Global Health Matters
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Global Health Matters
Child health in the metacrisis
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From climate change and conflict to economic instability, today’s converging global crises are reshaping the landscape of child health. In this episode, host Garry Aslanyan speaks with two leading voices in global health: Landry Tsague, Director of the Center for Primary Health Care at Africa CDC, and Debra Jackson, Takeda Chair in Global Child Health at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. They share insights on what should be done to strengthen health systems, empower communities and create conditions where children not only survive, but thrive amid the turbulence of the metacrisis.
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Welcome to the Global Health Matters Podcast. I'm your host Gary Aslanyan. We have reached the end of our fourth season. If you just found us, we have over 50 episodes for you to explore. Choose the topics that most interest you, yet I promise you will want to hear them all. If you haven't yet, follow or subscribe wherever you get your podcasts so new episodes land straight into your feed. Season 5 is launching on October 12, 2025 at the World Health Summit in Berlin with our first live recording. If you are in Berlin, be sure to come and say hi. The episode will also be streamed on our YouTube channel. For our final episode of the season, we turn our attention to one of the vital questions of our time. How do we ensure the health and well-being of our children in a changing world? For that, I'm joined by two distinguished leaders in global child health, Landry Dongmo Tsage and Deborah Jackson. Landry is the director of the Africa CDC's Center for Primary Health Care. He has also held senior roles at UNICEF and is the co-founder of the Pan-African Medical Journal. Deborah is the Takeda Chair in Global Child Health at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and an extraordinary professor at the School of Public Health at the University of Western Cape in South Africa. Together, Laundrie and Deborah help us reflect on the remarkable progress made in child health over the past decade, the pressing new challenges that lie ahead, and the strategies needed to secure a healthier future for the world's children. Hi Deborah, hi Laundry, how are you today?
SPEAKER_01Great! Happy to be here.
SPEAKER_03Happy to have us today.
SPEAKER_02So let's get started. So it's an extremely important conversation we need to have. In preparation for this, I read a report highlighting that we actually made significant progress in child health if you look at the last 30-35 years since 1990. And global under-5 mortality has fallen by over 60%. And of course, vaccination programs have reached historical high coverage nowadays. What do you see, Laundrie? Let's get started with you, as the most critical drivers behind this remarkable progress. In your case, you are in Africa and of course in other countries as well.
SPEAKER_03Thank you so much, Gary. We need to acknowledge the progress that was accomplished, especially around mortality reduction and child survival. As you mentioned, we recorded unprecedented gains over the past uh two decades. I think we want to highlight here some of the key factors that we have recorded in those countries. Besides the fact that most of those countries have recorded significant allocation of resources, domestic resources, particularly towards public health. If you look at countries in northern Africa, where the reduction happened earlier and has been sustained, you definitely understand that domestic allocation to primary health care has been a significant driver. Now, if you move southern on the continent, what has made a difference if you look at countries like Rwanda, Ethiopia, Senegal, Ghana, Tanzania, even Kenya, there's been a critical investment in primary health care, particularly community-based primary health care. And I think we want to highlight the significant impact that community of work have had in those countries. And they have been instrumental in bringing those high impact interventions, immunization, nutrition, and maternal care to the most honest population.
SPEAKER_02Deborah, from your perspective, uh does this progress inspire hope or warrant cautious optimism?
SPEAKER_01I think prior to 2020, I would have said hope and optimism, we were very excited about what we were seeing. But since COVID-19, and as we're seeing in the last five years, the increasing impacts of climate change and conflict, I would say there's now serious concern that these gains will be lost. In fact, in a recent analysis that LSHTM did for a uh climate and child health uh white paper, we showed that even with the best case scenario of climate, which is 1.5 degree warming, that most projects projected would be undermined by the continued warming. You'd still see improvements, but much less than you might have had been seeing. Um whereas if we move to 2.5 degree warming, the mortality and preterm birth, those sorts of things, they're going to rise significantly, swamping all the advances that we've made to bring death rates down. And I think what's very discouraging is that as of last year, 2024, we reached or exceeded the 1.5 degree target, according to the global estimates. So I think there's still optimism, but we have to address emerging challenges and take those into account if we're going to maintain those reductions.
SPEAKER_02Despite all of this good work or some cautious optimism or uh maybe a bit of worry in terms of climate, we of course still have 4.8 million children globally dying. Uh, and that was in 2023, the data we have. And uh nearly half of these occurring in the first month of life. So this is a critical period. Today we'll discuss maybe three major challenges hindering child health and well-being, such as conflict, you uh mentioned already, climate, and of course capital. Landry, let's delve deeper into how conflict shapes childhood. And in regions from we see it, from Gaza to South Sudan, children are coming of age amid violence, trauma, and shattered infrastructure around them. What are the immediate and long-term consequences for a generation raised under such conditions?
SPEAKER_03Gary, we want to also highlight the fact that we have to be very cautious because those gains are also being threatened by the crisis, especially insecurity, that uh is protracted in most of uh areas of our continent, being uh the Eastern DLC, Sai region, uh, Sudan. We need to highlight that those areas are pockets where, if we do not bring peace and sustain peace, we continue to have uh uh you know high-risk uh children who continue to be far from uh high impact of protection and care services. And just coming back to your concern on the impact of conflict and uh this crisis on children. I think children definitely are going to continue to be the first to suffer in situations of conflict. They are the ones who become often, they are the ones who will most likely be deprived from basic services, like nutrition, immunization, and also they are going to be the one at risk of uh diseases leading to uh you know lack of safe water, and most likely to die because of lack of services. I think we also underestimate the needs of protracted a situation of conflict that addresses, especially in a situation of conflict with suffering. I think if we want to provide that environment, we need to bring peace, we need to invest into peace, especially in Africa, as part of a comprehensive approach or a multi-secular approach.
SPEAKER_02Deborah, anything to add for that?
SPEAKER_01I think as Landry mentioned, the well-being, if we look at threats, um, particularly in the under-five and then again in the adolescence, that's when the brain is growing. That's when the brain is developing. Those are the rapid periods when you start to look at a life course approach. And we know that um stress or like um, you know, critical events in those periods of a child's life can really change the brain growth and their emotional as well as development. And so protecting children as much as we can in these environments and having programs to address that stress is really important.
SPEAKER_03And as part of our approach to primary health care, Africa CDC, we do not only advocate for primary health care to be prioritized as a priority system for investment. We are also advocating for primary health care that ensure continuity of services, particularly in situations of crisis or emergency, or in this case, conflict. And uh at FICA CDC, we support uh, as part of our emergency response team, the deployment of uh the uh African volunteer health corps and also the involvement of community health workers in response to emergency. Because in general emergency, you want to ensure that uh children continue to receive a comprehensive package of immunization, nutrition, because they are the most vulnerable in those situations. We need to ensure that continuity of services is preserved.
SPEAKER_02Let's go back to the climate change issue. Uh Deborah, you already spoke to that, and clearly it poses a severe threat. We've digged out a report that uh UNICEF that estimates that half of the world's children live in areas facing extreme climate risks and raising temperatures. So uh can you tell us what are the direct and indirect health consequences for children in Africa, let's say, in this case?
SPEAKER_01This is really important. So the first one is temperature extremes. Mostly we think of heat, but you can also have increased cold extremes, but mostly we think about the heat because everybody's it's been in summer in Europe and north and North Africa, and we uh all we think about is how hot it is and how much hotter it is than it has been. And what we know is that high temperature in particular impacts pregnancy and increases preterm birth substantially, anywhere from about 8% to 26% increases in premature birth, which then of course have lifelong consequences for that child, and also increases mortality, particularly the neonatal mortality that you mentioned earlier, Gary. So that's really critical. Also rising sea levels and salination, the Pacific Island and island states, they're really struggling, and there's lots of concerns for future as that you know they might lose their entire island, and then you're gonna have climate migrants. As we've seen in Texas, as we saw last year in Spain, floods, which devastate infrastructure completely, and then drought, where we're seeing, and Landry, I'm sure, can speak more about drought in sub-Saharan Africa, but also in South Asia. And so we both of those both come and they're like one end of the other, but they're both really a problem for infrastructure. Then windstorms and wildfires. So wildfires in California, wildfires in Europe now. We see them in certainly where I live in South Africa. And so once again, it's the destruction of infrastructure and people's homes, people's crops, people's, you know, the health facilities, that sort of thing. And finally, ambient air pollution. Now, air pollution's a bit different, but very important because basically the carbon emissions that are causing climate change are also cause increased air pollution. And then also when you're talking about wildfires, clearly increases ambient air pollution, and then temperature extremes, particularly heat and air pollution, can often go together. So those are your direct effects that we have to prepare for, both in communities and in our health facilities to ensure access during and after any of these extreme events. But there are also indirect threats to livelihoods and human rights. When we talk about loss of homes, loss of fields, loss of job sites are going to be threats. We see displacement and migration. There are lots of climate migrants. A lot of the people we see moving within Africa are because they can't grow food where they are and they need to move someplace else. And then the weakened health systems and infrastructure, which then aren't there to help the communities. And then impacts on food and water systems. UNICEF's written a lot about the impact on water and clean water, and the, and I think Landry mentioned diarrhea, and then food. So we see increases in malnutrition, increases in diarrhea, mortality, that sort of thing. And another one that a lot of people talk about is climate-sensitive diseases, in this case, infectious and vector-borne diseases, neglected tropical diseases, which TDR takes on. But you're talking about malaria, you're talking about uh Zika, yellow fever, dengue. And these are happening even in Europe, where sand flies carry leishmoniasis. And what you're seeing is that the areas that are warm enough for those vectors are expanding. And even in the places that they already have it, the length of the season that supports those vectors is longer. And so that's a real concern. And finally, the exacerbation of social determinants and inequalities. So that we know that the most vulnerable are always hit the hardest by any of these things, whether it's conflict or climate. But these things also create more vulnerability. We know that during extreme heat, we've got very good data on extreme heat that we see increased gender-based violence. You know, that post-floods or drought, when you've got destruction of infrastructure, that you see more child marriage, you see and more gender-based violence. So I think it's really impacting, you know, our social structures and our physical structures, and of course, mental health, because the stress of it across the board is difficult for children and their families.
SPEAKER_03I think, Gary, just on this one, the biggest challenge today, from a system perspective, if you look at the way primary healthcare on the continent has been designed over the years, and what uh the heavy trends that we have to face today. And I think we are definitely going to draw down to how do we invest from a whole of government or whole of community approach into uh social systems that are climate sensitive. And how do we design also community-based uh strategies that will allow us to have early warnings? Because at the end of the day, climate events, we need to detect them early and activate our response mechanisms.
SPEAKER_02Landry, you mentioned obviously that more is needed to be done in preparing and that will cost, but obviously we also have a situation where coping with these funding cuts you've alluded to in the very beginning. So, in your discussion with different leadership and different governments that you work with, how are things going? And have there been any unexpected innovations that may have come up?
SPEAKER_03Gary, uh I think uh this is an ongoing situation. And uh, as you know, but over the past four or four years, if you compare 2021 to 2025, the official development assistance towards uh have on the continent, we have recorded a 70% decline, and uh, most of our member states on the continent were not fully prepared to cope with it. But it is what it is, and uh the head of state of our continent uh under the African Union stood up to the challenge, and the champion of domestic financing, his excellency uh president Paul Kagame, President of Rwanda, and his peers brought together his stakeholders last February to design what is now a blueprint on how we should, and the continent, the continent should redefine or reinvent health financing in this new era. We are really in the new era. An era where, as a continent, we still continue to face high burden on infectious diseases. Deborah mentioned uh the the the multiplier effect of uh climate change and conflict. I think Africa CDC recorded between uh 2022 and 2025 for a 41% increase in the number of uh public health events. But what is critical, uh Gary, to highlight here is that while our member states are taking charge, they are clearly articulated the direction of travel. They articulated three critical areas where we should uh explore and mobilize innovative financing or domestic financing for health in on the continent. The first area is through domestic budget. I think we all are advocating for member states to achieve the 50% Abujawa declaration target or to go beyond. Uh at the moment, uh we have recorded about three member states, and definitely there's a clear call to action to start by looking at our domestic resources.
SPEAKER_02Right.
SPEAKER_03But on the other hand, this domestic resource is constrained by what we all know around the debt servicing, which continues to uh uh see fund close to 61 billion of our uh, let's say overall domestic, let's say GDP of the continent. So that's first source of uh, let's say, domestic or innovative financing for health is constrained. Let's acknowledge it. The second track that our head of state uh recommended that we pursue is the area of innovative financing. And this is a space where it's about looking at solidarity uh funds to support uh through levies, levies either through importation of goods, levies through uh uh airline tickets, or levies on uh the syntax, levies on alcohol and commodities. And uh on this innovative financing, this one that we have not yet had you know uh significantly in. It's it's what we are calling the diasporal remittance. Do you know that uh annually the continent receives close to 95 billion US dollars in diasporal remittance? But that option of innovative financing can be channeled towards uh some type of uh spending in the health sector. There's a third area of innovative approach that our head of state have endorsed, which is now the blended financing. The blended financing is that modality that will be attracted to the private sector to support much more structural changes, like infrastructure for primary health care, uh digitalization, uh, local manufacturing of vaccines, therapeutics, and diagnostics. And beyond that, what is going on now, because those three are uh in those three tracks may take time to be achieved. But what's going on now is uh definitely uh working towards efficiency gains, doing more with what we have. We don't allow the narrative of doing more with less. I think what we have, we can do more with what we have. So fostering integration of services, increasing our efficiency, reducing those logistics and transaction costs by leveraging uh projects like uh digital health.
SPEAKER_02Deborah, do you have any reflections on the impact some of these financial situations might have on children on the continent in this case?
SPEAKER_01Yeah, I mean, obviously we are in the in the short term, we're seeing reduced availability of commodities like HIV treatment, contraceptives, vaccines, uh, along with closing of health facilities and reduction of health workforce. And that as always, children are there, they're the most vulnerable, they're going to be impacted first by any crisis, financial or climate or conflict. So we might expect to see increases in both child morbidity and mortality. And that I think for me, another concern is that once you stop these health programs and these building blocks of a health system are um, it's difficult and very costly to rebuild. It sounds very doomsday, I recognize, but I do think the initiatives that Landry spoke about are so important and that we need innovation, integration, and collaboration between our national, uh, local, and global stakeholders to protect the health well being of the vulnerable. So that as we look at those budgets, those budgets need to address children, they need to address vulnerable populations. And the greatest Impacts can be achieved by getting the resources and improving access to services where the gaps are most profound. And so I think in a recent the global strategy, it said we need to invest more in women's and children's health, adolescent health, but we also need to invest more wisely. And so that means you know addressing the vulnerability, the most vulnerable, where you're gonna get your best bang for your buck, as they often say.
SPEAKER_02Yeah, so you already spoke to this in terms of, I mean, really, it's not only money, it's also how things need to be done, right? So we've covered some of the issues, we've looked at uh really um the underlying um uh challenges, and and all of those are still with us. If we were to uh look into the future a little bit uh and spend a bit of uh last part of this conversation to see how to build on this conversation, to see how can children be thriving and not just in their health, but also in terms of their autonomy, relationships, learning, education. Can I hear from both of you on this? Maybe we can start with Deborah. Uh, what changes are needed in our approaches and strategies to promote more holistic health and well-being of children uh within their unique context rather than looking at children as, you know, this is with disease, and this is the other disease, and this is the other vaccination and all of that. Can you take us there?
SPEAKER_01I spoke briefly earlier about a life course approach. Understanding that what happens early and ongoing impacts the child and the family and the future community. So we have to worry about their health, social, economic, environmental factors at all stages of life, from infancy to adulthood, and we have to worry about equitable health and well-being for all. Two really key pieces, I think, are integration of services. Because by integrating, you're going to increase efficiency on comprehensive, integrated primary health care rather than vertical programs, which often lead to duplication, inefficiency, sub-financing. I think the other thing we really need, and which link to what I was saying before, is funding for information systems. Information systems are often seen as extra, not as core to our work in health. And when funding is tight, maybe that's one of the things that goes. And it really is core. And we need to think of it that way, and we need to convince our governments and policymakers that particularly when we're talking about vulnerable populations, the investments in data collection can target an actual use at the local level to know where do we send those vaccines? Where do we need the HIV meds? We don't need them everywhere, we need them in certain places. Information systems will help us to target our interventions. And so making sure that you're sending your resources and building your infrastructure in the right place to make sure you're getting the right people. And so I think information systems are going to be critical if we're going to address this.
SPEAKER_02Landry, yeah, maybe we can hear from you, particularly because you are now in this role of being the director of primary healthcare at Africa CDC. I I don't even know where I start to imagine how busy that uh sounds, of course. But I'm sure you've had some thinking around new approaches or strategies that are needed in delivering primary health care or primary care to African children in more holistic, integrated, and um uh culturally relevant way. Where are you thinking and where are future plans uh for you, Landry?
SPEAKER_03Thank you, thank you so much, Gary. Uh let me take a step back to touch on uh some of the critical uh determinants. I think we we need to put things in context here. Uh the continent needs peace for all its children. And without peace, there's no just in the during this conversation, we articulated the impact of conflict on the child we're being on the continent. The second point or heavy threat that uh we have observed through a recent study uh done by UNICEF looking at immunization data over the past 20 years across the continent. Besides conflict, the other determinants of uh goods and sustained immunization coverage was economic development. And I think economic development is very much connected to the whole conversation we're having about domestic resource allocation to have. The higher your DDP and the higher your allocation to have sector, the more likely if it's if it is child-sensitive uh budgeting, the more likely you are going to invest on the right interventions and you are going to invest on the approaches that the brand also described. And the third, the third factor was good governance. I think that study also highlighted that good governance was a heavy trend at continental level, looking at our 55 member states. Um maybe beyond the mandate of Africa CDC, but that's the evidence coming from the data. And working with the African Union and the head of state to ensure that as part of the Lusaka agenda, the Lusaka agenda, which is an agenda of health sovereignty on the continent, we look at the conditions that are needed to create that primary health care system that is not only domestically funded, it's a system that will ensure universal health coverage primarily to the most vulnerable, in this case our children. It's a system that will also provide the caution in case of threats or in case of epidemic, a system that is, in this case, epidemic and pandemic ready. I think that's the vision at Africa CDC, and that's also a vision that will allow us to create an environment where our children will not only survive, they will also thrive and they will express their full potential.
SPEAKER_02In the last couple of months, even uh I've heard that um there were several new promising treatments or approaches to, let's say, malaria or uh new pediatric formulations for schistosomies. If you were to use this approach, what strategies would you recommend to ensure that these interventions are implemented in a way that supports the disintegrated child center care? What would you do uh when you were introducing this? Because we're gonna see some of this coming the way, and if if they're not uh applied correctly, we may end up in the same place. Maybe Deborah, you can start and then Landry.
SPEAKER_01For me, uh two critical things, um, one we haven't mentioned, and one we have. Uh implementation research, implementation science, and uh community engagement, I think are really um two things that we need. Programs need to be co-created at the national and local levels to ensure they meet the needs of our children and the families, and that they're context-specific. We often know what works, but we don't translate this into implementation on the ground. And so we must work with the health managers, healthcare workers, and the communities so that these important innovations actually get to where they're needed. They actually get to the children or the families. To do that, you need to look at implementations, implementation research, implementation science. You have to talk to them about their local challenges. You know, even within countries, you've got differences. It's never one size fits all. And so you've got to look at those differences. And the only way you're gonna understand those differences is by working with those communities and working with those local health facilities.
SPEAKER_03I think, Gary, what uh Deborah touched on is so important. Uh, we need evidence-based programming from our local research. I think local research is going to be more and more critical. But let me highlight three points here. The first one is what Africa CDC sees as the top priorities in this context of uh new innovation. The first one is local manufacturing. I think uh we have learned from the COVID era that and our head of state have given that clear mandate that uh uh the continent should produce and procure utilize by 2040 60 percent of the vaccines locally. And this means that local manufacturing is already not is not taking, has already taken the top priority on the agenda of the continent. Linked to that is the digital transformation. I think primary care transformation has put put a heavy emphasis on infrastructure and digital transformation, if we want to achieve that uh climate resilience and that uh epidemic problem. The third area, Gary, that we need to highlight, which will have a huge impact on our children, is the whole uh uh uh uh uh critical area of preparedness, pandemic preparedness and response. I think if you look at the new pandemic treaty, and the whole needs to have uh uh uh access to benefit uh when we are facing a new threat. It's going to be critical because our children are in most cases the most affected in case of new outbreaks.
SPEAKER_02Thank you for that. And and I hope that um we can wrap up by uh both of you maybe giving us a little bit of future game-changing outlook, if you can. So our listeners who are working in different parts, both in Africa and other parts of the world and global health, can also get inspired. So maybe, Deborah, what are your parting words?
SPEAKER_01Once again, I think communities are key, and I'd love to give a positive example at the end of all this. We're working on our High Horizons project which looks at heat impacts on mothers, newborns, and children. And we're working in Kenya, Zimbabwe, and South Africa. In Zimbabwe, we're working in an area called Mount Darwin, very rural, very hot. And Landry mentioned early warning systems. And so we were developing an app, what we call mother heat, which then would warn the community health workers, the community, the facility health workers, and the mothers, it's gonna be hot. You know, you're gonna expect extreme temperatures in the next three days or whatever. But we don't want to just tell them, we wanted to help them understand what to do to protect themselves and their families. But we wanted that to be locally generated information. We didn't want to just tell them what to do. Oh, go drink more water or wear light clothes or whatever. That was that we wanted it to engage the community in that. And so what we did is we um gave moms, pregnant women and postpartum uh women, uh cameras, follo phone cameras, um, and talked to them about recording their lived experience of heat while pregnant or with a new child. That seems like the simple part, but the more exciting part was um, as part of that, they the mothers all curated a like a poster of what they saw, and they had a huge community event where the mothers stood next to their posters and the community walked around and the mothers talked about their stories. And so it was not only the mothers who were learning about this, um, you know, they were then becoming advocates and telling the community about the issues around heat. And then after that, they had community meetings to talk about what they were going to do about it. And I think that emerges as its own thing, you know, without us. And it was, it was very a very exciting kind of idea. And so I think that's where communities will take these things on when they understand. And there are different ways to do that. And I think that these are really exciting examples that are relevant no matter where you are, that you work with these communities and the and the mothers, and and they're there to protect their families and their children.
SPEAKER_02Landrie?
SPEAKER_03I can't be optimistic without highlighting the strength that the continent has in its young people. I think the workforce gap that we are facing on the continent today, uh, in the health sector particularly, can be significantly reduced if we invest uh in our young people. I think they are tech-savvy, this is a tech savvy generation. The continent is planning to have two million community of workers by 2030. We have now reached uh half point. So I think the young people can definitely make a difference in uh uh uh in the in what we are calling the community-based primary of care. Within their community, they can be agent of change. They can be the champion for child survival, they can be the one to reach the that child who is uh missing uh its immunization. They can be the one deployed as part of the first responders in case of climate threat or emergency. The second point I really want to highlight is the financing. We are at the beginning of an era where we are seeing definitely our member states, the leadership of our head of state being illustrated to increase allocation of domestic resources towards the health sector. We're going to see more and more innovative financing. I mentioned that the diaspora remittance is definitely an area we haven't we haven't tapped into enough. And uh, African Union considers uh the diaspora of the 50th member states or region, and definitely uh we have a long way to go also around the blended financing, which will definitely attract the private sector to look at the 1.4 billion people of our continent. It's a market where uh they should invest if they really want to get high return on their investment.
SPEAKER_02Thank you for this interesting conversation on a very big challenge, a lot of work ahead. So thanks for your insights on this and good luck with all of your plans and endeavors. Thank you for having us.
SPEAKER_01Thank you, Gary.
SPEAKER_02As you've heard, Deborah and Landry shared powerful perspectives on child health in a rapidly changing world. First, I was impressed by the solid foundation built through investments in primary and community-based care, efforts that have saved millions of young lives. Second, I am reminded of how fragile those gains are, and how three forces conflict, climate change, and shrinking health budgets, threaten children's survival and place immense strain on health systems. And finally, I'm encouraged by the examples of community-led solutions and innovative financing strategies that can help meet these challenges and ensure the next generation not only survives but thrives. With that, let's hear from one of our listeners.
SPEAKER_00Hey Gary, my name's Jorge Mendez. I'm a Masters of Public Health student in international health development at Nagasaki University in Japan. I've been listening to your show for quite some time now. I think a lot of the topics that we often cover in public health and in global health can be quite technical, boring, and inaccessible, especially for people who aren't in our field. Because of this, I think what you're doing is so, so important. Making these topics accessible and entertaining for all kinds of audiences. If I can suggest a future topic, I would love to hear more from professionals who are currently working on combating misinformation and disinformation in health. I think it's a really important and relevant topic, especially in today's social and political climate. Love what you've been doing with the show. Keep up the good work and have a great day.
SPEAKER_02To learn more about the topic discussed in this episode, visit the episode's webpage where you will find additional readings, show notes, and translations. Don't forget to get in touch with us via social media, email, or by sharing a voice message. And be sure to subscribe or follow us wherever you get your podcasts. Global Health Matters is produced by TDR, a United Nations co sponsored research program based at the World Health Organization. Thank you for listening.