime":889.84,"endTime":893.6,"body":"and 70s by the Forestry Commission,"},{"startTime":894.08,"endTime":898.0,"body":"there was still much more land covered"},{"startTime":894.08,"endTime":898.0,"body":"by large woodlands than there are today."},{"startTime":899.24,"endTime":903.12,"body":"In some places that were covered in"},{"startTime":899.24,"endTime":903.12,"body":"Woodland's don't have a single tree left,"},{"startTime":903.6,"endTime":906.6,"body":"the biodiversity"},{"startTime":903.6,"endTime":906.6,"body":"was much greater in those days."},{"startTime":906.8,"endTime":908.84,"body":"The sheer number"},{"startTime":906.8,"endTime":908.84,"body":"of animals was staggering."},{"startTime":909.28,"endTime":912.96,"body":"Look at some of the estate records"},{"startTime":909.28,"endTime":912.96,"body":"for the control of what they called"},{"startTime":912.96,"endTime":917.36,"body":"vermin, eagles, birds of prey,"},{"startTime":912.96,"endTime":917.36,"body":"wild cats, otters, badgers and foxes"},{"startTime":918.0,"endTime":920.12,"body":"they were being killed"},{"startTime":918.0,"endTime":920.12,"body":"in their hundreds each year"},{"startTime":920.56,"endTime":923.6,"body":"to enable grouse moors"},{"startTime":920.56,"endTime":923.6,"body":"and the hunting estates to flourish."},{"startTime":924.08,"endTime":926.12,"body":"The numbers that were"},{"startTime":924.08,"endTime":926.12,"body":"killed are staggering"},{"startTime":926.2,"endTime":929.48,"body":"when you look at the estate books,"},{"startTime":926.2,"endTime":929.48,"body":"especially when you consider you'd be hard"},{"startTime":929.48,"endTime":933.44,"body":"pressed to find some of these species"},{"startTime":929.48,"endTime":933.44,"body":"at all on these estates today."},{"startTime":934.04,"endTime":936.48,"body":"We've heard evidence"},{"startTime":934.04,"endTime":936.48,"body":"within living memory, people"},{"startTime":936.48,"endTime":939.24,"body":"telling of relocation"},{"startTime":936.48,"endTime":939.24,"body":"of some troublesome Wild cats."},{"startTime":939.68,"endTime":942.8,"body":"You can't find wild cats"},{"startTime":939.68,"endTime":942.8,"body":"on the same land today."},{"startTime":943.72,"endTime":947.52,"body":"And the big question is, is what"},{"startTime":943.72,"endTime":947.52,"body":"do you want to restore back to, I suppose?"},{"startTime":948.12,"endTime":949.96,"body":"Do we want to keep what we've got?"},{"startTime":949.96,"endTime":952.04,"body":"Do we want to go backwards?"},{"startTime":952.04,"endTime":954.04,"body":"Lots of different"},{"startTime":952.04,"endTime":954.04,"body":"answers to that question."},{"startTime":955.0,"endTime":957.96,"body":"Some people say we"},{"startTime":955.0,"endTime":957.96,"body":"should go back to the last ice age,"},{"startTime":958.32,"endTime":961.68,"body":"the last ice age in"},{"startTime":958.32,"endTime":961.68,"body":"Scotland was the Loch Lomond Stadial,"},{"startTime":962.04,"endTime":964.52,"body":"which is about ten to twelve"},{"startTime":962.04,"endTime":964.52,"body":"thousand years ago."},{"startTime":965.2,"endTime":968.6,"body":"It shaped the landscape and the animals"},{"startTime":965.2,"endTime":968.6,"body":"that live near the ice edges."},{"startTime":968.6,"endTime":973.12,"body":"And when the ice started to retreat,"},{"startTime":968.6,"endTime":973.12,"body":"we have what we have today."},{"startTime":973.8,"endTime":976.32,"body":"But you should be remembered"},{"startTime":973.8,"endTime":976.32,"body":"that we didn't have the North Sea"},{"startTime":976.32,"endTime":980.2,"body":"in those days. We had our area of land"},{"startTime":976.32,"endTime":980.2,"body":"called Dogger Land."},{"startTime":980.64,"endTime":983.12,"body":"This meant that animals"},{"startTime":980.64,"endTime":983.12,"body":"and plants and insects"},{"startTime":983.48,"endTime":987.36,"body":"didn't have to cover the vast expanses"},{"startTime":983.48,"endTime":987.36,"body":"of water that now surround our island"},{"startTime":987.52,"endTime":990.68,"body":"to colonize the lands"},{"startTime":987.52,"endTime":990.68,"body":"emerging from the retreating ice sheet."},{"startTime":991.4,"endTime":994.16,"body":"Wildlife. This time"},{"startTime":991.4,"endTime":994.16,"body":"would have been the same"},{"startTime":994.16,"endTime":998.16,"body":"from the west coast of the U.K.,"},{"startTime":994.16,"endTime":998.16,"body":"right across into Central Europe,"},{"startTime":998.16,"endTime":1002.28,"body":"Dogger land itself, supported"},{"startTime":998.16,"endTime":1002.28,"body":"much wildlife and human activity."},{"startTime":1002.72,"endTime":1005.28,"body":"Evidence suggests"},{"startTime":1002.72,"endTime":1005.28,"body":"that it's been inhabited for"},{"startTime":1005.28,"endTime":1008.0,"body":"at least 50000 years by our ancestors."},{"startTime":1008.64,"endTime":1011.4,"body":"Sea levels during"},{"startTime":1008.64,"endTime":1011.4,"body":"the last ice age were much lower,"},{"startTime":1011.68,"endTime":1015.48,"body":"and therefore there was a vast"},{"startTime":1011.68,"endTime":1015.48,"body":"expanse of low lying marshland"},{"startTime":1015.6,"endTime":1019.32,"body":"and good hunting grounds"},{"startTime":1015.6,"endTime":1019.32,"body":"that made up the Dogger lands."},{"startTime":1020.12,"endTime":1024.48,"body":"Today, you can see the remains of that"},{"startTime":1020.12,"endTime":1024.48,"body":"from the Dogger bank in North Sea."},{"startTime":1025.0,"endTime":1030.16,"body":"It was all destroyed when a catastrophic"},{"startTime":1025.0,"endTime":1030.16,"body":"wave was generated by a subsea landslide"},{"startTime":1030.28,"endTime":1033.16,"body":"off the coast of Norway"},{"startTime":1030.28,"endTime":1033.16,"body":"and the area was flooded."},{"startTime":1033.32,"endTime":1035.52,"body":"And we got the North"},{"startTime":1033.32,"endTime":1035.52,"body":"Sea that we know today."},{"startTime":1037.0,"endTime":1040.16,"body":"So maybe we could use the ice age"},{"startTime":1037.0,"endTime":1040.16,"body":"of 10000 years ago"},{"startTime":1040.16,"endTime":1043.8,"body":"as a benchmark for what"},{"startTime":1040.16,"endTime":1043.8,"body":"our landscape should look like today."},{"startTime":1044.28,"endTime":1045.44,"body":"Perhaps a better model"},{"startTime":1045.44,"endTime":1049.36,"body":"is to be found by looking"},{"startTime":1045.44,"endTime":1049.36,"body":"across the North Sea to Southwest Norway."},{"startTime":1050.04,"endTime":1053.8,"body":"After all, we were one time"},{"startTime":1050.04,"endTime":1053.8,"body":"all part of the same landmass."},{"startTime":1054.08,"endTime":1058.72,"body":"And when you compare south west Norway"},{"startTime":1054.08,"endTime":1058.72,"body":"with Scotland, there are vast differences."},{"startTime":1059.08,"endTime":1061.56,"body":"There's much more biodiversity in Norway."},{"startTime":1061.8,"endTime":1063.88,"body":"There's much more tree habitat."},{"startTime":1064.68,"endTime":1067.76,"body":"Scotland's uplands are affected"},{"startTime":1067.76,"endTime":1071.04,"body":"by both deer and sheep grazing."},{"startTime":1071.4,"endTime":1075.52,"body":"Whereas in Norway, they manage the amount"},{"startTime":1071.4,"endTime":1075.52,"body":"of grazing that takes place."},{"startTime":1076.04,"endTime":1080.4,"body":"One way to measure this is to look"},{"startTime":1076.04,"endTime":1080.4,"body":"at the tree lines in the two countries."},{"startTime":1081.68,"endTime":1085.44,"body":"The tree line in Scotland"},{"startTime":1081.68,"endTime":1085.44,"body":"is about 650 meters."},{"startTime":1085.68,"endTime":1088.84,"body":"And what I mean by tree line"},{"startTime":1085.68,"endTime":1088.84,"body":"is that's the line at which"},{"startTime":1088.88,"endTime":1092.4,"body":"all trees or most trees,"},{"startTime":1088.88,"endTime":1092.4,"body":"big trees stop growing."},{"startTime":1093.2,"endTime":1096.84,"body":"In Norway the fully grown trees"},{"startTime":1093.2,"endTime":1096.84,"body":"grow up to 800 meters,"},{"startTime":1097.28,"endTime":1099.64,"body":"which is a full 150 meters higher."},{"startTime":1100.64,"endTime":1104.16,"body":"The small downy birch,"},{"startTime":1100.64,"endTime":1104.16,"body":"which are classed as trees,"},{"startTime":1104.16,"endTime":1106.28,"body":"but if you ever see one in Scotland,"},{"startTime":1106.28,"endTime":1109.88,"body":"which is very unlikely,"},{"startTime":1106.28,"endTime":1109.88,"body":"you walk over it and think it was a bush."},{"startTime":1110.24,"endTime":1111.44,"body":"They actually grow in Scotland,"},{"startTime":1111.44,"endTime":1114.68,"body":"to about 800 meters,"},{"startTime":1111.44,"endTime":1114.68,"body":"or they've been found at 800 meters."},{"startTime":1115.52,"endTime":1119.4,"body":"In Norway that figure is"},{"startTime":1115.52,"endTime":1119.4,"body":"that they grow to a thousand meters."},{"startTime":1120.24,"endTime":1121.64,"body":"Why is this important?"},{"startTime":1121.64,"endTime":1124.68,"body":"It shows you how much the grazing"},{"startTime":1121.64,"endTime":1124.68,"body":"has affected it."},{"startTime":1125.12,"endTime":1128.04,"body":"It's actually pushed"},{"startTime":1125.12,"endTime":1128.04,"body":"the amount of vegetation"},{"startTime":1128.04,"endTime":1132.68,"body":"that the mountains will support lower"},{"startTime":1128.04,"endTime":1132.68,"body":"and lower in the in Scotland and the UK."},{"startTime":1134.12,"endTime":1137.92,"body":"In Norway rich habitats can be found"},{"startTime":1134.12,"endTime":1137.92,"body":"above 900 meters"},{"startTime":1138.12,"endTime":1141.28,"body":"with a ground story"},{"startTime":1138.12,"endTime":1141.28,"body":"that supports nesting birds."},{"startTime":1142.2,"endTime":1146.2,"body":"Look at Scotland and our land"},{"startTime":1142.2,"endTime":1146.2,"body":"devoid in large parts of these"},{"startTime":1146.32,"endTime":1150.4,"body":"rich habitats, tree"},{"startTime":1146.32,"endTime":1150.4,"body":"felling, sheep grazing deer forests."},{"startTime":1150.8,"endTime":1153.44,"body":"Don't allow forests to grow"},{"startTime":1150.8,"endTime":1153.44,"body":"where they should."},{"startTime":1154.24,"endTime":1158.68,"body":"To give you an idea"},{"startTime":1154.24,"endTime":1158.68,"body":"of the forest state in the UK."},{"startTime":1159.36,"endTime":1161.36,"body":"I'm going to look at a couple of areas."},{"startTime":1161.36,"endTime":1165.4,"body":"And if we take the Cairngorms"},{"startTime":1161.36,"endTime":1165.4,"body":"National Park, because it's very close"},{"startTime":1165.4,"endTime":1171.28,"body":"to us. And also it's home to about 25"},{"startTime":1165.4,"endTime":1171.28,"body":"percent of the UK's threatened species"},{"startTime":1171.48,"endTime":1176.64,"body":"as a proportion of its total area,"},{"startTime":1171.48,"endTime":1176.64,"body":"69 percent of it is natural woodland."},{"startTime":1177.12,"endTime":1181.8,"body":"As a whole, Scotland is about 22 percent"},{"startTime":1177.12,"endTime":1181.8,"body":"natural woodland."},{"startTime":1182.44,"endTime":1186.64,"body":"The other national park in Scotland,"},{"startTime":1182.44,"endTime":1186.64,"body":"Loch Lomond and Trossachs"},{"startTime":1186.64,"endTime":1190.08,"body":"National Park, is about 25 percent"},{"startTime":1186.64,"endTime":1190.08,"body":"natural woodland."},{"startTime":1190.72,"endTime":1193.76,"body":"Compare this, for instance,"},{"startTime":1190.72,"endTime":1193.76,"body":"with the city of Glasgow,"},{"startTime":1194.04,"endTime":1196.8,"body":"which is about 40 percent woodland."},{"startTime":1196.8,"endTime":1198.64,"body":"We may be getting something"},{"startTime":1196.8,"endTime":1198.64,"body":"wrong here, I think."},{"startTime":1199.64,"endTime":1201.92,"body":"If we are to prosper and survive,"},{"startTime":1202.08,"endTime":1204.96,"body":"we must do something"},{"startTime":1202.08,"endTime":1204.96,"body":"about our depleted natural world."},{"startTime":1205.6,"endTime":1208.36,"body":"We must stop polluting"},{"startTime":1205.6,"endTime":1208.36,"body":"at the levels we currently do"},{"startTime":1209.0,"endTime":1211.08,"body":"just because our needs seem greater now."},{"startTime":1211.2,"endTime":1213.48,"body":"It doesn't mean that"},{"startTime":1211.2,"endTime":1213.48,"body":"we're not destroying systems"},{"startTime":1213.48,"endTime":1216.12,"body":"that will keep our descendants"},{"startTime":1213.48,"endTime":1216.12,"body":"alive in the future."},{"startTime":1217.08,"endTime":1220.36,"body":"We need to start"},{"startTime":1217.08,"endTime":1220.36,"body":"putting more areas under protection."},{"startTime":1221.04,"endTime":1224.0,"body":"We need to stop doing small scale"},{"startTime":1221.04,"endTime":1224.0,"body":"wildlife initiatives."},{"startTime":1224.36,"endTime":1226.16,"body":"It all needs to be joined up."},{"startTime":1226.16,"endTime":1229.84,"body":"We need to be thinking about the whole"},{"startTime":1226.16,"endTime":1229.84,"body":"not just a small bit,"},{"startTime":1229.84,"endTime":1234.24,"body":"can we restore this bit of land"},{"startTime":1229.84,"endTime":1234.24,"body":"so that a few butterflies can survive?"},{"startTime":1234.48,"endTime":1236.04,"body":"Yeah, they are important."},{"startTime":1236.04,"endTime":1238.92,"body":"But unless we produce a landscape"},{"startTime":1236.04,"endTime":1238.92,"body":"that's joined up"},{"startTime":1239.16,"endTime":1242.44,"body":"that will support nature"},{"startTime":1239.16,"endTime":1242.44,"body":"and that nature can move through."},{"startTime":1243.2,"endTime":1247.6,"body":"We are, in fact, just creating zoos"},{"startTime":1243.2,"endTime":1247.6,"body":"for a few species to cling onto"},{"startTime":1248.16,"endTime":1250.76,"body":"these few individuals, become at risk from"},{"startTime":1250.76,"endTime":1254.16,"body":"climate change disease"},{"startTime":1250.76,"endTime":1254.16,"body":"and introduce foreign species."},{"startTime":1255.36,"endTime":1259.84,"body":"In the long term, we need to return"},{"startTime":1255.36,"endTime":1259.84,"body":"our barren landscapes that only support"},{"startTime":1259.84,"endTime":1263.52,"body":"a small number of species"},{"startTime":1259.84,"endTime":1263.52,"body":"into more productive areas for nature."},{"startTime":1264.28,"endTime":1269.24,"body":"In doing so, we ensure diversity"},{"startTime":1264.28,"endTime":1269.24,"body":"and resilience in our wild places."},{"startTime":1270.12,"endTime":1275.48,"body":"But all this will mean change farming"},{"startTime":1270.12,"endTime":1275.48,"body":"because it's intimate ties"},{"startTime":1275.48,"endTime":1279.56,"body":"with the land needs to change,"},{"startTime":1275.48,"endTime":1279.56,"body":"and that will not be easy."},{"startTime":1280.48,"endTime":1284.32,"body":"Sporting estates in Scotland will need"},{"startTime":1280.48,"endTime":1284.32,"body":"to rethink how they do business."},{"startTime":1285.08,"endTime":1289.88,"body":"And all these changes are going to bring"},{"startTime":1285.08,"endTime":1289.88,"body":"about redundancy and personal loss."},{"startTime":1290.76,"endTime":1293.12,"body":"Much the same way"},{"startTime":1290.76,"endTime":1293.12,"body":"as the loss of the coal mines"},{"startTime":1293.12,"endTime":1297.16,"body":"and heavy industries have done for vast"},{"startTime":1293.12,"endTime":1297.16,"body":"swathes of the UK."},{"startTime":1297.96,"endTime":1300.24,"body":"If we can learn to embrace the changes,"},{"startTime":1300.96,"endTime":1305.92,"body":"we believe it will be for the better,"},{"startTime":1300.96,"endTime":1305.92,"body":"more employment, a richer landscape,"},{"startTime":1305.92,"endTime":1309.84,"body":"better able to cope with future"},{"startTime":1305.92,"endTime":1309.84,"body":"changes, benefits for the communities"},{"startTime":1309.84,"endTime":1312.6,"body":"in towns and cities,"},{"startTime":1309.84,"endTime":1312.6,"body":"in spaces for recreation"},{"startTime":1312.92,"endTime":1316.28,"body":"and alleviating the"},{"startTime":1312.92,"endTime":1316.28,"body":"effects of climate change."},{"startTime":1317.44,"endTime":1320.16,"body":"And don't forget,"},{"startTime":1317.44,"endTime":1320.16,"body":"it's not just the wild areas"},{"startTime":1320.16,"endTime":1324.04,"body":"that need to change our urban areas"},{"startTime":1320.16,"endTime":1324.04,"body":"need to become more involved."},{"startTime":1324.48,"endTime":1329.0,"body":"Our gardens and parks need to provide"},{"startTime":1324.48,"endTime":1329.0,"body":"large green areas, in our, cities,"},{"startTime":1329.72,"endTime":1333.36,"body":"roads have edges"},{"startTime":1329.72,"endTime":1333.36,"body":"that can be wildlife havens or corridors"},{"startTime":1333.36,"endTime":1335.68,"body":"that wildlife can move about in."},{"startTime":1335.68,"endTime":1337.32,"body":"And to do this, we need to"},{"startTime":1337.32,"endTime":1340.8,"body":"engage with the landowners"},{"startTime":1337.32,"endTime":1340.8,"body":"and their custodian of the land."},{"startTime":1341.4,"endTime":1345.44,"body":"Start a conversation about the change"},{"startTime":1341.4,"endTime":1345.44,"body":"in its benefits and its downside."},{"startTime":1346.32,"endTime":1348.6,"body":"In our countryside,"},{"startTime":1346.32,"endTime":1348.6,"body":"great changes will happen."},{"startTime":1349.28,"endTime":1352.56,"body":"We must support those that are affected"},{"startTime":1349.28,"endTime":1352.56,"body":"by these changes."},{"startTime":1353.08,"endTime":1356.04,"body":"If we've learned anything"},{"startTime":1353.08,"endTime":1356.04,"body":"from our loss of mining and heavy industry"},{"startTime":1356.04,"endTime":1359.36,"body":"in this country,"},{"startTime":1356.04,"endTime":1359.36,"body":"people need lots of help and understanding"},{"startTime":1359.36,"endTime":1362.92,"body":"when seismic shifts take away"},{"startTime":1359.36,"endTime":1362.92,"body":"their identities forever."},{"startTime":1363.68,"endTime":1366.32,"body":"Lessons must be applied"},{"startTime":1363.68,"endTime":1366.32,"body":"to a different group of people."},{"startTime":1366.6,"endTime":1368.96,"body":"But the effects will be the same."},{"startTime":1368.96,"endTime":1372.8,"body":"We must help the people"},{"startTime":1368.96,"endTime":1372.8,"body":"that are greatly affected by this."},{"startTime":1373.12,"endTime":1376.68,"body":"It is going to be seismic changes"},{"startTime":1373.12,"endTime":1376.68,"body":"that they are going to have to undergo,"},{"startTime":1377.0,"endTime":1379.76,"body":"if we want to bring the natural diversity"},{"startTime":1379.76,"endTime":1382.72,"body":"of the countryside should have back again,"},{"startTime":1382.92,"endTime":1388.04,"body":"so that we can restore nature"},{"startTime":1382.92,"endTime":1388.04,"body":"and help us survive in the future."},{"startTime":1389.04,"endTime":1390.84,"body":"And if you're not in the countryside,"},{"startTime":1390.84,"endTime":1392.92,"body":"don't believe that"},{"startTime":1390.84,"endTime":1392.92,"body":"this doesn't affect you."},{"startTime":1393.12,"endTime":1395.48,"body":"Stop making your green spaces tidy."},{"startTime":1395.84,"endTime":1397.88,"body":"You don't need to cut the grass"},{"startTime":1395.84,"endTime":1397.88,"body":"to within an inch of its life."},{"startTime":1397.88,"endTime":1400.2,"body":"Or a centimetre of its life."},{"startTime":1400.96,"endTime":1403.08,"body":"Tidy is not nature's way."},{"startTime":1403.08,"endTime":1406.32,"body":"Maintain your urban space"},{"startTime":1403.08,"endTime":1406.32,"body":"with wildlife in mind."},{"startTime":1406.32,"endTime":1408.64,"body":"Stop concreting over your land."},{"startTime":1408.96,"endTime":1412.92,"body":"Yes, you need to park a car,"},{"startTime":1408.96,"endTime":1412.92,"body":"but you don't need to concrete it over."},{"startTime":1413.04,"endTime":1416.2,"body":"Find an alternative"},{"startTime":1413.04,"endTime":1416.2,"body":"that allows water to drain away."},{"startTime":1416.56,"endTime":1419.32,"body":"Where may be flowers and grasses"},{"startTime":1416.56,"endTime":1419.32,"body":"to share the space."},{"startTime":1419.56,"endTime":1423.08,"body":"It doesn't need to be a vast"},{"startTime":1419.56,"endTime":1423.08,"body":"concrete jungle out there."},{"startTime":1423.08,"endTime":1426.48,"body":"There can be green there"},{"startTime":1423.08,"endTime":1426.48,"body":"and you can still park your car."},{"startTime":1427.96,"endTime":1432.36,"body":"I say road verges don't need to be cut"},{"startTime":1427.96,"endTime":1432.36,"body":"every few weeks to a couple of centimetres"},{"startTime":1432.36,"endTime":1435.32,"body":"high, let them grow, let them flower,"},{"startTime":1435.32,"endTime":1439.6,"body":"they only need cutting once a year"},{"startTime":1435.32,"endTime":1439.6,"body":"to take away all the cuttings."},{"startTime":1439.76,"endTime":1442.12,"body":"Hoover up and take it away."},{"startTime":1442.12,"endTime":1443.44,"body":"Just think of the amount of money"},{"startTime":1443.44,"endTime":1447.36,"body":"the councils would save by not cutting"},{"startTime":1443.44,"endTime":1447.36,"body":"every single road. verge."},{"startTime":1447.36,"endTime":1450.44,"body":"These road verges would provide us with"},{"startTime":1450.44,"endTime":1454.44,"body":"wildlife corridors, ways"},{"startTime":1450.44,"endTime":1454.44,"body":"that wildlife can move about."},{"startTime":1454.72,"endTime":1456.8,"body":"We've got vast road network."},{"startTime":1456.96,"endTime":1460.12,"body":"Why not have it so that wildlife can move"},{"startTime":1460.12,"endTime":1464.64,"body":"between areas rather than what"},{"startTime":1460.12,"endTime":1464.64,"body":"we've got at the moment, which is isolated"},{"startTime":1464.64,"endTime":1470.08,"body":"pockets of small wildlife areas"},{"startTime":1464.64,"endTime":1470.08,"body":"that people have very lovingly built."},{"startTime":1470.52,"endTime":1473.04,"body":"They've saved butterflies"},{"startTime":1470.52,"endTime":1473.04,"body":"in certain areas."},{"startTime":1473.44,"endTime":1477.44,"body":"They've saved newts, frogs,"},{"startTime":1473.44,"endTime":1477.44,"body":"all manner of wildlife."},{"startTime":1478.16,"endTime":1479.92,"body":"But that's where it's staying."},{"startTime":1479.92,"endTime":1484.88,"body":"It's got no way of moving"},{"startTime":1479.92,"endTime":1484.88,"body":"about or expanding into a wider area."},{"startTime":1485.6,"endTime":1489.68,"body":"And because it's in such concentrated"},{"startTime":1485.6,"endTime":1489.68,"body":"pockets, it becomes very, very vulnerable"},{"startTime":1489.84,"endTime":1494.2,"body":"to the latest disease"},{"startTime":1489.84,"endTime":1494.2,"body":"that's been brought in or climate change."},{"startTime":1494.2,"endTime":1499.88,"body":"We said earlier that roadkill accounts"},{"startTime":1494.2,"endTime":1499.88,"body":"for vast numbers of our wildlife."},{"startTime":1500.28,"endTime":1502.56,"body":"Well, why not bringing in sky tables?"},{"startTime":1503.04,"endTime":1508.0,"body":"These are grids raised high off the ground"},{"startTime":1503.04,"endTime":1508.0,"body":"where you can put roadkill."},{"startTime":1508.0,"endTime":1510.24,"body":"This helps our birds of prey."},{"startTime":1510.64,"endTime":1514.52,"body":"And maybe not the most nice thing to say,"},{"startTime":1514.52,"endTime":1518.16,"body":"but when the maggots move in, smaller"},{"startTime":1514.52,"endTime":1518.16,"body":"birds can feed on them."},{"startTime":1518.6,"endTime":1520.24,"body":"No, it's not tidy."},{"startTime":1520.24,"endTime":1522.16,"body":"No, it's not sanitized."},{"startTime":1522.16,"endTime":1524.92,"body":"But nature is all about life and death."},{"startTime":1525.84,"endTime":1528.52,"body":"We've become far too removed from reality."},{"startTime":1528.88,"endTime":1532.08,"body":"So much so that we think"},{"startTime":1528.88,"endTime":1532.08,"body":"we're above it. We're not."},{"startTime":1533.12,"endTime":1536.0,"body":"You don't have to"},{"startTime":1533.12,"endTime":1536.0,"body":"do much, but you need to do something."},{"startTime":1536.48,"endTime":1540.4,"body":"It's no use just going to a wild place"},{"startTime":1536.48,"endTime":1540.4,"body":"for day out or for a holiday."},{"startTime":1541.16,"endTime":1545.64,"body":"You need to influence people"},{"startTime":1541.16,"endTime":1545.64,"body":"to start to make changes."},{"startTime":1546.28,"endTime":1549.44,"body":"No, you're not, see much of it"},{"startTime":1546.28,"endTime":1549.44,"body":"in your lifetime, perhaps."},{"startTime":1550.16,"endTime":1552.16,"body":"Nature is slow and careful."},{"startTime":1552.16,"endTime":1555.64,"body":"It tries out many different alternatives"},{"startTime":1552.16,"endTime":1555.64,"body":"before choosing a winner."},{"startTime":1556.36,"endTime":1558.72,"body":"And that's the way it continues."},{"startTime":1558.72,"endTime":1561.68,"body":"That's why it's been around"},{"startTime":1558.72,"endTime":1561.68,"body":"for billions of years,"},{"startTime":1562.28,"endTime":1566.12,"body":"because unlike us,"},{"startTime":1562.28,"endTime":1566.12,"body":"it doesn't need an answer yesterday."},{"startTime":1566.56,"endTime":1569.8,"body":"It doesn't need to spend billions"},{"startTime":1566.56,"endTime":1569.8,"body":"and billions of pounds"},{"startTime":1569.8,"endTime":1572.2,"body":"building something very quickly."},{"startTime":1573.12,"endTime":1575.16,"body":"It tries things out."},{"startTime":1575.16,"endTime":1578.88,"body":"If it doesn't work, it puts it to one side"},{"startTime":1575.16,"endTime":1578.88,"body":"and goes, nice experiment."},{"startTime":1578.92,"endTime":1583.44,"body":"Shame about that, and goes on and invests"},{"startTime":1578.92,"endTime":1583.44,"body":"in other things that it's tried."},{"startTime":1584.32,"endTime":1588.24,"body":"But it has thousands and thousands"},{"startTime":1584.32,"endTime":1588.24,"body":"of different avenues that it can do that"},{"startTime":1588.24,"endTime":1591.68,"body":"with. We concentrate every"},{"startTime":1588.24,"endTime":1591.68,"body":"all our efforts into one avenue."},{"startTime":1592.2,"endTime":1597.52,"body":"And when that avenue is actually bad for"},{"startTime":1592.2,"endTime":1597.52,"body":"us or fails, we've got no alternatives."},{"startTime":1600.28,"endTime":1602.8,"body":"You're listening"},{"startTime":1600.28,"endTime":1602.8,"body":"to one podcast on rewilding,"},{"startTime":1602.8,"endTime":1605.4,"body":"but out and do some more research."},{"startTime":1605.8,"endTime":1607.8,"body":"Find out what rewilding means."},{"startTime":1608.36,"endTime":1611.6,"body":"Find out what the effects are,"},{"startTime":1608.36,"endTime":1611.6,"body":"why we should be doing it."},{"startTime":1612.4,"endTime":1614.92,"body":"Listen to people read from people who know"},{"startTime":1614.92,"endTime":1617.68,"body":"a hell of a lot more"},{"startTime":1614.92,"endTime":1617.68,"body":"about rewilding than I ever will."},{"startTime":1618.28,"endTime":1622.48,"body":"All I know is, is that it's something"},{"startTime":1618.28,"endTime":1622.48,"body":"that Jacky and I believe passionately in"},{"startTime":1622.48,"endTime":1625.44,"body":"and think that it's the best thing"},{"startTime":1622.48,"endTime":1625.44,"body":"that we should be doing."},{"startTime":1626.4,"endTime":1628.2,"body":"And become more informed."},{"startTime":1628.2,"endTime":1629.56,"body":"It doesn't matter to us"},{"startTime":1629.56,"endTime":1633.0,"body":"if you come to the conclusion"},{"startTime":1629.56,"endTime":1633.0,"body":"that rewilding is not a good idea."},{"startTime":1633.44,"endTime":1636.88,"body":"The thing is that you have made a decision"},{"startTime":1633.44,"endTime":1636.88,"body":"from the point of knowledge"},{"startTime":1637.16,"endTime":1639.36,"body":"and not just rejected a new thing."},{"startTime":1641.52,"endTime":1643.8,"body":"We're coming to the end of this podcast."},{"startTime":1643.8,"endTime":1646.08,"body":"I'd like to leave you"},{"startTime":1643.8,"endTime":1646.08,"body":"with a couple of thoughts."},{"startTime":1646.96,"endTime":1650.68,"body":"Earth got along fine for billions of years"},{"startTime":1646.96,"endTime":1650.68,"body":"before we came along."},{"startTime":1651.36,"endTime":1654.92,"body":"No matter what we do to the biosphere,"},{"startTime":1651.36,"endTime":1654.92,"body":"it will still be here"},{"startTime":1655.12,"endTime":1659.04,"body":"and ready for another life"},{"startTime":1655.12,"endTime":1659.04,"body":"form to thrive in the conditions we left."},{"startTime":1660.2,"endTime":1662.52,"body":"And there are two views of rewilding."},{"startTime":1662.52,"endTime":1665.12,"body":"One from the Scottish Rewilding Alliance."},{"startTime":1666.0,"endTime":1668.12,"body":"I'm going to read this."},{"startTime":1668.12,"endTime":1671.64,"body":"\"Imagine a Scotland"},{"startTime":1668.12,"endTime":1671.64,"body":"where nature is reawakened."},{"startTime":1673.56,"endTime":1676.32,"body":"Were a rich tapestry"},{"startTime":1673.56,"endTime":1676.32,"body":"of native woodlands, wetlands,"},{"startTime":1676.32,"endTime":1680.04,"body":"wildflower meadows"},{"startTime":1676.32,"endTime":1680.04,"body":"and grassland is stitched back together."},{"startTime":1681.12,"endTime":1683.2,"body":"Where land and sea team with life."},{"startTime":1684.72,"endTime":1688.6,"body":"But people feel connected"},{"startTime":1684.72,"endTime":1688.6,"body":"to the natural world wherever they live."},{"startTime":1689.92,"endTime":1692.6,"body":"Where nature based enterprises support"},{"startTime":1692.6,"endTime":1695.4,"body":"thriving communities far and wide.\""},{"startTime":1697.52,"endTime":1700.56,"body":"We think that sums up"},{"startTime":1697.52,"endTime":1700.56,"body":"why we're trying to make small steps"},{"startTime":1700.84,"endTime":1703.08,"body":"to making Scotland that picture."},{"startTime":1704.04,"endTime":1706.6,"body":"And finally, almost finally,"},{"startTime":1706.88,"endTime":1709.84,"body":"a quote from Ray Mears,"},{"startTime":1706.88,"endTime":1709.84,"body":"which we think is very apt."},{"startTime":1711.08,"endTime":1714.6,"body":"\"I've long said that"},{"startTime":1711.08,"endTime":1714.6,"body":"the measure of a civilization is whether"},{"startTime":1714.6,"endTime":1718.56,"body":"it can live in harmony with the animals"},{"startTime":1714.6,"endTime":1718.56,"body":"that share the landscape with it\"."},{"startTime":1720.8,"endTime":1723.4,"body":"We must produce civilizations"},{"startTime":1720.8,"endTime":1723.4,"body":"that live in harmony"},{"startTime":1723.4,"endTime":1727.28,"body":"with our planet and do not set"},{"startTime":1723.4,"endTime":1727.28,"body":"out to destroy our only home."},{"startTime":1729.44,"endTime":1731.2,"body":"My name is Mark Bloomfield,"},{"startTime":1731.2,"endTime":1733.6,"body":"and thank you very much"},{"startTime":1731.2,"endTime":1733.6,"body":"indeed for listening to this podcast."},{"startTime":1738.08,"endTime":1741.08,"body":"You've been listening"},{"startTime":1738.08,"endTime":1741.08,"body":"to a wildlife and photography podcast"},{"startTime":1742.08,"endTime":1744.92,"body":"produced by M\u0026J Bloomfield."},{"startTime":1744.92,"endTime":1747.68,"body":"For more information, details"},{"startTime":1744.92,"endTime":1747.68,"body":"about us and our work,"},{"startTime":1748.16,"endTime":1751.32,"body":"visit our website at mandjbloomfield.com."},{"startTime":1751.92,"endTime":1755.12,"body":"Thank you for listening"},{"startTime":1751.92,"endTime":1755.12,"body":"and we hope you'll join us again soon."},{"startTime":1755.64,"endTime":1756.92,"body":"Chun an sin, mar sin leat."}]}