Cotton Specialists Corner

Why Cotton Futures Jumped And What Growers Can Do Next

Extension Cotton Specialists Episode 62

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0:00 | 35:01

Cotton sat in the high 60s and low 70s for what felt like two years, then the market snapped higher and started swinging hard. We wanted to know what actually changed, so we sat down with Dr. Jody Campiche, vice president of economics and policy analysis at the National Cotton Council, and Ron Lee, general manager at McCleskey Cotton Company in Bronwood, Georgia, to unpack the rally in plain language that growers can use.

We dig into the mechanics behind the move in cotton futures, including the shift from a record net short position to net long, plus the short covering that can push prices up fast. From there we connect the dots on global cotton supply concerns: drought in the US, potential higher abandonment in Texas, and lower expectations for key producers like Brazil, China, and Australia. We also talk about how the war, oil prices, and polyester costs can change the cotton versus synthetic fiber equation for mills, and why USDA WASDE projections on mill use and ending stocks matter for price direction.

Then we bring it back to the farm and the gin. We cover whether higher prices can still shift cotton acreage in the Southeast and Mid-South, why timing limits late switches, and how basis and potential premiums affect real-world bids. Finally, Ron shares practical cotton marketing advice for volatile weeks: staggered target orders, using options like puts when they fit, and not overcommitting production when hurricanes and other risks can turn a contract into a costly problem. If you found this helpful, subscribe, share it with a neighbor, and leave a quick review so more cotton growers can find it.

Cold Open And Welcome

SPEAKER_01

Well I finally made the money. It's the cotton picking cotton grooving glue.

SPEAKER_00

Welcome to this episode of the Cotton Specialist Corner Podcast. My name is Campan, Extension Agronomist at the University of Georgia, based out of Tifton. And if you've been listening to this podcast this growing season, kind of what we've started out with is how to be more efficient with our inputs. And we've talked a lot about planter setup and seeding rates, fertility, uh episode on weed control is upcoming. But uh we've really been focused on that because before we got into the crop season, the cotton price was so depressed that many people were looking at where to trim, where to cut, how to how to be more efficient with some of the inputs they have and different things like that. But anybody who watches the cotton price, which I hope that everybody that listens to this podcast does knows that in the last couple of months, two and a half months, uh the cotton price has certainly changed. And uh I was very interested in why it is done, what it has done, and maybe talking about some of the things that growers uh should be thinking about. And so that's what this episode is about. I'm certainly very excited about this because I am not an economist by any means. I know how to get out in the field and grow the stuff and troubleshoot problems and all that good stuff, but I do not know much about what goes behind uh some of these commodity prices. So I'm excited to sit down with a couple of experts to discuss this. But we're uh very glad to have Dr. Jody Campeach, who's the vice president of economics and policy analysis with the National Cotton Council, and Ron Lee, who's the general manager of McCleskey Cotton Company. They have a multi multifaceted outfit over there in Dawson, Georgia, or Bronwood. Bronwood. Bronwood. Bronwood, Georgia. Yeah, that's right. I wanted to make sure, and uh, they've got an operate, uh Jen. Uh he gives a little bit of advice in terms of the growers and what they need to be considering in terms of pricing a little bit of cotton, and uh they also work on the production side. So uh very glad to have you guys here with us today to discuss this very important topic for growers across the cotton belt in the United States. So

The Rally That Changed The Mood

SPEAKER_00

before the season started, the cotton price was in the high 60s, low 70s. It was it's been there for what feels like two years. And then just in the last couple of months, it has uh started to creep up. And today, while we're recording this on May uh 18th, because I want to make sure that everybody knows when we're doing this and can go back and reference, uh, December contract currently is floating around 82, 83 cents, and so it has changed a lot in the last uh couple of months. And if you've been a part of the industry for any amount of time, you know the big message that's been going out uh for the last few years is that demand is low. Uh, we need to get demand up for cotton-based products, all that kind of stuff. And and while that has not changed at the moment, I'm curious, according to you guys, what has created this move in the cotton market? And Jody, we'll start with you and then kind of bounce some stuff around.

What Flipped Futures From Short To Long

SPEAKER_04

So yes, it's been a pretty interesting uh shift and change in cotton prices, and you know, most of it's due to basically a a change in market sentiment, kind of along with global supply concerns. So really you saw a big change in futures market positions. So in mid-March, the cotton future spec position shifted from what was a record two-year net short position to a net long position. And when we're in these situations where we're kind of at an extreme position, which is where we were, uh it can generally lead to a pretty large price jump uh when we have a reversal. So we had short covering, which basically means the short sellers bought by bought back the contracts to limit losses. And this buying pressure just continued to push prices higher. So now traders are in a net long position, which means that they're expecting prices to continue to increase. So, you know, why did this happen? Again, a lot of things kind of were in motion at the same time. You had all of the things going on with the war and fertilizer uh availability and prices. And so you also had uh drought conditions across the U.S. and other parts of the cotton belt. So you have lower production expectations than some of the other major cotton-producing countries. So all of these kind of came together with potential tightening supply, rising input costs, maybe less cotton acreage. Uh, there was a weaker US dollar relative to some currencies such as Brazil and Australia, which are big competitors for U.S. cotton. So, you know, all of this kind of came together. Um with the war, also brought higher oil prices. What happened with the hor higher oil prices? It generally led to an increase in polyester production costs. So we saw a pretty big increase in polyester prices. So there's a thought that maybe some uh mills maybe start maybe switching some cotton in the mix for switching some of the polyester to cotton just because polyester is more expensive and there's lower availability in some regions. So again, a lot of things happening that just kind of push prices higher.

SPEAKER_00

So in terms of looking at global production, and you know, you mentioned that there might be a little bit less. I mean, who's who's gonna be down in terms of production? I I know that you know China, Brazil, and India, and those are the the big contributors, but who's who's expecting an off year?

SPEAKER_04

So Brazil is one, and of course, if you've kind of followed Brazil's production over the last few years, they've just continued to plant more and more cotton and produce more and more cotton. But their acreage is actually expected to be lower this year, and part of that's due to the same thing in the U.S. initially, when you're making looking at planning decisions for the next year, cotton prices are lower, input costs are high. So less acreage, less production. China is going through some things where they're trying to do some structural changes and they're looking at reducing acreage in some areas. So we think they also had a record crop the last few years. So we just think they're gonna be down a bit. Australia should be down a bit as well. Um, you know, U.S. right now is expected to be down. Again, we could have more acreage than was projected, but with drought conditions, we'll likely have higher abandonment this year. So just overall, the major producers will likely uh be down. So if we have higher consumption or even consumption similar to what it was last year, that can bring down stocks.

SPEAKER_00

Yeah. Ron, anything you want to add to that those first couple things there?

SPEAKER_03

Oh, not really. That's um Jody touched on what got this thing going. And then there's some things, underlying things that are getting people a little more excited about cotton. Uh, of course, the Baca Act being one of them, I think. You know, as a futures market, so uh it the the market looks to the future. Um I think some of these mills overseas are are asking for U.S. specific cotton in anticipation of that being uh hopefully passed. Um and you're you're just seeing a little more a little more positive things about cotton in them in the media, um social media. Uh I I see I see more cotton products out there, so that's it's encouraging. I just think uh you know, we we went through two years of just misery. I mean, it prices from 62 to 68, 69, where you're really no man's land, no help from DC before last year. You know, people just were just turned off to growing cotton, and we're finally seeing a few come back around. And that's that's certainly uh pleasant, a pleasant thing to happen.

SPEAKER_00

Yeah, for sure. And uh and the Baca's uh for those that are uh don't know, it's the Buying American Cotton Act. That's uh everything in DC apparently uh has to have a four-letter acronym, right? And so uh that that's what that one stands for. But uh certainly something that the folks in the cotton industry, the folks with the cotton council have worked extremely hard with representatives and senators that are on board from every cotton producing state, to my knowledge, and and some outside of the cotton belt as well. So I I think that thing's got a lot of support, and I'm really excited about the potential there. But, you know, so certainly a lot of things going into this, talking about uh a lot of it, you know, seems to stem from this conflict in Iran with the increased oil prices and and fertility and and inputs, different things like that. But

Supply Squeeze Signals Around The World

SPEAKER_00

um, you know, last week we uh we're supposed to record last week, but last week the latest WASDI report came out. Uh Jody, do you want to touch on that uh a little bit in terms of what to look forward to and what they're forecasting?

SPEAKER_04

Yeah, I can touch on that. So so I think you know, one of the interesting things in last week's WASD is that they came out for cotton was an increase in world mill use for 2026. And their their increase is is pretty optimistic during uh given the current demand situation. But what I'll say, and this kind of goes to Ron's point, is that you know, just as you said, we think that maybe maybe people are kind of getting to a turning point, not just turning to U.S. cotton, but cotton in general, and that kind of goes along with more sustainable uh fibers and you know, the plant not plastic campaign and just things like that, that maybe we're seeing a shift to to more interest in in going back to cotton. So I'm hoping that we get this, you know, get kind of get this ball rolling and we and we can get to that point. Now, with the higher production, you know, we talked about lower demand, so it ends up being a pretty fairly large reduction in ending stock. So there are things in place that can definitely continue to support prices. You know, one thing in the WASI report, so what they do is they basically use the acreage number from March 31st when they do that survey. So they don't do another acreage report until the end of June. So they just kind of go along with the number they had, 9.6. And kind of what we've seen since then is we've seen, I think, more interesting cotton uh price it with these higher prices. I think that number will be higher than 9.6. But what USDA did with their abandonment percentage last week is they just kind of have an average level of about 23.5%, given where Texas is right now. I think that's gonna be coming too low, which which is their number at this time of the year. They usually use kind of an average abandonment, so it's not unusual. But my point is I think acreage will be higher, but I also think abandonment will be higher. So do we get to a higher level of production in the US as compared to last year? I don't know. Um, again, so what that means is slower production or even the same as last year could just continue to support prices for the next crop year.

Are Cotton Acres Really Rising

SPEAKER_00

Yeah. Thinking about some of that, some of the things that have been forecasted, you know, I I am kind of curious uh from both of you guys' perspective, do you guys think that this price run has affected acres across the cotton? Like, do you guys think that we're gonna plant more in response to the price, or at this point we're kind of married to what we've been doing, or or what's kind of the thought there?

SPEAKER_03

I think you've seen you've seen more, you've seen some acres shift in here in Georgia from peanuts to cotton. The rally in the market kind of started after the corn planting window had passed. So a lot of corn planted. So anything that was switching will be from peanuts or we grow a few soybeans, not many, will go to cotton. I've talked to some people in the Mid South that they were trying to get some more planted on the tail end of their, you know, on their planting window. Um, you know, I thought I think Georgia, I think we're in like eight. We were prejated eight hundred and fifty thousand, maybe a little less than that, um, probably closer to nine fifty now, maybe, is a consensus. But a hundred thousand acres is huge here in Georgia, and we're thankful for it if we do that. But when you think that 35 to 45 percent of the U.S. uh crop is planted in a 300-acre, a 300-mile circle around Lubbock, and it hadn't rained out there very much at all, 100,000 acres is not very much. So um I don't know that the acres out there are changing a whole lot because they're so, you know, they're just dry and that they they plant cotton anyway. That's about all they can really plant. So I think the acres are up here in the southeast, mid-south. Um not so sure about North Carolina, but um we're thankful that the acres are going to be up a little bit here in Georgia. Yeah.

SPEAKER_00

Jardy.

SPEAKER_04

Yeah, and I I would just echo what Ron said. I I I agree with with the Southeast in Georgia, and I think we'll see a little bit more in the mid-south, but again, for some growers, we already kind of passed the time when the prices started going up where they'd already really planted or made planting decisions for corn or soybeans. In Southwest, I do think there'll be a bit more cotton. And again, I kind of mentioned this earlier. There there have been some failed weed acres in some areas. So I do think that they'll go in with cotton. Now, is there gonna be enough uh moisture to get the crop up? I don't know. Um, that's kind of where we're sitting at with rainfall right now, and and they need quite a bit of rain to a little bit of rain is not really gonna help them right now. So again, I think there is more acreage out there. The actual number, you know, I don't know yet.

SPEAKER_00

Yeah, that's right. And and like you said, I mean, the acreage report in June, that'll be a better idea of kind of what we're actually dealing with. And kind of to reiterate a point that you made earlier, just because acres are up doesn't necessarily mean production's gonna be up either, right? We gotta start, if acres go up and we start catching rain, then hey, you know, production's gonna go up. But um, we got to start catching some rain. And and Ron, you know, you brought up a great point about a lot of guys had already planted corn, especially here in the southeast. But I think one thing that benefited us, especially, was that how dry it was, right? And people did not want to water before they planted corn and then come back and water a bunch right after because that's already a bunch of money you've done dumped into it. And so they were waiting for rain, and then uh fertilizer prices went up. This trend started, and so maybe we maybe we got a few corn acres, but like you say, I mean, we start so early on planting corn that a lot of times, especially if it's dry like it was, uh, I mean, they were getting after it.

SPEAKER_03

Yeah, this this market started taking off right around first of March. And uh if you're if you're not planting corn, you're getting ready to. So you're not gonna notice the market over the first two or three weeks of it. It really didn't catch anybody's attention until mid-April. Um so by then all the corn was planted, and um, you were that deciding between peanuts and cotton, and I think there were gonna be a tremendous amount of peanuts planted again, even though those economics are not good.

SPEAKER_02

Yeah.

SPEAKER_03

Uh don't take as much fertilizer, but we've seen a little bit of a shift toward cotton. The other thing about Georgia is we got a really good basis situation. The merchants are um very aggressive in buying our cotton because A, we're near the port, B, our guys will go ahead and price some so they can get in their get it in their hands faster. So that basis situation, positive basis, along with the market, along with some potential premiums. Yeah. Some guys are like, well, you know, 85, 80, 85 cents, I'll start looking at it. You get start thinking 85.90, you're like, yeah, I really will look at it. But you know, we're getting to the point now where you've made your decision between peanuts and cotton.

SPEAKER_00

Right, for sure. So looking at kind of the trend that's been there, what what it looks like to me is it'll hit a point of resistance and stay there for you know a few days, and then if it'll break that, and then it'll run for a couple of days, and then it hit some resistance, and then it'll go again. And it's kind of done that over the last couple of weeks. But but I'm curious, you know, last week again, we're recording this on May the 18th, it went up to 88 cents and then fell back to 81 on Friday. And I had growers texting me saying that we weren't, we were back friends now that the price had gone up, but we're not friends anymore because it had gone down, and that's fine. I understand that, even though I if they think I control the price, they really, really have a high opinion of me because obviously uh I do not. But at the end of the day, I'm curious, you know, since this thing is not necessarily uh centered around fundamentals and demand, I'm curious about uh the sustainability of this particular uh price point. And so,

Can These Prices Stick Around

SPEAKER_00

Jody, I wanted to kind of ask you do you think that this is sustainable? Do you think it's gonna stay where it is long enough for growers to take advantage of it at the end of the year? Uh and then we'll kind of move into the discussion around what growers should be thinking about. But we'll start with Jody and then kind of go go back and forth with Ron and all that good stuff.

SPEAKER_04

Okay. Yeah, so so I think if if we look at the historical stocks to use ratios and kind of see where cotton prices have generally fell over time, with where USDA is currently projecting the ratios, I think somewhere around 80 cents would probably be something that was sustainable. Now, do I think it's gonna drop down to 80 and stay there right now? Probably not. I think there's still room in the market that I I think the sentiment's still there and and we could see prices uh move up some more. And you know, if we continue to get more information um based on the China negotiations, you know, just yesterday we had some news coming out of the White House about additional ag purchases, uh purchase commitments basically that China would have for the next few years in addition to those soybean purchases that they have already has said they were going to do. So we they haven't said anything specific about cotton yet. So, you know, as soon as a cotton specific number comes out, if it does, that could really uh have some effect on the market as well.

SPEAKER_00

For sure. And you, you know, I woke up this morning and and uh I get a text three times a day from from a gin in in East Georgia with the price, and I saw that it had kind of bounced back from what it was on Friday. It felt like the market really responded to what happened over the weekend uh with that visit in in China. And so hopefully, like you say, they'll come out with something that's a little more specific to cotton and hopefully it'll be good, right? Because uh we would love to see the price go up even more and and certainly get back into that market. But but Ron, what are your thoughts in terms of these these prices, sustaining that and and potentially, you know, taking advantage of it in November, December, January?

Staggered Orders, Options, And Avoiding Regret

SPEAKER_03

Yeah, you know, I I have merchants or other people say, where does cotton need to be for growers to fix? And it's you know better than I do. It it's different for every grower. You know, it's i if you're if you've been, you know, if you're if you're having to go borrow the money to to farm or to you know rent, uh it's gonna cost you more than if you're an established grower for however long. So it it varies for every every grower. And back to the point on the price, it's inner you know, we we were from 63 to 70 cents for 18 months, I think. I mean a seven cent window for eighteen months. Wednesday last Wednesday at lunch, the market hit 88.08. By Friday, it was at uh below 81, and it's gonna close today back at at 84. So that's an that's an eight cent window in in less than a week. Yeah. We had that for 18 months. So I say that to say if you if you you know you can you can use options if you're if you're uh familiar with With them, if you know how they work, you know, you can buy puts and just leave your upside there, protect your downside with options. But if you're gonna price some, I think the best thing to do is just put orders in, staggered orders in. Uh say how much you're irrigated, you know, you can kind of depend on and do a hundred, two hundred bells at a time. I had one guy, he as soon as the market started going up, he just texts me an order of uh 16 different price levels for 100 bells, and he's hitting like he's hit like 13 of them, you know, going all the way to 90 cents. So he's got about 84 cent average, and you add the basis onto that, he's above 85, and that tells me that's where he thinks he can make money doing it. So but if you watch the market and you just see these violent moves, and and when you get cotton above 85 cents, when you really get it above 90 cents, it starts to get very, very volatile, very violent. Um you can get you can get whipsawed, you can say, I missed it, let me price it off. So I just think you get to these levels, you just put orders in above the market and let the market come to you and just work on having a good average. That's that's the way we try to do it.

SPEAKER_00

Yeah, and there's a lot of things I think that go into booking some, right, and like pricing a little bit, but but man, it's not just the market that's volatile, right? It's the production season. And so it's like, well, what are some of the things that like if somebody's considering booking a little bit, right, and making making a decision there, I mean, you you can't just walk away free and clear because there was a disaster, right? And so what what are some of the things across the belt, right, that we need to have conversations about before somebody starts making these kind of moves?

SPEAKER_03

You certainly don't want to get um overextended on what you what you price because I I won't I won't forget like uh you know the hurt I don't even want to think about it, but I can't forget it. The Hurricane Michael season, you know, we had a bunch of cotton that was booked above at really good prices, and then the hurricane came in here and it's it kept raining and we had growers actually buy out of contracts. They ended up making it, and then they didn't have the price, you know, the pri then the price started moving lower. So um you just don't want to get in that situation. So you just be you know, you le always leave some to price during the harvest, I think. Uh you know, I I I don't think anybody really wants to do more than if you're an irrigated grower, I don't you know, no more than two bells to the acre, I don't think. Uh dry land is kind of a wild card. I don't a lot of people don't even you know don't even contract that. But um I would never be more than you know, fifty, fifty to sixty percent, seventy percent of what I anticipate making before you know we start seeing default and we start seeing what we have and and that kind of thing, and leave some in the in the fall to to uh take advantage of the market goes up or you know usually selling on recap in the fall, you get a little a little better basis. So uh I would I would leave that leave that out to uh to wait on that time.

SPEAKER_00

Yeah. So you know, thinking back to Michael year, I wasn't in my position, but I was in Georgia at the time. I I was in graduate school, and I mean that was we hadn't in Georgia, we hadn't broken a record since 2012. And 2018 was a record year. I mean, it that was gonna be the next record that we broke, and it's been a long time since we broke a record in Georgia, and we're overdue for it in Camp Han's opinion. And so maybe in 2026 that's gonna happen. But at the end of the day, we had a record crop and a lot of guys locked stuff in, and then the worst hurricane in a long time came through and robbed us of the majority of that. And so um, similar thing happened with Helene a couple years ago in East Georgia. We had a really bad storm. So, you know, all that to say that, man, you these growers, these guys know the risk, right? I mean, it it is a risky business. It is a gamble. Farming is a gamble. And so out in Texas, you know, we're not gonna book anything on dryland acres, right? Because we just don't know uh what's gonna happen there, if we're gonna catch rain, if we're gonna continue to catch rain around here in the southeast, for sure, hurricanes are are a big concern right now. You know, some of the other things around uh insect pest pressure kind of come into play, and um, we're a lot of unknowns there. So, I mean, you just it it there's a lot of unknowns in terms of what can happen in a year to affect what you end up with at the end of the day. And so you don't want to, like Ron said the word overextend. I I really uh like that phrase in terms of you see the price one run, you don't want to overreact to that and then extend yourself to a point where you've made a commitment that you can't fill, and then that has to come out of your pocket at the end of the day. And so, you know, because a lot of people call me and ask questions about why people aren't booking this cotton at this level and all that good stuff. And um, but I do think that acres have moved, whether it's here in Georgia or in other places uh across the U.S. And and particularly, you know, as we get into the the Carolinas and places like that that maybe didn't have all their corn and soybeans in the ground, you know, we we had a lot of opportunity there to uh to move the needle some. So certainly a good thing, uh positive news in terms of increased uh demand being forecasted, uh positive news in terms of polyester prices going up a little bit, and so that puts us in a more favorable position. So are are we missing anything, guys, that y'all want to y'all want to talk about uh before we kind of wrap it up?

PLC Payments Timing Plus Final Takeaways

SPEAKER_04

So I think just one other thing I'll mention, or maybe a couple things, is that I do think there's you know a little more optimism out there right now. And and yes, cotton prices are higher, and that always helps, but just uh more discussions about you know shifting away from polyester and back to cotton. I think I think the conversations are taking place. I think people are starting to think more and more about it, uh starting to think more about what they put in their bodies and what they wear. Um I think I think that's a good thing. I think maybe we're finally making a shift. The other thing that I'll mention is um doesn't have to do with the 26th cotton market, but later this year in October, the 25-26 uh PLT payments will go out. So PLCR payments. And growers will get a pretty significant PLC payment for 25. So again, technically for the 25 crop year, but doesn't go out until October. And there's been a lot of questions. I've had a lot of questions in the last few months about how these higher cotton prices affect that payment. And they do bring up the price a little bit, like so in April Wazie, USCA had the lent price for the 25 marketing year at 61 cent. In the May Wall Street last week, they bumped it up to 63. So we could see how many higher prices kind of bring that up a little bit, but it's based on marketing basically for the 25 crop, is how that account price is calculated. So what I wanted all of us to just say yes, basically going from 61 to 53, maybe it goes up a little bit higher than that. It brings down that PLC payment a bit, but it's still a pretty good payment. Um so you're not your your payment's not being wiped out by these much higher prices because that's not for the same crop, for the same crop here, if that makes sense.

SPEAKER_00

Right. Right, and certainly something to uh take into account there. But you know, you you bring up a great point, and Ron said the same thing. Uh I I really do feel like the tide is changing with a lot of this stuff, and people are becoming more aware. We did an episode on microplastics last year, and I know that um the council's been very involved in that and kind of the education uh from that standpoint of uh of how important it is to understand that the biggest contributor to microplastic pollution uh in the world right now is is synthetic fiber. And so pairing that up with some of the other things that are going on, Ron mission to buy an American cotton act, I mean, it just seems like things are are turning a corner for us, and so we just need a couple more dominoes to fall, and uh we'll be in a really, really uh good spot for the time being. So anything else?

SPEAKER_03

One thing I will say thanks uh thanks for what UGA Cotton Team does for us here in Georgia and the Cotton Council um for everything they do in DC and for you know representing all the different segments. It's we really appreciate on the grower and the gin level, you know, uh what both both organizations do. And I do think the tide's turning a little bit and it's way overdue. Yeah, it's been a tough, tough few years.

SPEAKER_00

For sure. Thanks, Ron.

SPEAKER_04

So I agree.

SPEAKER_00

So again, I want to thank Ron and Jody for joining us, two very unique perspectives uh to talk about the current price, kind of what we need to be thinking about, why it's doing what it's doing, and what growers should be considering uh as we go forward. Again, want to thank you guys, and of course, want to thank Cotton Incorporated for sponsoring this effort. And if there's any questions or anything else that uh needs to be discussed on this podcast, please reach out. Thank you.

SPEAKER_01

Well, you take all my money, you take all my pride, you take up all my time, and then you take me for the ride. I got cotton picking, cotton bacon, cotton growing blue. But live and with you, make a man for you. But I can't make it stop. Where we were without you, tell them how to do that. I don't think it's going to die. I wish you all the cut, I don't take it, I don't think it's gonna be what it's gonna do. One rain away from glory, but it's still the only life I had to choose. Well, I finally made some money, it's the cotton picking cotton grooving glue.