{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2.04,"endTime":3.0,"body":"Hello"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2.04,"endTime":3.0,"body":"and welcome to the Fire"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3.0,"endTime":4.59,"body":"Science Show episode 49."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":4.59,"endTime":5.55,"body":"Great to have you here again."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":5.82,"endTime":6.45,"body":"Over the time."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":6.45,"endTime":8.76,"body":"I have noticed that there"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":6.45,"endTime":8.76,"body":"are some subjects in the"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":8.76,"endTime":9.93,"body":"podcast that generate."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":10.197,"endTime":11.391,"body":"above the usual."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":11.541,"endTime":13.731,"body":"Uh, interest in my audience."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":14.091,"endTime":17.031,"body":"And among these topics, there's"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":14.091,"endTime":17.031,"body":"definitely battery fires."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":17.541,"endTime":19.851,"body":"I think lithium-ion"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":17.541,"endTime":19.851,"body":"batteries, something"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":19.851,"endTime":21.141,"body":"that touches all of us."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":21.159,"endTime":24.874,"body":"as engineers, because it's"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":21.159,"endTime":24.874,"body":"something new and it's"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":24.874,"endTime":27.724,"body":"something that everyone"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":24.874,"endTime":27.724,"body":"expects us to handle in a way."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":28.024,"endTime":32.554,"body":"Even if in your scientific or"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":28.024,"endTime":32.554,"body":"engineering career, you don't"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":32.554,"endTime":33.964,"body":"necessarily touch the topic."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":34.714,"endTime":37.234,"body":"Eventually you will be"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":34.714,"endTime":37.234,"body":"asked about the questions of"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":37.324,"endTime":41.194,"body":"burning electrical vehicles"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":37.324,"endTime":41.194,"body":"or is energy storage at"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":41.194,"endTime":42.454,"body":"your house safe or not."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":42.874,"endTime":45.094,"body":"And I think we should"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":42.874,"endTime":45.094,"body":"be ready to meet."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":45.334,"endTime":47.374,"body":"Answer these"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":45.334,"endTime":47.374,"body":"questions, hopefully."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":47.764,"endTime":49.594,"body":"Based on science and evidence."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":49.864,"endTime":53.284,"body":"And this is what I'm trying to"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":49.864,"endTime":53.284,"body":"get you in the podcast and also"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":53.284,"endTime":54.964,"body":"get for myself in the podcast."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":55.354,"endTime":57.244,"body":"By inviting world-class experts."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":57.514,"endTime":61.444,"body":"We had Roeland Bischop from RISE"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":57.514,"endTime":61.444,"body":"who discussed electric vehicles."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":61.804,"endTime":64.714,"body":"We had DK Ezekoye who"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":61.804,"endTime":64.714,"body":"discussed the battery systems."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":65.164,"endTime":67.924,"body":"And today and other great"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":65.164,"endTime":67.924,"body":"scientists this time, a young"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":67.954,"endTime":69.334,"body":"talent from Kings College."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":69.784,"endTime":70.144,"body":"Dr."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":70.144,"endTime":74.838,"body":"Francesco who also happens"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":70.144,"endTime":74.838,"body":"to be my good friend and"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":74.868,"endTime":78.618,"body":"whom I admire a lot because"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":74.868,"endTime":78.618,"body":"his scientific scrutiny"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":78.618,"endTime":83.088,"body":"and the way how he performs"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":78.618,"endTime":83.088,"body":"research is on another level."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":83.508,"endTime":86.658,"body":"All the effort he puts"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":83.508,"endTime":86.658,"body":"into quantifying uncertain."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":86.658,"endTime":89.568,"body":"It is understanding"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":86.658,"endTime":89.568,"body":"the first principles."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":89.836,"endTime":91.448,"body":"In experiments he's doing."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":91.748,"endTime":92.888,"body":"The way, how he designs."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":93.128,"endTime":93.878,"body":"This is so good."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":93.878,"endTime":94.958,"body":"And you will hear that."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":95.348,"endTime":97.638,"body":"In the public is that"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":95.348,"endTime":97.638,"body":"he's really good."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":97.668,"endTime":100.308,"body":"And he knows what"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":97.668,"endTime":100.308,"body":"he's talking about."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":100.308,"endTime":102.378,"body":"Even though every second"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":100.308,"endTime":102.378,"body":"sentence he claims"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":102.378,"endTime":103.068,"body":"he's not an expert."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":103.338,"endTime":104.448,"body":"He certainly is."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":104.868,"endTime":109.998,"body":"And with Francesco, we go deep"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":104.868,"endTime":109.998,"body":"inside the cell, the battery."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":110.448,"endTime":114.288,"body":"To understand what"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":110.448,"endTime":114.288,"body":"makes battery."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":114.948,"endTime":115.698,"body":"Dangerous."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":116.018,"endTime":117.798,"body":"Why batteries burn."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":118.248,"endTime":122.718,"body":"What evens leads to a cascading"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":118.248,"endTime":122.718,"body":"failure of battery and."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":123.115,"endTime":126.161,"body":"Little more about if"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":123.115,"endTime":126.161,"body":"self heating can be"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":126.161,"endTime":127.331,"body":"an issue in batteries."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":127.331,"endTime":128.531,"body":"And that's very interesting."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":128.831,"endTime":129.671,"body":"Francesco is a."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":130.361,"endTime":133.661,"body":"Scientists who've made a"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":130.361,"endTime":133.661,"body":"career out of investigating"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":133.661,"endTime":136.271,"body":"self-heating and I find"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":133.661,"endTime":136.271,"body":"it's really great that he"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":136.271,"endTime":137.618,"body":"applied all this knowledge."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":137.638,"endTime":140.008,"body":"He gained on self heating"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":137.638,"endTime":140.008,"body":"of various materials"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":140.008,"endTime":140.938,"body":"to batteries now."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":140.938,"endTime":143.068,"body":"And that, that looks"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":140.938,"endTime":143.068,"body":"very, very promising."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":143.638,"endTime":144.088,"body":"So."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":144.688,"endTime":149.008,"body":"It's a tough episode,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":144.688,"endTime":149.008,"body":"but I think if we want to"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":149.008,"endTime":152.458,"body":"be prepared to deal with"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":149.008,"endTime":152.458,"body":"batteries, to talk about"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":152.488,"endTime":154.348,"body":"batteries, to provide safety."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":154.828,"endTime":158.008,"body":"The facilities that deal with"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":154.828,"endTime":158.008,"body":"batteries, we need to understand"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":158.038,"endTime":159.358,"body":"what happens inside the battery."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":159.838,"endTime":161.698,"body":"And this episode"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":159.838,"endTime":161.698,"body":"is all about it."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":161.698,"endTime":163.858,"body":"I hope you will enjoy it."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":164.308,"endTime":167.548,"body":"And one more question to"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":164.308,"endTime":167.548,"body":"ask if you do enjoy, and"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":167.578,"endTime":168.598,"body":"if you'd like the podcast."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":168.928,"endTime":171.118,"body":"Maybe there's a chance you"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":168.928,"endTime":171.118,"body":"could leave a five star"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":171.118,"endTime":172.798,"body":"review in your podcast app."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":173.158,"endTime":176.488,"body":"That would help me a lot with"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":173.158,"endTime":176.488,"body":"my search engine optimization."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":176.908,"endTime":179.248,"body":"The algorithms love five stars."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":179.668,"endTime":181.918,"body":"So if possible, and."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":182.488,"endTime":186.448,"body":"You can just pause for a"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":182.488,"endTime":186.448,"body":"second, jump into the review"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":186.478,"endTime":189.508,"body":"part of your podcast app"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":186.478,"endTime":189.508,"body":"and leave something nicer."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":189.868,"endTime":191.698,"body":"I would be very"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":189.868,"endTime":191.698,"body":"grateful for that."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":192.358,"endTime":195.338,"body":"And  once you've done with"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":192.358,"endTime":195.338,"body":"that, please press play"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":195.338,"endTime":197.048,"body":"and enjoy the episode."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":197.168,"endTime":197.588,"body":"Let's go."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":221.064,"endTime":221.784,"body":"Hello everybody."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":221.874,"endTime":223.434,"body":"I'm today here with Dr."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":223.434,"endTime":226.404,"body":"Francesca Restuccia of"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":223.434,"endTime":226.404,"body":"Kings College in London."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":226.904,"endTime":227.81,"body":"Hey, Fracnesco"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":228.698,"endTime":228.968,"body":"Thank"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":228.968,"endTime":229.388,"body":"you for having."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":229.911,"endTime":230.361,"body":"Welcome."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":230.361,"endTime":230.971,"body":"Welcome, man."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":230.981,"endTime":231.875,"body":"happy to have you here."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":232.388,"endTime":235.268,"body":"And another take"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":232.388,"endTime":235.268,"body":"on batteries today."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":235.324,"endTime":238.458,"body":"the previous episodes"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":235.324,"endTime":238.458,"body":"about batteries were"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":238.466,"endTime":239.858,"body":"really well received."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":239.858,"endTime":245.078,"body":"So I assume the audience in the"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":239.858,"endTime":245.078,"body":"podcast is very interested in"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":245.408,"endTime":248.888,"body":"this technology and who's not"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":245.408,"endTime":248.888,"body":"in the world of fire where,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":248.913,"endTime":252.041,"body":"being scared about the dangers"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":248.913,"endTime":252.041,"body":"of lithium-ion batteries."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":252.041,"endTime":252.371,"body":"Every."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":252.544,"endTime":257.384,"body":"Every day and last week had a,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":252.544,"endTime":257.384,"body":"Mike Spearpoint on the show and"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":257.654,"endTime":261.274,"body":"he also brought, uh, numerous,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":257.654,"endTime":261.274,"body":"things to consider, not to"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":261.274,"endTime":264.934,"body":"worry about what to consider"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":261.274,"endTime":264.934,"body":"when doing a car park, uh,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":264.964,"endTime":266.428,"body":"with this, electric vehicles."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":266.788,"endTime":270.358,"body":"Actually, my Mike said that the"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":266.788,"endTime":270.358,"body":"first vehicles were electric"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":270.362,"endTime":271.614,"body":"that, that, that killed me."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":272.184,"endTime":274.764,"body":"That's first car parks were"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":272.184,"endTime":274.764,"body":"meant for electric cars"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":275.064,"endTime":276.054,"body":"now to think about that."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":276.109,"endTime":278.159,"body":"Well, you have run the"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":276.109,"endTime":278.159,"body":"full circle, but Francesco."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":278.179,"endTime":280.399,"body":"I didn't ask you to talk"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":278.179,"endTime":280.399,"body":"about electric cars."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":280.789,"endTime":283.329,"body":"We can discuss, the"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":280.789,"endTime":283.329,"body":"vehicles, on some other day."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":283.389,"endTime":285.429,"body":"I want some hardcore"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":283.389,"endTime":285.429,"body":"chemistry, man."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":287.139,"endTime":290.049,"body":"I want to finally know"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":287.139,"endTime":290.049,"body":"what the hell sits in the"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":290.049,"endTime":295.369,"body":"battery that, um, makes it,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":290.049,"endTime":295.369,"body":"so scary to everyone around."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":295.819,"endTime":298.153,"body":"And I've learned that I"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":295.819,"endTime":298.153,"body":"should not, poke one with the"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":298.153,"endTime":299.623,"body":"nail to see what's inside."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":301.318,"endTime":301.918,"body":"Accurate?"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":302.318,"endTime":302.908,"body":"Yeah."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":303.358,"endTime":304.888,"body":"The"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":303.358,"endTime":304.888,"body":"active material inside"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":304.888,"endTime":305.848,"body":"might not like it."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":306.128,"endTime":306.548,"body":"Yeah."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":306.608,"endTime":310.848,"body":"So yeah, please tell me what"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":306.608,"endTime":310.848,"body":"kinds of devils technology lies"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":310.848,"endTime":315.918,"body":"inside the lithium-ion, uh, cell"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":310.848,"endTime":315.918,"body":"and, uh, yeah, just so let's"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":315.918,"endTime":319.164,"body":"start with the basic, like,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":315.918,"endTime":319.164,"body":"how is god damn battery built?"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":319.184,"endTime":320.227,"body":"I know it's from outside,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":320.506,"endTime":322.936,"body":"so I'm not"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":320.506,"endTime":322.936,"body":"a chemist, so any chemist might"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":323.236,"endTime":325.876,"body":"be horrified at my explanation"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":323.236,"endTime":325.876,"body":"cause I will simplify it."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":326.116,"endTime":327.406,"body":"Um, but effectively."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":327.623,"endTime":329.573,"body":"You have lithium-ion batteries."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":329.603,"endTime":332.423,"body":"Um, and they're named after the"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":329.603,"endTime":332.423,"body":"active material that's inside."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":332.423,"endTime":335.753,"body":"So for example, when you"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":332.423,"endTime":335.753,"body":"read lithium cobalt oxide,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":335.753,"endTime":339.833,"body":"and you read L I C O O"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":335.753,"endTime":339.833,"body":"two or LCO, you know, that"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":339.833,"endTime":343.476,"body":"just means that  the active"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":339.833,"endTime":343.476,"body":"material is lithium cobalt."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":343.546,"endTime":344.866,"body":"so the material."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":345.756,"endTime":350.136,"body":"The cathode is made of is"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":345.756,"endTime":350.136,"body":"lithium cobalt or the other"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":350.136,"endTime":352.476,"body":"popular one is our Alamo."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":352.476,"endTime":354.186,"body":"So lithium manganese oxide."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":354.516,"endTime":356.556,"body":"Um, and again, it just means"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":354.516,"endTime":356.556,"body":"that the active material,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":356.566,"endTime":360.129,"body":"so the Capto is made up of"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":356.566,"endTime":360.129,"body":"lithium manganese, in layers."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":360.129,"endTime":361.449,"body":"So they have an oxide layer."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":361.649,"endTime":364.379,"body":"and the third common one is NMC."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":364.409,"endTime":366.539,"body":"So the three that you"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":364.409,"endTime":366.539,"body":"usually read most about"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":366.539,"endTime":369.758,"body":"since you mentioned vehicles"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":366.539,"endTime":369.758,"body":"is NMC, which is, basically"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":369.788,"endTime":372.818,"body":"a cathode combination of"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":369.788,"endTime":372.818,"body":"nickel, manganese, cobalt."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":373.142,"endTime":375.358,"body":"and so they're usually"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":373.142,"endTime":375.358,"body":"used for power cells."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":375.358,"endTime":377.308,"body":"So that's why they're used"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":375.358,"endTime":377.308,"body":"a lot in electric vehicles,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":377.308,"endTime":380.878,"body":"because for example, when"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":377.308,"endTime":380.878,"body":"you read the 18 6, 5, 0, so."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":381.673,"endTime":383.839,"body":"Research papers these"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":381.673,"endTime":383.839,"body":"days I read, that tried"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":383.839,"endTime":387.449,"body":"to do a sample cell start"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":383.839,"endTime":387.449,"body":"with the 18 65 0 cell."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":387.633,"endTime":390.919,"body":"and that's just a cell that can"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":387.633,"endTime":390.919,"body":"deliver, I don't know, about"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":391.039,"endTime":393.559,"body":"two to 3000 mili ampere hours."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":393.739,"endTime":394.849,"body":"So four to five, um,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":395.504,"endTime":397.814,"body":"I"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":395.504,"endTime":397.814,"body":"have a flashlight with"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":397.884,"endTime":401.144,"body":"just one cell and it, and"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":397.884,"endTime":401.144,"body":"it lights for 12 hours."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":401.144,"endTime":404.504,"body":"So for me, that's 12"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":401.144,"endTime":404.504,"body":"hours of continuous light"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":404.534,"endTime":405.974,"body":"capacity in, such a cell."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":406.319,"endTime":407.309,"body":"Uh, yeah."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":407.339,"endTime":409.799,"body":"And then they can charge, so"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":407.339,"endTime":409.799,"body":"they have this specific energy."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":409.799,"endTime":410.063,"body":"Right."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":410.072,"endTime":412.625,"body":"it could be for example, NMC is."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":412.978,"endTime":416.913,"body":"between 150 to 200,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":412.978,"endTime":416.913,"body":"what our per kilo."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":417.123,"endTime":419.463,"body":"So quite high"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":417.123,"endTime":419.463,"body":"energy dense, right?"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":419.763,"endTime":421.563,"body":"It's, it's, it's very, very big."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":421.593,"endTime":425.733,"body":"Um, or then lithium manganese"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":421.593,"endTime":425.733,"body":"oxide one, which is less"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":425.733,"endTime":426.603,"body":"powerful one, right?"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":426.603,"endTime":427.713,"body":"There's a hundred still, right?"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":427.833,"endTime":429.993,"body":"It's a hundred watt"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":427.833,"endTime":429.993,"body":"hours per kilogram."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":430.411,"endTime":430.711,"body":"So these."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":431.051,"endTime":434.345,"body":"Quite a lot of energy that"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":431.051,"endTime":434.345,"body":"can be stored into them."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":434.625,"endTime":436.245,"body":"Okay,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":434.625,"endTime":436.245,"body":"but that that's the cathode"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":436.245,"endTime":437.505,"body":"what's what's else in there."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":437.72,"endTime":439.07,"body":"So"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":437.72,"endTime":439.07,"body":"you have the anode and the"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":439.07,"endTime":442.755,"body":"electrolyte, and in fact"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":439.07,"endTime":442.755,"body":"that's where the fire comes in."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":442.917,"endTime":446.88,"body":"so these batteries are made"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":442.917,"endTime":446.88,"body":"up of  and then electrolyte"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":446.89,"endTime":449.67,"body":"substance inside and the"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":446.89,"endTime":449.67,"body":"electrolyte substance, varies."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":449.897,"endTime":451.817,"body":"and in fact, it's usually"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":449.897,"endTime":451.817,"body":"quite hard to find out"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":451.817,"endTime":454.89,"body":"what the electrolyte is,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":451.817,"endTime":454.89,"body":"when writing papers, uh,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":454.95,"endTime":456.03,"body":"again, I am not a chemist."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":456.03,"endTime":457.527,"body":"So when I started"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":456.03,"endTime":457.527,"body":"looking into this."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":457.537,"endTime":459.817,"body":"I was a bit confused at"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":457.537,"endTime":459.817,"body":"what the electrolyte was."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":459.817,"endTime":461.857,"body":"So I asked the chemist, I"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":459.817,"endTime":461.857,"body":"asked the chemical engineer,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":462.127,"endTime":463.177,"body":"what is the electrolyte?"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":463.177,"endTime":464.677,"body":"And they said, it's"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":463.177,"endTime":464.677,"body":"full of additives."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":464.887,"endTime":466.087,"body":"It's really complicated."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":466.087,"endTime":467.677,"body":"It varies battery from battery."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":467.917,"endTime":471.127,"body":"Um, and, but you always"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":467.917,"endTime":471.127,"body":"know what the cathode is"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":471.127,"endTime":472.867,"body":"because that's what the"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":471.127,"endTime":472.867,"body":"battery is named after."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":472.867,"endTime":475.507,"body":"So, and that's what really"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":472.867,"endTime":475.507,"body":"is what provides the"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":475.747,"endTime":476.827,"body":"that's the energy density"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":477.062,"endTime":479.012,"body":"So,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":477.062,"endTime":479.012,"body":"so let's, let's agree on"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":479.012,"endTime":481.142,"body":"calling, uh, electrolyte,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":479.012,"endTime":481.142,"body":"the battery juice"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":481.537,"endTime":482.047,"body":"Exactly."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":482.047,"endTime":482.257,"body":"Yeah."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":482.287,"endTime":484.784,"body":"So you have the juice, you"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":482.287,"endTime":484.784,"body":"have the anode and you have the"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":484.784,"endTime":487.924,"body":"cathode,  In, uh, for a fire"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":484.784,"endTime":487.924,"body":"problems, you know, why are we"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":487.924,"endTime":488.794,"body":"interested in these materials?"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":488.794,"endTime":491.734,"body":"So these are the materials"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":488.794,"endTime":491.734,"body":"within a battery when you"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":491.734,"endTime":494.284,"body":"cycle a battery, so you connect"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":491.734,"endTime":494.284,"body":"it up, you make it active,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":494.549,"endTime":496.357,"body":"then electrodes flow, right?"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":496.387,"endTime":497.947,"body":"So you have your"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":496.387,"endTime":497.947,"body":"electrical cycle."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":498.207,"endTime":500.307,"body":"and part of the energy"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":498.207,"endTime":500.307,"body":"that's released is"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":500.307,"endTime":501.357,"body":"your electrical energy."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":501.627,"endTime":504.957,"body":"And part of it is what's"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":501.627,"endTime":504.957,"body":"known as Joule heating, right?"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":504.957,"endTime":507.087,"body":"So it was just the electrical,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":504.957,"endTime":507.087,"body":"the cell impedance, your"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":507.087,"endTime":509.397,"body":"cell has some resistance"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":507.087,"endTime":509.397,"body":"and it releases some heat."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":509.397,"endTime":509.697,"body":"Enjoy"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":509.722,"endTime":511.222,"body":"One one second,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":511.259,"endTime":514.222,"body":"once the back, uh, but,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":511.259,"endTime":514.222,"body":"the way how it is built, I"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":514.282,"endTime":517.602,"body":"was actually quite confused"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":514.282,"endTime":517.602,"body":"when I watched the video of"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":517.602,"endTime":518.742,"body":"batteries being produced."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":518.742,"endTime":521.472,"body":"But because when I was a"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":518.742,"endTime":521.472,"body":"young kid, I had a passion"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":521.472,"endTime":524.862,"body":"for chemistry and blowing"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":521.472,"endTime":524.862,"body":"stuff up and actually setting"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":524.862,"endTime":527.412,"body":"things on fire, which has"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":524.862,"endTime":527.412,"body":"not changed significantly."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":527.722,"endTime":529.432,"body":"I was about"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":527.722,"endTime":529.432,"body":"to say now you'd basically just"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":529.432,"endTime":529.882,"body":"do that for a"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":529.992,"endTime":531.672,"body":"Yeah, I made it into"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":531.672,"endTime":532.602,"body":"living suits, actually."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":532.602,"endTime":533.382,"body":"That's quite cool."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":533.592,"endTime":535.252,"body":"Um, and I don't go"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":533.592,"endTime":535.252,"body":"to jail for that."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":535.252,"endTime":536.362,"body":"That that's another benefit."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":536.672,"endTime":540.002,"body":", but, uh, I I've played with"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":536.672,"endTime":540.002,"body":"batteries, uh, by playing,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":540.002,"endTime":542.702,"body":"I mean, I've disassembled"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":540.002,"endTime":542.702,"body":"them and they, there was"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":542.702,"endTime":544.142,"body":"like a graphite core."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":544.532,"endTime":550.382,"body":"Uh, there was a metal encasing"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":544.532,"endTime":550.382,"body":"and there was a black, all"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":550.382,"endTime":552.122,"body":"the smelling substance in it."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":552.399,"endTime":553.122,"body":"and, I think."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":553.627,"endTime":557.917,"body":"When I then, so 30 years"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":553.627,"endTime":557.917,"body":"fast-forward, uh, how batteries"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":557.917,"endTime":560.894,"body":"made that they were like,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":557.917,"endTime":560.894,"body":"uh, sheets of, materials"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":561.134,"endTime":563.054,"body":"spins into a cylinder."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":563.264,"endTime":566.777,"body":"So it's like a continuous"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":563.264,"endTime":566.777,"body":"sandwich that's just, rolled,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":567.052,"endTime":567.352,"body":"Yeah."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":567.382,"endTime":569.872,"body":"So, so there also, so for the."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":569.942,"endTime":571.082,"body":"Cylindrical batteries."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":571.352,"endTime":573.632,"body":"You're effectively you start"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":571.352,"endTime":573.632,"body":"with the powder, right?"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":573.632,"endTime":576.059,"body":"So you start with,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":573.632,"endTime":576.059,"body":"some material."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":576.119,"endTime":579.599,"body":"Um, you Dan make really,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":576.119,"endTime":579.599,"body":"really, really thin sheets."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":579.749,"endTime":581.909,"body":"and then you rolled them"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":579.749,"endTime":581.909,"body":"up into jelly rolls."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":581.939,"endTime":584.699,"body":"So you rolled them up into"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":581.939,"endTime":584.699,"body":"really, really all these really"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":584.699,"endTime":586.469,"body":"thin sheets into a drill."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":586.649,"endTime":590.099,"body":"Then you compress it"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":586.649,"endTime":590.099,"body":"into account right."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":590.099,"endTime":591.839,"body":"Of metal, so that"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":590.099,"endTime":591.839,"body":"it's protected."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":592.342,"endTime":593.422,"body":"and then you."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":594.277,"endTime":599.257,"body":"Basically put a lid on the top,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":594.277,"endTime":599.257,"body":"which has the plus bit so that"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":599.257,"endTime":600.607,"body":"you can connect the wire to it."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":601.097,"endTime":603.137,"body":"and on the bottom you"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":601.097,"endTime":603.137,"body":"put it on node, right?"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":603.137,"endTime":604.517,"body":"So you put the cap on the node,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":604.63,"endTime":607.59,"body":"the only"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":604.63,"endTime":607.59,"body":"when I saw this, how it is"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":607.59,"endTime":611.94,"body":"made, and only when I finally"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":607.59,"endTime":611.94,"body":"understood what is inside,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":611.94,"endTime":614.61,"body":"because I, I had this image in"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":611.94,"endTime":614.61,"body":"my head from the chatter that"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":614.61,"endTime":618.27,"body":"it's like a road of something"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":614.61,"endTime":618.27,"body":"in the middle, a substance, and,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":618.312,"endTime":621.387,"body":"the encasing that surrounds it"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":618.312,"endTime":621.387,"body":"only when they realize it's,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":621.406,"endTime":623.28,"body":"layers of cathodes and anodes."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":624.379,"endTime":629.065,"body":"all like jelly rolls together"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":624.379,"endTime":629.065,"body":"in one continuous roll."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":629.335,"endTime":630.145,"body":"I've realized that this."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":630.812,"endTime":634.52,"body":"Why these, um, mechanical"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":630.812,"endTime":634.52,"body":"failure of batteries, like why,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":634.97,"endTime":638.84,"body":"why crushing it, or why nailing"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":634.97,"endTime":638.84,"body":"it immediately creates such"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":638.84,"endTime":643.07,"body":"an effect because essentially"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":638.84,"endTime":643.07,"body":"you're suddenly connecting the"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":643.07,"endTime":644.751,"body":"things that should be separated."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":644.797,"endTime":646.567,"body":"you, you create the"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":644.797,"endTime":646.567,"body":"short circuit between"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":646.567,"endTime":647.647,"body":"the cathodes and anodes."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":648.322,"endTime":651.542,"body":"And because they are so close"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":648.322,"endTime":651.542,"body":"together because you probably"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":651.542,"endTime":654.842,"body":"want to have the biggest"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":651.542,"endTime":654.842,"body":"surface reacting all the time."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":655.022,"endTime":657.542,"body":"So there's like, those"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":655.022,"endTime":657.542,"body":"ones are hundreds of"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":657.542,"endTime":658.622,"body":"these layers together."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":658.922,"endTime":662.012,"body":"We Pierce to them completely"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":658.922,"endTime":662.012,"body":"and suddenly you've created"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":662.402,"endTime":663.762,"body":"hundreds of short circuits"},{"speaker":". Francesco Restuccia","startTime":663.955,"endTime":665.185,"body":"You,"},{"speaker":". Francesco Restuccia","startTime":663.955,"endTime":665.185,"body":"you just pointed out the item"},{"speaker":". Francesco Restuccia","startTime":665.185,"endTime":667.045,"body":"that I may stop, honestly,"},{"speaker":". Francesco Restuccia","startTime":665.185,"endTime":667.045,"body":"in the rolling, you put a"},{"speaker":". Francesco Restuccia","startTime":667.045,"endTime":669.265,"body":"really, really thin membrane,"},{"speaker":". Francesco Restuccia","startTime":667.045,"endTime":669.265,"body":"which is called the separator"},{"speaker":". Francesco Restuccia","startTime":669.355,"endTime":670.465,"body":"that separates the two."},{"speaker":". Francesco Restuccia","startTime":670.465,"endTime":670.735,"body":"Right?"},{"speaker":". Francesco Restuccia","startTime":670.825,"endTime":672.715,"body":"So it almost looks"},{"speaker":". Francesco Restuccia","startTime":670.825,"endTime":672.715,"body":"like a sheet of paper."},{"speaker":". Francesco Restuccia","startTime":672.715,"endTime":673.015,"body":"Right."},{"speaker":". Francesco Restuccia","startTime":673.165,"endTime":675.445,"body":"And then you fill it with"},{"speaker":". Francesco Restuccia","startTime":673.165,"endTime":675.445,"body":"the liquid electrolyte or"},{"speaker":". Francesco Restuccia","startTime":675.445,"endTime":676.675,"body":"the juice as we called it."},{"speaker":". Francesco Restuccia","startTime":676.675,"endTime":677.635,"body":"And then you put the cap."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":677.749,"endTime":677.959,"body":"Yeah."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":678.449,"endTime":681.469,"body":"So then when these short"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":678.449,"endTime":681.469,"body":"circuits, it's just all"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":681.469,"endTime":684.649,"body":"the energy that's stored"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":681.469,"endTime":684.649,"body":"in the battery and we try"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":684.649,"endTime":687.769,"body":"to put as much energy in it"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":684.649,"endTime":687.769,"body":"because of obvious reasons"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":688.219,"endTime":690.885,"body":"is it's just released in a"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":688.219,"endTime":690.885,"body":"split of second, actually."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":690.885,"endTime":692.029,"body":"and th that that's really."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":692.834,"endTime":696.074,"body":"Interesting, but I didn't"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":692.834,"endTime":696.074,"body":"want to talk that much about"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":696.104,"endTime":699.97,"body":"mechanical failure of batteries,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":696.104,"endTime":699.97,"body":"because, uh, you also happen to"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":699.97,"endTime":703.76,"body":"be, quite a knowledgeable person"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":699.97,"endTime":703.76,"body":"about, self-feeding processes."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":703.76,"endTime":706.604,"body":"And, this is something"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":703.76,"endTime":706.604,"body":"I look forward."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":706.814,"endTime":710.624,"body":"So you you've started"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":706.814,"endTime":710.624,"body":"mentioning, um, how, why"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":710.624,"endTime":712.214,"body":"the battery produces heat."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":712.244,"endTime":713.024,"body":"Maybe you can,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":713.084,"endTime":713.324,"body":"uh,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":713.384,"endTime":714.494,"body":"finish that thought."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":714.559,"endTime":715.639,"body":"Can"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":714.559,"endTime":715.639,"body":"I add to, can I add one"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":715.639,"endTime":716.629,"body":"thing just out of curiosity?"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":716.659,"endTime":719.059,"body":"Cause you, you actually sparked"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":716.659,"endTime":719.059,"body":"my curiosity on, you know,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":719.059,"endTime":721.729,"body":"that the battery manufacturing,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":719.059,"endTime":721.729,"body":"from what I hear from the"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":721.729,"endTime":724.339,"body":"manufacturing, people that"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":721.729,"endTime":724.339,"body":"matter the battery manufacturing"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":724.339,"endTime":726.949,"body":"process is done a certain"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":724.339,"endTime":726.949,"body":"way because it was adopted"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":726.949,"endTime":727.939,"body":"from existing industries."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":727.939,"endTime":728.119,"body":"Right?"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":728.119,"endTime":730.549,"body":"So when we used to do"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":728.119,"endTime":730.549,"body":"Kodak films, right, we"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":730.549,"endTime":732.469,"body":"already had the industry"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":730.549,"endTime":732.469,"body":"for that, which is why the."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":733.159,"endTime":735.589,"body":"Making, from what I understand"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":733.159,"endTime":735.589,"body":"from the material scientists,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":735.739,"endTime":738.169,"body":"the process was just on the"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":735.739,"endTime":738.169,"body":"adoption of the one from the"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":738.169,"endTime":739.519,"body":"film industry that Kodak it."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":739.519,"endTime":742.145,"body":"So, and that's why it was"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":739.519,"endTime":742.145,"body":"done that way, because from an"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":742.145,"endTime":744.485,"body":"engineering point of view, I"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":742.145,"endTime":744.485,"body":"always thought there must be a"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":744.485,"endTime":747.185,"body":"more optimal way to do it, but"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":744.485,"endTime":747.185,"body":"they already had the industry."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":747.305,"endTime":749.735,"body":"So, so they just adopted"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":747.305,"endTime":749.735,"body":"an existing industry."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":749.825,"endTime":751.325,"body":"But again, I'm not a"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":749.825,"endTime":751.325,"body":"material scientist."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":751.325,"endTime":753.215,"body":"So this is from my"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":751.325,"endTime":753.215,"body":"manufacturing colleagues."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":753.245,"endTime":755.975,"body":"Cause I asked why I like, from"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":753.245,"endTime":755.975,"body":"an engineering perspective,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":755.975,"endTime":757.595,"body":"there must be a more"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":755.975,"endTime":757.595,"body":"efficient way to make this."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":757.775,"endTime":759.815,"body":"Um, and that's also why"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":757.775,"endTime":759.815,"body":"now they're always looking"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":759.815,"endTime":761.735,"body":"at future batteries and"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":759.815,"endTime":761.735,"body":"you know, there are."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":762.21,"endTime":764.192,"body":"Materials that they're"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":762.21,"endTime":764.192,"body":"trying to think"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":764.192,"endTime":764.762,"body":"about, but yeah."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":765.137,"endTime":766.757,"body":"But"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":765.137,"endTime":766.757,"body":"there were also prismatic"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":766.757,"endTime":767.897,"body":"cells, poach cells."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":767.897,"endTime":770.927,"body":"And I guess these are done"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":767.897,"endTime":770.927,"body":"in a slightly different way."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":770.927,"endTime":772.217,"body":"I, I would guess."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":772.877,"endTime":773.147,"body":"Okay."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":773.287,"endTime":775.956,"body":"So you started mentioning"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":773.287,"endTime":775.956,"body":"why the battery heats up."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":775.957,"endTime":778.177,"body":"it it's meant to produce"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":775.957,"endTime":778.177,"body":"electricity, but it also,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":778.177,"endTime":780.337,"body":"because it has a resistance,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":778.177,"endTime":780.337,"body":"it's not a superconductor."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":780.872,"endTime":784.322,"body":"It must produce a"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":780.872,"endTime":784.322,"body":"heat at the same time."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":784.622,"endTime":788.492,"body":"So first, what are the"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":784.622,"endTime":788.492,"body":"rates like how much a"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":788.522,"endTime":791.132,"body":"battery heats and how much"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":788.522,"endTime":791.132,"body":"it gives back electricity?"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":791.557,"endTime":794.467,"body":"Oh, so the"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":791.557,"endTime":794.467,"body":"vast majority is electricity."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":794.467,"endTime":796.867,"body":"So the extreme cases, the"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":794.467,"endTime":796.867,"body":"one you pointed out earlier,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":796.867,"endTime":798.517,"body":"which is when you start"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":796.867,"endTime":798.517,"body":"having short circuits, right?"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":798.697,"endTime":800.557,"body":"Cause if you start having"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":798.697,"endTime":800.557,"body":"short circuit, then you"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":800.557,"endTime":802.957,"body":"increase that resistance"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":800.557,"endTime":802.957,"body":"of your battery massively."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":803.197,"endTime":805.597,"body":"Or if your battery starts"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":803.197,"endTime":805.597,"body":"degrading, then that"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":805.597,"endTime":808.897,"body":"impedance internal impedance"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":805.597,"endTime":808.897,"body":"increases the higher, the"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":808.897,"endTime":811.327,"body":"internal impedance, the more"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":808.897,"endTime":811.327,"body":"Joule heating you produce."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":811.597,"endTime":813.337,"body":"So, you know, a"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":811.597,"endTime":813.337,"body":"fresh battery, new."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":814.012,"endTime":816.562,"body":"With no degradation"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":814.012,"endTime":816.562,"body":"with no, short-circuits"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":816.982,"endTime":821.572,"body":"probably, I would guess 99%"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":816.982,"endTime":821.572,"body":"electricity, 1% teach, right."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":821.812,"endTime":824.782,"body":"Or maybe 2%, very, very"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":821.812,"endTime":824.782,"body":"small amount of it is heat."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":825.052,"endTime":828.262,"body":"Um, but the more your battery"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":825.052,"endTime":828.262,"body":"degrades, the more internal"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":828.262,"endTime":829.192,"body":"impedance you create."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":829.192,"endTime":830.722,"body":"And so the higher the heat."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":830.722,"endTime":832.702,"body":"And so actually it's not"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":830.722,"endTime":832.702,"body":"a constant, it depends"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":832.702,"endTime":835.749,"body":"on your batteries, aging,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":832.702,"endTime":835.749,"body":"how much it produces."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":835.899,"endTime":836.409,"body":"And it depends."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":837.075,"endTime":839.385,"body":"the most extreme cases when"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":837.075,"endTime":839.385,"body":"you start creating a short"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":839.385,"endTime":842.005,"body":"circuit, , because then"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":839.385,"endTime":842.005,"body":"that short circuit creates"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":842.005,"endTime":843.595,"body":"a peak of impedance, right?"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":843.865,"endTime":847.945,"body":"And so then a large portion"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":843.865,"endTime":847.945,"body":"of your energy stored"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":848.005,"endTime":850.225,"body":"becomes released in heat"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":848.005,"endTime":850.225,"body":"rather than electricity."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":850.544,"endTime":852.479,"body":"and that's a time"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":850.544,"endTime":852.479,"body":"issue as well because."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":853.17,"endTime":854.7,"body":"we do heat transfer"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":853.17,"endTime":854.7,"body":"for fire, right?"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":854.7,"endTime":857.61,"body":"So transfer is  a time"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":854.7,"endTime":857.61,"body":"dependent process."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":857.61,"endTime":860.64,"body":"And so if your heat is released"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":857.61,"endTime":860.64,"body":"very slowly, over a long period"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":860.64,"endTime":864.11,"body":"of time, you go into my other"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":860.64,"endTime":864.11,"body":"area of expertise, self heating."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":864.36,"endTime":867.0,"body":"If your heat is released"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":864.36,"endTime":867.0,"body":"very, very quickly, then"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":867.03,"endTime":869.85,"body":"you have a local peak"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":867.03,"endTime":869.85,"body":"of temperature increase."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":869.94,"endTime":872.82,"body":"And then the rates chemistry"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":869.94,"endTime":872.82,"body":"rates are exponential."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":872.82,"endTime":873.81,"body":"And so they go"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":873.81,"endTime":874.71,"body":"up much, much faster."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":874.855,"endTime":876.795,"body":"But,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":874.855,"endTime":876.795,"body":"but even if it's 1%, , and"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":876.945,"endTime":879.565,"body":"let's assume you're, , car"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":876.945,"endTime":879.565,"body":"driving takes, I don't know,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":879.595,"endTime":882.445,"body":"30 kilowatts, 50 kilowatts,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":879.595,"endTime":882.445,"body":"a hundred kilowatts."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":882.445,"endTime":887.455,"body":"If, if, uh, if you enjoy"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":882.445,"endTime":887.455,"body":"your life as good cars, but,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":887.457,"endTime":891.349,"body":"it takes like, let's say 50"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":887.457,"endTime":891.349,"body":"kilowatts, a kilo per hour."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":891.709,"endTime":894.409,"body":"And even if it's just"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":891.709,"endTime":894.409,"body":"a 1%, that's 500 Watts"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":894.409,"endTime":896.642,"body":"released into a metal tank."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":896.654,"endTime":897.674,"body":"And"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":896.654,"endTime":897.674,"body":"even more important than"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":897.674,"endTime":898.424,"body":"the charging, right?"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":898.424,"endTime":900.584,"body":"So, you know, we always"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":898.424,"endTime":900.584,"body":"talk about fast charging."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":900.864,"endTime":904.254,"body":"If you use all of your battery"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":900.864,"endTime":904.254,"body":"in two hours driving, but then"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":904.254,"endTime":906.384,"body":"you want to charge it in 10"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":904.254,"endTime":906.384,"body":"minutes, you're doing the exact"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":906.384,"endTime":908.424,"body":"same electrical cycle backwards."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":908.424,"endTime":908.634,"body":"Right."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":908.874,"endTime":909.714,"body":"So instead of."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":910.839,"endTime":912.519,"body":"The energy going one way,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":910.839,"endTime":912.519,"body":"it's going the other, but"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":912.519,"endTime":913.479,"body":"you're still producing heat."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":913.839,"endTime":916.209,"body":"The heat generation, the"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":913.839,"endTime":916.209,"body":"Joule heating is still"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":916.299,"endTime":917.379,"body":"based on that impedance."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":917.379,"endTime":919.749,"body":"But if you want to, that's"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":917.379,"endTime":919.749,"body":"the biggest problem they have"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":919.749,"endTime":920.709,"body":"with fast charging, right?"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":920.739,"endTime":923.289,"body":"Is if you want to charge"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":920.739,"endTime":923.289,"body":"your electric vehicle in"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":923.289,"endTime":925.269,"body":"five minutes, which is"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":923.289,"endTime":925.269,"body":"impossible at the moment."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":925.299,"endTime":928.389,"body":"But imagine you did the amount"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":925.299,"endTime":928.389,"body":"of heat that you will be"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":928.389,"endTime":930.529,"body":"producing is massive because."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":931.369,"endTime":933.581,"body":"Kilowatts that you're"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":931.369,"endTime":933.581,"body":"putting in are huge."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":933.619,"endTime":937.189,"body":"and so the charging rate and"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":933.619,"endTime":937.189,"body":"the discharging rate, so you're"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":937.279,"endTime":941.779,"body":"using up of your vehicle that"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":937.279,"endTime":941.779,"body":"electricity higher discharge"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":941.779,"endTime":944.209,"body":"rate means higher C number"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":941.779,"endTime":944.209,"body":"is what they call it in the"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":944.209,"endTime":947.959,"body":"battery world would mean more"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":944.209,"endTime":947.959,"body":"heat produced per unit time."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":948.25,"endTime":950.537,"body":"yeah, I"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":948.25,"endTime":950.537,"body":"was , always surprised when"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":950.537,"endTime":952.877,"body":"I saw this information about."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":953.452,"endTime":956.842,"body":"Quick chargers and people"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":953.452,"endTime":956.842,"body":"trying to connect, like I"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":956.842,"endTime":960.322,"body":"don't half megawatt charger"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":956.842,"endTime":960.322,"body":"into a truck and I'm like,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":960.789,"endTime":962.509,"body":"I run the fire laboratory."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":962.509,"endTime":967.072,"body":"We do run a, high capacity"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":962.509,"endTime":967.072,"body":"fans in high temperatures."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":967.492,"endTime":971.182,"body":"When I have to test a hundred"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":967.492,"endTime":971.182,"body":"kilowatt fan, it adds so"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":971.182,"endTime":974.812,"body":"much to my logistics because"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":971.182,"endTime":974.812,"body":"it's like huge, huge cords."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":974.812,"endTime":975.742,"body":"It's dangerous."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":975.772,"endTime":977.992,"body":"It's a lot of electricity, man."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":978.827,"endTime":980.027,"body":"Then you just go."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":980.027,"endTime":980.327,"body":"Yeah."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":980.327,"endTime":984.257,"body":"And I will just block this"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":980.327,"endTime":984.257,"body":"half megawatts socket into"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":984.497,"endTime":985.997,"body":"my current, go for a coffee."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":986.267,"endTime":988.227,"body":", that scares the hell out of me."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":988.227,"endTime":991.677,"body":"But I guess the, I hope"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":988.227,"endTime":991.677,"body":"they've worked, it worked"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":991.677,"endTime":995.427,"body":"it over, but again, if it's"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":991.677,"endTime":995.427,"body":"just, if it's just 1% that"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":995.427,"endTime":997.977,"body":"goes into heat, that's a"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":995.427,"endTime":997.977,"body":"considerable amount of heat"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":998.163,"endTime":999.327,"body":"And I've had this issue"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":999.327,"endTime":1000.197,"body":"when designing my lab."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1000.227,"endTime":1004.007,"body":"So when I was designing my lab,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1000.227,"endTime":1004.007,"body":"I wanted to have scalability"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1004.007,"endTime":1005.027,"body":"for my battery testing."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1005.027,"endTime":1007.937,"body":"So I have a nice big battery"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1005.027,"endTime":1007.937,"body":"tester, but the first question"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1007.937,"endTime":1010.754,"body":"I got from the health and"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1007.937,"endTime":1010.754,"body":"safety team, as you know, the"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1010.874,"endTime":1013.394,"body":"crazy academic who wants to"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1010.874,"endTime":1013.394,"body":"put something in is how much"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1013.394,"endTime":1014.654,"body":"heat will you be generating?"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1014.654,"endTime":1017.058,"body":"Because this, as you've"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1014.654,"endTime":1017.058,"body":"asked us to put in."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1017.098,"endTime":1020.968,"body":"A current limiter of 60"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1017.098,"endTime":1020.968,"body":"amps, 60 amps is very high."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1021.148,"endTime":1023.248,"body":"So how much heat are you"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1021.148,"endTime":1023.248,"body":"going to be producing?"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1023.398,"endTime":1026.368,"body":"So I had to do some back of"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1023.398,"endTime":1026.368,"body":"the envelope calculations, not"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1026.368,"endTime":1029.808,"body":"with 1% heat, but you know,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1026.368,"endTime":1029.808,"body":"I, I went with 10%, , just"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1029.808,"endTime":1032.708,"body":"to, maximize, but yeah, it"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1029.808,"endTime":1032.708,"body":"is, it is a huge concern."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1032.828,"endTime":1036.608,"body":"Um, from a research side in the"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1032.828,"endTime":1036.608,"body":"lab, I can imagine from a design"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1036.608,"endTime":1039.308,"body":"side when you're building the"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1036.608,"endTime":1039.308,"body":"cars or building the charging"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1039.308,"endTime":1041.258,"body":"stations just as big, right."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1041.755,"endTime":1043.285,"body":"Because you have more"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1041.755,"endTime":1043.285,"body":"people using it, you have"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1043.285,"endTime":1044.125,"body":"more chance of error."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1044.125,"endTime":1045.775,"body":"You have more risk of a failure."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1046.015,"endTime":1046.285,"body":","},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1046.015,"endTime":1046.285,"body":"Wojciech Wegrzynski: Okay."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1046.285,"endTime":1050.435,"body":"So before we go into the"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1046.285,"endTime":1050.435,"body":"battery, finally igniting, we've"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1050.435,"endTime":1054.452,"body":"discussed, the, the heating"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1050.435,"endTime":1054.452,"body":"processes due to short circuits,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1054.482,"endTime":1056.072,"body":"uh, mechanical failure."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1056.402,"endTime":1059.285,"body":"We've briefly discussed"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1056.402,"endTime":1059.285,"body":"the, charging and, and"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1059.325,"endTime":1060.885,"body":"just energy consumption."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1061.365,"endTime":1063.626,"body":"And let's go into self heating,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1063.647,"endTime":1065.777,"body":"I guess"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1063.647,"endTime":1065.777,"body":"if I can take it a step back"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1065.777,"endTime":1068.807,"body":"in between the two, I can"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1065.777,"endTime":1068.807,"body":"explain the stages maybe of"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1068.807,"endTime":1069.947,"body":"the heating that might help."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1070.097,"endTime":1072.227,"body":"So in a battery, , you have"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1070.097,"endTime":1072.227,"body":"reactions happening at different"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1072.227,"endTime":1074.867,"body":"temperatures and you're going"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1072.227,"endTime":1074.867,"body":"to get to self eating, um, with."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1075.572,"endTime":1078.872,"body":"Happy to talk about, but I guess"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1075.572,"endTime":1078.872,"body":"maybe it's when your battery,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1078.872,"endTime":1080.732,"body":"it doesn't matter how your"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1078.872,"endTime":1080.732,"body":"battery is heating up, right."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1080.732,"endTime":1081.932,"body":"Self-feeding or"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1080.732,"endTime":1081.932,"body":"not selfie thing."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1082.172,"endTime":1084.452,"body":", when your battery reaches a"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1082.172,"endTime":1084.452,"body":"certain level of temperature"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1084.452,"endTime":1086.972,"body":"and it cannot dissipate"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1084.452,"endTime":1086.972,"body":"the heat, usually that's"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1087.182,"endTime":1088.682,"body":"about a hundred degrees."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1088.922,"endTime":1091.022,"body":"Uh, when you get to a"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1088.922,"endTime":1091.022,"body":"hundred degrees, your solid"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1091.022,"endTime":1092.192,"body":"electrolyte interface."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1092.522,"endTime":1097.688,"body":"Um, so that's the thin layer,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1092.522,"endTime":1097.688,"body":"that is on your cathode."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1098.463,"endTime":1100.263,"body":"It starts to decompose."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1100.293,"endTime":1100.653,"body":"Right."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1100.713,"endTime":1104.193,"body":"Um, and so if that starts"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1100.713,"endTime":1104.193,"body":"to decompose, that causes"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1104.193,"endTime":1106.383,"body":"exothermic reactions and"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1104.193,"endTime":1106.383,"body":"that adds its own heat."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1106.713,"endTime":1108.843,"body":"So, you know, we say"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1106.713,"endTime":1108.843,"body":"it's an active material."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1109.217,"endTime":1112.277,"body":"and as an active material, as"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1109.217,"endTime":1112.277,"body":"I, when I think of chemistry,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1112.997,"endTime":1116.837,"body":"the reaction rates from a"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1112.997,"endTime":1116.837,"body":"combustion side always happen."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1116.987,"endTime":1118.787,"body":"Exothermic reactions"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1116.987,"endTime":1118.787,"body":"always happen at different"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1118.787,"endTime":1119.567,"body":"temperature ranges."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1119.567,"endTime":1119.807,"body":"Right."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1120.107,"endTime":1123.15,"body":"And so in the battery,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1120.107,"endTime":1123.15,"body":"usually you first have."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1123.935,"endTime":1127.625,"body":"Heat being created from the"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1123.935,"endTime":1127.625,"body":"solid electrolyte interface"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1127.625,"endTime":1130.715,"body":"decomposing, then from"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1127.625,"endTime":1130.715,"body":"the electrolyte electrode"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1130.775,"endTime":1133.925,"body":"decomposition at a higher"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1130.775,"endTime":1133.925,"body":"temperature, and then from the"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1133.925,"endTime":1136.865,"body":"electrolyte decomposition at"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1133.925,"endTime":1136.865,"body":"the higher even temperature."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1137.045,"endTime":1139.775,"body":"And so you have the inner"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1137.045,"endTime":1139.775,"body":"materials, those active"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1139.775,"endTime":1142.115,"body":"materials they were asking"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1139.775,"endTime":1142.115,"body":"about all start reacting"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1142.295,"endTime":1143.285,"body":"at different temperatures."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1144.17,"endTime":1144.5,"body":"Okay."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1144.5,"endTime":1146.42,"body":"So can we just remove the"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1144.5,"endTime":1146.42,"body":"one that reacts to the"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1146.42,"endTime":1146.72,"body":"lowest"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1146.72,"endTime":1147.17,"body":"temperature"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1147.17,"endTime":1147.35,"body":"and"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1147.44,"endTime":1147.65,"body":"Bye."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1147.65,"endTime":1149.6,"body":"You need to, you, you need you"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1149.63,"endTime":1151.28,"body":"that that's what causes the"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1151.38,"endTime":1152.18,"body":"battery to work."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1152.93,"endTime":1154.34,"body":"Can"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1152.93,"endTime":1154.34,"body":"we make a magic material"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1154.34,"endTime":1155.72,"body":"that will go off at 200?"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1155.74,"endTime":1156.74,"body":"Not another 100."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1156.813,"endTime":1158.493,"body":"the"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1156.813,"endTime":1158.493,"body":"SEI layer, so to say the"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1158.493,"endTime":1161.223,"body":"solid electrolyte, the"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1158.493,"endTime":1161.223,"body":"composition layer is just"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1161.493,"endTime":1164.193,"body":"like a passivating layer"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1161.493,"endTime":1164.193,"body":"that forms on the electrodes."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1164.373,"endTime":1168.123,"body":"And so as your battery operates,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1164.373,"endTime":1168.123,"body":"you're forming this layer."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1168.243,"endTime":1169.053,"body":"And so your."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1169.502,"endTime":1173.012,"body":"it's kind of covering the"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1169.502,"endTime":1173.012,"body":"intercalated lithium, lithium"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1173.132,"endTime":1174.272,"body":"in the negative electrode."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1174.362,"endTime":1178.682,"body":"Um, and so when it starts"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1174.362,"endTime":1178.682,"body":"decomposing, then the"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1178.682,"endTime":1182.012,"body":"intercalated lithium is exposed."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1182.012,"endTime":1182.282,"body":"Right."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1182.312,"endTime":1185.912,"body":"And so it's that exposed"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1182.312,"endTime":1185.912,"body":"to the electrolyte."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1185.912,"endTime":1187.892,"body":"And so it causes"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1185.912,"endTime":1187.892,"body":"even more reactions."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1188.602,"endTime":1191.505,"body":"So"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1188.602,"endTime":1191.505,"body":"basically you enter a path of no"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1191.505,"endTime":1195.528,"body":"return and, this additional heat"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1191.505,"endTime":1195.528,"body":"generated by this exothermic"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1195.528,"endTime":1197.088,"body":"reaction will hit the thing"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1197.118,"endTime":1200.748,"body":"more up, up to a next"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1197.118,"endTime":1200.748,"body":"point where another thing"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1200.748,"endTime":1202.878,"body":"will start contributing."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1202.878,"endTime":1204.365,"body":"And another thing, another"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1202.878,"endTime":1204.365,"body":"thing, and you end up"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1204.372,"endTime":1206.262,"body":"with, this thermal runaway,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1204.372,"endTime":1206.262,"body":"I guess there's this."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1206.592,"endTime":1206.832,"body":"Yes."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1207.214,"endTime":1209.193,"body":"And actually the last"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1207.214,"endTime":1209.193,"body":"material ironically, which"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1209.193,"endTime":1211.563,"body":"is maybe slightly cutter,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1209.193,"endTime":1211.563,"body":"we name all the batteries"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1211.563,"endTime":1212.583,"body":"from the active materials."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1212.583,"endTime":1212.793,"body":"Right."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1212.793,"endTime":1215.193,"body":"So I said, I never, but"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1212.793,"endTime":1215.193,"body":"that's usually the last"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1215.193,"endTime":1216.693,"body":"material that Dan starts."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1217.073,"endTime":1219.003,"body":"Cause that is the one at"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1217.073,"endTime":1219.003,"body":"the most high temperature."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1219.003,"endTime":1221.763,"body":"So that's actually the last"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1219.003,"endTime":1221.763,"body":"bit that starts creating heat."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1221.763,"endTime":1225.663,"body":"And do you usually, um, because"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1221.763,"endTime":1225.663,"body":"normally at the higher, higher"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1225.663,"endTime":1229.113,"body":"temperatures than the positive"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1225.663,"endTime":1229.113,"body":"electrode can start becoming"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1229.113,"endTime":1230.133,"body":"unstable and decomposed."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1231.528,"endTime":1233.508,"body":"let's"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1231.528,"endTime":1233.508,"body":"say, uh, the, the, all the heat"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1233.508,"endTime":1236.868,"body":"released in a fire of a single"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1233.508,"endTime":1236.868,"body":"cell is a hundred percent."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1237.348,"endTime":1240.888,"body":"Do we know how much each of"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1237.348,"endTime":1240.888,"body":"these steps contributes to this?"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1240.918,"endTime":1241.308,"body":"Uh,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1241.662,"endTime":1243.498,"body":"Oh uh, complicated."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1243.498,"endTime":1245.928,"body":"So it depends on the state"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1243.498,"endTime":1245.928,"body":"of charge of the battery."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1246.198,"endTime":1248.868,"body":"Um, so it depends also how"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1246.198,"endTime":1248.868,"body":"much energy is in the battery."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1249.048,"endTime":1251.358,"body":"Um, and it depends on what"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1249.048,"endTime":1251.358,"body":"electrolyte is being used."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1251.538,"endTime":1253.488,"body":"So there are some papers"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1251.538,"endTime":1253.488,"body":"that have looked at the"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1253.488,"endTime":1254.838,"body":"different, contributions."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1255.963,"endTime":1260.463,"body":"And from a self-heating"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1255.963,"endTime":1260.463,"body":"side, we have looked at the"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1260.463,"endTime":1264.273,"body":"contribution in temperature"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1260.463,"endTime":1264.273,"body":"rates of the different rates"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1264.273,"endTime":1266.073,"body":"have increased, but not"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1264.273,"endTime":1266.073,"body":"the individual materials."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1266.343,"endTime":1267.153,"body":"So we looked at the"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1267.153,"endTime":1267.573,"body":"temperature"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1267.653,"endTime":1268.043,"body":"Okay."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1268.043,"endTime":1269.393,"body":"So, so from this temperature to"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1269.393,"endTime":1269.843,"body":"this is"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1269.843,"endTime":1270.053,"body":"this"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1270.153,"endTime":1270.423,"body":"yeah."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1270.483,"endTime":1270.843,"body":"Yeah."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1271.113,"endTime":1273.693,"body":"So at the macro level,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1271.113,"endTime":1273.693,"body":"rather than at the chemistry"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1273.693,"endTime":1276.355,"body":"level, at the chemistry"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1273.693,"endTime":1276.355,"body":"level, Quite a challenge."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1276.355,"endTime":1280.165,"body":"So because you start having,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1276.355,"endTime":1280.165,"body":"so the materials that react to"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1280.165,"endTime":1281.755,"body":"start forming other materials."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1281.755,"endTime":1284.665,"body":"And in fact, if yourself,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1281.755,"endTime":1284.665,"body":"then over pressures, for"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1284.665,"endTime":1286.215,"body":"example, you were talking"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1284.665,"endTime":1286.215,"body":"about prismatic cells."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1286.215,"endTime":1289.525,"body":"So if we earlier, so if your"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1286.215,"endTime":1289.525,"body":"personal ethics cell bursts,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1289.555,"endTime":1292.675,"body":"the safety event, and then some"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1289.555,"endTime":1292.675,"body":"of this gases that are being"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1292.675,"endTime":1295.945,"body":"produced inside, start reacting"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1292.675,"endTime":1295.945,"body":"with the oxygen outside, then"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1295.945,"endTime":1297.385,"body":"that causes even more reactions."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1297.445,"endTime":1299.472,"body":"And the gases that are"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1297.445,"endTime":1299.472,"body":"being produced are."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1299.704,"endTime":1300.507,"body":"Very complicated."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1300.507,"endTime":1302.697,"body":"So there are a lot"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1300.507,"endTime":1302.697,"body":"of carbohydrates, but"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1302.697,"endTime":1304.467,"body":"there's also hydrochloric."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1304.587,"endTime":1307.137,"body":"Um, Gus is a hydrofluoric."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1307.407,"endTime":1312.745,"body":"Um, and so it can get, yeah, um,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1307.407,"endTime":1312.745,"body":"very complicated, very quickly."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1312.86,"endTime":1314.82,"body":"well, I"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1312.86,"endTime":1314.82,"body":"guess this is fundamental to"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1314.88,"endTime":1321.093,"body":"understand this, Macro fires"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1314.88,"endTime":1321.093,"body":"of batteries because they start"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1321.483,"endTime":1326.193,"body":"like the, the ones that are from"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1321.483,"endTime":1326.193,"body":"the individual cells, because"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1326.193,"endTime":1329.463,"body":"obviously if the, if the car"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1326.193,"endTime":1329.463,"body":"park is on fire and your battery"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1329.463,"endTime":1333.543,"body":"catches fire from that heat,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1329.463,"endTime":1333.543,"body":"I guess the cell chemistry"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1333.573,"endTime":1336.093,"body":"hoods not mattered that much."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1336.152,"endTime":1336.842,"body":"It just acts as a"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1336.842,"endTime":1337.052,"body":"heat"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1337.307,"endTime":1337.727,"body":"it's as"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1337.892,"endTime":1339.152,"body":"once"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1337.892,"endTime":1339.152,"body":"you have a heat source."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1339.212,"endTime":1339.572,"body":"yes."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1340.142,"endTime":1341.762,"body":"It's the same with"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1340.142,"endTime":1341.762,"body":"our pool fires."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1341.762,"endTime":1341.972,"body":"Right?"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1342.002,"endTime":1345.152,"body":"If you have a pool fire,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1342.002,"endTime":1345.152,"body":"once your pool fire has a"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1345.152,"endTime":1348.182,"body":"size, it's the heat release"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1345.152,"endTime":1348.182,"body":"rate from that size, doesn't"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1348.182,"endTime":1352.182,"body":"matter if you were burning,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1348.182,"endTime":1352.182,"body":", C H C7 or C eight, right?"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1352.262,"endTime":1354.962,"body":", it's the heat that's being"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1352.262,"endTime":1354.962,"body":"released from those flames."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1355.022,"endTime":1357.302,"body":"Uh, so he really"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1355.022,"endTime":1357.302,"body":"straight, but you asked me"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1357.302,"endTime":1358.402,"body":"earlier about modifying."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1359.2,"endTime":1360.22,"body":"Items inside."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1360.79,"endTime":1361.72,"body":"You're not far off."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1361.75,"endTime":1364.39,"body":"I actually think that is one"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1361.75,"endTime":1364.39,"body":"of the solutions is, , if you"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1364.39,"endTime":1367.69,"body":"can change the additives and"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1364.39,"endTime":1367.69,"body":"the electrolytes to add things"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1367.69,"endTime":1372.94,"body":"that maybe passively act for the"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1367.69,"endTime":1372.94,"body":"duration of your battery life,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1372.97,"endTime":1375.58,"body":"but then if your temperature"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1372.97,"endTime":1375.58,"body":"is above a certain temperature,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1375.97,"endTime":1379.06,"body":"they act as a suppressant or"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1375.97,"endTime":1379.06,"body":"the heat remover or whatever"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1379.06,"endTime":1380.71,"body":"it is that could be a solution."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1380.74,"endTime":1385.03,"body":"Um, or, you know, if you"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1380.74,"endTime":1385.03,"body":"can have maybe a ceramic"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1385.03,"endTime":1387.16,"body":"coated separator in"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1385.03,"endTime":1387.16,"body":"between right then the."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1387.93,"endTime":1390.69,"body":"It's harder to, create"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1387.93,"endTime":1390.69,"body":"short circuits from, right."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1390.72,"endTime":1391.41,"body":"Um, okay."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1391.41,"endTime":1392.25,"body":"Yeah, that's a cost."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1393.925,"endTime":1394.615,"body":"Yes, exactly."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1394.615,"endTime":1396.955,"body":"It, a cost that's a"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1394.615,"endTime":1396.955,"body":"weight and weight is a big"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1397.225,"endTime":1397.705,"body":"problem."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1397.765,"endTime":1399.835,"body":"Uh, but yeah, that"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1397.765,"endTime":1399.835,"body":"could be what way."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1399.895,"endTime":1402.655,"body":"Um, so it's, it can start from"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1399.895,"endTime":1402.655,"body":"the chemistry modification so"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1402.655,"endTime":1403.585,"body":"you can change the catheter."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1403.585,"endTime":1405.625,"body":"You can change the, I know you"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1403.585,"endTime":1405.625,"body":"can change the attitudes and the"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1405.625,"endTime":1410.245,"body":"electrolytes, or as we are not"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1405.625,"endTime":1410.245,"body":"chemist, neither myself nor you."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1410.665,"endTime":1412.735,"body":"we, we can look at the"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1410.665,"endTime":1412.735,"body":"bigger size, right?"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1412.735,"endTime":1414.325,"body":"So we can look"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1412.735,"endTime":1414.325,"body":"at, a bigger size."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1415.14,"endTime":1416.61,"body":"Well, what can we do"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1415.14,"endTime":1416.61,"body":"with a battery management"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1416.61,"endTime":1419.277,"body":"system or what can we do"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1416.61,"endTime":1419.277,"body":"with, separation, right?"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1419.517,"endTime":1423.387,"body":"Uh, separation between"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1419.517,"endTime":1423.387,"body":"batteries within a pack."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1423.657,"endTime":1425.127,"body":"Uh, what can we"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1423.657,"endTime":1425.127,"body":"do with detection?"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1425.127,"endTime":1426.117,"body":"What can we do with"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1426.447,"endTime":1427.347,"body":"different suppression"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1427.367,"endTime":1429.167,"body":"I think"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1427.367,"endTime":1429.167,"body":"it's a brilliant starting point."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1429.167,"endTime":1434.219,"body":"And despite the, like, I'm, I'm"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1429.167,"endTime":1434.219,"body":"on the edge of understanding,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1434.49,"endTime":1437.82,"body":"I understand literally up"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1434.49,"endTime":1437.82,"body":"to 60% of what you said."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1437.82,"endTime":1440.57,"body":"So I think, and I think"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1437.82,"endTime":1440.57,"body":"I'm quite successful, but"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1440.76,"endTime":1441.87,"body":"I'm going to take away."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1442.11,"endTime":1444.73,"body":"The take away is, , I"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1442.11,"endTime":1444.73,"body":"think there's this thought"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1444.73,"endTime":1447.19,"body":"that, uh, the things happen"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1444.73,"endTime":1447.19,"body":"at certain temperatures"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1447.25,"endTime":1450.25,"body":"and, uh, essentially you,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1447.25,"endTime":1450.25,"body":"you, you reach a track."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1450.795,"endTime":1456.405,"body":"Point which initiates a set of"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1450.795,"endTime":1456.405,"body":"events that lead to failure."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1456.405,"endTime":1460.545,"body":"And I think this, uh, this"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1456.405,"endTime":1460.545,"body":"is a great takeaway because,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1460.772,"endTime":1463.945,"body":"it doesn't happen by, by"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1460.772,"endTime":1463.945,"body":"pure magic or unicorn farts."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1463.975,"endTime":1465.905,"body":"It's, chemistry"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1463.975,"endTime":1465.905,"body":"that leads to that."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1465.905,"endTime":1468.365,"body":"And you've already"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1465.905,"endTime":1468.365,"body":"mentioned many things that"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1468.365,"endTime":1469.775,"body":"influence this, thing."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1470.43,"endTime":1473.79,"body":"The energy capacity of the"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1470.43,"endTime":1473.79,"body":"battery, the sorry, the charging"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1473.79,"endTime":1476.91,"body":"state of the battery, the"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1473.79,"endTime":1476.91,"body":"processes is a charging is a"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1476.91,"endTime":1480.803,"body":"discharging, the, chemistry"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1476.91,"endTime":1480.803,"body":"of the electrolyte, because I"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1480.803,"endTime":1484.585,"body":"think this is, this is where the"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1480.803,"endTime":1484.585,"body":"confidential magic is happening."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1484.913,"endTime":1488.033,"body":"if everyone is using the"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1484.913,"endTime":1488.033,"body":"same cathode materials, I"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1488.033,"endTime":1490.853,"body":"guess they're playing with"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1488.033,"endTime":1490.853,"body":"electrolytes to differentiate"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1490.853,"endTime":1495.102,"body":"and pattern some things to"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1490.853,"endTime":1495.102,"body":"earn more coin on, on,  and"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1495.102,"endTime":1500.108,"body":"finally, maybe not exactly,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1495.102,"endTime":1500.108,"body":"but you have a rough idea when"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1500.108,"endTime":1503.318,"body":"this thing becomes dangerous,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1500.108,"endTime":1503.318,"body":"because if you don't enter"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1503.318,"endTime":1507.058,"body":"this cascading, level of"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1503.318,"endTime":1507.058,"body":"discuss this cascade of events"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1507.358,"endTime":1511.318,"body":"leading to a major failure,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1507.358,"endTime":1511.318,"body":"you don't get a major failure."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1511.732,"endTime":1512.002,"body":"Yes."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1512.072,"endTime":1513.782,"body":"And we've talked to"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1512.072,"endTime":1513.782,"body":"very generally, right?"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1513.782,"endTime":1516.752,"body":"So it can also be, so I've"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1513.782,"endTime":1516.752,"body":"talked about the system in"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1516.782,"endTime":1519.242,"body":"charter discharge or in use,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1516.782,"endTime":1519.242,"body":"but also passive, right."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1519.392,"endTime":1520.442,"body":"That's where"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1519.392,"endTime":1520.442,"body":"self-heating comes in."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1520.442,"endTime":1521.882,"body":"When you mentioned"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1520.442,"endTime":1521.882,"body":"self-heating is, you know,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1521.882,"endTime":1523.142,"body":"what's a active circuit."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1523.152,"endTime":1525.942,"body":"So I said into charging"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1523.152,"endTime":1525.942,"body":"or discharging rates, but"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1526.002,"endTime":1527.232,"body":"batteries still react."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1527.232,"endTime":1528.762,"body":"You know, your battery is"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1527.232,"endTime":1528.762,"body":"always reacting and when"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1528.762,"endTime":1529.932,"body":"it's not connected, right."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1529.932,"endTime":1533.188,"body":"It's still, it's still producing"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1529.932,"endTime":1533.188,"body":"heat, even in open circuit"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1533.188,"endTime":1533.788,"body":"conditions."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1533.848,"endTime":1534.178,"body":"Um,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1534.428,"endTime":1534.728,"body":"okay."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1534.818,"endTime":1538.288,"body":"I, there was a, , Guillermo"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1534.818,"endTime":1538.288,"body":"broad on Twitter, , some"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1538.288,"endTime":1540.088,"body":"instruction for a"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1538.288,"endTime":1540.088,"body":"laptop, which mentioned"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1540.088,"endTime":1541.558,"body":"fire in so many places."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1541.558,"endTime":1544.438,"body":"And I've responded showing"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1541.558,"endTime":1544.438,"body":"a picture of my old laptop"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1544.468,"endTime":1547.808,"body":"that two years ago, my"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1544.468,"endTime":1547.808,"body":"battery has suddenly swollen."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1548.638,"endTime":1549.688,"body":"Three times its size."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1549.688,"endTime":1552.778,"body":"And I recall it happened"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1549.688,"endTime":1552.778,"body":"literally overnight."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1552.778,"endTime":1554.548,"body":"I didn't use the laptop."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1554.578,"endTime":1558.222,"body":"So, when the, the device"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1554.578,"endTime":1558.222,"body":"is idle, I guess there are"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1558.222,"endTime":1559.432,"body":"still things, , , happening"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1559.432,"endTime":1559.582,"body":"in"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1559.737,"endTime":1561.867,"body":"Yeah,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1559.737,"endTime":1561.867,"body":"because mass diffusion, right."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1561.897,"endTime":1564.477,"body":"You know, you, you're"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1561.897,"endTime":1564.477,"body":"always going to have some"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1564.477,"endTime":1565.797,"body":"electrodes travel through."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1565.88,"endTime":1567.86,"body":"you're always going to have"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1565.88,"endTime":1567.86,"body":"diffusion through your,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1568.46,"endTime":1569.6,"body":"from one side to the other."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1569.6,"endTime":1570.86,"body":"So your battery will, oh."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1570.86,"endTime":1573.2,"body":"Even when it's not connected,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1570.86,"endTime":1573.2,"body":"your internal resistance"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1573.65,"endTime":1576.59,"body":"is in itself a connection."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1576.59,"endTime":1576.83,"body":"Right."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1577.65,"endTime":1580.83,"body":"so you're going to have"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1577.65,"endTime":1580.83,"body":"passive resistance, not just"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1580.83,"endTime":1581.16,"body":"active"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1581.23,"endTime":1582.61,"body":"Okay,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1581.23,"endTime":1582.61,"body":"but will it happen when"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1582.61,"endTime":1583.78,"body":"the battery's discharged?"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1583.78,"endTime":1585.23,"body":"Like when it's a charged level?"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1586.545,"endTime":1587.265,"body":"When charged double"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1587.275,"endTime":1588.555,"body":"zero, that's the dust."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1588.585,"endTime":1590.445,"body":"You don't get to that condition"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1588.585,"endTime":1590.445,"body":"cause that's really bad."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1590.505,"endTime":1593.715,"body":"So when everything is"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1590.505,"endTime":1593.715,"body":"on one end, um, your."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1594.405,"endTime":1598.245,"body":"You're basically I've done"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1594.405,"endTime":1598.245,"body":"have exposed the material."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1598.245,"endTime":1601.905,"body":"So remember I said that you're"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1598.245,"endTime":1601.905,"body":"creating this SEI layer, if"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1601.905,"endTime":1604.845,"body":"you've moved everything to"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1601.905,"endTime":1604.845,"body":"one end, so the battery's"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1604.845,"endTime":1607.905,"body":"completely at zero you're, you"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1604.845,"endTime":1607.905,"body":"will have exposed that and it's"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1607.905,"endTime":1609.975,"body":"not designed to be exposed."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1610.245,"endTime":1610.635,"body":"And so, in"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1610.635,"endTime":1613.275,"body":"fact, I think it starts"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1610.635,"endTime":1613.275,"body":"reacting even further."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1613.455,"endTime":1613.725,"body":"Uh,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1613.785,"endTime":1615.165,"body":"so,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1613.785,"endTime":1615.165,"body":"so you're telling me my"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1615.165,"endTime":1617.745,"body":"laptop is lying to me"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1615.165,"endTime":1617.745,"body":"when it says the charge"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1617.775,"endTime":1618.285,"body":"zero."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1618.845,"endTime":1619.535,"body":"Absolutely."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1619.535,"endTime":1620.075,"body":"Yeah, there"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1620.075,"endTime":1622.415,"body":"is no such, yeah, you,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1620.075,"endTime":1622.415,"body":"you will never allow"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1622.415,"endTime":1624.335,"body":"a device to go down to"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1624.555,"endTime":1624.915,"body":"Okay."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1624.975,"endTime":1625.935,"body":"But what does that mean?"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1626.528,"endTime":1627.008,"body":"That's cool."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1627.268,"endTime":1630.935,"body":"I have a laptop with"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1627.268,"endTime":1630.935,"body":"one battery, but, on the"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1630.965,"endTime":1633.665,"body":"factory where they produce"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1630.965,"endTime":1633.665,"body":"laptop batteries, they"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1633.665,"endTime":1637.985,"body":"probably have a 1 million"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1633.665,"endTime":1637.985,"body":"of them stuck together."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1638.225,"endTime":1641.525,"body":"Like what, what does this"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1638.225,"endTime":1641.525,"body":"mean for storage of batteries?"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1641.625,"endTime":1645.335,"body":"Like when you produce them in,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1641.625,"endTime":1645.335,"body":"in large volume in quantities,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1645.773,"endTime":1649.785,"body":"You, you, you have a tons of"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1645.773,"endTime":1649.785,"body":"devices that, and you just said"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1649.785,"endTime":1652.365,"body":"that the reactions are ongoing,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1649.785,"endTime":1652.365,"body":"whether you like it or not."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1652.365,"endTime":1655.605,"body":"So, so they are produced"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1652.365,"endTime":1655.605,"body":"and often they are shipped"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1655.605,"endTime":1657.172,"body":"as charged, batteries."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1657.372,"endTime":1658.809,"body":"and"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1657.372,"endTime":1658.809,"body":"that's why they put a limit."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1658.809,"endTime":1662.198,"body":"so you have an ideal charge"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1658.809,"endTime":1662.198,"body":"rate to just to think 30%"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1662.198,"endTime":1663.458,"body":"from the standards now."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1663.788,"endTime":1665.588,"body":"but also colder temperatures."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1665.708,"endTime":1667.725,"body":"So that's the other thing"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1665.708,"endTime":1667.725,"body":"you do is to reduce this"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1667.725,"endTime":1668.775,"body":"self discharged, right?"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1668.955,"endTime":1669.975,"body":"You lower the temperature."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1669.975,"endTime":1673.005,"body":"So what do I do when I store"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1669.975,"endTime":1673.005,"body":"batteries in my lab is they"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1673.005,"endTime":1676.755,"body":"have to be in a fridge below 10"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1673.005,"endTime":1676.755,"body":"degrees, , ideally 10 degrees."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1677.095,"endTime":1679.375,"body":"and then that is the optimal."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1680.102,"endTime":1683.372,"body":"range for them not to"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1680.102,"endTime":1683.372,"body":"reduce the self discharge."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1683.492,"endTime":1685.532,"body":"So self discharge is also"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1683.492,"endTime":1685.532,"body":"temperature dependent."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1685.622,"endTime":1685.982,"body":"Um,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1685.982,"endTime":1687.182,"body":"Okay"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1685.982,"endTime":1687.182,"body":"about the stupid question."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1687.182,"endTime":1690.468,"body":"If I, myself only in"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1687.182,"endTime":1690.468,"body":"winter works, uh, shorter."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1690.468,"endTime":1694.698,"body":"And if I expose it to minus 20,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1690.468,"endTime":1694.698,"body":"it's going to die very soon."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1694.908,"endTime":1698.388,"body":"So it loses this capability"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1694.908,"endTime":1698.388,"body":"of react, which also from your"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1698.388,"endTime":1699.678,"body":"perspective makes it safer."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1700.132,"endTime":1701.062,"body":"Well, uh,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1701.575,"endTime":1702.055,"body":"I'm sorry."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1702.055,"endTime":1702.235,"body":"I'm"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1702.305,"endTime":1704.645,"body":"arise"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1702.305,"endTime":1704.645,"body":"when you go to too low other"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1704.645,"endTime":1707.593,"body":"problems where I So I'm not"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1704.645,"endTime":1707.593,"body":"a material scientist or a"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1707.593,"endTime":1710.863,"body":"chemist, but you have a sweet"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1707.593,"endTime":1710.863,"body":"spot of temperatures for which"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1711.043,"endTime":1712.213,"body":"the materials are designed."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1712.513,"endTime":1715.333,"body":"If you go too low in"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1712.513,"endTime":1715.333,"body":"temperature, I believe you"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1715.423,"endTime":1718.003,"body":"might start degrading the"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1715.423,"endTime":1718.003,"body":"materials in other ways."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1718.247,"endTime":1720.257,"body":"but I'm not an"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1718.247,"endTime":1720.257,"body":"expert, uh, on this."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1720.797,"endTime":1722.777,"body":"so there is a"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1720.797,"endTime":1722.777,"body":"guidance on the range."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1722.777,"endTime":1724.583,"body":"You want to keep it in, for the."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1725.35,"endTime":1726.905,"body":"Battery to be healthy."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1726.963,"endTime":1729.453,"body":"and I don't know what"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1726.963,"endTime":1729.453,"body":"that lower limit is."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1729.638,"endTime":1730.208,"body":"matter, but"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1730.778,"endTime":1733.538,"body":"but it exists that that's"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1730.778,"endTime":1733.538,"body":"what matters the guidance."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1733.988,"endTime":1737.432,"body":"So, , based on experience,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1733.988,"endTime":1737.432,"body":"tests, knowledge, uh, the"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1737.472,"endTime":1740.742,"body":"scientists have figured"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1737.472,"endTime":1740.742,"body":"out the optimal charge"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1740.742,"endTime":1743.952,"body":"level where the let's say"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1740.742,"endTime":1743.952,"body":"the risk would be minimum."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1744.472,"endTime":1746.062,"body":"Yeah,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1744.472,"endTime":1746.062,"body":"charge and temperature."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1746.092,"endTime":1746.902,"body":"charge and temperature."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1746.902,"endTime":1747.112,"body":"Right?"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1747.232,"endTime":1750.342,"body":"So I think charge, they S they"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1747.232,"endTime":1750.342,"body":"shipped them at 30%, , state"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1750.342,"endTime":1752.142,"body":"of charge and temperature."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1752.172,"endTime":1754.302,"body":"I don't know, but there is"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1752.172,"endTime":1754.302,"body":"an optimal temperature, which"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1754.302,"endTime":1755.862,"body":"is usually your battery."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1755.892,"endTime":1758.412,"body":"The optimal temperature for a"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1755.892,"endTime":1758.412,"body":"battery normally is between 10"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1758.412,"endTime":1760.752,"body":"and 25 degrees above 25 degrees."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1760.872,"endTime":1764.112,"body":"It's not good for the battery"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1760.872,"endTime":1764.112,"body":"below 10 degrees might"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1764.112,"endTime":1765.132,"body":"start having other issues."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1765.132,"endTime":1766.452,"body":"But for example, when"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1765.132,"endTime":1766.452,"body":"I store them in the"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1766.452,"endTime":1767.592,"body":"lab, it's between six"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1767.592,"endTime":1767.862,"body":"and 10"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1768.027,"endTime":1768.267,"body":"Okay."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1768.267,"endTime":1769.667,"body":"So, batteries produce heat."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1769.757,"endTime":1774.347,"body":"There's an optimal, uh,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1769.757,"endTime":1774.347,"body":"temperature at which the let's"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1774.347,"endTime":1775.937,"body":"call it risk being lowest."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1775.967,"endTime":1778.93,"body":"Uh, maybe it's, , incorrect,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1775.967,"endTime":1778.93,"body":"but, more understandable"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1778.93,"endTime":1780.52,"body":"by the fire audience."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1780.85,"endTime":1783.91,"body":"So, uh, do, are we"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1780.85,"endTime":1783.91,"body":"managing this heat?"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1784.56,"endTime":1785.91,"body":"that's something"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1784.56,"endTime":1785.91,"body":"that interests me."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1785.91,"endTime":1790.32,"body":"So if I have a bunch of"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1785.91,"endTime":1790.32,"body":"batteries in my car, Which"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1790.32,"endTime":1792.24,"body":"I don't because I don't"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1790.32,"endTime":1792.24,"body":"have electric vehicle yet,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1792.66,"endTime":1796.257,"body":"but if in my hypothetical"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1792.66,"endTime":1796.257,"body":"car, if I had it, would the"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1796.257,"endTime":1800.157,"body":"battery management system be"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1796.257,"endTime":1800.157,"body":"monitoring the heat as well?"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1800.157,"endTime":1802.407,"body":"Because I know it is"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1800.157,"endTime":1802.407,"body":"monitoring electricity."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1802.885,"endTime":1803.665,"body":"Good question."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1803.665,"endTime":1807.039,"body":"So your battery and"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1803.665,"endTime":1807.039,"body":"electric vehicle is made"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1807.039,"endTime":1808.209,"body":"up of many, many cells."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1808.239,"endTime":1812.199,"body":"Thousands of cells, you"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1808.239,"endTime":1812.199,"body":"for a question of cost and"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1812.199,"endTime":1815.589,"body":"space, you don't monitor"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1812.199,"endTime":1815.589,"body":"every single cell temperature"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1815.739,"endTime":1818.559,"body":"voltage you can do by line"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1815.739,"endTime":1818.559,"body":"because you can have a row."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1818.799,"endTime":1821.799,"body":"And if it's in series,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1818.799,"endTime":1821.799,"body":"you have the voltage"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1821.799,"endTime":1822.039,"body":"there,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1822.214,"endTime":1823.144,"body":"And"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1822.214,"endTime":1823.144,"body":"the voltage you probably"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1823.144,"endTime":1824.974,"body":"would like to monitor"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1823.144,"endTime":1824.974,"body":"to know the charge level"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1824.974,"endTime":1825.394,"body":"anyway."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1825.889,"endTime":1826.339,"body":"Correct."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1826.339,"endTime":1827.809,"body":"And you'd usually"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1826.339,"endTime":1827.809,"body":"do that by row."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1827.809,"endTime":1830.959,"body":"So every six or 12 or"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1827.809,"endTime":1830.959,"body":"whatever that row is."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1831.199,"endTime":1834.169,"body":", but temperature you"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1831.199,"endTime":1834.169,"body":"cannot do for each one."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1834.229,"endTime":1836.209,"body":"Um, just because it"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1834.229,"endTime":1836.209,"body":"adds massive costs."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1836.269,"endTime":1839.389,"body":"And so temperature sometimes"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1836.269,"endTime":1839.389,"body":"is monitored, but it would be"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1839.389,"endTime":1843.169,"body":"monitored at probably a pack"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1839.389,"endTime":1843.169,"body":"level, not at a cell level, but"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1843.199,"endTime":1845.239,"body":"everything I've been telling"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1843.199,"endTime":1845.239,"body":"you now is about a single cell."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1845.239,"endTime":1846.769,"body":"So imagine you have"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1845.239,"endTime":1846.769,"body":"a cell that starts"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1846.769,"endTime":1849.469,"body":"deteriorating or cell that."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1849.764,"endTime":1852.614,"body":"Goes into some kind of"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1849.764,"endTime":1852.614,"body":"initial failure conditions."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1853.424,"endTime":1856.094,"body":"Usually in an electric"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1853.424,"endTime":1856.094,"body":"vehicle, you're not monitoring"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1856.094,"endTime":1856.934,"body":"that cells temperature."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1857.27,"endTime":1859.34,"body":"and some people say"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1857.27,"endTime":1859.34,"body":"that, okay, by you're"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1859.34,"endTime":1860.24,"body":"monitoring the voltage."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1860.24,"endTime":1863.06,"body":"So you will see a voltage drop,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1860.24,"endTime":1863.06,"body":"but sometimes, and we shown"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1863.06,"endTime":1867.14,"body":"this, in literature, including a"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1863.06,"endTime":1867.14,"body":"paper I am on, we've shown that"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1867.14,"endTime":1870.11,"body":"sometimes the failure happens"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1867.14,"endTime":1870.11,"body":"before the voltage drops."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1870.13,"endTime":1873.17,"body":"So in fact, I have a case in"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1870.13,"endTime":1873.17,"body":"one of the papers we've written"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1873.17,"endTime":1875.96,"body":"that the battery was basically"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1873.17,"endTime":1875.96,"body":"on fire and the voltage was."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1876.695,"endTime":1877.205,"body":"Constant."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1877.325,"endTime":1877.715,"body":"And then it"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1877.715,"endTime":1878.105,"body":"dropped"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1878.135,"endTime":1878.885,"body":"15 seconds"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1878.94,"endTime":1881.49,"body":"a"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1878.94,"endTime":1881.49,"body":"very, very brave battery."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1881.52,"endTime":1883.89,"body":"I assume it was Ukrainian"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1881.52,"endTime":1883.89,"body":"fighting till the end."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1884.4,"endTime":1885.51,"body":"Uh, okay."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1885.759,"endTime":1887.91,"body":"and any other things you can"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1885.759,"endTime":1887.91,"body":"monitor, like maybe you can"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1887.91,"endTime":1888.987,"body":"measure in impendance of the"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1888.987,"endTime":1889.287,"body":"cells."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1889.337,"endTime":1889.577,"body":"Yeah."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1889.577,"endTime":1892.337,"body":"So impedance is another thing"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1889.577,"endTime":1892.337,"body":"they do, and they measure"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1892.337,"endTime":1894.527,"body":"impedance, especially when"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1892.337,"endTime":1894.527,"body":"they're trying to figure out"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1894.527,"endTime":1896.057,"body":"how your battery has degraded."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1896.207,"endTime":1898.247,"body":"So imagine you want to have"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1896.207,"endTime":1898.247,"body":"a second life of a battery."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1898.367,"endTime":1901.487,"body":"So the elephant in the"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1898.367,"endTime":1901.487,"body":"room for batteries, my"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1901.487,"endTime":1903.167,"body":"opinion is recycling, right?"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1903.317,"endTime":1906.197,"body":"Just like we had for"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1903.317,"endTime":1906.197,"body":"plastics is when your car or"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1906.197,"endTime":1908.477,"body":"whatever system you're using"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1906.197,"endTime":1908.477,"body":"reaches its end of life."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1909.542,"endTime":1912.812,"body":"You either recycled the battery"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1909.542,"endTime":1912.812,"body":"and that has a lot of costs"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1912.812,"endTime":1916.315,"body":"involved, or you try to redeploy"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1912.812,"endTime":1916.315,"body":"it in the second life in"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1916.325,"endTime":1917.475,"body":"something that requires maybe."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1917.917,"endTime":1918.934,"body":"high spec, right?"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1919.144,"endTime":1920.584,"body":"Because your battery"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1919.144,"endTime":1920.584,"body":"has degraded."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1920.764,"endTime":1922.804,"body":"So how do you then"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1920.764,"endTime":1922.804,"body":"figure out how much your"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1922.804,"endTime":1923.704,"body":"battery has degraded?"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1923.704,"endTime":1925.924,"body":"So normally what they do"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1923.704,"endTime":1925.924,"body":"is they then measure the"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1925.924,"endTime":1926.944,"body":"impedance of the battery."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1926.944,"endTime":1930.544,"body":"So you can use impedance"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1926.944,"endTime":1930.544,"body":"systems that measure what the"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1930.544,"endTime":1934.894,"body":"new like internal impedance"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1930.544,"endTime":1934.894,"body":"is, so that you know how much"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1934.894,"endTime":1935.884,"body":"your battery has degraded."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1936.154,"endTime":1939.334,"body":"What it doesn't tell you is what"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1936.154,"endTime":1939.334,"body":"conditions it was exposed to."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1939.514,"endTime":1941.524,"body":"So it doesn't tell you if"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1939.514,"endTime":1941.524,"body":"it was kept in a warehouse"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1941.524,"endTime":1944.524,"body":"at 40 degrees, and maybe so"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1941.524,"endTime":1944.524,"body":"it doesn't tell you what has"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1944.524,"endTime":1949.642,"body":"degraded, um, but yeah, battery"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1944.524,"endTime":1949.642,"body":"recycling entire topic, but"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1949.642,"endTime":1952.552,"body":"for me, that's the apart from"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1949.642,"endTime":1952.552,"body":"the fire safety, which I find"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1952.552,"endTime":1955.759,"body":"really interesting on a global"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1952.552,"endTime":1955.759,"body":"scale there is what's the plan."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1956.062,"endTime":1957.622,"body":"And of life for the batteries."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1957.832,"endTime":1959.002,"body":"We have it for nuclear, right?"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1959.002,"endTime":1960.832,"body":"If you have a nuclear power"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1959.002,"endTime":1960.832,"body":"plant, you want to design a"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1960.832,"endTime":1963.352,"body":"nuclear power plant, you are"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1960.832,"endTime":1963.352,"body":"not allowed until you have"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1963.352,"endTime":1966.112,"body":"presented the plan of what"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1963.352,"endTime":1966.112,"body":"happens to all the spent fuel."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1966.232,"endTime":1969.322,"body":"What happens to the land,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1966.232,"endTime":1969.322,"body":"what happens to everything"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1969.322,"endTime":1970.372,"body":"that goes with that, right?"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1970.432,"endTime":1974.182,"body":"Um, even if you want to put"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1970.432,"endTime":1974.182,"body":"a new oil rig out into the"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1974.182,"endTime":1976.732,"body":"sea, you have to have an"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1974.182,"endTime":1976.732,"body":"end of life plan for that"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1977.482,"endTime":1978.802,"body":"platform and what happens."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1979.012,"endTime":1981.262,"body":"But with batteries,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":1979.012,"endTime":1981.262,"body":"there's not much."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1981.535,"endTime":1982.555,"body":"people who are listening"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1982.555,"endTime":1986.185,"body":"to the podcast are, are"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1982.555,"endTime":1986.185,"body":"open-minded fire engineers"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1986.202,"endTime":1988.662,"body":"who wants to understand"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1986.202,"endTime":1988.662,"body":"what the future brings."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1988.662,"endTime":1992.772,"body":"And I think what you mentioned"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1988.662,"endTime":1992.772,"body":"now, if we think we have"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1992.772,"endTime":1996.222,"body":"an issue with electric"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1992.772,"endTime":1996.222,"body":"vehicles or lithium-ion"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1996.222,"endTime":1997.242,"body":"batteries today, which."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1998.257,"endTime":2002.117,"body":"Thing is that the big issue, but"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":1998.257,"endTime":2002.117,"body":"let's say the, the public, would"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2002.117,"endTime":2003.557,"body":"say it's a big issue today."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2004.157,"endTime":2008.357,"body":"Like when you bring to the"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2004.157,"endTime":2008.357,"body":"question, the, uh, out of life"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2008.387,"endTime":2013.157,"body":"batteries or repurpose batteries"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2008.387,"endTime":2013.157,"body":"or 30 year, all the batteries."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2013.697,"endTime":2016.907,"body":"That's going to be an"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2013.697,"endTime":2016.907,"body":"interesting issue we are"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2016.937,"endTime":2019.817,"body":"going to have, and we"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2016.937,"endTime":2019.817,"body":"better start looking for"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2019.817,"endTime":2021.587,"body":"solutions, how to manage this."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2022.037,"endTime":2024.977,"body":"Should we incrementally"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2022.037,"endTime":2024.977,"body":"increase the fire safety"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2024.977,"endTime":2027.137,"body":"regulations for the batteries?"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2027.167,"endTime":2030.437,"body":"If even though we don't have"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2027.167,"endTime":2030.437,"body":"really good regulations at the"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2030.437,"endTime":2036.467,"body":"moment, but it seems that we're"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2030.437,"endTime":2036.467,"body":"struggling with something that"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2036.467,"endTime":2038.087,"body":"that's not even the problem"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2038.087,"endTime":2038.567,"body":"yet."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2039.487,"endTime":2039.817,"body":"Yes."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2039.877,"endTime":2042.097,"body":"And it's, I think it's going"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2039.877,"endTime":2042.097,"body":"to become a problem in a"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2042.097,"endTime":2042.877,"body":"couple of years, right?"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2042.877,"endTime":2046.017,"body":"Once, batteries are scaling up,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2042.877,"endTime":2046.017,"body":"it's getting up and we're using"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2046.017,"endTime":2049.887,"body":"more and more higher high energy"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2046.017,"endTime":2049.887,"body":"density batteries once people."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2050.397,"endTime":2052.707,"body":"And there are companies that"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2050.397,"endTime":2052.707,"body":"have started doing second life"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2052.707,"endTime":2055.587,"body":"of batteries, you know, what are"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2052.707,"endTime":2055.587,"body":"the regulations around that from"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2055.587,"endTime":2056.987,"body":"a safety side, if I'm a fire."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2057.18,"endTime":2057.81,"body":"Scientists."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2058.02,"endTime":2062.52,"body":"And I care about when"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2058.02,"endTime":2062.52,"body":"the system will fail and"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2062.64,"endTime":2064.14,"body":"potentially cause a fire."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2064.44,"endTime":2067.41,"body":"And I have no clue of"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2064.44,"endTime":2067.41,"body":"what's changed inside."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2067.65,"endTime":2070.05,"body":"I just have this battery"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2067.65,"endTime":2070.05,"body":"pack, um, and I've been"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2070.05,"endTime":2071.88,"body":"told the impedance has"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2070.05,"endTime":2071.88,"body":"changed and that's it."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2071.91,"endTime":2073.83,"body":"I have no clue what"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2071.91,"endTime":2073.83,"body":"I've exposed it to you."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2074.448,"endTime":2075.394,"body":"the history."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2075.394,"endTime":2078.064,"body":"So the history, the history"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2075.394,"endTime":2078.064,"body":"of it, what's cycling, it's"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2078.064,"endTime":2080.884,"body":"been exposed to what charging"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2078.064,"endTime":2080.884,"body":"has been exposed to, you know,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2080.884,"endTime":2082.564,"body":"that degrades the battery."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2082.564,"endTime":2086.104,"body":"So it's from a safety"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2082.564,"endTime":2086.104,"body":"side, I find it concerning,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2086.364,"endTime":2088.544,"body":"And"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2086.364,"endTime":2088.544,"body":"how the graded battery is"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2088.544,"endTime":2091.754,"body":"more dangerous because of"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2088.544,"endTime":2091.754,"body":"this increasing beadings"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2091.754,"endTime":2092.574,"body":"this increased,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2092.794,"endTime":2094.594,"body":"yeah,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2092.794,"endTime":2094.594,"body":"potential short circuits."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2094.594,"endTime":2094.834,"body":"Yeah."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2094.864,"endTime":2095.884,"body":"Potential short circuits."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2095.884,"endTime":2096.094,"body":"Right."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2096.094,"endTime":2098.314,"body":"So for example,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2096.094,"endTime":2098.314,"body":"self-heating right."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2098.314,"endTime":2098.644,"body":"So"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2099.614,"endTime":2100.184,"body":"Yeah, go on."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2100.184,"endTime":2100.484,"body":"Go,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2100.654,"endTime":2100.984,"body":"Step"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2100.984,"endTime":2101.224,"body":"into"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2101.224,"endTime":2102.124,"body":"self-feeding ignition."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2102.514,"endTime":2106.284,"body":"uh, so Xuanze He and Zhenwen"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2102.514,"endTime":2106.284,"body":", Hu and, uh, Guillermo Rein."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2106.344,"endTime":2108.324,"body":", and I have worked on"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2106.344,"endTime":2108.324,"body":"self-heating at Imperial."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2108.354,"endTime":2112.014,"body":"Um, and, , a lot of what I'm"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2108.354,"endTime":2112.014,"body":"going to say is the Zhenwen the"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2112.014,"endTime":2113.864,"body":"Xuanze his work and their PhDs."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2113.964,"endTime":2116.064,"body":", and you know, they"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2113.964,"endTime":2116.064,"body":"studied a lot on what"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2116.064,"endTime":2118.464,"body":"happens when you have XL."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2118.614,"endTime":2121.074,"body":"These X's are chemical reactions"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2118.614,"endTime":2121.074,"body":"are always happening, right."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2121.074,"endTime":2122.514,"body":"So they increase"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2121.074,"endTime":2122.514,"body":"your temperature."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2122.544,"endTime":2122.634,"body":"Okay."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2123.234,"endTime":2124.914,"body":"I care about"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2123.234,"endTime":2124.914,"body":"self-ehating ignition."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2124.914,"endTime":2127.284,"body":"I've done self-heating"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2124.914,"endTime":2127.284,"body":"ignition for non batteries,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2127.654,"endTime":2130.34,"body":", for, you know, other"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2127.654,"endTime":2130.34,"body":"reactive media in my PhD."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2130.55,"endTime":2134.24,"body":"And the problem is very"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2130.55,"endTime":2134.24,"body":"easily post to me is, well,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2134.39,"endTime":2135.44,"body":"the behavior is the same."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2135.59,"endTime":2138.44,"body":"So what happens if in an"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2135.59,"endTime":2138.44,"body":"open circuit cell, instead of"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2138.44,"endTime":2140.84,"body":"abusing it, instead of adding"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2138.44,"endTime":2140.84,"body":"an internal short circuit,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2141.14,"endTime":2143.51,"body":"I just considered a battery"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2141.14,"endTime":2143.51,"body":"itself and the heating that"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2143.51,"endTime":2149.51,"body":"it's caused, if the, if the"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2143.51,"endTime":2149.51,"body":"heat cannot be dissipated, , And"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2149.51,"endTime":2151.04,"body":"the heat starts building up."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2151.22,"endTime":2154.55,"body":"Then I might reach a critical"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2151.22,"endTime":2154.55,"body":"temperature for which"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2155.117,"endTime":2157.574,"body":"self-heating ignition can happen"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2155.117,"endTime":2157.574,"body":"and thermal runaway can happen."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2157.574,"endTime":2157.784,"body":"Right?"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2157.934,"endTime":2161.907,"body":"So I can reach a condition"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2157.934,"endTime":2161.907,"body":"where these exothermic chemical"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2161.907,"endTime":2165.074,"body":"reactions are causing enough"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2161.907,"endTime":2165.074,"body":"heat to be produced, that"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2165.074,"endTime":2167.474,"body":"the environment around it is"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2165.074,"endTime":2167.474,"body":"not providing enough cooling."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2167.804,"endTime":2169.244,"body":"And so eventually"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2167.804,"endTime":2169.244,"body":"the temperature will"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2169.244,"endTime":2170.314,"body":"go up and all be."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2170.984,"endTime":2173.994,"body":"If that's a single cell, you"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2170.984,"endTime":2173.994,"body":"do the calculations and Xuanze"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2174.584,"endTime":2177.074,"body":"done experiment to, and I,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2174.584,"endTime":2177.074,"body":"you know, you get a ridiculous"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2177.284,"endTime":2180.884,"body":"high temperature that you will"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2177.284,"endTime":2180.884,"body":"not reach in our warehouse,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2181.004,"endTime":2182.864,"body":"but if you increase the size."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2183.104,"endTime":2186.374,"body":"So with self-heating theory,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2183.104,"endTime":2186.374,"body":"if you go back to seminar or"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2186.374,"endTime":2188.897,"body":"if you go back to, the work in"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2186.374,"endTime":2188.897,"body":"the eighties, or even some of"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2188.897,"endTime":2192.407,"body":"my work in my PhD, you, you see"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2188.897,"endTime":2192.407,"body":"that for most reactive media."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2192.407,"endTime":2196.097,"body":"If you increase the size, the"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2192.407,"endTime":2196.097,"body":"temperature threshold for which"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2196.547,"endTime":2197.777,"body":"you will reach a critical."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2198.604,"endTime":2200.205,"body":"temperature that will"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2198.604,"endTime":2200.205,"body":"eventually reach the thermal"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2200.205,"endTime":2201.345,"body":"runaway will decrease."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2201.645,"endTime":2204.585,"body":"And so by how much it"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2201.645,"endTime":2204.585,"body":"decreases, it changes."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2204.855,"endTime":2207.885,"body":"And so what they did in"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2204.855,"endTime":2207.885,"body":"their PhD was they looked at"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2207.885,"endTime":2208.995,"body":"this phenomenon for battery."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2209.015,"endTime":2213.037,"body":"So, they said, okay, A"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2209.015,"endTime":2213.037,"body":"stack of batteries and those"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2213.037,"endTime":2214.297,"body":"batteries are all heating up."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2214.567,"endTime":2217.657,"body":"The center core battery might"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2214.567,"endTime":2217.657,"body":"be heating up more, right."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2217.657,"endTime":2220.417,"body":"Cause it's not releasing"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2217.657,"endTime":2220.417,"body":"that heat to the environment."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2220.477,"endTime":2222.037,"body":"So you're leasing it to"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2220.477,"endTime":2222.037,"body":"batteries next to it, which"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2222.037,"endTime":2223.087,"body":"are also causing heat."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2223.357,"endTime":2223.657,"body":"Right."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2224.204,"endTime":2227.774,"body":"and eventually you might"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2224.204,"endTime":2227.774,"body":"reach the condition where you"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2227.774,"endTime":2232.004,"body":"have temperatures that cause"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2227.774,"endTime":2232.004,"body":"ignition temperatures that"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2232.004,"endTime":2233.144,"body":"you can reach and warehouses,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2233.4,"endTime":2235.23,"body":"the"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2233.4,"endTime":2235.23,"body":"state of batteries is idle."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2235.23,"endTime":2235.83,"body":"They they're"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2235.83,"endTime":2236.25,"body":"not being"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2236.515,"endTime":2237.715,"body":"Yeah,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2236.515,"endTime":2237.715,"body":"they're open circuits."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2237.715,"endTime":2239.155,"body":"So imagine you have"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2237.715,"endTime":2239.155,"body":"a warehouse, right?"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2239.395,"endTime":2242.765,"body":"So, uh, Zhenwen did this"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2239.395,"endTime":2242.765,"body":"calculation, , in his PhD, which"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2242.765,"endTime":2246.485,"body":"was that he took the size of"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2242.765,"endTime":2246.485,"body":"a warehouse and he said, okay,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2246.485,"endTime":2249.135,"body":"imagine I'm packaging batteries,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2246.485,"endTime":2249.135,"body":", in this warehouse and it's"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2249.135,"endTime":2251.625,"body":"old batteries at what size."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2252.355,"endTime":2255.775,"body":"Will I need of number"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2252.355,"endTime":2255.775,"body":"of batteries for them"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2255.775,"endTime":2257.845,"body":"to ignite that room"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2255.775,"endTime":2257.845,"body":"temperature in the warehouse."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2258.085,"endTime":2260.309,"body":"And he found the number to"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2258.085,"endTime":2260.309,"body":"be very, very high, you know,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2260.339,"endTime":2261.389,"body":"racks and racks of them."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2261.749,"endTime":2264.659,"body":"But that's, if there"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2261.749,"endTime":2264.659,"body":"is no installation,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2264.679,"endTime":2265.949,"body":"there is no packaging."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2266.339,"endTime":2268.079,"body":"And so he said, okay,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2266.339,"endTime":2268.079,"body":"now what happens if I"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2268.079,"endTime":2269.009,"body":"start adding packaging?"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2269.009,"endTime":2269.279,"body":"Right."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2269.429,"endTime":2272.249,"body":"So packaging causes insulation,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2269.429,"endTime":2272.249,"body":"in fact, so it lets you"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2272.249,"endTime":2274.229,"body":"retain the heat and he"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2272.249,"endTime":2274.229,"body":"saw that that temperature"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2274.229,"endTime":2275.429,"body":"started dropping massively."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2275.699,"endTime":2278.459,"body":"Um, and one of his"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2275.699,"endTime":2278.459,"body":"papers found effectively."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2279.174,"endTime":2281.454,"body":"Depending on what insulation"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2279.174,"endTime":2281.454,"body":"you have between the batteries."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2281.604,"endTime":2284.724,"body":"It actually massively lowers"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2281.604,"endTime":2284.724,"body":"the temperature for which"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2284.904,"endTime":2286.194,"body":"self-heating ignition happens."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2286.494,"endTime":2289.464,"body":"Um, and Xuanze then did"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2286.494,"endTime":2289.464,"body":"this experimentally."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2289.464,"endTime":2292.374,"body":"So he measured"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2289.464,"endTime":2292.374,"body":"self-feeding ignition"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2292.374,"endTime":2293.664,"body":"for a stack of batteries."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2293.874,"endTime":2296.634,"body":"Um, and he saw that as you"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2293.874,"endTime":2296.634,"body":"increase the stock size, the"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2296.634,"endTime":2299.634,"body":"temperature for which they"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2296.634,"endTime":2299.634,"body":"reached ignition reduced."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2300.194,"endTime":2301.436,"body":"and"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2300.194,"endTime":2301.436,"body":"then this was , passive"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2301.436,"endTime":2305.202,"body":"self-feeding that you would"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2301.436,"endTime":2305.202,"body":"encounter in, when you store"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2305.212,"endTime":2309.792,"body":"the batteries, uh, where there,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2305.212,"endTime":2309.792,"body":"like you said, that there was"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2309.822,"endTime":2314.706,"body":"a certain charging point at"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2309.822,"endTime":2314.706,"body":"which they should be stopped."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2314.946,"endTime":2317.132,"body":"So did, did you guys"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2314.946,"endTime":2317.132,"body":"try, like different"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2317.132,"endTime":2317.552,"body":"charging"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2317.552,"endTime":2317.912,"body":"points"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2317.937,"endTime":2318.507,"body":"Yes."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2318.567,"endTime":2319.587,"body":"Yeah, absolutely."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2319.601,"endTime":2320.561,"body":"Very good question."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2320.561,"endTime":2323.531,"body":"So, so that was one of"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2320.561,"endTime":2323.531,"body":"our first questions."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2323.531,"endTime":2323.831,"body":"Okay."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2323.831,"endTime":2326.501,"body":"We did everything at a single"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2323.831,"endTime":2326.501,"body":"star charging point initially."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2326.621,"endTime":2329.751,"body":"So Xuanze his first experiments,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2326.621,"endTime":2329.751,"body":"that he did, back in China,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2329.781,"endTime":2331.911,"body":"he had state of charge of 30%."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2331.911,"endTime":2333.291,"body":"So he had the low"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2331.911,"endTime":2333.291,"body":"one that you use."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2334.001,"endTime":2335.891,"body":"Transport by then he"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2334.001,"endTime":2335.891,"body":"said, okay, but what"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2335.891,"endTime":2337.001,"body":"happens if I increase it?"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2337.001,"endTime":2337.241,"body":"Right."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2337.241,"endTime":2339.251,"body":"So what happens if I go to"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2337.241,"endTime":2339.251,"body":"higher states of charge?"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2339.431,"endTime":2341.801,"body":"And in fact, he found that you"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2339.431,"endTime":2341.801,"body":"have more electrical energy"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2341.801,"endTime":2345.191,"body":"stored inside, but he also"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2341.801,"endTime":2345.191,"body":"found that your temperature"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2345.191,"endTime":2350.901,"body":"threshold for, self-heating"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2345.191,"endTime":2350.901,"body":"ignition, um, massively reduces."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2350.991,"endTime":2353.871,"body":"And so the more state of"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2350.991,"endTime":2353.871,"body":"charge, the lower temperature,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2354.051,"endTime":2356.121,"body":"it will get lower critical."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2356.121,"endTime":2358.761,"body":"The temperature for which"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2356.121,"endTime":2358.761,"body":"ignition is triggered,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2359.251,"endTime":2361.051,"body":"And by by"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2359.251,"endTime":2361.051,"body":"ignition, you mean the beginning"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2361.051,"endTime":2362.701,"body":"of this cascading processes or"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2362.971,"endTime":2363.391,"body":"something"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2363.801,"endTime":2365.461,"body":"So the"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2363.801,"endTime":2365.461,"body":"beginning, so basically where"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2365.461,"endTime":2367.111,"body":"the process becomes unstoppable."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2367.111,"endTime":2367.351,"body":"Right."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2367.917,"endTime":2370.647,"body":"and at some point, yeah."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2370.677,"endTime":2373.587,"body":"What, what is that"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2370.677,"endTime":2373.587,"body":"trigger temperature?"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2373.587,"endTime":2376.947,"body":"So if I go back to something"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2373.587,"endTime":2376.947,"body":"that we've looked at in fire"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2376.947,"endTime":2378.747,"body":"from the 1980s is coal, right?"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2378.747,"endTime":2381.837,"body":"So this was done a lot"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2378.747,"endTime":2381.837,"body":"for coal fires is, you"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2381.837,"endTime":2382.917,"body":"know, what is that?"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2383.712,"endTime":2384.522,"body":"Temperature for storage."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2384.522,"endTime":2385.782,"body":"So Cole has the"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2384.522,"endTime":2385.782,"body":"same problem, right?"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2385.782,"endTime":2387.222,"body":"Call it a reactive material."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2387.222,"endTime":2388.692,"body":"It oxidizes with oxygen."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2388.932,"endTime":2391.212,"body":"So if there's oxygen in the"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2388.932,"endTime":2391.212,"body":"room, your coal is going to"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2391.212,"endTime":2392.202,"body":"be producing its own heat."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2392.322,"endTime":2393.702,"body":"It doesn't matter that"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2392.322,"endTime":2393.702,"body":"you're not burning it."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2393.882,"endTime":2395.112,"body":"It's gotta be producing heat."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2395.209,"endTime":2396.559,"body":"and so the."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2396.912,"endTime":2399.972,"body":"Mine's that use coal or"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2396.912,"endTime":2399.972,"body":"power plants that use coal"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2399.972,"endTime":2402.192,"body":"always had that policy of"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2399.972,"endTime":2402.192,"body":"first in, first out, right?"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2402.372,"endTime":2404.832,"body":"The coal that gets into"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2402.372,"endTime":2404.832,"body":"storage first is the first"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2404.832,"endTime":2405.792,"body":"one that's going to be used."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2405.792,"endTime":2407.652,"body":"You don't leave it in"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2405.792,"endTime":2407.652,"body":"storage for a long time."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2407.892,"endTime":2409.602,"body":"You don't start using"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2407.892,"endTime":2409.602,"body":"the one that comes later."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2409.842,"endTime":2412.602,"body":"Uh, not because of, you know,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2409.842,"endTime":2412.602,"body":"aging of Cola and, you know,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2412.902,"endTime":2415.902,"body":"like whiskey the age, the"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2412.902,"endTime":2415.902,"body":"better it's the opposite."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2415.902,"endTime":2418.392,"body":"It's, you know, the more"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2415.902,"endTime":2418.392,"body":"aging it has, the more heat"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2418.392,"endTime":2419.832,"body":"is had a chance to produce."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2420.102,"endTime":2422.292,"body":"And so for coal, they"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2420.102,"endTime":2422.292,"body":"found obviously that"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2422.532,"endTime":2423.799,"body":"the bigger, the storage."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2424.599,"endTime":2427.059,"body":"The lower the temperature"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2424.599,"endTime":2427.059,"body":"for which you would"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2427.059,"endTime":2427.809,"body":"have that trigger."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2428.139,"endTime":2430.419,"body":"And so that's what we were"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2428.139,"endTime":2430.419,"body":"looking at from a battery"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2430.419,"endTime":2434.202,"body":"site is can we find a similar"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2430.419,"endTime":2434.202,"body":"behavior, to what we have"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2434.202,"endTime":2437.706,"body":"seen in many, many fuels,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2434.202,"endTime":2437.706,"body":"over the history and fire"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2437.706,"endTime":2441.396,"body":"science and which maybe the"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2437.706,"endTime":2441.396,"body":"battery community was not"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2441.396,"endTime":2442.626,"body":"really used to thinking about."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2443.266,"endTime":2443.986,"body":"And okay."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2444.016,"endTime":2447.346,"body":"And when you did this"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2444.016,"endTime":2447.346,"body":"experiments, I know there is"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2447.346,"endTime":2449.956,"body":"a fancy technique that you"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2447.346,"endTime":2449.956,"body":"have, ruins for everyone else."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2450.496,"endTime":2452.616,"body":"And that that's Accelerating"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2450.496,"endTime":2452.616,"body":"Rate Callorimetry."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2452.779,"endTime":2455.299,"body":"yeah, so,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2452.779,"endTime":2455.299,"body":"so that was a, the last chapter"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2455.309,"endTime":2458.389,"body":"of Xuanze's PhD thesis with"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2455.309,"endTime":2458.389,"body":"Guillermo Rein at Imperial."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2458.419,"endTime":2461.142,"body":"Um, You know, the way we get"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2458.419,"endTime":2461.142,"body":"kinetics that we use for a"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2461.142,"endTime":2464.442,"body":"lot of our stuff is using"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2461.142,"endTime":2464.442,"body":"accelerating rate calorimetry."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2465.272,"endTime":2469.022,"body":"We often investigate thermal"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2465.272,"endTime":2469.022,"body":"runaway promise there."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2469.022,"endTime":2470.942,"body":"So those, you know, probably"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2469.022,"endTime":2470.942,"body":"there's the bring you"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2470.942,"endTime":2473.612,"body":"to runaway by assuming"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2470.942,"endTime":2473.612,"body":"adiabatic conditions."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2473.642,"endTime":2476.552,"body":"So you assume that your"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2473.642,"endTime":2476.552,"body":"conditions exactly."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2476.582,"endTime":2478.982,"body":"And you put into this machine,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2476.582,"endTime":2478.982,"body":"that's called accelerating"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2478.982,"endTime":2482.072,"body":"rate calorimetry and out pop"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2478.982,"endTime":2482.072,"body":"the kinetics effectively."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2482.072,"endTime":2485.042,"body":"That's a really simple way of"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2482.072,"endTime":2485.042,"body":"putting it, but what Xuanze and"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2485.042,"endTime":2488.492,"body":"Guillermo and I, and a couple"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2485.042,"endTime":2488.492,"body":"of others, thoughts as well."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2488.979,"endTime":2489.999,"body":"We do heat transfer."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2490.509,"endTime":2493.869,"body":"Adiabatic seem surprising"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2490.509,"endTime":2493.869,"body":"when you have a system that"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2494.336,"endTime":2497.366,"body":"has its own temperature"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2494.336,"endTime":2497.366,"body":"generation, right."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2497.816,"endTime":2499.586,"body":"And it's not microscopic, right."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2499.616,"endTime":2501.896,"body":"A battery is not a"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2502.406,"endTime":2503.006,"body":"millimeter"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2503.116,"endTime":2505.016,"body":"Let us"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2503.116,"endTime":2505.016,"body":"assume the batteries appointing"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2505.016,"endTime":2505.766,"body":"spaced."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2505.976,"endTime":2507.026,"body":"and so exactly."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2507.026,"endTime":2512.262,"body":"So, so Xuanze did measurements,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2507.026,"endTime":2512.262,"body":"um, to figure out if you do"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2512.262,"endTime":2514.092,"body":"not ignore the heat transfer."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2514.842,"endTime":2517.272,"body":"So basically what you're"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2514.842,"endTime":2517.272,"body":"assuming is that you're ignoring"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2517.272,"endTime":2518.412,"body":"internal heat transfer, right?"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2518.502,"endTime":2520.692,"body":"When you use accelerating"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2518.502,"endTime":2520.692,"body":"rate calorimetry and he"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2520.692,"endTime":2521.592,"body":"said, well, what happens?"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2521.592,"endTime":2523.369,"body":"Can we ignore,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2521.592,"endTime":2523.369,"body":"internal heat transfer?"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2523.489,"endTime":2527.329,"body":"So within the cell and"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2523.489,"endTime":2527.329,"body":"external heat transfer at the"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2527.329,"endTime":2531.116,"body":"cell surface, because in a"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2527.329,"endTime":2531.116,"body":"accelerator colorimetry you have"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2531.116,"endTime":2532.616,"body":"a constant temperature wall."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2532.902,"endTime":2533.982,"body":"and he found that actually."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2535.362,"endTime":2537.739,"body":"For, I think he used,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2535.362,"endTime":2537.739,"body":"I'm on the paper."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2537.739,"endTime":2539.479,"body":"So I'd be, I need to be"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2537.739,"endTime":2539.479,"body":"careful here with not"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2539.479,"endTime":2540.289,"body":"getting things wrong."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2540.499,"endTime":2543.936,"body":"Um, so you use lithium cobalt"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2540.499,"endTime":2543.936,"body":"batteries, lithium cobalt oxide."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2544.116,"endTime":2547.686,"body":"So for his lithium cobalt"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2544.116,"endTime":2547.686,"body":"oxide, prismatic cell, he"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2547.686,"endTime":2549.396,"body":"found that actually for."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2549.759,"endTime":2552.422,"body":"Temperatures are much"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2549.759,"endTime":2552.422,"body":"lower than thermal runaway."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2552.602,"endTime":2555.902,"body":"So, you know, very low"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2552.602,"endTime":2555.902,"body":"temperature then the"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2555.902,"endTime":2559.202,"body":"temperature variation was"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2555.902,"endTime":2559.202,"body":"between one, 1.5 degrees."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2559.496,"endTime":2561.516,"body":"so between zero and one"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2559.496,"endTime":2561.516,"body":"and a half degrees, so"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2561.636,"endTime":2562.866,"body":"relatively small, right?"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2563.076,"endTime":2567.516,"body":"The, the heat, uh, that you"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2563.076,"endTime":2567.516,"body":"are missing the negligence"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2567.516,"endTime":2569.436,"body":"that you're getting from"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2567.516,"endTime":2569.436,"body":"the heat transfer effects"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2569.706,"endTime":2572.886,"body":"by that he found that when"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2569.706,"endTime":2572.886,"body":"thermal runaway does occur."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2572.886,"endTime":2575.932,"body":"So when you reach those"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2572.886,"endTime":2575.932,"body":"higher temperatures than the."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2575.932,"endTime":2577.952,"body":"Temperature that you've"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2575.932,"endTime":2577.952,"body":"missed the change that you've"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2577.952,"endTime":2580.442,"body":"missed by ignoring the heat"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2577.952,"endTime":2580.442,"body":"transfer effect can go from"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2580.442,"endTime":2582.182,"body":"10 degrees to 130 degrees."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2582.452,"endTime":2585.152,"body":"And so he found that actually,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2582.452,"endTime":2585.152,"body":"if you ignore heat transfer,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2585.152,"endTime":2589.082,"body":"external heat transfer effects,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2585.152,"endTime":2589.082,"body":"then you are underestimating"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2589.082,"endTime":2592.652,"body":"the heat of reaction of"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2589.082,"endTime":2592.652,"body":"the cell by about 12% for"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2592.652,"endTime":2593.642,"body":"the cell that he was using."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2593.852,"endTime":2596.162,"body":"That's a lot, you know,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2593.852,"endTime":2596.162,"body":"if the heater reaction."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2596.812,"endTime":2600.142,"body":"Underestimated by 12% means"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2596.812,"endTime":2600.142,"body":"that your kinetics, the estimate"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2600.142,"endTime":2604.552,"body":"that kinetics will have a bigger"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2600.142,"endTime":2604.552,"body":"error and that error will grow"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2604.552,"endTime":2605.842,"body":"as the number of cells grows."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2605.842,"endTime":2606.052,"body":"Right."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2606.052,"endTime":2609.682,"body":"So I said that that temperature"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2606.052,"endTime":2609.682,"body":"for feeding will decrease"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2609.742,"endTime":2611.482,"body":"as you increase the size."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2611.692,"endTime":2613.762,"body":"So imagine you have more"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2611.692,"endTime":2613.762,"body":"and more cells, then"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2613.762,"endTime":2615.082,"body":"that error will compound."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2615.127,"endTime":2615.277,"body":"Yeah."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2615.407,"endTime":2617.997,"body":"And did they go back"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2615.407,"endTime":2617.997,"body":"to the warehouse"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2617.997,"endTime":2619.137,"body":"calculations knowing that."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2620.362,"endTime":2622.618,"body":"so, so"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2620.362,"endTime":2622.618,"body":"the paper, the paper came out."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2622.618,"endTime":2623.866,"body":"Last week, in fact."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2623.866,"endTime":2625.846,"body":"So it's a very new"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2623.866,"endTime":2625.846,"body":"paper from his thesis."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2626.269,"endTime":2630.132,"body":"and, basically our conclusion"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2626.269,"endTime":2630.132,"body":"was that, um, if you ignore"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2630.822,"endTime":2633.792,"body":"heat transfer effects, then"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2630.822,"endTime":2633.792,"body":"the thermal runaway parameters"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2633.792,"endTime":2636.402,"body":"that you're quantifying using"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2633.792,"endTime":2636.402,"body":"this technique will have."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2637.197,"endTime":2640.167,"body":"Errors that can propagate in"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2637.197,"endTime":2640.167,"body":"your battery safety design."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2640.467,"endTime":2644.067,"body":"And so if you go back to the"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2640.467,"endTime":2644.067,"body":"warehouse, you know, make sure"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2644.067,"endTime":2647.337,"body":"that if you're using that data"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2644.067,"endTime":2647.337,"body":"for your calculation, you are"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2647.337,"endTime":2650.757,"body":"aware of the errors so that you"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2647.337,"endTime":2650.757,"body":"can use it in your prediction,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2650.757,"endTime":2653.877,"body":"because I mean, you do way more"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2650.757,"endTime":2653.877,"body":"CFD than I do, which I can,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2653.877,"endTime":2655.047,"body":"you know, that's, it's fine."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2655.047,"endTime":2656.637,"body":"As long as you know what"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2655.047,"endTime":2656.637,"body":"the error is, you can"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2656.877,"endTime":2659.037,"body":"account for it and you"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2656.877,"endTime":2659.037,"body":"can do error propagation."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2659.277,"endTime":2661.627,"body":"But if you don't know what"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2659.277,"endTime":2661.627,"body":"it is, and you don't have an"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2661.647,"endTime":2664.257,"body":"error propagation, then you're"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2661.647,"endTime":2664.257,"body":"going to have a lot of issues"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2664.257,"endTime":2664.377,"body":"with"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2664.652,"endTime":2667.572,"body":"Yeah, I"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2664.652,"endTime":2667.572,"body":"had a very nice talk, about,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2667.949,"endTime":2671.699,"body":"I both life the engineer with"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2667.949,"endTime":2671.699,"body":"Mike Spearpoint and there"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2671.699,"endTime":2674.612,"body":"was this consistent level of"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2671.699,"endTime":2674.612,"body":"crudeness being mentioned that,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2674.622,"endTime":2678.432,"body":"when you do, um, very fine"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2674.622,"endTime":2678.432,"body":"simulations and you have a."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2679.047,"endTime":2683.427,"body":"Under pinning assumption that"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2679.047,"endTime":2683.427,"body":"has a major error, no matter"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2683.427,"endTime":2687.597,"body":"how fancy your technique was,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2683.427,"endTime":2687.597,"body":"this, uh, initial error will"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2687.627,"endTime":2692.457,"body":"propagate to whatever you do and"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2687.627,"endTime":2692.457,"body":"will increase the uncertainty of"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2692.457,"endTime":2694.917,"body":"whatever you've done by a lot."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2694.947,"endTime":2695.847,"body":"And if here."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2696.452,"endTime":2699.002,"body":"The first thing, you"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2696.452,"endTime":2699.002,"body":"would assume that the"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2699.362,"endTime":2703.592,"body":"reaction rate is this, and"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2699.362,"endTime":2703.592,"body":"you've missed it by 12%."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2703.652,"endTime":2706.382,"body":"And that's the underpinning"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2703.652,"endTime":2706.382,"body":"point of every single"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2706.712,"endTime":2710.582,"body":"analysis you do for, for"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2706.712,"endTime":2710.582,"body":"the next of your research."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2710.609,"endTime":2713.156,"body":"that's a huge miss and"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2710.609,"endTime":2713.156,"body":"not, uh, not the biggest"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2713.156,"endTime":2714.716,"body":"one in the industry,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2714.956,"endTime":2715.196,"body":"but"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2715.576,"endTime":2715.726,"body":"But"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2715.726,"endTime":2716.776,"body":"I learned this with Guillermo."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2716.776,"endTime":2719.986,"body":"So I did my PhD with Guillermo"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2716.776,"endTime":2719.986,"body":"Rein and when I started"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2719.986,"endTime":2722.266,"body":"doing so I started looking"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2719.986,"endTime":2722.266,"body":"at self-heating from modeling"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2722.266,"endTime":2724.126,"body":"side and I realized that"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2722.266,"endTime":2724.126,"body":"I couldn't find the data"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2724.126,"endTime":2726.346,"body":"I wanted and literature,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2724.126,"endTime":2726.346,"body":"because I wanted the errors."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2726.496,"endTime":2728.416,"body":"I wanted to know what"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2726.496,"endTime":2728.416,"body":"the uncertainty was and I"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2728.416,"endTime":2729.496,"body":"couldn't find the uncertainty."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2729.496,"endTime":2731.236,"body":"I said, well, if I model"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2729.496,"endTime":2731.236,"body":"need, I don't know."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2731.306,"endTime":2733.336,"body":"I don't mind how big"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2731.306,"endTime":2733.336,"body":"the uncertainty is."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2733.336,"endTime":2734.116,"body":"I need to know what it is."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2734.356,"endTime":2736.186,"body":"So then I ended up"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2734.356,"endTime":2736.186,"body":"doing experiments to"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2736.186,"endTime":2737.676,"body":"get set data, and then."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2738.286,"endTime":2741.706,"body":"Put the errors and Guillermo and"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2738.286,"endTime":2741.706,"body":"I were having discussions in my"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2741.706,"endTime":2744.796,"body":"first paper, in my PhD because"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2741.706,"endTime":2744.796,"body":"my aerobars are quite large."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2745.036,"endTime":2747.496,"body":"And so then when I upscaled"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2745.036,"endTime":2747.496,"body":"to real life scenarios,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2747.706,"endTime":2749.386,"body":"I was having these"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2747.706,"endTime":2749.386,"body":"really big error bars."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2749.386,"endTime":2751.936,"body":"And in fact, if you look even"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2749.386,"endTime":2751.936,"body":"now with Xuanze, Zhenwen in our"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2751.936,"endTime":2755.056,"body":"battery papers, when we upscale"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2751.936,"endTime":2755.056,"body":"our error bars are quite big."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2755.716,"endTime":2758.326,"body":"I went back to Guillermo and"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2755.716,"endTime":2758.326,"body":"we were looking at my figures"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2758.326,"endTime":2759.856,"body":"and I was like, I'm really"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2758.326,"endTime":2759.856,"body":"worried and give him, I said,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2759.886,"endTime":2762.886,"body":"but why, you know, if that's the"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2759.886,"endTime":2762.886,"body":"uncertainty that we're getting,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2762.886,"endTime":2763.786,"body":"that's the important thing."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2763.786,"endTime":2765.616,"body":"And that's,  when you then"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2763.786,"endTime":2765.616,"body":"use the data, you need to"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2765.616,"endTime":2766.726,"body":"know what the uncertainty was."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2766.906,"endTime":2768.286,"body":"So we sent the paper for review."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2768.706,"endTime":2770.776,"body":"I got demolished by"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2768.706,"endTime":2770.776,"body":"one of the reviewers."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2770.986,"endTime":2772.156,"body":"I got a little bit demoralized."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2772.216,"endTime":2773.026,"body":"We resubmitted the paper."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2773.971,"endTime":2777.444,"body":"To combustion and flame in"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2773.971,"endTime":2777.444,"body":"fact, got great reviews back,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2777.691,"endTime":2778.951,"body":"no problem with the errors."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2778.981,"endTime":2781.681,"body":"Uh, in fact, he knows very good"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2778.981,"endTime":2781.681,"body":"that you specified all the data."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2781.861,"endTime":2783.901,"body":"And so for me, it was"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2781.861,"endTime":2783.901,"body":"actually a beginning."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2783.901,"endTime":2786.601,"body":"It was a bit worrying, but in"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2783.901,"endTime":2786.601,"body":"fact, I learned, and I've kept"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2786.601,"endTime":2787.351,"body":"this throughout my career."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2787.351,"endTime":2790.531,"body":"And now that I'm an academic and"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2787.351,"endTime":2790.531,"body":"I have my own PhD students, I am"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2790.531,"endTime":2794.101,"body":"very careful always with, um, or"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2790.531,"endTime":2794.101,"body":"even with my postdoc on error."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2794.101,"endTime":2796.681,"body":"Uncertainty analysis is,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2794.101,"endTime":2796.681,"body":"you know, I don't mind if"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2796.681,"endTime":2799.261,"body":"there is big, but it needs"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2796.681,"endTime":2799.261,"body":"to be accurate so that if"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2799.261,"endTime":2800.311,"body":"you then use it for modeling."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2800.778,"endTime":2803.567,"body":"You have as accurate"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2800.778,"endTime":2803.567,"body":"as you can get data."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2804.137,"endTime":2806.557,"body":"It's"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2804.137,"endTime":2806.557,"body":"something that my, , my mentor"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2806.647,"endTime":2810.754,"body":"professor Czernecki said, do"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2806.647,"endTime":2810.754,"body":"you want to be, uh, roughly"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2810.754,"endTime":2812.194,"body":"correct or precisely wrong?"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2812.224,"endTime":2812.644,"body":"And,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2812.674,"endTime":2813.004,"body":"uh,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2813.804,"endTime":2814.164,"body":"I like"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2814.234,"endTime":2816.154,"body":"roughly"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2814.234,"endTime":2816.154,"body":"correct is sometimes, , that's"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2816.154,"endTime":2819.637,"body":"all you can get and, to"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2816.154,"endTime":2819.637,"body":"understand the limitations of,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2819.637,"endTime":2823.084,"body":"of your errors means you can."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2823.894,"endTime":2828.637,"body":"I mean, The data does not need"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2823.894,"endTime":2828.637,"body":"to be super high fidelity to"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2828.637,"endTime":2832.417,"body":"be useful models do not have"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2828.637,"endTime":2832.417,"body":"to replicate reality in a"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2832.417,"endTime":2833.947,"body":"hundred percent to be useful."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2834.337,"endTime":2836.407,"body":"These are tools for engineers."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2836.407,"endTime":2840.337,"body":"And I think here another lesson"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2836.407,"endTime":2840.337,"body":"that comes for the general fire"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2840.337,"endTime":2843.567,"body":"safety engineering audience,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2840.337,"endTime":2843.567,"body":"who may not be that big"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2843.597,"endTime":2844.947,"body":"fans of cathodes and anodes."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2844.977,"endTime":2849.572,"body":"But, here we are talking about"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2844.977,"endTime":2849.572,"body":"quiet Difficult engineering"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2849.602,"endTime":2853.152,"body":"topic where so many fields"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2849.602,"endTime":2853.152,"body":"of science interlap."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2853.622,"endTime":2857.192,"body":"And then again, if this"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2853.622,"endTime":2857.192,"body":"battery's burned down,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2857.192,"endTime":2859.472,"body":"it's us fire engineers"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2857.192,"endTime":2859.472,"body":"was going to be blamed it."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2859.832,"endTime":2864.532,"body":"We didn't solve this issue and"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2859.832,"endTime":2864.532,"body":"metabolically going through it,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2864.952,"endTime":2868.402,"body":"understanding the limitations,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2864.952,"endTime":2868.402,"body":"understanding the impact of the"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2868.442,"endTime":2873.052,"body":"small factors gives you, uh, in"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2868.442,"endTime":2873.052,"body":"the end, the holistic view on."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2873.632,"endTime":2877.497,"body":"On the system, in this case,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2873.632,"endTime":2877.497,"body":"on the battery cell that,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2877.509,"endTime":2879.189,"body":"gives you space to work with."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2879.219,"endTime":2883.449,"body":"And it's not that we're going"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2879.219,"endTime":2883.449,"body":"to magically solve the problems"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2883.449,"endTime":2887.406,"body":"of, batteries if one exists,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2883.449,"endTime":2887.406,"body":"exists, but, , we need to"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2887.406,"endTime":2891.576,"body":"learn how to live with them"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2887.406,"endTime":2891.576,"body":"and how to manage them in"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2891.606,"endTime":2893.106,"body":"a way that is acceptable."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2893.106,"endTime":2894.996,"body":"And I think this is"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2893.106,"endTime":2894.996,"body":"an achievable goal."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2894.996,"endTime":2895.296,"body":"What do you"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2895.296,"endTime":2895.566,"body":"think."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2896.486,"endTime":2897.206,"body":"Yeah, I agree."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2897.206,"endTime":2899.736,"body":"And in fact, you know, I, if"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2897.206,"endTime":2899.736,"body":"I go back even to Xuanze's"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2899.756,"endTime":2900.686,"body":"first experiments, right?"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2900.866,"endTime":2905.336,"body":"He's one single cell in"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2900.866,"endTime":2905.336,"body":"self-heating feeding requires"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2905.816,"endTime":2909.686,"body":"a room temperature and the cell"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2905.816,"endTime":2909.686,"body":"at low 30% state of charge."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2909.686,"endTime":2910.796,"body":"So, you know, really safe."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2910.826,"endTime":2914.336,"body":"The one for travel is single"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2910.826,"endTime":2914.336,"body":"cell, super healthy, no issues"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2914.696,"endTime":2918.176,"body":"requires something like 150"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2914.696,"endTime":2918.176,"body":"degrees or 160 degrees room"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2918.176,"endTime":2920.696,"body":"temperature, which is never"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2918.176,"endTime":2920.696,"body":"going to be achievable."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2921.656,"endTime":2925.346,"body":"If then two cells requires"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2921.656,"endTime":2925.346,"body":"154 cells acquire a hundred"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2925.346,"endTime":2927.686,"body":"and thirty, forty five, you"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2925.346,"endTime":2927.686,"body":"know, and then you scale and"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2927.686,"endTime":2931.379,"body":"you get down figuring out"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2927.686,"endTime":2931.379,"body":"that from what you can gather"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2931.589,"endTime":2933.239,"body":"experimentally or numerically."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":2933.819,"endTime":2934.149,"body":"Um,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2934.969,"endTime":2937.399,"body":"If you"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2934.969,"endTime":2937.399,"body":"can figure out what the errors"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2937.429,"endTime":2939.079,"body":"that you are compounding are."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2939.199,"endTime":2942.259,"body":"For example, when we"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2939.199,"endTime":2942.259,"body":"do experiments, if I am"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2942.259,"endTime":2944.449,"body":"doing battery experiment"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2942.259,"endTime":2944.449,"body":"and I have a pack, I I'm"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2944.449,"endTime":2946.969,"body":"ignoring the material."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2946.969,"endTime":2947.929,"body":"That's inside the ball."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2947.929,"endTime":2949.549,"body":"Cause I'm ignoring"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2947.929,"endTime":2949.549,"body":"the separation."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2949.549,"endTime":2950.809,"body":"I'm ignoring a lot of things."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2950.809,"endTime":2951.049,"body":"Right."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2951.289,"endTime":2953.899,"body":"But it should be good enough"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2951.289,"endTime":2953.899,"body":"that we can then use it."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2953.899,"endTime":2955.699,"body":"If we try to do"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2953.899,"endTime":2955.699,"body":"everything perfectly."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2956.314,"endTime":2957.334,"body":"Look at CFD."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2957.454,"endTime":2960.274,"body":"If we were to do a direct"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2957.454,"endTime":2960.274,"body":"numerical simulation of"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2960.274,"endTime":2962.794,"body":"Navier Stokes or a box that's"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2960.274,"endTime":2962.794,"body":"bigger than a meter cube,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2963.214,"endTime":2966.004,"body":"we'd be spending 150 years"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2963.214,"endTime":2966.004,"body":"waiting for the solution."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2966.214,"endTime":2966.874,"body":"And so often."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2967.844,"endTime":2969.134,"body":"You know, we do"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2967.844,"endTime":2969.134,"body":"combustion, right?"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2969.134,"endTime":2971.624,"body":"So in combustion we need"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2969.134,"endTime":2971.624,"body":"to optimize our parameters."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2971.624,"endTime":2976.034,"body":"So if I'm looking at turbulence,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2971.624,"endTime":2976.034,"body":"um, and I care about the really"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2976.034,"endTime":2978.884,"body":"precise chemistry and chemical"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2976.034,"endTime":2978.884,"body":"kinetics, then I will set up"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2978.884,"endTime":2981.254,"body":"my simulation one way and I"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2978.884,"endTime":2981.254,"body":"will make some assumptions"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2981.434,"endTime":2984.074,"body":"if I care about a really"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2981.434,"endTime":2984.074,"body":"fast solution, but that gives"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2984.074,"endTime":2987.344,"body":"me a temperature range for"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2984.074,"endTime":2987.344,"body":"which my behavior will be in."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2987.614,"endTime":2987.884,"body":"And."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2988.669,"endTime":2992.269,"body":"Can afford to have a 50 degree"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2988.669,"endTime":2992.269,"body":"error, then I will run it with"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2992.299,"endTime":2995.389,"body":"much less chemistry, detailed"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2992.299,"endTime":2995.389,"body":"chemistry, or we'll run it"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2995.389,"endTime":2999.019,"body":"with fixed chemistry parameters"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2995.389,"endTime":2999.019,"body":"and get my quick solution out."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2999.049,"endTime":3001.869,"body":"And so as an engineer, I mean,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":2999.049,"endTime":3001.869,"body":"we have to wear two hats, right?"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3001.869,"endTime":3004.569,"body":"So I'm a scientist, so I"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3001.869,"endTime":3004.569,"body":"want things to be accurate"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3004.599,"endTime":3007.509,"body":"and I want things to be"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3004.599,"endTime":3007.509,"body":"precise, but as an engineer,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3007.509,"endTime":3008.379,"body":"I need it to be useful."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3008.529,"endTime":3008.799,"body":"Right."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3008.799,"endTime":3011.559,"body":"And so you need to find a"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3008.799,"endTime":3011.559,"body":"balance in between the two"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3011.739,"endTime":3013.209,"body":"and having to wear both hats."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3014.029,"endTime":3015.919,"body":"The fun part about"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3014.029,"endTime":3015.919,"body":"research, I guess is."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3016.236,"endTime":3018.556,"body":"but yeah, we need to remember"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3016.236,"endTime":3018.556,"body":"that it has to be useful at some"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3018.556,"endTime":3018.826,"body":"point"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3018.986,"endTime":3019.196,"body":"Yeah."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3019.196,"endTime":3022.286,"body":"And the third hat of managing"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3019.196,"endTime":3022.286,"body":"a laboratory in health and"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3022.286,"endTime":3023.726,"body":"safety, but that's not the"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3023.726,"endTime":3024.206,"body":"topic for"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3024.206,"endTime":3024.326,"body":"the"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3024.326,"endTime":3024.776,"body":"podcasts"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3024.786,"endTime":3026.706,"body":"and"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3024.786,"endTime":3026.706,"body":"teaching and teaching hats"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3026.706,"endTime":3028.446,"body":"and admin hats, but let's"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3028.446,"endTime":3029.046,"body":"ignore those"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3029.046,"endTime":3029.196,"body":"for"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3029.516,"endTime":3031.226,"body":"I also"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3029.516,"endTime":3031.226,"body":"have a podcast hat it's great."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3031.226,"endTime":3032.066,"body":"If you want to fit."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3033.566,"endTime":3034.406,"body":"It's fantastic."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3034.976,"endTime":3035.426,"body":"Thank you."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3036.686,"endTime":3037.316,"body":"Thank you so much."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3037.514,"endTime":3040.361,"body":"I think this is a difficult"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3037.514,"endTime":3040.361,"body":"topic, but the more, you"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3040.361,"endTime":3042.941,"body":"know, your enemy the less"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3040.361,"endTime":3042.941,"body":"you are a fearful of it."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3043.001,"endTime":3046.407,"body":"And, I really want, my,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3043.001,"endTime":3046.407,"body":"my audience, my people"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3046.407,"endTime":3050.474,"body":"to understand what is the"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3046.407,"endTime":3050.474,"body":"issue we are dealing with?"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3050.554,"endTime":3053.414,"body":"It's in a way, a mystical,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3050.554,"endTime":3053.414,"body":"magical technology."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3053.414,"endTime":3054.704,"body":"There's the fact that you can."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3054.777,"endTime":3058.047,"body":"Capture a lightning inside"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3054.777,"endTime":3058.047,"body":"of a small metallic pouch,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3058.117,"endTime":3061.107,"body":"and then use it to power"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3058.117,"endTime":3061.107,"body":"your electric cigarettes."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3061.557,"endTime":3065.431,"body":"And someone once said, I"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3061.557,"endTime":3065.431,"body":"wanted to, to charge my"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3065.431,"endTime":3068.401,"body":"book, uh, but my wife was"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3065.431,"endTime":3068.401,"body":"charging her cigarettes."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3068.431,"endTime":3069.391,"body":"The future is stupid."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3070.631,"endTime":3073.278,"body":"Uh, it's a, thing"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3070.631,"endTime":3073.278,"body":"that enables us."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3073.398,"endTime":3076.194,"body":"And, if you look at the"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3073.398,"endTime":3076.194,"body":"world, it's is actually one"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3076.194,"endTime":3077.304,"body":"of the technologies that."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3078.314,"endTime":3082.004,"body":"That is necessary to change"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3078.314,"endTime":3082.004,"body":"the planet, the fossil fuel"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3082.004,"endTime":3085.274,"body":"to everything, to a more"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3082.004,"endTime":3085.274,"body":"sustainable future and, uh,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3085.364,"endTime":3085.634,"body":"fire"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3085.634,"endTime":3086.165,"body":"engineers."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3086.195,"endTime":3088.179,"body":"I like"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3086.195,"endTime":3088.179,"body":"Guillermos approach to this."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3088.179,"endTime":3091.479,"body":"So I'm going to steal Guillermo"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3088.179,"endTime":3091.479,"body":"to this, which he uses in other"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3091.524,"endTime":3091.944,"body":"you should."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3091.974,"endTime":3092.364,"body":"Yes."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3092.956,"endTime":3094.686,"body":"he says,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3092.956,"endTime":3094.686,"body":"you need to think about when"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3094.686,"endTime":3095.766,"body":"you think of a fire problem."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3095.976,"endTime":3096.246,"body":"It does."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3096.306,"endTime":3097.866,"body":"I mean, technology"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3096.306,"endTime":3097.866,"body":"is useful, right."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3097.866,"endTime":3100.086,"body":"But you need to think about"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3097.866,"endTime":3100.086,"body":"how to prevent it, how"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3100.086,"endTime":3101.406,"body":"to compartmentalize it."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3101.496,"endTime":3103.356,"body":"If a fire happens, how do"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3101.496,"endTime":3103.356,"body":"you compartmentalize it?"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3103.446,"endTime":3105.426,"body":"How do you detect it and"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3103.446,"endTime":3105.426,"body":"how do you suppress it?"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3105.726,"endTime":3107.136,"body":"And all four things."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3107.616,"endTime":3110.106,"body":"Equally important because"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3107.616,"endTime":3110.106,"body":"we always want to have"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3110.106,"endTime":3110.886,"body":"prevention, right."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3111.036,"endTime":3114.036,"body":"We never even want to have"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3111.036,"endTime":3114.036,"body":"a fire, but our job is also"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3114.156,"endTime":3115.896,"body":"to figure out what happens"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3114.156,"endTime":3115.896,"body":"if we do have a fire."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3115.896,"endTime":3117.156,"body":"So how do we"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3115.896,"endTime":3117.156,"body":"compartmentalize it?"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3117.276,"endTime":3118.116,"body":"How do we detect it?"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3118.116,"endTime":3119.976,"body":"So we know it's happening"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3118.116,"endTime":3119.976,"body":"and that's sort of what we"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3119.976,"endTime":3122.436,"body":"were discussing earlier about"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3119.976,"endTime":3122.436,"body":"voltage and temperatures."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3122.719,"endTime":3123.613,"body":"and how do you suppress it?"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3123.619,"endTime":3126.439,"body":"battery fire suppression is"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3123.619,"endTime":3126.439,"body":"really, really complicated"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3126.439,"endTime":3128.239,"body":"because the chemistry can"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3126.439,"endTime":3128.239,"body":"get really complicated."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3128.449,"endTime":3130.986,"body":"The toxicity of some of"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3128.449,"endTime":3130.986,"body":"the gases can be, there's"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3131.346,"endTime":3132.926,"body":"I"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3131.346,"endTime":3132.926,"body":"think even, even access"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3132.949,"endTime":3136.009,"body":"to the cells that are"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3132.949,"endTime":3136.009,"body":"reacting is, is the major"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3136.104,"endTime":3136.404,"body":"Yeah."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3136.674,"endTime":3139.598,"body":"Um, and so, and so it's, it's"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3136.674,"endTime":3139.598,"body":"putting all of those together."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3139.628,"endTime":3140.378,"body":"That's important."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3140.378,"endTime":3144.068,"body":"And so our technology is our"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3140.378,"endTime":3144.068,"body":"future technological future"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3144.068,"endTime":3146.708,"body":"is always bright and it's"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3144.068,"endTime":3146.708,"body":"always improving, but from a"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3146.708,"endTime":3149.918,"body":"fire site, we're never going"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3146.708,"endTime":3149.918,"body":"to prevent every single fire."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3150.148,"endTime":3152.288,"body":"And so we always need to think"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3150.148,"endTime":3152.288,"body":"about the other aspects as"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3152.288,"endTime":3152.468,"body":"well."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3152.703,"endTime":3153.243,"body":"Fantastic."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3153.453,"endTime":3156.873,"body":"Thank you so much for"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3153.453,"endTime":3156.873,"body":"sharing this with us."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3156.873,"endTime":3160.013,"body":"And, yeah, I, I will,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3156.873,"endTime":3160.013,"body":"link to all the works that"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3160.223,"endTime":3162.863,"body":"have been mentioned in the"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3160.223,"endTime":3162.863,"body":"talk in the show notes."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3162.863,"endTime":3166.783,"body":"And, , please send me, uh, if"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3162.863,"endTime":3166.783,"body":"you have something to add to"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3166.783,"endTime":3170.263,"body":"that, because I think you've"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3166.783,"endTime":3170.263,"body":"mentioned that quite a lot"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3170.263,"endTime":3173.468,"body":"of interesting research being"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3170.263,"endTime":3173.468,"body":"done at your lab and that,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3173.473,"endTime":3177.006,"body":"at Imperial College, And, it"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3173.473,"endTime":3177.006,"body":"is absolutely worth sharing."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3177.036,"endTime":3179.586,"body":"I I'm sure some people"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3177.036,"endTime":3179.586,"body":"would like to dig in more"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3180.461,"endTime":3181.181,"body":"Absolutely."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3181.181,"endTime":3183.161,"body":"We'll be very happy to,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3181.181,"endTime":3183.161,"body":"and it's not limited to me."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3183.181,"endTime":3185.741,"body":"I'll send you the works we"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3183.181,"endTime":3185.741,"body":"have done, but there's works"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3185.741,"endTime":3187.211,"body":"from the U S works from Asia."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3187.361,"endTime":3189.131,"body":"You know, battery field"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3187.361,"endTime":3189.131,"body":"is really growing."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3189.131,"endTime":3192.581,"body":"So I've shared our experiences,"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3189.131,"endTime":3192.581,"body":"but thankfully there's a lot of"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3192.581,"endTime":3193.121,"body":"researchers"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3193.246,"endTime":3193.726,"body":"Thank you."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3193.756,"endTime":3195.076,"body":"Thank you so much"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3193.756,"endTime":3195.076,"body":"for doing that."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3195.106,"endTime":3197.326,"body":"And thanks for coming to"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3195.106,"endTime":3197.326,"body":"the Fire Science Show."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3197.326,"endTime":3197.806,"body":"I hope you've"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3197.806,"endTime":3198.766,"body":"enjoyed and"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3198.791,"endTime":3199.451,"body":"you so much."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3199.481,"endTime":3199.841,"body":"Yes."},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3199.871,"endTime":3200.831,"body":"Thank you for having me."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3200.903,"endTime":3201.353,"body":"Cheers"},{"speaker":"Francesco Restuccia","startTime":3201.391,"endTime":3201.685,"body":"Cheers."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3202.156,"endTime":3202.606,"body":"And that's it."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3202.636,"endTime":3203.566,"body":"Thank you for listening."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3203.626,"endTime":3206.476,"body":"I hope this was a"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3203.626,"endTime":3206.476,"body":"five-star worthy episode"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3206.836,"endTime":3207.856,"body":"from my perspective."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3207.886,"endTime":3211.936,"body":"It was because I finally learned"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3207.886,"endTime":3211.936,"body":"what makes the batteries burn."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3212.386,"endTime":3214.906,"body":"And it's an interesting lesson."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3215.469,"endTime":3215.889,"body":"In the end."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3215.889,"endTime":3217.809,"body":"I would like to bring your"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3215.889,"endTime":3217.809,"body":"attention again to the"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3217.809,"endTime":3220.719,"body":"elephant in the room that"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3217.809,"endTime":3220.719,"body":"Francesco pointed that is"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3221.259,"endTime":3222.879,"body":"the second life of batteries."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3223.329,"endTime":3226.029,"body":"If we want a sustainable"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3223.329,"endTime":3226.029,"body":"future in a circular economy."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3226.329,"endTime":3229.809,"body":"There is no way we can just let"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3226.329,"endTime":3229.809,"body":"them rot on the dump wastes."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3230.229,"endTime":3232.659,"body":"And that will probably"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3230.229,"endTime":3232.659,"body":"lead to catastrophical."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3233.019,"endTime":3234.009,"body":"Fires as well."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3234.009,"endTime":3236.259,"body":"So I don't think"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3234.009,"endTime":3236.259,"body":"it's even the choice."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3236.559,"endTime":3238.569,"body":"We need to find a way"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3236.559,"endTime":3238.569,"body":"how to reuse batteries."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3238.599,"endTime":3240.789,"body":"We need to find a way how"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3238.599,"endTime":3240.789,"body":"to give them second life."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3241.269,"endTime":3243.189,"body":"Because of how"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3241.269,"endTime":3243.189,"body":"they're manufactured."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3243.189,"endTime":3245.799,"body":"It's probably going to be"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3243.189,"endTime":3245.799,"body":"difficult to disassemble"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3245.799,"endTime":3249.579,"body":"them to first materials"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3245.799,"endTime":3249.579,"body":"and then assemble again."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3249.879,"endTime":3252.789,"body":"So we probably need to"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3249.879,"endTime":3252.789,"body":"find a usage for used"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3252.819,"endTime":3253.929,"body":"lithium-ion batteries."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3254.259,"endTime":3256.059,"body":"We probably need to find a way."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3256.539,"endTime":3259.449,"body":"How we can benefit from"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3256.539,"endTime":3259.449,"body":"them again, once there."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3259.989,"endTime":3261.339,"body":"Ended their life cycle"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3261.579,"endTime":3264.129,"body":"In the primary device,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3261.579,"endTime":3264.129,"body":"they were in like car"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3264.129,"endTime":3265.119,"body":"or laptop or something."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3265.539,"endTime":3267.849,"body":"And I think it's going"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3265.539,"endTime":3267.849,"body":"to be a huge challenge."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3268.236,"endTime":3271.776,"body":"I know the focus today"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3268.236,"endTime":3271.776,"body":"is on the safety of cars."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3271.806,"endTime":3272.406,"body":"Buses."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3272.436,"endTime":3273.186,"body":"Carparks."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3273.756,"endTime":3277.626,"body":"Energy storage at buildings,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3273.756,"endTime":3277.626,"body":"mass energy storage facilities."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3278.076,"endTime":3282.486,"body":"Maybe warehouses, but trust me"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3278.076,"endTime":3282.486,"body":"in a decade or two, when there"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3282.486,"endTime":3287.166,"body":"are billions of use cells that"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3282.486,"endTime":3287.166,"body":"needs to be refurbished or used."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3287.736,"endTime":3292.326,"body":"A lot of us will be dealing"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3287.736,"endTime":3292.326,"body":"with the issues of how safely"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3292.326,"endTime":3293.766,"body":"give battery second life."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3294.156,"endTime":3294.696,"body":"And I think."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3294.996,"endTime":3296.646,"body":"We should look forward to that."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3296.736,"endTime":3299.436,"body":"There is no sustainable"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3296.736,"endTime":3299.436,"body":"future without reuse."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3299.826,"endTime":3303.006,"body":"So we need to be a"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3299.826,"endTime":3303.006,"body":"significant part of that."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3303.546,"endTime":3306.663,"body":"And, through the podcast,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3303.546,"endTime":3306.663,"body":"I will try to find a great"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3306.693,"endTime":3308.133,"body":"guests who can talk about."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3308.643,"endTime":3311.313,"body":"The second life of batteries,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3308.643,"endTime":3311.313,"body":"even though there's not"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3311.313,"endTime":3312.363,"body":"that much knowledge yet."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3312.813,"endTime":3316.323,"body":"But, uh, hopefully we can start"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3312.813,"endTime":3316.323,"body":"working towards solutions before"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3316.323,"endTime":3317.973,"body":"the problems start arising."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3318.453,"endTime":3319.263,"body":"And so, yeah."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3319.323,"endTime":3320.523,"body":"That would be pretty good."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3320.979,"endTime":3321.519,"body":"And for now."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3322.269,"endTime":3324.879,"body":"I think that's it for"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3322.269,"endTime":3324.879,"body":"the today's episode."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3325.149,"endTime":3327.489,"body":"Thank you very much for"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3325.149,"endTime":3327.489,"body":"staying till the end and"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3327.489,"endTime":3328.629,"body":"for listening to the show."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3329.169,"endTime":3332.139,"body":"And if you enjoyed it,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3329.169,"endTime":3332.139,"body":"there's another episode for"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3332.139,"endTime":3333.339,"body":"you waiting every Wednesday."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3333.609,"endTime":3334.839,"body":"So see you there."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Wegrzynski","startTime":3334.929,"endTime":3335.319,"body":"Cheers."}]}