{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":5.97,"endTime":9.36,"body":"Welcome back, public"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":5.97,"endTime":9.36,"body":"health enthusiasts I, Nada Fox,"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":9.36,"endTime":14.1,"body":"am here today with Akua"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":9.36,"endTime":14.1,"body":"Gyamerah, assistant professor"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":14.1,"endTime":17.76,"body":"here at University of Buffalo."},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":14.1,"endTime":17.76,"body":"Thank you so much for taking the"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":17.76,"endTime":19.29,"body":"time to meet with us today."},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":20.43,"endTime":23.16,"body":"You're very"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":20.43,"endTime":23.16,"body":"welcome. Thanks for inviting me."},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":23.94,"endTime":27.39,"body":"Absolutely. So before"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":23.94,"endTime":27.39,"body":"we get into all your very"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":27.39,"endTime":31.02,"body":"interesting research, can you"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":27.39,"endTime":31.02,"body":"tell us a little bit about your"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":31.02,"endTime":31.92,"body":"background?"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":32.79,"endTime":37.74,"body":"Absolutely."},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":32.79,"endTime":37.74,"body":"So I, my background, let's start"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":37.74,"endTime":41.7,"body":"with being born in Ghana and"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":37.74,"endTime":41.7,"body":"growing up in New York City."},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":42.69,"endTime":48.06,"body":"Because it really shaped my"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":42.69,"endTime":48.06,"body":"experiences with public health,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":48.6,"endTime":51.06,"body":"and just accessing health. So"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":48.6,"endTime":51.06,"body":"you know, growing up in an under"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":51.06,"endTime":55.41,"body":"resourced community, in Ghana,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":51.06,"endTime":55.41,"body":"and then in under the stories"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":55.41,"endTime":60.0,"body":"community in New York City, in"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":55.41,"endTime":60.0,"body":"Queens, New York City, I saw the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":60.0,"endTime":64.29,"body":"ways, you know, social factors"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":60.0,"endTime":64.29,"body":"impact health outcomes. And it"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":64.29,"endTime":69.63,"body":"really inspired me to pursue a"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":64.29,"endTime":69.63,"body":"profession in health, initially"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":69.63,"endTime":74.49,"body":"medicine, and then eventually"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":69.63,"endTime":74.49,"body":"public health. And so that's a"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":74.49,"endTime":76.95,"body":"little bit about my personal"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":74.49,"endTime":76.95,"body":"background, in terms of my"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":76.95,"endTime":79.8,"body":"professional background, you"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":76.95,"endTime":79.8,"body":"know, I trained in social"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":79.8,"endTime":82.77,"body":"Medical Sciences at Columbia"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":79.8,"endTime":82.77,"body":"University. That's where I got"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":82.77,"endTime":86.19,"body":"my masters and my doctorate. And"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":82.77,"endTime":86.19,"body":"then I did a postdoc at"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":86.22,"endTime":90.9,"body":"University of California, San"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":86.22,"endTime":90.9,"body":"Francisco, and HIV. And so it's"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":90.9,"endTime":93.75,"body":"from Oakland, California, San"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":90.9,"endTime":93.75,"body":"Francisco, California, that I"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":93.78,"endTime":97.74,"body":"then moved to Buffalo, to teach"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":93.78,"endTime":97.74,"body":"at the Community Health and"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":97.74,"endTime":103.5,"body":"Health Behavior department. So"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":97.74,"endTime":103.5,"body":"my research area is in global"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":103.5,"endTime":106.77,"body":"health, and I focus on HIV"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":103.5,"endTime":106.77,"body":"prevention and care, the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":106.77,"endTime":109.74,"body":"intersection of gender and"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":106.77,"endTime":109.74,"body":"sexual rights. I'm also very"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":109.74,"endTime":113.04,"body":"much interested in the impact of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":109.74,"endTime":113.04,"body":"social stressors like"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":113.07,"endTime":117.75,"body":"criminalization, violence,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":113.07,"endTime":117.75,"body":"stigma, and factors like that,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":117.75,"endTime":121.14,"body":"how those shape mental health"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":117.75,"endTime":121.14,"body":"and other physical health"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":121.14,"endTime":126.03,"body":"outcomes among sexual gender and"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":121.14,"endTime":126.03,"body":"racial minorities. So my"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":126.03,"endTime":130.14,"body":"research has primarily been in"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":126.03,"endTime":130.14,"body":"Ghana, Africa, West Africa, but"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":130.17,"endTime":134.88,"body":"I've also done research in the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":130.17,"endTime":134.88,"body":"US with minoritized communities,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":134.88,"endTime":142.08,"body":"particularly trans women, queer"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":134.88,"endTime":142.08,"body":"folks, and the topics of, of, of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":142.17,"endTime":149.25,"body":"violence, mental health,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":142.17,"endTime":149.25,"body":"substance use, and HIV. So I"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":149.25,"endTime":154.98,"body":"think I'll stop there. Or maybe"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":149.25,"endTime":154.98,"body":"I'll just add to that, that, you"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":154.98,"endTime":157.35,"body":"know, at the heart of this"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":154.98,"endTime":157.35,"body":"research is, is really to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":157.35,"endTime":160.5,"body":"document people's experiences,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":157.35,"endTime":160.5,"body":"particularly marginalized"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":160.5,"endTime":165.54,"body":"populations experiences, so that"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":160.5,"endTime":165.54,"body":"it can inform advocacy and"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":165.54,"endTime":168.57,"body":"social change. And so that's,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":165.54,"endTime":168.57,"body":"that is what I'm passionate"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":168.57,"endTime":171.18,"body":"about. And that's what this work"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":168.57,"endTime":171.18,"body":"is driven by."},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":172.59,"endTime":174.9,"body":"It's wonderful, and"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":172.59,"endTime":174.9,"body":"it's really important work."},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":175.23,"endTime":175.77,"body":"Thank you."},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":176.22,"endTime":180.57,"body":"So your research"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":176.22,"endTime":180.57,"body":"focuses on how historical and"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":180.57,"endTime":184.38,"body":"socio structural factors such as"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":180.57,"endTime":184.38,"body":"racism, and our intersectional"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":184.38,"endTime":188.97,"body":"stigma, impact disease outcomes?"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":184.38,"endTime":188.97,"body":"How did these factors contribute"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":188.97,"endTime":192.15,"body":"to health disparities and these"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":188.97,"endTime":192.15,"body":"marginalized communities?"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":193.53,"endTime":196.44,"body":"Yes, these"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":193.53,"endTime":196.44,"body":"factors are very, very"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":196.44,"endTime":199.56,"body":"important. And I really"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":196.44,"endTime":199.56,"body":"appreciate this question. I"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":199.56,"endTime":203.19,"body":"teach pub 420, social"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":199.56,"endTime":203.19,"body":"determinants of health. It's an"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":203.19,"endTime":206.46,"body":"undergraduate class. And of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":203.19,"endTime":206.46,"body":"course, as I said, I trained in"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":206.46,"endTime":209.43,"body":"social medical sciences. These"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":206.46,"endTime":209.43,"body":"factors are what I focus on in"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":209.43,"endTime":212.61,"body":"my own research, I really,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":209.43,"endTime":212.61,"body":"really think it's important in"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":212.61,"endTime":217.53,"body":"public health that we train, you"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":212.61,"endTime":217.53,"body":"know, generations of researchers"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":217.95,"endTime":223.89,"body":"to understand how social factors"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":217.95,"endTime":223.89,"body":"and historical factors impact"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":223.89,"endTime":228.57,"body":"health and how they are the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":223.89,"endTime":228.57,"body":"determinants of downstream"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":228.57,"endTime":231.24,"body":"factors, right downstream"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":228.57,"endTime":231.24,"body":"factors being individual"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":231.24,"endTime":236.76,"body":"behavior, within interpersonal"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":231.24,"endTime":236.76,"body":"you know, factors like social"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":236.76,"endTime":240.93,"body":"support, and, you know, personal"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":236.76,"endTime":240.93,"body":"relationships. You know, those"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":240.93,"endTime":245.64,"body":"are, are all important, but what"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":240.93,"endTime":245.64,"body":"people are able to do for"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":245.64,"endTime":250.77,"body":"themselves and with for each"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":245.64,"endTime":250.77,"body":"other, is shaped by our"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":250.77,"endTime":254.73,"body":"conditions, right? You know, are"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":250.77,"endTime":254.73,"body":"shaped by conditions, do I have"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":254.73,"endTime":258.33,"body":"time to show up for someone? Do"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":254.73,"endTime":258.33,"body":"I have time to exercise for"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":258.33,"endTime":264.42,"body":"myself? Do I have time to really"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":258.33,"endTime":264.42,"body":"change my health if things are"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":264.42,"endTime":268.11,"body":"moving in a direction that is"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":264.42,"endTime":268.11,"body":"adverse to my my health"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":268.11,"endTime":272.37,"body":"outcomes? So I'm just being like"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":268.11,"endTime":272.37,"body":"time, for example, because many"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":272.4,"endTime":277.95,"body":"working people are spending so"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":272.4,"endTime":277.95,"body":"much time so much of their time"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":277.95,"endTime":282.6,"body":"awake, working, and it cuts into"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":277.95,"endTime":282.6,"body":"your ability to actually care"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":282.6,"endTime":286.29,"body":"for yourself, right? This is not"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":282.6,"endTime":286.29,"body":"even to speak to the conditions"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":286.29,"endTime":292.5,"body":"of one's work, or speak to you"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":286.29,"endTime":292.5,"body":"know, whether someone has money"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":292.65,"endTime":297.33,"body":"to even afford to make changes"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":292.65,"endTime":297.33,"body":"that are being required of them."},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":298.11,"endTime":301.95,"body":"So that's just given examples"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":298.11,"endTime":301.95,"body":"from related to, you know, one's"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":301.95,"endTime":306.54,"body":"class status. Well, I tend to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":301.95,"endTime":306.54,"body":"talk about poverty. And in"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":306.54,"endTime":312.45,"body":"sometimes we distort how or"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":306.54,"endTime":312.45,"body":"what's the word I'm looking for?"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":312.84,"endTime":318.15,"body":"Characterize? Poverty, right?"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":312.84,"endTime":318.15,"body":"Many people are living paycheck"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":318.15,"endTime":324.33,"body":"to paycheck, right? That's not"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":318.15,"endTime":324.33,"body":"exactly a way to survive, right?"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":324.81,"endTime":327.39,"body":"We don't talk about research"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":324.81,"endTime":327.39,"body":"that shows that, you know, how"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":327.39,"endTime":331.47,"body":"stressful living paycheck to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":327.39,"endTime":331.47,"body":"paycheck is on people's lives."},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":331.77,"endTime":336.0,"body":"So, just to come back to your"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":331.77,"endTime":336.0,"body":"question, just given examples"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":336.06,"endTime":341.61,"body":"of, of structural determinants,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":336.06,"endTime":341.61,"body":"historical determinants, I named"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":341.61,"endTime":347.22,"body":"that because there is a, there's"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":341.61,"endTime":347.22,"body":"a way our understanding of,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":347.22,"endTime":351.39,"body":"let's say, racism, for example,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":347.22,"endTime":351.39,"body":"is watered down, and I talk"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":351.39,"endTime":355.74,"body":"about this in my class, often"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":351.39,"endTime":355.74,"body":"because it's become racism has"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":355.74,"endTime":358.95,"body":"become you know, about how we"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":355.74,"endTime":358.95,"body":"talk to each other, or treat"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":358.95,"endTime":362.7,"body":"each other, or personal biases,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":358.95,"endTime":362.7,"body":"and less about actually the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":362.7,"endTime":367.26,"body":"historical legacy of racism. And"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":362.7,"endTime":367.26,"body":"let's say, in this country,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":367.29,"endTime":370.86,"body":"racism differs from country to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":367.29,"endTime":370.86,"body":"country. But in this country,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":370.86,"endTime":376.56,"body":"which is the birthplace of, of,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":370.86,"endTime":376.56,"body":"of racism, there's lots written"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":376.59,"endTime":379.89,"body":"and I will go on tangents on"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":376.59,"endTime":379.89,"body":"debates on that. But, you know,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":380.04,"endTime":384.54,"body":"the transatlantic slave trade,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":380.04,"endTime":384.54,"body":"marked the beginning of, of the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":384.54,"endTime":389.58,"body":"construction of race to justify"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":384.54,"endTime":389.58,"body":"the stealing and exploitation of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":389.58,"endTime":394.68,"body":"human beings to build this"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":389.58,"endTime":394.68,"body":"nation, and that historical"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":394.68,"endTime":400.35,"body":"legacy, just, you know, ended"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":394.68,"endTime":400.35,"body":"over to a little over 200 years"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":400.35,"endTime":405.93,"body":"ago, right. And so, to think"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":400.35,"endTime":405.93,"body":"that, while the slave slavery"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":405.93,"endTime":411.66,"body":"did not racism, it then was"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":405.93,"endTime":411.66,"body":"restructured in, in different"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":411.66,"endTime":418.95,"body":"ways, to then as a, as the rule"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":411.66,"endTime":418.95,"body":"of law in this country. So, you"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":418.95,"endTime":425.16,"body":"know, post reconstruction in the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":418.95,"endTime":425.16,"body":"US we had, sorry, Jim Crow,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":426.27,"endTime":432.27,"body":"right, which, you know, for"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":426.27,"endTime":432.27,"body":"decades was the law that that,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":433.11,"endTime":437.25,"body":"you know, segregated blacks,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":433.11,"endTime":437.25,"body":"blacks and whites in this"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":437.25,"endTime":440.49,"body":"country, and eventually, with"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":437.25,"endTime":440.49,"body":"social movements that was"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":440.52,"endTime":443.16,"body":"overruled, and we had"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":440.52,"endTime":443.16,"body":"integration, but that was then"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":443.16,"endTime":446.88,"body":"replaced by what Michelle"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":443.16,"endTime":446.88,"body":"Alexander calls The New Jim"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":446.88,"endTime":451.98,"body":"Crow. Michelle Alexander is a"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":446.88,"endTime":451.98,"body":"legal scholar, who has written"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":452.01,"endTime":457.71,"body":"incredible things about how mass"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":452.01,"endTime":457.71,"body":"incarceration has has, is the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":457.71,"endTime":463.98,"body":"new caste system that maintains"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":457.71,"endTime":463.98,"body":"racism in this country. And she"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":463.98,"endTime":467.13,"body":"says, After Jim Crow, it was"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":463.98,"endTime":467.13,"body":"replaced by the new Jim Crow,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":467.13,"endTime":471.21,"body":"and that is the disproportionate"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":467.13,"endTime":471.21,"body":"policing and incarceration of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":471.21,"endTime":478.8,"body":"black people in particular. And,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":471.21,"endTime":478.8,"body":"and the the second class"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":478.8,"endTime":482.55,"body":"citizenship, those who are"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":478.8,"endTime":482.55,"body":"incarcerated then are reduced to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":482.58,"endTime":487.83,"body":"right. So she talks about"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":482.58,"endTime":487.83,"body":"disenfranchisement of formerly"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":487.83,"endTime":492.18,"body":"incarcerated people, ways your"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":487.83,"endTime":492.18,"body":"record follows you and"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":492.24,"endTime":499.47,"body":"unemployment, loss of access to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":492.24,"endTime":499.47,"body":"public programs, because of your"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":499.5,"endTime":503.73,"body":"background, right, and the role"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":499.5,"endTime":503.73,"body":"of the war on drugs and, and"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":503.73,"endTime":510.12,"body":"these policies, right history,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":503.73,"endTime":510.12,"body":"historical policies, on on"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":510.12,"endTime":514.65,"body":"incarceration records of, of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":510.12,"endTime":514.65,"body":"black communities, right. So I'm"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":514.65,"endTime":517.41,"body":"going on that time just to show"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":514.65,"endTime":517.41,"body":"you that there's like historical"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":517.41,"endTime":520.77,"body":"legacy of racism and how it's,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":517.41,"endTime":520.77,"body":"it's transformed over"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":520.77,"endTime":525.75,"body":"generations to consistently"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":520.77,"endTime":525.75,"body":"impact the conditions of black"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":525.75,"endTime":530.16,"body":"people, or Latin X folks or"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":525.75,"endTime":530.16,"body":"indigenous people, etc. And that"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":530.16,"endTime":533.1,"body":"we can actually trace that and"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":530.16,"endTime":533.1,"body":"study how that has impacted"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":534.39,"endTime":540.99,"body":"people's health outcomes. So"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":534.39,"endTime":540.99,"body":"racism, poverty, social networks"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":540.99,"endTime":545.61,"body":"have all been identified as"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":540.99,"endTime":545.61,"body":"fundamental causes of health"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":546.06,"endTime":549.99,"body":"disparities, health outcomes and"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":546.06,"endTime":549.99,"body":"health disparities. Bruce"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":549.99,"endTime":553.17,"body":"Lincoln and Joe Phelan have"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":549.99,"endTime":553.17,"body":"written about this, this"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":553.17,"endTime":559.74,"body":"concept, and the argue that we"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":553.17,"endTime":559.74,"body":"need to as public health"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":559.74,"endTime":566.16,"body":"professionals, not just focus"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":559.74,"endTime":566.16,"body":"on, you know, you know, like"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":566.16,"endTime":569.01,"body":"different factors, but actually"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":566.16,"endTime":569.01,"body":"target the most fundamental"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":569.01,"endTime":573.6,"body":"ones, because what they theorize"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":569.01,"endTime":573.6,"body":"and documented or demonstrated"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":574.47,"endTime":577.56,"body":"through literature reviews was"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":574.47,"endTime":577.56,"body":"that there are particular"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":577.74,"endTime":580.5,"body":"determinants that are"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":577.74,"endTime":580.5,"body":"fundamental regardless of how"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":580.5,"endTime":584.25,"body":"you change the pathway, right,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":580.5,"endTime":584.25,"body":"how you intervene on this"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":584.25,"endTime":590.88,"body":"particular factor. The outcome"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":584.25,"endTime":590.88,"body":"is still adverse. And that is"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":590.88,"endTime":592.77,"body":"because there's something"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":590.88,"endTime":592.77,"body":"fundamental about that issue,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":592.77,"endTime":597.66,"body":"and they named poverty, social"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":592.77,"endTime":597.66,"body":"networks and racism among"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":597.66,"endTime":601.14,"body":"others. Gender was another one."},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":597.66,"endTime":601.14,"body":"I'm particularly men, which is"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":601.14,"endTime":610.35,"body":"interesting as as all causes of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":601.14,"endTime":610.35,"body":"health, you know, health"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":610.35,"endTime":615.42,"body":"disparities, including, you"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":610.35,"endTime":615.42,"body":"know, lower life outcome and"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":615.69,"endTime":618.96,"body":"mortality, different mortality,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":615.69,"endTime":618.96,"body":"morbidity, morbidity outcomes."},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":619.74,"endTime":623.4,"body":"So, all of that is to say, I"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":619.74,"endTime":623.4,"body":"hope I answered your question,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":623.94,"endTime":626.73,"body":"that these structural factors"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":623.94,"endTime":626.73,"body":"are really important, the way"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":626.73,"endTime":628.8,"body":"they framed it was like, what"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":626.73,"endTime":628.8,"body":"are the determinants of the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":628.8,"endTime":634.77,"body":"determinants? Right? What are"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":628.8,"endTime":634.77,"body":"the the factors that are driving"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":635.61,"endTime":639.96,"body":"other factors downstream, that"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":635.61,"endTime":639.96,"body":"then shape our conditions and"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":640.62,"endTime":643.71,"body":"health outcomes. And it all"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":640.62,"endTime":643.71,"body":"boils down to whether someone"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":643.71,"endTime":650.01,"body":"can have access to resources to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":643.71,"endTime":650.01,"body":"help them mitigate. Other risks?"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":650.31,"endTime":654.27,"body":"Yeah. So, if your risk is"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":650.31,"endTime":654.27,"body":"genetic, right, and you have a"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":654.27,"endTime":659.01,"body":"lot of money, you are able to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":654.27,"endTime":659.01,"body":"afford the best, best standard"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":659.01,"endTime":662.73,"body":"health care. Right, but if you"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":659.01,"endTime":662.73,"body":"know, you have the same genetic"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":662.73,"endTime":667.38,"body":"risk, but you are poor, or"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":662.73,"endTime":667.38,"body":"you're not in a network of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":667.38,"endTime":669.75,"body":"people who might have you know,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":667.38,"endTime":669.75,"body":"might be medical doctors, or"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":669.75,"endTime":675.42,"body":"might have more money to help"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":669.75,"endTime":675.42,"body":"you by this, you know, genetic"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":675.69,"endTime":682.17,"body":"predisposition, you will have"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":675.69,"endTime":682.17,"body":"more likely to have an adverse"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":682.17,"endTime":686.34,"body":"outcome, right. That's just an"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":682.17,"endTime":686.34,"body":"example of, you know, just"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":686.52,"endTime":691.62,"body":"using, you know, class or social"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":686.52,"endTime":691.62,"body":"networks or in class as examples"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":692.37,"endTime":697.35,"body":"of fundamental causes. Out"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":692.37,"endTime":697.35,"body":"there, but you can ask follow up"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":697.35,"endTime":699.51,"body":"questions, if you want. Yeah,"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":699.54,"endTime":701.52,"body":"Well, I just, I think"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":699.54,"endTime":701.52,"body":"it's really interesting the"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":701.52,"endTime":703.8,"body":"determinants of the"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":701.52,"endTime":703.8,"body":"determinants, it's not like"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":703.8,"endTime":708.06,"body":"something like I have thought"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":703.8,"endTime":708.06,"body":"about before, but then that"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":708.06,"endTime":710.97,"body":"makes like total sense, the way"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":708.06,"endTime":710.97,"body":"you like, kind of laid that all"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":710.97,"endTime":713.61,"body":"out. So sorry, that's why I was"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":710.97,"endTime":713.61,"body":"sitting there like staring at"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":713.61,"endTime":715.92,"body":"you, my mouth. Never heard this."},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":715.92,"endTime":717.93,"body":"And when I"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":715.92,"endTime":717.93,"body":"heard it to, and just like, you"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":717.93,"endTime":720.57,"body":"know, it clicked, like, of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":717.93,"endTime":720.57,"body":"course, is the determining"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":720.57,"endTime":725.49,"body":"factor determines the internet"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":720.57,"endTime":725.49,"body":"in a very flat weight, right? In"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":725.49,"endTime":729.3,"body":"part of what social ecological"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":725.49,"endTime":729.3,"body":"model tries to do this, you"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":729.3,"endTime":732.66,"body":"know, like, show the way these"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":729.3,"endTime":732.66,"body":"different levels of factors"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":732.66,"endTime":738.99,"body":"shape each other. And, but I"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":732.66,"endTime":738.99,"body":"think what the fundamental"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":738.99,"endTime":741.63,"body":"causes theory does is take an"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":738.99,"endTime":741.63,"body":"additional step and says, yes,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":742.2,"endTime":744.99,"body":"you'll look at that model. And"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":742.2,"endTime":744.99,"body":"there's a lot of factors, but we"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":744.99,"endTime":748.92,"body":"want you to focus in on the most"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":744.99,"endTime":748.92,"body":"impactful factors, the things"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":748.95,"endTime":752.76,"body":"what they call the most"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":748.95,"endTime":752.76,"body":"fundamental, if we give everyone"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":752.76,"endTime":758.97,"body":"universal income in this"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":752.76,"endTime":758.97,"body":"country, meaning enough to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":758.97,"endTime":763.62,"body":"survive and you know, take care"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":758.97,"endTime":763.62,"body":"of your needs. Their programs"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":763.62,"endTime":765.69,"body":"are piloting that, right? And"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":763.62,"endTime":765.69,"body":"they're trying to highlight that"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":765.69,"endTime":768.84,"body":"a universal income. Why couldn't"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":765.69,"endTime":768.84,"body":"we do that? Right? Why can't we"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":768.84,"endTime":772.95,"body":"redistribute wealth so that"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":768.84,"endTime":772.95,"body":"everyone can live it like a"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":772.95,"endTime":778.8,"body":"dignity and not be struggling?"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":772.95,"endTime":778.8,"body":"To survive to take care of their"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":778.8,"endTime":783.84,"body":"families or themselves? Right,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":778.8,"endTime":783.84,"body":"Mike, this is this, we don't"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":783.84,"endTime":787.89,"body":"have to live the way that"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":783.84,"endTime":787.89,"body":"society structured, right? It's"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":787.89,"endTime":790.86,"body":"not necessary, we have more than"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":787.89,"endTime":790.86,"body":"enough to meet everyone's needs."},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":791.88,"endTime":797.13,"body":"And for me, that is really my"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":791.88,"endTime":797.13,"body":"biggest frustration. As someone"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":797.13,"endTime":800.94,"body":"who's very, you know, feels very"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":797.13,"endTime":800.94,"body":"passionately about health"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":800.94,"endTime":804.51,"body":"justice, and another social"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":800.94,"endTime":804.51,"body":"justice issues. But anyway, I'll"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":805.35,"endTime":806.07,"body":"stop there."},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":806.69,"endTime":808.94,"body":"I like I agree with"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":806.69,"endTime":808.94,"body":"you. I remember reading like"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":808.94,"endTime":811.52,"body":"this that like, startling"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":808.94,"endTime":811.52,"body":"statistic that there are more"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":811.52,"endTime":815.3,"body":"houses than people in this"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":811.52,"endTime":815.3,"body":"country. I know, like, put them"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":815.3,"endTime":819.5,"body":"why is there anybody that's"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":815.3,"endTime":819.5,"body":"homeless? Like, everybody should"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":819.5,"endTime":822.08,"body":"have a roof over their head is"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":819.5,"endTime":822.08,"body":"like a fundamental right. So"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":822.29,"endTime":825.62,"body":"you're in like minded company,"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":822.29,"endTime":825.62,"body":"like, you know, there's some"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":825.86,"endTime":829.49,"body":"facts you can't unhear, and then"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":825.86,"endTime":829.49,"body":"you can't be blind to anymore?"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":829.76,"endTime":832.49,"body":"Yeah,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":829.76,"endTime":832.49,"body":"exactly. Yeah. I also wanted to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":832.49,"endTime":838.49,"body":"speak to I think, the other"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":832.49,"endTime":838.49,"body":"factors I study is"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":838.52,"endTime":842.48,"body":"intersectionality. So we've"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":838.52,"endTime":842.48,"body":"talked about, you know, poverty"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":842.48,"endTime":849.56,"body":"and, and race, you know, there"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":842.48,"endTime":849.56,"body":"are different forms of, of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":849.56,"endTime":853.37,"body":"determining or different"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":849.56,"endTime":853.37,"body":"categories, categories that we"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":853.37,"endTime":856.64,"body":"often talk about in public"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":853.37,"endTime":856.64,"body":"health, and often will study it"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":856.7,"endTime":861.35,"body":"in a very shallow or symbolic"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":856.7,"endTime":861.35,"body":"ways, right? If you feel a"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":861.35,"endTime":867.59,"body":"survey, what's your race, what's"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":861.35,"endTime":867.59,"body":"your income, what's your you"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":867.59,"endTime":874.73,"body":"know, Job Status, what's your,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":867.59,"endTime":874.73,"body":"you know, gender. And there are"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":874.73,"endTime":878.57,"body":"folks in social determinants,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":874.73,"endTime":878.57,"body":"because you can study social"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":878.57,"endTime":882.05,"body":"determines from that angle,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":878.57,"endTime":882.05,"body":"right. But there are other"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":882.05,"endTime":886.58,"body":"scholars, you know, activist"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":882.05,"endTime":886.58,"body":"community activists who say we"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":886.58,"endTime":890.27,"body":"can't look at these things"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":886.58,"endTime":890.27,"body":"because they don't represent"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":890.27,"endTime":893.03,"body":"what you think it they don't"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":890.27,"endTime":893.03,"body":"measure what you think they're"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":893.03,"endTime":897.56,"body":"measuring right race does not"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":893.03,"endTime":897.56,"body":"measure racism. Right. Race does"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":897.56,"endTime":903.62,"body":"not measure racism race"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":897.56,"endTime":903.62,"body":"measures, race. How do we"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":903.62,"endTime":910.28,"body":"measure the impact of racism on"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":903.62,"endTime":910.28,"body":"someone's race? Or a race of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":910.28,"endTime":916.49,"body":"people? Right? These are not the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":910.28,"endTime":916.49,"body":"same things. And so thankfully,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":916.49,"endTime":921.65,"body":"there's no, I'm going to say a"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":916.49,"endTime":921.65,"body":"movement but like a trend in"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":921.65,"endTime":925.52,"body":"public health now, where people"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":921.65,"endTime":925.52,"body":"are trying to figure out ways to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":925.52,"endTime":928.46,"body":"measure racism, right? What are"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":925.52,"endTime":928.46,"body":"the mechanisms that lead to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":928.46,"endTime":932.18,"body":"disparate racial outcomes,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":928.46,"endTime":932.18,"body":"right, these health inequities"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":932.69,"endTime":939.8,"body":"among minoritized, racially"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":932.69,"endTime":939.8,"body":"minoritized populations? And so,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":939.83,"endTime":942.23,"body":"you know, studying mass"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":939.83,"endTime":942.23,"body":"incarceration, for example, how"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":942.23,"endTime":946.01,"body":"does racism manifests in this"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":942.23,"endTime":946.01,"body":"country? Racial segregation,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":946.01,"endTime":948.29,"body":"looking at the impact of racial"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":946.01,"endTime":948.29,"body":"segregation, and people self"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":948.29,"endTime":953.36,"body":"looking at the impact of, you"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":948.29,"endTime":953.36,"body":"know, different carceral"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":953.36,"endTime":956.63,"body":"policies, people can look at"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":953.36,"endTime":956.63,"body":"state level policies, people can"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":956.63,"endTime":960.11,"body":"look at disenfranchisement, and"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":956.63,"endTime":960.11,"body":"see whether you know, their"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":960.11,"endTime":965.42,"body":"health outcomes is impacting"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":960.11,"endTime":965.42,"body":"different health outcomes in"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":965.42,"endTime":968.81,"body":"terms of racial disparities,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":965.42,"endTime":968.81,"body":"right. So that is one of the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":968.81,"endTime":970.97,"body":"things that I think is really"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":968.81,"endTime":970.97,"body":"important to talk about, like,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":971.15,"endTime":974.93,"body":"so we've made the factors, how"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":971.15,"endTime":974.93,"body":"are we actually studying and"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":974.93,"endTime":979.19,"body":"measuring it. And that is"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":974.93,"endTime":979.19,"body":"another thing, but it plays to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":979.19,"endTime":981.53,"body":"why it's important to have a"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":979.19,"endTime":981.53,"body":"social analysis and social"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":981.53,"endTime":988.19,"body":"framework, to then inform how"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":981.53,"endTime":988.19,"body":"you're studying the issue,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":988.22,"endTime":993.5,"body":"right? Because how you define"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":988.22,"endTime":993.5,"body":"the issue. And understanding"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":993.53,"endTime":998.18,"body":"will shape how you measure it."},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":993.53,"endTime":998.18,"body":"And so I just want to say that"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":998.21,"endTime":1003.31,"body":"all that is to say, one of the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":998.21,"endTime":1003.31,"body":"other trends in public health"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1003.31,"endTime":1010.6,"body":"is, is bringing in the framework"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1003.31,"endTime":1010.6,"body":"of intersectionality. Trying to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1010.6,"endTime":1014.47,"body":"understand the relationship"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1010.6,"endTime":1014.47,"body":"between multiple forms of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1014.47,"endTime":1026.17,"body":"oppression to each other, how do"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1014.47,"endTime":1026.17,"body":"how do racism, gender, sexuality"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1026.17,"endTime":1034.27,"body":"class interlock to produce a"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1026.17,"endTime":1034.27,"body":"different outcome than the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1034.27,"endTime":1039.37,"body":"individual parts, if that makes"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1034.27,"endTime":1039.37,"body":"sense, right? So, you know, I"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1039.37,"endTime":1042.58,"body":"don't know how you identify"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1039.37,"endTime":1042.58,"body":"racially, or do you intensify?"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":1043.9,"endTime":1044.95,"body":"I'm white."},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1045.88,"endTime":1048.85,"body":"Okay, so, you"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1045.88,"endTime":1048.85,"body":"know, let's say you identify as"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1048.88,"endTime":1054.34,"body":"a or someone who identifies as a"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1048.88,"endTime":1054.34,"body":"white woman will experience you"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1054.34,"endTime":1058.99,"body":"sexism as an example, right?"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1054.34,"endTime":1058.99,"body":"Sexism differently than someone"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1058.99,"endTime":1061.48,"body":"who's a black woman, right? This"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1058.99,"endTime":1061.48,"body":"is the intersectional"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1062.08,"endTime":1066.34,"body":"intersectional intersectionality"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1062.08,"endTime":1066.34,"body":"detection theory basically,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1066.61,"endTime":1070.06,"body":"emerges from this analysis,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1066.61,"endTime":1070.06,"body":"right? It's a theory that"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1070.06,"endTime":1075.76,"body":"emerges from black, fig women"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1070.06,"endTime":1075.76,"body":"figures, activist, historical"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1075.76,"endTime":1081.01,"body":"figures. The concept itself is"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1075.76,"endTime":1081.01,"body":"the term itself is relatively"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1081.01,"endTime":1085.09,"body":"new, but the concept is not."},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1081.01,"endTime":1085.09,"body":"Right. So during the truth in"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1085.09,"endTime":1089.71,"body":"the 1800s, as well, I'm speaking"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1085.09,"endTime":1089.71,"body":"to the women's convention says a"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1089.71,"endTime":1096.34,"body":"Nyoman right, because black"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1089.71,"endTime":1096.34,"body":"enslaved black women were where"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1097.6,"endTime":1102.91,"body":"their issues were not considered"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1097.6,"endTime":1102.91,"body":"in, in the first iteration of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1102.91,"endTime":1105.34,"body":"the women's rights movement,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1102.91,"endTime":1105.34,"body":"right? They were in talking"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1105.34,"endTime":1107.74,"body":"about racism and enslavement and"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1105.34,"endTime":1107.74,"body":"how that impacts black women."},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1107.74,"endTime":1111.04,"body":"And so she talks about that"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1107.74,"endTime":1111.04,"body":"concept and talks about the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1111.07,"endTime":1115.66,"body":"different oppression that black"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1111.07,"endTime":1115.66,"body":"women faced, right. Fast forward"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1115.66,"endTime":1121.06,"body":"to, you know, the next century,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1115.66,"endTime":1121.06,"body":"you have generations of black"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1121.06,"endTime":1124.09,"body":"feminists who talked about this"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1121.06,"endTime":1124.09,"body":"in different ways. The Combahee"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1124.09,"endTime":1129.79,"body":"River collective. You know, Bill"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1124.09,"endTime":1129.79,"body":"hooks talks about this, many of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1129.79,"endTime":1133.81,"body":"Angela Davis talks about this."},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1129.79,"endTime":1133.81,"body":"And then Kimberly Crenshaw"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1134.08,"endTime":1137.11,"body":"coined the term"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1134.08,"endTime":1137.11,"body":"intersectionality in her legal"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1137.11,"endTime":1141.85,"body":"paper. I think that that the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1137.11,"endTime":1141.85,"body":"intersection is I don't want to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1143.8,"endTime":1146.62,"body":"butcher the title look at look"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1143.8,"endTime":1146.62,"body":"her up, but it's a formative"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1146.62,"endTime":1152.38,"body":"paper. She's a legal scholar and"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1146.62,"endTime":1152.38,"body":"Critical Race theorists. And her"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1152.38,"endTime":1156.52,"body":"work was incredible because what"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1152.38,"endTime":1156.52,"body":"she did was look at laws and saw"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1156.82,"endTime":1162.4,"body":"how women of color were falling"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1156.82,"endTime":1162.4,"body":"in the cracks. Because these"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1162.4,"endTime":1170.29,"body":"laws were only focusing on one"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1162.4,"endTime":1170.29,"body":"dimension of the oppression they"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1170.29,"endTime":1177.43,"body":"were supposed to mitigate."},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1170.29,"endTime":1177.43,"body":"Right? She says here, you know,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1177.43,"endTime":1180.94,"body":"example, the carceral system is,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1177.43,"endTime":1180.94,"body":"you know, judicial system is"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1180.94,"endTime":1184.6,"body":"supposed to prosecute sexual"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1180.94,"endTime":1184.6,"body":"abusers. Well, let's look at the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1184.6,"endTime":1190.54,"body":"data. You know, black men are"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1184.6,"endTime":1190.54,"body":"most likely to be incarcerated,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1190.54,"endTime":1193.9,"body":"especially if they have their"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1190.54,"endTime":1193.9,"body":"victims are white women. Black"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1193.9,"endTime":1196.84,"body":"women are the least likely to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1193.9,"endTime":1196.84,"body":"receive justice, especially if"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1196.84,"endTime":1200.38,"body":"they're, you know, their"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1196.84,"endTime":1200.38,"body":"perpetrators are white men. or,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1200.44,"endTime":1205.54,"body":"you know, other other men who"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1200.44,"endTime":1205.54,"body":"are not necessarily black,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1205.57,"endTime":1209.86,"body":"right. And she shows through"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1205.57,"endTime":1209.86,"body":"that data, she shows us a, you"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1209.86,"endTime":1212.83,"body":"know, an intervention made for"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1209.86,"endTime":1212.83,"body":"immigrant women that was"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1212.83,"endTime":1218.71,"body":"supposed to support abused"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1212.83,"endTime":1218.71,"body":"immigrant women from leaving"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1218.71,"endTime":1221.5,"body":"your abuser so that you're not"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1218.71,"endTime":1221.5,"body":"dependent on on documentation,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1221.53,"endTime":1225.34,"body":"like immigrant papers,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1221.53,"endTime":1225.34,"body":"basically, legal documentation."},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1225.34,"endTime":1228.46,"body":"So a lot of women were"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1225.34,"endTime":1228.46,"body":"undocumented women were stuck in"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1228.46,"endTime":1232.39,"body":"abusive relationships, because"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1228.46,"endTime":1232.39,"body":"they're afraid to leave and not"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1232.42,"endTime":1236.29,"body":"have a chance to get citizenship"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1232.42,"endTime":1236.29,"body":"or permanent residency. So this"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1236.29,"endTime":1242.11,"body":"law, you know, there's, you"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1236.29,"endTime":1242.11,"body":"know, a law passed to allow for"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1242.11,"endTime":1244.63,"body":"me to leave, but they didn't"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1242.11,"endTime":1244.63,"body":"take into consideration all"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1244.63,"endTime":1247.81,"body":"kinds of factors related to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1244.63,"endTime":1247.81,"body":"language barriers, income"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1247.81,"endTime":1253.18,"body":"barriers. And so, the point here"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1247.81,"endTime":1253.18,"body":"was, like, there's a policy"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1253.18,"endTime":1257.11,"body":"that's addressing a gender"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1253.18,"endTime":1257.11,"body":"issue, but not looking at the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1257.11,"endTime":1262.9,"body":"impact of class on on these"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1257.11,"endTime":1262.9,"body":"women, right? Or the impact of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1263.02,"endTime":1268.12,"body":"gender in addressing racism, the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1263.02,"endTime":1268.12,"body":"impact gender has an undermining"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1269.26,"endTime":1273.91,"body":"the progress that's made around"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1269.26,"endTime":1273.91,"body":"racism, and she says, we need to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1273.91,"endTime":1278.29,"body":"address these intersections, so"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1273.91,"endTime":1278.29,"body":"that multiple oppressed people"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1278.29,"endTime":1283.3,"body":"are not falling in these cracks."},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1278.29,"endTime":1283.3,"body":"So intersectionality is now"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1283.3,"endTime":1285.94,"body":"being used in public health"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1283.3,"endTime":1285.94,"body":"research increasingly used in"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1285.94,"endTime":1289.72,"body":"public health research to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1285.94,"endTime":1289.72,"body":"actually understand how multiple"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1289.72,"endTime":1296.59,"body":"interlocking oppressions shapes"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1289.72,"endTime":1296.59,"body":"people's health outcomes, and we"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1296.59,"endTime":1302.11,"body":"cannot assume also that the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1296.59,"endTime":1302.11,"body":"impact of this interlocking"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1302.17,"endTime":1309.46,"body":"interlocking oppressions is"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1302.17,"endTime":1309.46,"body":"cumulative, that if you are"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1309.55,"endTime":1318.16,"body":"black, and poor and gay, and you"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1309.55,"endTime":1318.16,"body":"know, you know, non binary and,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1318.37,"endTime":1324.13,"body":"you know, that means things are"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1318.37,"endTime":1324.13,"body":"worse for you. Sometimes you"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1324.13,"endTime":1327.1,"body":"look at actually multiple people"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1324.13,"endTime":1327.1,"body":"with multiple workers"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1327.1,"endTime":1332.08,"body":"identities, their outcomes"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1327.1,"endTime":1332.08,"body":"actually better than those who"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1332.08,"endTime":1335.59,"body":"are not, you know, so what she"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1332.08,"endTime":1335.59,"body":"points to is like to actually"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1335.59,"endTime":1339.16,"body":"understand the, the, what"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1335.59,"endTime":1339.16,"body":"happens when these different"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1339.16,"endTime":1341.44,"body":"things interlock and interact,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1339.16,"endTime":1341.44,"body":"are there things that are"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1341.44,"endTime":1344.35,"body":"actually protected? Are they,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1341.44,"endTime":1344.35,"body":"you know, does it you know, the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1344.35,"endTime":1347.68,"body":"outcomes worse, the point is to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1344.35,"endTime":1347.68,"body":"understand because something is"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1347.68,"endTime":1350.89,"body":"happening here that we do not"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1347.68,"endTime":1350.89,"body":"catch, if we only look at it"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1350.89,"endTime":1354.79,"body":"from one dimension. So I'll use"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1350.89,"endTime":1354.79,"body":"and I'll stop here, I'll use"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1356.02,"endTime":1363.01,"body":"immigrants as an example. I'm"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1356.02,"endTime":1363.01,"body":"sorry, Latino populations,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1363.04,"endTime":1365.29,"body":"including, there's a lot of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1363.04,"endTime":1365.29,"body":"research done on immigrant"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1365.29,"endTime":1369.4,"body":"communities on this, and there's"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1365.29,"endTime":1369.4,"body":"this has been this called the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1369.4,"endTime":1375.19,"body":"Hispanic paradox. And this has"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1369.4,"endTime":1375.19,"body":"found that research documenting"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1375.19,"endTime":1383.44,"body":"the index communities actually"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1375.19,"endTime":1383.44,"body":"have better health outcomes,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1384.19,"endTime":1392.53,"body":"then compared to, you know,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1384.19,"endTime":1392.53,"body":"white, white populations, and"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1392.53,"endTime":1396.46,"body":"people were surprised by that,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1392.53,"endTime":1396.46,"body":"because of the history of racism"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1396.88,"endTime":1404.92,"body":"against black people in this"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1396.88,"endTime":1404.92,"body":"country. And so, research, try"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1404.92,"endTime":1407.38,"body":"to understand why that is,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1404.92,"endTime":1407.38,"body":"right. The other there are other"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1407.38,"endTime":1410.68,"body":"social determinants that you"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1407.38,"endTime":1410.68,"body":"know, show that they have, you"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1410.68,"endTime":1414.34,"body":"know, lower average income or"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1410.68,"endTime":1414.34,"body":"education, because of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1414.94,"endTime":1421.3,"body":"marginalization, they might have"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1414.94,"endTime":1421.3,"body":"higher disability, etc. However,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1421.96,"endTime":1425.59,"body":"in terms of, you know,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1421.96,"endTime":1425.59,"body":"mortality, they have lower risk"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1425.59,"endTime":1431.11,"body":"of mortality, like 24%, lower"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1425.59,"endTime":1431.11,"body":"risk of mortality, compared to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1431.11,"endTime":1432.79,"body":"white people. And so the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1431.11,"endTime":1432.79,"body":"question was, like, what's"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1432.79,"endTime":1439.93,"body":"happening here? And one of the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1432.79,"endTime":1439.93,"body":"theories is that those"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1439.93,"endTime":1442.81,"body":"communities are more communal,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1439.93,"endTime":1442.81,"body":"there's more networks, and"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1442.81,"endTime":1446.41,"body":"networks, as I mentioned"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1442.81,"endTime":1446.41,"body":"earlier, can be a fundamental"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1446.41,"endTime":1451.03,"body":"cause, right? And you'll find"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1446.41,"endTime":1451.03,"body":"this in other immigrant"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1451.03,"endTime":1455.35,"body":"communities, too. So this is"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1451.03,"endTime":1455.35,"body":"also why, you know, I'll just"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1455.35,"endTime":1461.8,"body":"take for example, when people"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1455.35,"endTime":1461.8,"body":"study black racial disparities,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1462.07,"endTime":1465.31,"body":"also say let's break it up by"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1462.07,"endTime":1465.31,"body":"communities because sometimes"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1465.31,"endTime":1468.61,"body":"immigrants, black immigrants are"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1465.31,"endTime":1468.61,"body":"doing better in terms of health"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1468.61,"endTime":1470.68,"body":"outcomes, then, you know, black"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1468.61,"endTime":1470.68,"body":"communities that have"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1470.68,"endTime":1475.3,"body":"historically been here and like"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1470.68,"endTime":1475.3,"body":"historically marginalized in a"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1475.3,"endTime":1479.05,"body":"way that, you know, recent"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1475.3,"endTime":1479.05,"body":"immigrants are not experiencing"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1479.05,"endTime":1483.67,"body":"right. There's studies looking"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1479.05,"endTime":1483.67,"body":"at epigenetics and how one's"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1483.67,"endTime":1491.38,"body":"environment right. Can shape"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1483.67,"endTime":1491.38,"body":"once genetics rate, people are"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1491.38,"endTime":1494.38,"body":"starting to study you know, how,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1491.38,"endTime":1494.38,"body":"you know, slavery might have"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1494.41,"endTime":1501.04,"body":"changed, you know, are shaped,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1494.41,"endTime":1501.04,"body":"you know, different I had"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1501.04,"endTime":1506.8,"body":"different biological impacts"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1501.04,"endTime":1506.8,"body":"that might be affecting health."},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1506.8,"endTime":1509.86,"body":"Now, I that is not to say that"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1506.8,"endTime":1509.86,"body":"race can be biologically"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1509.86,"endTime":1513.61,"body":"measured. Let me not get into"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1509.86,"endTime":1513.61,"body":"that. That race signs nonsense."},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1513.64,"endTime":1516.85,"body":"That's not what I'm referring"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1513.64,"endTime":1516.85,"body":"to. But really looking at once"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1516.85,"endTime":1521.62,"body":"and how a one's environment can"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1516.85,"endTime":1521.62,"body":"actually interact with with the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1521.62,"endTime":1528.01,"body":"body and adversely impact"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1521.62,"endTime":1528.01,"body":"health. So anyway, I'll stop"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1528.01,"endTime":1528.37,"body":"there."},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":1530.359,"endTime":1535.819,"body":"Thank you. And that"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":1530.359,"endTime":1535.819,"body":"was really interesting. So you"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":1535.849,"endTime":1541.159,"body":"did a project that explored the"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":1535.849,"endTime":1541.159,"body":"impact of gender based violence,"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":1541.879,"endTime":1545.929,"body":"and the COVID 19 pandemic on"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":1541.879,"endTime":1545.929,"body":"alcohol use and treatment among"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":1545.929,"endTime":1550.459,"body":"gender minorities in the San"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":1545.929,"endTime":1550.459,"body":"Francisco Bay Area? How do you"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":1550.459,"endTime":1555.559,"body":"approach studying these complex"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":1550.459,"endTime":1555.559,"body":"and interconnected issues? You"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":1555.559,"endTime":1558.649,"body":"just talked about all these"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":1555.559,"endTime":1558.649,"body":"different intersectionalities?"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":1558.979,"endTime":1562.279,"body":"And how we need to look at this?"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":1558.979,"endTime":1562.279,"body":"How do we design this research?"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":1562.309,"endTime":1564.049,"body":"How do we go about studying"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":1562.309,"endTime":1564.049,"body":"that?"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1564.81,"endTime":1566.82,"body":"That's a"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1564.81,"endTime":1566.82,"body":"great question. Well, I"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1566.82,"endTime":1569.37,"body":"definitely don't have answers,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1566.82,"endTime":1569.37,"body":"because that's part of what the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1569.37,"endTime":1571.86,"body":"number of us are studying."},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1569.37,"endTime":1571.86,"body":"There's actually an"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1571.89,"endTime":1575.25,"body":"intersectionality training"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1571.89,"endTime":1575.25,"body":"institute that was formed a few"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1575.25,"endTime":1580.02,"body":"years ago by a really wonderful"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1575.25,"endTime":1580.02,"body":"scholar, another one of the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1580.02,"endTime":1585.33,"body":"leading scholars in looking at"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1580.02,"endTime":1585.33,"body":"into intersectional, stigma, and"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1585.33,"endTime":1594.75,"body":"health and health. Lisa bowlegs,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1585.33,"endTime":1594.75,"body":"she's a psychologist, and people"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1594.75,"endTime":1596.79,"body":"are trying to figure that out,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1594.75,"endTime":1596.79,"body":"actually, there are methods"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1596.79,"endTime":1600.63,"body":"being developed on you know, how"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1596.79,"endTime":1600.63,"body":"to measure intersectionality,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1600.69,"endTime":1605.67,"body":"especially quantitatively,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1600.69,"endTime":1605.67,"body":"qualitatively, also, how do we"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1605.7,"endTime":1610.26,"body":"analyze it? But especially, or"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1605.7,"endTime":1610.26,"body":"ask questions, I couldn't get to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1611.07,"endTime":1615.81,"body":"some of these factors on the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1611.07,"endTime":1615.81,"body":"complexity of these factories."},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1617.01,"endTime":1621.69,"body":"In terms of this study, in San"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1617.01,"endTime":1621.69,"body":"Francisco, that was a very"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1621.69,"endTime":1628.56,"body":"difficult study, to do just"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1621.69,"endTime":1628.56,"body":"because of the trauma that many"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1628.56,"endTime":1631.92,"body":"people being interviewed had"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1628.56,"endTime":1631.92,"body":"experience. It was a mixed"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1631.92,"endTime":1636.66,"body":"method study. So we had"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1631.92,"endTime":1636.66,"body":"quantitative measures exploring"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1636.66,"endTime":1642.33,"body":"people's experience of a"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1636.66,"endTime":1642.33,"body":"violence, gender based violence,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1642.39,"endTime":1648.12,"body":"and the impact of alcohol and"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1642.39,"endTime":1648.12,"body":"other substance uses on on that."},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1649.14,"endTime":1655.26,"body":"And yeah, the stories were, you"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1649.14,"endTime":1655.26,"body":"know, very difficult to listen"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1655.26,"endTime":1661.71,"body":"to obviously. So just a thing to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1655.26,"endTime":1661.71,"body":"say, you know, what, one of the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1661.71,"endTime":1664.41,"body":"things we don't talk a lot about"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1661.71,"endTime":1664.41,"body":"us, like the how the mental"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1664.41,"endTime":1669.69,"body":"health impact of actually"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1664.41,"endTime":1669.69,"body":"studying traumatic experiences"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1669.69,"endTime":1673.02,"body":"and studying violence, and even"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1669.69,"endTime":1673.02,"body":"stating things that might be"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1673.02,"endTime":1677.13,"body":"personal to you also, whether"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1673.02,"endTime":1677.13,"body":"you share an identity or an"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1677.13,"endTime":1682.23,"body":"experience of trauma, etc. So"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1677.13,"endTime":1682.23,"body":"it's definitely not easy. But in"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1682.23,"endTime":1685.5,"body":"terms of the study itself, they"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1682.23,"endTime":1685.5,"body":"were looking at different"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1685.77,"endTime":1689.31,"body":"factors, it was right at the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1685.77,"endTime":1689.31,"body":"start of the epidemic. And the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1689.31,"endTime":1692.79,"body":"study was nested under a"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1689.31,"endTime":1692.79,"body":"clinical trial, that was testing"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1692.79,"endTime":1702.12,"body":"the efficacy of a natural plant"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1692.79,"endTime":1702.12,"body":"on reducing alcohol use among"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1702.12,"endTime":1707.58,"body":"adults. So it's a Japanese plant"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1702.12,"endTime":1707.58,"body":"called kudzu, you and it's"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1707.58,"endTime":1712.95,"body":"extract was used to, you know,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1707.58,"endTime":1712.95,"body":"just to was tested to see if it"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1714.27,"endTime":1718.41,"body":"reduces people's cravings for"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1714.27,"endTime":1718.41,"body":"alcohol, as well as frequency of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1718.41,"endTime":1722.19,"body":"drinking. So I just did my study"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1718.41,"endTime":1722.19,"body":"under that I wanted to look at"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1722.19,"endTime":1730.29,"body":"gender specific factors that"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1722.19,"endTime":1730.29,"body":"impact alcohol use. And I focus"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1730.29,"endTime":1734.91,"body":"on gender based violence"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1730.29,"endTime":1734.91,"body":"specifically. So, you know, we"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1734.94,"endTime":1737.07,"body":"we asked questions about"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1734.94,"endTime":1737.07,"body":"lifetime experiences of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1737.07,"endTime":1740.82,"body":"violence, as well as violence"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1737.07,"endTime":1740.82,"body":"during COVID. If COVID had just"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1740.82,"endTime":1743.58,"body":"started, and we were seeing"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1740.82,"endTime":1743.58,"body":"studies, one of the most"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1743.58,"endTime":1747.57,"body":"immediate things we started with"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1743.58,"endTime":1747.57,"body":"you remember, was just like, you"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1747.57,"endTime":1750.39,"body":"know, studies are showing"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1747.57,"endTime":1750.39,"body":"increased drinking and also"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1750.39,"endTime":1753.57,"body":"increase in domestic violence."},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1750.39,"endTime":1753.57,"body":"And so I wanted to look at that."},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1753.72,"endTime":1755.7,"body":"And I wanted to look at the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1753.72,"endTime":1755.7,"body":"relationship between the two as"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1755.7,"endTime":1760.74,"body":"well. So that's what that study"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1755.7,"endTime":1760.74,"body":"looked at. So we did cross"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1760.74,"endTime":1765.27,"body":"sectional in depth interviews"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1760.74,"endTime":1765.27,"body":"between April like 2021 and"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1765.27,"endTime":1770.97,"body":"2022. And these questions"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1765.27,"endTime":1770.97,"body":"explored, as I said, lifetime"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1770.97,"endTime":1774.03,"body":"experiences of verbal physical"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1770.97,"endTime":1774.03,"body":"sexual violence and real"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1774.03,"endTime":1777.78,"body":"substance use played in that and"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1774.03,"endTime":1777.78,"body":"the impact on people's lives."},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1778.38,"endTime":1783.42,"body":"And they're just, you know,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1778.38,"endTime":1783.42,"body":"different stories. Some some of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1783.42,"endTime":1789.6,"body":"the, the folks we interviewed"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1783.42,"endTime":1789.6,"body":"were sex workers, who"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1789.66,"endTime":1795.99,"body":"experienced just, you know,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1789.66,"endTime":1795.99,"body":"horrific violence, gendered"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1795.99,"endTime":1800.64,"body":"violence. Some experienced date"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1795.99,"endTime":1800.64,"body":"just you know, women Hearing on"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1800.64,"endTime":1808.35,"body":"dates and experience date rape"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1800.64,"endTime":1808.35,"body":"and other sexual violence. Folks"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1808.35,"endTime":1812.7,"body":"who are housing insecure, also"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1808.35,"endTime":1812.7,"body":"reported experiencing verbal"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1812.7,"endTime":1815.76,"body":"abuse. So these are the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1812.7,"endTime":1815.76,"body":"different factors impacting"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1817.02,"endTime":1821.37,"body":"folks, right? Sex work, put"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1817.02,"endTime":1821.37,"body":"people at higher risk, alcohol"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1821.37,"endTime":1826.74,"body":"during you know, Gates cause"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1821.37,"endTime":1826.74,"body":"people to be at high risk of,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1827.43,"endTime":1830.91,"body":"you know, perpetrators used"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1827.43,"endTime":1830.91,"body":"alcohol as a way to facilitate"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1830.91,"endTime":1836.1,"body":"abuse is what The finding was"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1830.91,"endTime":1836.1,"body":"basically one of the findings,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1837.42,"endTime":1840.72,"body":"then, as I mentioned, housing"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1837.42,"endTime":1840.72,"body":"insecurity, as you may know, the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1840.72,"endTime":1844.35,"body":"Bay Area has one of the worst"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1840.72,"endTime":1844.35,"body":"housing prices in the country."},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1845.4,"endTime":1852.36,"body":"And it's kind of like a, like,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1845.4,"endTime":1852.36,"body":"occurring epidemic with also"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1852.36,"endTime":1859.08,"body":"substance use and mental health."},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1852.36,"endTime":1859.08,"body":"And so, yes, there's a lot of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1859.08,"endTime":1862.77,"body":"homelessness and a number of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1859.08,"endTime":1862.77,"body":"participants also experienced"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1863.1,"endTime":1868.14,"body":"sexual violence. Due to housing"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1863.1,"endTime":1868.14,"body":"insecurity, a number of people"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1868.14,"endTime":1872.52,"body":"also talked about, you know,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1868.14,"endTime":1872.52,"body":"violence during your youth. So"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1872.52,"endTime":1877.26,"body":"sexual violence they experienced"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1872.52,"endTime":1877.26,"body":"as children. And this was"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1877.26,"endTime":1882.63,"body":"particularly like, consistently,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1877.26,"endTime":1882.63,"body":"we have 20, assembled 20 to five"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1883.17,"endTime":1885.99,"body":"women were black, and all of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1883.17,"endTime":1885.99,"body":"them had the same story. So I'm"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1885.99,"endTime":1889.68,"body":"looking at the the ratio of the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1885.99,"endTime":1889.68,"body":"racial dimension of this,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1891.03,"endTime":1895.47,"body":"understanding some of the impact"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1891.03,"endTime":1895.47,"body":"of childhood trauma on substance"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1895.47,"endTime":1899.58,"body":"use adult, you know, substance"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1895.47,"endTime":1899.58,"body":"addiction, and, you know,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1899.58,"endTime":1904.92,"body":"subsequently homelessness. We"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1899.58,"endTime":1904.92,"body":"knew, all these women who had"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1904.92,"endTime":1907.83,"body":"experienced sexual violence from"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1904.92,"endTime":1907.83,"body":"adult men in their lives or"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1907.83,"endTime":1910.74,"body":"older men, they might have been"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1907.83,"endTime":1910.74,"body":"children as well, but just"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1910.74,"endTime":1918.15,"body":"older, would make up the boys."},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1910.74,"endTime":1918.15,"body":"And this led to early use of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1918.93,"endTime":1923.4,"body":"substances to cope. On some of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1918.93,"endTime":1923.4,"body":"them were just introduced to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1923.4,"endTime":1928.8,"body":"these substances, as I said, to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1923.4,"endTime":1928.8,"body":"facilitate abuse. But some also"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1928.8,"endTime":1932.61,"body":"started and then became"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1928.8,"endTime":1932.61,"body":"dependent because it was a"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1932.61,"endTime":1941.88,"body":"miracle. And then you had also"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1932.61,"endTime":1941.88,"body":"folks who experienced adult IPv"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1941.88,"endTime":1948.09,"body":"intimate partner violence. And"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1941.88,"endTime":1948.09,"body":"then, and then there were youth"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1948.12,"endTime":1954.54,"body":"intimate partner violence as"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1948.12,"endTime":1954.54,"body":"well. So you know, key findings"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1954.54,"endTime":1962.76,"body":"from our studies, you know,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1954.54,"endTime":1962.76,"body":"there are, yeah, experiences of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1962.82,"endTime":1966.0,"body":"violence being facilitated by"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1962.82,"endTime":1966.0,"body":"violence, or, you know, people"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1966.0,"endTime":1969.06,"body":"using sort of being facilitated"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1966.0,"endTime":1969.06,"body":"by alcohol use or the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1969.06,"endTime":1974.25,"body":"substances. And, and folks are"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1969.06,"endTime":1974.25,"body":"also coping with the trauma of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1974.25,"endTime":1978.96,"body":"violence through substance use."},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1974.25,"endTime":1978.96,"body":"And so just a few findings from"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1978.96,"endTime":1983.52,"body":"that study, another being that"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1978.96,"endTime":1983.52,"body":"COVID Many people share their"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1983.52,"endTime":1989.19,"body":"COVID did worse than violence,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1983.52,"endTime":1989.19,"body":"get experiences of violence,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1989.19,"endTime":1992.07,"body":"many people are trapped in homes"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1989.19,"endTime":1992.07,"body":"with abusers and couldn't leave"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1992.61,"endTime":1996.87,"body":"abusers, some of them are"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1992.61,"endTime":1996.87,"body":"dependent on the women for"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1996.87,"endTime":2001.97,"body":"material support. And so they"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":1996.87,"endTime":2001.97,"body":"would use them to maintain that"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2002.0,"endTime":2008.24,"body":"control and support. So yeah,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2002.0,"endTime":2008.24,"body":"and you know, the most heavy"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2008.24,"endTime":2013.94,"body":"alcohol use was about 91% of the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2008.24,"endTime":2013.94,"body":"participants, there was"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2013.94,"endTime":2017.81,"body":"somewhere to use about 28% of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2013.94,"endTime":2017.81,"body":"participants and crack use"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2017.99,"endTime":2024.92,"body":"22%.of participants. And, yeah,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2017.99,"endTime":2024.92,"body":"I don't know if there's anything"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2024.92,"endTime":2029.9,"body":"else. But yeah, and"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":2032.09,"endTime":2034.67,"body":"Thank you for sharing."},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":2032.09,"endTime":2034.67,"body":"And it sounds like self care is"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":2034.67,"endTime":2037.31,"body":"very important when you're doing"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":2034.67,"endTime":2037.31,"body":"this type of research."},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2038.57,"endTime":2040.31,"body":"I would, I"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2038.57,"endTime":2040.31,"body":"would be lying if I didn't say I"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2040.31,"endTime":2043.52,"body":"was very impacted my mental"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2040.31,"endTime":2043.52,"body":"health, my mental health"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2043.52,"endTime":2046.61,"body":"suffered from this. And I can"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2043.52,"endTime":2046.61,"body":"only imagine what it's like"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2046.61,"endTime":2052.16,"body":"living with that trauma. So if"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2046.61,"endTime":2052.16,"body":"you know."},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":2053.98,"endTime":2059.02,"body":"So, all right. Well,"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":2053.98,"endTime":2059.02,"body":"given your experience, or excuse"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":2059.02,"endTime":2064.69,"body":"me, given your expertise in HIV"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":2059.02,"endTime":2064.69,"body":"prevention and care, what are"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":2064.69,"endTime":2068.38,"body":"some key findings or insights"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":2064.69,"endTime":2068.38,"body":"from your research that could"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":2068.38,"endTime":2072.88,"body":"inform public health strategies"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":2068.38,"endTime":2072.88,"body":"for addressing HIV disparities"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":2073.12,"endTime":2076.78,"body":"among LGBTQ plus populations?"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2077.71,"endTime":2080.11,"body":"Yeah, thank"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2077.71,"endTime":2080.11,"body":"you for that question. There's"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2080.11,"endTime":2084.58,"body":"definitely you know, one of the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2080.11,"endTime":2084.58,"body":"things we learned very quickly"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2084.61,"endTime":2088.12,"body":"in the AIDS epidemic, the first"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2084.61,"endTime":2088.12,"body":"the beginning days of that"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2088.12,"endTime":2093.1,"body":"epidemic is just the role of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2088.12,"endTime":2093.1,"body":"stigma and anti anti gay"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2093.94,"endTime":2100.09,"body":"discourses and beliefs in"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2093.94,"endTime":2100.09,"body":"driving stigma against"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2100.18,"endTime":2106.78,"body":"populations impacted by HIV most"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2100.18,"endTime":2106.78,"body":"impacted by HIV. Right? So the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2106.78,"endTime":2111.88,"body":"beginning days, it was called"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2106.78,"endTime":2111.88,"body":"the gay related group, it was"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2111.88,"endTime":2114.01,"body":"called Great. I'm trying to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2111.88,"endTime":2114.01,"body":"remember what the Id still stood"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2114.01,"endTime":2120.01,"body":"for I look it up right now. Yes,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2114.01,"endTime":2120.01,"body":"gay Related Immune Deficiency,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2120.04,"endTime":2124.63,"body":"or the gay play gay syndrome"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2120.04,"endTime":2124.63,"body":"already was very much conflating"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2125.02,"endTime":2130.12,"body":"one sexual identity with with"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2125.02,"endTime":2130.12,"body":"the disease. And there was a"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2130.15,"endTime":2134.44,"body":"moral panic, driven by, you"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2130.15,"endTime":2134.44,"body":"know, social actors, anti gay,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2134.44,"endTime":2139.78,"body":"social actors, politicians,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2134.44,"endTime":2139.78,"body":"conservative politicians, in"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2139.78,"endTime":2142.81,"body":"response to the epidemic, right,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2139.78,"endTime":2142.81,"body":"so we knew from the very"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2142.81,"endTime":2146.11,"body":"beginning what role that played"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2142.81,"endTime":2146.11,"body":"because it actually impacted how"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2146.11,"endTime":2149.83,"body":"quickly the government responded"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2146.11,"endTime":2149.83,"body":"to the epidemic, which was not"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2149.83,"endTime":2153.82,"body":"very quickly. You know, many"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2149.83,"endTime":2153.82,"body":"were like, well, this is"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2153.82,"endTime":2157.57,"body":"punishment for gay people for"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2153.82,"endTime":2157.57,"body":"quote, unquote, sinning. And so"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2157.57,"endTime":2161.29,"body":"you know, let them die. And, you"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2157.57,"endTime":2161.29,"body":"know, as the epidemic"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2161.29,"endTime":2166.21,"body":"progressed, and we learned more"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2161.29,"endTime":2166.21,"body":"about it, we found out that, you"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2166.21,"endTime":2168.76,"body":"know, Haitian immigrants were"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2166.21,"endTime":2168.76,"body":"disproportionately impacted."},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2169.66,"endTime":2174.7,"body":"injection drug users will also"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2169.66,"endTime":2174.7,"body":"disproportionately impacted, and"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2175.18,"endTime":2180.91,"body":"hemophiliacs were impacted. And"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2175.18,"endTime":2180.91,"body":"I think the term was the four H"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2180.91,"endTime":2187.57,"body":"club, Haitians, homosexuals,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2180.91,"endTime":2187.57,"body":"hemophilia eggs, and forgetting"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2187.57,"endTime":2193.72,"body":"what the fourth H was. All kind"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2187.57,"endTime":2193.72,"body":"of to me, here when users sorry,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2193.84,"endTime":2201.43,"body":"and so very stigmatizing, right."},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2193.84,"endTime":2201.43,"body":"And that led to these"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2201.43,"endTime":2207.97,"body":"populations being marginalized"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2201.43,"endTime":2207.97,"body":"in society. And with more"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2207.97,"endTime":2213.82,"body":"knowledge about how the virus"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2207.97,"endTime":2213.82,"body":"spread, with protests from the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2213.82,"endTime":2216.88,"body":"communities impacted,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2213.82,"endTime":2216.88,"body":"particularly the gay community,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2217.63,"endTime":2220.99,"body":"and allies, there was a shift"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2217.63,"endTime":2220.99,"body":"and finally funding,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2221.47,"endTime":2224.95,"body":"unfortunately, give that history"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2221.47,"endTime":2224.95,"body":"only to say that unfortunately,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2224.95,"endTime":2229.57,"body":"this legacy still exists. In our"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2224.95,"endTime":2229.57,"body":"research, there's still a stigma"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2229.84,"endTime":2232.12,"body":"against gay people around HIV,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2229.84,"endTime":2232.12,"body":"whether people will see it or"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2232.12,"endTime":2235.48,"body":"not, it's not the same level"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2232.12,"endTime":2235.48,"body":"right? of stigma doesn't look"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2235.48,"endTime":2238.9,"body":"the same. But there's still"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2235.48,"endTime":2238.9,"body":"stigma, including internalized"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2238.9,"endTime":2244.63,"body":"stigma within the community"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2238.9,"endTime":2244.63,"body":"around HIV. And so I think, in"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2244.63,"endTime":2248.89,"body":"terms of what can be done to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2244.63,"endTime":2248.89,"body":"address it, we need to continue"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2248.89,"endTime":2253.63,"body":"to educate people about HIV and"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2248.89,"endTime":2253.63,"body":"how HIV spreads, and how people"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2253.63,"endTime":2257.23,"body":"become at risk for HIV IV,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2253.63,"endTime":2257.23,"body":"right? How we construct a risk"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2257.23,"endTime":2259.54,"body":"is really important. That's"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2257.23,"endTime":2259.54,"body":"another thing I talked about."},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2259.96,"endTime":2263.38,"body":"And it was something that I"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2259.96,"endTime":2263.38,"body":"focused on in my dissertation in"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2263.38,"endTime":2266.86,"body":"Ghana, because in Ghana, and"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2263.38,"endTime":2266.86,"body":"many sub Saharan African"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2266.86,"endTime":2272.44,"body":"countries, governments did not"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2266.86,"endTime":2272.44,"body":"include queer men in HIV"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2272.44,"endTime":2276.85,"body":"policies, the epidemic was"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2272.44,"endTime":2276.85,"body":"constructed as a homosexual"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2276.85,"endTime":2280.36,"body":"epidemic in the West. And so in"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2276.85,"endTime":2280.36,"body":"Western countries, the US,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2280.36,"endTime":2286.42,"body":"Europe, Canada, etc, compared to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2280.36,"endTime":2286.42,"body":"a quote unquote, heterosexual"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2286.42,"endTime":2289.93,"body":"epidemic in the Global South,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2286.42,"endTime":2289.93,"body":"particularly in Sub Saharan"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2289.93,"endTime":2295.72,"body":"Africa, which was the most"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2289.93,"endTime":2295.72,"body":"impacted. And that's led to, you"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2295.72,"endTime":2298.51,"body":"know, this downstream effect"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2295.72,"endTime":2298.51,"body":"where funding then went to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2298.57,"endTime":2301.42,"body":"address in heterosexual"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2298.57,"endTime":2301.42,"body":"transmission and mother to child"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2301.42,"endTime":2306.97,"body":"transmission, young women, who"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2301.42,"endTime":2306.97,"body":"were, you know, at risk, because"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2306.97,"endTime":2311.38,"body":"of, you know, gender inequality."},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2306.97,"endTime":2311.38,"body":"And gay men were ignored. So it"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2311.38,"endTime":2319.27,"body":"took almost 25 years in Ghana,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2311.38,"endTime":2319.27,"body":"in particular, for HIV policies"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2319.27,"endTime":2323.89,"body":"to acknowledge male same sex"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2319.27,"endTime":2323.89,"body":"transmission. And what we've"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2323.89,"endTime":2328.84,"body":"learned about part of that is,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2323.89,"endTime":2328.84,"body":"you know, criminalization of, of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2329.35,"endTime":2334.42,"body":"getting, you know, identity or"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2329.35,"endTime":2334.42,"body":"same sex sexual activities is a"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2334.42,"endTime":2343.27,"body":"key driver of, of these of high"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2334.42,"endTime":2343.27,"body":"HIV risk, right? I'll give since"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2343.27,"endTime":2348.37,"body":"Gunnersbury. Do my research."},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2343.27,"endTime":2348.37,"body":"Gay, Bisexual, and other men who"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2348.37,"endTime":2353.71,"body":"have sex with men have an HIV"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2348.37,"endTime":2353.71,"body":"prevalence of 80%. The most"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2353.71,"endTime":2356.68,"body":"recent surveillance study that"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2353.71,"endTime":2356.68,"body":"finally included trans women,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2357.61,"endTime":2366.73,"body":"shows that trans women have any"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2357.61,"endTime":2366.73,"body":"JV prevalence of 46% that is"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2366.76,"endTime":2372.43,"body":"almost wanting to trans women"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2366.76,"endTime":2372.43,"body":"are HIV positive. And one in"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2372.43,"endTime":2379.66,"body":"five gay men are HIV positive."},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2372.43,"endTime":2379.66,"body":"Or negative men who have sex"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2379.66,"endTime":2385.87,"body":"with men excuse me, just because"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2379.66,"endTime":2385.87,"body":"identity and sexual behavior"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2385.87,"endTime":2391.36,"body":"shouldn't have completed but"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2385.87,"endTime":2391.36,"body":"yes. So, you know, this is a"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2391.36,"endTime":2393.94,"body":"huge disparity there. The"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2391.36,"endTime":2393.94,"body":"country's prevalence is one"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2393.94,"endTime":2400.54,"body":"point at this point, I think"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2393.94,"endTime":2400.54,"body":"it's 1.4 1.5%. And so You know,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2400.6,"endTime":2403.06,"body":"one could look at this and say"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2400.6,"endTime":2403.06,"body":"This is punishment for the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2403.06,"endTime":2407.59,"body":"community or we can actually"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2403.06,"endTime":2407.59,"body":"look at what's driving this"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2407.59,"endTime":2410.95,"body":"epidemic. And, you know, as"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2407.59,"endTime":2410.95,"body":"research has demonstrated"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2410.98,"endTime":2415.54,"body":"stigma, people being afraid to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2410.98,"endTime":2415.54,"body":"go into the clinics because of,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2415.72,"endTime":2418.99,"body":"of anti gay sentiments and"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2415.72,"endTime":2418.99,"body":"criminalization of melting sex"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2418.99,"endTime":2424.81,"body":"activities. You know, lack of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2418.99,"endTime":2424.81,"body":"public education on just how HIV"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2424.81,"endTime":2431.95,"body":"spreads it, HIV is more and more"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2424.81,"endTime":2431.95,"body":"not spoken about, on the radio"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2431.95,"endTime":2435.91,"body":"or on TV as much just not as"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2431.95,"endTime":2435.91,"body":"much public health campaigns"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2435.91,"endTime":2438.7,"body":"educating people about it,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2435.91,"endTime":2438.7,"body":"because especially in context"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2438.7,"endTime":2442.96,"body":"where populations, key"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2438.7,"endTime":2442.96,"body":"populations like trans women and"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2443.05,"endTime":2449.38,"body":"gay bisexual other men are"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2443.05,"endTime":2449.38,"body":"criminalized. It's important to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2449.38,"endTime":2452.5,"body":"have public education because"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2449.38,"endTime":2452.5,"body":"then everyone can have access to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2452.5,"endTime":2455.95,"body":"that, including those who are"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2452.5,"endTime":2455.95,"body":"too afraid to come to programs"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2456.37,"endTime":2459.16,"body":"that would teach you targeted"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2456.37,"endTime":2459.16,"body":"programs that teach you about"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2459.28,"endTime":2463.99,"body":"risk and protection, good"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2459.28,"endTime":2463.99,"body":"resources, etc. In Ghana, male"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2463.99,"endTime":2466.99,"body":"same sex sexualities are"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2463.99,"endTime":2466.99,"body":"criminalized. It's a colonial"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2466.99,"endTime":2471.28,"body":"era law, that is common in"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2466.99,"endTime":2471.28,"body":"Commonwealth countries of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2471.67,"endTime":2474.88,"body":"formerly British colonized"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2471.67,"endTime":2474.88,"body":"countries. So you'll find this"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2474.88,"endTime":2477.91,"body":"in the Caribbean in many parts"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2474.88,"endTime":2477.91,"body":"of Africa and parts of Asia."},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2478.45,"endTime":2481.09,"body":"These laws exist their British"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2478.45,"endTime":2481.09,"body":"colonial laws, it used to exist"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2481.09,"endTime":2485.8,"body":"in the US until 2005, I believe,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2481.09,"endTime":2485.8,"body":"or three anti sodomy laws were"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2485.8,"endTime":2492.64,"body":"just recently. Yes, we're just"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2485.8,"endTime":2492.64,"body":"recently overall didn't at least"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2492.64,"endTime":2498.04,"body":"regularly. So. Yeah, this is,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2492.64,"endTime":2498.04,"body":"you know, when we talk about"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2498.04,"endTime":2502.63,"body":"history, very recent history,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2498.04,"endTime":2502.63,"body":"and some of it still ongoing in"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2502.66,"endTime":2509.02,"body":"different parts of the world. So"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2502.66,"endTime":2509.02,"body":"we need to decriminalize, but"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2509.02,"endTime":2511.66,"body":"not just decriminalize, we need"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2509.02,"endTime":2511.66,"body":"to protect people,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2511.69,"endTime":2514.72,"body":"decriminalizing is not the same"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2511.69,"endTime":2514.72,"body":"as you know, having rates"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2515.68,"endTime":2518.98,"body":"criminalized and then have"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2515.68,"endTime":2518.98,"body":"rights protections for LGBTQ"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2518.98,"endTime":2522.58,"body":"populations. I think we need to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2518.98,"endTime":2522.58,"body":"change social attitudes,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2522.76,"endTime":2525.43,"body":"decriminalizing given rights"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2522.76,"endTime":2525.43,"body":"protections will have a"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2525.43,"endTime":2527.74,"body":"downstream effect, right,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2525.43,"endTime":2527.74,"body":"including changing social"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2527.95,"endTime":2531.46,"body":"attitudes. There are many people"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2527.95,"endTime":2531.46,"body":"in Ghana who have quick, you"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2531.46,"endTime":2535.9,"body":"know, cousins or family members"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2531.46,"endTime":2535.9,"body":"and are, you know, hang out with"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2535.9,"endTime":2539.11,"body":"them and are cool with them, but"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2535.9,"endTime":2539.11,"body":"publicly will save violent"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2539.11,"endTime":2542.8,"body":"things, right? Because they"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2539.11,"endTime":2542.8,"body":"don't feel they feel socially"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2542.8,"endTime":2550.27,"body":"pressured to. I think when we"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2542.8,"endTime":2550.27,"body":"change laws, that can help shape"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2550.48,"endTime":2554.47,"body":"and create space for people to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2550.48,"endTime":2554.47,"body":"really just publicly, you know,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2554.92,"endTime":2560.95,"body":"show empathy and and feel safer"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2554.92,"endTime":2560.95,"body":"to be supportive. Are there"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2560.95,"endTime":2562.45,"body":"people who are just supportive"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2560.95,"endTime":2562.45,"body":"and they're free to say"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2562.45,"endTime":2564.13,"body":"something because you're free,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2562.45,"endTime":2564.13,"body":"you're free to social"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2564.13,"endTime":2568.63,"body":"marginalization and"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2564.13,"endTime":2568.63,"body":"ostracization? I think we need"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2568.63,"endTime":2572.41,"body":"to have influential community"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2568.63,"endTime":2572.41,"body":"and public figures speak out"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2572.41,"endTime":2575.74,"body":"against violence. And this is"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2572.41,"endTime":2575.74,"body":"all very specific in to Ghana,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2575.74,"endTime":2578.92,"body":"in contexts like Ghana, where"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2575.74,"endTime":2578.92,"body":"things are very, that's where"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2578.92,"endTime":2582.91,"body":"we're at. People don't even want"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2578.92,"endTime":2582.91,"body":"to speak out against acts of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2582.91,"endTime":2586.63,"body":"violence, brutal acts of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2582.91,"endTime":2586.63,"body":"violence against LGBTQ people."},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2587.41,"endTime":2590.95,"body":"Currently, there is a proposed"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2587.41,"endTime":2590.95,"body":"actually a past Parliament"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2590.95,"endTime":2594.88,"body":"proposed bill that is still not"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2590.95,"endTime":2594.88,"body":"law, though. But it's a bill"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2594.88,"endTime":2600.4,"body":"that was introduced in 2021. To"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2594.88,"endTime":2600.4,"body":"further criminalize LGBTQ people"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2600.67,"endTime":2605.02,"body":"to went from criminalizing you"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2600.67,"endTime":2605.02,"body":"know, unnatural, carnal"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2605.02,"endTime":2608.44,"body":"knowledge, which is basically,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2605.02,"endTime":2608.44,"body":"you know, any sex is considered"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2608.47,"endTime":2614.32,"body":"a normal non, you know, vaginal"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2608.47,"endTime":2614.32,"body":"penetration of penal penetration"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2614.32,"endTime":2617.29,"body":"of whatever this is very"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2614.32,"endTime":2617.29,"body":"graphic. But, you know, what, I"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2617.29,"endTime":2622.27,"body":"mean, you know, this sodomy or"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2617.29,"endTime":2622.27,"body":"you know, other forms of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2622.51,"endTime":2626.8,"body":"sexualities that are considered"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2622.51,"endTime":2626.8,"body":"deviant and unnatural, right. So"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2626.83,"endTime":2632.86,"body":"this bill aims to criminalize"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2626.83,"endTime":2632.86,"body":"identities, advocacy, and Ally"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2632.86,"endTime":2637.39,"body":"ship of LGBTQ people, so LGBTQ"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2632.86,"endTime":2637.39,"body":"people can face up to three"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2637.39,"endTime":2642.91,"body":"years in jail, advocates can"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2637.39,"endTime":2642.91,"body":"face up to 10 years. Ilyas will"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2642.91,"endTime":2646.72,"body":"face years in prison if they"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2642.91,"endTime":2646.72,"body":"don't, you know, and and it also"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2646.72,"endTime":2649.15,"body":"encourages people to report"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2646.72,"endTime":2649.15,"body":"family members and people they"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2649.15,"endTime":2652.72,"body":"know who are gay. It is"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2649.15,"endTime":2652.72,"body":"horrendous, it would it would"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2652.72,"endTime":2655.42,"body":"make illegal you know, any"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2652.72,"endTime":2655.42,"body":"gender affirming care or"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2655.45,"endTime":2661.12,"body":"surgeries, etc. And so, you"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2655.45,"endTime":2661.12,"body":"know, this is a backlash and my"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2661.12,"endTime":2665.02,"body":"research actually my"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2661.12,"endTime":2665.02,"body":"dissertation was looking at how"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2665.11,"endTime":2670.12,"body":"Ghana shift to include policy to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2665.11,"endTime":2670.12,"body":"include queer men in HIV policy"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2670.3,"endTime":2675.55,"body":"was contributing to this"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2670.3,"endTime":2675.55,"body":"polarization and politicization"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2675.58,"endTime":2680.8,"body":"and backlash. So I was studying"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2675.58,"endTime":2680.8,"body":"that in 2014 2015 2016. And now"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2680.8,"endTime":2686.14,"body":"we're seeing some of the some of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2680.8,"endTime":2686.14,"body":"this backlash culminated to a"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2686.14,"endTime":2692.59,"body":"law or a bill that might very"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2686.14,"endTime":2692.59,"body":"much become law. So I'm just"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2692.62,"endTime":2696.49,"body":"highlighting this because"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2692.62,"endTime":2696.49,"body":"there's not space. When people"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2696.49,"endTime":2701.29,"body":"are criminalized, it is very,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2696.49,"endTime":2701.29,"body":"very difficult. Um, for them to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2701.29,"endTime":2705.37,"body":"access resources that they need,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2701.29,"endTime":2705.37,"body":"when the very thing especially"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2705.37,"endTime":2709.9,"body":"around HIV risk, STIs, etc, the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2705.37,"endTime":2709.9,"body":"very thing that might will put"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2709.9,"endTime":2716.02,"body":"them at risk is a criminalized"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2709.9,"endTime":2716.02,"body":"identity or activity. Right. And"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2716.02,"endTime":2720.73,"body":"so, you know, I think that's,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2716.02,"endTime":2720.73,"body":"that's my key thing is we need"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2720.73,"endTime":2723.67,"body":"to take away the structural"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2720.73,"endTime":2723.67,"body":"determinants, right. This is"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2723.7,"endTime":2729.52,"body":"oppression of LGBTQ people. And"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2723.7,"endTime":2729.52,"body":"there's no ways about it,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2729.55,"endTime":2733.15,"body":"there's no way to live in a"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2729.55,"endTime":2733.15,"body":"place, right. This is why I talk"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2733.78,"endTime":2738.07,"body":"about in light of social, social"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2733.78,"endTime":2738.07,"body":"medical. Researcher, researchers"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2738.07,"endTime":2741.97,"body":"talk about the limitations of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2738.07,"endTime":2741.97,"body":"individual behavior change."},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2743.23,"endTime":2745.78,"body":"Disproportionately public health"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2743.23,"endTime":2745.78,"body":"interventions focus on"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2745.78,"endTime":2749.59,"body":"individual behavior change. And"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2745.78,"endTime":2749.59,"body":"over and over again, research"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2749.59,"endTime":2752.23,"body":"has documented that these don't"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2749.59,"endTime":2752.23,"body":"really have short term impacts,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2752.23,"endTime":2755.62,"body":"they don't have long term or"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2752.23,"endTime":2755.62,"body":"population level impacts, right"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2755.65,"endTime":2758.2,"body":"in my work for the small sample"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2755.65,"endTime":2758.2,"body":"that you worked with, it's not"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2758.2,"endTime":2761.98,"body":"going to work for to address"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2758.2,"endTime":2761.98,"body":"population disparities, we need"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2762.01,"endTime":2765.55,"body":"structural interventions to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2762.01,"endTime":2765.55,"body":"address population disparities,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2765.64,"endTime":2768.07,"body":"we need to decriminalize, we"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2765.64,"endTime":2768.07,"body":"need to protect people's rights,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2768.49,"endTime":2771.76,"body":"we need to give people access to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2768.49,"endTime":2771.76,"body":"care, we need to you know,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2771.76,"endTime":2773.98,"body":"subsidize health care, we need"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2771.76,"endTime":2773.98,"body":"to have insurance, universal"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2773.98,"endTime":2777.52,"body":"insurance. So everyone can get"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2773.98,"endTime":2777.52,"body":"care, regardless of their income"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2777.52,"endTime":2781.66,"body":"status, or your documentation"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2777.52,"endTime":2781.66,"body":"status, or their race or"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2781.66,"endTime":2786.55,"body":"whatever else. Right. So I'll"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2781.66,"endTime":2786.55,"body":"just say that and of course,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2786.55,"endTime":2789.82,"body":"studying these issues from a"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2786.55,"endTime":2789.82,"body":"different intersections, right,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2789.85,"endTime":2794.56,"body":"the risk of, of adverse health"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2789.85,"endTime":2794.56,"body":"outcomes differ for for LGBTQ"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2794.56,"endTime":2797.08,"body":"people, which is where a"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2794.56,"endTime":2797.08,"body":"disproportionate number of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2797.08,"endTime":2801.1,"body":"people are poor, because of the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2797.08,"endTime":2801.1,"body":"stigma, and because in society,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2801.1,"endTime":2803.38,"body":"most people are working class,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2801.1,"endTime":2803.38,"body":"most people are not wealthy."},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2803.8,"endTime":2806.8,"body":"Another fact that people don't"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2803.8,"endTime":2806.8,"body":"talk about, right, we want to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2807.19,"endTime":2810.16,"body":"people are sold this idea that"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2807.19,"endTime":2810.16,"body":"we can all become wealthy and"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2810.16,"endTime":2815.92,"body":"successful. And that's not the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2810.16,"endTime":2815.92,"body":"reality in this country. So all"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2815.92,"endTime":2817.75,"body":"that is to say, these are some"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2815.92,"endTime":2817.75,"body":"of the few things that can be"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2817.75,"endTime":2821.98,"body":"done. And to do that under"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2817.75,"endTime":2821.98,"body":"different intersections."},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":2824.29,"endTime":2831.49,"body":"Well, I have one more"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":2824.29,"endTime":2831.49,"body":"question for you. What advice"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":2831.49,"endTime":2834.34,"body":"would you give to young"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":2831.49,"endTime":2834.34,"body":"researchers or students"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":2834.37,"endTime":2837.25,"body":"interested in pursuing similar"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":2834.37,"endTime":2837.25,"body":"work in the field of public"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":2837.25,"endTime":2839.89,"body":"health and health disparities"},{"speaker":"Nada Fox","startTime":2837.25,"endTime":2839.89,"body":"research?"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2841.13,"endTime":2845.66,"body":"Thank you."},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2841.13,"endTime":2845.66,"body":"That is another another great"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2845.66,"endTime":2853.01,"body":"question. I think, you know, it"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2845.66,"endTime":2853.01,"body":"will not come as a surprise to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2853.01,"endTime":2857.45,"body":"you that we need to, you know,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2853.01,"endTime":2857.45,"body":"just based on what I've been"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2857.45,"endTime":2862.16,"body":"sharing that we need for engaged"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2857.45,"endTime":2862.16,"body":"research to be rooted in and"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2862.16,"endTime":2866.21,"body":"informed by populations most"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2862.16,"endTime":2866.21,"body":"impacted by the health issues"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2866.21,"endTime":2870.11,"body":"we're working on. I think"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2866.21,"endTime":2870.11,"body":"there's some public health work"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2870.11,"endTime":2873.65,"body":"that is rooted in community. But"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2870.11,"endTime":2873.65,"body":"it's a lot of the biggest"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2873.65,"endTime":2877.67,"body":"research studies are research"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2873.65,"endTime":2877.67,"body":"centers and academic"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2877.67,"endTime":2882.44,"body":"institutions that are not rooted"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2877.67,"endTime":2882.44,"body":"in or connected to communities."},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2882.95,"endTime":2887.0,"body":"And I think we do important"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2882.95,"endTime":2887.0,"body":"work, but oftentimes, that work"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2887.0,"endTime":2890.69,"body":"is disconnected from the most"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2887.0,"endTime":2890.69,"body":"impacted communities and the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2890.69,"endTime":2894.44,"body":"people doing the work or not"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2890.69,"endTime":2894.44,"body":"reflecting those populations,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2894.44,"endTime":2898.64,"body":"right. You know, public health"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2894.44,"endTime":2898.64,"body":"research is disproportionately"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2898.67,"endTime":2903.23,"body":"conducted by middle class, you"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2898.67,"endTime":2903.23,"body":"know, white academics, or, you"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2903.23,"endTime":2907.91,"body":"know, and, you know, and even"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2903.23,"endTime":2907.91,"body":"for the people of color, were"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2907.91,"endTime":2911.42,"body":"middle class, right? We face"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2907.91,"endTime":2911.42,"body":"different different barriers,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2911.42,"endTime":2913.43,"body":"experiences. I grew up working"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2911.42,"endTime":2913.43,"body":"class, and I, you know, I've"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2913.43,"endTime":2914.72,"body":"experienced it on both sides."},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2913.43,"endTime":2914.72,"body":"Now that I'm a middle class"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2914.72,"endTime":2915.68,"body":"profession, you know, I see the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2914.72,"endTime":2915.68,"body":"difference, like, what"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2915.68,"endTime":2921.17,"body":"difference it makes to have"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2915.68,"endTime":2921.17,"body":"resources and to be connected to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2921.26,"endTime":2934.64,"body":"other people with resources, do"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2921.26,"endTime":2934.64,"body":"my education, right. But it is"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2934.64,"endTime":2942.41,"body":"easy to forget, if you're not"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2934.64,"endTime":2942.41,"body":"connected to communities, and"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2942.44,"endTime":2946.94,"body":"engaged in your research in that"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2942.44,"endTime":2946.94,"body":"way. And I or your your work,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2947.12,"endTime":2951.74,"body":"whether you're into research or"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2947.12,"endTime":2951.74,"body":"doing applied work. So I would"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2951.74,"endTime":2955.16,"body":"say that and look at what"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2951.74,"endTime":2955.16,"body":"communities are doing. One of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2955.16,"endTime":2959.12,"body":"the things I really like to talk"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2955.16,"endTime":2959.12,"body":"about in my classes is the role"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2959.12,"endTime":2962.18,"body":"of social movements, the impact"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2959.12,"endTime":2962.18,"body":"of social movements on health."},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2962.48,"endTime":2965.51,"body":"We don't talk a lot about this"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2962.48,"endTime":2965.51,"body":"many social movements with the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2965.51,"endTime":2972.47,"body":"gains that we've won around."},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2965.51,"endTime":2972.47,"body":"Health care. We're led by"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2972.68,"endTime":2978.17,"body":"community members. I show the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2972.68,"endTime":2978.17,"body":"documentary The takeover, New"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2978.17,"endTime":2982.01,"body":"York Times documentary"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2978.17,"endTime":2982.01,"body":"documenting Puerto Rican and"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2982.01,"endTime":2989.63,"body":"black. Puerto Ricans, me black,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2982.01,"endTime":2989.63,"body":"but you know what I mean? Latinx"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2989.66,"endTime":2995.18,"body":"poetry Rican and non Latin X"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2989.66,"endTime":2995.18,"body":"black folks in South Bronx, took"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2995.18,"endTime":3000.25,"body":"over a clinic Lincoln clinic in"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":2995.18,"endTime":3000.25,"body":"the Bronx in the 70s because As"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3000.28,"endTime":3002.5,"body":"this clinic was the place where"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3000.28,"endTime":3002.5,"body":"people went and died, they"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3002.5,"endTime":3005.83,"body":"called it the butcher block or"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3002.5,"endTime":3005.83,"body":"something like, you know, people"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3005.83,"endTime":3009.43,"body":"go there and come out with with"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3005.83,"endTime":3009.43,"body":"worse outcomes. Because you"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3009.43,"endTime":3012.94,"body":"know, South Bronx is a poor"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3009.43,"endTime":3012.94,"body":"community, mostly people of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3012.94,"endTime":3017.05,"body":"color. And these hospitals do"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3012.94,"endTime":3017.05,"body":"not care about their health. And"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3017.05,"endTime":3023.35,"body":"they took over the clinic"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3017.05,"endTime":3023.35,"body":"overnight and demanded listed a"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3023.35,"endTime":3026.86,"body":"bunch of demands to improve the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3023.35,"endTime":3026.86,"body":"conditions. There was a standoff"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3026.89,"endTime":3031.45,"body":"between the NYPD and these"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3026.89,"endTime":3031.45,"body":"activists, and they were able to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3031.45,"endTime":3035.95,"body":"because of the the impact of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3031.45,"endTime":3035.95,"body":"that takeover, they were able to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3035.95,"endTime":3040.48,"body":"get the clinic to build a new"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3035.95,"endTime":3040.48,"body":"hospital that improved these"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3040.48,"endTime":3045.67,"body":"conditions. Now we could spend"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3040.48,"endTime":3045.67,"body":"years studying how Lincoln"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3045.67,"endTime":3049.66,"body":"clinic was not meeting the needs"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3045.67,"endTime":3049.66,"body":"of these community members. And"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3049.66,"endTime":3051.97,"body":"we want community which we're"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3049.66,"endTime":3051.97,"body":"going to take over and through"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3051.97,"endTime":3057.46,"body":"that, they were able to bring"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3051.97,"endTime":3057.46,"body":"this into national news and and"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3057.58,"endTime":3060.91,"body":"get Quicker, quicker"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3057.58,"endTime":3060.91,"body":"transformation, right, that"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3060.91,"endTime":3064.06,"body":"addressed their structural"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3060.91,"endTime":3064.06,"body":"issue. We don't have this clinic"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3064.09,"endTime":3066.58,"body":"is not functioning in the way or"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3064.09,"endTime":3066.58,"body":"hospitals not functioning the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3066.58,"endTime":3070.3,"body":"way our community needs it to,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3066.58,"endTime":3070.3,"body":"in order to save lives and"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3070.3,"endTime":3077.02,"body":"improve outcomes. They started"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3070.3,"endTime":3077.02,"body":"an acupuncture center in that"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3077.02,"endTime":3081.28,"body":"clinic, to address addiction"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3077.02,"endTime":3081.28,"body":"that was community led that was"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3081.28,"endTime":3088.57,"body":"by black activists, anti racist"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3081.28,"endTime":3088.57,"body":"activists who were, you know,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3088.6,"endTime":3091.81,"body":"part of this movement. So I'll"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3088.6,"endTime":3091.81,"body":"give another example the Black"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3091.81,"endTime":3095.53,"body":"Panthers did a lot of health"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3091.81,"endTime":3095.53,"body":"activism, Alondra Nelson, who's"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3095.53,"endTime":3100.63,"body":"a sociologist writes about this"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3095.53,"endTime":3100.63,"body":"research in her work, and how"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3100.66,"endTime":3105.1,"body":"they took, you know, developed"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3100.66,"endTime":3105.1,"body":"community clinics, like, you"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3105.1,"endTime":3112.51,"body":"know, vans worked with doctors"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3105.1,"endTime":3112.51,"body":"to, to come into black"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3112.51,"endTime":3115.3,"body":"communities and provide health"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3112.51,"endTime":3115.3,"body":"care, they held a health"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3115.3,"endTime":3121.42,"body":"conference to address racial"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3115.3,"endTime":3121.42,"body":"health disparities, they did the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3121.42,"endTime":3124.21,"body":"free breakfast program for you"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3121.42,"endTime":3124.21,"body":"know, poor black kids who are"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3124.21,"endTime":3128.23,"body":"not getting adequate nutrition"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3124.21,"endTime":3128.23,"body":"that actually inspired and"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3128.23,"endTime":3132.79,"body":"influenced food policy or school"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3128.23,"endTime":3132.79,"body":"food policy where it wasn't it"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3132.79,"endTime":3134.86,"body":"shifted from just providing"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3132.79,"endTime":3134.86,"body":"lunch to providing breakfast and"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3134.86,"endTime":3142.81,"body":"lunch. You know, this is a"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3134.86,"endTime":3142.81,"body":"national thing. Now, sickle cell"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3142.81,"endTime":3144.88,"body":"anemia, which is a health issue"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3142.81,"endTime":3144.88,"body":"that disproportionately impacts"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3144.88,"endTime":3148.93,"body":"black folks who are not being"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3144.88,"endTime":3148.93,"body":"researched, given research funds"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3148.93,"endTime":3153.91,"body":"to understand and Black Panthers"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3148.93,"endTime":3153.91,"body":"organized and fought for"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3153.94,"endTime":3158.17,"body":"funding, federal funding that"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3153.94,"endTime":3158.17,"body":"led to a federal law to fund"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3158.29,"endTime":3161.95,"body":"sickle cell anemia research. So"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3158.29,"endTime":3161.95,"body":"I give these examples to say"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3161.95,"endTime":3165.25,"body":"that we need to be plugged into"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3161.95,"endTime":3165.25,"body":"how communities are actually"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3165.28,"endTime":3170.26,"body":"talking about social conditions"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3165.28,"endTime":3170.26,"body":"and asking for, you know, better"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3170.83,"endTime":3175.75,"body":"health, health outcomes. There"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3170.83,"endTime":3175.75,"body":"are many communities doing this"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3175.75,"endTime":3178.93,"body":"work trans communities, trans"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3175.75,"endTime":3178.93,"body":"activists are organizing around"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3178.93,"endTime":3182.02,"body":"these issues, you know, other"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3178.93,"endTime":3182.02,"body":"queer communities are doing"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3182.02,"endTime":3186.7,"body":"this. So if we don't do that, we"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3182.02,"endTime":3186.7,"body":"are removed from the people who"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3186.7,"endTime":3190.51,"body":"are actually impacted by these"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3186.7,"endTime":3190.51,"body":"issues and removed from their"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3190.51,"endTime":3194.26,"body":"agency and how they actually"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3190.51,"endTime":3194.26,"body":"take this on, not just us, you"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3194.26,"endTime":3198.4,"body":"know, so I will say with that,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3194.26,"endTime":3198.4,"body":"that we approach this work with"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3198.4,"endTime":3203.71,"body":"humility and conviction and, and"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3198.4,"endTime":3203.71,"body":"also reflect on our biases and"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3203.71,"endTime":3206.95,"body":"gaps in knowledge and"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3203.71,"endTime":3206.95,"body":"experiences. And really always"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3206.95,"endTime":3209.38,"body":"look into like, I'm interested"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3206.95,"endTime":3209.38,"body":"in this health issue, and I want"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3209.38,"endTime":3212.05,"body":"to address it, let me see what"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3209.38,"endTime":3212.05,"body":"people are saying about this"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3212.05,"endTime":3215.77,"body":"actually, in the community, you"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3212.05,"endTime":3215.77,"body":"know, let me look and see what"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3215.77,"endTime":3218.53,"body":"we know about the structural"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3215.77,"endTime":3218.53,"body":"determinants of these, let's not"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3218.53,"endTime":3220.87,"body":"just do the individual is"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3218.53,"endTime":3220.87,"body":"focused on what we can do, can"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3220.87,"endTime":3227.41,"body":"we mobilize and and you know, or"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3220.87,"endTime":3227.41,"body":"protest or find ways to advocate"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3227.41,"endTime":3230.65,"body":"beyond these interventions are"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3227.41,"endTime":3230.65,"body":"more focused on individual"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3230.65,"endTime":3234.13,"body":"behavior change? We can do that."},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3230.65,"endTime":3234.13,"body":"But what more can we also do?"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3235.45,"endTime":3238.6,"body":"And then I think, lastly, there"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3235.45,"endTime":3238.6,"body":"needs to be a little dose of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3238.6,"endTime":3241.36,"body":"skepticism, because I say I"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3238.6,"endTime":3241.36,"body":"highlight all these structural"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3241.36,"endTime":3246.61,"body":"determinants, but I also know"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3241.36,"endTime":3246.61,"body":"that I have no illusions,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3246.64,"endTime":3252.55,"body":"unfortunately, in this in the"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3246.64,"endTime":3252.55,"body":"system that we live under, which"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3252.58,"endTime":3255.91,"body":"puts profit over human needs,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3252.58,"endTime":3255.91,"body":"unfortunately, like we don't"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3255.91,"endTime":3259.96,"body":"need to NIH doesn't need to find"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3255.91,"endTime":3259.96,"body":"any more research on a on racism"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3259.96,"endTime":3264.31,"body":"and how bad racism is, or how,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3259.96,"endTime":3264.31,"body":"you know, there's lots of, you"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3264.31,"endTime":3267.76,"body":"know, fundings, understand"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3264.31,"endTime":3267.76,"body":"racism, or, you know, just"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3267.76,"endTime":3270.55,"body":"sectional stigma or these"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3267.76,"endTime":3270.55,"body":"things, we have the data,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3270.79,"endTime":3275.2,"body":"because things are bad, poverty"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3270.79,"endTime":3275.2,"body":"is bad. Racism is bad."},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3275.35,"endTime":3277.57,"body":"Homophobia is bad. transphobia"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3275.35,"endTime":3277.57,"body":"is bad. What are we going to do"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3277.57,"endTime":3281.14,"body":"about it? We can do more"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3277.57,"endTime":3281.14,"body":"studies, but can we take some of"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3281.14,"endTime":3284.65,"body":"that money? Can we change some"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3281.14,"endTime":3284.65,"body":"of these laws? Do we have to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3284.65,"endTime":3287.71,"body":"have segregation in the way that"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3284.65,"endTime":3287.71,"body":"it's manifesting, right, where"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3288.28,"endTime":3292.69,"body":"people are segregated and get"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3288.28,"endTime":3292.69,"body":"less resources? Because of where"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3292.69,"endTime":3295.75,"body":"they live, because it's"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3292.69,"endTime":3295.75,"body":"disproportionately black? Or"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3295.75,"endTime":3298.48,"body":"disproportionate, you know, or"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3295.75,"endTime":3298.48,"body":"it's moved or you know, it's"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3298.48,"endTime":3302.98,"body":"indigenous or whatever else? So,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3298.48,"endTime":3302.98,"body":"yeah, I think we need to start"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3303.01,"endTime":3305.35,"body":"asking critical questions,"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3303.01,"endTime":3305.35,"body":"right? We know these things are"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3305.35,"endTime":3310.75,"body":"bad. Why do we continue to"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3305.35,"endTime":3310.75,"body":"ignore and not change the laws"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3310.78,"endTime":3314.38,"body":"that produce these outcomes? So"},{"speaker":"Dr. Akua Gyamerah","startTime":3310.78,"endTime":3314.38,"body":"that's what I will say."}]}