{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":6.18,"endTime":8.88,"body":"Welcome to the"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":6.18,"endTime":8.88,"body":"Language Neuroscience Podcast, a"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":8.88,"endTime":11.76,"body":"podcast about the scientific"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":8.88,"endTime":11.76,"body":"study of language and the brain."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":12.27,"endTime":14.97,"body":"I'm Stephen Wilson and I'm a"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":12.27,"endTime":14.97,"body":"neuroscientist at Vanderbilt"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":14.97,"endTime":18.72,"body":"University Medical Center. In my"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":14.97,"endTime":18.72,"body":"lab, the Language Neuroscience"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":18.72,"endTime":22.35,"body":"Lab, our research focuses on"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":18.72,"endTime":22.35,"body":"neuroplasticity in recovery from"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":22.59,"endTime":26.13,"body":"post-stroke aphasia. In this"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":22.59,"endTime":26.13,"body":"podcast, I'm going to talk with"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":26.13,"endTime":28.83,"body":"leading and up-and-coming"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":26.13,"endTime":28.83,"body":"researchers about their work and"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":28.83,"endTime":32.73,"body":"ideas. This podcast is geared to"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":28.83,"endTime":32.73,"body":"an audience of scientists and"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":32.73,"endTime":34.71,"body":"future scientists who are"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":32.73,"endTime":34.71,"body":"interested in the neural"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":34.71,"endTime":37.89,"body":"substrates of language, from"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":34.71,"endTime":37.89,"body":"students, to postdocs,  to"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":37.89,"endTime":41.7,"body":"faculty. We have many avenues of"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":37.89,"endTime":41.7,"body":"scientific communication--papers"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":41.7,"endTime":45.63,"body":"of course, conferences, talks,"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":41.7,"endTime":45.63,"body":"maybe even Twitter. This is an"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":45.63,"endTime":48.27,"body":"experiment to see whether"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":45.63,"endTime":48.27,"body":"podcasts might be another medium"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":48.27,"endTime":52.11,"body":"that we can use for scientific"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":48.27,"endTime":52.11,"body":"communication. This is Episode"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":52.11,"endTime":56.34,"body":"One, recorded on the 22nd of"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":52.11,"endTime":56.34,"body":"January, 2021. My inaugural"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":56.34,"endTime":60.27,"body":"guest is an outstanding"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":56.34,"endTime":60.27,"body":"researcher, Ev Fedorenko. Ev is"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":60.27,"endTime":63.93,"body":"an Associate Professor of Brain"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":60.27,"endTime":63.93,"body":"and Cognitive Sciences at MIT. I"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":63.93,"endTime":66.39,"body":"want to keep this show informal"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":63.93,"endTime":66.39,"body":"and not do the standard guest"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":66.39,"endTime":68.85,"body":"intros where you list all the"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":66.39,"endTime":68.85,"body":"awards and achievements."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":69.3,"endTime":72.81,"body":"Instead, I'll just say this, Ev"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":69.3,"endTime":72.81,"body":"is, in my opinion, doing some of"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":72.81,"endTime":76.05,"body":"the most innovative and exciting"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":72.81,"endTime":76.05,"body":"work in our field. Her work"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":76.08,"endTime":78.93,"body":"addresses fundamental questions"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":76.08,"endTime":78.93,"body":"about the neural architecture of"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":78.93,"endTime":82.32,"body":"language and its relation to"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":78.93,"endTime":82.32,"body":"other cognitive processes. She's"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":82.32,"endTime":85.2,"body":"incredibly productive with"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":82.32,"endTime":85.2,"body":"numerous lines of work, any one"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":85.2,"endTime":87.69,"body":"of which would be more than"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":85.2,"endTime":87.69,"body":"enough for most people. So"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":87.69,"endTime":90.87,"body":"today, we're only going to talk"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":87.69,"endTime":90.87,"body":"about just a subset of her work."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":91.08,"endTime":94.71,"body":"Okay. Let's get to it. Hi, Ev."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":91.08,"endTime":94.71,"body":"How are you?"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":95.28,"endTime":96.72,"body":"I'm good, Stephen."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":95.28,"endTime":96.72,"body":"How are you?"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":97.32,"endTime":99.87,"body":"I'm good. So"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":97.32,"endTime":99.87,"body":"just to kind of set the scene"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":99.87,"endTime":104.49,"body":"for our listeners, I'm sitting"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":99.87,"endTime":104.49,"body":"in my front room, in Nashville,"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":104.49,"endTime":109.68,"body":"Tennessee. It's sunny and cold."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":104.49,"endTime":109.68,"body":"About month 10, month 11 of"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":109.68,"endTime":113.37,"body":"lockdown. There might be kids"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":109.68,"endTime":113.37,"body":"bursting in at any moment. My"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":113.37,"endTime":116.52,"body":"dog might decide to join us. How"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":113.37,"endTime":116.52,"body":"about you? Where are you at"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":116.52,"endTime":117.0,"body":"right now?"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":117.39,"endTime":122.07,"body":"Very similar. On"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":117.39,"endTime":122.07,"body":"all the latter parts, except in"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":122.07,"endTime":125.04,"body":"Boston. It's also pretty cold"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":122.07,"endTime":125.04,"body":"and sunny, but yeah, dogs and"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":125.04,"endTime":127.35,"body":"kids may also join in, at some"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":125.04,"endTime":127.35,"body":"points."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":129.03,"endTime":132.15,"body":"So thank you"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":129.03,"endTime":132.15,"body":"very much for joining me for"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":132.15,"endTime":135.42,"body":"this podcast. You were certainly"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":132.15,"endTime":135.42,"body":"one of the first people that I"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":135.42,"endTime":139.14,"body":"thought of, and I thought that I"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":135.42,"endTime":139.14,"body":"would get things started by kind"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":139.14,"endTime":142.65,"body":"of asking you how you came to"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":139.14,"endTime":142.65,"body":"be... whatever it is you call"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":142.65,"endTime":146.37,"body":"yourself. So what would you call"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":142.65,"endTime":146.37,"body":"yourself? Like, if somebody"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":146.46,"endTime":147.3,"body":"asked you, like..."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":148.41,"endTime":150.87,"body":"I generally say,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":148.41,"endTime":150.87,"body":"neuroscientist or cognitive"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":150.87,"endTime":151.89,"body":"neuroscientist?"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":153.36,"endTime":156.87,"body":"Uh huh. So not"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":153.36,"endTime":156.87,"body":"many people sort of... you don't"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":156.96,"endTime":160.05,"body":"usually grow up, you know, as a"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":156.96,"endTime":160.05,"body":"six-year-old being like, \"oh,"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":160.05,"endTime":162.03,"body":"when I grew up, I'm going to be"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":160.05,"endTime":162.03,"body":"a cognitive neuroscientist.\" So"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":162.36,"endTime":164.55,"body":"can you kind of tell me like,"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":162.36,"endTime":164.55,"body":"how did that come about for you?"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":164.55,"endTime":168.27,"body":"Like, did you have any childhood"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":164.55,"endTime":168.27,"body":"interests that sort of pointed"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":168.27,"endTime":171.42,"body":"to this in retrospect? Or how"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":168.27,"endTime":171.42,"body":"did it come about for you?"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":171.72,"endTime":174.87,"body":"Yes. So um, that's"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":171.72,"endTime":174.87,"body":"a good question. I mean, so I"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":174.87,"endTime":180.27,"body":"always liked language, like, I"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":174.87,"endTime":180.27,"body":"always found myself very attuned"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":180.27,"endTime":184.77,"body":"to language. I loved doing these"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":180.27,"endTime":184.77,"body":"little exercises that I don't"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":184.77,"endTime":188.19,"body":"know if you guys do in the US in"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":184.77,"endTime":188.19,"body":"schools, where you like, take a"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":188.19,"endTime":192.36,"body":"sentence apart and figure out"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":188.19,"endTime":192.36,"body":"which word plays different roles"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":192.36,"endTime":196.14,"body":"and all that stuff. And then I"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":192.36,"endTime":196.14,"body":"started learning foreign"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":196.14,"endTime":201.63,"body":"languages. So I was learning"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":196.14,"endTime":201.63,"body":"English and French. And then a"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":201.63,"endTime":205.59,"body":"little bit later, Polish. I have"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":201.63,"endTime":205.59,"body":"Polish ancestors, so I was"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":206.07,"endTime":210.18,"body":"working on that as a potential"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":206.07,"endTime":210.18,"body":"backup plan for escaping the"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":210.18,"endTime":214.47,"body":"crazy country I was growing up"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":210.18,"endTime":214.47,"body":"in, which was Soviet Union. And"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":215.28,"endTime":219.03,"body":"then I started learning Spanish"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":215.28,"endTime":219.03,"body":"as well, and German. And so I"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":219.03,"endTime":221.16,"body":"was learning a bunch of"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":219.03,"endTime":221.16,"body":"languages. And I found myself"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":221.16,"endTime":226.05,"body":"really excited about seeing some"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":221.16,"endTime":226.05,"body":"parallels, some different"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":226.05,"endTime":229.29,"body":"solutions that languages seem to"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":226.05,"endTime":229.29,"body":"have, for figure, you know,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":229.29,"endTime":233.46,"body":"putting words together into"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":229.29,"endTime":233.46,"body":"complex meanings. And then at"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":233.46,"endTime":237.33,"body":"some point, after kind of"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":233.46,"endTime":237.33,"body":"getting enough familiarity with"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":237.87,"endTime":241.32,"body":"a few of these languages, I"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":237.87,"endTime":241.32,"body":"thought that I had a really"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":241.32,"endTime":243.87,"body":"great idea. And I still think"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":241.32,"endTime":243.87,"body":"it's actually worthwhile for"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":243.87,"endTime":246.66,"body":"someone to pursue. I thought I"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":243.87,"endTime":246.66,"body":"would start, like a big"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":246.66,"endTime":252.21,"body":"international training program"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":246.66,"endTime":252.21,"body":"to teach kids foreign languages,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":252.48,"endTime":255.27,"body":"in families, in language"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":252.48,"endTime":255.27,"body":"families. So instead of learning"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":255.27,"endTime":257.76,"body":"French, we would teach them all"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":255.27,"endTime":257.76,"body":"the Romance languages in"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":257.76,"endTime":261.03,"body":"parallel, due to huge overlap in"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":257.76,"endTime":261.03,"body":"both structure and... and so"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":261.03,"endTime":263.55,"body":"that was my plan. I thought"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":261.03,"endTime":263.55,"body":"maybe I'll just start a company."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":263.73,"endTime":267.12,"body":"And I knew that if I were to end"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":263.73,"endTime":267.12,"body":"up in some Western world, it"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":267.12,"endTime":270.54,"body":"would be super popular because"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":267.12,"endTime":270.54,"body":"you know, these days, many"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":270.54,"endTime":273.99,"body":"parents are obsessed with making"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":270.54,"endTime":273.99,"body":"their kids, you know, as"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":273.99,"endTime":277.77,"body":"versatile as possible and all"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":273.99,"endTime":277.77,"body":"that. And I didn't really know"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":277.77,"endTime":280.53,"body":"about cognitive science, or"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":277.77,"endTime":280.53,"body":"cognitive neuroscience as a"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":280.53,"endTime":285.6,"body":"field. And then when I came to"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":280.53,"endTime":285.6,"body":"college, so I got a full"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":285.6,"endTime":290.46,"body":"scholarship to come to Harvard."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":285.6,"endTime":290.46,"body":"That was in '98. I took a class"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":290.46,"endTime":294.39,"body":"with Alfonso Caramazza. And I"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":290.46,"endTime":294.39,"body":"just couldn't believe that"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":294.39,"endTime":298.65,"body":"people do that for a living,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":294.39,"endTime":298.65,"body":"like they just study language"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":298.65,"endTime":301.92,"body":"and how it works. And then I"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":298.65,"endTime":301.92,"body":"just knew I was gonna do that."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":302.97,"endTime":306.6,"body":"So was Alfonso"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":302.97,"endTime":306.6,"body":"Caramazza the first person that"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":306.6,"endTime":310.11,"body":"you met in this field who sort"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":306.6,"endTime":310.11,"body":"of studies like the psychology"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":310.11,"endTime":311.55,"body":"or the neuroscience of language?"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":311.84,"endTime":314.63,"body":"Yeah, yeah, I"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":311.84,"endTime":314.63,"body":"mean, I had, prior to that, I"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":314.63,"endTime":317.39,"body":"had taken a couple of"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":314.63,"endTime":317.39,"body":"linguistics classes. And I"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":317.39,"endTime":321.65,"body":"actually really liked historical"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":317.39,"endTime":321.65,"body":"linguistics with Jay Jasanoff,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":322.43,"endTime":326.33,"body":"who I think is still teaching"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":322.43,"endTime":326.33,"body":"there. And that was really fun."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":326.33,"endTime":332.69,"body":"But that seemed like more kind"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":326.33,"endTime":332.69,"body":"of like, I don't want to say a"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":332.69,"endTime":336.71,"body":"hobby, because it kind of makes"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":332.69,"endTime":336.71,"body":"it like... I just didn't see"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":336.71,"endTime":342.89,"body":"myself doing that as a kind of"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":336.71,"endTime":342.89,"body":"full time job. But I really"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":342.89,"endTime":346.76,"body":"enjoyed this. And then I think"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":342.89,"endTime":346.76,"body":"Alfonso's class was the first"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":346.76,"endTime":349.94,"body":"kind of exposure to like"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":346.76,"endTime":349.94,"body":"actually thinking about the"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":349.94,"endTime":352.82,"body":"psychological, computational,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":349.94,"endTime":352.82,"body":"and neural mechanisms that give"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":352.82,"endTime":357.44,"body":"rise to this ability that we"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":352.82,"endTime":357.44,"body":"have. And, yeah, and then I"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":357.44,"endTime":359.66,"body":"ended up in his lab as an"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":357.44,"endTime":359.66,"body":"undergrad, and he was my"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":359.81,"endTime":361.04,"body":"academic grandfather."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":361.61,"endTime":363.74,"body":"Oh, that's"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":361.61,"endTime":363.74,"body":"great. What a way to start. It's"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":363.74,"endTime":366.32,"body":"kind of gonna be hard to live up"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":363.74,"endTime":366.32,"body":"to after that, isn't it?"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":367.64,"endTime":368.57,"body":"It's very true."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":368.66,"endTime":370.16,"body":"And what did you"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":368.66,"endTime":370.16,"body":"work on when you were an"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":370.16,"endTime":371.57,"body":"undergrad in his lab?"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":373.01,"endTime":377.12,"body":"Well, I worked on"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":373.01,"endTime":377.12,"body":"lexical access. And that was,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":377.15,"endTime":381.53,"body":"that was cool and fun. But"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":377.15,"endTime":381.53,"body":"ultimately, I just knew that I"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":381.53,"endTime":386.27,"body":"wanted to scale it up. Because"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":381.53,"endTime":386.27,"body":"of course, we don't speak in"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":386.27,"endTime":389.21,"body":"isolated sentences. And I was"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":386.27,"endTime":389.21,"body":"worrying about the paradigms"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":389.21,"endTime":391.58,"body":"that were in use at the time,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":389.21,"endTime":391.58,"body":"which was all kind of, you know,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":391.58,"endTime":395.33,"body":"picture naming style tasks. I"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":391.58,"endTime":395.33,"body":"was worried about scaling up"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":395.33,"endTime":398.96,"body":"what we learned from those to"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":395.33,"endTime":398.96,"body":"kind of more naturalistic"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":398.96,"endTime":402.08,"body":"conversation, when we plan"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":398.96,"endTime":402.08,"body":"things in much larger chunks. So"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":402.08,"endTime":406.22,"body":"even for production, I was not"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":402.08,"endTime":406.22,"body":"sure how far that will"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":406.22,"endTime":412.25,"body":"ultimately scale up. And so I"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":406.22,"endTime":412.25,"body":"started looking into classes"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":413.18,"endTime":416.06,"body":"that dealt with sentence level"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":413.18,"endTime":416.06,"body":"understanding and production."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":416.3,"endTime":418.91,"body":"And so I took a class with Ted"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":416.3,"endTime":418.91,"body":"Gibson at MIT as an undergrad."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":418.91,"endTime":422.75,"body":"You can cross-register between"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":418.91,"endTime":422.75,"body":"MIT and Harvard. And I was"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":422.75,"endTime":426.56,"body":"like... That was really quite a"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":422.75,"endTime":426.56,"body":"revelation. I just thought that"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":426.56,"endTime":428.69,"body":"that was just the coolest thing."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":426.56,"endTime":428.69,"body":"Those were the coolest"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":428.69,"endTime":431.99,"body":"questions. And so then for grad"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":428.69,"endTime":431.99,"body":"school, I applied mostly to labs"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":431.99,"endTime":438.74,"body":"that dealt with sentence level"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":431.99,"endTime":438.74,"body":"understanding, mostly. Some"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":438.74,"endTime":440.78,"body":"production, but mostly"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":438.74,"endTime":440.78,"body":"understanding."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":442.67,"endTime":444.62,"body":"Yeah, and"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":442.67,"endTime":444.62,"body":"that's, that's really continued"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":444.62,"endTime":447.17,"body":"to be your focus, right? I mean,"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":444.62,"endTime":447.17,"body":"I'd say that you definitely like"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":447.17,"endTime":452.72,"body":"have, you know, made syntax your"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":447.17,"endTime":452.72,"body":"primary domain of interest, as"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":452.72,"endTime":453.62,"body":"far as I can tell."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":453.89,"endTime":455.36,"body":"And compositional"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":453.89,"endTime":455.36,"body":"semantics."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":455.78,"endTime":457.13,"body":"Is there really"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":455.78,"endTime":457.13,"body":"any difference?"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":459.94,"endTime":462.4,"body":"Some would say"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":459.94,"endTime":462.4,"body":"\"yes\". I think they're very"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":462.4,"endTime":465.97,"body":"strongly interconnected, as you"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":462.4,"endTime":465.97,"body":"know. But yeah."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":467.17,"endTime":470.29,"body":"So you went to"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":467.17,"endTime":470.29,"body":"MIT, Brain and Cognitive"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":470.29,"endTime":474.82,"body":"Sciences, and you worked with"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":470.29,"endTime":474.82,"body":"Ted and with Nancy Kanwisher,"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":474.82,"endTime":475.15,"body":"right?"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":475.3,"endTime":476.05,"body":"That's right."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":476.23,"endTime":477.88,"body":"So how did you"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":476.23,"endTime":477.88,"body":"kind of put together that"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":479.83,"endTime":483.73,"body":"mentoring team? Is that is that"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":479.83,"endTime":483.73,"body":"a fair way to kind of"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":483.76,"endTime":484.09,"body":"characterize it?"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":483.77,"endTime":489.98,"body":"Oh, yeah, yeah. It"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":483.77,"endTime":489.98,"body":"was, you know, it was love. So I"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":484.0,"endTime":504.76,"body":"Yeah, I couldn't"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":484.0,"endTime":504.76,"body":"agree more strongly. You gotta"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":489.98,"endTime":493.04,"body":"fell in love with Ted. And we"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":489.98,"endTime":493.04,"body":"started a relationship. And"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":493.04,"endTime":496.19,"body":"that's just how things go"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":493.04,"endTime":496.19,"body":"sometimes. And people can make"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":496.19,"endTime":499.31,"body":"all sorts of rules about what's"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":496.19,"endTime":499.31,"body":"allowed and not allowed, but"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":499.31,"endTime":501.29,"body":"love transcends all rules. And"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":504.76,"endTime":505.54,"body":"do what you gotta do."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":505.75,"endTime":508.66,"body":"Exactly. And so,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":505.75,"endTime":508.66,"body":"so then I needed a solution. And"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":509.08,"endTime":513.01,"body":"I knew that Ted couldn't advise"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":509.08,"endTime":513.01,"body":"me anymore. And so with Ted, in"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":513.01,"endTime":518.14,"body":"the first, like, two or three"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":513.01,"endTime":518.14,"body":"years of my grad program, I had"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":518.14,"endTime":522.76,"body":"gotten interested in the"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":518.14,"endTime":522.76,"body":"specificity of representations"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":522.76,"endTime":524.98,"body":"and computations that supported"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":522.76,"endTime":524.98,"body":"language. And I did a little bit"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":524.98,"endTime":528.31,"body":"of work on working memory"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":524.98,"endTime":528.31,"body":"systems that may or may not be"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":528.31,"endTime":531.67,"body":"shared between language and"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":528.31,"endTime":531.67,"body":"other things. And then somehow,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":531.67,"endTime":538.03,"body":"in parallel, I had an interest"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":531.67,"endTime":538.03,"body":"in music. And with Josh"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":538.03,"endTime":541.51,"body":"McDermott, who was a grad"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":538.03,"endTime":541.51,"body":"student, at the time, senior to"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":541.51,"endTime":545.14,"body":"me, and with Nancy Kanwisher, we"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":541.51,"endTime":545.14,"body":"started playing a little bit,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":545.38,"endTime":549.52,"body":"looking at neural responses to"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":545.38,"endTime":549.52,"body":"music structure. And we were"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":549.52,"endTime":554.53,"body":"getting some interesting piloty"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":549.52,"endTime":554.53,"body":"results. But they were not, you"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":554.53,"endTime":557.23,"body":"know, they were not, kind of,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":554.53,"endTime":557.23,"body":"knock-your-socks-off strong"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":557.23,"endTime":560.5,"body":"responses. And we were looking"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":557.23,"endTime":560.5,"body":"at pretty subtle manipulations."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":560.5,"endTime":568.39,"body":"But then in parallel, I got"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":560.5,"endTime":568.39,"body":"involved with Ted. And then I,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":568.45,"endTime":573.25,"body":"you know, I came to Nancy, and I"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":568.45,"endTime":573.25,"body":"said \"I need a new advisor.\" And"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":573.61,"endTime":578.89,"body":"she was very funny ab out it in"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":573.61,"endTime":578.89,"body":"the Nancy kind of way. She said"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":579.07,"endTime":582.97,"body":"\"This is not good, Ev. This is"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":579.07,"endTime":582.97,"body":"not good. What's gonna happen if"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":582.97,"endTime":585.28,"body":"things don't work out? It's"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":582.97,"endTime":585.28,"body":"gonna be really, really hard."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":585.28,"endTime":588.01,"body":"Like, it's a hard, it's a hard"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":585.28,"endTime":588.01,"body":"path.\" And she was right. There"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":588.01,"endTime":591.85,"body":"were a lot of challenges later"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":588.01,"endTime":591.85,"body":"on, in terms of dealing with the"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":591.85,"endTime":594.7,"body":"two body problem. But she was"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":591.85,"endTime":594.7,"body":"also of course very supportive."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":594.7,"endTime":597.52,"body":"And, you know, she said she'd be"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":594.7,"endTime":597.52,"body":"delighted to work with me. And"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":597.52,"endTime":600.79,"body":"so then she and I, at some"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":597.52,"endTime":600.79,"body":"point, ran some language"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":600.79,"endTime":604.06,"body":"conditions as a control for"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":600.79,"endTime":604.06,"body":"music. And of course, we got"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":604.09,"endTime":608.53,"body":"beautifully strong responses in"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":604.09,"endTime":608.53,"body":"every individual we tried. And I"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":608.53,"endTime":611.62,"body":"initially didn't, I was hesitant"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":608.53,"endTime":611.62,"body":"to go in the brain and language"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":611.62,"endTime":617.02,"body":"field because it seemed a little"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":611.62,"endTime":617.02,"body":"bit like an old boys' club,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":617.11,"endTime":621.28,"body":"perhaps due to the sociology of"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":617.11,"endTime":621.28,"body":"the field, having it start out"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":621.28,"endTime":625.03,"body":"in the clinic, where a lot of"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":621.28,"endTime":625.03,"body":"people who got access to"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":625.54,"endTime":629.5,"body":"scanners were doctors,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":625.54,"endTime":629.5,"body":"clinicians, not always trained"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":629.5,"endTime":631.81,"body":"in all the right ways. And there"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":629.5,"endTime":631.81,"body":"seemed like there was a lot of,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":632.08,"endTime":637.3,"body":"quote unquote, foundational"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":632.08,"endTime":637.3,"body":"stuff there was not very, there"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":637.3,"endTime":639.79,"body":"was not done in the most"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":637.3,"endTime":639.79,"body":"rigorous of ways, that was hard"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":639.79,"endTime":643.42,"body":"to build on. And so I knew it"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":639.79,"endTime":643.42,"body":"wasn't going to be an easy path"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":643.42,"endTime":648.49,"body":"if, you know, we were to start"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":643.42,"endTime":648.49,"body":"going in that direction. But"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":649.03,"endTime":652.36,"body":"ultimately, the questions about"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":649.03,"endTime":652.36,"body":"the relationship between"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":652.36,"endTime":658.03,"body":"language and non-linguistic"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":652.36,"endTime":658.03,"body":"cognition, and the fact that we"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":658.03,"endTime":661.45,"body":"were just getting such beautiful"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":658.03,"endTime":661.45,"body":"strong signals that seemed like"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":661.48,"endTime":664.87,"body":"they were begging to be"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":661.48,"endTime":664.87,"body":"investigated further, just kind"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":664.87,"endTime":670.0,"body":"of won me over. And then I guess"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":664.87,"endTime":670.0,"body":"I started doing that around"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":670.9,"endTime":676.81,"body":"2007ish, maybe? Or so yeah, I"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":670.9,"endTime":676.81,"body":"guess I've been doing that ever"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":676.81,"endTime":677.29,"body":"since."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":677.57,"endTime":681.83,"body":"Yeah. Okay,"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":677.57,"endTime":681.83,"body":"great. So the first paper of"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":681.83,"endTime":686.24,"body":"yours that I read was your 2010"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":681.83,"endTime":686.24,"body":"paper, in Journal of"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":686.24,"endTime":691.43,"body":"Neurophysiology. And obviously,"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":686.24,"endTime":691.43,"body":"that describes a line of work"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":691.43,"endTime":693.2,"body":"that you must have been working"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":691.43,"endTime":693.2,"body":"on for several years prior to"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":693.2,"endTime":700.82,"body":"that where, you know, the"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":693.2,"endTime":700.82,"body":"central insight was that it"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":700.82,"endTime":704.39,"body":"would be better to look at"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":700.82,"endTime":704.39,"body":"language regions in terms of"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":704.39,"endTime":707.66,"body":"individual functional regions of"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":704.39,"endTime":707.66,"body":"interest, rather than the group"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":707.66,"endTime":712.37,"body":"analyses that were dominant at"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":707.66,"endTime":712.37,"body":"the time and still are, to a"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":712.37,"endTime":718.73,"body":"large extent. So can you tell us"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":712.37,"endTime":718.73,"body":"about how that work came to be?"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":718.73,"endTime":722.84,"body":"Like, how did you how did you"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":718.73,"endTime":722.84,"body":"kind of narrow in on that"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":722.84,"endTime":725.36,"body":"approach in your work at that"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":722.84,"endTime":725.36,"body":"time?"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":726.26,"endTime":728.39,"body":"Yeah, that's a"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":726.26,"endTime":728.39,"body":"great question. I mean, so that"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":728.39,"endTime":732.08,"body":"was a big advantage of growing"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":728.39,"endTime":732.08,"body":"up in a vision lab. Nancy's lab"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":732.08,"endTime":737.27,"body":"was a vision lab. And there were"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":732.08,"endTime":737.27,"body":"two advantages, actually. One"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":737.27,"endTime":740.9,"body":"was that the methods in the"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":737.27,"endTime":740.9,"body":"field of vision research, I"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":740.9,"endTime":744.68,"body":"think, are just more advanced,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":740.9,"endTime":744.68,"body":"further along. And I think"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":744.68,"endTime":747.08,"body":"there's interesting reasons for"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":744.68,"endTime":747.08,"body":"why that might be the case. I"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":747.08,"endTime":750.11,"body":"think the animal physiology"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":747.08,"endTime":750.11,"body":"grounding may be a big part of"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":750.11,"endTime":754.22,"body":"that. But also, it was really"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":750.11,"endTime":754.22,"body":"helpful to train with somebody"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":754.22,"endTime":757.67,"body":"who didn't come with priors from"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":754.22,"endTime":757.67,"body":"the field of brain and language."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":757.67,"endTime":761.15,"body":"So I read the literature that"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":757.67,"endTime":761.15,"body":"was around at the time. I was"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":761.15,"endTime":763.94,"body":"familiar with things that people"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":761.15,"endTime":763.94,"body":"have done. But Nancy and I kind"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":763.94,"endTime":766.28,"body":"of took this approach, like,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":763.94,"endTime":766.28,"body":"okay, we'll know what people"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":766.28,"endTime":768.56,"body":"have done, but let's just"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":766.28,"endTime":768.56,"body":"imagine that, you know, we've"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":768.56,"endTime":771.05,"body":"got access to this cool machine"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":768.56,"endTime":771.05,"body":"that can see inside the brain,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":771.05,"endTime":773.69,"body":"how would we figure this out"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":771.05,"endTime":773.69,"body":"from the ground up? Let's try to"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":773.69,"endTime":777.32,"body":"build up an enterprise like how"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":773.69,"endTime":777.32,"body":"we would, you know, pretending"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":777.32,"endTime":779.96,"body":"like the context above us didn't"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":777.32,"endTime":779.96,"body":"exist, and then we'll try to"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":779.96,"endTime":783.47,"body":"integrate it with other stuff"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":779.96,"endTime":783.47,"body":"later, just you know. And that"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":783.47,"endTime":786.23,"body":"was, it would have been very"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":783.47,"endTime":786.23,"body":"hard to do this with any"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":786.23,"endTime":788.63,"body":"language researcher, because of"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":786.23,"endTime":788.63,"body":"course you come in with, you"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":788.63,"endTime":792.56,"body":"know, huge theoretical biases,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":788.63,"endTime":792.56,"body":"huge, methodological biases, and"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":792.56,"endTime":796.55,"body":"so on and so forth. Anyway, so,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":792.56,"endTime":796.55,"body":"you know, Nancy was, you know,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":796.55,"endTime":799.85,"body":"somebody who had pioneered these"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":796.55,"endTime":799.85,"body":"kinds of approaches for studying"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":799.85,"endTime":803.81,"body":"vision. And when you talk to her"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":799.85,"endTime":803.81,"body":"about this, she'll often say, \"I"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":803.87,"endTime":806.42,"body":"didn't pioneer like, that's just"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":803.87,"endTime":806.42,"body":"how people did things.\" You"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":806.42,"endTime":809.3,"body":"know, that was just what you"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":806.42,"endTime":809.3,"body":"would do. Well, how would you do"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":809.3,"endTime":811.91,"body":"anything else? Like, of course,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":809.3,"endTime":811.91,"body":"you want to find these effects"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":811.91,"endTime":814.04,"body":"in individual participants."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":811.91,"endTime":814.04,"body":"That's what you do with monkeys."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":814.04,"endTime":818.42,"body":"That's what you, in physiology"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":814.04,"endTime":818.42,"body":"work. Anyway and so naturally,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":818.42,"endTime":822.92,"body":"we just, you know, tried to"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":818.42,"endTime":822.92,"body":"extend this to language. And it"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":822.92,"endTime":825.26,"body":"took a little while of fiddling"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":822.92,"endTime":825.26,"body":"with different kinds of"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":825.26,"endTime":829.31,"body":"contrasts, auditory and visual."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":825.26,"endTime":829.31,"body":"I was targeting higher level"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":829.73,"endTime":832.64,"body":"linguistic representations, so I"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":829.73,"endTime":832.64,"body":"knew that it would have to be"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":832.64,"endTime":835.52,"body":"something that doesn't really"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":832.64,"endTime":835.52,"body":"care about whether you're"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":835.52,"endTime":838.22,"body":"reading language or listening to"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":835.52,"endTime":838.22,"body":"it. At that point, that should"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":838.22,"endTime":842.51,"body":"converge. And so you're playing"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":838.22,"endTime":842.51,"body":"around with a few contrasts. And"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":842.81,"endTime":848.9,"body":"initially, the approach that we"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":842.81,"endTime":848.9,"body":"took was trying to break apart"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":849.11,"endTime":853.76,"body":"the processing of word meanings,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":849.11,"endTime":853.76,"body":"and the compositional structure"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":853.76,"endTime":857.75,"body":"and meaning building. And my"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":853.76,"endTime":857.75,"body":"priors led me to think that we"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":857.75,"endTime":864.02,"body":"would find a subset of brain"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":857.75,"endTime":864.02,"body":"regions, or maybe a network,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":864.17,"endTime":867.92,"body":"that responds more strongly to"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":864.17,"endTime":867.92,"body":"word meanings, and another"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":867.92,"endTime":870.65,"body":"subset that responds more"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":867.92,"endTime":870.65,"body":"strongly to structure. So the"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":870.65,"endTime":873.38,"body":"reason the original experiments"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":870.65,"endTime":873.38,"body":"had those four conditions in"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":873.89,"endTime":876.35,"body":"there--sentences, word lists,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":873.89,"endTime":876.35,"body":"Jabberwocky sentences"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":876.38,"endTime":879.74,"body":"(structured but meaningless) and"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":876.38,"endTime":879.74,"body":"scrambled Jabberwocky non-word"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":880.46,"endTime":882.98,"body":"lists--was because I was"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":880.46,"endTime":882.98,"body":"thinking that that will be kind"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":882.98,"endTime":887.81,"body":"of a two way localizer. It will"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":882.98,"endTime":887.81,"body":"find us both subsets. And after"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":888.02,"endTime":891.08,"body":"a few years looking for that"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":888.02,"endTime":891.08,"body":"dissociation, I didn't see it."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":891.08,"endTime":893.3,"body":"And so then I said \"Okay, we'll"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":891.08,"endTime":893.3,"body":"just use the broader contrast to"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":893.3,"endTime":897.86,"body":"find that superset.\" And it"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":893.3,"endTime":897.86,"body":"seems like the other contrasts"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":897.86,"endTime":900.74,"body":"give you the very same sets of"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":897.86,"endTime":900.74,"body":"regions, just they're a little"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":900.74,"endTime":906.68,"body":"bit weaker. And so that was how"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":900.74,"endTime":906.68,"body":"we chose the contrast. And then,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":907.07,"endTime":909.44,"body":"like I said, we'll generalize it"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":907.07,"endTime":909.44,"body":"to all sorts of other"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":909.44,"endTime":912.68,"body":"modalities, to other languages,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":909.44,"endTime":912.68,"body":"and the materials don't really"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":912.68,"endTime":915.8,"body":"matter, what you do in terms of"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":912.68,"endTime":915.8,"body":"a task don't really matter. And"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":915.8,"endTime":920.36,"body":"in fact, recent work from Randy"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":915.8,"endTime":920.36,"body":"Buckner's group by Rod Braga and"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":920.36,"endTime":924.65,"body":"others shows that with enough"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":920.36,"endTime":924.65,"body":"resting state data within a"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":924.65,"endTime":930.41,"body":"person, the network that emerges"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":924.65,"endTime":930.41,"body":"from just looking at intrinsic"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":930.41,"endTime":934.61,"body":"fluctuations maps beautifully"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":930.41,"endTime":934.61,"body":"onto the kinds of contrast we've"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":934.61,"endTime":939.95,"body":"been using, which I find really"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":934.61,"endTime":939.95,"body":"reassuring. And, to me suggests"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":939.95,"endTime":942.92,"body":"strongly that it's really a"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":939.95,"endTime":942.92,"body":"natural kind, and our localizer"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":942.92,"endTime":946.1,"body":"is just one way to quickly pull"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":942.92,"endTime":946.1,"body":"out that subset of the brain for"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":946.1,"endTime":946.79,"body":"studying."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":947.66,"endTime":949.58,"body":"Yeah, that's"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":947.66,"endTime":949.58,"body":"really cool. I mean, and it"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":949.58,"endTime":952.58,"body":"would have a lot of... If you"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":949.58,"endTime":952.58,"body":"could identify language areas"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":952.58,"endTime":954.71,"body":"from resting state, that would"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":952.58,"endTime":954.71,"body":"be very clinically useful,"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":954.71,"endTime":956.81,"body":"because it would make it a lot"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":954.71,"endTime":956.81,"body":"easier to do pre-surgical"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":957.59,"endTime":958.19,"body":"Indeed."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":958.22,"endTime":962.39,"body":"But anyway, so"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":958.22,"endTime":962.39,"body":"Nancy was very well known at"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":962.39,"endTime":966.47,"body":"that time for the fusiform face"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":962.39,"endTime":966.47,"body":"area, right. So, I mean, I guess"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":966.47,"endTime":968.96,"body":"I'll try and kind of put it in"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":966.47,"endTime":968.96,"body":"context. And you can just tell"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":968.96,"endTime":972.8,"body":"me if I, if I mis-state"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":968.96,"endTime":972.8,"body":"anything. But essentially like,"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":972.86,"endTime":975.44,"body":"her general approach was, if you"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":972.86,"endTime":975.44,"body":"want to understand the function"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":975.44,"endTime":978.68,"body":"of an area, first you identify"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":975.44,"endTime":978.68,"body":"it with a functional localizer."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":978.68,"endTime":981.41,"body":"And in this case, she would use"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":978.68,"endTime":981.41,"body":"I think faces versus scrambled"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":981.41,"endTime":982.43,"body":"faces, but it didn't..."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":982.49,"endTime":983.42,"body":"Versus objects."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":983.69,"endTime":986.54,"body":"Okay, faces"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":983.69,"endTime":986.54,"body":"versus objects. And then she"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":986.54,"endTime":989.69,"body":"would identify in every"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":986.54,"endTime":989.69,"body":"individual this region in sort"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":989.69,"endTime":994.1,"body":"of occipitotemporal cortex, in"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":989.69,"endTime":994.1,"body":"the fusiform gyrus specifically,"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":994.49,"endTime":997.49,"body":"that would respond selectively"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":994.49,"endTime":997.49,"body":"to faces. And then the research"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":997.49,"endTime":999.95,"body":"program was basically first to"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":997.49,"endTime":999.95,"body":"identify that in each"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":999.95,"endTime":1002.35,"body":"individual, wherever it may be,"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":999.95,"endTime":1002.35,"body":"and then you look at how it"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1002.35,"endTime":1005.95,"body":"responds to different"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1002.35,"endTime":1005.95,"body":"manipulations of faces, or how"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1005.95,"endTime":1009.85,"body":"it responds to different classes"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1005.95,"endTime":1009.85,"body":"of visual stimuli and so on. So"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1009.85,"endTime":1015.4,"body":"that was the approach that you"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1009.85,"endTime":1015.4,"body":"brought over and applied in the"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1015.4,"endTime":1016.18,"body":"language domain."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1016.51,"endTime":1019.81,"body":"That's exactly"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1016.51,"endTime":1019.81,"body":"right. So I think this, the"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1019.81,"endTime":1024.88,"body":"thing that you highlighted, the"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1019.81,"endTime":1024.88,"body":"fact that you're not going to"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1024.88,"endTime":1028.42,"body":"answer a question about the"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1024.88,"endTime":1028.42,"body":"underlying computations of a"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1028.42,"endTime":1032.29,"body":"brain region in a single study."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1028.42,"endTime":1032.29,"body":"You're bound to need multiple"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1032.29,"endTime":1036.52,"body":"hypothesis testing, gradually"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1032.29,"endTime":1036.52,"body":"kind of constraining the space"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1037.06,"endTime":1040.63,"body":"of possibilities for what it is"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1037.06,"endTime":1040.63,"body":"that this region could be doing."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1040.63,"endTime":1043.6,"body":"So that it cares about, you"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1040.63,"endTime":1043.6,"body":"know, X, Y, and Z, but doesn't"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1043.6,"endTime":1048.4,"body":"respond to these other"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1043.6,"endTime":1048.4,"body":"manipulations, and so on. And"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1048.4,"endTime":1053.32,"body":"that's the cornerstone of robust"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1048.4,"endTime":1053.32,"body":"and replicable science. Because"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1053.65,"endTime":1056.26,"body":"different labs can be working on"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1053.65,"endTime":1056.26,"body":"different questions, but if they"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1056.26,"endTime":1060.19,"body":"use the same kind of anchor, the"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1056.26,"endTime":1060.19,"body":"same way of finding the, quote"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1060.19,"endTime":1063.52,"body":"unquote, same bit in the brain"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1060.19,"endTime":1063.52,"body":"that they're studying, then we"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1063.52,"endTime":1065.59,"body":"can relate findings"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1063.52,"endTime":1065.59,"body":"straightforwardly to each"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1065.59,"endTime":1068.77,"body":"other's, and ask different"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1065.59,"endTime":1068.77,"body":"questions and have some"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1068.77,"endTime":1076.66,"body":"convergence of results from"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1068.77,"endTime":1076.66,"body":"multiple approaches, multiple"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1076.69,"endTime":1081.13,"body":"theoretical frameworks, whatever"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1076.69,"endTime":1081.13,"body":"characterizes different labs."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1081.31,"endTime":1084.52,"body":"And the problem with doing that"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1081.31,"endTime":1084.52,"body":"with the traditional approach,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1084.85,"endTime":1087.19,"body":"which, you know, in case, again,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1084.85,"endTime":1087.19,"body":"like people's backgrounds are"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1087.19,"endTime":1089.92,"body":"different. So the standard"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1087.19,"endTime":1089.92,"body":"approach is just to take some"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1089.92,"endTime":1093.49,"body":"manipulations, scan a bunch of"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1089.92,"endTime":1093.49,"body":"people, align those activation"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1093.49,"endTime":1096.85,"body":"maps in the common space, and"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1093.49,"endTime":1096.85,"body":"then assume that now in each"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1096.85,"endTime":1098.86,"body":"point, and that template space,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1096.85,"endTime":1098.86,"body":"you have functional"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1098.86,"endTime":1102.19,"body":"correspondence across people."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1098.86,"endTime":1102.19,"body":"The problem with relating"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1102.19,"endTime":1106.21,"body":"findings to each other in that"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1102.19,"endTime":1106.21,"body":"approach is the following. So"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1106.21,"endTime":1110.35,"body":"the output you get from such an"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1106.21,"endTime":1110.35,"body":"analysis is a set of activation"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1110.35,"endTime":1114.82,"body":"peaks. You'll say, \"Okay, I"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1110.35,"endTime":1114.82,"body":"found syntax sensitivity in XYZ"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1114.82,"endTime":1117.49,"body":"coordinates such and such, XYZ"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1114.82,"endTime":1117.49,"body":"coordinate such and such.\" To"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1117.49,"endTime":1120.34,"body":"interpret these things, people"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1117.49,"endTime":1120.34,"body":"generally resort to anatomy. So"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1120.34,"endTime":1123.46,"body":"say, okay, this coordinate falls"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1120.34,"endTime":1123.46,"body":"within the inferior frontal"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1123.46,"endTime":1128.83,"body":"gyrus. Sometimes they'll use the"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1123.46,"endTime":1128.83,"body":"Brodmann map estimates of where"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1129.25,"endTime":1132.4,"body":"cytoarchitectonic boundaries"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1129.25,"endTime":1132.4,"body":"would lie, which of course is"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1133.75,"endTime":1138.52,"body":"incredibly crude. Those maps are"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1133.75,"endTime":1138.52,"body":"hugely variable across people."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1138.52,"endTime":1140.47,"body":"But anyway, so people will say,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1138.52,"endTime":1140.47,"body":"\"I found it in BA (Brodmann"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1140.47,"endTime":1143.41,"body":"Area) 44\", say. And then, the"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1140.47,"endTime":1143.41,"body":"way that they would interpret"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1143.41,"endTime":1145.96,"body":"this is by looking at other"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1143.41,"endTime":1145.96,"body":"studies that have found"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1145.96,"endTime":1149.98,"body":"activation in quote unquote BA"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1145.96,"endTime":1149.98,"body":"44. And they say, \"Oh, you know,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1149.98,"endTime":1153.94,"body":"there was a study that found"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1149.98,"endTime":1153.94,"body":"sensitivity to working memory in"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1153.94,"endTime":1158.8,"body":"BA 44. And I found sensitivity"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1153.94,"endTime":1158.8,"body":"to syntax and BA 44. Therefore,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1158.83,"endTime":1162.1,"body":"syntax must draw on working"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1158.83,"endTime":1162.1,"body":"memory.\" And those inferences"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1162.1,"endTime":1164.86,"body":"are prevalent, like if you read"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1162.1,"endTime":1164.86,"body":"the literature from, you know,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1164.86,"endTime":1168.52,"body":"the 90s, 2000s. And then when"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1164.86,"endTime":1168.52,"body":"some papers out today, people"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1168.52,"endTime":1174.19,"body":"make such inferences. And I just"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1168.52,"endTime":1174.19,"body":"think that's too many degrees of"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1174.19,"endTime":1177.01,"body":"freedom and interpretation. It's"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1174.19,"endTime":1177.01,"body":"just ultimately not that"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1177.04,"endTime":1181.54,"body":"meaningful, necessarily, because"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1177.04,"endTime":1181.54,"body":"those are all big chunks of"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1181.54,"endTime":1184.36,"body":"cortex. They're highly"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1181.54,"endTime":1184.36,"body":"heterogeneous. Yeah so"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1184.36,"endTime":1188.65,"body":"basically, you would find papers"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1184.36,"endTime":1188.65,"body":"that find two nearby peaks"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1188.65,"endTime":1191.35,"body":"across different studies, and"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1188.65,"endTime":1191.35,"body":"they have some prior to think"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1191.35,"endTime":1193.06,"body":"that those functions are"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1191.35,"endTime":1193.06,"body":"related. And they'll say, Oh,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1193.06,"endTime":1195.43,"body":"look, those two peaks are"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1193.06,"endTime":1195.43,"body":"nearby. It's probably, you know,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1195.43,"endTime":1197.92,"body":"the same function that's"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1195.43,"endTime":1197.92,"body":"generating them and make some"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1197.92,"endTime":1200.65,"body":"inference like that. And then"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1197.92,"endTime":1200.65,"body":"some other things studies will"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1200.65,"endTime":1204.76,"body":"find similarly spaced peaks. And"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1200.65,"endTime":1204.76,"body":"they will have a different prior"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1204.79,"endTime":1206.86,"body":"for that those are distinct"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1204.79,"endTime":1206.86,"body":"functions. And they'll say \"Oh"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1206.86,"endTime":1209.26,"body":"look, these are nearby, but not"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1206.86,"endTime":1209.26,"body":"exactly in the same spot."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1209.26,"endTime":1211.84,"body":"Therefore, maybe there's"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1209.26,"endTime":1211.84,"body":"different functions nearby.\" And"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1211.84,"endTime":1214.72,"body":"I just didn't want to build"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1211.84,"endTime":1214.72,"body":"science on making these kinds of"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1214.72,"endTime":1217.57,"body":"inferences. And so I wanted to"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1214.72,"endTime":1217.57,"body":"make sure that from one"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1217.57,"endTime":1220.84,"body":"individual to the next, from one"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1217.57,"endTime":1220.84,"body":"study to the next, from one"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1220.87,"endTime":1223.78,"body":"continent to the next, to the"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1220.87,"endTime":1223.78,"body":"extent that the approach gets"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1223.78,"endTime":1227.83,"body":"adopted by others, we're talking"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1223.78,"endTime":1227.83,"body":"about the same regions. And"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1228.61,"endTime":1231.31,"body":"that's the main kind of"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1228.61,"endTime":1231.31,"body":"conceptual advantage of the"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1231.31,"endTime":1233.65,"body":"approach. And of course, the"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1231.31,"endTime":1233.65,"body":"technical approach, the"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1233.65,"endTime":1236.77,"body":"technical advantages is you get,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1233.65,"endTime":1236.77,"body":"you gain huge amounts of"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1236.77,"endTime":1240.19,"body":"sensitivity, you have vastly"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1236.77,"endTime":1240.19,"body":"more power, and you're much"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1240.19,"endTime":1244.39,"body":"better able to resolve between"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1240.19,"endTime":1244.39,"body":"nearby distinct peaks. Because"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1245.14,"endTime":1248.74,"body":"aligning maps in the common"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1245.14,"endTime":1248.74,"body":"space, and smoothing them, just"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1248.74,"endTime":1250.69,"body":"blurs the hell out of"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1248.74,"endTime":1250.69,"body":"activations, and then you"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1250.69,"endTime":1255.07,"body":"potentially lose the magical"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1250.69,"endTime":1255.07,"body":"resolution we have, which is,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1255.07,"endTime":1256.96,"body":"you know, limited, but still"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1255.07,"endTime":1256.96,"body":"really quite good."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1256.99,"endTime":1262.09,"body":"Yeah. So I just"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1256.99,"endTime":1262.09,"body":"want to see if I can summarize"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1262.21,"endTime":1265.66,"body":"my understanding of your"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1262.21,"endTime":1265.66,"body":"approach. And again, you can"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1265.66,"endTime":1270.52,"body":"just correct me if I'm wrong."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1265.66,"endTime":1270.52,"body":"But it involves each individual,"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1271.0,"endTime":1273.49,"body":"there's a language condition and"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1271.0,"endTime":1273.49,"body":"a control condition. And like"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1273.49,"endTime":1275.86,"body":"you said, it doesn't matter"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1273.49,"endTime":1275.86,"body":"exactly what they are. But"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1275.86,"endTime":1279.19,"body":"basically, it's kind of"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1275.86,"endTime":1279.19,"body":"syntactically structured real"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1279.19,"endTime":1284.86,"body":"language versus, I think, words"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1279.19,"endTime":1284.86,"body":"in like word lists?"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1285.7,"endTime":1286.03,"body":"Or non-words."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1286.0,"endTime":1290.86,"body":"Or pseudo-word"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1286.0,"endTime":1290.86,"body":"lists. Okay. And then you find,"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1291.04,"endTime":1294.88,"body":"then you kind of have like a"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1291.04,"endTime":1294.88,"body":"number of pre-specified regions"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1294.88,"endTime":1297.49,"body":"of interest that are fairly"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1294.88,"endTime":1297.49,"body":"large, like say, for instance,"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1298.06,"endTime":1299.8,"body":"IFG (inferior frontal gyrus)"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1298.06,"endTime":1299.8,"body":"pars opercularis, IFG pars"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1299.8,"endTime":1302.77,"body":"triangularis, posterior"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1299.8,"endTime":1302.77,"body":"temporal, I don't know exactly"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1302.77,"endTime":1307.81,"body":"what they are, it's not critical"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1302.77,"endTime":1307.81,"body":"for our discussion. And for each"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1307.81,"endTime":1310.84,"body":"individual, you find the subset"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1307.81,"endTime":1310.84,"body":"of voxels within that larger"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1310.84,"endTime":1313.3,"body":"region of interest that are"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1310.84,"endTime":1313.3,"body":"responsive to the language"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1313.3,"endTime":1317.05,"body":"versus non-language contrast."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1313.3,"endTime":1317.05,"body":"And then you define that as that"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1317.05,"endTime":1320.53,"body":"individual's IFG pars"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1317.05,"endTime":1320.53,"body":"opercularis language region,"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1320.74,"endTime":1324.94,"body":"right? And when you compare"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1320.74,"endTime":1324.94,"body":"across individuals, you're then"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1324.94,"endTime":1328.9,"body":"comparing, you know, for each"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1324.94,"endTime":1328.9,"body":"individual, the subset of"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1328.96,"endTime":1332.53,"body":"voxels, within their pars"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1328.96,"endTime":1332.53,"body":"opercularis, that are responsive"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1332.53,"endTime":1334.54,"body":"to the language contrast. Is"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1332.53,"endTime":1334.54,"body":"that all fair?"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1334.54,"endTime":1335.53,"body":"That's exactly"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1334.54,"endTime":1335.53,"body":"right."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1335.86,"endTime":1340.45,"body":"Okay. And how"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1335.86,"endTime":1340.45,"body":"satisfied are you with the"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1340.45,"endTime":1343.6,"body":"uptake of your ideas in the"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1340.45,"endTime":1343.6,"body":"field?  Like I mean, obviously"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1343.6,"endTime":1347.05,"body":"your paper is well-known and"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1343.6,"endTime":1347.05,"body":"highly cited. Do you feel like"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1347.05,"endTime":1349.42,"body":"you've made the impact,"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1347.05,"endTime":1349.42,"body":"methodologically, that you hoped"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1349.45,"endTime":1349.78,"body":"to?"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1350.38,"endTime":1355.63,"body":"Um, I think so. I"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1350.38,"endTime":1355.63,"body":"mean, it could be better, but I"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1355.63,"endTime":1359.77,"body":"think the field is getting"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1355.63,"endTime":1359.77,"body":"stronger. I think over the"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1359.77,"endTime":1364.72,"body":"years, I've had many labs get in"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1359.77,"endTime":1364.72,"body":"touch. And I've helped people"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1364.81,"endTime":1369.19,"body":"adapt these tools for their"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1364.81,"endTime":1369.19,"body":"needs. We developed a SPM"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1369.82,"endTime":1372.88,"body":"toolbox, which makes these kinds"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1369.82,"endTime":1372.88,"body":"of analyses really"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1373.69,"endTime":1376.81,"body":"straightforward, and just"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1373.69,"endTime":1376.81,"body":"basically, take a few minutes on"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1376.81,"endTime":1379.72,"body":"top of whatever preprocessing"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1376.81,"endTime":1379.72,"body":"and analysis is routinely done."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1380.92,"endTime":1384.13,"body":"I mean, ultimately, like, I'd"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1380.92,"endTime":1384.13,"body":"love for people to use our"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1384.13,"endTime":1386.8,"body":"tools, because I want people to"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1384.13,"endTime":1386.8,"body":"do better science. Like, I'm not"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1386.8,"endTime":1389.17,"body":"after the most citations from my"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1386.8,"endTime":1389.17,"body":"paper. Like, I want to"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1389.17,"endTime":1392.35,"body":"understand how language works."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1389.17,"endTime":1392.35,"body":"And I think if we work on this"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1392.35,"endTime":1395.29,"body":"jointly using approaches that"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1392.35,"endTime":1395.29,"body":"allow us to compare and build on"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1395.29,"endTime":1399.7,"body":"each other's findings, that's"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1395.29,"endTime":1399.7,"body":"great. And some labs are doing"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1399.7,"endTime":1402.64,"body":"this, and that makes me very"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1399.7,"endTime":1402.64,"body":"happy. And I think there is now"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1402.94,"endTime":1409.51,"body":"a lot of useful collaborative"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1402.94,"endTime":1409.51,"body":"efforts going on that build on"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1409.51,"endTime":1414.25,"body":"this methodological foundation."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1409.51,"endTime":1414.25,"body":"But you know, and ultimately, if"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1414.46,"endTime":1418.15,"body":"people want to keep doing things"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1414.46,"endTime":1418.15,"body":"in a way that I think is vastly"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1418.15,"endTime":1420.82,"body":"suboptimal, I mean, it's not my"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1418.15,"endTime":1420.82,"body":"place to tell them how to do"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1420.82,"endTime":1422.95,"body":"their work. If they think that"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1420.82,"endTime":1422.95,"body":"the inferences they draw are"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1422.95,"endTime":1427.24,"body":"satisfactory to them, you know,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1422.95,"endTime":1427.24,"body":"that's fine. Like, I'm not going"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1427.24,"endTime":1429.88,"body":"to take those findings and use"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1427.24,"endTime":1429.88,"body":"them because I just don't know"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1429.88,"endTime":1432.16,"body":"how. I just don't think they're"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1429.88,"endTime":1432.16,"body":"ultimately interpretable. And"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1433.66,"endTime":1434.02,"body":"but..."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1434.74,"endTime":1435.13,"body":"Yep."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1436.0,"endTime":1436.96,"body":"We only have one"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1436.0,"endTime":1436.96,"body":"life."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1437.599,"endTime":1439.369,"body":"Yeah, no, I"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1437.599,"endTime":1439.369,"body":"mean, I think I'm a lot like"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1439.369,"endTime":1442.759,"body":"you. I mean, I primarily believe"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1439.369,"endTime":1442.759,"body":"mostly the things that we've"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1442.759,"endTime":1443.749,"body":"done in our lab."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1443.0,"endTime":1446.9,"body":"Exactly, and it"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1443.0,"endTime":1446.9,"body":"shouldn't be like that, right?"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1446.93,"endTime":1448.85,"body":"There's some I"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1446.93,"endTime":1448.85,"body":"mean, there's definitely some, I"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1448.85,"endTime":1450.86,"body":"mean, there's plenty of other"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1448.85,"endTime":1450.86,"body":"people in the field whose work"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1450.86,"endTime":1452.96,"body":"I, by and large, believe."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1453.29,"endTime":1453.38,"body":"Same."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1453.38,"endTime":1455.24,"body":"But it's not,"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1453.38,"endTime":1455.24,"body":"it's not the default. I'll put"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1455.24,"endTime":1462.53,"body":"it that way. So, okay, so, you"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1455.24,"endTime":1462.53,"body":"know, like you said earlier, so"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1463.1,"endTime":1467.0,"body":"the approach kind of was birthed"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1463.1,"endTime":1467.0,"body":"in the field of vision. Right."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1467.0,"endTime":1470.3,"body":"And so in vision, we understand"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1467.0,"endTime":1470.3,"body":"very well from, you know,"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1470.3,"endTime":1475.13,"body":"primate neurophysiology, that"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1470.3,"endTime":1475.13,"body":"there are discrete visual areas."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1475.13,"endTime":1478.01,"body":"They have, like, well-defined"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1475.13,"endTime":1478.01,"body":"borders, where you have, for"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1478.01,"endTime":1480.74,"body":"instance, things like, you know,"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1478.01,"endTime":1480.74,"body":"changes in retinotopic"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1480.74,"endTime":1484.49,"body":"orientation at the border from"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1480.74,"endTime":1484.49,"body":"like V1 to V2, to wherever"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1484.49,"endTime":1488.33,"body":"you're gonna go after that. So"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1484.49,"endTime":1488.33,"body":"you've kind of got this discrete"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1488.36,"endTime":1492.74,"body":"mosaic of visual regions that"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1488.36,"endTime":1492.74,"body":"are the same in every"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1492.74,"endTime":1498.35,"body":"individual. When you translate"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1492.74,"endTime":1498.35,"body":"that into the language domain, I"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1498.35,"endTime":1502.19,"body":"don't feel like we're quite"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1498.35,"endTime":1502.19,"body":"there yet in being able to say"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1502.19,"endTime":1505.82,"body":"that there is a distinct mosaic"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1502.19,"endTime":1505.82,"body":"of language regions that are the"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1505.82,"endTime":1510.68,"body":"same in every individual. Do you"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1505.82,"endTime":1510.68,"body":"agree that we're not there yet?"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1510.71,"endTime":1511.19,"body":"Or...?"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1511.52,"endTime":1512.81,"body":"What do you mean"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1511.52,"endTime":1512.81,"body":"by \"the same in every"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1512.81,"endTime":1514.07,"body":"individual\"? Maybe I'm not...?"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1514.0,"endTime":1516.28,"body":"Well, okay, so,"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1514.0,"endTime":1516.28,"body":"you know, like, every individual"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1516.28,"endTime":1522.91,"body":"has a V1 and a V2 and a V4, that"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1516.28,"endTime":1522.91,"body":"have... You know, I'm talking"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1522.91,"endTime":1525.7,"body":"here about, like, you know,"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1522.91,"endTime":1525.7,"body":"visual regions, obviously."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1526.21,"endTime":1526.51,"body":"Yeah."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1526.54,"endTime":1528.25,"body":"And they're, and"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1526.54,"endTime":1528.25,"body":"they're more or less"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1528.64,"endTime":1532.33,"body":"anatomically, you know,"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1528.64,"endTime":1532.33,"body":"obviously, like, you know, the"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1532.33,"endTime":1535.87,"body":"specific anatomical location"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1532.33,"endTime":1535.87,"body":"with respect to gyri and sulci"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1535.87,"endTime":1538.12,"body":"is gonna differ a little bit,"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1535.87,"endTime":1538.12,"body":"but they're gonna be laid out"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1538.12,"endTime":1540.91,"body":"pretty much the same. And more"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1538.12,"endTime":1540.91,"body":"importantly, like, kind of, from"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1540.91,"endTime":1543.25,"body":"your perspective, functionally,"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1540.91,"endTime":1543.25,"body":"they're the same, right? So you"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1543.25,"endTime":1545.77,"body":"know, V4 is gonna have a similar"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1543.25,"endTime":1545.77,"body":"function in every individual."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1545.83,"endTime":1546.4,"body":"Exactly."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1546.38,"endTime":1548.84,"body":"And we have a"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1546.38,"endTime":1548.84,"body":"way of identifying those, based"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1548.84,"endTime":1553.91,"body":"on their function. Now, in"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1548.84,"endTime":1553.91,"body":"language, we're not at that"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1553.91,"endTime":1558.74,"body":"level, right? I mean, like, so"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1553.91,"endTime":1558.74,"body":"your approach, sort of, it"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1554.58,"endTime":1574.11,"body":"I mean, that's an"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1554.58,"endTime":1574.11,"body":"interesting question, right? I"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1558.74,"endTime":1562.58,"body":"generates a set of language"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1558.74,"endTime":1562.58,"body":"regions. But they're not"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1562.58,"endTime":1566.09,"body":"functionally distinct in the way"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1562.58,"endTime":1566.09,"body":"that the set of visual regions"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1566.45,"endTime":1570.47,"body":"that are generated by similar."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1566.45,"endTime":1570.47,"body":". So you know, what do you do wi"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1570.5,"endTime":1571.4,"body":"h that? Like, what's th"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1574.11,"endTime":1576.87,"body":"mean, so there's some reality"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1574.11,"endTime":1576.87,"body":"out there that we're trying to"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1576.87,"endTime":1582.33,"body":"understand. Now. Importantly, we"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1576.87,"endTime":1582.33,"body":"do know that the perceptual"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1582.33,"endTime":1588.93,"body":"regions that support early"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1582.33,"endTime":1588.93,"body":"stages of speech perception,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1589.02,"endTime":1592.29,"body":"speech acoustic processing, and"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1589.02,"endTime":1592.29,"body":"reading, are totally distinct"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1592.29,"endTime":1593.46,"body":"from these high level regions."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1593.46,"endTime":1593.55,"body":"Yes."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1593.66,"endTime":1594.95,"body":"There's no"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1593.66,"endTime":1594.95,"body":"question about that. So they"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1594.95,"endTime":1597.41,"body":"have different functional"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1594.95,"endTime":1597.41,"body":"profiles. And presumably, they"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1597.41,"endTime":1601.46,"body":"serve as the input regions to"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1597.41,"endTime":1601.46,"body":"the higher level language"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1601.46,"endTime":1604.52,"body":"regions. Similarly, on the"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1601.46,"endTime":1604.52,"body":"production side, there's a set"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1604.52,"endTime":1607.01,"body":"of regions that support"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1604.52,"endTime":1607.01,"body":"articulation, that are totally"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1607.01,"endTime":1610.01,"body":"distinct from these higher"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1607.01,"endTime":1610.01,"body":"level, what we call higher level"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1610.01,"endTime":1614.3,"body":"language regions, that do"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1610.01,"endTime":1614.3,"body":"everything pre sending the"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1614.57,"endTime":1618.83,"body":"articulatory commands down to"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1614.57,"endTime":1618.83,"body":"the motor, premotor areas. Now,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1618.86,"endTime":1621.32,"body":"the question is whether there"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1618.86,"endTime":1621.32,"body":"are meaningful functional"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1621.32,"endTime":1627.11,"body":"distinctions within this"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1621.32,"endTime":1627.11,"body":"frontotemporal network that we"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1627.11,"endTime":1629.81,"body":"and many others, and you and"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1627.11,"endTime":1629.81,"body":"many others, have been looking"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1629.81,"endTime":1632.87,"body":"at. And I don't know. Like I"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1629.81,"endTime":1632.87,"body":"said, I came in with a prior"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1632.87,"endTime":1635.99,"body":"that there would be a clear"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1632.87,"endTime":1635.99,"body":"separation between syntax"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1635.99,"endTime":1638.72,"body":"supporting regions and lexical"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1635.99,"endTime":1638.72,"body":"meaning supporting regions. That"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1638.72,"endTime":1643.07,"body":"just doesn't seem to be the"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1638.72,"endTime":1643.07,"body":"right cut. Now, whether there is"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1643.4,"endTime":1646.52,"body":"other distinctions hiding in"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1643.4,"endTime":1646.52,"body":"there, and we just haven't"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1646.52,"endTime":1649.16,"body":"looked for them, because, again,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1646.52,"endTime":1649.16,"body":"we've brought in certain priors"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1649.16,"endTime":1654.35,"body":"from certain theorizing, and so"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1649.16,"endTime":1654.35,"body":"on, there may well be, um, and I"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1654.35,"endTime":1659.51,"body":"think there's a host of"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1654.35,"endTime":1659.51,"body":"approaches that are being"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1659.51,"endTime":1663.71,"body":"developed, including with"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1659.51,"endTime":1663.71,"body":"artificial neural networks that"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1663.71,"endTime":1667.19,"body":"have gotten really good, which"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1663.71,"endTime":1667.19,"body":"may help us in a perhaps"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1667.22,"endTime":1671.09,"body":"data-driven way, discover"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1667.22,"endTime":1671.09,"body":"different features of language"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1671.09,"endTime":1673.82,"body":"that may preferentially drive"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1671.09,"endTime":1673.82,"body":"some parts of this network"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1673.82,"endTime":1678.05,"body":"compared to others. Now, if such"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1673.82,"endTime":1678.05,"body":"distinctions are meaningful"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1678.05,"endTime":1680.9,"body":"distinctions are found and"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1678.05,"endTime":1680.9,"body":"they're replicable, then we can"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1680.9,"endTime":1683.36,"body":"ask questions like \"Okay, do"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1680.9,"endTime":1683.36,"body":"these distinctions show up"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1683.36,"endTime":1686.72,"body":"consistent with a consistent"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1683.36,"endTime":1686.72,"body":"typography across people? Is it"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1686.72,"endTime":1689.54,"body":"always, you know, chopped up in"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1686.72,"endTime":1689.54,"body":"the same way? Divided up in the"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1689.54,"endTime":1694.76,"body":"same way or not? But it's also"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1689.54,"endTime":1694.76,"body":"worth saying that many people,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1694.76,"endTime":1698.54,"body":"you know, back from Marsel"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1694.76,"endTime":1698.54,"body":"Mesulum, have been talking about"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1698.78,"endTime":1702.5,"body":"complex functions like language,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1698.78,"endTime":1702.5,"body":"like mapping forms to meanings:"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1703.19,"endTime":1705.8,"body":"there may not be a mosaic of"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1703.19,"endTime":1705.8,"body":"little functionally distinct"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1705.8,"endTime":1708.2,"body":"bits. It may well be this"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1705.8,"endTime":1708.2,"body":"distributed network. We know"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1708.2,"endTime":1713.18,"body":"it's highly interconnected. So"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1708.2,"endTime":1713.18,"body":"maybe the structure that exists"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1713.18,"endTime":1716.93,"body":"there is highly redundant across"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1713.18,"endTime":1716.93,"body":"these areas, and is designed in"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1716.93,"endTime":1720.59,"body":"this way to kind of be most"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1716.93,"endTime":1720.59,"body":"protective of damage or whatnot."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1720.59,"endTime":1724.4,"body":"I mean, it's hard to say, but"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1720.59,"endTime":1724.4,"body":"I'll certainly keep looking for"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1724.4,"endTime":1727.37,"body":"structure within that network."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1724.4,"endTime":1727.37,"body":"That's not, you know, I don't"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1727.37,"endTime":1729.8,"body":"think the door's closed on that."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1727.37,"endTime":1729.8,"body":"It's just some of the"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1729.8,"endTime":1732.89,"body":"distinctions that had been"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1729.8,"endTime":1732.89,"body":"argued for, I think, are not the"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1732.89,"endTime":1733.64,"body":"right cuts."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1734.39,"endTime":1737.57,"body":"Yeah, it's just"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1734.39,"endTime":1737.57,"body":"fascinating to me, like so. So"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1737.57,"endTime":1741.68,"body":"you're kind of like, basically,"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1737.57,"endTime":1741.68,"body":"at this point, you're holding on"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1741.68,"endTime":1746.09,"body":"to the null hypothesis that all"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1741.68,"endTime":1746.09,"body":"of the language, frontotemporal"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1746.09,"endTime":1748.31,"body":"language regions are"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1746.09,"endTime":1748.31,"body":"functionally equivalent."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1748.88,"endTime":1751.13,"body":"Until somebody"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1748.88,"endTime":1751.13,"body":"shows me convincingly otherwise."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1751.0,"endTime":1755.47,"body":"Mm hmm. Yeah. I"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1751.0,"endTime":1755.47,"body":"mean, I don't, I don't share"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1755.47,"endTime":1759.7,"body":"your intuition that that null"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1755.47,"endTime":1759.7,"body":"hypothesis will hold up. But I,"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1759.79,"endTime":1765.55,"body":"you know, obviously, the data"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1759.79,"endTime":1765.55,"body":"are the data. And so this is"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1765.55,"endTime":1768.13,"body":"kind of like just a, you know,"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1765.55,"endTime":1768.13,"body":"kind of maybe a slightly silly"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1768.13,"endTime":1772.96,"body":"philosophical thing, but like,"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1768.13,"endTime":1772.96,"body":"you know, you're at MIT, the"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1772.96,"endTime":1778.54,"body":"birthplace of modularity. And,"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1772.96,"endTime":1778.54,"body":"in a sense, you know, there's"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1778.54,"endTime":1782.47,"body":"aspects of your work that are"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1778.54,"endTime":1782.47,"body":"very modular. Like you've, you"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1782.47,"endTime":1785.38,"body":"know, you've really focused on"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1782.47,"endTime":1785.38,"body":"the distinction, like the sharp"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1785.38,"endTime":1788.2,"body":"distinction, between the"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1785.38,"endTime":1788.2,"body":"language network and other"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1788.2,"endTime":1790.66,"body":"cognitive networks, and"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1788.2,"endTime":1790.66,"body":"hopefully, we can have time to"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1790.66,"endTime":1793.75,"body":"talk about that more in a"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1790.66,"endTime":1793.75,"body":"moment. But then when it comes"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1793.75,"endTime":1796.57,"body":"within the language system,"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1793.75,"endTime":1796.57,"body":"you're basically arguing against"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1796.57,"endTime":1797.74,"body":"modularity. Is that...?"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1798.32,"endTime":1801.68,"body":"I'm a very strong"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1798.32,"endTime":1801.68,"body":"empiricist. I'm just a very"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1801.68,"endTime":1804.05,"body":"strong empiricist. I came in"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1801.68,"endTime":1804.05,"body":"with priors that there would be"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1804.05,"endTime":1806.63,"body":"dissociations within that"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1804.05,"endTime":1806.63,"body":"network. When I don't see them"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1806.66,"endTime":1809.33,"body":"over and again, across dozens of"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1806.66,"endTime":1809.33,"body":"studies now across different"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1809.33,"endTime":1813.02,"body":"methodologies... You know,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1809.33,"endTime":1813.02,"body":"recently trying single cell"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1813.02,"endTime":1816.74,"body":"recordings. Like, if you try so"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1813.02,"endTime":1816.74,"body":"many different things, and you"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1816.74,"endTime":1820.04,"body":"just don't find it, ultimately I"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1816.74,"endTime":1820.04,"body":"think, okay, based on the data"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1820.04,"endTime":1824.6,"body":"so far, I just don't see strong"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1820.04,"endTime":1824.6,"body":"evidence for functional"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1824.6,"endTime":1827.72,"body":"dissociations. You know, it may"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1824.6,"endTime":1827.72,"body":"be that in a few months, we'll"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1827.72,"endTime":1831.59,"body":"discover something that really"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1827.72,"endTime":1831.59,"body":"clearly splits that system into,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1831.59,"endTime":1833.63,"body":"you know, either frontal and"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1831.59,"endTime":1833.63,"body":"temporal components, or, you"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1833.63,"endTime":1836.3,"body":"know, anterior temporal, you"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1833.63,"endTime":1836.3,"body":"know, some whatever split, and"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1836.3,"endTime":1839.42,"body":"they'll be functionally really"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1836.3,"endTime":1839.42,"body":"clearly different, then I'll"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1839.42,"endTime":1841.85,"body":"change my mind. I think that's a"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1839.42,"endTime":1841.85,"body":"big part of what we should be"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1841.85,"endTime":1844.94,"body":"able to do in science. If we"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1841.85,"endTime":1844.94,"body":"learn otherwise, we don't just"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1844.94,"endTime":1847.61,"body":"keep telling the same story. And"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1844.94,"endTime":1847.61,"body":"I think that's also something"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1847.61,"endTime":1852.26,"body":"that's held back our field in"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1847.61,"endTime":1852.26,"body":"some ways. Because I think some"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1852.26,"endTime":1855.5,"body":"of the early generation"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1852.26,"endTime":1855.5,"body":"scientists, earlier generation"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1855.5,"endTime":1858.35,"body":"scientists, have been trained in"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1855.5,"endTime":1858.35,"body":"a way as like \"you've made your"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1858.35,"endTime":1863.57,"body":"name with that hypothesis, hold"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1858.35,"endTime":1863.57,"body":"on to it, you know, you know,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1863.57,"endTime":1867.11,"body":"through everything, just keep"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1863.57,"endTime":1867.11,"body":"arguing for that, because that's"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1867.11,"endTime":1870.83,"body":"what you'll be famous for.\" And"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1867.11,"endTime":1870.83,"body":"I, that's just not how I was"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1870.83,"endTime":1872.93,"body":"ever trained. Like, I want, I"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1870.83,"endTime":1872.93,"body":"want the truth."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1872.0,"endTime":1875.63,"body":"No me neither."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1872.0,"endTime":1875.63,"body":"I've been like, I've been"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1875.63,"endTime":1877.13,"body":"totally wrong about some things."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1877.28,"endTime":1877.7,"body":"Yeah."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1877.7,"endTime":1879.41,"body":"And that's,"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1877.7,"endTime":1879.41,"body":"that's fine."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1879.41,"endTime":1880.34,"body":"It's the fun of"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1879.41,"endTime":1880.34,"body":"science."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1881.81,"endTime":1884.09,"body":"Has anybody"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1881.81,"endTime":1884.09,"body":"given you any grief about your"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1884.09,"endTime":1888.26,"body":"kind of distributionalist bent,"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1884.09,"endTime":1888.26,"body":"that is not very traditionally"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1888.26,"endTime":1891.23,"body":"MIT or are people well past"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1888.26,"endTime":1891.23,"body":"that?"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1891.23,"endTime":1894.47,"body":"At MIT? I mean, in"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1891.23,"endTime":1894.47,"body":"the field, people are still very"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1894.47,"endTime":1897.14,"body":"resistant to the notion that"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1894.47,"endTime":1897.14,"body":"there's no little blob that just"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1897.14,"endTime":1902.24,"body":"does syntax, and nothing else."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1897.14,"endTime":1902.24,"body":"Like that still seems like it's"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1902.24,"endTime":1905.27,"body":"people are coming around, some"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1902.24,"endTime":1905.27,"body":"are coming around. Some are not."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1905.27,"endTime":1908.78,"body":"But no, at MIT, I think most"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1905.27,"endTime":1908.78,"body":"people just want to figure out"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1908.78,"endTime":1912.17,"body":"how it works. And if it were,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1908.78,"endTime":1912.17,"body":"just let the data tell you the"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1912.17,"endTime":1917.54,"body":"story, you know. But in general,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1912.17,"endTime":1917.54,"body":"yeah, it's been, it's been"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1917.54,"endTime":1919.91,"body":"challenging. I don't know if we"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1917.54,"endTime":1919.91,"body":"want to go there, but in"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1919.91,"endTime":1926.03,"body":"general, if you challenge old"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1919.91,"endTime":1926.03,"body":"dogmas, it's tricky. And if"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1926.03,"endTime":1930.14,"body":"you're a woman doing so, it's"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1926.03,"endTime":1930.14,"body":"trickier. And there have been"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1930.14,"endTime":1933.26,"body":"just anecdotally, there have"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1930.14,"endTime":1933.26,"body":"been many cases where, earlier"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1933.26,"endTime":1938.39,"body":"on in my career, we often went"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1933.26,"endTime":1938.39,"body":"and gave invited talks together"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1938.39,"endTime":1942.35,"body":"with Ted Gibson, my husband. And"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1938.39,"endTime":1942.35,"body":"he would just be amazed at the"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1942.35,"endTime":1945.53,"body":"tone that people take like, in"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1942.35,"endTime":1945.53,"body":"some question periods. And he's"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1945.53,"endTime":1949.22,"body":"like \"Nobody ever talks to me"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1945.53,"endTime":1949.22,"body":"like that.\" And it took me a"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1949.22,"endTime":1953.93,"body":"really long time to learn to"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1949.22,"endTime":1953.93,"body":"walk this very fine line between"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1953.93,"endTime":1957.02,"body":"being able to talk like calmly"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1953.93,"endTime":1957.02,"body":"and confidently about your work,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1957.47,"endTime":1961.46,"body":"and being called a bitch."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1957.47,"endTime":1961.46,"body":"Because for a man, a tall white"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1961.46,"endTime":1964.34,"body":"guy, to talk with confidence,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1961.46,"endTime":1964.34,"body":"\"Oh, gosh, he really knows what"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1964.34,"endTime":1967.25,"body":"he's talking about. This is"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1964.34,"endTime":1967.25,"body":"awesome.\" And if a woman takes"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1967.25,"endTime":1970.34,"body":"very much the same tone, it's"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1967.25,"endTime":1970.34,"body":"like \"Oh, she's really bitchy.\""},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1970.55,"endTime":1973.31,"body":"And you know, for a few years, I"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1970.55,"endTime":1973.31,"body":"really struggled with this. I"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1973.31,"endTime":1975.71,"body":"mean, I don't want to say almost"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1973.31,"endTime":1975.71,"body":"left the field over it, but it"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1975.71,"endTime":1978.65,"body":"was just really, like, I didn't"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1975.71,"endTime":1978.65,"body":"want to do science within that"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1978.65,"endTime":1981.92,"body":"kind of an environment. But you"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1978.65,"endTime":1981.92,"body":"know, eventually it got better."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1981.92,"endTime":1985.82,"body":"And, you know, and hopefully I"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1981.92,"endTime":1985.82,"body":"can mentor young women to be"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1985.82,"endTime":1987.56,"body":"able to withstand that kind of"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":1985.82,"endTime":1987.56,"body":"stuff."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1988.58,"endTime":1991.1,"body":"That's, I mean,"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1988.58,"endTime":1991.1,"body":"that's just so hard to hear, you"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1991.1,"endTime":1995.66,"body":"know. I mean, I'm really glad"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1991.1,"endTime":1995.66,"body":"that you have found your way to"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1995.66,"endTime":1998.57,"body":"like, you know, a way of"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1995.66,"endTime":1998.57,"body":"presenting your work that is,"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1999.17,"endTime":2001.87,"body":"like you said, like, clear,"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":1999.17,"endTime":2001.87,"body":"confident and making no"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2001.87,"endTime":2005.98,"body":"apologies like, for having a"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2001.87,"endTime":2005.98,"body":"position that is, you know,"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2006.7,"endTime":2010.39,"body":"you're challenging, you know,"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2006.7,"endTime":2010.39,"body":"some old ideas, many of which"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2010.75,"endTime":2012.61,"body":"are probably wrong and need to"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2010.75,"endTime":2012.61,"body":"be challenged. And..."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2013.06,"endTime":2015.19,"body":"Yeah, it's like,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2013.06,"endTime":2015.19,"body":"it seems like it should be okay."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2015.22,"endTime":2018.37,"body":"And we should be able to debate"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2015.22,"endTime":2018.37,"body":"and talk productively and not"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2018.37,"endTime":2022.21,"body":"put each other down and yeah."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2018.37,"endTime":2022.21,"body":"But I do think it's getting"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2022.21,"endTime":2025.03,"body":"better. I think the field is"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2022.21,"endTime":2025.03,"body":"moving in good directions, both"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2025.03,"endTime":2027.73,"body":"with respect to treatment of"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2025.03,"endTime":2027.73,"body":"women. Also URMs"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2027.73,"endTime":2029.17,"body":"(underrepresented minorities). I"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2027.73,"endTime":2029.17,"body":"mean, I think that's a little"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2029.17,"endTime":2033.58,"body":"behind. But I do think there's"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2029.17,"endTime":2033.58,"body":"positive changes. So let's hope"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2033.58,"endTime":2035.44,"body":"it all keeps moving in that way."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2036.22,"endTime":2038.29,"body":"Yeah, I noticed"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2036.22,"endTime":2038.29,"body":"that you guys have, that you"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2038.29,"endTime":2040.87,"body":"guys are making like concrete"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2038.29,"endTime":2040.87,"body":"steps towards increasing"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2040.9,"endTime":2043.27,"body":"underrepresented minorities in"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2040.9,"endTime":2043.27,"body":"your lab and creating"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2043.27,"endTime":2044.08,"body":"opportunities for people."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2044.65,"endTime":2045.43,"body":"We're trying,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2044.65,"endTime":2045.43,"body":"yeah."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2046.72,"endTime":2051.22,"body":"Yeah, that's"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2046.72,"endTime":2051.22,"body":"really great. So after you, in"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2051.22,"endTime":2053.98,"body":"that 2010 paper, where you kind"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2051.22,"endTime":2053.98,"body":"of, you know, you laid out your"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2053.98,"endTime":2057.07,"body":"methodological approach. After"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2053.98,"endTime":2057.07,"body":"that, you have this series of"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2057.07,"endTime":2062.44,"body":"papers over the next few years,"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2057.07,"endTime":2062.44,"body":"where you describe what you call"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2062.44,"endTime":2067.39,"body":"the multiple demand network, and"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2062.44,"endTime":2067.39,"body":"then show how sharply it is"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2067.42,"endTime":2069.67,"body":"distinct from the language"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2067.42,"endTime":2069.67,"body":"network. Could you kind of talk"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2069.67,"endTime":2072.85,"body":"about that series of papers and"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2069.67,"endTime":2072.85,"body":"those discoveries and you know,"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2072.85,"endTime":2075.52,"body":"what... Were you surprised by"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2072.85,"endTime":2075.52,"body":"them? Did you expect them by"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2075.52,"endTime":2077.83,"body":"that point? Like, how did that"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2075.52,"endTime":2077.83,"body":"line of work develop?"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2078.16,"endTime":2080.92,"body":"Yeah, so that was"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2078.16,"endTime":2080.92,"body":"some, there was a question that"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2080.92,"endTime":2084.01,"body":"initially drew me to cognitive"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2080.92,"endTime":2084.01,"body":"neuroscience methods and kind of"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2084.01,"endTime":2088.81,"body":"convinced me to go into that"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2084.01,"endTime":2088.81,"body":"area, where I was deeply"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2088.81,"endTime":2091.15,"body":"interested in how language"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2088.81,"endTime":2091.15,"body":"relates to other things. And"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2091.15,"endTime":2096.67,"body":"just when I started grad school,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2091.15,"endTime":2096.67,"body":"that was 2002, Hauser, Chomsky,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2096.67,"endTime":2099.67,"body":"and Fitch paper came out in"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2096.67,"endTime":2099.67,"body":"Science you know identifying"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2099.67,"endTime":2103.15,"body":"recursion as maybe the key"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2099.67,"endTime":2103.15,"body":"feature of language, making it"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2103.15,"endTime":2107.68,"body":"unique among other communication"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2103.15,"endTime":2107.68,"body":"systems, and hinting that"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2107.68,"endTime":2111.79,"body":"perhaps it's the combinatorial"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2107.68,"endTime":2111.79,"body":"capacity, so abstract that it"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2111.79,"endTime":2114.43,"body":"would also support things like"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2111.79,"endTime":2114.43,"body":"math and music and other human"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2114.43,"endTime":2117.16,"body":"unique abilities and so on. And"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2114.43,"endTime":2117.16,"body":"I thought that that idea was"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2117.16,"endTime":2120.04,"body":"very interesting. And of course,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2117.16,"endTime":2120.04,"body":"there were also kind of a host"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2120.04,"endTime":2123.82,"body":"of other claims. Some totally"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2120.04,"endTime":2123.82,"body":"unrelated, like, from the mirror"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2123.82,"endTime":2127.33,"body":"neuron literature, some somewhat"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2123.82,"endTime":2127.33,"body":"related, making parallels"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2127.33,"endTime":2130.99,"body":"between language and music, for"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2127.33,"endTime":2130.99,"body":"example. And it just seemed like"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2130.99,"endTime":2135.22,"body":"a fundamental question like, to"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2130.99,"endTime":2135.22,"body":"what extent is the combinatorial"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2135.22,"endTime":2139.0,"body":"machinery that language relies"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2135.22,"endTime":2139.0,"body":"on shared with other capacities?"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2139.45,"endTime":2143.08,"body":"And, and so that was, you know,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2139.45,"endTime":2143.08,"body":"the most straightforward way to"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2143.08,"endTime":2146.95,"body":"do that was to identify these"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2143.08,"endTime":2146.95,"body":"language-responsive regions, in"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2146.95,"endTime":2150.61,"body":"individual people and then ask"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2146.95,"endTime":2150.61,"body":"across a series of studies, do"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2150.61,"endTime":2153.73,"body":"these regions work hard when you"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2150.61,"endTime":2153.73,"body":"have to solve logic problems? Do"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2153.73,"endTime":2157.72,"body":"you do they work hard when you"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2153.73,"endTime":2157.72,"body":"do math? When you solve a little"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2157.72,"endTime":2161.05,"body":"programming task? When you think"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2157.72,"endTime":2161.05,"body":"about others thoughts? And so"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2161.05,"endTime":2167.05,"body":"on, and so forth. And again, at"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2161.05,"endTime":2167.05,"body":"the time, when we were doing"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2167.05,"endTime":2170.53,"body":"that, there was so many claims"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2167.05,"endTime":2170.53,"body":"about the overlap in the frontal"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2170.53,"endTime":2173.11,"body":"cortex between language and"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2170.53,"endTime":2173.11,"body":"other things, I was kind of"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2173.11,"endTime":2176.32,"body":"expecting that maybe in the"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2173.11,"endTime":2176.32,"body":"temporal cortex, we'll find"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2176.32,"endTime":2178.96,"body":"language specificity, but maybe"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2176.32,"endTime":2178.96,"body":"in the front, it will be much"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2178.96,"endTime":2182.41,"body":"more multimodal, and maybe there"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2178.96,"endTime":2182.41,"body":"is really this abstract"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2182.41,"endTime":2185.02,"body":"hierarchical processor. What a"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2182.41,"endTime":2185.02,"body":"beautiful idea that, you know,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2185.02,"endTime":2187.39,"body":"maybe emerged in humans"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2185.02,"endTime":2187.39,"body":"specifically and supports"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2187.39,"endTime":2189.88,"body":"language and other"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2187.39,"endTime":2189.88,"body":"human-specific abilities. And"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2189.91,"endTime":2194.29,"body":"that just wasn't the case. And"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2189.91,"endTime":2194.29,"body":"so yeah, I was surprised! I was"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2194.29,"endTime":2198.37,"body":"surprised, and we kept, you"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2194.29,"endTime":2198.37,"body":"know, running more and more"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2198.4,"endTime":2201.13,"body":"conditions. And people always"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2198.4,"endTime":2201.13,"body":"say, when you try it, you know,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2201.13,"endTime":2204.43,"body":"establishing specificity is"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2201.13,"endTime":2204.43,"body":"tricky, because people always"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2204.43,"endTime":2206.8,"body":"say \"Well, you've tested these"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2204.43,"endTime":2206.8,"body":"tests, but maybe if you test"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2206.8,"endTime":2209.35,"body":"this other one...\" And that's"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2206.8,"endTime":2209.35,"body":"again, you know, at some point,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2209.35,"endTime":2212.77,"body":"you just have to, like, make,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2209.35,"endTime":2212.77,"body":"okay, if I test ten, fifteen"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2212.77,"endTime":2215.5,"body":"different tasks, and none of"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2212.77,"endTime":2215.5,"body":"them elicit responses, and they"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2215.5,"endTime":2217.96,"body":"kind of have spanned all the"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2215.5,"endTime":2217.96,"body":"main proposals that have been"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2217.96,"endTime":2220.66,"body":"made about why language might"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2217.96,"endTime":2220.66,"body":"share machinery with other"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2220.66,"endTime":2223.18,"body":"things, then, okay, I'm pretty"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2220.66,"endTime":2223.18,"body":"convinced that, at this point"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2223.18,"endTime":2225.46,"body":"I'm pretty convinced it's a"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2223.18,"endTime":2225.46,"body":"network that, at least in the"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2225.49,"endTime":2227.86,"body":"adult brain, is highly"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2225.49,"endTime":2227.86,"body":"specialized for dealing with"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2227.86,"endTime":2231.52,"body":"linguistic input."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2227.86,"endTime":2231.52,"body":"Developmentally, we don't know."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2232.54,"endTime":2235.15,"body":"Because it hasn't been looked at"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2232.54,"endTime":2235.15,"body":"carefully enough."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2235.18,"endTime":2236.68,"body":"I mean, yeah,"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2235.18,"endTime":2236.68,"body":"you must have a pretty strong"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2236.68,"endTime":2238.66,"body":"prior there though. But, um..."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2239.05,"endTime":2242.08,"body":"Oh well, like my"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2239.05,"endTime":2242.08,"body":"prior is that it develops with"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2242.08,"endTime":2245.02,"body":"age. I think it starts out as a"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2242.08,"endTime":2245.02,"body":"very general social processor."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2245.05,"endTime":2246.76,"body":"So that's the current working"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2245.05,"endTime":2246.76,"body":"hypothesis."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2246.79,"endTime":2247.6,"body":"That what does?"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2247.87,"endTime":2249.61,"body":"The language"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2247.87,"endTime":2249.61,"body":"system. I do not think that..."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2249.64,"endTime":2250.93,"body":"Oh right, right,"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2249.64,"endTime":2250.93,"body":"right. Yeah, there's that. Okay."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2250.93,"endTime":2253.54,"body":"That is that thing. I heard you"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2250.93,"endTime":2253.54,"body":"say that in a talk a few months"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2253.54,"endTime":2253.87,"body":"ago."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2254.08,"endTime":2255.01,"body":"Yeah. Yeah."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2255.04,"endTime":2256.27,"body":"Yeah, no, that's"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2255.04,"endTime":2256.27,"body":"very interesting"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2256.33,"endTime":2258.34,"body":"Because like, we"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2256.33,"endTime":2258.34,"body":"don't know language when we're"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2258.34,"endTime":2258.55,"body":"born."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2259.03,"endTime":2259.51,"body":"Right, right."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2259.51,"endTime":2261.22,"body":"And I think what"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2259.51,"endTime":2261.22,"body":"the system does is basically"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2261.22,"endTime":2264.22,"body":"storing these form-meaning"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2261.22,"endTime":2264.22,"body":"mappings, and it takes time to"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2264.52,"endTime":2267.58,"body":"acquire them, and then store"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2264.52,"endTime":2267.58,"body":"them. We use that system. And"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2267.58,"endTime":2267.91,"body":"so..."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2268.18,"endTime":2271.51,"body":"Surely. Yeah,"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2268.18,"endTime":2271.51,"body":"but the distinction between the"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2271.51,"endTime":2275.41,"body":"language system and the multiple"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2271.51,"endTime":2275.41,"body":"demand network, I think you, I'm"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2275.41,"endTime":2279.73,"body":"sure you hypothesize is very"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2275.41,"endTime":2279.73,"body":"discrete from the get go?"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2280.03,"endTime":2281.71,"body":"Oh, yeah, I think"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2280.03,"endTime":2281.71,"body":"so. I think that's right."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2282.22,"endTime":2285.28,"body":"So just to kind"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2282.22,"endTime":2285.28,"body":"of back up and kind of, for"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2285.28,"endTime":2288.64,"body":"people that haven't read all"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2285.28,"endTime":2288.64,"body":"those papers. So like, I think"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2288.64,"endTime":2291.01,"body":"the gist of it is, you know that"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2288.64,"endTime":2291.01,"body":"you identify the language"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2291.01,"endTime":2293.59,"body":"regions in the way that we"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2291.01,"endTime":2293.59,"body":"discussed already. And then you"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2293.59,"endTime":2295.87,"body":"look at how those regions"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2293.59,"endTime":2295.87,"body":"respond to... I think it's"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2295.87,"endTime":2298.66,"body":"mostly focused around like"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2295.87,"endTime":2298.66,"body":"difficult and easy versions of"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2298.66,"endTime":2301.87,"body":"tasks, right? Is it always about"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2298.66,"endTime":2301.87,"body":"that difficulty manipulation?"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2302.92,"endTime":2304.96,"body":"That's one. So"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2302.92,"endTime":2304.96,"body":"that's with respect to the"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2305.53,"endTime":2307.69,"body":"multiple demand system in"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2305.53,"endTime":2307.69,"body":"particular, but then there's"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2307.69,"endTime":2310.06,"body":"other studies looking at more"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2307.69,"endTime":2310.06,"body":"social things. There's other"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2310.06,"endTime":2313.99,"body":"studies looking at music, where,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2310.06,"endTime":2313.99,"body":"you know, it's not demanding"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2314.26,"endTime":2317.26,"body":"tasks that would drive the MD"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2314.26,"endTime":2317.26,"body":"net, multiple demand network."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2317.8,"endTime":2320.65,"body":"But it's showing that those"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2317.8,"endTime":2320.65,"body":"things also don't seem to be..."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2320.65,"endTime":2321.31,"body":"Oh okay."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2321.61,"endTime":2323.14,"body":"But for the"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2321.61,"endTime":2323.14,"body":"multiple demand system, it's"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2323.14,"endTime":2325.9,"body":"mostly these goal-directed"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2323.14,"endTime":2325.9,"body":"behaviors like working memory,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2325.9,"endTime":2328.57,"body":"task cognitive control, task"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2325.9,"endTime":2328.57,"body":"logic puzzles, math problems,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2328.57,"endTime":2329.26,"body":"these kinds of things."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2329.26,"endTime":2332.47,"body":"Yeah. And is it"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2329.26,"endTime":2332.47,"body":"mostly about the difficulty"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2332.47,"endTime":2335.11,"body":"manipulation? Or do you care"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2332.47,"endTime":2335.11,"body":"like what it does relative to"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2335.11,"endTime":2336.01,"body":"some baseline?"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2336.61,"endTime":2338.74,"body":"We always look at"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2336.61,"endTime":2338.74,"body":"stuff relative to baseline. The"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2338.74,"endTime":2341.23,"body":"difficulty manipulation comes"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2338.74,"endTime":2341.23,"body":"into place, because we want to"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2341.23,"endTime":2344.65,"body":"make sure that it elicits the"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2341.23,"endTime":2344.65,"body":"right responses somewhere, and"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2344.65,"endTime":2347.32,"body":"difficulty manipulations for"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2344.65,"endTime":2347.32,"body":"those tasks are what's been used"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2347.32,"endTime":2350.74,"body":"to identify regions that say,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2347.32,"endTime":2350.74,"body":"care about working memory, or"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2350.8,"endTime":2353.8,"body":"are sensitive to cognitive"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2350.8,"endTime":2353.8,"body":"control or sensitive to math,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2354.61,"endTime":2356.86,"body":"you know, whatever demands and"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2354.61,"endTime":2356.86,"body":"so..."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2357.04,"endTime":2359.98,"body":"So you find that"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2357.04,"endTime":2359.98,"body":"in language regions, you not"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2359.98,"endTime":2362.71,"body":"only don't see a response"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2359.98,"endTime":2362.71,"body":"relative to baseline for these"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2362.77,"endTime":2365.77,"body":"sort of cognitively demanding"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2362.77,"endTime":2365.77,"body":"tasks, like arithmetic or"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2365.77,"endTime":2369.55,"body":"working memory, but you also"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2365.77,"endTime":2369.55,"body":"don't see an effect of task"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2369.55,"endTime":2370.36,"body":"difficulty either?"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2370.63,"endTime":2374.14,"body":"Right, I mean, I"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2370.63,"endTime":2374.14,"body":"would phrase it like backwards,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2374.14,"endTime":2376.6,"body":"I would say not only do you not"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2374.14,"endTime":2376.6,"body":"see a sensitivity to the"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2376.6,"endTime":2380.14,"body":"difficulty, even relative to"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2376.6,"endTime":2380.14,"body":"like a low level baseline, you"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2380.14,"endTime":2382.54,"body":"just see that these language"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2380.14,"endTime":2382.54,"body":"regions are doing as much when"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2382.54,"endTime":2385.15,"body":"you're solving a math problem as"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2382.54,"endTime":2385.15,"body":"when there's a blank screen and"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2385.15,"endTime":2388.39,"body":"you're doing nothing. Okay,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2385.15,"endTime":2388.39,"body":"they're just not much engaged"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2388.39,"endTime":2389.08,"body":"during math."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2389.68,"endTime":2392.44,"body":"Right. Yeah. I"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2389.68,"endTime":2392.44,"body":"know, I agree. I would put it"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2392.44,"endTime":2394.6,"body":"that way, too. I kind of think"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2392.44,"endTime":2394.6,"body":"that like the difficulty"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2394.6,"endTime":2399.13,"body":"manipulation, to me is a tighter"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2394.6,"endTime":2399.13,"body":"contrast. Whereas whenever"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2399.13,"endTime":2401.14,"body":"you're comparing something to"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2399.13,"endTime":2401.14,"body":"like a blank screen baseline,"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2401.14,"endTime":2403.15,"body":"I'm always just like, well,"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2401.14,"endTime":2403.15,"body":"what? What is that?"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2404.14,"endTime":2404.44,"body":"Yeah."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2404.47,"endTime":2405.64,"body":"What is that"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2404.47,"endTime":2405.64,"body":"condition?"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2406.06,"endTime":2406.36,"body":"Right."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2406.51,"endTime":2407.83,"body":"Whereas the"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2406.51,"endTime":2407.83,"body":"difficulty manipulation, it's"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2407.83,"endTime":2410.53,"body":"like kind of both ends of it are"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2407.83,"endTime":2410.53,"body":"controlled, so I like those"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2410.53,"endTime":2410.86,"body":"better."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2411.43,"endTime":2411.88,"body":"Yeah."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2413.26,"endTime":2416.32,"body":"Okay, so. So"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2413.26,"endTime":2416.32,"body":"you've kept working on MD"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2416.32,"endTime":2418.84,"body":"network over the years since"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2416.32,"endTime":2418.84,"body":"then. Are you really interested"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2418.84,"endTime":2422.11,"body":"in the MD network? Or is it just"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2418.84,"endTime":2422.11,"body":"sort of like a control condition"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2422.11,"endTime":2423.82,"body":"for you relative to the language"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2422.11,"endTime":2423.82,"body":"network?"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2424.3,"endTime":2427.24,"body":"That's a great"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2424.3,"endTime":2427.24,"body":"question. I mean, it's a network"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2427.24,"endTime":2432.61,"body":"that historically, supports"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2427.24,"endTime":2432.61,"body":"cognitive capacities that have"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2432.61,"endTime":2436.27,"body":"historically been very tightly"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2432.61,"endTime":2436.27,"body":"linked to language. And I still"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2436.27,"endTime":2441.49,"body":"think that there may be some"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2436.27,"endTime":2441.49,"body":"relationship between these two"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2441.49,"endTime":2445.09,"body":"networks that we haven't"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2441.49,"endTime":2445.09,"body":"uncovered. So what we know right"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2445.09,"endTime":2448.81,"body":"now is that during typical"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2445.09,"endTime":2448.81,"body":"language processing, that"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2448.81,"endTime":2452.02,"body":"network just doesn't seem to be"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2448.81,"endTime":2452.02,"body":"doing much. In fact, passively"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2452.02,"endTime":2456.28,"body":"listening to language, with no"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2452.02,"endTime":2456.28,"body":"extraneous demands, elicits"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2456.28,"endTime":2459.7,"body":"hugely strong responses in the"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2456.28,"endTime":2459.7,"body":"language regions. And you know,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2459.73,"endTime":2464.83,"body":"no response in the multiple"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2459.73,"endTime":2464.83,"body":"demand network. However, there"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2464.83,"endTime":2468.4,"body":"may be some aspects of language,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2464.83,"endTime":2468.4,"body":"perhaps especially so in"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2468.4,"endTime":2473.68,"body":"production, and/or it may be"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2468.4,"endTime":2473.68,"body":"that there are conditions under"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2473.68,"endTime":2478.93,"body":"which that kind of general"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2473.68,"endTime":2478.93,"body":"problem-solving capacity may be"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2478.96,"endTime":2482.08,"body":"helpful for understanding"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2478.96,"endTime":2482.08,"body":"language. Like some people have"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2482.08,"endTime":2486.49,"body":"reported effects in the multiple"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2482.08,"endTime":2486.49,"body":"domain regions for listening to"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2486.49,"endTime":2490.21,"body":"speech under adverse conditions,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2486.49,"endTime":2490.21,"body":"or listening to speech that has"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2490.27,"endTime":2493.54,"body":"an accent, where basically, the"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2490.27,"endTime":2493.54,"body":"perceptual information coming in"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2493.54,"endTime":2498.91,"body":"is suboptimal in various ways."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2493.54,"endTime":2498.91,"body":"And so whether these effects are"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2499.78,"endTime":2503.74,"body":"causal, or just reflect, okay"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2499.78,"endTime":2503.74,"body":"\"I'm struggling here\", and it's"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2503.74,"endTime":2507.4,"body":"just some signal of, you know,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2503.74,"endTime":2507.4,"body":"\"help help. I'm having a hard"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2507.4,"endTime":2509.53,"body":"time\" or whether it's actually"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2507.4,"endTime":2509.53,"body":"that that system is doing"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2509.53,"endTime":2512.56,"body":"something to help you solve that"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2509.53,"endTime":2512.56,"body":"difficult speech perception"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2512.56,"endTime":2515.59,"body":"problem is not clear yet, I"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2512.56,"endTime":2515.59,"body":"think. And then, of course, as"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2515.59,"endTime":2518.92,"body":"you know, there's this other"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2515.59,"endTime":2518.92,"body":"hypothesis that maybe this"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2518.92,"endTime":2523.45,"body":"network can help us reboot the"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2518.92,"endTime":2523.45,"body":"language system after adult"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2523.45,"endTime":2527.59,"body":"onset damage. And you're not"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2523.45,"endTime":2527.59,"body":"finding evidence on this in your"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2527.59,"endTime":2530.5,"body":"very careful review of the"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2527.59,"endTime":2530.5,"body":"literature from the last bunch"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2530.5,"endTime":2533.86,"body":"of years. But I think, again,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2530.5,"endTime":2533.86,"body":"some of those studies, may have"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2533.86,"endTime":2539.17,"body":"been done in ways that were"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2533.86,"endTime":2539.17,"body":"underpowered. Or not. I don't"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2539.17,"endTime":2539.95,"body":"know, at this point..."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2540.91,"endTime":2542.56,"body":"I think that"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2540.91,"endTime":2542.56,"body":"everything that's been done in"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2542.62,"endTime":2546.94,"body":"aphasia neuroplasticity could"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2542.62,"endTime":2546.94,"body":"all be revisited. Like, you"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2546.94,"endTime":2549.1,"body":"know, there's nothing there's"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2546.94,"endTime":2549.1,"body":"nothing, there's no final word"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2549.1,"endTime":2550.78,"body":"on anything in that field."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2551.17,"endTime":2553.63,"body":"So we're trying"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2551.17,"endTime":2553.63,"body":"with Swathi Kiran, we're trying"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2553.63,"endTime":2555.34,"body":"to see if there's something"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2553.63,"endTime":2555.34,"body":"there to that."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2555.37,"endTime":2558.1,"body":"Yeah. So you"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2555.37,"endTime":2558.1,"body":"guys, I know you have, you have"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2558.1,"endTime":2561.4,"body":"NIH funding to address that"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2558.1,"endTime":2561.4,"body":"question of, you know, whether"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2561.49,"endTime":2564.76,"body":"there might be plasticity of the"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2561.49,"endTime":2564.76,"body":"MD network, in post-stroke"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2564.76,"endTime":2568.84,"body":"aphasia. And I know that work"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2564.76,"endTime":2568.84,"body":"with people with aphasia takes"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2568.84,"endTime":2572.8,"body":"many years. And so it's"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2568.84,"endTime":2572.8,"body":"probably, I'm sure you don't"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2572.8,"endTime":2577.03,"body":"know the answers yet. But do you"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2572.8,"endTime":2577.03,"body":"have anything that you can share"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2577.03,"endTime":2579.52,"body":"with us yet about, like what"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2577.03,"endTime":2579.52,"body":"you've learned so far?"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2580.72,"endTime":2583.21,"body":"Yeah, I mean,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2580.72,"endTime":2583.21,"body":"we've had pilot data for a"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2583.21,"endTime":2586.51,"body":"while, that shows some"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2583.21,"endTime":2586.51,"body":"responses, language-like"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2586.51,"endTime":2592.99,"body":"responses in some MD areas, in"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2586.51,"endTime":2592.99,"body":"individuals with aphasia. But I"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2592.99,"endTime":2597.37,"body":"will not be convinced in the"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2592.99,"endTime":2597.37,"body":"causal role of these regions"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2597.37,"endTime":2601.45,"body":"until we can do something like a"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2597.37,"endTime":2601.45,"body":"longitudinal investigation,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2601.45,"endTime":2605.71,"body":"where we look at early responses"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2601.45,"endTime":2605.71,"body":"in the MD areas during some, you"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2605.71,"endTime":2609.67,"body":"know, acute or post-acute stage,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2605.71,"endTime":2609.67,"body":"and then are able to predict the"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2609.67,"endTime":2612.52,"body":"degree of language recovery"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2609.67,"endTime":2612.52,"body":"later. Like, I think without"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2612.52,"endTime":2615.31,"body":"that kind of evidence, it's"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2612.52,"endTime":2615.31,"body":"going to always be quite"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2615.31,"endTime":2620.62,"body":"challenging to interpret the"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2615.31,"endTime":2620.62,"body":"responses in the MD regions to"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2620.62,"endTime":2623.35,"body":"language. I think it's not"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2620.62,"endTime":2623.35,"body":"impossible. Like I think you can"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2623.35,"endTime":2626.14,"body":"make some inferences. But I"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2623.35,"endTime":2626.14,"body":"think the strongest inferences"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2626.41,"endTime":2630.31,"body":"about, you know, the system may"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2626.41,"endTime":2630.31,"body":"be being repurposed partially,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2630.43,"endTime":2636.25,"body":"to now help a domain which has"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2630.43,"endTime":2636.25,"body":"suffered due to damage, I think"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2636.25,"endTime":2639.31,"body":"it's going to be challenging."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2636.25,"endTime":2639.31,"body":"And now, of course, everything"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2639.31,"endTime":2642.67,"body":"is on hold. And we're"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2639.31,"endTime":2642.67,"body":"prioritizing just collecting"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2642.94,"endTime":2645.58,"body":"large amounts of behavioral data"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2642.94,"endTime":2645.58,"body":"on the target population, but"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2646.09,"endTime":2649.06,"body":"we're hoping to restart sometime"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2646.09,"endTime":2649.06,"body":"later this year, once"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2649.15,"endTime":2651.07,"body":"vaccinations are in place, but"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2649.15,"endTime":2651.07,"body":"we don't have the answers yet."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2651.07,"endTime":2654.91,"body":"Yeah, for sure."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2651.07,"endTime":2654.91,"body":"Yeah no I think it's, I think"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2654.91,"endTime":2657.97,"body":"it's just inherently really"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2654.91,"endTime":2657.97,"body":"difficult for like, the reasons"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2657.97,"endTime":2661.18,"body":"that you said. I mean, with"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2657.97,"endTime":2661.18,"body":"people with aphasia, you know,"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2661.3,"endTime":2665.89,"body":"their experience of language is"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2661.3,"endTime":2665.89,"body":"so different than those of us"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2665.89,"endTime":2670.36,"body":"that do not have aphasia. And"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2665.89,"endTime":2670.36,"body":"so, you know, when you, if you"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2670.36,"endTime":2673.18,"body":"did see increased multiple"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2670.36,"endTime":2673.18,"body":"demand activity in a person with"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2673.18,"endTime":2676.99,"body":"aphasia doing a language task,"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2673.18,"endTime":2676.99,"body":"you know, the first hypothesis"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2676.99,"endTime":2679.18,"body":"always has to be, well, this"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2676.99,"endTime":2679.18,"body":"task is much harder for them."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2679.18,"endTime":2681.49,"body":"Like, you know, it's gonna be,"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2679.18,"endTime":2681.49,"body":"it's gonna have more cognitive"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2681.49,"endTime":2684.82,"body":"demand. And is that like a, you"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2681.49,"endTime":2684.82,"body":"know, does that really reflect"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2684.82,"endTime":2687.58,"body":"reorganization? Or is it just"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2684.82,"endTime":2687.58,"body":"reflecting the fact that you"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2687.58,"endTime":2690.4,"body":"know, of the experimental"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2687.58,"endTime":2690.4,"body":"situation? And obviously, you've"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2690.4,"endTime":2692.47,"body":"thought about all these things,"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2690.4,"endTime":2692.47,"body":"but it's just a very hard"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2692.47,"endTime":2693.25,"body":"question, isn't it?"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2693.42,"endTime":2695.28,"body":"That's right."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2693.42,"endTime":2695.28,"body":"Well, so one thing that might"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2695.28,"endTime":2701.13,"body":"help is seeing whether the parts"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2695.28,"endTime":2701.13,"body":"of the MD network that respond"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2701.13,"endTime":2704.97,"body":"to language, whether they"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2701.13,"endTime":2704.97,"body":"eventually, or at some point,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2704.97,"endTime":2707.7,"body":"even cross-sectionally, become"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2704.97,"endTime":2707.7,"body":"somewhat specialized for"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2707.7,"endTime":2711.15,"body":"language. Like if you see a"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2707.7,"endTime":2711.15,"body":"lower response to say, a working"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2711.15,"endTime":2714.21,"body":"memory task relative to what you"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2711.15,"endTime":2714.21,"body":"would expect in that part of the"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2714.21,"endTime":2717.33,"body":"brain, then maybe there is some"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2714.21,"endTime":2717.33,"body":"repurposing going on, and like"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2717.33,"endTime":2719.7,"body":"suddenly, like this little bit"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2717.33,"endTime":2719.7,"body":"is starting to do language. And"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2719.7,"endTime":2722.85,"body":"the fact that this system is so"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2719.7,"endTime":2722.85,"body":"incredibly flexible. And we know"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2722.85,"endTime":2728.4,"body":"that these cells in monkeys' MD"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2722.85,"endTime":2728.4,"body":"systems, they basically will"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2728.58,"endTime":2732.12,"body":"attune to whatever current task"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2728.58,"endTime":2732.12,"body":"demand is, and maybe in humans,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2732.12,"endTime":2735.0,"body":"they have the capacity to do"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2732.12,"endTime":2735.0,"body":"this over longer timescales,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2735.0,"endTime":2737.61,"body":"like if you constantly need"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2735.0,"endTime":2737.61,"body":"extra resources to solve"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2737.61,"endTime":2741.21,"body":"language, maybe you'll just"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2737.61,"endTime":2741.21,"body":"repurpose some part of it to"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2741.21,"endTime":2743.88,"body":"help you. I don't know, it's"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2741.21,"endTime":2743.88,"body":"fascinating to think about how"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2743.88,"endTime":2747.63,"body":"that kind of reorganization"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2743.88,"endTime":2747.63,"body":"could happen. But we just, yeah,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2747.63,"endTime":2748.71,"body":"I think we just don't know yet."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2748.86,"endTime":2750.54,"body":"Yeah, I know,"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2748.86,"endTime":2750.54,"body":"for sure. Well, I'm glad you"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2750.54,"endTime":2753.09,"body":"guys are working on it. I think"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2750.54,"endTime":2753.09,"body":"that you and Swathi make a great"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2753.09,"endTime":2756.57,"body":"team with your, you know, with"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2753.09,"endTime":2756.57,"body":"your complimentary perspectives."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2756.63,"endTime":2757.8,"body":"Yeah, we like"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2756.63,"endTime":2757.8,"body":"working together."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2758.35,"endTime":2761.86,"body":"Yeah. Cool. And"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2758.35,"endTime":2761.86,"body":"so you mentioned a few minutes"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2761.86,"endTime":2765.1,"body":"ago something which I heard you"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2761.86,"endTime":2765.1,"body":"say before and I thought was"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2765.1,"endTime":2768.61,"body":"really interesting, which was,"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2765.1,"endTime":2768.61,"body":"you know, you kind of learned"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2768.67,"endTime":2772.66,"body":"from your work with, with John"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2768.67,"endTime":2772.66,"body":"Duncan and Nancy Kanwisher,"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2772.66,"endTime":2775.6,"body":"that, essentially, that there's"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2772.66,"endTime":2775.6,"body":"like this really sharp"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2775.6,"endTime":2778.18,"body":"distinction between the language"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2775.6,"endTime":2778.18,"body":"network and the MD network. And"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2778.39,"endTime":2781.99,"body":"so that kind of took you away"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2778.39,"endTime":2781.99,"body":"from that, you know, Chomskyan"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2781.99,"endTime":2784.96,"body":"view or what, how you"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2781.99,"endTime":2784.96,"body":"interpreted that Chomskyan view,"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2784.96,"endTime":2789.22,"body":"that language is built on top of"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2784.96,"endTime":2789.22,"body":"that kind of, of that kind of"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2789.22,"endTime":2792.79,"body":"thinking. And then you suggested"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2789.22,"endTime":2792.79,"body":"that maybe language is built on"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2792.79,"endTime":2796.6,"body":"top of social thinking. So can"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2792.79,"endTime":2796.6,"body":"you kind of flesh that out a"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2796.6,"endTime":2799.0,"body":"bit? Because I thought that was"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2796.6,"endTime":2799.0,"body":"a really interesting idea."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2799.0,"endTime":2801.82,"body":"Yeah, I mean, so"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2799.0,"endTime":2801.82,"body":"that's an emerging hypothesis,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2801.82,"endTime":2804.55,"body":"and it seems to be emerging in a"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2801.82,"endTime":2804.55,"body":"couple of different labs"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2804.55,"endTime":2807.31,"body":"independently. So that's always"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2804.55,"endTime":2807.31,"body":"encouraging, that maybe there's"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2807.31,"endTime":2809.98,"body":"something on the right track"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2807.31,"endTime":2809.98,"body":"there. So it seems like if you"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2809.98,"endTime":2812.47,"body":"look at regions that support,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2809.98,"endTime":2812.47,"body":"brain regions that support"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2812.47,"endTime":2817.33,"body":"social perception, cognition, a"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2812.47,"endTime":2817.33,"body":"lot of them span lateral frontal"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2817.33,"endTime":2822.22,"body":"and temporal cortices, in some"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2817.33,"endTime":2822.22,"body":"ways, but in an adult brain. And"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2822.22,"endTime":2824.83,"body":"now historically, people who"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2822.22,"endTime":2824.83,"body":"have studied these different"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2824.83,"endTime":2826.69,"body":"capacities have been in"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2824.83,"endTime":2826.69,"body":"different fields. So there's"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2826.69,"endTime":2828.61,"body":"people who study face"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2826.69,"endTime":2828.61,"body":"perception, there's people who"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2828.61,"endTime":2831.16,"body":"study voice perception, there's"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2828.61,"endTime":2831.16,"body":"people who study speech"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2831.58,"endTime":2834.76,"body":"acoustics, there's people who"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2831.58,"endTime":2834.76,"body":"study languages, people who"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2834.76,"endTime":2839.92,"body":"study theory of mind, and so on,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2834.76,"endTime":2839.92,"body":"and so forth. And I think this"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2839.92,"endTime":2843.64,"body":"kind of fractionation of social"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2839.92,"endTime":2843.64,"body":"cognition and perception across"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2843.64,"endTime":2847.93,"body":"fields may have prevented people"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2843.64,"endTime":2847.93,"body":"from seeing some generalizations"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2847.93,"endTime":2853.12,"body":"and organizing principles of the"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2847.93,"endTime":2853.12,"body":"mind and brain that may underlie"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2853.12,"endTime":2855.61,"body":"social and linguistic"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2853.12,"endTime":2855.61,"body":"development. Now, of course, a"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2855.61,"endTime":2857.83,"body":"lot of people, there's a lot of"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2855.61,"endTime":2857.83,"body":"reasons to think that language"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2857.83,"endTime":2862.3,"body":"and social cognition are very"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2857.83,"endTime":2862.3,"body":"tightly linked from development,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2862.3,"endTime":2868.33,"body":"from some developmental"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2862.3,"endTime":2868.33,"body":"disorders, from just generally"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2868.33,"endTime":2872.29,"body":"the fact that a lot of language"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2868.33,"endTime":2872.29,"body":"relies on kind of pragmatic"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2872.29,"endTime":2875.65,"body":"reasoning about others minds,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2872.29,"endTime":2875.65,"body":"and a lot of this signal is not"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2875.65,"endTime":2878.14,"body":"literally the meaning of the"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2875.65,"endTime":2878.14,"body":"words that you're saying."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2879.25,"endTime":2881.26,"body":"And you know at"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2879.25,"endTime":2881.26,"body":"a more basic level, just you"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2881.26,"endTime":2884.2,"body":"know, some people think that"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2881.26,"endTime":2884.2,"body":"language is for communication."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2884.95,"endTime":2885.58,"body":"That's right."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2886.42,"endTime":2888.76,"body":"Although this is"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2886.42,"endTime":2888.76,"body":"not a universally held position,"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":2888.76,"endTime":2889.03,"body":"but anyway..."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2888.94,"endTime":2890.62,"body":"That's not"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2888.94,"endTime":2890.62,"body":"uncontroversial. That's right."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2890.11,"endTime":3016.08,"body":"Yeah, that's really cool. I like"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2890.11,"endTime":3016.08,"body":"that way of thinking about it."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2890.62,"endTime":2895.78,"body":"But I certainly think it is"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2890.62,"endTime":2895.78,"body":"designed for communication, I"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2895.78,"endTime":2898.63,"body":"think that's the optimization"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2895.78,"endTime":2898.63,"body":"function. Anyway. So one"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2898.63,"endTime":2901.78,"body":"possibility is that maybe in"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2898.63,"endTime":2901.78,"body":"development, and perhaps even"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2901.78,"endTime":2905.11,"body":"evolutionarily, we start out"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2901.78,"endTime":2905.11,"body":"with a bunch of cortex that's"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2905.11,"endTime":2909.31,"body":"just attuned to social agents."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2905.11,"endTime":2909.31,"body":"Given that doing so is pretty"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2909.31,"endTime":2912.73,"body":"critical to infant survival,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2909.31,"endTime":2912.73,"body":"because we're born very, very"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2912.73,"endTime":2916.72,"body":"useless. Human babies are born"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2912.73,"endTime":2916.72,"body":"incredibly useless. Cute, but"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2916.78,"endTime":2921.31,"body":"not useful. And eventually, as"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2916.78,"endTime":2921.31,"body":"we get more and more experienced"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2921.31,"endTime":2923.86,"body":"with social signals, which of"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2921.31,"endTime":2923.86,"body":"course have the richness of"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2924.13,"endTime":2928.12,"body":"auditory and visual, and tactile"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2924.13,"endTime":2928.12,"body":"information in them, maybe that"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2928.36,"endTime":2931.21,"body":"socially attuned cortex"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2928.36,"endTime":2931.21,"body":"fractionates into sub-regions,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2931.21,"endTime":2933.94,"body":"sub-networks, that specialize,"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2931.21,"endTime":2933.94,"body":"you know, for processing"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2933.94,"endTime":2937.96,"body":"different aspects of the social"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2933.94,"endTime":2937.96,"body":"signal. And so, of course, you"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2937.96,"endTime":2941.02,"body":"know, the way to answer it would"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2937.96,"endTime":2941.02,"body":"be to look over development. And"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2941.02,"endTime":2944.65,"body":"the problem is, of course, that"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2941.02,"endTime":2944.65,"body":"with methods like fMRI, it's"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2944.65,"endTime":2949.3,"body":"really hard to scan kids at the"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2944.65,"endTime":2949.3,"body":"ages when that, you know"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2949.3,"endTime":2952.09,"body":"language development kind o"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2949.3,"endTime":2952.09,"body":"happens at its most, which i"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2952.09,"endTime":2955.87,"body":"like between six months and tw"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2952.09,"endTime":2955.87,"body":"years is kind of your hot spot"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2956.14,"endTime":2959.98,"body":"And it's not impossible, you kn"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2956.14,"endTime":2959.98,"body":"w, people in Nancy Kanwisher's g"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2959.98,"endTime":2962.8,"body":"oup and a few other groups are n"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2959.98,"endTime":2962.8,"body":"w scanning awake infants on t"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2962.83,"endTime":2966.1,"body":"sk paradigms, mostly with n"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2962.83,"endTime":2966.1,"body":"turalistic-like stimuli, of co"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2966.1,"endTime":2969.91,"body":"rse, the attention. But maybe w"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2966.1,"endTime":2969.91,"body":"'ll be able to tackle s"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2969.91,"endTime":2972.13,"body":"mething like this. But for n"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2969.91,"endTime":2972.13,"body":"w, one thing we're trying in o"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2972.13,"endTime":2977.86,"body":"r lab is collecting neural r"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2972.13,"endTime":2977.86,"body":"sponses to a very diverse set o"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2977.86,"endTime":2981.94,"body":"socially communicative r"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2977.86,"endTime":2981.94,"body":"levant communicatively r"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2981.94,"endTime":2985.6,"body":"levant signals, and trying a"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2981.94,"endTime":2985.6,"body":"proaches like those that Sam N"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2985.6,"endTime":2987.97,"body":"rman-Haignere developed in th"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2985.6,"endTime":2987.97,"body":"study of the auditory co"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2987.97,"endTime":2994.51,"body":"tex of trying to discover the"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2987.97,"endTime":2994.51,"body":"nderlying components. That maybe"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2994.57,"endTime":2997.66,"body":"you know, there are some axe"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2994.57,"endTime":2997.66,"body":", organizing axes of this who"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2997.66,"endTime":3002.04,"body":"e socially responsive cortex th"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":2997.66,"endTime":3002.04,"body":"t people just haven't not"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":3002.04,"endTime":3005.22,"body":"ced because they've been focusin"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":3002.04,"endTime":3005.22,"body":"on different parts of it, bec"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":3005.22,"endTime":3009.27,"body":"use it's just not all studied"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":3005.22,"endTime":3009.27,"body":"ind of in tandem. So we'll know"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":3009.27,"endTime":3012.27,"body":"more in the years to come. Bu"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":3009.27,"endTime":3012.27,"body":"that's one effort that's curren"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":3016.32,"endTime":3019.71,"body":"And I guess the lateralization"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":3016.32,"endTime":3019.71,"body":"might end up being a big part of"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":3019.71,"endTime":3022.26,"body":"that story, right. I mean, if it"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":3019.71,"endTime":3022.26,"body":"sort of starts out as a fairly"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":3022.26,"endTime":3025.23,"body":"symmetrical social network. And"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":3022.26,"endTime":3025.23,"body":"then one of the two hemispheres"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":3025.23,"endTime":3028.08,"body":"becomes more specialized for"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":3025.23,"endTime":3028.08,"body":"linguistic..."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":3028.38,"endTime":3030.27,"body":"And one more for social."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":3030.45,"endTime":3032.52,"body":"Other aspects,"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":3030.45,"endTime":3032.52,"body":"maybe? Yeah, like different,"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":3032.67,"endTime":3038.64,"body":"sort of, channels. Yeah, well,"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":3032.67,"endTime":3038.64,"body":"very cool. Okay, so we've kind"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":3038.64,"endTime":3041.49,"body":"of used up most of our time. And"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":3038.64,"endTime":3041.49,"body":"like I, I've maybe got to like"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":3041.49,"endTime":3043.65,"body":"maybe a third of the things that"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":3041.49,"endTime":3043.65,"body":"I wanted to talk to you about,"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":3043.65,"endTime":3046.68,"body":"because you just have so many"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":3043.65,"endTime":3046.68,"body":"different lines of work. It's"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":3046.68,"endTime":3051.78,"body":"really, it's really quite"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":3046.68,"endTime":3051.78,"body":"something. But maybe we can chat"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":3051.78,"endTime":3053.91,"body":"again sometime, and we could"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":3051.78,"endTime":3053.91,"body":"talk about some of those other"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":3053.91,"endTime":3054.75,"body":"lines of work?"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":3055.05,"endTime":3057.24,"body":"Yeah, one of my"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":3055.05,"endTime":3057.24,"body":"favorite language researchers."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":3057.24,"endTime":3059.19,"body":"So I'll chat with you anytime."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":3059.99,"endTime":3066.11,"body":"Well thank you."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":3059.99,"endTime":3066.11,"body":"And yeah, I'm glad to report"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":3066.11,"endTime":3069.68,"body":"that no one's children or dogs"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":3066.11,"endTime":3069.68,"body":"interrupted, and..."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":3069.68,"endTime":3070.73,"body":"A dog attempt."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":3071.39,"endTime":3072.47,"body":"You had a dog"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":3071.39,"endTime":3072.47,"body":"attempt?"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":3073.67,"endTime":3076.31,"body":"Yes, blocked by"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":3073.67,"endTime":3076.31,"body":"someone, so."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":3077.64,"endTime":3079.62,"body":"That's great."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":3077.64,"endTime":3079.62,"body":"Well, thank you so much. I"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":3079.62,"endTime":3084.0,"body":"really appreciate your time. And"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":3079.62,"endTime":3084.0,"body":"it's great to talk to you. Yeah."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":3084.72,"endTime":3087.51,"body":"All right. Take care. And I'll"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":3084.72,"endTime":3087.51,"body":"see you again sometime soon."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":3087.75,"endTime":3089.07,"body":"Sounds good."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":3087.75,"endTime":3089.07,"body":"Thanks so much, Stephen. That"},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":3089.07,"endTime":3089.55,"body":"was fun."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":3089.67,"endTime":3090.87,"body":"All right, you"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":3089.67,"endTime":3090.87,"body":"too. Bye."},{"speaker":"Ev Fedorenko","startTime":3091.23,"endTime":3091.29,"body":"Bye."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":3092.97,"endTime":3094.92,"body":"Okay, well,"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":3092.97,"endTime":3094.92,"body":"that's it for our first episode."},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":3095.43,"endTime":3097.65,"body":"If you'd like to learn more"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":3095.43,"endTime":3097.65,"body":"about Ev's work, I've put some"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":3097.65,"endTime":3100.83,"body":"relevant links and notes on the"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":3097.65,"endTime":3100.83,"body":"podcast website, which is"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":3101.1,"endTime":3106.65,"body":"langneurosci.org/podcast. I'd be"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":3101.1,"endTime":3106.65,"body":"grateful for any feedback. You"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":3106.65,"endTime":3111.18,"body":"can reach me at"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":3106.65,"endTime":3111.18,"body":"smwilsonau@gmail.com or"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":3111.24,"endTime":3114.6,"body":"smwilsonau on Twitter. Okay, bye"},{"speaker":"Stephen Wilson","startTime":3111.24,"endTime":3114.6,"body":"for now."}]}