{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":0.172,"endTime":0.742,"body":"Hello everybody."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":0.802,"endTime":2.242,"body":"And welcome to the"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":0.802,"endTime":2.242,"body":"Fire Science Show."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2.572,"endTime":5.242,"body":"Some weeks ago, I've"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2.572,"endTime":5.242,"body":"had an episode with Dr."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":5.272,"endTime":7.372,"body":"Rory Hadden of"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":5.272,"endTime":7.372,"body":"University of Edinburgh."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":7.544,"endTime":10.786,"body":"Where we've discussed some"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":7.544,"endTime":10.786,"body":"basics of flaming combustion"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":10.786,"endTime":14.566,"body":"and flames and it has been"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":10.786,"endTime":14.566,"body":"a very popular episodes."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":14.566,"endTime":19.336,"body":"And many of you have asked"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":14.566,"endTime":19.336,"body":"to bring more fundamentals"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":19.396,"endTime":20.986,"body":"into the fire science show."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":21.286,"endTime":22.096,"body":"So we did."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":22.426,"endTime":23.716,"body":"And I've invited Rory."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":23.716,"endTime":25.666,"body":"Once again, today we are."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":26.146,"endTime":29.506,"body":"Discussing the concepts"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":26.146,"endTime":29.506,"body":"related to ignition, which"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":29.506,"endTime":33.166,"body":"are also quite fundamental to"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":29.506,"endTime":33.166,"body":"understand the flames, spread"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":33.226,"endTime":34.876,"body":"the flammability of materials."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":34.906,"endTime":37.819,"body":"What makes some materials"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":34.906,"endTime":37.819,"body":"more flammable than others?"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":37.819,"endTime":39.769,"body":"And what are the"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":37.819,"endTime":39.769,"body":"physical mechanisms?"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":40.099,"endTime":42.179,"body":"That leads to ignition."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":42.209,"endTime":43.709,"body":"Uh, what are the"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":42.209,"endTime":43.709,"body":"ignition sources?"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":43.709,"endTime":45.599,"body":"So a lot of interesting things."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":45.926,"endTime":47.996,"body":"Things that may not"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":45.926,"endTime":47.996,"body":"necessarily be directly"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":47.996,"endTime":49.556,"body":"applied to Engineering."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":50.045,"endTime":53.811,"body":"but definitely useful concepts"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":50.045,"endTime":53.811,"body":"to understand as a fire safety."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":53.811,"endTime":54.321,"body":"Engineer."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":54.471,"endTime":57.591,"body":"So I really hope you"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":54.471,"endTime":57.591,"body":"will enjoy this episode."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":57.621,"endTime":60.051,"body":"I guess there's no"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":57.621,"endTime":60.051,"body":"need to introduce this."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":60.081,"endTime":61.041,"body":"Any more."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":61.191,"endTime":63.681,"body":"Last episode was"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":61.191,"endTime":63.681,"body":"really wildly popular."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":63.891,"endTime":67.641,"body":"So I really hope this one is"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":63.891,"endTime":67.641,"body":"up to your liking as well."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":67.841,"endTime":70.721,"body":"So, yeah, lets spin the intro"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":67.841,"endTime":70.721,"body":"and jump into the episode."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":94.093,"endTime":95.053,"body":"Producing episodes."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":95.053,"endTime":97.612,"body":"Like the one you're about"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":95.053,"endTime":97.612,"body":"to hear is possible."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":97.612,"endTime":100.773,"body":"Because of the support I"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":97.612,"endTime":100.773,"body":"received from my diamond"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":100.773,"endTime":102.993,"body":"sponsor of the show,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":100.773,"endTime":102.993,"body":"the, OFR  consultants."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":103.453,"endTime":105.573,"body":"OFR consultants are"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":103.453,"endTime":105.573,"body":"a multi award winning"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":105.603,"endTime":107.883,"body":"independent consultancy"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":105.603,"endTime":107.883,"body":"dedicated to addressing"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":107.913,"endTime":109.023,"body":"fire safety challenges."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":109.393,"endTime":112.233,"body":"OFR as the UKs leading"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":109.393,"endTime":112.233,"body":"fire risk consultancy."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":112.653,"endTime":114.243,"body":"It's globally established"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":112.653,"endTime":114.243,"body":"team has developed"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":114.273,"endTime":117.213,"body":"reputation for preeminent"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":114.273,"endTime":117.213,"body":"fire engineering expertise"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":117.213,"endTime":118.293,"body":"with colleagues working."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":118.593,"endTime":121.383,"body":"Across the world to protect"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":118.593,"endTime":121.383,"body":"people property in planets"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":121.803,"endTime":124.263,"body":"in UK, that includes the"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":121.803,"endTime":124.263,"body":"redevelopment of Printworks"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":124.263,"endTime":125.373,"body":"building in Canada water."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":125.403,"endTime":128.223,"body":"One of those residential"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":125.403,"endTime":128.223,"body":"buildings in Birmingham, as"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":128.223,"endTime":130.563,"body":"well as historic structures,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":128.223,"endTime":130.563,"body":"like the national gallery"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":130.803,"endTime":132.243,"body":"national history museum."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":132.316,"endTime":134.146,"body":"And the national portrait"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":132.316,"endTime":134.146,"body":"gallery in London,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":134.416,"endTime":137.326,"body":"internationally work ranges from"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":134.416,"endTime":137.326,"body":"Antarctic to Atacama desert."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":137.326,"endTime":140.026,"body":"in Chile and a number"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":137.326,"endTime":140.026,"body":"of projects in Africa."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":140.686,"endTime":144.856,"body":"In 2023 OFR is growing its"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":140.686,"endTime":144.856,"body":"team and is keen to hear"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":144.856,"endTime":146.026,"body":"from industry professionals."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":146.356,"endTime":148.936,"body":"Who want to collaborate on the"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":146.356,"endTime":148.936,"body":"five safety features this year?"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":149.356,"endTime":152.076,"body":"Get in touch at"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":149.356,"endTime":152.076,"body":"ofrconsultants.com."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":152.416,"endTime":156.136,"body":"OFR, thank you for being"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":152.416,"endTime":156.136,"body":"a patron of this show."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":156.406,"endTime":157.396,"body":"And thanks to you."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":157.486,"endTime":160.576,"body":"being able to make this"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":157.486,"endTime":160.576,"body":"content for everyone."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":160.922,"endTime":163.022,"body":"And now back to your"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":160.922,"endTime":163.022,"body":"fundamentals, with Rory."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":163.555,"endTime":164.475,"body":"Hello everybody."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":164.475,"endTime":167.965,"body":"Welcome to Fire Fundamentals"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":164.475,"endTime":167.965,"body":"Part 2 too, again with,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":167.965,"endTime":170.125,"body":"uh, Rory Hadden from"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":167.965,"endTime":170.125,"body":"University of Edinburgh."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":170.125,"endTime":170.635,"body":"Hey, Rory"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":171.165,"endTime":172.265,"body":"hey"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":171.165,"endTime":172.265,"body":"Wojciech how's it"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":172.375,"endTime":173.505,"body":"Very good, very good."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":173.505,"endTime":173.785,"body":"Thank you."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":173.785,"endTime":177.025,"body":"Uh, I, I'm not sure if we should"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":173.785,"endTime":177.025,"body":"call it Fire fundamentals now is"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":177.025,"endTime":180.905,"body":"gonna be advanced Fire Science"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":177.025,"endTime":180.905,"body":". Well, let's, let's nott say that"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":180.905,"endTime":182.345,"body":"maybe someone will turn off."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":182.345,"endTime":183.465,"body":"It's, it's fundamentals."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":183.465,"endTime":184.105,"body":"It's gonna be great."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":184.545,"endTime":188.545,"body":"We're going to talk about"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":184.545,"endTime":188.545,"body":"how astonishingly fireproof"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":188.865,"endTime":191.385,"body":"materials can ignite and,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":188.865,"endTime":191.385,"body":"and ignition in general,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":191.385,"endTime":192.385,"body":"how you like the topic."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":192.438,"endTime":193.821,"body":"Uh, I think"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":192.438,"endTime":193.821,"body":"that sounds fantastic."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":193.821,"endTime":194.701,"body":"Vo Let's do"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":195.368,"endTime":198.185,"body":"Rory, so,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":195.368,"endTime":198.185,"body":"ignition is, is a huge chunk"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":198.185,"endTime":201.918,"body":"of, of combustion science"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":198.185,"endTime":201.918,"body":"and it seems like something"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":201.918,"endTime":204.958,"body":"that should be very important"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":201.918,"endTime":204.958,"body":"or, or given critical to"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":204.958,"endTime":205.958,"body":"fire safety engineering."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":206.533,"endTime":210.456,"body":"Yet, uh, me as a trained fire"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":206.533,"endTime":210.456,"body":"safety engineer, I, I don't"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":210.456,"endTime":213.816,"body":"know that much about the"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":210.456,"endTime":213.816,"body":"concepts regarding ignition."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":213.816,"endTime":216.016,"body":"Of course, we did some"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":213.816,"endTime":216.016,"body":"laboratories during the"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":216.016,"endTime":221.09,"body":"school and we did, learn some"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":216.016,"endTime":221.09,"body":"fundamental methods, and I"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":221.09,"endTime":226.33,"body":"understand some basics behind"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":221.09,"endTime":226.33,"body":"ignition, but it's not a part"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":226.33,"endTime":228.413,"body":"of our, like, everyday work."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":228.55,"endTime":232.4,"body":"I rarely work on removing"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":228.55,"endTime":232.4,"body":"or preventing ignition."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":232.4,"endTime":235.16,"body":"I, I'm usually working on"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":232.4,"endTime":235.16,"body":"stuff that's already burning."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":235.983,"endTime":238.91,"body":"How do you feel this concept"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":235.983,"endTime":238.91,"body":"is positioned in the fire"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":238.91,"endTime":239.79,"body":"safety engineering world?"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":240.139,"endTime":241.416,"body":"I think that's,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":240.139,"endTime":241.416,"body":"I mean, it's a really"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":241.616,"endTime":242.773,"body":"interesting, observation."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":242.773,"endTime":245.487,"body":"I think it's one that, that"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":242.773,"endTime":245.487,"body":"I've made, uh, myself around."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":245.487,"endTime":248.773,"body":"Uh, most fire engineers"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":245.487,"endTime":248.773,"body":"start from the, the idea that"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":248.773,"endTime":251.013,"body":"there has been a fire there,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":248.773,"endTime":251.013,"body":"the fire's already going,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":251.413,"endTime":253.713,"body":"and you know, now you have"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":251.413,"endTime":253.713,"body":"to do something about it."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":253.713,"endTime":255.563,"body":"You know, uh, it's kind"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":253.713,"endTime":255.563,"body":"of taken for granted"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":255.563,"endTime":256.483,"body":"that a fire will occur."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":256.483,"endTime":259.031,"body":"And personally, I think,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":256.483,"endTime":259.031,"body":"of course, a logical"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":259.696,"endTime":259.816,"body":"Hmm."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":260.041,"endTime":262.431,"body":"Um, you know,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":260.041,"endTime":262.431,"body":"the probability of, uh, a"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":262.551,"endTime":265.491,"body":"building during its lifetime,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":262.551,"endTime":265.491,"body":"having, a fire start, a fire"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":265.491,"endTime":268.211,"body":"being ignited in that building"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":265.491,"endTime":268.211,"body":"is probably quite high."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":268.211,"endTime":270.851,"body":"It could be a small fire,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":268.211,"endTime":270.851,"body":"it could be a big fire."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":271.021,"endTime":273.451,"body":"Um, but the probability"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":271.021,"endTime":273.451,"body":"of ignition, uh, within a"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":273.531,"endTime":277.048,"body":"building, uh, is maybe not"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":273.531,"endTime":277.048,"body":"100%, but it's, it's probably"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":277.048,"endTime":279.448,"body":"quite high that at some"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":277.048,"endTime":279.448,"body":"point something will ignite."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":279.448,"endTime":281.605,"body":"Now this might be dealt"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":279.448,"endTime":281.605,"body":"with, you know, by somebody"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":281.605,"endTime":282.245,"body":"who's in the building."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":282.535,"endTime":284.965,"body":"It might be that the ignition"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":282.535,"endTime":284.965,"body":"occurs and, you know,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":284.965,"endTime":288.005,"body":"the, the intrinsic safety"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":284.965,"endTime":288.005,"body":"systems in consumer goods or"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":288.165,"endTime":289.365,"body":"whatever, take care of it."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":289.585,"endTime":291.645,"body":"But the chances of"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":289.585,"endTime":291.645,"body":"ignition happening within a"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":291.765,"endTime":292.738,"body":"building, is a real chance."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":293.216,"endTime":295.991,"body":"so most fire engineers, I"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":293.216,"endTime":295.991,"body":"think, don't really spend too"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":295.991,"endTime":297.271,"body":"much time thinking about it."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":297.554,"endTime":301.028,"body":"but you know, if you are a"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":297.554,"endTime":301.028,"body":"fire investigator, you probably"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":301.028,"endTime":304.188,"body":"will spend quite a lot of time"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":301.028,"endTime":304.188,"body":"thinking about, uh, how a fire"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":304.188,"endTime":308.308,"body":"started and what the materials"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":304.188,"endTime":308.308,"body":"first ignited were, um, and"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":308.308,"endTime":309.428,"body":"figuring out, you know, what."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":309.798,"endTime":312.724,"body":"Is most probable in terms"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":309.798,"endTime":312.724,"body":"of ignition, or indeed,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":312.724,"endTime":314.795,"body":"trying to make some kind"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":312.724,"endTime":314.795,"body":"of assessment of the most"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":314.795,"endTime":316.115,"body":"likely thing to have ignited."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":316.115,"endTime":319.675,"body":"So ignition is, is really at"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":316.115,"endTime":319.675,"body":"the heart, I would say of, of"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":319.675,"endTime":320.715,"body":"that kind of investigation."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":321.335,"endTime":324.725,"body":"But just because fire engineers"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":321.335,"endTime":324.725,"body":"don't need to worry about"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":324.725,"endTime":328.125,"body":"how the fire starts, they are"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":324.725,"endTime":328.125,"body":"generally very interested in"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":328.125,"endTime":329.325,"body":"how the fire is going to grow,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":329.935,"endTime":334.805,"body":"um, and how the fire will spread"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":329.935,"endTime":334.805,"body":"and the types of, uh, materials"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":334.875,"endTime":337.848,"body":"that, will spread flame and"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":334.875,"endTime":337.848,"body":"how fast it'll spread flame."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":338.148,"endTime":340.648,"body":"And the logic and the,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":338.148,"endTime":340.648,"body":"the framework that we"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":340.648,"endTime":344.168,"body":"use, uh, to discuss fire"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":340.648,"endTime":344.168,"body":"spread and flame spread is,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":344.678,"endTime":347.668,"body":"basically almost exactly the"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":344.678,"endTime":347.668,"body":"same, as the framework that"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":347.668,"endTime":348.858,"body":"we need to discuss, ignition."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":348.948,"endTime":351.518,"body":"So there are some very"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":348.948,"endTime":351.518,"body":"strong links of the concepts,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":351.588,"endTime":352.588,"body":"in those two phenomena."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":352.588,"endTime":355.348,"body":"So by understanding ignition, I"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":352.588,"endTime":355.348,"body":"think it gives you a really good"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":355.348,"endTime":358.148,"body":"way to get into understanding"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":355.348,"endTime":358.148,"body":"flame spread and fire growth."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":358.873,"endTime":361.153,"body":"uh, but also"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":358.873,"endTime":361.153,"body":"understanding materials,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":361.713,"endTime":365.533,"body":"a lot you can learn from, uh,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":361.713,"endTime":365.533,"body":"a simple ignition study, about"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":365.533,"endTime":368.373,"body":"how a material will burn and"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":365.533,"endTime":368.373,"body":"what kind of risk it, it poses."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":368.373,"endTime":370.853,"body":"So, in my opinion, anybody"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":368.373,"endTime":370.853,"body":"working in the fire space"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":370.853,"endTime":374.513,"body":"should have some, you know,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":370.853,"endTime":374.513,"body":"solid grasp, of the, processes"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":374.513,"endTime":375.393,"body":"that underpinned ignition."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":375.903,"endTime":378.013,"body":"And I, I"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":375.903,"endTime":378.013,"body":"think, preventing ignition is"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":378.013,"endTime":379.413,"body":"at the core of fire safety."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":379.903,"endTime":382.253,"body":"We are living in a very"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":379.903,"endTime":382.253,"body":"flammable uh, world."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":382.753,"endTime":385.933,"body":"And the fact it has not"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":382.753,"endTime":385.933,"body":"burned down, like last time"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":385.933,"endTime":387.75,"body":"I've checked, is because."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":388.45,"endTime":391.52,"body":"We are pretty good at"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":388.45,"endTime":391.52,"body":"preventing accidental ignition."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":391.52,"endTime":394.753,"body":"I mean, it happens of course,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":391.52,"endTime":394.753,"body":"how often it does not happen,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":394.753,"endTime":395.713,"body":"and it could have happened."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":395.713,"endTime":399.073,"body":"We have absolutely no"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":395.713,"endTime":399.073,"body":"idea because, uh, it,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":399.073,"endTime":400.153,"body":"it, it's not happening."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":400.153,"endTime":401.593,"body":"So, so it, it's kind"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":400.153,"endTime":401.593,"body":"of hidden there."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":402.003,"endTime":404.53,"body":"Yeah, it's, it's"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":402.003,"endTime":404.53,"body":"like many things in, fire"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":404.53,"endTime":407.17,"body":"science, fire engineering"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":404.53,"endTime":407.17,"body":"or, or any safety based"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":407.17,"endTime":409.456,"body":"discipline, which is, you"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":407.17,"endTime":409.456,"body":"know, success is that nothing."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":410.456,"endTime":412.94,"body":"So it's a little bit difficult"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":410.456,"endTime":412.94,"body":"to count this, easily."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":413.34,"endTime":414.0,"body":"but you're right."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":414.0,"endTime":417.84,"body":"You know, we are quite good at"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":414.0,"endTime":417.84,"body":"stopping things, catching fire."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":417.84,"endTime":420.4,"body":"Um, you know, it's in"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":417.84,"endTime":420.4,"body":"the interests of product"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":420.4,"endTime":423.76,"body":"manufacturers and, you know, and"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":420.4,"endTime":423.76,"body":"whoever to make sure that their"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":423.76,"endTime":426.6,"body":"products are as reliable as"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":423.76,"endTime":426.6,"body":"possible and, you know, aren't"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":426.6,"endTime":429.32,"body":"going to be catching fire."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":429.579,"endTime":431.893,"body":"know, of course we live in a"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":429.579,"endTime":431.893,"body":"world that's powered by energy,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":431.893,"endTime":433.093,"body":"and energy always brings a"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":433.413,"endTime":433.813,"body":"ignition."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":434.383,"endTime":437.203,"body":"Um, so we really need to,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":434.383,"endTime":437.203,"body":"uh, manage that somehow."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":437.536,"endTime":441.193,"body":"uh, and, consumer goods are"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":437.536,"endTime":441.193,"body":"designed in a pretty good way, I"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":441.193,"endTime":442.553,"body":"think, to, to manage that risk."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":442.985,"endTime":445.75,"body":"there are the classic examples"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":442.985,"endTime":445.75,"body":"of the faulty tumble dryers"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":445.75,"endTime":448.67,"body":"and these sorts of things that"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":445.75,"endTime":448.67,"body":"we see a lot, but, um, you"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":448.67,"endTime":450.63,"body":"know, they're not usually the"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":448.67,"endTime":450.63,"body":"concern of a fire engineer."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":450.7,"endTime":453.03,"body":"that's kind of comes into"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":450.7,"endTime":453.03,"body":"the fire investigation world."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":453.723,"endTime":456.416,"body":"So understanding how Ignition"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":453.723,"endTime":456.416,"body":"happens, you know, hopefully"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":456.496,"endTime":458.696,"body":"we'll be able to do that"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":456.496,"endTime":458.696,"body":"in a relatively simple way,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":459.176,"endTime":459.416,"body":"here."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":459.486,"endTime":462.056,"body":"That gives enough of the,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":459.486,"endTime":462.056,"body":"you know, gives some of the"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":462.056,"endTime":464.533,"body":"fundamentals, you know, to show"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":462.056,"endTime":464.533,"body":"that not only is it kind of"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":464.533,"endTime":467.533,"body":"cool to understand, but it's"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":464.533,"endTime":467.533,"body":"really fascinating and, and shed"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":467.533,"endTime":470.173,"body":"some light on the complexity"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":467.533,"endTime":470.173,"body":"of a lot of fire problems."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":470.173,"endTime":473.533,"body":"And I think, you know, as an"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":470.173,"endTime":473.533,"body":"academic, somebody whose job it"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":473.533,"endTime":476.41,"body":"is to find problems, ignition is"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":473.533,"endTime":476.41,"body":"a great thing to study, but also"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":476.41,"endTime":479.21,"body":"as somebody who's practicing as"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":476.41,"endTime":479.21,"body":"an engineer, what you can learn"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":479.21,"endTime":482.41,"body":"from understanding Ignition, I"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":479.21,"endTime":482.41,"body":"think is, is really, really, uh,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":482.655,"endTime":485.515,"body":"And my last"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":482.655,"endTime":485.515,"body":"thought for the introduction,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":485.855,"endTime":489.281,"body":"When large fire happens, like"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":485.855,"endTime":489.281,"body":"when, when Grenfell happened,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":489.561,"endTime":491.775,"body":"everyone was talking about"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":489.561,"endTime":491.775,"body":"the, the initial item that,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":491.775,"endTime":494.575,"body":"that triggered the fire"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":491.775,"endTime":494.575,"body":"because it ignited when a"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":494.575,"endTime":495.855,"body":"large car park burns down."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":496.135,"endTime":498.055,"body":"Everyone's thinking about,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":496.135,"endTime":498.055,"body":"okay, did the, did the"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":498.255,"endTime":499.215,"body":"electric vehicle ignite it?"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":499.215,"endTime":499.575,"body":"Right."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":500.145,"endTime":503.658,"body":"So, if you're an engineer"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":500.145,"endTime":503.658,"body":"working on a fire safety, on a"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":503.778,"endTime":508.138,"body":"building, you do not really have"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":503.778,"endTime":508.138,"body":"good means affecting, uh, the"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":508.138,"endTime":511.858,"body":"ignition outside of designing"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":508.138,"endTime":511.858,"body":"the, the parts of the building"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":511.858,"endTime":513.681,"body":"that can trigger ignition."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":514.238,"endTime":517.418,"body":"You still have to understand"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":514.238,"endTime":517.418,"body":"how it can happen to,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":517.418,"endTime":518.138,"body":"to work around it."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":518.138,"endTime":520.498,"body":"It's a part of the, the"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":518.138,"endTime":520.498,"body":"whole design fire, right."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":520.738,"endTime":523.955,"body":"Yeah, I mean"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":520.738,"endTime":523.955,"body":"the, ignition is a key part,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":524.111,"endTime":526.675,"body":"of understanding material"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":524.111,"endTime":526.675,"body":"flammability, the ease with"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":526.675,"endTime":529.755,"body":"which something ignites is"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":526.675,"endTime":529.755,"body":"a key part of, uh, material"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":529.755,"endTime":531.355,"body":"flammability, of course,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":529.755,"endTime":531.355,"body":"with, you know, how much"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":531.355,"endTime":533.355,"body":"energy is released, whil,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":531.355,"endTime":533.355,"body":"it's burning and, and all,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":533.355,"endTime":534.395,"body":"all these other aspects."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":534.395,"endTime":537.605,"body":"But ease of ignition is one"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":534.395,"endTime":537.605,"body":"of the, simplest ways of"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":537.765,"endTime":540.525,"body":"determining the hazard that is"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":537.765,"endTime":540.525,"body":"posed by a material or by an"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":540.525,"endTime":541.965,"body":"object or a product or whatever."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":541.975,"endTime":544.885,"body":"So, um, I think it's really,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":541.975,"endTime":544.885,"body":"you know, it really goes to"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":544.885,"endTime":547.205,"body":"the heart of, of fire science"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":544.885,"endTime":547.205,"body":"and fire safety, engineering."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":547.565,"endTime":548.695,"body":"Okay, let's go there."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":549.091,"endTime":550.801,"body":"so, uh, what's this one?"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":550.801,"endTime":551.761,"body":"I guess gases,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":551.866,"endTime":552.596,"body":"Yeah, sure."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":552.596,"endTime":553.518,"body":"Let's start with gases."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":553.933,"endTime":556.173,"body":"then we can maybe move up"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":553.933,"endTime":556.173,"body":"to liquids and then what"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":556.173,"endTime":558.093,"body":"most fire engineers will"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":556.173,"endTime":558.093,"body":"deal with, which will of"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":558.093,"endTime":560.933,"body":"course be solid materials,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":558.093,"endTime":560.933,"body":"will end up, uh, we'll end"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":561.018,"endTime":561.818,"body":"Fantastic."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":562.158,"endTime":565.938,"body":"And, uh, from last, uh,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":562.158,"endTime":565.938,"body":"fire Fundamentals episode,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":566.348,"endTime":569.838,"body":"I hope listeners have a good"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":566.348,"endTime":569.838,"body":"grasp of, of the combustion"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":569.838,"endTime":571.198,"body":"processes and the flames."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":571.488,"endTime":574.718,"body":"Uh, and we've already discussed"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":571.488,"endTime":574.718,"body":"some aspects of ignition."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":574.718,"endTime":578.198,"body":"In, in there we've discussed"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":574.718,"endTime":578.198,"body":"how it is the gaseous phase"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":578.365,"endTime":580.395,"body":"is undergoing the combustion."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":580.395,"endTime":582.505,"body":"So essentially to, to burn."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":582.505,"endTime":586.545,"body":"You have to turn something"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":582.505,"endTime":586.545,"body":"into gas one way or or another,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":586.955,"endTime":589.185,"body":"at least if we're talking"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":586.955,"endTime":589.185,"body":"about framing combustion."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":589.675,"endTime":593.345,"body":"So how does a cloud"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":589.675,"endTime":593.345,"body":"of, of a gases ignite?"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":593.345,"endTime":594.945,"body":"Like what's happening there?"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":595.47,"endTime":597.62,"body":"So, uh, when"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":595.47,"endTime":597.62,"body":"we're talking about clouds of,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":597.62,"endTime":601.099,"body":"of gases, that is perhaps the"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":597.62,"endTime":601.099,"body":"simplest, form of ignition."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":601.509,"endTime":605.459,"body":"Um, and the ignition of a,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":601.509,"endTime":605.459,"body":"of a gas is really all about"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":605.459,"endTime":609.695,"body":"getting the right mixture of"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":605.459,"endTime":609.695,"body":"that flammable, gas with air."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":609.985,"endTime":613.095,"body":"Um, these flammable mixtures,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":609.985,"endTime":613.095,"body":"uh, have been pretty well"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":613.095,"endTime":616.095,"body":"studied over, uh, the last"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":613.095,"endTime":616.095,"body":"a hundred years or so,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":616.975,"endTime":619.608,"body":"there are huge databases,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":616.975,"endTime":619.608,"body":"that explore, uh,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":619.608,"endTime":621.048,"body":"flammability of gases."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":621.468,"endTime":624.078,"body":"And most of the,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":621.468,"endTime":624.078,"body":"the work is done."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":624.993,"endTime":628.259,"body":"using standardized apparatuses"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":624.993,"endTime":628.259,"body":"where you introduce, a known"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":628.259,"endTime":631.659,"body":"concentration of gas into"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":628.259,"endTime":631.659,"body":"an oxidizing atmosphere."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":631.749,"endTime":634.652,"body":"Usually for fires, it's air"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":631.749,"endTime":634.652,"body":"that we're interested in."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":634.756,"endTime":638.132,"body":"the concentration, of"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":634.756,"endTime":638.132,"body":"fuel is, is varied."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":638.132,"endTime":640.612,"body":"You start off with no fuel,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":638.132,"endTime":640.612,"body":"well of course it won't ignite."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":640.632,"endTime":644.132,"body":"You add a little bit of fuel and"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":640.632,"endTime":644.132,"body":"then you introduce a spark and"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":644.132,"endTime":647.412,"body":"you try to create an ignition of"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":644.132,"endTime":647.412,"body":"that mixture, which is usually"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":647.412,"endTime":650.392,"body":"measured by the propagation"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":647.412,"endTime":650.392,"body":"of a, a pressure wave or a"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":650.392,"endTime":651.752,"body":"flame through that mixture."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":652.391,"endTime":655.541,"body":"if your mixture doesn't ignite,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":652.391,"endTime":655.541,"body":"you increase the concentration"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":655.601,"endTime":656.981,"body":"and you try again, right?"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":656.981,"endTime":659.821,"body":"And you do this kind of,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":656.981,"endTime":659.821,"body":"uh, incremental approach,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":660.04,"endTime":663.124,"body":"until you get ignition"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":660.04,"endTime":663.124,"body":"and a big bang usually."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":663.388,"endTime":667.533,"body":"and then you keep introducing,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":663.388,"endTime":667.533,"body":"more and more fuel, until"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":667.533,"endTime":669.533,"body":"you get to the point where"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":667.533,"endTime":669.533,"body":"you no longer get a bang and"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":669.533,"endTime":670.773,"body":"you no longer have ignition."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":671.193,"endTime":674.253,"body":"And what you've done there is"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":671.193,"endTime":674.253,"body":"you've found what we would call"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":674.253,"endTime":675.693,"body":"the lower flammability limit."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":676.503,"endTime":679.721,"body":"and the upper flammability"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":676.503,"endTime":679.721,"body":"limit, for that gassier species."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":680.165,"endTime":681.365,"body":"and these are critical, right?"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":681.365,"endTime":684.325,"body":"The, the idea of flammability"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":681.365,"endTime":684.325,"body":"limits, uh, sometimes they're"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":684.325,"endTime":688.165,"body":"called explosive limits, um,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":684.325,"endTime":688.165,"body":"is, is really powerful in"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":688.165,"endTime":691.445,"body":"terms of understanding the"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":688.165,"endTime":691.445,"body":"hazards posed by materials."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":691.695,"endTime":695.605,"body":"Usually flammability limits"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":691.695,"endTime":695.605,"body":"for gases are actually"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":695.605,"endTime":697.245,"body":"quite low, surprisingly low."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":697.556,"endTime":700.979,"body":"for natural gas, for methane,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":697.556,"endTime":700.979,"body":"the flammable range is between"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":700.979,"endTime":705.619,"body":"about 5% of concentration in"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":700.979,"endTime":705.619,"body":"air by volume up to about 15%."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":706.339,"endTime":708.979,"body":"if you have less than"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":706.339,"endTime":708.979,"body":"5% methane in your air"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":708.979,"endTime":710.619,"body":"mixture, it won't ignite."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":710.619,"endTime":712.339,"body":"There's, there's not"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":710.619,"endTime":712.339,"body":"enough energy released,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":712.509,"endTime":713.859,"body":"uh, to sustain an ignition."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":714.239,"endTime":717.668,"body":"And if you have more than 15%,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":714.239,"endTime":717.668,"body":"concentration of methane and"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":717.668,"endTime":718.748,"body":"air, then it also won't ignite."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":718.748,"endTime":721.068,"body":"You've not got enough air"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":718.748,"endTime":721.068,"body":"to allow that chemical."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":721.782,"endTime":723.162,"body":"To go to completion."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":723.802,"endTime":726.922,"body":"this idea of flammability limits"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":723.802,"endTime":726.922,"body":"is, is pretty well established."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":726.922,"endTime":729.962,"body":"And, you know, you can go"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":726.922,"endTime":729.962,"body":"to the SFP handbook or, or"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":730.042,"endTime":732.922,"body":"Drysdales textbook and you"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":730.042,"endTime":732.922,"body":"can find tables of this data."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":733.331,"endTime":736.531,"body":"and you know, you can use that"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":733.331,"endTime":736.531,"body":"to look at hazards post by"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":736.561,"endTime":738.191,"body":"Is"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":736.561,"endTime":738.191,"body":"it any way related to"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":738.191,"endTime":739.591,"body":"the energy of the source?"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":739.591,"endTime":743.671,"body":"Like, if I have more powerful"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":739.591,"endTime":743.671,"body":"source, can I ignite it beyond"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":743.671,"endTime":744.751,"body":"the flammability limits?"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":744.771,"endTime":746.301,"body":"That's a"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":744.771,"endTime":746.301,"body":"really good question."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":746.651,"endTime":750.271,"body":"the flas are sensitive to,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":746.651,"endTime":750.271,"body":"uh, what would be known"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":750.271,"endTime":751.231,"body":"as the ignition energy."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":751.231,"endTime":753.951,"body":"So there's usually also"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":751.231,"endTime":753.951,"body":"presented in these tables"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":753.951,"endTime":755.671,"body":"something called the"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":753.951,"endTime":755.671,"body":"minimum ignition energy."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":756.087,"endTime":759.087,"body":"and that is the energy"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":756.087,"endTime":759.087,"body":"that you need in a spark in"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":759.087,"endTime":760.127,"body":"order to ignite the mixture."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":760.761,"endTime":762.114,"body":"and that can vary, quite a lot."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":762.356,"endTime":764.544,"body":"but usually once you have"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":762.356,"endTime":764.544,"body":"enough energy from the spark,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":764.544,"endTime":766.544,"body":"it doesn't matter if you"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":764.544,"endTime":766.544,"body":"make the spark bigger, right?"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":767.264,"endTime":768.984,"body":"kind of a, a yes or a, or a no."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":769.274,"endTime":772.153,"body":"that becomes really interesting"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":769.274,"endTime":772.153,"body":"when, if you were, for example,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":772.483,"endTime":775.477,"body":"do the fire investigation and"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":772.483,"endTime":775.477,"body":"looking at types of, ignition"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":775.477,"endTime":778.437,"body":"sources, and if you were"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":775.477,"endTime":778.437,"body":"signing it to an electrical"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":778.437,"endTime":780.637,"body":"fault or something, you know,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":778.437,"endTime":780.637,"body":"is it possible to actually"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":780.637,"endTime":783.917,"body":"get enough energy in a spark"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":780.637,"endTime":783.917,"body":"to, to ignite some mixtures?"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":784.859,"endTime":786.907,"body":"uh, so I think that's a,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":784.859,"endTime":786.907,"body":"you know, the, the minimum"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":786.907,"endTime":788.507,"body":"ignition energy thing"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":786.907,"endTime":788.507,"body":"is really interesting."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":788.607,"endTime":790.627,"body":"The other thing though"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":788.607,"endTime":790.627,"body":"is if you have a flame,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":791.387,"endTime":793.667,"body":"more or less a flame is"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":791.387,"endTime":793.667,"body":"capable of, of igniting"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":793.667,"endTime":794.627,"body":"any flammable mixture."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":795.347,"endTime":798.427,"body":"that's because within the flame"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":795.347,"endTime":798.427,"body":"you've got all of the radicals"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":798.427,"endTime":801.427,"body":"and all of the intermediate"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":798.427,"endTime":801.427,"body":"species, that are formed, that"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":801.427,"endTime":803.947,"body":"are super reactive, that will,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":801.427,"endTime":803.947,"body":"will react straight away."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":803.947,"endTime":804.267,"body":"So,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":804.448,"endTime":806.521,"body":"Going"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":804.448,"endTime":806.521,"body":"back to the energy of the,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":806.521,"endTime":809.008,"body":"of the ignition source, I"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":806.521,"endTime":809.008,"body":"always found it interesting"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":809.008,"endTime":810.528,"body":"why it is defined in."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":811.305,"endTime":811.915,"body":"Energy."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":811.915,"endTime":813.395,"body":"Like n not why not?"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":813.395,"endTime":817.795,"body":"Like in some sort of energy"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":813.395,"endTime":817.795,"body":"density or, or temperature."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":817.795,"endTime":822.515,"body":"Like if I have a given amount"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":817.795,"endTime":822.515,"body":"of Joules but they, they,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":822.515,"endTime":824.315,"body":"they're in a large volume."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":824.649,"endTime":826.008,"body":"Will it cause an ignition?"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":826.493,"endTime":827.392,"body":"I guess,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":826.493,"endTime":827.392,"body":"yeah, you're right."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":827.392,"endTime":830.242,"body":"So, so this is, one of"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":827.392,"endTime":830.242,"body":"these ideas about, uh,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":830.242,"endTime":831.242,"body":"what causes ignition."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":831.242,"endTime":833.402,"body":"Is it simply energy or"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":831.242,"endTime":833.402,"body":"is there some other kind"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":833.972,"endTime":834.722,"body":"in there as well?"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":834.722,"endTime":837.042,"body":"And, and you're right, there"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":834.722,"endTime":837.042,"body":"is usually some other kind of"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":837.042,"endTime":838.162,"body":"metric, uh, in there as well."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":838.162,"endTime":840.922,"body":"But this, these are energies"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":838.162,"endTime":840.922,"body":"of sparks and that is quite"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":840.972,"endTime":841.442,"body":"So I"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":842.402,"endTime":846.002,"body":"this comes down to the"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":842.402,"endTime":846.002,"body":"way how it's being tested"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":846.288,"endTime":848.058,"body":"like any"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":846.288,"endTime":848.058,"body":"method, you know, the"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":848.058,"endTime":849.338,"body":"result is dependent on the"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":849.348,"endTime":851.178,"body":"So in"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":849.348,"endTime":851.178,"body":"the spark, of course, you"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":851.178,"endTime":854.058,"body":"would have a huge energy"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":851.178,"endTime":854.058,"body":"density inside the spark"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":854.058,"endTime":859.165,"body":"because it's an arc that was"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":854.058,"endTime":859.165,"body":"powerful enough to to, make a."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":859.194,"endTime":861.762,"body":"Piece of air glow, . So"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":859.194,"endTime":861.762,"body":"that's lots of energy."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":862.262,"endTime":863.652,"body":"if you think"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":862.262,"endTime":863.652,"body":"about what the spark is"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":863.652,"endTime":864.572,"body":"there to do, basically?"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":864.572,"endTime":864.732,"body":"Yeah."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":864.732,"endTime":867.595,"body":"The, the spark, the reason you"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":864.732,"endTime":867.595,"body":"get flow of, of electricity"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":867.595,"endTime":869.435,"body":"through the air, which"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":867.595,"endTime":869.435,"body":"is normally an insulator,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":869.995,"endTime":872.555,"body":"because the spark"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":869.995,"endTime":872.555,"body":"breaks down the air,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":873.112,"endTime":874.965,"body":"molecules, the, and"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":873.112,"endTime":874.965,"body":"ionizes them, and it"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":874.965,"endTime":876.328,"body":"creates, a conductive path"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":877.212,"endTime":879.978,"body":"so when you do that, you"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":877.212,"endTime":879.978,"body":"also create all those, um,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":879.978,"endTime":882.698,"body":"weird intermediate species,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":879.978,"endTime":882.698,"body":"the radicals, uh, and you"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":882.698,"endTime":885.218,"body":"provide energy also into"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":882.698,"endTime":885.218,"body":"the fuel molecules to"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":885.218,"endTime":888.018,"body":"help parize and, and break"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":885.218,"endTime":888.018,"body":"them down, um, as well."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":888.018,"endTime":891.378,"body":"So the spark is doing all"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":888.018,"endTime":891.378,"body":"of that work for you, um,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":891.698,"endTime":893.338,"body":"the, in that gas use mixture,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":893.518,"endTime":894.692,"body":"And, what if I just"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":894.692,"endTime":896.555,"body":"keep, warming my gases?"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":897.065,"endTime":898.515,"body":"Like how, how will they ignite?"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":898.975,"endTime":899.745,"body":"Yeah, sure."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":899.745,"endTime":900.705,"body":"So, okay, that's a good one."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":900.755,"endTime":903.335,"body":"Um, of all, she'd mentioned"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":900.755,"endTime":903.335,"body":"the flammability limits"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":903.335,"endTime":905.975,"body":"are of course, functions of"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":903.335,"endTime":905.975,"body":"temperature and pressure."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":906.202,"endTime":908.912,"body":"usually higher temperatures"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":906.202,"endTime":908.912,"body":"and higher pressures widen"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":908.912,"endTime":909.952,"body":"the flammability limits."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":910.112,"endTime":912.752,"body":"the numbers I quoted before"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":910.112,"endTime":912.752,"body":"for methane would be at"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":912.872,"endTime":914.432,"body":"standard temperatures"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":912.872,"endTime":914.432,"body":"and standard pressures."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":915.222,"endTime":916.152,"body":"it's fair enough."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":916.152,"endTime":918.665,"body":"Um, so if you heat it"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":916.152,"endTime":918.665,"body":"up, you, the chances"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":918.665,"endTime":920.905,"body":"of getting a flammable"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":918.665,"endTime":920.905,"body":"mixture are, are higher."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":921.315,"endTime":923.905,"body":"Um, if you keep heating"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":921.315,"endTime":923.905,"body":"it, uh, you can of course"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":924.005,"endTime":925.865,"body":"get to, uh, auto admission,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":926.465,"endTime":927.225,"body":"of the mixture."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":927.508,"endTime":930.635,"body":"and it's kind of a canonical"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":927.508,"endTime":930.635,"body":"problem from the, the first"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":930.635,"endTime":933.955,"body":"half of the 20th century, where"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":930.635,"endTime":933.955,"body":"it's a very important part of"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":933.955,"endTime":937.208,"body":"understanding combustion systems"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":933.955,"endTime":937.208,"body":"was to understand, these sorts"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":937.208,"endTime":938.368,"body":"of auto ignition phenomena."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":938.368,"endTime":942.288,"body":"And the work of, of Seminar,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":938.368,"endTime":942.288,"body":"for example, is, is one of"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":942.288,"endTime":943.608,"body":"those, really fundamental"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":944.248,"endTime":945.608,"body":"foundational pieces of work."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":945.86,"endTime":948.465,"body":"looking at the ignition of,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":945.86,"endTime":948.465,"body":"of well stirred mixtures."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":948.665,"endTime":950.655,"body":"so yeah, if you heat it up,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":948.665,"endTime":950.655,"body":"you will eventually get to that"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":950.655,"endTime":953.695,"body":"auto ignition because instead"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":950.655,"endTime":953.695,"body":"of the spark breaking, uh, the"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":953.855,"endTime":956.335,"body":"molecules down, simply there's"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":953.855,"endTime":956.335,"body":"enough thermal energy there"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":956.625,"endTime":959.975,"body":"to start the chemical reaction"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":956.625,"endTime":959.975,"body":"because all chemical reactions"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":960.085,"endTime":963.295,"body":"have, uh, an activation"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":960.085,"endTime":963.295,"body":"energy associated with them."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":963.625,"endTime":966.335,"body":"Uh, and really to get the"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":963.625,"endTime":966.335,"body":"reaction going, you've got to"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":967.015,"endTime":968.495,"body":"overcome that activation energy."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":968.495,"endTime":970.015,"body":"You've got to raise"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":968.495,"endTime":970.015,"body":"the energy state"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":970.185,"endTime":971.975,"body":"So, so"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":970.185,"endTime":971.975,"body":"once this energy is passed,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":971.975,"endTime":974.855,"body":"the reaction begins and"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":971.975,"endTime":974.855,"body":"it's, it's like, then it's"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":974.855,"endTime":978.158,"body":"exothermic, so it produces more"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":974.855,"endTime":978.158,"body":"heat and it, it is going on."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":978.158,"endTime":978.438,"body":"Right."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":978.438,"endTime":978.858,"body":"Yep."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":978.858,"endTime":980.618,"body":"If you have the right"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":978.858,"endTime":980.618,"body":"conditions, the exothermic"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":980.818,"endTime":981.698,"body":"reaction allows it to"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":982.578,"endTime":983.458,"body":"through the mixture."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":983.458,"endTime":983.698,"body":"Yeah,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":984.128,"endTime":985.018,"body":"That's, that's cool."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":985.018,"endTime":987.902,"body":"And, and the same effort"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":985.018,"endTime":987.902,"body":"can be, achieved by, by"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":987.902,"endTime":990.862,"body":"just squeezing it, like"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":987.902,"endTime":990.862,"body":"introducing additional pressure."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":990.862,"endTime":992.822,"body":"And, and here we discovered"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":990.862,"endTime":992.822,"body":"this legend, I guess"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":993.432,"endTime":994.282,"body":"Absolutely."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":994.282,"endTime":996.798,"body":"The diesel engine or,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":994.282,"endTime":996.798,"body":"um, I guess, getting some"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":996.798,"endTime":999.918,"body":"engine knock on your, uh,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":996.798,"endTime":999.918,"body":"on your petrol engine."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1000.168,"endTime":1001.958,"body":"Um, if you can press"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1000.168,"endTime":1001.958,"body":"it whilst everything's"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1001.958,"endTime":1002.758,"body":"hot, you can get the."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1003.05,"endTime":1004.93,"body":"ignition happened basically"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1003.05,"endTime":1004.93,"body":"at the wrong time."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1005.06,"endTime":1007.57,"body":"So, I mean, a lot of the work"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1005.06,"endTime":1007.57,"body":"we understand on Ignition"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1007.57,"endTime":1008.53,"body":"comes from that space."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1008.53,"endTime":1010.793,"body":"You know, it comes from"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1008.53,"endTime":1010.793,"body":"optimizing, internal combustion"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1010.793,"endTime":1013.857,"body":"engines, to make sure you"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1010.793,"endTime":1013.857,"body":"get as much power for the"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1013.857,"endTime":1014.577,"body":"fuel that you're using."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1014.787,"endTime":1017.167,"body":"Um, and, and really that"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1014.787,"endTime":1017.167,"body":"is a lot of that literature"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1017.167,"endTime":1019.407,"body":"is where we understand"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1017.167,"endTime":1019.407,"body":"most about ignition."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1019.407,"endTime":1020.447,"body":"Uh, it's from that context."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1021.247,"endTime":1023.381,"body":"I wonder"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1021.247,"endTime":1023.381,"body":"also in, in terms of gases,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1023.7,"endTime":1027.747,"body":"you said about this minimum"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1023.7,"endTime":1027.747,"body":"energy, of the ignition source."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1028.207,"endTime":1032.013,"body":"I wonder like, for example,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1028.207,"endTime":1032.013,"body":"does a static electricity have"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1032.253,"endTime":1036.573,"body":"sufficient amount of, energy"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1032.253,"endTime":1036.573,"body":"inside to trigger gases?"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1036.743,"endTime":1037.733,"body":"Uh, ignition."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1038.027,"endTime":1038.797,"body":"I mean, can"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1038.927,"endTime":1039.417,"body":"Okay."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1039.417,"endTime":1039.777,"body":"Okay."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1039.777,"endTime":1040.177,"body":"It's."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1040.277,"endTime":1041.837,"body":"that there"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1040.277,"endTime":1041.837,"body":"are, some videos I've seen."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1041.837,"endTime":1044.55,"body":"I mean, of course you also"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1041.837,"endTime":1044.55,"body":"take with a grain of where you"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1044.55,"endTime":1047.503,"body":"can see ignition of, of gas"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1044.55,"endTime":1047.503,"body":"clouds from, static, discharge."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1047.886,"endTime":1049.79,"body":"of course it depends, you"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1047.886,"endTime":1049.79,"body":"know, a static can be a lot"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1049.79,"endTime":1050.75,"body":"or a little right as well."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1051.03,"endTime":1053.347,"body":"it depends on the, the"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1051.03,"endTime":1053.347,"body":"magnitude of that discharge."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1053.77,"endTime":1056.403,"body":"but it's not as simple as any"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1053.77,"endTime":1056.403,"body":"spark will ignite any mixture."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1056.403,"endTime":1059.083,"body":"But, um, you know, we know,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1056.403,"endTime":1059.083,"body":"for example, that, um,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1059.083,"endTime":1062.423,"body":"it's much harder to ignite,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1059.083,"endTime":1062.423,"body":"a dust cloud than it is"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1062.423,"endTime":1063.743,"body":"to ignite a vapor cloud."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1063.753,"endTime":1065.239,"body":"We know that, for example."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1065.49,"endTime":1067.88,"body":"uh, but beyond that, I mean,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1065.49,"endTime":1067.88,"body":"the thing is quite tricky."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1067.88,"endTime":1070.32,"body":"There's, there's still"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1067.88,"endTime":1070.32,"body":"perhaps some work to be"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1070.32,"endTime":1073.12,"body":"done in that area for"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1070.32,"endTime":1073.12,"body":"application to a fire context."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1073.19,"endTime":1073.88,"body":"I mean, in terms."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1074.38,"endTime":1077.31,"body":"Very clean mixtures"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1074.38,"endTime":1077.31,"body":"of gases, uh, and air."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1077.673,"endTime":1079.883,"body":"there's some very nice"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1077.673,"endTime":1079.883,"body":"relationships about ignition"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1079.883,"endTime":1082.083,"body":"energy and the, the species"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1079.883,"endTime":1082.083,"body":"that you have present, but"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1082.083,"endTime":1085.563,"body":"for let's say real world"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1082.083,"endTime":1085.563,"body":"applications, it's not so clean."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1086.058,"endTime":1086.548,"body":"Yeah."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1086.548,"endTime":1089.708,"body":"I, I also think that, uh,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1086.548,"endTime":1089.708,"body":"purely gaseous setting would be"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1090.068,"endTime":1094.478,"body":"something not very, very common,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1090.068,"endTime":1094.478,"body":"for the fire safety engineer"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1094.798,"endTime":1097.518,"body":"point of view, because it's,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1094.798,"endTime":1097.518,"body":"it's quite a challenging, uh,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1098.133,"endTime":1099.063,"body":"I would"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1098.133,"endTime":1099.063,"body":"agree to a point."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1099.063,"endTime":1100.343,"body":"I mean, I think, you"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1099.063,"endTime":1100.343,"body":"know, if you're working in"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1100.443,"endTime":1102.903,"body":"petrochemicals or anything"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1100.443,"endTime":1102.903,"body":"like that, of course, uh,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1102.903,"endTime":1104.023,"body":"that's gonna be a problem."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1104.023,"endTime":1107.263,"body":"But also, I mean, the energy"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1104.023,"endTime":1107.263,"body":"transition is, is happening."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1107.743,"endTime":1109.303,"body":"people are talking"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1107.743,"endTime":1109.303,"body":"about hydrogen as"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1109.358,"endTime":1109.848,"body":"Okay."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1110.38,"endTime":1112.46,"body":"we're gonna"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1110.38,"endTime":1112.46,"body":"be having to deal with"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1112.94,"endTime":1115.54,"body":"hydrogen, uh, systems and fire"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1112.94,"endTime":1115.54,"body":"engineering needs to figure"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1115.54,"endTime":1116.74,"body":"out how it wants to do that."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1117.084,"endTime":1118.54,"body":"and when you talk about"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1117.084,"endTime":1118.54,"body":"hydrogen, I mean the"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1118.54,"endTime":1119.66,"body":"flammability limits of hydrogen"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1119.855,"endTime":1120.465,"body":"Insane."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1120.7,"endTime":1121.7,"body":"to 75%."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1121.7,"endTime":1122.26,"body":"They're enormous."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1122.39,"endTime":1122.74,"body":"Um,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1122.855,"endTime":1123.215,"body":"Yeah."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1123.394,"endTime":1124.873,"body":"you know, not to"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1123.394,"endTime":1124.873,"body":"mention the fact that hydrogen"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1124.873,"endTime":1126.033,"body":"flame is invisible, right?"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1126.033,"endTime":1128.113,"body":"I mean, there's all sorts"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1126.033,"endTime":1128.113,"body":"of problems, um, with this."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1128.113,"endTime":1130.593,"body":"So again, understanding,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1128.113,"endTime":1130.593,"body":"having some appreciation"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1130.593,"endTime":1132.073,"body":"of the additional hazard."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1132.103,"endTime":1134.353,"body":"I mean, if you look at"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1132.103,"endTime":1134.353,"body":"the flammability range of"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1134.353,"endTime":1137.913,"body":"methane five to 15, and"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1134.353,"endTime":1137.913,"body":"then you go four to 75, well"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1137.913,"endTime":1138.713,"body":"that's a whole different"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1139.633,"endTime":1142.05,"body":"potentially of, of managing"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1139.633,"endTime":1142.05,"body":"that hazard, than fire"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1142.29,"endTime":1142.93,"body":"engineers are used to."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1142.93,"endTime":1145.65,"body":"So I think, again, just being"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1142.93,"endTime":1145.65,"body":"aware of this so that you can"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1145.65,"endTime":1148.41,"body":"play a part in that, uh, in"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1145.65,"endTime":1148.41,"body":"those discussions around the"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1148.41,"endTime":1149.89,"body":"energy transition is super"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1150.035,"endTime":1151.625,"body":"Uh, I,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1150.035,"endTime":1151.625,"body":"I, actually, I take that back."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1151.625,"endTime":1155.585,"body":"I now recall we had a very"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1151.625,"endTime":1155.585,"body":"strong engineering discussion on"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1155.585,"endTime":1159.215,"body":"the liquid, Propan, gas fueled,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1155.585,"endTime":1159.215,"body":"vehicles in Poland, which are"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1159.215,"endTime":1161.135,"body":"very, very popular in Poland."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1161.225,"endTime":1164.025,"body":"Uh, and, you know, all the"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1161.225,"endTime":1164.025,"body":"sorts of discussions we, we"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1164.025,"endTime":1166.845,"body":"see now on electric vehicles"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1164.025,"endTime":1166.845,"body":"banning them from car parks"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1166.865,"endTime":1170.785,"body":"we, we in Poland did that 15"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1166.865,"endTime":1170.785,"body":"years ago on LPG vehicles."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1170.785,"endTime":1172.785,"body":"The exact same type of"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1170.785,"endTime":1172.785,"body":"discussion, the same,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1172.808,"endTime":1174.142,"body":"same type issue in a way."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1174.672,"endTime":1178.465,"body":"Is it safe to introduce, a"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1174.672,"endTime":1178.465,"body":"pressurized, uh, vessel with,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1178.532,"endTime":1180.612,"body":"liquid gas into a car park?"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1180.612,"endTime":1180.812,"body":"Yeah."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1180.958,"endTime":1183.145,"body":"uh, this is a"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1180.958,"endTime":1183.145,"body":"thing I think again, why it's"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1183.145,"endTime":1185.222,"body":"important to, you know, be"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1183.145,"endTime":1185.222,"body":"familiar with all these terms."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1185.222,"endTime":1186.782,"body":"Cause what are the"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1185.222,"endTime":1186.782,"body":"hazards, how do you define"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1186.782,"endTime":1187.822,"body":"the hazards and so on."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1188.152,"endTime":1192.308,"body":"Um, so yeah, ignition of,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1188.152,"endTime":1192.308,"body":"of hydrogen, systems is, is"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1192.308,"endTime":1193.268,"body":"for me super interesting."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1193.268,"endTime":1194.348,"body":"Uh, what happens with those."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1194.872,"endTime":1197.942,"body":"uh, so yeah, but I mean,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1194.872,"endTime":1197.942,"body":"you talked about liquids, l"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1198.185,"endTime":1198.642,"body":"Yeah."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1199.072,"endTime":1199.782,"body":"so maybe we"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1200.412,"endTime":1202.262,"body":"I mean, maybe not to"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1200.412,"endTime":1202.262,"body":"cryogenic liquids, that's"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1202.262,"endTime":1202.782,"body":"a little bit different."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1202.782,"endTime":1205.362,"body":"But if we go to regular,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1202.782,"endTime":1205.362,"body":"liquids and talk about the"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1205.362,"endTime":1208.613,"body":"ignition there, I think, many"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1205.362,"endTime":1208.613,"body":"people will have seen, you"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1208.613,"endTime":1210.613,"body":"know, these classifications"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1208.613,"endTime":1210.613,"body":"of flammable or highly"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1211.213,"endTime":1212.773,"body":"or combustible liquids."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1213.087,"endTime":1215.967,"body":"and I mean, those are all"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1213.087,"endTime":1215.967,"body":"definitions different levels"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1215.967,"endTime":1217.167,"body":"of hazard effectively."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1217.257,"endTime":1220.557,"body":"but I mean, how does a liquid"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1217.257,"endTime":1220.557,"body":"burn, well, ignite, I should"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1220.557,"endTime":1222.717,"body":"say it ignites in exactly"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1220.557,"endTime":1222.717,"body":"the same way as a gas,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1223.077,"endTime":1225.367,"body":"The, it's the vapor phase,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1223.077,"endTime":1225.367,"body":"it's the gas phase, of"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1225.367,"endTime":1226.447,"body":"that liquid that ignites."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1226.447,"endTime":1229.407,"body":"And that's an important concept,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1226.447,"endTime":1229.407,"body":"I think, to understand, which"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1229.407,"endTime":1232.327,"body":"is, you know, if you have"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1229.407,"endTime":1232.327,"body":"a liquid, uh, an open pool"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1232.327,"endTime":1236.167,"body":"of liquid, um, then that"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1232.327,"endTime":1236.167,"body":"liquid is always exchanging"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1236.767,"endTime":1238.927,"body":"molecules of that liquid with"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1236.767,"endTime":1238.927,"body":"the atmosphere around it."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1238.927,"endTime":1241.167,"body":"The fancy name for that"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1238.927,"endTime":1241.167,"body":"is the vapor pressure."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1241.577,"endTime":1243.567,"body":"We don't really need to"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1241.577,"endTime":1243.567,"body":"understand that too much."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1243.857,"endTime":1246.17,"body":"Um, we just need to"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1243.857,"endTime":1246.17,"body":"recognize that, a pool"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1246.17,"endTime":1249.53,"body":"of liquid will always be"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1246.17,"endTime":1249.53,"body":"exchanging, um, molecules"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1249.54,"endTime":1253.17,"body":"of that liquid, whether"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1249.54,"endTime":1253.17,"body":"it's, you know, octane or,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1254.01,"endTime":1256.49,"body":"or heptane, acetone,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1254.01,"endTime":1256.49,"body":"whatever it might be."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1256.57,"endTime":1258.97,"body":"There will be molecules"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1256.57,"endTime":1258.97,"body":"that will escape from the"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1258.97,"endTime":1259.65,"body":"surface of the liquid."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1260.61,"endTime":1261.33,"body":"enter the atmosphere."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1261.783,"endTime":1264.23,"body":"and this is a way that, might"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1261.783,"endTime":1264.23,"body":"be a little bit confusing"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1264.23,"endTime":1267.11,"body":"to think of, uh, at first,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1264.23,"endTime":1267.11,"body":"but I mean, if you think of"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1267.11,"endTime":1269.59,"body":"how a puddle evaporates in"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1267.11,"endTime":1269.59,"body":"Scotland, it rains a lot."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1269.93,"endTime":1272.95,"body":"But we don't have to boil the"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1269.93,"endTime":1272.95,"body":"puddles to make them evaporate,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1273.55,"endTime":1274.95,"body":"eventually just go on their own."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1275.01,"endTime":1278.07,"body":"And the reason that they,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1275.01,"endTime":1278.07,"body":"they go is because those"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1278.51,"endTime":1281.27,"body":"molecules, uh, leave the surface"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1278.51,"endTime":1281.27,"body":"of the liquid and normally"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1281.27,"endTime":1282.43,"body":"are blown away by the wind."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1283.19,"endTime":1285.51,"body":"which means that more molecules"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1283.19,"endTime":1285.51,"body":"can leave the surface of the"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1285.51,"endTime":1286.75,"body":"liquid and be blown away."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1287.143,"endTime":1288.133,"body":"if we close that"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1288.181,"endTime":1291.167,"body":"and we put a lid, when you close"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1288.181,"endTime":1291.167,"body":"the lid of your water bottle,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1291.887,"endTime":1292.807,"body":"level stays the same, right?"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1292.807,"endTime":1293.647,"body":"It doesn't evaporate."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1293.647,"endTime":1296.527,"body":"If you have a glass of"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1293.647,"endTime":1296.527,"body":"water, eventually that"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1296.527,"endTime":1297.287,"body":"glass of water will"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1297.542,"endTime":1299.012,"body":"In, in"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1297.542,"endTime":1299.012,"body":"the world of fire science,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1299.042,"endTime":1301.732,"body":"that's exactly what, uh,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1299.042,"endTime":1301.732,"body":"firefighting films are"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1301.732,"endTime":1304.092,"body":"doing to, uh, pull fires."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1304.482,"endTime":1306.172,"body":"That, that, that's how"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1304.482,"endTime":1306.172,"body":"you extinguish them."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1306.172,"endTime":1309.565,"body":"You, you a layer that,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1306.172,"endTime":1309.565,"body":"that separates the fluids,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1309.672,"endTime":1312.462,"body":"liquids that's burning"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1309.672,"endTime":1312.462,"body":"from the atmosphere, right."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1312.872,"endTime":1314.952,"body":"create a, um,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1312.872,"endTime":1314.952,"body":"I think that the fancy term"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1314.952,"endTime":1317.152,"body":"we might use to be a mass"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1314.952,"endTime":1317.152,"body":"transfer barrier, right?"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1317.152,"endTime":1317.352,"body":"You"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1317.452,"endTime":1318.442,"body":"Oh, that's really fancy."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1318.442,"endTime":1318.842,"body":"Yeah."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1319.372,"endTime":1321.512,"body":"the fam"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1319.372,"endTime":1321.512,"body":"liquid into the, the"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1321.662,"endTime":1322.622,"body":"I"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1321.662,"endTime":1322.622,"body":"would say you make it"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1322.782,"endTime":1323.822,"body":"astonishingly fireproof."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1324.012,"endTime":1324.622,"body":"That's"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1326.672,"endTime":1327.382,"body":"uh, somehow."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1327.382,"endTime":1327.617,"body":"Yes."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1327.775,"endTime":1330.445,"body":"so yeah, so when you have a"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1327.775,"endTime":1330.445,"body":"liquid, I mean that exchange of"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1330.445,"endTime":1334.602,"body":"atoms, uh, or sorry, exchange"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1330.445,"endTime":1334.602,"body":"of molecules is really what's,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1334.658,"endTime":1335.498,"body":"governing the whole process."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1335.498,"endTime":1338.698,"body":"Because as we know, flames"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1335.498,"endTime":1338.698,"body":"are gas phase phenomena, so"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1338.698,"endTime":1341.018,"body":"we have to get things into"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1338.698,"endTime":1341.018,"body":"the vapor phase or into the"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1341.018,"endTime":1344.098,"body":"gas phase in order for the"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1341.018,"endTime":1344.098,"body":"combustion reaction to occur."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1344.438,"endTime":1347.298,"body":"And really after that"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1344.438,"endTime":1347.298,"body":"it's exactly the same"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1347.298,"endTime":1348.338,"body":"problem as with the gases."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1348.338,"endTime":1350.178,"body":"It's getting enough"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1348.338,"endTime":1350.178,"body":"of the vapor."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1350.913,"endTime":1353.543,"body":"To the vapor phase so"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1350.913,"endTime":1353.543,"body":"that you reach the lower"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1353.543,"endTime":1356.743,"body":"flammability limit, uh, again,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1353.543,"endTime":1356.743,"body":"in order to get ignition."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1356.743,"endTime":1359.863,"body":"And most of the time with,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1356.743,"endTime":1359.863,"body":"with, you know, looking at"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1359.863,"endTime":1362.263,"body":"hazards of liquid fuels, the"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1359.863,"endTime":1362.263,"body":"upper flammability limit's"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1362.263,"endTime":1365.263,"body":"not so relevant because you're"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1362.263,"endTime":1365.263,"body":"gonna get ignition at the lower"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1365.263,"endTime":1368.143,"body":"flammability limit or near"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1365.263,"endTime":1368.143,"body":"that, and then, you know, you've"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1368.143,"endTime":1370.023,"body":"got the flame there, you're"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1368.143,"endTime":1370.023,"body":"gonna be consuming the fuel,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1370.023,"endTime":1371.623,"body":"so you'll never really get to"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1371.768,"endTime":1374.866,"body":"Well, If"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1371.768,"endTime":1374.866,"body":"you are liquid vaporize in a,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1374.866,"endTime":1377.706,"body":"in a way that fuels the whole"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1374.866,"endTime":1377.706,"body":"compartment, you're pretty much"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1377.706,"endTime":1378.746,"body":"dealing with the gas problem."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1378.746,"endTime":1379.186,"body":"Again,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1379.711,"endTime":1380.561,"body":"Absolutely."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1380.561,"endTime":1380.761,"body":"Yeah."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1380.826,"endTime":1382.346,"body":"it, it's,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1380.826,"endTime":1382.346,"body":"it's interesting when it's"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1382.346,"endTime":1386.866,"body":"like a pool and it's constantly"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1382.346,"endTime":1386.866,"body":"producing this fuel or, or,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1386.866,"endTime":1389.946,"body":"well, your I liquid fuel is"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1386.866,"endTime":1389.946,"body":"constantly producing the gas"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1389.946,"endTime":1393.466,"body":"phase at the rate that loss"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1389.946,"endTime":1393.466,"body":"for, for the flame to sustain."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1393.466,"endTime":1394.426,"body":"I guess that's the challenge."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1394.651,"endTime":1396.091,"body":"right, and"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1394.651,"endTime":1396.091,"body":"that's, there's a subtle"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1396.676,"endTime":1397.166,"body":"Okay."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1397.781,"endTime":1399.701,"body":"what we will"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1397.781,"endTime":1399.701,"body":"often measure, and people"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1399.701,"endTime":1401.701,"body":"might be familiar with the"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1399.701,"endTime":1401.701,"body":"concept of a flashpoint,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1402.341,"endTime":1404.861,"body":"defining the hazard, uh,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1402.341,"endTime":1404.861,"body":"associated to a liquid fuel."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1404.861,"endTime":1408.404,"body":"And in general, you know,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1404.861,"endTime":1408.404,"body":"a, a lower flashpoint, is a"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1408.404,"endTime":1410.884,"body":"higher risk material easier"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1408.404,"endTime":1410.884,"body":"to ignite that material."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1411.384,"endTime":1414.899,"body":"one example for is hexa,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1411.384,"endTime":1414.899,"body":"uh, has a, a flashpoint of"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1414.899,"endTime":1417.897,"body":"minus 22 degrees Celsius,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1414.899,"endTime":1417.897,"body":"so that's pretty low."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1418.265,"endTime":1421.955,"body":"methanol methylated spirits,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1418.265,"endTime":1421.955,"body":"it's about 12 degrees Celsius."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1421.955,"endTime":1424.395,"body":"So even for quite common"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1421.955,"endTime":1424.395,"body":"fuels, we can have quite big"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1424.395,"endTime":1426.909,"body":"ranges in the flammability,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1424.395,"endTime":1426.909,"body":"in, in the flashpoint, data."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1427.374,"endTime":1430.892,"body":"but the flashpoint is really"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1427.374,"endTime":1430.892,"body":"defined as when the, vapor"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1430.892,"endTime":1434.052,"body":"phase concentration is equal to"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1430.892,"endTime":1434.052,"body":"the lower flammability limit."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1434.342,"endTime":1436.652,"body":"So when you're running the"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1434.342,"endTime":1436.652,"body":"test and there are closed cup"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1436.652,"endTime":1440.041,"body":"flashpoint tests, different"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1436.652,"endTime":1440.041,"body":"apparatuses, for that, they're"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1440.161,"endTime":1441.321,"body":"standardized in various ways."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1441.351,"endTime":1444.001,"body":"What you normally do is you"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1441.351,"endTime":1444.001,"body":"heat a small volume of liquid,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1444.061,"endTime":1447.361,"body":"and then you introduce a"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1444.061,"endTime":1447.361,"body":"flame or a spark into the"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1447.361,"endTime":1449.321,"body":"headspace on that, uh, liquid."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1449.621,"endTime":1451.521,"body":"And what you normally"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1449.621,"endTime":1451.521,"body":"see at the flashpoint"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1451.691,"endTime":1453.561,"body":"is, well, a flash, right?"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1453.561,"endTime":1455.644,"body":"You see a a flash of"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1453.561,"endTime":1455.644,"body":"flame, propagating through"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1455.644,"endTime":1457.804,"body":"the vapor phase, but"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1455.644,"endTime":1457.804,"body":"then it goes out, right?"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1457.864,"endTime":1460.764,"body":"The, the rate of vaporization"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1457.864,"endTime":1460.764,"body":"is not sufficient to"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1460.764,"endTime":1461.604,"body":"sustain the flame,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1462.484,"endTime":1464.884,"body":"and the energy feedback from"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1462.484,"endTime":1464.884,"body":"the flame back to the surface"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1464.884,"endTime":1468.594,"body":"of the liquid is not so, is"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1464.884,"endTime":1468.594,"body":"not so high in that context."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1468.597,"endTime":1469.677,"body":"What's"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1468.597,"endTime":1469.677,"body":"the difference between"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1469.677,"endTime":1470.837,"body":"open cup and closed cup?"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1470.837,"endTime":1472.755,"body":"And don't tell me It's the,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1470.837,"endTime":1472.755,"body":"the openness of the cup"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1472.755,"endTime":1473.918,"body":"I mean"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1472.755,"endTime":1473.918,"body":"that's, that's exactly"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1473.918,"endTime":1474.438,"body":"what the difference"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1474.448,"endTime":1474.798,"body":"Ah,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1475.488,"endTime":1477.398,"body":"uh, so the"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1475.488,"endTime":1477.398,"body":"open cup and the closed cup"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1477.398,"endTime":1479.158,"body":"flashpoint are two different"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1477.398,"endTime":1479.158,"body":"ways of measuring it."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1479.158,"endTime":1481.782,"body":"The closed cup, the real"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1479.158,"endTime":1481.782,"body":"difference with the closed"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1481.782,"endTime":1484.998,"body":"cut method is you have,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1481.782,"endTime":1484.998,"body":"a much closer, almost"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1484.998,"endTime":1487.198,"body":"perfect equilibrium"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1484.998,"endTime":1487.198,"body":"between the vapor phase and"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1487.678,"endTime":1489.638,"body":"and not wanting to"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1487.678,"endTime":1489.638,"body":"get too much into the"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1489.638,"endTime":1490.638,"body":"thermodynamics of things."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1490.978,"endTime":1494.078,"body":"And that gives you probably"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1490.978,"endTime":1494.078,"body":"a more repeatable test"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1494.788,"endTime":1497.238,"body":"your vapor phase and your"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1494.788,"endTime":1497.238,"body":"liquid phase are in equilibrium."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1497.338,"endTime":1499.958,"body":"You can, you know, hold it"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1497.338,"endTime":1499.958,"body":"in that, at that temperature"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1499.958,"endTime":1502.498,"body":"for as long as you like to"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1499.958,"endTime":1502.498,"body":"do the, the test that you're"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1502.498,"endTime":1504.976,"body":"doing and the open cup, You"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1502.498,"endTime":1504.976,"body":"don't have that equilibrium."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1504.976,"endTime":1506.935,"body":"The vapor phase,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1504.976,"endTime":1506.935,"body":"can diffuse away"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1507.415,"endTime":1507.975,"body":"of the liquid."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1508.585,"endTime":1511.565,"body":"So, you have a concentration"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1508.585,"endTime":1511.565,"body":"gradient from the surface"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1511.565,"endTime":1514.165,"body":"of the liquid to wherever"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1511.565,"endTime":1514.165,"body":"your ignition source."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1514.61,"endTime":1515.61,"body":"Which is absent"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1516.05,"endTime":1516.45,"body":"closed cup."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1516.45,"endTime":1519.09,"body":"In the closed cup, you've got"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1516.45,"endTime":1519.09,"body":"uniform vapor concentration."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1519.09,"endTime":1521.49,"body":"In the open cup, you've got"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1519.09,"endTime":1521.49,"body":"this concentration gradient."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1521.94,"endTime":1524.667,"body":"So, different test methods,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1521.94,"endTime":1524.667,"body":"uh, and of course it'll give"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1524.667,"endTime":1525.427,"body":"different results, right?"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1526.047,"endTime":1528.867,"body":"the flashpoint temperature"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1526.047,"endTime":1528.867,"body":"is higher in an open"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1528.867,"endTime":1529.747,"body":"cup than in a closed"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1530.387,"endTime":1532.067,"body":"because of that diffusion away."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1532.167,"endTime":1536.147,"body":"And the, the dilution, if you"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1532.167,"endTime":1536.147,"body":"like, of the, the gases for a"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1536.147,"endTime":1537.667,"body":"fixed temperature of the liquid."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1538.62,"endTime":1540.933,"body":"the nice thing about the"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1538.62,"endTime":1540.933,"body":"open cup test though,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1540.933,"endTime":1544.133,"body":"is it allows you to also"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1540.933,"endTime":1544.133,"body":"determine the firepoint"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1544.693,"endTime":1544.853,"body":"liquid."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1545.034,"endTime":1546.871,"body":"and the firepoint is"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1545.034,"endTime":1546.871,"body":"different from the flashpoint"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1546.871,"endTime":1548.151,"body":"usually by a few degrees."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1548.401,"endTime":1552.711,"body":"Um, the firepoint allows you"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1548.401,"endTime":1552.711,"body":"to have sustained burning."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1552.911,"endTime":1555.631,"body":"So you introduce your, your"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1552.911,"endTime":1555.631,"body":"pilot flame and you get"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1555.631,"endTime":1556.751,"body":"sustained burning of the"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1557.671,"endTime":1559.951,"body":"and that's because you've"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1557.671,"endTime":1559.951,"body":"heated the liquid sufficiently"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1559.951,"endTime":1560.831,"body":"that the rate of vapor."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1561.676,"endTime":1564.378,"body":"Is enough to continuously"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1561.676,"endTime":1564.378,"body":"feed, the flame."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1564.881,"endTime":1567.631,"body":"uh, and that's, that's a"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1564.881,"endTime":1567.631,"body":"distinction that, you know,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1567.791,"endTime":1570.391,"body":"isn't used too much because,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1567.791,"endTime":1570.391,"body":"you know, let's be a little"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1570.391,"endTime":1572.671,"body":"bit conservative and we'll"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1570.391,"endTime":1572.671,"body":"use the flashpoint number to"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1572.671,"endTime":1575.309,"body":"make sure that, we are gonna"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1572.671,"endTime":1575.309,"body":"be, in a conservative place."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1576.09,"endTime":1578.01,"body":"you know, these things are"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1576.09,"endTime":1578.01,"body":"also important and, and you've"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1578.01,"endTime":1580.13,"body":"seen, you know, many fire"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1578.01,"endTime":1580.13,"body":"investigations where somebody's"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1580.13,"endTime":1583.131,"body":"poured lots of gasoline around"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1580.13,"endTime":1583.131,"body":"in a building, to try and set"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1583.131,"endTime":1587.251,"body":"a fire, waited too long, a"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1583.131,"endTime":1587.251,"body":"match, put it in there, and"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1587.251,"endTime":1588.291,"body":"basically created a vapor"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1588.501,"endTime":1589.111,"body":"Mm-hmm."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1589.541,"endTime":1591.131,"body":"uh, which has,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1589.541,"endTime":1591.131,"body":"you know, usually caught"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1591.131,"endTime":1593.051,"body":"them by one way or another."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1593.49,"endTime":1597.45,"body":"this idea of, of flambe vapors"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1593.49,"endTime":1597.45,"body":"and liquids, um, I think is"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1597.45,"endTime":1598.81,"body":"really, is really interesting."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1599.008,"endTime":1603.464,"body":"but you know, again, probably"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1599.008,"endTime":1603.464,"body":"not too every day, let's say"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1603.464,"endTime":1606.043,"body":"for a fire, engineer, cuz"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1603.464,"endTime":1606.043,"body":"most fire engineers will be"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1606.043,"endTime":1607.523,"body":"working with solid materials."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1608.2,"endTime":1608.76,"body":"Guess"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1609.32,"endTime":1611.84,"body":"also apply the same logic"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1609.32,"endTime":1611.84,"body":"that we've just applied"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1611.84,"endTime":1613.56,"body":"to gases and liquids to"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1613.875,"endTime":1614.365,"body":"Okay."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1614.6,"endTime":1616.92,"body":"So when we're"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1614.6,"endTime":1616.92,"body":"igniting a solid, what are we"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1616.92,"endTime":1620.28,"body":"trying to do while we're trying"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1616.92,"endTime":1620.28,"body":"to heat that solid up so that we"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1620.507,"endTime":1622.225,"body":"force it to undergo paralysis?"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1622.515,"endTime":1625.505,"body":"Uh, paralysis is basically a"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1622.515,"endTime":1625.505,"body":"fancy word to say, breaking"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1625.505,"endTime":1628.585,"body":"down of the molecular"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1625.505,"endTime":1628.585,"body":"chain, that forms that solid"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1628.945,"endTime":1630.825,"body":"material into short chunks."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1631.195,"endTime":1633.825,"body":"Um, the short chunks"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1631.195,"endTime":1633.825,"body":"are usually volatile."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1633.825,"endTime":1636.065,"body":"They're usually going"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1633.825,"endTime":1636.065,"body":"to be in the vapor phase"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1636.065,"endTime":1636.945,"body":"or in the gas phase."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1637.325,"endTime":1639.305,"body":"And then we can"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1637.325,"endTime":1639.305,"body":"ignite, ignite them."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1640.033,"endTime":1642.793,"body":"there are loads of standardized"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1640.033,"endTime":1642.793,"body":"methods, uh, for doing this."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1642.793,"endTime":1644.673,"body":"Uh, the cone calorimeter,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1642.793,"endTime":1644.673,"body":"the fire propagation"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1644.673,"endTime":1645.793,"body":"apparatus, whatever."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1646.243,"endTime":1649.233,"body":"Um, and you can take"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1646.243,"endTime":1649.233,"body":"a sample, expose it to"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1649.233,"endTime":1651.828,"body":"some kind of heating, and"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1649.233,"endTime":1651.828,"body":"then, you will be able."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1652.473,"endTime":1655.163,"body":"With a pilot flame or a"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1652.473,"endTime":1655.163,"body":"pilot spark, depending on"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1655.163,"endTime":1658.283,"body":"your apparatus, achieve"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1655.163,"endTime":1658.283,"body":"ignition when you have"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1658.483,"endTime":1660.094,"body":"paralyzed enough, material."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1660.572,"endTime":1662.322,"body":"and so it's exactly the"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1660.572,"endTime":1662.322,"body":"same concept, right?"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1662.322,"endTime":1665.97,"body":"It's this idea of getting"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1662.322,"endTime":1665.97,"body":"the materialized, at a"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1665.97,"endTime":1668.85,"body":"sufficient rate that you can"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1665.97,"endTime":1668.85,"body":"get sustained ignition on the"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1669.15,"endTime":1670.906,"body":"But,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1669.15,"endTime":1670.906,"body":"but, it's not about just"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1670.906,"endTime":1672.306,"body":"igniting the, the phase."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1672.306,"endTime":1674.666,"body":"It's about getting to"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1672.306,"endTime":1674.666,"body":"that equilibrium with the"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1674.666,"endTime":1677.066,"body":"sufficient energy that, that"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1674.666,"endTime":1677.066,"body":"can initiate the process."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1677.38,"endTime":1680.562,"body":"In a way, the process is, is"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1677.38,"endTime":1680.562,"body":"ongoing on its own, right?"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1680.623,"endTime":1682.773,"body":"Ah, so this is"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1680.623,"endTime":1682.773,"body":"quite an interesting thing about"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1682.773,"endTime":1687.12,"body":"how we do ignition in this,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1682.773,"endTime":1687.12,"body":"in the solid phase is, anybody"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1687.12,"endTime":1690.28,"body":"who's run a cone calorimeter"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1687.12,"endTime":1690.28,"body":"test, um, or even somebody"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1690.28,"endTime":1693.0,"body":"who's, you know, really paid"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1690.28,"endTime":1693.0,"body":"attention while starting a, a"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1693.0,"endTime":1696.24,"body":"campfire or a barbecue, you'll"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1693.0,"endTime":1696.24,"body":"quite often see flashes on"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1696.24,"endTime":1699.16,"body":"a solid surface or near the"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1696.24,"endTime":1699.16,"body":"solid surface before you get."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1700.045,"endTime":1701.638,"body":"A strong sustained ignition."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1702.351,"endTime":1705.051,"body":"and what those flashes are,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1702.351,"endTime":1705.051,"body":"it is kind of similar to"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1705.051,"endTime":1706.851,"body":"the flashpoint of a liquid"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1705.051,"endTime":1706.851,"body":"fuel, which is you're"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1706.851,"endTime":1709.091,"body":"producing flammable gases"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1706.851,"endTime":1709.091,"body":"but not really yet enough,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1709.526,"endTime":1710.136,"body":"Mm-hmm."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1710.371,"endTime":1713.095,"body":"rate to sustain"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1710.371,"endTime":1713.095,"body":"a, uh, a flame, at a given"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1713.375,"endTime":1713.975,"body":"position on the surface."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1714.105,"endTime":1716.525,"body":"So, that process is"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1714.105,"endTime":1716.525,"body":"quite complicated, right?"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1716.525,"endTime":1719.365,"body":"I, I think you can probably"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1716.525,"endTime":1719.365,"body":"see when you've got gases"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1719.365,"endTime":1722.165,"body":"or vapors being evolved from"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1719.365,"endTime":1722.165,"body":"the surface of the solid and"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1722.165,"endTime":1724.965,"body":"then the burning in the gas"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1722.165,"endTime":1724.965,"body":"phase with a pilot flame there"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1724.965,"endTime":1726.445,"body":"to get that ignition going."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1726.775,"endTime":1729.638,"body":"So actually what fire"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1726.775,"endTime":1729.638,"body":"science has done, when"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1729.638,"endTime":1732.438,"body":"it comes to understanding"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1729.638,"endTime":1732.438,"body":"ignition is to like cancel"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1732.438,"endTime":1734.038,"body":"the gas phase, right?"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1734.038,"endTime":1738.118,"body":"We've decided that coupling"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1734.038,"endTime":1738.118,"body":"solid phase and gas phase in"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1738.118,"endTime":1739.238,"body":"ignition is too complicated."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1739.568,"endTime":1739.728,"body":"Hmm."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1740.042,"endTime":1741.762,"body":"so what we're"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1740.042,"endTime":1741.762,"body":"gonna do is just get rid of"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1741.762,"endTime":1744.722,"body":"the gas phase, uh, and turn"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1741.762,"endTime":1744.722,"body":"ignition of, of solid fuels"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1744.722,"endTime":1746.042,"body":"into a solid only problem."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1746.232,"endTime":1746.722,"body":"Okay."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1746.964,"endTime":1748.884,"body":"know, I think"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1746.964,"endTime":1748.884,"body":"that's really useful because"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1748.884,"endTime":1751.844,"body":"what that allows us to do"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1748.884,"endTime":1751.844,"body":"is to come up with the idea."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1752.779,"endTime":1754.289,"body":"Of the critical heat flux"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1754.649,"endTime":1757.929,"body":"ignition, um, which is, you"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1754.649,"endTime":1757.929,"body":"know, the minimum heat flux"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1757.929,"endTime":1760.449,"body":"that you need to supply"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1757.929,"endTime":1760.449,"body":"to the surface of a solid"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1760.449,"endTime":1761.769,"body":"fuel to get it to ignite."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1761.769,"endTime":1764.049,"body":"The number most people are"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1761.769,"endTime":1764.049,"body":"common are, are familiar with"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1764.049,"endTime":1766.249,"body":"is 12 and a half or whatever."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1766.249,"endTime":1769.288,"body":"It's something on the order"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1766.249,"endTime":1769.288,"body":"for, building separation, um,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1769.288,"endTime":1772.488,"body":"calculations, uh, 12 and a half"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1769.288,"endTime":1772.488,"body":"kilowatts per square meter."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1773.304,"endTime":1776.829,"body":"interesting thing about that is,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1773.304,"endTime":1776.829,"body":"that doesn't recount for the gas"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1776.829,"endTime":1778.229,"body":"phase that's piloted ignition."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1778.319,"endTime":1782.149,"body":"So in this case, we always"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1778.319,"endTime":1782.149,"body":"we're, we're forcing the"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1782.149,"endTime":1785.521,"body":"experiment, uh, or the test"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1782.149,"endTime":1785.521,"body":"to give us, ignition, but"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1785.521,"endTime":1786.481,"body":"12 and a half kilowatts."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1786.481,"endTime":1789.041,"body":"I mean, many things have a"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1786.481,"endTime":1789.041,"body":"critical heat flux around"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1789.041,"endTime":1791.801,"body":"that, whether they're synthetic"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1789.041,"endTime":1791.801,"body":"polymers or natural polymers."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1792.681,"endTime":1795.121,"body":"and the reason for that"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1792.681,"endTime":1795.121,"body":"is because we test it in"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1795.121,"endTime":1796.321,"body":"a standardized apparatus."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1796.321,"endTime":1798.961,"body":"You know, the, the sample"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1796.321,"endTime":1798.961,"body":"dimensions are prescribed."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1798.961,"endTime":1801.681,"body":"The, uh, the way you"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1798.961,"endTime":1801.681,"body":"heat it is prescribed."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1801.681,"endTime":1803.961,"body":"The boundary conditions"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1801.681,"endTime":1803.961,"body":"are all prescribed."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1803.961,"endTime":1807.761,"body":"So, you know, this is, let's"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1803.961,"endTime":1807.761,"body":"be clear, these results just"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1807.761,"endTime":1810.841,"body":"like the flashpoint, just like"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1807.761,"endTime":1810.841,"body":"the flammability limits are"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1811.121,"endTime":1813.121,"body":"situation and test dependent."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1813.962,"endTime":1817.083,"body":"but what we've done, okay,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1813.962,"endTime":1817.083,"body":"let's, let's go back to solid,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1817.253,"endTime":1819.603,"body":"uh, ignition, and we've got the"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1817.253,"endTime":1819.603,"body":"idea of the critical heat flu."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1819.703,"endTime":1821.643,"body":"The other thing that people"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1819.703,"endTime":1821.643,"body":"will be familiar with"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1821.653,"endTime":1823.083,"body":"is, I suppose an ignition"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1823.338,"endTime":1825.158,"body":"Now, wait,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1823.338,"endTime":1825.158,"body":"wait, I, I, I'm gonna stop you"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1825.158,"endTime":1826.718,"body":"before we go into, into that."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1827.239,"endTime":1830.356,"body":"then I do my experiments"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1827.239,"endTime":1830.356,"body":"with, timber structures,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1830.976,"endTime":1835.116,"body":"and I see the surface"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1830.976,"endTime":1835.116,"body":"after the char is formed."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1835.56,"endTime":1837.21,"body":"I can see flames on the surface."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1837.44,"endTime":1840.49,"body":"I understand what my heat"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1837.44,"endTime":1840.49,"body":"ffl is on this surface,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1840.49,"endTime":1844.49,"body":"and I know it's, uh,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1840.49,"endTime":1844.49,"body":"astonishingly high even"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1844.49,"endTime":1846.53,"body":"though it's, uh, astonishingly"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1844.49,"endTime":1846.53,"body":"fireproof material."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1846.86,"endTime":1850.449,"body":"It, it, it ignited and"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1846.86,"endTime":1850.449,"body":"burned and then I'm having"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1850.599,"endTime":1852.289,"body":"very large heat fluxes and."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1852.77,"endTime":1855.37,"body":"the flaming combustion stops"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1852.77,"endTime":1855.37,"body":"on, on the surface, you know?"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1855.54,"endTime":1859.05,"body":"Uh, does this mean I run out"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1855.54,"endTime":1859.05,"body":"of the, the face that could go"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1859.05,"endTime":1862.05,"body":"into gas phase and I'm left only"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1859.05,"endTime":1862.05,"body":"with, uh, with basically cold."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1862.05,"endTime":1863.13,"body":"That must smolder."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1863.534,"endTime":1864.244,"body":"uh, no."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1864.244,"endTime":1866.884,"body":"Uh, so that's, um, how materials"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1867.494,"endTime":1868.764,"body":"uh, and how they ignite."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1868.764,"endTime":1870.364,"body":"It's not so simple to draw"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1870.819,"endTime":1871.309,"body":"Okay."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1871.364,"endTime":1872.204,"body":"those two concepts."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1872.436,"endTime":1875.83,"body":"but you know, back to the idea"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1872.436,"endTime":1875.83,"body":"of sustaining a flame requires"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1875.83,"endTime":1879.39,"body":"a, that you produce paralysis"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1875.83,"endTime":1879.39,"body":"gases at a sufficient rate."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1879.53,"endTime":1881.67,"body":"And when you have"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1879.53,"endTime":1881.67,"body":"a charring solid,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1882.055,"endTime":1882.175,"body":"Hmm."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1882.72,"endTime":1884.35,"body":"in the"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1882.72,"endTime":1884.35,"body":"beginning you have"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1884.42,"endTime":1885.975,"body":"pure, solid and no char."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1886.139,"endTime":1890.339,"body":"as it burns, you start to"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1886.139,"endTime":1890.339,"body":"turn the solid into gases."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1890.339,"endTime":1894.299,"body":"And also the char is left behind"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1890.339,"endTime":1894.299,"body":"as a solid residue, the material"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1894.299,"endTime":1897.019,"body":"properties of the char are"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1894.299,"endTime":1897.019,"body":"very different from the timber."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1897.493,"endTime":1900.598,"body":"and, that changes the"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1897.493,"endTime":1900.598,"body":"whole energy balance around"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1900.598,"endTime":1902.278,"body":"how something will burn."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1902.378,"endTime":1905.398,"body":"And eventually the energy"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1902.378,"endTime":1905.398,"body":"balance, uh, is tipped into"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1905.398,"endTime":1908.177,"body":"the favor that and not enough"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1905.398,"endTime":1908.177,"body":"energy is being conducted into."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1908.842,"endTime":1912.562,"body":"material in order to sustain"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1908.842,"endTime":1912.562,"body":"sufficient rate of pyrolysis."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1913.132,"endTime":1916.442,"body":"as soon as you don't have enough"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1913.132,"endTime":1916.442,"body":"pyrolysis, the concentration"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1916.442,"endTime":1918.922,"body":"near the surface of the solid"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1916.442,"endTime":1918.922,"body":"drops below the flammable"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1918.922,"endTime":1921.682,"body":"limit, and then it can't"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1918.922,"endTime":1921.682,"body":"sustain a flame anymore."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1921.812,"endTime":1924.642,"body":"So again, the concepts of"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1921.812,"endTime":1924.642,"body":"ignition and flammable limits"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1924.642,"endTime":1926.402,"body":"and that kind of thing can"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1924.642,"endTime":1926.402,"body":"help you understand even"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1926.402,"endTime":1927.966,"body":"the burning of, materials."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1928.016,"endTime":1928.366,"body":"So,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1928.881,"endTime":1930.481,"body":"was"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1928.881,"endTime":1930.481,"body":"exactly the point of, of"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1930.481,"endTime":1933.761,"body":"the question like is it's"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1930.481,"endTime":1933.761,"body":"not just like 12 kilowatts."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1933.911,"endTime":1937.867,"body":"It's, it's, it, it's burning"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1933.911,"endTime":1937.867,"body":"and will because it's, much"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1937.867,"endTime":1939.547,"body":"more complicated than that."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1939.547,"endTime":1941.467,"body":"It's, it's a balance"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1939.547,"endTime":1941.467,"body":"of many, many things."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1941.937,"endTime":1945.947,"body":"Production of the, of the"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1941.937,"endTime":1945.947,"body":"gas phase and availability"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1945.947,"endTime":1949.747,"body":"of oxygen and the heat"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1945.947,"endTime":1949.747,"body":"transfer that's coming and all"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1949.947,"endTime":1951.227,"body":"changing in time and space."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1951.942,"endTime":1952.792,"body":"Absolutely."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1952.792,"endTime":1955.353,"body":"And I mean, I think, burning"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1952.792,"endTime":1955.353,"body":"in flame spread, very happy"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1955.353,"endTime":1959.353,"body":"to, uh, have another, uh, one"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1955.353,"endTime":1959.353,"body":"of these on those topics, uh,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1959.353,"endTime":1962.838,"body":"as well because that's a whole"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1959.353,"endTime":1962.838,"body":"level of, interesting stuff"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1963.638,"endTime":1965.707,"body":"on, under those"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1963.638,"endTime":1965.707,"body":"categories as well."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1966.197,"endTime":1969.507,"body":"Um, but the idea of of producing"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1966.197,"endTime":1969.507,"body":"enough pyrosis gases is key."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1969.707,"endTime":1971.947,"body":"And, and I think, you know,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1969.707,"endTime":1971.947,"body":"people often forget about that"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1971.947,"endTime":1974.276,"body":"when it, when we talk about,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1971.947,"endTime":1974.276,"body":"the burning or the ignition"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1974.276,"endTime":1977.276,"body":"of solids because, because of"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1974.276,"endTime":1977.276,"body":"the way we've constructed the"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1977.276,"endTime":1978.476,"body":"problem as fire engineers,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1978.716,"endTime":1982.076,"body":"of the way we've tried to"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1978.716,"endTime":1982.076,"body":"cancel the connection between"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1982.076,"endTime":1984.755,"body":"the gas phase and the solid"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1982.076,"endTime":1984.755,"body":"phase, for good reason, right?"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1984.755,"endTime":1985.355,"body":"Because that's really"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1985.39,"endTime":1986.24,"body":"Yeah, yeah, yeah."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1986.605,"endTime":1988.915,"body":"Um,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1986.605,"endTime":1988.915,"body":"so how do we do it?"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1988.915,"endTime":1990.875,"body":"So we get rid of that"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1988.915,"endTime":1990.875,"body":"because we put a pilot"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1990.875,"endTime":1991.955,"body":"flame so we can be sure."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1991.955,"endTime":1993.995,"body":"As soon as we get that"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":1991.955,"endTime":1993.995,"body":"flammable mixture, it will."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1994.15,"endTime":1995.7,"body":"So we have this energy"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1995.7,"endTime":1997.7,"body":"density we need to start."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1998.07,"endTime":2000.82,"body":"We have something that will"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":1998.07,"endTime":2000.82,"body":"trigger that as soon as"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2000.82,"endTime":2002.62,"body":"the conditions around our"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2003.22,"endTime":2005.683,"body":"So you can, put a"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2003.22,"endTime":2005.683,"body":"heat flux onto the surface of"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2005.683,"endTime":2008.523,"body":"the solid, and you can, when"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2005.683,"endTime":2008.523,"body":"you find the critical heat"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2008.523,"endTime":2011.403,"body":"flux, which is the minimum"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2008.523,"endTime":2011.403,"body":"level of heating that you can"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2011.403,"endTime":2014.95,"body":"put and still get ignition,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2011.403,"endTime":2014.95,"body":"you can do some fancy maths"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2014.95,"endTime":2017.35,"body":"and from that you can calculate"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2014.95,"endTime":2017.35,"body":"an ignition temperature."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2017.89,"endTime":2021.71,"body":"But that ignition temperature"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2017.89,"endTime":2021.71,"body":"is truly a, a construct, uh,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2021.71,"endTime":2022.67,"body":"a mathematical construct."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2022.67,"endTime":2025.75,"body":"It doesn't really have any"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2022.67,"endTime":2025.75,"body":"physical meaning, in my opinion."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2025.75,"endTime":2026.27,"body":"Right?"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2026.27,"endTime":2028.51,"body":"This is potentially, other"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2026.27,"endTime":2028.51,"body":"people have different opinions"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2028.51,"endTime":2032.03,"body":"on this, but for me, the"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2028.51,"endTime":2032.03,"body":"ignition problem isn't defined"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2032.03,"endTime":2035.47,"body":"by the surface temperature"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2032.03,"endTime":2035.47,"body":"reaching some threshold."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2035.66,"endTime":2039.285,"body":"It's defined by, Creating"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2035.66,"endTime":2039.285,"body":"a flammable mixture in the"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2040.005,"endTime":2042.285,"body":"But because we decided"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2040.005,"endTime":2042.285,"body":"to cancel the gas phase,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2042.285,"endTime":2043.165,"body":"it was too complicated."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2043.385,"endTime":2046.325,"body":"The, we, you end up having"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2043.385,"endTime":2046.325,"body":"these surrogate variables"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2046.325,"endTime":2049.805,"body":"like ignition temperature"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2046.325,"endTime":2049.805,"body":"or critical heat flux, uh,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2050.085,"endTime":2050.522,"body":"ignition."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2050.822,"endTime":2053.485,"body":"now, uh, I think that what"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2050.822,"endTime":2053.485,"body":"would be more sensible to"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2053.485,"endTime":2055.565,"body":"talk about if we want to"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2053.485,"endTime":2055.565,"body":"keep things focused on the"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2055.565,"endTime":2058.765,"body":"solid phase would be a kind"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2055.565,"endTime":2058.765,"body":"of critical mass loss rate"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2058.91,"endTime":2059.4,"body":"Okay."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2059.618,"endTime":2061.795,"body":"instead of,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2059.618,"endTime":2061.795,"body":"heat flux instead of a"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2061.8,"endTime":2063.1,"body":"And"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2061.8,"endTime":2063.1,"body":"how would you define that?"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2063.432,"endTime":2064.952,"body":"you would define"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2063.432,"endTime":2064.952,"body":"it in exactly the same way."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2064.952,"endTime":2066.538,"body":"You would weigh the"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2064.952,"endTime":2066.538,"body":"sample as you heat it."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2066.678,"endTime":2069.618,"body":"And then when you get ignition,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2066.678,"endTime":2069.618,"body":"you would take that data"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2069.618,"endTime":2070.778,"body":"point of the mass loss rate."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2071.268,"endTime":2073.338,"body":"Um, now we've been"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2071.268,"endTime":2073.338,"body":"trying that, uh,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2073.498,"endTime":2074.778,"body":"it's not actually"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2073.498,"endTime":2074.778,"body":"so straightforward."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2075.778,"endTime":2079.018,"body":"there are one or two problems,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2075.778,"endTime":2079.018,"body":"uh, with doing that measurement."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2079.468,"endTime":2082.048,"body":"but that is, that's a more"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2079.468,"endTime":2082.048,"body":"fundamental, uh, approach"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2082.048,"endTime":2083.048,"body":"in my, in my opinion."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2083.968,"endTime":2086.338,"body":"and of course, know, the,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2083.968,"endTime":2086.338,"body":"the other part here that I've"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2086.338,"endTime":2087.138,"body":"always found a little bit."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2088.087,"endTime":2091.207,"body":"I suppose is the idea that,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2088.087,"endTime":2091.207,"body":"you know, if you run some"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2091.207,"endTime":2092.567,"body":"thermo grabmetric analysis,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2093.007,"endTime":2095.927,"body":"can identify a pyrolysis"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2093.007,"endTime":2095.927,"body":"temperature for your solid."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2096.897,"endTime":2099.977,"body":"if you run a cone cal"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2096.897,"endTime":2099.977,"body":"study and you calculate"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2099.977,"endTime":2102.337,"body":"the ignition temperature,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2099.977,"endTime":2102.337,"body":"you get a different answer."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2103.217,"endTime":2105.777,"body":"and of course, pyrolysis"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2103.217,"endTime":2105.777,"body":"is, is a key process, right?"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2105.777,"endTime":2108.617,"body":"We have to have pyrolysis"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2105.777,"endTime":2108.617,"body":"before we can have ignition."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2108.965,"endTime":2111.35,"body":"you know, why is there this"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2108.965,"endTime":2111.35,"body":"difference between pyrolysis"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2111.35,"endTime":2114.23,"body":"temperature or the onset"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2111.35,"endTime":2114.23,"body":"of pyrolysis in a TGA and,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2114.32,"endTime":2116.62,"body":"the ignition temperature"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2114.32,"endTime":2116.62,"body":"in a cone calorimeter or a"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2116.62,"endTime":2117.86,"body":"fire propagation apparatus?"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2118.0,"endTime":2121.42,"body":"And the reality is it's because"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2118.0,"endTime":2121.42,"body":"the latter is a complete And"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2121.42,"endTime":2122.98,"body":"of course there's problems"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2121.42,"endTime":2122.98,"body":"with the former as well"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2122.98,"endTime":2125.18,"body":"around, you know, the scale"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2122.98,"endTime":2125.18,"body":"of the sample and whatever."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2125.44,"endTime":2128.82,"body":"But for me, the ignition"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2125.44,"endTime":2128.82,"body":"temperature for a solid is"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2128.82,"endTime":2131.693,"body":"when the surface reaches"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2128.82,"endTime":2131.693,"body":"pyrosis temperature, or"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2132.053,"endTime":2134.493,"body":"actually when sufficient volume"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2132.053,"endTime":2134.493,"body":"of the material is heated."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2134.493,"endTime":2136.733,"body":"Because again, we relate"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2134.493,"endTime":2136.733,"body":"everything to the surface"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2136.733,"endTime":2138.293,"body":"because mathematically"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2136.733,"endTime":2138.293,"body":"that's easier."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2138.293,"endTime":2140.948,"body":"But actually, We have to"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2138.293,"endTime":2140.948,"body":"recognize that it's a volume"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2140.948,"endTime":2143.668,"body":"that's always being heated"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2140.948,"endTime":2143.668,"body":"when it comes to ignition."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2144.235,"endTime":2146.705,"body":"so I mean, all of this"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2144.235,"endTime":2146.705,"body":"can get quite complicated,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2146.705,"endTime":2147.465,"body":"right, in terms"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2148.185,"endTime":2148.585,"body":"ignition,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2148.945,"endTime":2151.145,"body":"the end of the day, whether"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2148.945,"endTime":2151.145,"body":"it's a gas, a liquid, or"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2151.145,"endTime":2154.465,"body":"a solid, you're always"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2151.145,"endTime":2154.465,"body":"looking at creating flammable"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2154.465,"endTime":2157.248,"body":"mixture in the vapor"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2154.465,"endTime":2157.248,"body":"phase, near a competent"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2157.423,"endTime":2160.627,"body":"but going"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2157.423,"endTime":2160.627,"body":"back to the, construct of, of"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2160.627,"endTime":2164.465,"body":"the ignition temperature, What,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2160.627,"endTime":2164.465,"body":"to what extent I make an error"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2164.675,"endTime":2169.585,"body":"putting that as a trigger to my"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2164.675,"endTime":2169.585,"body":"flaming to start in if I do a"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2169.585,"endTime":2170.985,"body":"F Ds simulations, for example."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2171.468,"endTime":2173.498,"body":"to be honest, I"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2171.468,"endTime":2173.498,"body":"have no idea what what level"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2173.498,"endTime":2175.258,"body":"of error you, you get on that."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2175.258,"endTime":2176.858,"body":"It might, uh, cause it"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2175.258,"endTime":2176.858,"body":"will probably depend"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2176.858,"endTime":2177.578,"body":"on many of the other"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2178.058,"endTime":2179.058,"body":"that you, that you make."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2179.058,"endTime":2181.992,"body":"But, you know, I've seen,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2179.058,"endTime":2181.992,"body":"for example, if you run"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2182.192,"endTime":2184.792,"body":"TGA on some materials, you"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2182.192,"endTime":2184.792,"body":"will find an ignition, uh,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2184.792,"endTime":2186.072,"body":"or pyrolysis temperature."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2186.442,"endTime":2189.632,"body":"Uh, the onset of pyrolysis"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2186.442,"endTime":2189.632,"body":"around 300 degrees Celsius."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2190.422,"endTime":2193.222,"body":"but if you run a Cone Cal"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2190.422,"endTime":2193.222,"body":"study, you might find an"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2193.222,"endTime":2196.022,"body":"ignition temperature of"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2193.222,"endTime":2196.022,"body":"400, 450 degrees Celsius."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2196.972,"endTime":2198.662,"body":"that can vary"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2196.972,"endTime":2198.662,"body":"quite, quite a lot."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2198.662,"endTime":2201.502,"body":"Neith, whether that matters"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2198.662,"endTime":2201.502,"body":"or not for any given, uh,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2201.502,"endTime":2204.182,"body":"application, I think is probably"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2201.502,"endTime":2204.182,"body":"a little bit more nuanced"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2204.182,"endTime":2204.982,"body":"than just those two numbers."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2205.222,"endTime":2209.802,"body":"but I think nevertheless, what's"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2205.222,"endTime":2209.802,"body":"important is to, is simply to"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2209.802,"endTime":2212.882,"body":"recognize what we mean when"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2209.802,"endTime":2212.882,"body":"we say ignition temperature,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2213.022,"endTime":2213.142,"body":"Hmm."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2213.457,"endTime":2214.768,"body":"and where"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2213.457,"endTime":2214.768,"body":"that comes from, right?"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2214.768,"endTime":2217.008,"body":"That isn't, it's not an"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2214.768,"endTime":2217.008,"body":"inherent material property,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2217.008,"endTime":2218.034,"body":"quite the opposite."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2218.034,"endTime":2221.095,"body":"it's a material property"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2218.034,"endTime":2221.095,"body":"that is entirely dependent"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2221.095,"endTime":2224.352,"body":"on the test set up, uh,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2221.095,"endTime":2224.352,"body":"and the, the, boundary"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2224.352,"endTime":2225.392,"body":"conditions that we're using."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2225.935,"endTime":2228.045,"body":"And,  at"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2225.935,"endTime":2228.045,"body":"some point I was exposed"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2228.045,"endTime":2231.365,"body":"to some other way to, to"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2228.045,"endTime":2231.365,"body":"positioning that, and that"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2231.365,"endTime":2234.445,"body":"was highly relevant to, to"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2231.365,"endTime":2234.445,"body":"simulations and that was a"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2234.445,"endTime":2236.085,"body":"concept of, of flu time product."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2236.085,"endTime":2238.175,"body":"Are, are you"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2236.085,"endTime":2238.175,"body":"familiar with that or"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2238.482,"endTime":2239.392,"body":"Uh, yes."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2240.432,"endTime":2241.042,"body":"That's"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2241.597,"endTime":2243.407,"body":"This is"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2241.597,"endTime":2243.407,"body":"something that, uh, if I"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2243.407,"endTime":2245.007,"body":"understand correctly what"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2243.407,"endTime":2245.007,"body":"you mean, basically you"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2245.007,"endTime":2248.527,"body":"have a, a heat flux applied"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2245.007,"endTime":2248.527,"body":"for a certain duration, and"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2248.527,"endTime":2250.94,"body":"the product of those two"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2248.527,"endTime":2250.94,"body":"things gives you whatever."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2250.94,"endTime":2253.22,"body":"And, and I think I would call"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2250.94,"endTime":2253.22,"body":"that like a dose response"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2253.565,"endTime":2253.725,"body":"Hmm."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2254.06,"endTime":2254.38,"body":"mission."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2254.52,"endTime":2255.06,"body":"And it"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2255.215,"endTime":2255.705,"body":"Yeah."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2256.02,"endTime":2256.34,"body":"doesn't work."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2256.35,"endTime":2259.22,"body":"Um, it's, it's very"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2256.35,"endTime":2259.22,"body":"simplified way of doing it."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2259.22,"endTime":2262.42,"body":"It's something that I've seen"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2259.22,"endTime":2262.42,"body":"a few times in, in a wildfire"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2262.42,"endTime":2265.973,"body":"context looking at, know, tree"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2262.42,"endTime":2265.973,"body":"mortality and whatever issue"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2265.973,"endTime":2268.493,"body":"is, is that heat transfer"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2265.973,"endTime":2268.493,"body":"problems don't work like that."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2268.973,"endTime":2269.133,"body":"is"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2269.428,"endTime":2271.065,"body":"It's"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2269.428,"endTime":2271.065,"body":"not an accumulation, it's"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2271.065,"endTime":2271.547,"body":"right."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2271.547,"endTime":2273.307,"body":"I mean, it, it could"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2271.547,"endTime":2273.307,"body":"work if what people were"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2273.307,"endTime":2275.587,"body":"measuring instead of"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2273.307,"endTime":2275.587,"body":"the incident heat flux,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2276.467,"endTime":2277.667,"body":"was the net heat flux."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2277.667,"endTime":2281.387,"body":"So the ac the actual energy"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2277.667,"endTime":2281.387,"body":"absorbed by the solid, perhaps"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2281.387,"endTime":2282.856,"body":"that kind of product would work."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2282.927,"endTime":2285.507,"body":"but usually people are referring"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2282.927,"endTime":2285.507,"body":"to as an incident heat flux,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2285.507,"endTime":2287.507,"body":"multiplied by a time and it,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2285.507,"endTime":2287.507,"body":"and it just doesn't work."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2287.507,"endTime":2288.347,"body":"It's one of the myths of."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2289.267,"endTime":2291.827,"body":"fire science, I would quite"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2289.267,"endTime":2291.827,"body":"like to dispel if I, uh,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2291.827,"endTime":2292.867,"body":"if I had a magic wand."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2293.517,"endTime":2297.53,"body":"Um, so yeah, I, I think"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2293.517,"endTime":2297.53,"body":"that that's in terms good"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2297.53,"endTime":2299.97,"body":"application of science for"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2297.53,"endTime":2299.97,"body":"engineering, I think that's not"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2299.97,"endTime":2301.369,"body":"a good, uh, not a good way to"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2301.578,"endTime":2303.927,"body":"but, if you"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2301.578,"endTime":2303.927,"body":"apply it with a net heat flock,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2303.927,"endTime":2306.967,"body":"you, you, you say it could"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2303.927,"endTime":2306.967,"body":"have worked like, because there"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2306.967,"endTime":2308.487,"body":"is a ENT component to that."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2308.487,"endTime":2313.447,"body":"Uh, like if you have a certain"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2308.487,"endTime":2313.447,"body":"heat flocks, like even at a"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2313.447,"endTime":2318.247,"body":"cone, some stuff ignites that"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2313.447,"endTime":2318.247,"body":"50 at 25 kilowatts in 2025,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2318.247,"endTime":2320.967,"body":"it will just take longer"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2318.247,"endTime":2320.967,"body":"to ignite at, at 58 will,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2320.967,"endTime":2322.567,"body":"uh, take shorter, right?"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2322.577,"endTime":2322.927,"body":"So,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2322.988,"endTime":2323.36,"body":"Yep."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2323.36,"endTime":2326.64,"body":"But if you look at the, uh, if"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2323.36,"endTime":2326.64,"body":"you plot those data, you see"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2326.64,"endTime":2328.52,"body":"it, it's highly, non-linear, you"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2328.883,"endTime":2331.593,"body":"so it's not, it's just not"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2328.883,"endTime":2331.593,"body":"as simple as that because"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2331.593,"endTime":2334.633,"body":"when you, the longer you heat"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2331.593,"endTime":2334.633,"body":"something, uh, the more time"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2334.633,"endTime":2336.953,"body":"you have for energy to be"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2334.633,"endTime":2336.953,"body":"conducted through the solid."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2337.843,"endTime":2338.593,"body":"So, you know,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2339.433,"endTime":2341.553,"body":"potentially more energy"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2339.433,"endTime":2341.553,"body":"outta the back of the solid,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2341.983,"endTime":2344.573,"body":"on the, the face opposite"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2341.983,"endTime":2344.573,"body":"the heated face, I guess."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2344.903,"endTime":2347.253,"body":"Um, then if you have heat"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2344.903,"endTime":2347.253,"body":"something very quickly"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2347.253,"endTime":2349.813,"body":"with a high heat flux, so"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2347.253,"endTime":2349.813,"body":"your whole energy balance"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2349.813,"endTime":2351.453,"body":"changes, uh, completely."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2351.977,"endTime":2354.737,"body":"and that actually leads us"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2351.977,"endTime":2354.737,"body":"quite nicely into some of the"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2354.737,"endTime":2357.577,"body":"other important concepts for a"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2354.737,"endTime":2357.577,"body":"solid ignition that you don't"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2357.577,"endTime":2360.497,"body":"see in liquids or gases, which"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2357.577,"endTime":2360.497,"body":"is the idea of thermally thick"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2360.497,"endTime":2362.137,"body":"and thermally thin solids."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2362.307,"endTime":2364.37,"body":"So, you know, anybody"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2362.307,"endTime":2364.37,"body":"who's built a campfire"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2364.37,"endTime":2365.29,"body":"knows this stuff, right?"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2365.585,"endTime":2366.395,"body":"Yeah, the,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2366.45,"endTime":2368.69,"body":"easy to"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2366.45,"endTime":2368.69,"body":"ignite thin materials."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2368.69,"endTime":2370.41,"body":"Pieces of paper"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2368.69,"endTime":2370.41,"body":"are quite easy to"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2370.425,"endTime":2372.445,"body":"and the"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2370.425,"endTime":2372.445,"body":"big log will, and the big log"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2372.445,"endTime":2375.125,"body":"will stand in the middle of"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2372.445,"endTime":2375.125,"body":"campfire till the next day."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2375.18,"endTime":2376.8,"body":"the big log"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2375.18,"endTime":2376.8,"body":"will stay for the next."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2376.8,"endTime":2377.2,"body":"Exactly."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2377.41,"endTime":2381.32,"body":"Um, but you know, how you"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2377.41,"endTime":2381.32,"body":"ignite something where you"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2381.32,"endTime":2382.2,"body":"ignite something really matters."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2382.2,"endTime":2383.92,"body":"And, and I would encourage"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2382.2,"endTime":2383.92,"body":"people, you know, go to"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2383.92,"endTime":2387.407,"body":"a safe place, and try and"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2383.92,"endTime":2387.407,"body":"ignite a piece of paper in"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2387.407,"endTime":2388.607,"body":"the middle of that piece"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2389.207,"endTime":2390.527,"body":"a match underneath."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2390.527,"endTime":2392.367,"body":"Try and do that, and"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2390.527,"endTime":2392.367,"body":"you'll find it's actually"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2392.367,"endTime":2393.207,"body":"surprisingly difficult."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2393.932,"endTime":2395.132,"body":"to ignite a piece of"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2393.932,"endTime":2395.132,"body":"paper in the middle."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2395.132,"endTime":2398.092,"body":"But of course, if you"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2395.132,"endTime":2398.092,"body":"ignite the edge of the"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2398.092,"endTime":2400.492,"body":"sheet of paper, I mean, it"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2398.092,"endTime":2400.492,"body":"ignites immediately, right?"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2400.492,"endTime":2402.132,"body":"And you have really"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2400.492,"endTime":2402.132,"body":"rapid flame spread."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2402.342,"endTime":2404.134,"body":"Um, so be careful if"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2402.342,"endTime":2404.134,"body":"you are gonna try that."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2404.562,"endTime":2407.185,"body":"but that again just shows"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2404.562,"endTime":2407.185,"body":"how, the way you try to ignite"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2407.185,"endTime":2409.225,"body":"something, how you try to"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2407.185,"endTime":2409.225,"body":"ignite it, where you apply"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2409.225,"endTime":2411.665,"body":"the ignition source, all of"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2409.225,"endTime":2411.665,"body":"that really, really matters."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2412.615,"endTime":2414.025,"body":"even if you just have a thin"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2414.105,"endTime":2414.715,"body":"Mm-hmm."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2415.018,"endTime":2416.818,"body":"edges,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2415.018,"endTime":2416.818,"body":"corners are great places to"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2416.818,"endTime":2419.098,"body":"ignite stuff, and I think"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2416.818,"endTime":2419.098,"body":"intuitively we all know that,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2419.418,"endTime":2420.898,"body":"know, we try and start a fire."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2421.112,"endTime":2423.332,"body":"but, um, the concept"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2421.112,"endTime":2423.332,"body":"of thermally thick and"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2423.332,"endTime":2425.052,"body":"thermally thin is really"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2423.332,"endTime":2425.052,"body":"important in ignition."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2425.052,"endTime":2426.612,"body":"And, you know, you have"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2425.052,"endTime":2426.612,"body":"completely different"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2426.612,"endTime":2429.012,"body":"relationships on the heat"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2426.612,"endTime":2429.012,"body":"transfer as a result,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2429.022,"endTime":2430.412,"body":"uh, of this definition."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2430.412,"endTime":2434.492,"body":"And for ignition, you know,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2430.412,"endTime":2434.492,"body":"mostly things that are thin the"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2434.492,"endTime":2435.972,"body":"order of a millimeter or less."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2435.972,"endTime":2437.052,"body":"And what do we mean by that?"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2437.052,"endTime":2439.852,"body":"It we mean that you can describe"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2437.052,"endTime":2439.852,"body":"the temperature of the solid"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2439.932,"endTime":2441.332,"body":"basically as one number."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2441.332,"endTime":2442.532,"body":"The surface is the same"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2442.812,"endTime":2444.042,"body":"So"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2442.812,"endTime":2444.042,"body":"one side has the other,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2444.042,"endTime":2444.962,"body":"the same as the other."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2445.227,"endTime":2445.907,"body":"More or less."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2445.907,"endTime":2446.587,"body":"Yeah, exactly."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2446.787,"endTime":2448.426,"body":"Those things look"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2446.787,"endTime":2448.426,"body":"out really easily."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2448.6,"endTime":2451.16,"body":"but most solids that"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2448.6,"endTime":2451.16,"body":"we deal with in fire"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2451.4,"endTime":2453.92,"body":"engineering applications"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2451.4,"endTime":2453.92,"body":"are thermally thick solids,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2454.56,"endTime":2458.447,"body":"they're much more complex, to"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2454.56,"endTime":2458.447,"body":"deal with, because you have"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2458.447,"endTime":2460.927,"body":"a fully transient problem,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2458.447,"endTime":2460.927,"body":"uh, you know, you heat the"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2460.927,"endTime":2464.567,"body":"surface and energy is conducted"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2460.927,"endTime":2464.567,"body":"from the surface into the,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2464.787,"endTime":2466.327,"body":"the body of the material."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2467.017,"endTime":2470.007,"body":"Um, and you're, you're always"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2467.017,"endTime":2470.007,"body":"kind of having a, a fight"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2470.007,"endTime":2471.807,"body":"between the energy that's"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2470.007,"endTime":2471.807,"body":"arriving at the surface"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2471.987,"endTime":2474.887,"body":"and heating up the surface,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2471.987,"endTime":2474.887,"body":"driving the pyrolysis and"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2474.887,"endTime":2476.65,"body":"the energy that's lost"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2474.887,"endTime":2476.65,"body":"out, through the back."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2477.06,"endTime":2479.97,"body":"So again, I mean, if you're"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2477.06,"endTime":2479.97,"body":"looking around, you know,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2479.97,"endTime":2483.33,"body":"for what are present, might"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2479.97,"endTime":2483.33,"body":"be hazardous, you know,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2483.33,"endTime":2485.65,"body":"the, the thickness of the"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2483.33,"endTime":2485.65,"body":"material is, is important."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2486.065,"endTime":2487.725,"body":"All that means it's"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2486.065,"endTime":2487.725,"body":"gonna take longer."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2487.725,"endTime":2490.285,"body":"So to go back to the, you"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2487.725,"endTime":2490.285,"body":"know, the log analogy, you"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2490.285,"endTime":2493.882,"body":"know, of course it's very"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2490.285,"endTime":2493.882,"body":"easy, to ignite small logs"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2493.882,"endTime":2495.322,"body":"and small branches and twigs."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2495.612,"endTime":2499.082,"body":"Um, but it's also pretty easy to"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2495.612,"endTime":2499.082,"body":"ignite a big log or a big branch"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2499.082,"endTime":2500.322,"body":"if you have enough time, right?"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2500.322,"endTime":2502.802,"body":"All you've got to do is"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2500.322,"endTime":2502.802,"body":"have a bit more time to"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2502.802,"endTime":2504.762,"body":"heat up, uh, that material."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2504.762,"endTime":2507.682,"body":"So basically the, the"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2504.762,"endTime":2507.682,"body":"conductive losses."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2507.682,"endTime":2510.522,"body":"So I think that's, you"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2507.682,"endTime":2510.522,"body":"know, when you see as often"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2510.902,"endTime":2514.665,"body":"you do, somebody applying,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2510.902,"endTime":2514.665,"body":"uh, a below torch onto the"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2514.665,"endTime":2517.425,"body":"surface of a material, uh,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2514.665,"endTime":2517.425,"body":"to say, look how, look, how,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2517.73,"endTime":2518.62,"body":"Fire resistant."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2518.62,"endTime":2518.94,"body":"This"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2519.135,"endTime":2521.985,"body":"well, it is"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2519.135,"endTime":2521.985,"body":"or how not ignitable it is,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2521.985,"endTime":2525.345,"body":"you know, a very localized"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2521.985,"endTime":2525.345,"body":"heat source, even if it's a"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2525.345,"endTime":2526.425,"body":"massive blow charge flame."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2526.445,"endTime":2529.487,"body":"But putting that on a"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2526.445,"endTime":2529.487,"body":"small area, really an"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2529.487,"endTime":2530.607,"body":"ignition test at all, right?"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2530.607,"endTime":2534.527,"body":"Because, uh, the ability for a"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2530.607,"endTime":2534.527,"body":"material to conduct energy away"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2534.527,"endTime":2535.807,"body":"from the surface is enormous."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2536.257,"endTime":2538.832,"body":"Um, you know, everybody,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2536.257,"endTime":2538.832,"body":"I think underestimates"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2538.867,"endTime":2541.387,"body":"how much energy you can"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2538.867,"endTime":2541.387,"body":"move around by conduction."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2541.387,"endTime":2543.547,"body":"It's huge amounts of energy"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2541.387,"endTime":2543.547,"body":"you can move by conduction."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2543.981,"endTime":2546.96,"body":"so, know, I think these sorts"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2543.981,"endTime":2546.96,"body":"of tests, and again, just as"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2546.96,"endTime":2550.92,"body":"a, as a fire engineer, that"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2546.96,"endTime":2550.92,"body":"that's not a great test to"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2550.92,"endTime":2553.0,"body":"look at the ignition of a"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2550.92,"endTime":2553.0,"body":"material or to look at the fire"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2553.0,"endTime":2554.52,"body":"performance, uh, of a material."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2555.062,"endTime":2558.33,"body":"so yeah, so when it comes to,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2555.062,"endTime":2558.33,"body":"you know, defining, the hazard"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2558.33,"endTime":2561.8,"body":"of ignition, uh, in solids, of"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2558.33,"endTime":2561.8,"body":"course it all comes back to,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2561.93,"endTime":2565.25,"body":"creating a flaming mixture,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2561.93,"endTime":2565.25,"body":"uh, in the gas phase, um,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2565.26,"endTime":2567.81,"body":"as it does for liquids and,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2565.26,"endTime":2567.81,"body":"and as it does for gases."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2567.91,"endTime":2570.29,"body":"But because of the coupling"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2567.91,"endTime":2570.29,"body":"between the salt and the"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2570.29,"endTime":2572.89,"body":"gas phase is not very"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2570.29,"endTime":2572.89,"body":"easy to do with liquids."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2573.0,"endTime":2573.69,"body":"It's great."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2573.69,"endTime":2576.29,"body":"We rely on the vapor pressure"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2573.69,"endTime":2576.29,"body":"very nice, and we can"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2576.85,"endTime":2576.97,"body":"that."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2576.97,"endTime":2578.45,"body":"We can work with"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2576.97,"endTime":2578.45,"body":"that quite easily."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2579.268,"endTime":2582.588,"body":"solids not so easy because this"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2579.268,"endTime":2582.588,"body":"whole pyrolysis phenomena gets"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2582.588,"endTime":2584.668,"body":"in the way and makes things"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2582.588,"endTime":2584.668,"body":"a little bit complicated."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2584.918,"endTime":2588.046,"body":"So instead we remove the"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2584.918,"endTime":2588.046,"body":"gas phase and we have this,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2588.128,"endTime":2591.292,"body":"concepts of critical heat"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2588.128,"endTime":2591.292,"body":"flux, uh, and, the concept"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2591.502,"endTime":2592.855,"body":"of, the ignition temperature."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2593.195,"endTime":2594.775,"body":"But the one thing that we"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2593.195,"endTime":2594.775,"body":"haven't really spoken about"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2594.775,"endTime":2596.335,"body":"is the time to ignition."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2596.739,"endTime":2599.062,"body":"and the time to ignition"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2596.739,"endTime":2599.062,"body":"is also, it's a function"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2599.062,"endTime":2599.742,"body":"of the heat flux."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2600.032,"endTime":2602.902,"body":"Um, and probably some of the"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2600.032,"endTime":2602.902,"body":"most famous plots in material"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2602.902,"endTime":2606.022,"body":"flammability are, you know, you"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2602.902,"endTime":2606.022,"body":"plot one over the square root of"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2606.022,"endTime":2609.512,"body":"time to ignition, as a function"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2606.022,"endTime":2609.512,"body":"of the instant heat flux, and"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2609.512,"endTime":2613.112,"body":"you get this beautiful straight"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2609.512,"endTime":2613.112,"body":"line, uh, as predicted by, um,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2613.112,"endTime":2614.312,"body":"by the mathematical theory."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2614.312,"endTime":2617.992,"body":"And from that you can calculate"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2614.312,"endTime":2617.992,"body":"the effective thermal inertia."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2618.452,"endTime":2621.012,"body":"And, the thermal inertia"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2618.452,"endTime":2621.012,"body":"is again, a really good"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2621.012,"endTime":2623.572,"body":"way of understanding the"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2621.012,"endTime":2623.572,"body":"hazard posed by material."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2623.572,"endTime":2625.972,"body":"Even if you know nothing of"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2623.572,"endTime":2625.972,"body":"the chemistry of the material"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2626.122,"endTime":2627.452,"body":"provided its combustible."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2627.452,"endTime":2627.772,"body":"Um,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2628.295,"endTime":2630.825,"body":"a material with a low thermal"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2628.295,"endTime":2630.825,"body":"inertia, so something that"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2630.825,"endTime":2634.185,"body":"has a low conductivity, a low"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2630.825,"endTime":2634.185,"body":"density, or a low heat capacity."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2634.603,"endTime":2637.923,"body":"the product of those three"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2634.603,"endTime":2637.923,"body":"terms, the thermal inertia"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2637.923,"endTime":2641.883,"body":"will, will determine, uh, to"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2637.923,"endTime":2641.883,"body":"a great extent the speed with"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2641.883,"endTime":2642.843,"body":"which something will ignite."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2643.063,"endTime":2645.203,"body":"And so low thermal inertia"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2643.063,"endTime":2645.203,"body":"will ignite quickly."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2645.643,"endTime":2648.323,"body":"Materials with a higher thermal"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2645.643,"endTime":2648.323,"body":"inertia will ignite more slowly."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2648.323,"endTime":2651.043,"body":"So low thermal inertia,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2648.323,"endTime":2651.043,"body":"things are commonly foams"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2651.043,"endTime":2653.923,"body":"or, or products, you"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2651.043,"endTime":2653.923,"body":"know, expanded products"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2654.163,"endTime":2654.883,"body":"one form or another."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2654.953,"endTime":2656.403,"body":"Higher thermal inertia."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2656.403,"endTime":2659.063,"body":"You know, if you've got"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2656.403,"endTime":2659.063,"body":"sheets of, PMA or if you"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2659.063,"endTime":2661.103,"body":"have, you know, sheets of"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2659.063,"endTime":2661.103,"body":"polycarbonate or those sorts"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2661.103,"endTime":2664.423,"body":"of, of polymers, they will be"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2661.103,"endTime":2664.423,"body":"of a higher thermal inertia."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2664.523,"endTime":2667.103,"body":"And it's a very good way of,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2664.523,"endTime":2667.103,"body":"of understanding the hazard."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2667.103,"endTime":2668.943,"body":"I mean that it's gonna"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2667.103,"endTime":2668.943,"body":"con thermal inertia will"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2668.943,"endTime":2671.303,"body":"control the rate of heating"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2668.943,"endTime":2671.303,"body":"of the solid surface."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2671.763,"endTime":2674.563,"body":"And, and, know, therefore it"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2671.763,"endTime":2674.563,"body":"will determine how quickly you"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2674.563,"endTime":2676.883,"body":"reach the pyrosis temperature,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2674.563,"endTime":2676.883,"body":"how quickly you can produce"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2676.883,"endTime":2678.083,"body":"those flammable gases."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2678.083,"endTime":2681.683,"body":"So even knowing nothing of"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2678.083,"endTime":2681.683,"body":"the chemical composition of"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2681.683,"endTime":2684.043,"body":"the material, just knowing"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2681.683,"endTime":2684.043,"body":"the thermal conductivity,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2684.043,"endTime":2687.323,"body":"the density and the heat"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2684.043,"endTime":2687.323,"body":"capacity, you can get a handle"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2687.533,"endTime":2689.363,"body":"on, uh, the time to ignition."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2689.595,"endTime":2691.625,"body":"so by"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2689.595,"endTime":2691.625,"body":"understanding this, this"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2691.625,"endTime":2694.945,"body":"fundamental physics that you,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2691.625,"endTime":2694.945,"body":"you've been describing, these"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2694.945,"endTime":2699.012,"body":"are essentially the, the tools"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2694.945,"endTime":2699.012,"body":"that, the industry of, improving"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2699.412,"endTime":2702.492,"body":"materials in terms of fire"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2699.412,"endTime":2702.492,"body":"resistance, uh, can work with"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2702.922,"endTime":2706.892,"body":"either dissipating heat, uh,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2702.922,"endTime":2706.892,"body":"increasing these thresholds"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2706.892,"endTime":2710.292,"body":"at which certain things"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2706.892,"endTime":2710.292,"body":"happen, changing the termin."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2710.944,"endTime":2711.322,"body":"Yep."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2711.372,"endTime":2714.202,"body":"Uh, I mean, certainly"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2711.372,"endTime":2714.202,"body":"for, you know, reaction to"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2714.202,"endTime":2717.442,"body":"fire or material mobility"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2714.202,"endTime":2717.442,"body":"classifications, manipulating"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2717.442,"endTime":2720.002,"body":"these things is all what"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2717.442,"endTime":2720.002,"body":"you know you're trying to"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2720.002,"endTime":2723.442,"body":"do in order to improve the,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2720.002,"endTime":2723.442,"body":"the fire performance in air"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2723.442,"endTime":2724.522,"body":"quotes of your material."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2724.892,"endTime":2726.838,"body":"and, you know, in the end"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2724.892,"endTime":2726.838,"body":"it's, it's not so many"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2727.118,"endTime":2727.958,"body":"variables that you have to"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2728.692,"endTime":2730.722,"body":"uh, and, and normally"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2728.692,"endTime":2730.722,"body":"the optimization process"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2730.722,"endTime":2732.242,"body":"fire is only a tiny part,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2732.882,"endTime":2733.402,"body":"of that."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2733.452,"endTime":2735.642,"body":"So, you know, it's unlikely"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2733.452,"endTime":2735.642,"body":"that you're going to be"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2735.642,"endTime":2737.962,"body":"allowed to double the density"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2735.642,"endTime":2737.962,"body":"of your material in order to"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2737.962,"endTime":2738.922,"body":"reduce the time to ignition."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2739.347,"endTime":2740.937,"body":"So you might have"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2739.347,"endTime":2740.937,"body":"to take other means."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2740.937,"endTime":2743.137,"body":"You might have to start"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2740.937,"endTime":2743.137,"body":"adding things in, you know,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2743.337,"endTime":2745.537,"body":"here we get into the debate"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2743.337,"endTime":2745.537,"body":"of, of fire retardants"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2745.997,"endTime":2746.937,"body":"and how they work."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2746.937,"endTime":2749.913,"body":"But basically a fire retardant"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2746.937,"endTime":2749.913,"body":"is going to do, one of"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2749.913,"endTime":2750.953,"body":"a small number of tasks."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2750.953,"endTime":2755.233,"body":"It's either going to decompose"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2750.953,"endTime":2755.233,"body":"in such a way that it will,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2755.574,"endTime":2757.46,"body":"dilute the paralysis gases"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2757.9,"endTime":2759.82,"body":"produced to make it harder"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2757.9,"endTime":2759.82,"body":"to reach a flammable mixture."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2760.82,"endTime":2762.06,"body":"will absorb a lot of energy."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2762.39,"endTime":2764.5,"body":"Uh, so basically you put"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2762.39,"endTime":2764.5,"body":"something in there that's just"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2764.5,"endTime":2767.42,"body":"a big heat sink, get them to"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2764.5,"endTime":2767.42,"body":"absorb lots of energy, uh, and"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2767.42,"endTime":2770.18,"body":"basically keep this, the, the"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2767.42,"endTime":2770.18,"body":"material cooler for longer."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2771.18,"endTime":2773.58,"body":"the third way, um, that"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2771.18,"endTime":2773.58,"body":"it's going to act is"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2773.74,"endTime":2774.46,"body":"actually chemically in."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2775.215,"endTime":2777.415,"body":"Either the gas phase or"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2775.215,"endTime":2777.415,"body":"the solid phase, perhaps"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2777.415,"endTime":2780.917,"body":"promoting char formation or"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2777.415,"endTime":2780.917,"body":"inhibiting gas phase reactions."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2781.385,"endTime":2784.615,"body":"so you know, you can start"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2781.385,"endTime":2784.615,"body":"manipulating, uh, the chemistry."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2784.615,"endTime":2787.055,"body":"Manipulating the physical"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2784.615,"endTime":2787.055,"body":"properties is, is really"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2787.055,"endTime":2788.535,"body":"not so, not so easy"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2789.135,"endTime":2791.255,"body":"know, a piece of wood"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2789.135,"endTime":2791.255,"body":"has a density within"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2791.255,"endTime":2791.935,"body":"a very small range."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2791.935,"endTime":2794.695,"body":"A piece of polycarbon has a"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2791.935,"endTime":2794.695,"body":"density in a very small range."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2795.665,"endTime":2798.055,"body":"so yeah, so, you know,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2795.665,"endTime":2798.055,"body":"understanding those things and"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2798.055,"endTime":2801.655,"body":"how they come into being, uh,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2798.055,"endTime":2801.655,"body":"in the ignition problem, uh,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2801.655,"endTime":2804.255,"body":"I think is really powerful for"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2801.655,"endTime":2804.255,"body":"fire engineers, especially when"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2804.255,"endTime":2806.975,"body":"it comes to understanding the"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2804.255,"endTime":2806.975,"body":"hazards posed by materials."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2806.975,"endTime":2810.015,"body":"I mean, it's almost impossible"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2806.975,"endTime":2810.015,"body":"to understand, you know, from"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2810.015,"endTime":2812.535,"body":"first principles, the hazard of"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2810.015,"endTime":2812.535,"body":"every single material or product"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2812.535,"endTime":2813.495,"body":"that you can come across."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2813.875,"endTime":2816.495,"body":"But by asking, you know,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2813.875,"endTime":2816.495,"body":"what is a thermal inertia"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2817.095,"endTime":2819.815,"body":"a, converting material B, you"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2817.095,"endTime":2819.815,"body":"might be able to make some"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2819.815,"endTime":2821.655,"body":"informed decisions about,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2819.815,"endTime":2821.655,"body":"you know, the relative,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2821.945,"endTime":2823.375,"body":"uh, risks, uh, of each."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2823.95,"endTime":2825.77,"body":"For the"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2823.95,"endTime":2825.77,"body":"end, we need to talk about more"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2825.77,"endTime":2829.09,"body":"things that happen in, in, in"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2825.77,"endTime":2829.09,"body":"a salt phase that are specific"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2829.09,"endTime":2830.97,"body":"to that, uh, type of materials."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2830.97,"endTime":2832.37,"body":"And, and very"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2830.97,"endTime":2832.37,"body":"interesting as well."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2832.64,"endTime":2835.13,"body":"That is, uh, self ignition."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2835.83,"endTime":2839.083,"body":"And, that is, uh, the, the"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2835.83,"endTime":2839.083,"body":"ignition, uh, that leads"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2839.083,"endTime":2840.643,"body":"to smoldering, not flaming."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":2840.653,"endTime":2841.003,"body":"Uh,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2841.918,"endTime":2842.968,"body":"Yeah, absolutely."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2843.858,"endTime":2846.688,"body":"uh, one of the, I mean, it's"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2843.858,"endTime":2846.688,"body":"one of my favorite things"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2846.688,"endTime":2849.008,"body":"to talk about because it is"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2846.688,"endTime":2849.008,"body":"a, a slightly mind-blowing"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2849.008,"endTime":2851.408,"body":"concept, um, that if you,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2849.008,"endTime":2851.408,"body":"under the right conditions,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2851.798,"endTime":2854.888,"body":"many materials, and it's quite"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2851.798,"endTime":2854.888,"body":"a big list of materials, will"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2855.088,"endTime":2856.208,"body":"actually spontaneously ignite."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2856.418,"endTime":2859.008,"body":"Um, now it's important"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2856.418,"endTime":2859.008,"body":"to say that this is not"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2859.208,"endTime":2863.135,"body":"spontaneous human combustion"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2859.208,"endTime":2863.135,"body":"that is bs to be honest."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2863.312,"endTime":2865.812,"body":"but, you know, spontaneous"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2863.312,"endTime":2865.812,"body":"ignition of solids is a thing"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2865.812,"endTime":2866.852,"body":"that can happen usually."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2867.042,"endTime":2870.318,"body":"what happens there, is you have"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2867.042,"endTime":2870.318,"body":"large quantities of material."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2870.318,"endTime":2873.15,"body":"That's kind of the"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2870.318,"endTime":2873.15,"body":"underlying theme for for"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2873.35,"endTime":2874.11,"body":"spontaneous ignition."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2874.11,"endTime":2877.39,"body":"So, you know, either large"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2874.11,"endTime":2877.39,"body":"accumulations of material being"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2877.39,"endTime":2880.31,"body":"stored somewhere or during"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2877.39,"endTime":2880.31,"body":"transport, you know, bulk"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2880.63,"endTime":2883.31,"body":"transport on ships, spontaneous"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2880.63,"endTime":2883.31,"body":"ignition is a big problem."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2883.6,"endTime":2886.04,"body":"what is the process of"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2883.6,"endTime":2886.04,"body":"spontaneous ignition is quite"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2886.32,"endTime":2887.0,"body":"straightforward, really."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2887.45,"endTime":2889.56,"body":"Um, it's basically"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2887.45,"endTime":2889.56,"body":"a feedback loop."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2890.463,"endTime":2892.623,"body":"the time chemical reactions"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2890.463,"endTime":2892.623,"body":"are happening around us."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2892.633,"endTime":2895.023,"body":"Um, so oxidation is"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2892.633,"endTime":2895.023,"body":"happening everywhere."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2895.023,"endTime":2897.517,"body":"Oxygen from the atmosphere"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2895.023,"endTime":2897.517,"body":"is reacting, with things."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2897.517,"endTime":2899.997,"body":"And, you know, if you cut"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2897.517,"endTime":2899.997,"body":"an apple, it goes brown"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2899.997,"endTime":2900.957,"body":"because of oxidation."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2901.127,"endTime":2905.157,"body":"Um, as a chemical reaction, if"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2901.127,"endTime":2905.157,"body":"you, ride a bike and the chain"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2905.157,"endTime":2908.317,"body":"will go rusty, that's a chemical"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2905.157,"endTime":2908.317,"body":"reaction with oxygen as well."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2909.277,"endTime":2911.988,"body":"same thing happens with, lots"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2909.277,"endTime":2911.988,"body":"of carbon-based materials."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2912.023,"endTime":2915.343,"body":"you know, grain biochar,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2912.023,"endTime":2915.343,"body":"uh, activated carbon,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2915.71,"endTime":2918.72,"body":"huge list of things they"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2915.71,"endTime":2918.72,"body":"will start to oxidize."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2918.77,"endTime":2921.76,"body":"Um, now oxidation reactions"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2918.77,"endTime":2921.76,"body":"are generally exothermic."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2921.97,"endTime":2924.647,"body":"Um, so, the bike chain is"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2921.97,"endTime":2924.647,"body":"oxidizing, but it's not"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2924.647,"endTime":2925.527,"body":"producing a lot of heat."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2925.527,"endTime":2927.327,"body":"And all that heat is"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2925.527,"endTime":2927.327,"body":"lost to the atmosphere,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2927.457,"endTime":2928.567,"body":"um, almost immediately."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2928.827,"endTime":2932.183,"body":"But if you've got a large,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2928.827,"endTime":2932.183,"body":"massive material,  if it starts"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2932.423,"endTime":2935.216,"body":"oxidizing in the middle, it's"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2932.423,"endTime":2935.216,"body":"gonna release some energy."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2935.216,"endTime":2937.576,"body":"But the thermal conductivity"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2935.216,"endTime":2937.576,"body":"of that pile of stuff"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2937.576,"endTime":2938.656,"body":"is gonna be quite low."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2939.386,"endTime":2942.896,"body":"So, that energy can't"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2939.386,"endTime":2942.896,"body":"really move anywhere."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2942.896,"endTime":2945.736,"body":"It can't escape from where the"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2942.896,"endTime":2945.736,"body":"region, where it is generated."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2945.906,"endTime":2948.446,"body":"Um, so it kind of stays there"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2945.906,"endTime":2948.446,"body":"and it heats up the material."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2948.936,"endTime":2949.356,"body":"but."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2949.716,"endTime":2952.116,"body":"hotter material is"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2949.716,"endTime":2952.116,"body":"going to then be able to"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2952.116,"endTime":2953.036,"body":"undergo more reaction."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2953.036,"endTime":2955.556,"body":"And all chemical reactions"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2953.036,"endTime":2955.556,"body":"are temperature dependent,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2956.036,"endTime":2958.636,"body":"So if you heat up,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2956.036,"endTime":2958.636,"body":"uh, the material, the"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2958.796,"endTime":2959.356,"body":"reaction goes faster."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2959.806,"endTime":2963.076,"body":"So my material oxidizes releases"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2959.806,"endTime":2963.076,"body":"a small amount of energy."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2963.076,"endTime":2966.396,"body":"The energy can't be dissipated,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2963.076,"endTime":2966.396,"body":"so it heats up the material."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2966.846,"endTime":2969.276,"body":"So that means the, the material"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2966.846,"endTime":2969.276,"body":"is hotter so the chemical"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2969.596,"endTime":2970.276,"body":"reaction can go faster."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2970.326,"endTime":2973.236,"body":"So in the next time step, if"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2970.326,"endTime":2973.236,"body":"you want to think of it like"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2973.236,"endTime":2977.053,"body":"that, more energy is released"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2973.236,"endTime":2977.053,"body":"more quickly and, that heats"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2977.053,"endTime":2978.093,"body":"off the material even more."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2978.093,"endTime":2981.253,"body":"And eventually you get this"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2978.093,"endTime":2981.253,"body":"feedback process that keeps"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2981.253,"endTime":2983.603,"body":"going, keeps going, and you"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2981.253,"endTime":2983.603,"body":"get, ignition of the material."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2983.733,"endTime":2988.163,"body":"Um, and because you've ignited"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2983.733,"endTime":2988.163,"body":"this in the middle of a massive,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2988.213,"endTime":2991.563,"body":"usually porous material, you"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2988.213,"endTime":2991.563,"body":"can't have a flame, okay?"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2991.563,"endTime":2992.923,"body":"A flame can't exist"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2993.563,"endTime":2993.963,"body":"that context."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2994.173,"endTime":2995.203,"body":"So you have a smoldering."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2995.888,"endTime":2998.568,"body":"And a smoldering fire is"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2995.888,"endTime":2998.568,"body":"one, uh, that you've talked"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2998.568,"endTime":2999.568,"body":"about before on the podcast."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2999.738,"endTime":3002.661,"body":"Um, but basically a fire"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":2999.738,"endTime":3002.661,"body":"that is, uh, heterogeneous."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3002.661,"endTime":3005.381,"body":"So the oxygen from the"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3002.661,"endTime":3005.381,"body":"air reacts directly"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3005.381,"endTime":3006.181,"body":"on the solid surface."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3006.671,"endTime":3009.701,"body":"It releases quite a lot of"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3006.671,"endTime":3009.701,"body":"energy, or it can do, um,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3009.701,"endTime":3012.461,"body":"under the right conditions,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3009.701,"endTime":3012.461,"body":"but that smoldering fire that's"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3012.461,"endTime":3013.621,"body":"in the middle of your massive"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3014.341,"endTime":3016.728,"body":"will propagate, in all"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3014.341,"endTime":3016.728,"body":"directions, in a kind"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3016.728,"endTime":3019.128,"body":"of a spherical way until"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3016.728,"endTime":3019.128,"body":"it reaches the surface."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3019.388,"endTime":3021.655,"body":"And then you will"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3019.388,"endTime":3021.655,"body":"potentially get, ignition."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3021.951,"endTime":3024.965,"body":"we do in our"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3021.951,"endTime":3024.965,"body":"undergraduate, uh, labs."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3024.965,"endTime":3026.085,"body":"We use milk powder."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3027.085,"endTime":3028.685,"body":"it's a very nice"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3027.085,"endTime":3028.685,"body":"one for doing this."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3028.848,"endTime":3031.758,"body":"uh, it smells of like burnt"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3028.848,"endTime":3031.758,"body":"sugar, uh, afterwards."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3032.048,"endTime":3035.198,"body":"Um, but we can do that and,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3032.048,"endTime":3035.198,"body":"and, uh, we do it in the lab."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3035.198,"endTime":3037.118,"body":"And the reason we can do it"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3035.198,"endTime":3037.118,"body":"in the lab is because we."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3037.323,"endTime":3037.933,"body":"Mm-hmm."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3038.158,"endTime":3040.201,"body":"so instead of"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3038.158,"endTime":3040.201,"body":"doing, spontaneous ignition,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3040.201,"endTime":3043.041,"body":"ambient temperature, we do"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3040.201,"endTime":3043.041,"body":"spontaneous ignition, elevated"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3043.781,"endTime":3045.652,"body":"and there are some beautiful"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3043.781,"endTime":3045.652,"body":"theories out there."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3045.715,"endTime":3048.868,"body":"again, develop, I guess in the"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3045.715,"endTime":3048.868,"body":"first half of the 20th century,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3049.238,"endTime":3052.548,"body":"uh, the Frank Kaminesky theory,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3049.238,"endTime":3052.548,"body":"uh, that allows you to do small"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3052.548,"endTime":3055.868,"body":"scale temperature, small scale"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3052.548,"endTime":3055.868,"body":"high temperature tests and"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3055.868,"endTime":3059.265,"body":"extrapolate back down to, room"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3055.868,"endTime":3059.265,"body":"temperature kind of conditions."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3059.501,"endTime":3061.881,"body":"and I mean, it's a really"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3059.501,"endTime":3061.881,"body":"fascinating mechanism of"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3061.881,"endTime":3065.281,"body":"ignition because, um, it leads"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3061.881,"endTime":3065.281,"body":"us to all sorts of interesting"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3065.281,"endTime":3067.481,"body":"things like the transition"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3065.281,"endTime":3067.481,"body":"from smoldering to flaming"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3067.481,"endTime":3071.081,"body":"combustion and all these kind"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3067.481,"endTime":3071.081,"body":"of unknown parts of fire signs"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3071.081,"endTime":3073.921,"body":"that are still, you know, on"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3071.081,"endTime":3073.921,"body":"the periphery to be explored."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3074.091,"endTime":3075.161,"body":"Um, so I think."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3075.458,"endTime":3077.458,"body":"the idea of spontaneous"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3075.458,"endTime":3077.458,"body":"ignition is, is one that"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3077.458,"endTime":3079.658,"body":"is super interesting and"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3077.458,"endTime":3079.658,"body":"actually quite relevant."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3079.658,"endTime":3083.258,"body":"There's a lot of, um, fire start"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3079.658,"endTime":3083.258,"body":"in, in manufacturing plants."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3083.708,"endTime":3085.938,"body":"Uh, you know, food"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3083.708,"endTime":3085.938,"body":"processing is another one."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3085.938,"endTime":3088.338,"body":"High risk of, of"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3085.938,"endTime":3088.338,"body":"spontaneous ignition."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3088.575,"endTime":3091.055,"body":"hotel laundries, hospital"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3088.575,"endTime":3091.055,"body":"laundries, where you've"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3091.055,"endTime":3094.535,"body":"got big stacks of, of"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3091.055,"endTime":3094.535,"body":"towels and bed linens and,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3094.535,"endTime":3095.375,"body":"and that kind of thing."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3095.721,"endTime":3098.468,"body":"you know, these are all places"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3095.721,"endTime":3098.468,"body":"where that is a, a real threat"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3098.468,"endTime":3100.738,"body":"and, you know, we have ways"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3098.468,"endTime":3100.738,"body":"of dealing with sometimes"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3100.738,"endTime":3103.898,"body":"you'll see if you are near"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3100.738,"endTime":3103.898,"body":"power stations, uh, you'll"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3103.898,"endTime":3108.081,"body":"see huge machinery a pile of"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3103.898,"endTime":3108.081,"body":"coal and like moving it, you"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3108.081,"endTime":3109.561,"body":"know, two or 300 meters away."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3109.661,"endTime":3112.761,"body":"The reason they're doing"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3109.661,"endTime":3112.761,"body":"that is to stop the material"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3112.761,"endTime":3114.001,"body":"from spontaneously igniting."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3114.101,"endTime":3116.161,"body":"You break down the pile,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3114.101,"endTime":3116.161,"body":"you let everything cool"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3116.161,"endTime":3118.041,"body":"down in the middle, and then"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3116.161,"endTime":3118.041,"body":"you reconstruct the pile"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3118.331,"endTime":3121.241,"body":"because spontaneous ignition,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3118.331,"endTime":3121.241,"body":"although it sounds terrify."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3122.096,"endTime":3123.856,"body":"Takes a long time to happen."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3124.086,"endTime":3127.256,"body":"That feedback process starts"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3124.086,"endTime":3127.256,"body":"off very, very, very slow."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3127.558,"endTime":3130.456,"body":"so, you know, you've usually"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3127.558,"endTime":3130.456,"body":"got days, weeks, months,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3130.456,"endTime":3134.013,"body":"sometimes in order to, catch"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3130.456,"endTime":3134.013,"body":"a, a spontaneous submission"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3134.013,"endTime":3136.973,"body":"before it goes into what"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3134.013,"endTime":3136.973,"body":"we call thermal runaway."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3137.143,"endTime":3141.293,"body":"Um, so it's a really important"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3137.143,"endTime":3141.293,"body":"part of ignition of solids, but"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3141.293,"endTime":3144.253,"body":"not one, I guess that's really"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3141.293,"endTime":3144.253,"body":"related directly to most fire"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3144.493,"endTime":3146.331,"body":"engineers day-to-day work,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3144.493,"endTime":3146.331,"body":"which is much more around,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3146.69,"endTime":3149.29,"body":"material classification,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3146.69,"endTime":3149.29,"body":"reaction to fire, flammability,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3149.7,"endTime":3150.81,"body":"uh, and that sort of thing."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3151.22,"endTime":3154.21,"body":"Um, but yes, it's, it's"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3151.22,"endTime":3154.21,"body":"a fascinating topic"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3154.51,"endTime":3156.76,"body":"Absolutely,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3154.51,"endTime":3156.76,"body":"especially if you have a pile"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3156.76,"endTime":3159.68,"body":"of, of coal  to, to secure."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3159.86,"endTime":3162.92,"body":"And actually, uh, securing,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3159.86,"endTime":3162.92,"body":"uh, large volumes of"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3163.12,"endTime":3165.573,"body":"materials is something many"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3163.12,"endTime":3165.573,"body":"Fire safety engineers do."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3166.368,"endTime":3171.295,"body":"and it is a huge challenge"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3166.368,"endTime":3171.295,"body":"to deliver, the safety when"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3171.835,"endTime":3176.335,"body":"you basically have a huge"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3171.835,"endTime":3176.335,"body":"amounts of material you, that"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3176.335,"endTime":3180.375,"body":"is difficult to control and,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3176.335,"endTime":3180.375,"body":"uh, you don't really have any"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3181.005,"endTime":3184.451,"body":"good, action to mitigate that,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3181.005,"endTime":3184.451,"body":"that, because you basically"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3184.451,"endTime":3186.131,"body":"have just a pile of material,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3186.335,"endTime":3187.845,"body":"it's one of the"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3186.335,"endTime":3187.845,"body":"things I, I, I remember reading,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3187.845,"endTime":3190.325,"body":"and I don't know if it actually"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3187.845,"endTime":3190.325,"body":"came into fruition or not,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3190.325,"endTime":3192.845,"body":"maybe somebody can, can write"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3190.325,"endTime":3192.845,"body":"into the podcast or let you"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3192.845,"endTime":3195.485,"body":"know, but, um, when they were"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3192.845,"endTime":3195.485,"body":"converting one of the huge"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3195.485,"endTime":3199.005,"body":"coal-fired power stations in"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3195.485,"endTime":3199.005,"body":"the uk when they were converting"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3199.005,"endTime":3200.885,"body":"it from coal to biomass, they"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3201.125,"endTime":3202.405,"body":"store loads of biomass."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3202.495,"endTime":3205.321,"body":"So they built these huge"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3202.495,"endTime":3205.321,"body":"domes, filled it through the"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3205.321,"endTime":3208.641,"body":"biomass, but to avoid the"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3205.321,"endTime":3208.641,"body":"hazard of spontaneous ignition,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3209.171,"endTime":3210.841,"body":"um, they constantly flown."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3211.471,"endTime":3211.991,"body":"Through"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3212.671,"endTime":3214.591,"body":"there's a huge cost,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3212.671,"endTime":3214.591,"body":"a huge overhead"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3214.591,"endTime":3215.749,"body":"associated to doing that."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3216.155,"endTime":3218.331,"body":"but I guess it works out"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3216.155,"endTime":3218.331,"body":"economically, for them."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3218.455,"endTime":3220.185,"body":"but yeah, it just shows that"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3218.455,"endTime":3220.185,"body":"this hazard is, you know,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3220.185,"endTime":3223.145,"body":"it's, it's everywhere, um,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3220.185,"endTime":3223.145,"body":"that you, when you look for it."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3223.795,"endTime":3225.431,"body":"And,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3223.795,"endTime":3225.431,"body":"you just cannot pour water"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3225.671,"endTime":3229.431,"body":"straight because then you will"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3225.671,"endTime":3229.431,"body":"promote biological  processes"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3229.431,"endTime":3232.311,"body":"that, uh, will, will, will"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3229.431,"endTime":3232.311,"body":"make it challenging very."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3232.531,"endTime":3233.701,"body":"Well, absolutely."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3233.701,"endTime":3236.061,"body":"I mean, uh, once these"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3233.701,"endTime":3236.061,"body":"things have ignited, I"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3236.061,"endTime":3239.641,"body":"mean, one of the most common"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3236.061,"endTime":3239.641,"body":"applications for this is, uh,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3239.641,"endTime":3241.161,"body":"in bulk transport on ships."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3241.275,"endTime":3244.351,"body":"and actually extinguishing"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3241.275,"endTime":3244.351,"body":"one of these, spontaneously"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3244.401,"endTime":3247.311,"body":"ignited fires on in a ship's"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3244.401,"endTime":3247.311,"body":"hold is really hard because."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3248.061,"endTime":3250.811,"body":"Uh, you know, you can pump"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3248.061,"endTime":3250.811,"body":"in carbon dioxide, but the"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3250.811,"endTime":3253.051,"body":"carbon dioxide has got to"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3250.811,"endTime":3253.051,"body":"get to the right place."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3253.051,"endTime":3255.451,"body":"You know, there's no"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3253.051,"endTime":3255.451,"body":"good just, uh, having"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3255.451,"endTime":3256.531,"body":"it randomly in the hold."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3256.531,"endTime":3258.571,"body":"You've gotta get enough in"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3256.531,"endTime":3258.571,"body":"to really flood the hold"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3258.571,"endTime":3259.731,"body":"full of carbon dioxide."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3259.931,"endTime":3262.251,"body":", you might slow things down,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3259.931,"endTime":3262.251,"body":"but the chances of stopping"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3262.251,"endTime":3264.851,"body":"it, because once you remove"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3262.251,"endTime":3264.851,"body":"the carbon dioxide and you let"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3264.851,"endTime":3268.571,"body":"oxygen back in, it will restart,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3264.851,"endTime":3268.571,"body":"flooding the cargo hole."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3268.571,"endTime":3270.331,"body":"But you can't normally"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3268.571,"endTime":3270.331,"body":"do that on a ship because"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3270.331,"endTime":3271.491,"body":"you lose the stability of"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3271.771,"endTime":3272.171,"body":"and"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3272.871,"endTime":3274.171,"body":"all sorts of other risks."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3274.171,"endTime":3277.391,"body":"So actually fighting these fires"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3274.171,"endTime":3277.391,"body":"is, is really, really difficult."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3277.391,"endTime":3279.951,"body":"Really the only thing you"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3277.391,"endTime":3279.951,"body":"can do in the end, think,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3279.951,"endTime":3282.631,"body":"is remove the fuel, you"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3279.951,"endTime":3282.631,"body":"know, start excavating."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3283.125,"endTime":3284.885,"body":"of course that has its own"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3283.125,"endTime":3284.885,"body":"problems because you're"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3284.885,"endTime":3286.365,"body":"excavating burning material."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3286.385,"endTime":3288.045,"body":"And I don't wanna"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3286.385,"endTime":3288.045,"body":"write that risk"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3288.17,"endTime":3290.153,"body":"Well,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3288.17,"endTime":3290.153,"body":"understanding how ignition"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3290.153,"endTime":3293.313,"body":"happens and, and, uh, the chain"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3290.153,"endTime":3293.313,"body":"of events too that leads to"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3293.313,"endTime":3296.873,"body":"that, uh, especially if it takes"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3293.313,"endTime":3296.873,"body":"weeks or months to, to ignore"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3296.873,"endTime":3300.913,"body":"it, is, is a pretty decent,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3296.873,"endTime":3300.913,"body":"uh, strategy for fire safety."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3300.913,"endTime":3303.713,"body":"And here we made a, a full"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3300.913,"endTime":3303.713,"body":"circle why fire safety"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3303.953,"endTime":3307.033,"body":"engineers should learn about"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3303.953,"endTime":3307.033,"body":"ignition, because sometimes you"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3307.033,"endTime":3311.363,"body":"reach problem in fire safety"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3307.033,"endTime":3311.363,"body":"that can be solved only by."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3312.158,"endTime":3313.328,"body":"Reducing ignition."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3313.828,"endTime":3319.048,"body":"And if with whole certainty"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3313.828,"endTime":3319.048,"body":"you are able to remove the"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3319.048,"endTime":3322.648,"body":"ignition from the equation,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3319.048,"endTime":3322.648,"body":"your solutions far safe."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3322.754,"endTime":3323.263,"body":"Absolutely."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3323.263,"endTime":3325.143,"body":"Uh, I think, we have"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3323.263,"endTime":3325.143,"body":"gone full circle."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3325.143,"endTime":3325.743,"body":"It's very nice."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3325.743,"endTime":3328.103,"body":"Um, I mean, I al I always"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3325.743,"endTime":3328.103,"body":"caution though, against"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3328.103,"endTime":3330.703,"body":"relying on removing the risk"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3328.103,"endTime":3330.703,"body":"of ignition because there's"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3330.703,"endTime":3331.623,"body":"always the risk of the unknown."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3331.713,"endTime":3335.126,"body":"Um, so it's good to have, you"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3331.713,"endTime":3335.126,"body":"know, more than one, level on"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3335.126,"endTime":3337.686,"body":"your fire, uh, safety that."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3337.934,"endTime":3340.35,"body":"but certainly if you can"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3337.934,"endTime":3340.35,"body":"remove ignition, that's the"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3340.35,"endTime":3343.67,"body":"easiest point to prevent your"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3340.35,"endTime":3343.67,"body":"fire becoming a big problem."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3343.727,"endTime":3344.828,"body":"Rory, thank you so much."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3344.878,"endTime":3350.188,"body":"Uh, that was another, not a very"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3344.878,"endTime":3350.188,"body":"introductory  lecture, I guess,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3350.618,"endTime":3354.748,"body":"well, that maybe one day we"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3350.618,"endTime":3354.748,"body":"need to do like introduction to"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3355.068,"endTime":3356.348,"body":"introductions or, or something."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3356.608,"endTime":3360.228,"body":"But I really enjoy this"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3356.608,"endTime":3360.228,"body":"fundamentals, uh, episodes"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3360.228,"endTime":3361.298,"body":"and, and it, it's really."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3361.606,"endTime":3366.096,"body":"Nice to, to learn this,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3361.606,"endTime":3366.096,"body":"important and, and challenging"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3366.326,"endTime":3372.056,"body":"concepts that, uh, really in the"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3366.326,"endTime":3372.056,"body":"end help you do the engineering."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3372.056,"endTime":3374.963,"body":"Like understanding fire is"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3372.056,"endTime":3374.963,"body":"the first step to, prevent"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3374.963,"endTime":3376.123,"body":"fire and prevent fire damage."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3376.123,"endTime":3378.966,"body":"And that, what most of us"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3376.123,"endTime":3378.966,"body":"would do, uh, for living."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3379.096,"endTime":3380.086,"body":"So yeah."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3380.086,"endTime":3381.006,"body":"Thank you for sharing that"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3381.476,"endTime":3383.226,"body":"No, thank you very"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3381.476,"endTime":3383.226,"body":"much, Wojciech for having us on."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3383.226,"endTime":3385.826,"body":"I think I, I fully agree,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3383.226,"endTime":3385.826,"body":"you know, if, if you're in"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3385.826,"endTime":3388.666,"body":"this, in this business, I"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3385.826,"endTime":3388.666,"body":"think, um, you know, the more"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3388.666,"endTime":3390.626,"body":"you know about this stuff,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3388.666,"endTime":3390.626,"body":"it can only be helpful."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3390.836,"endTime":3392.266,"body":"Uh, so hopefully it"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3390.836,"endTime":3392.266,"body":"has been helpful."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3392.513,"endTime":3392.939,"body":"indeed."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3393.276,"endTime":3398.473,"body":"so, thanks a lot and I hope to"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3393.276,"endTime":3398.473,"body":"see you here next time with,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3398.473,"endTime":3401.113,"body":"uh, some, another . Interesting."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3401.113,"endTime":3403.273,"body":"Uh, I, I could"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3401.113,"endTime":3403.273,"body":"actually give you a."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3403.535,"endTime":3405.705,"body":"Part of the show, , we did this."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3405.705,"endTime":3407.101,"body":"It's, I, I really enjoyed this."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3407.281,"endTime":3409.015,"body":"it's brilliant and"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3407.281,"endTime":3409.015,"body":"the audience loves it."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3409.015,"endTime":3410.111,"body":"So let's do it again."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3410.141,"endTime":3413.351,"body":"Thanks so much Rory for coming"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3410.141,"endTime":3413.351,"body":"to show and, and see you again."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3413.876,"endTime":3415.266,"body":"No worries,"},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3413.876,"endTime":3415.266,"body":"Wojciech thank you very much."},{"speaker":"Rory Hadden","startTime":3415.266,"endTime":3415.74,"body":"Take care."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3416.52,"endTime":3417.24,"body":"And that's it."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3417.63,"endTime":3419.664,"body":"I hope you've enjoyed the"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3417.63,"endTime":3419.664,"body":"fundamentals with Rory."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3419.965,"endTime":3421.435,"body":"Perhaps they owe you"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3419.965,"endTime":3421.435,"body":"an explanation for the"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3421.435,"endTime":3423.759,"body":"running joke in the episode"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3421.435,"endTime":3423.759,"body":"about the astonishingly"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3423.789,"endTime":3424.899,"body":"fireproof materials."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3425.229,"endTime":3428.229,"body":"Uh, just before we recorded"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3425.229,"endTime":3428.229,"body":"this session with Rory."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3428.709,"endTime":3430.239,"body":"The day before some journalist."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3430.599,"endTime":3431.639,"body":"Has published a."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3431.639,"endTime":3436.452,"body":"piece on LinkedIn about timber"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3431.639,"endTime":3436.452,"body":"being astonishingly fireproof."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3436.812,"endTime":3440.082,"body":"And we have literally went on"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3436.812,"endTime":3440.082,"body":"the crusades in social media,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3440.082,"endTime":3442.212,"body":"which Rory against that guy."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3442.962,"endTime":3446.232,"body":"It was quite funny and well"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3442.962,"endTime":3446.232,"body":"funny and sad at the same"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3446.232,"endTime":3447.642,"body":"time because journalism."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3447.699,"endTime":3450.519,"body":"dumb bins down, some"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3447.699,"endTime":3450.519,"body":"facts of fire science"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3450.579,"endTime":3453.879,"body":"and that's potentially"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3450.579,"endTime":3453.879,"body":"dangerous and something"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3453.879,"endTime":3455.139,"body":"we would not like to see."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3455.709,"endTime":3457.945,"body":"But I just could"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3455.709,"endTime":3457.945,"body":"not, resist calling."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3457.975,"endTime":3458.755,"body":"Calling stuff."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3459.265,"endTime":3461.785,"body":"The fireproof in the"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3459.265,"endTime":3461.785,"body":"podcast episodes."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3462.175,"endTime":3464.785,"body":"Please, excuse me, my bad jokes."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3465.505,"endTime":3468.685,"body":"Anyway, regarding the"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3465.505,"endTime":3468.685,"body":"fire fundamentals."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3469.022,"endTime":3471.705,"body":"Once again, if you want more"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3469.022,"endTime":3471.705,"body":"of those, please let me know."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3471.705,"endTime":3473.565,"body":"I'll, I'll try to ask him."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3473.565,"endTime":3476.745,"body":"He seems to be enjoying this and"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3473.565,"endTime":3476.745,"body":"I am certainly enjoying this."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3477.165,"endTime":3480.675,"body":"If you are enjoying this,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3477.165,"endTime":3480.675,"body":"then why not to make"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3480.705,"endTime":3482.505,"body":"more of those episodes?"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3482.835,"endTime":3484.275,"body":"It's brilliant to learn."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3484.379,"endTime":3487.679,"body":"Fire science from some of"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3484.379,"endTime":3487.679,"body":"the world's best educators."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3487.769,"endTime":3490.589,"body":"Uh, not many people have the"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3487.769,"endTime":3490.589,"body":"privilege to be able to do that."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3490.979,"endTime":3493.229,"body":"At least if you're not living"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3490.979,"endTime":3493.229,"body":"in Edinburgh, you probably"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3493.259,"endTime":3495.509,"body":"have a much worse access."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3495.779,"endTime":3496.769,"body":"Those academics."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3496.769,"endTime":3497.695,"body":"So by."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3497.809,"endTime":3501.049,"body":"The means of this podcast,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3497.809,"endTime":3501.049,"body":"I'm trying to democratize it"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3501.109,"endTime":3505.519,"body":"and bring access to brilliant"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3501.109,"endTime":3505.519,"body":"minds like Rory to everyone."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3505.549,"endTime":3505.999,"body":"I hope."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3506.029,"endTime":3509.239,"body":"Uh, it's a thing we can achieve"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3506.029,"endTime":3509.239,"body":"in the fire science show."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3509.239,"endTime":3512.789,"body":"I certainly enjoy learning"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3509.239,"endTime":3512.789,"body":"the basics, from guys."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3512.939,"endTime":3513.419,"body":"Rory."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3513.665,"endTime":3517.025,"body":"It's always nice to refresh"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3513.665,"endTime":3517.025,"body":"and sharpen your mind."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3517.025,"endTime":3520.029,"body":"And, talk about basics"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3517.025,"endTime":3520.029,"body":"and basics are once you"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3520.059,"endTime":3523.119,"body":"go very deep on them,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3520.059,"endTime":3523.119,"body":"they are not basic at all."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3523.119,"endTime":3524.559,"body":"There's always something hiding."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3524.949,"endTime":3526.209,"body":"Behind the corner of that."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3526.269,"endTime":3527.469,"body":"Uh, you did not know."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3527.499,"endTime":3527.859,"body":"So."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3528.369,"endTime":3530.559,"body":"Ah, great experience for"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3528.369,"endTime":3530.559,"body":"me and I hope enjoyable"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3530.559,"endTime":3531.999,"body":"experience for all of you."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3532.659,"endTime":3534.369,"body":"Not much to add in here."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3534.369,"endTime":3535.779,"body":"Ignition is certainly important."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3535.809,"endTime":3538.479,"body":"Part of fire science,"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3535.809,"endTime":3538.479,"body":"not a huge part of fire"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3538.479,"endTime":3541.209,"body":"engineering, I guess, but"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3538.479,"endTime":3541.209,"body":"it's a mean to understand."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3541.629,"endTime":3544.449,"body":"Fire spread flammability in"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3541.629,"endTime":3544.449,"body":"all the concepts that are"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3544.449,"endTime":3546.309,"body":"fundamentals for four engineers."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3546.639,"endTime":3550.299,"body":"So a very important skill"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3546.639,"endTime":3550.299,"body":"to, to have the knowledge"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3550.329,"endTime":3552.489,"body":"of how things ignite."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3553.029,"endTime":3555.369,"body":"That would be it"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3553.029,"endTime":3555.369,"body":"for today's episode."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3555.429,"endTime":3558.159,"body":"Thank you for being here"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3555.429,"endTime":3558.159,"body":"with me and the see you"},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3558.159,"endTime":3559.299,"body":"here next Wednesday."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3559.329,"endTime":3559.719,"body":"Thank you."},{"speaker":"Wojciech Węgrzyński","startTime":3559.719,"endTime":3560.109,"body":"Bye."}]}