Elk Grove Makes Progress, Programs & Pan Dulce

This week’s updates run the gamut from bold priorities outlined in the State of the City to fare-free rides for seniors, a new police report, and a festival celebrating everyone’s favorite sweet treat.

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Transcript

Kristyn Nelson: Thanks for tuning into the Elk Grove CityCast, the podcast about Elk Grove, California. I'm Kristyn Nelson, Elk Grove’s Public Affairs and Communications Manager. And with the help of artificial intelligence, we're rolling out new episodes that dive into the relevant topics, events, and happenings within our city.

We're using technology to provide you with new resources that will help you to stay informed and connect with the community at the time and with the tools that you prefer. So whether you have a passion for podcasts or print material, subscribe to social media or dig into digital. We want to be a source for local information that's valuable to you.

Now, without further ado, let me turn it over to our AI friends for a deeper dive into this week's topics. 

AI-leen: So what does it actually cost? To buy peace and quiet in a growing city. 

AI-den: That is the ultimate question, isn't it? 

AI-leen: Right. I mean, think about your own neighborhood for a second. When you look at your window, you might just see a street, some houses, maybe a bus stop. 

AI-den: Yeah. Just the everyday background of life.

AI-leen: Exactly. But underneath that surface is this sprawling, invisible engine, and it is constantly burning through millions of dollars just to keep your daily life from descending into total chaos. 

AI-den: It really is an engine. 

AI-leen: Yeah. 

AI-den: And running a modern municipality, it's incredibly similar to managing an oversized, multi-generational household.

AI-leen: Oh, I love that analogy. 

AI-den: Yeah. Just imagine a single home where you have thousands of different family members. 

AI-leen: Oh, okay. Sounds stressful. 

AI-den: It is. Because you've got grandparents trying to survive on fixed incomes. You've got teenagers who just got their driver's licenses, 

AI-leen: Right 

AI-den: You've got remote workers demanding flawless wifi, and folks who just wanna throw a yard sale every single Saturday, 

AI-leen: We all have that one neighbor.

AI-den: Exactly. Everyone has wildly different needs and entirely different priorities, 

AI-leen: But at the end of the day, they all share the exact same checkbook 

AI-den: And the exact same driveway, 

AI-leen: Which is a perfect way to set the stage. 

AI-den: Welcome to the Deep Dive. Today our mission is to decode the anatomy of a growing city. 

AI-leen: And we have a great source for this.

AI-den: We do. We are pulling apart a weekly civic dispatch called the Elk Grove Update. We're going to use this single local document as like. A skeleton key. To show you how a local government balances visionary goals, profound demographic shifts, multimillion dollar infrastructure budgets, and just everyday neighborhood harmony.

AI-leen: It really is a fascinating microcosm 

AI-den: Yeah. And by the time we finish, you will have a completely new framework for understanding the hidden gears turning in your own hometown. 

AI-leen: Because looking at a city through the lens of its weekly administrative updates, it totally bypasses all the noisy national headlines.

AI-den: Oh, for sure. 

AI-leen: You get right down to the actual metabolism of how people live together. It is the exact point where abstract policy meets the literal pavement. I mean, speaking of abstract policy. The dispatch we're looking at kicks things off right at the top with a massive big picture item. 

AI-den: Right. The state of the city address.

AI-leen: Yeah. They are heavily promoting Mayor Singh-Allen's 2026 State of the City address and the update notes. This is happening live on March 31st 

AI-den: At 10:15 AM I believe. 

AI-leen: Yeah, exactly. 10:15 AM at a local venue called District 56, and they actually make a point to say replays will be available anytime on the city's website at elkgrove.gov 

AI-den: Which is great for transparency.

AI-leen: Totally. But the core themes being pushed here, they're all about moving forward with intention, generating an impact, and outlining what they refer to as bold initiatives that will shape the city's growth. 

AI-den: Bold initiatives. 

AI-leen: Yeah, bold initiatives. And honestly, I have to be a little skeptical here. 

AI-den: ok. Lay it on me.

AI-leen: Well, bold initiatives sounds fantastic on a podium with some nice lighting. Mm-hmm. But aren't most municipal updates just. Standard bureaucratic maintenance? 

AI-den: Like what? 

AI-leen: Like fixing potholes, updating zoning codes, making sure the trash gets picked up. I mean, what makes a state of the city address more than just a political photo op?

AI-den: Well, you'd think it's just fanfare, right? But the line between standard maintenance and a bold initiative becomes very real once you look at the city's checkbook. 

AI-leen: Okay, so it always comes back to the money? 

AI-den: Always. In the machinery of local government. A state of the city address functions as the strategic starting gun for the entire municipality.

AI-leen: Interesting. 

AI-den: Yeah. When a mayor stands up and outlines those initiatives, they are basically establishing the marching orders for the city manager and the public works department, the police force, the urban planners, 

AI-leen: So it's setting the agenda for everyone. 

AI-den: Exactly. This speech dictates the logic of how the budget will be prioritized and sliced up for the next fiscal year. It signals to private developers and local businesses where the municipal energy is going, 

AI-leen: And more importantly, the municipal funding. 

AI-den: Yes. Where the funding's gonna flow. 

AI-leen: So it's really less of a victory lap and more of a financial roadmap. 

AI-den: Precisely. I mean, a speech is just words until you tie a hard logistics and funding to it. The difference between just maintaining a city and engineering a better future state is entirely dependent on where the money goes next. 

AI-leen: We actually don't have to guess if there's substance behind this specific speech because the Elk Grove dispatch immediately follows up that grand vision by rolling out a highly specific boots on the ground investment.

AI-den: A really big one. 

AI-leen: Yeah. They're actively funding a systemic shift in how a massive portion of their population moves around the city 

AI-den: and unlocking that kind of movement requires heavy intervention. 

AI-leen: It really does. So the dispatch outlines the new Seniors Ride Fare-Free pilot program, 

AI-den: Which is running on a trial basis all the way through June, 2027.

AI-leen: Right. But the underlying demographics here are what really caught my attention. 

AI-den: Oh, the numbers are staggering. 

AI-leen: Yeah. 

AI-den: There are over 31,000 people, age 62 and older, currently living in Elk Grove 

AI-leen: 31,000. That is huge. 

AI-den: It is. That demographic makes up roughly 17% of the entire city's population. And the city explicitly acknowledges in the update that a large portion of these seniors are transitioning onto fixed incomes, 

AI-leen: which makes them highly vulnerable to the rising cost of living.

AI-den: Exactly. So the city just removed the financial barrier entirely. 

AI-leen: Just erased it. 

AI-den: Yep. If you are 62 or older, you just flash a government issued ID or a driver's license to prove your age and your Elk Grove residency. 

AI-leen: And then what? 

AI-den: And then you can ride any SAC RT bus routes in the city, or even the commuter route to Sacramento completely for free. 

AI-leen: Let's really unpack the mechanics of that, because this isn't just about, you know, being nice to older folks. 

AI-den: No, not at all. 

AI-leen: It's essentially a localized stimulus check, but instead of handing them cash, the city is just erasing their mobility tax. 

AI-den: That's a great way to put it, 

AI-leen: Right. Because the money they don't spend on gas or car insurance or bus fare, that goes straight back into their pockets 

AI-den: and then it goes straight into the local economy. 

AI-leen: Yes. 

AI-den: When people age and hit that fixed income bracket, one of the first things that happens is their geographical footprint shrinks 

AI-leen: Getting around, becomes a luxury 

AI-den: Exactly. By absorbing the friction of transportation costs, the local government is practicing what we call preventative social medicine. 

AI-leen: Wait, preventative social medicine. Break that down for me. 

AI-den: Okay. So it means treating a social ailment before it becomes a full-blown crisis. 

AI-leen: Okay. 

AI-den: Senior isolation is a quiet epidemic in sprawling cities. It leads to severe mental and physical health declines, 

AI-leen: Which I imagine is terrible for the individuals, but also costly for the city. 

AI-den: Exactly. It ultimately puts a massive strain on emergency medical services and social safety nets down the line. 

AI-leen: I see. 

AI-den: So by giving 17% of the population a free pass to leave their homes, the city is aggressively fighting that isolation.

AI-leen: So you suddenly have tens of thousands of people who can easily go to the park or volunteer at the library 

AI-den: Or just meet friends for coffee, 

AI-leen: right, without worrying about a meter running on their bank account. And the money they save on getting to the local diner is the money they spend on a second cup of coffee while they were there.

AI-den: It keeps the capital circulating within the city limits, 

AI-leen: Which is brilliant. 

AI-den: And by structuring this as a pilot program. Through June, 2027, the city gives itself a long enough runway to collect hard data. 

AI-leen: So they're gonna study the impact, 

AI-den: Right. They will be able to track how mobility patterns change, identify which bus routes see the highest utilization, and calculate whether the economic stimulation actually outweighs the sheer cost of subsidizing 31,000 potential transit fares.

AI-leen: But, you know, mobilizing 31,000 seniors instantly creates a totally new municipal headache. 

AI-den: It definitely shifts the logistical burden, 

AI-leen: right? Because if you have more pedestrians on the sidewalks, more people waiting at bus stops, more foot traffic in retail centers, you have to physically manage and protect all those people in public spaces.

AI-den: You can't just encourage everyone to go outside and then hope for the best. 

AI-leen: Exactly. Which is why the architecture of public safety has to scale perfectly with the population's mobility. 

AI-den: And you can see this tension mapped out in the next major item in the dispatch. 

AI-leen: The Elk Grove Police Department's 2025 annual report and the metrics released in this report are just. Well, they're hard to wrap my head around. 

AI-den: They are massive numbers. 

AI-leen: They really are. The department highlights transparency and community trust as their foundational pillars, and then they drop this statistic. Over the past year, elk Grove police officers responded to nearly 100,000 calls for service. A hundred thousand. And despite that volume. They successfully reduced overall crime by 2%, 

AI-den: Which is an incredible achievement. 

AI-leen: It is, and the city is putting this report front and center. They made it available on the city's website, and they're even publishing breakdowns on the police department's YouTube channel, 

AI-den: Really showing off their resource utilization and crime trends.

AI-leen: Yeah. We really need to look at the mechanism behind that 100,000 number. 

AI-den: We do. Because a call for service is a very broad umbrella. 

AI-leen: It's not a hundred thousand bank robberies. 

AI-den: No, definitely not. It's not just dramatic emergencies. It encompasses noise complaints, wellness checks on elderly residents, minor traffic collisions, 

AI-leen: Lost children, reports of suspicious vehicles, all of that.

AI-den: Exactly 

AI-leen: Right. But even if it's just a cat stuck in a tree. Doing the math on 100,000 calls, that is roughly 270 calls every single day of the year. 

AI-den: It's nonstop. 

AI-leen: That's a distinct incident requiring attention every five minutes around the clock. 

AI-den: Wow. When you put it like that, 

AI-leen: Right. So my question is, is the 2% drop in crime the real story here? Or is it the sheer logistical feed of keeping the system from collapsing under the weight of a hundred thousand human interactions? 

AI-den: Well, the 2% drop is the shiny object. Right? It looks great on a political mailer. 

AI-leen: Sure. 

AI-den: But the hidden machinery of the city, the real story is the logistics of triage. Triage. To process a hundred thousand incidents without going bankrupt requires a deeply sophisticated dispatch mechanism. 

AI-leen: How so? 

AI-den: Well think about what happens when you call a non-emergency line about a noise complaint. A human dispatcher has to receive that call, log the data into a computer aided dispatch system, weigh its priority against, say, a traffic accident happening across town, 

AI-leen: Right. They have to rank it, 

AI-den: then they assign it to an available patrol unit. Based on geographical proximity, track the officer's onsite resolution and then process all the subsequent paperwork 

AI-leen: And every single call triggers that entire chain of events. 

AI-den: Every single one. 

AI-leen: Wow. 

AI-den: So dropping the crime rate by 2% while managing that kind of volume, it means your personnel scheduling, your vehicle maintenance, and your communication infrastructure have to operate at an incredibly tight tolerance.

AI-leen: They can't afford any bottlenecks. 

AI-den: Exactly. It proves the department isn't just reacting and running frantically from one nine one one call to the next. They're finding the bandwidth to actually implement proactive preventative community engagement. 

AI-leen: But operating a triage center at that level of efficiency demands one crucial resource.

AI-den: Oh, absolutely. An ocean of money. 

AI-leen: An ocean of money. 

AI-den: Yes. 

AI-leen: And this brings us to the harsh reality of the municipal checkbook, 

AI-den: Which is never as big as we want it to be. 

AI-leen: Never. Because funding free transit for. Fifth of your population and operating a hyper-efficient a hundred thousand call triage center that drains resources fast.

AI-den: Cities have to be ruthless about what they prioritize 

AI-leen: they do, which is why I found the next part of the dispatch so fascinating. 

AI-den: The broadband decision. 

AI-leen: Yes. It outlines a staggering $40 million project that the city of Elk Grove just formally decided they're not going to build. 

AI-den: It's an incredible study in how local government recognizes its own limits, 

AI-leen: Right. Because the impulse of a growing city is usually to build more, control more and provide more, 

AI-den: But you can't build everything. 

AI-leen: You really can't. Let's look at the data they provided in their broadband update. So the city just completed a comprehensive review of a municipal broadband initiative. They were debating whether the city government itself should step in and provide high speed internet to residents, 

AI-den: Right. Acting as an internet service provider. 

AI-leen: Exactly. But after mapping it out, they found that roughly 93% of elk grove households already have access to high-speed service through private providers 

AI-den: Like AT&T or Comcast. 

AI-leen: Yeah. And those private companies are actively continuing to expand their networks.

AI-den: So the city was really only looking at the remaining gap. 

AI-leen: The last 7% of households. But the feasibility study determined that building a city funded network, just to cover that final 7% gap, would cost an estimated $40 million. 

AI-den: $40 million for 7%. 

AI-leen: It's wild. So faced with that price tag, city staff officially determined the investment is “not fiscally prudent.” 

AI-den: Which is a very polite way of saying, no way. 

AI-leen: Yeah, exactly. They completely discontinued all city led efforts to build a public network. They decided their best move is to step back, monitor the situation, and just coordinate with private companies. 

AI-den: We have to talk about why that final 7% costs $40 million. 

AI-leen: They do 

AI-den: Because it illustrates a fundamental rule of civic infrastructure. Engineers refer to this as the last mile problem, 

AI-leen: the last mile problem. Unpack that for us. Why does the cost suddenly skyrocket just to reach a few more houses? 

AI-den: It comes down to density versus sprawl. Running fiber optic cable through a dense neighborhood or a department complex is highly cost effective because you dig one trench or utilize one utility pole to serve hundreds of paying households.

AI-leen: So the cost per foot is divided among all those users. 

AI-den: Exactly, but reaching the last 7% usually means pushing out to the rural edges of town or navigating geographically difficult terrain. 

AI-leen: Right. 

AI-den: You might have to pay for directional boring under highways, secure, expensive right of way permits and lay miles of physical cable just to reach three farmhouses at the end of a dirt road.

AI-leen: Oh, wow. 

AI-den: The physical labor and material costs don't change, but the number of users footing the bill drops to almost zero. 

AI-leen: So it's basically like the city deciding whether to build a $40 million private gold paved driveway for the last few houses on the very edge of town, 

AI-den: Pretty much. 

AI-leen: Or just letting private delivery trucks figure out how to get there.

AI-den: Yeah, it's a brutal fiscal reality check. 

AI-leen: It really is, especially since high speed internet is essentially. A basic utility now. I mean, you need it for school, for work to access the very city services we've been talking about. 

AI-den: Oh, definitely. 

AI-leen: So the desire to ensure 100% equity, it's a noble goal. 

AI-den: It is noble, but it introduces the concept of opportunity cost.

AI-leen: Opportunity cost. 

AI-den: Right. In economics, opportunity cost is the potential benefit you lose when you choose one alternative over another. 

AI-leen: So if you spend the money here, you can't spend it there. 

AI-den: Exactly. If the city spends $40 million of public funds on broadband for 7% of the population that is $40 million, they literally cannot spend on upgrading police dispatch software 

AI-leen: Or funding the senior transit program 

AI-den: Or fixing the roads that 100% of the population uses.

AI-leen: Wow. So government doesn't always have to be the builder of everything. 

AI-den: No, it doesn't. 

AI-leen: Sometimes the most powerful tool a city council has is simply saying no. And acting as a coordinator rather than a contractor. 

AI-den: It's all about knowing your role in the ecosystem. 

AI-leen: Well, we've been talking about tens of millions of dollars. Citywide infrastructure and macro level demographics. 

AI-den: The big heavy stuff. 

AI-leen: Yeah, the heavy stuff. But what I appreciate about the Elk Grove dispatch is that it doesn't just stay in the clouds. 

AI-den: It definitely doesn’t. 

AI-leen: It shifts abruptly from these multimillion dollar breaks right down to the hyperlocal granular level of the sidewalks, 

AI-den: Which is where you see the actual personality of the city emerge.

AI-leen: Oh, completely. 

AI-den: The macro infrastructure is just the container. The micro level ordinances dictate how people actually behave inside that container. 

AI-leen: And the dispatch highlights two highly specific updates that perfectly illustrate how a city tries to engineer neighborhood culture. 

AI-den: Oh, I love these two updates.

AI-leen: Right. First up, we have the promotion of the third annual day of La Concha, Elk Grove Sweet Fest. 

AI-den: The Sweet Fest. 

AI-leen: Yeah. This is happening on Sunday, April 12th 

AI-den: from 10:00 AM to 4:00 PM I think. 

AI-leen: Yep. 10 to four. Interestingly, it's at District 56. 

AI-den: Wait, isn't that the exact same venue where the mayor is giving her state of the city address?

AI-leen: It is. It's the exact same spot. 

AI-den: That's great. 

AI-leen: It really is. So it's a celebration of traditional Mexican sweet breads, specifically Pan Dulce. And the update even takes a moment to explain what a La Concha is for anyone who might not know. 

AI-den: Which is a nice touch. 

AI-leen: Yeah, it explains. It's a sweet bread that resembles a seashell and usually comes in pink, tan, or brown.

AI-den: Sounds delicious, 

AI-leen: Doesn't it? And it is a completely free event presented by a community group called Artners and officially sponsored by the city. 

AI-den: You know, sponsoring a Sweet Bread festival might seem frivolous compared to a $40 million broadband decision. 

AI-leen: It really does seem like small potatoes, 

AI-den: But it actually serves a vital structural purpose.

AI-leen: How so? 

AI-den: This is the city actively investing in social capital. 

AI-leen: Social capital? 

AI-den: yeah. By funding a free event centered around cultural food, they're creating a shared physical space that brings disparate demographics together. 

AI-leen: Ah, I see. So the seniors riding the free bus, the remote workers, the teenagers, 

AI-den: Exactly. They all end up in the same plaza. Facilitating those positive low stakes interactions builds the cultural connective tissue with the city. 

AI-leen: It builds community joy. 

AI-den: It really does. 

AI-leen: But then right next to the Sweetbread announcement, we get a very stern reminder that community joy has its limits. 

AI-den: Oh, the garage sales.

AI-leen: Yes. Especially when it comes to the driveway. 

AI-den: Yes

AI-leen: The dispatch includes a quick guide to garage and yard sale rules, and they are not messing around. 

AI-den: They really aren't 

AI-leen: under Elk Grove Municipal code 23.9 2.020. Residents are strictly limited to holding a garage, yard or estate sale a maximum of four times per calendar year, 

AI-den: Four times a year. No exceptions. 

AI-leen: No exceptions. Furthermore, the sale can only last for a maximum of two consecutive days, and it has to take place entirely within your own home garage or yard. 

AI-den: They're very specific. 

AI-leen: Extremely. Yeah, and the rules about signage are intensely specific. You can use signs to direct customers, but you absolutely cannot staple them to utility poles or stick them in public medians or tape them to street signs. And you have to collect every single sign when you're done, or you will be hunted down and cited by code enforcement. 

AI-den: It is a hilarious contrast, isn't it? 

AI-leen: It is, 

AI-den: But it makes perfect sense. The Sweet Fest is the city acting as a cultural host, 

AI-leen: Right 

AI-den: The Garage sale ordinance is the city acting as a referee. These rules exist to prevent a concept known as the tragedy of the commons. 

AI-leen: The tragedy of the commons. I've heard that term used in environmental science. Like with overfishing, but how does it apply to used lawnmowers and yard sale signs? 

AI-den: Well, the tragedy of the commas is an economic theory where individuals acting independently in their own self-interest end up depleting or ruining a shared public resource.

AI-leen: Okay. So how does that work in a neighborhood? 

AI-den: Think about the neon signs. If one person staples a cardboard sign to a telephone pole to sell an old couch, it's not a big deal. 

AI-leen: Sure. And nobody really notices. 

AI-den: Right. But if public space goes unregulated and 50 people staple their signs to the poles and leave them there to rot in the winter rain.

AI-leen: Oh yeah. The shared visual environment of the neighborhood just degrades 

AI-den: Exactly. The public space looks neglected, which subconsciously signals to everyone that the neighborhood is deteriorating. 

AI-leen: Without the municipal code limiting sales to four times a year, you inevitably get that one neighbor who decides their front lawn is now a permanent 365 day a year flea market.

AI-den: Exactly. And a permanent flea market means strangers constantly parking in front of other people's driveways. 

AI-leen: Traffic congestion on a quiet residential street, 

AI-den: And endless friction between neighbors. The city has to establish these strict boundaries to maintain baseline peace. 

AI-leen: I just love that the city has to explicitly warn people not to stick neon signs on street medians. You just know someone did it caused a massive traffic hazard, and that's the only reason the rule is in the dispatch. 

AI-den: Oh, guaranteed. Every rule has a backstory. 

AI-leen: It does, but seriously, it's wild to realize how these tiny rules about pink seashells and yard sale signs actually form the foundation of that grand state of the city vision we started with. 

AI-den: Because you can't have a visionary forward-looking city if the everyday reality of living there is chaotic.

AI-leen: That makes total sense. 

AI-den: If neighbors are constantly at war over parking disputes, or if there's no cultural cohesion bringing different demographics together, the grand initiatives will just fail. The macro goals of economic growth, public safety and infrastructure development are entirely dependent on the micro level harmony of the residential streets.

AI-leen: We've really pulled this whole organism apart today. 

AI-den: We really covered a lot of ground. 

AI-leen: We started at the mayor's podium mapping out the future. We looked at the economic stimulus of 31,000 seniors riding the bus for free. 

AI-den: The massive human triage required to process a hundred thousand police calls. 

AI-leen: Yes. And examined the ruthless fial discipline of a $40 million infrastructure rejection 

AI-den: And ended up looking at a pink pastry and a neighbor's yard sale sign. 

AI-leen: It's all connected. Every single piece of that dispatch is an invisible gear turning to keep the household running. 

AI-den: It requires an incredibly delicate, continuous balancing act to keep a city functional.

AI-leen: And what's truly amazing is that this level of transparency is just sitting there waiting to be read. 

AI-den: It's totally public. 

AI-leen: You don't have to be a policy wonk or an urban planner to see how the engine works. Elk Grove makes this incredibly accessible by allowing anyone to sign up for these weekly Monday email updates right at elkgrove.gov.

AI-den: It is a masterclass in local governance delivered straight to an inbox. 

AI-leen: It really is. 

AI-den: And you know, it leaves us with something critical to consider. 

AI-leen: What's that? 

AI-den: When we hear the word government, our brains almost automatically default to the noise of national politics. 

AI-leen: Oh, sure. Federal elections. Massive global policies.

AI-den: Exactly. But the reality is it is local government that dictates your immediate everyday existence. 

AI-leen: Yeah. 

AI-den: It dictates how fast a dispatcher routes a police officer to your street. Whether your aging parents can afford to get to the grocery store and whether your neighborhood feels cohesive or chaotic.

AI-leen: That is so true. 

AI-den: So if you were to audit your own local city's weekly updates right now, what would you find? Are they investing in the mechanisms of a community you actually want to live in, or are they just funding a vision of the past? 

AI-leen: That is the ultimate question to ask yourself because whether we like it or not, we are all living in that sprawling, multi-generational household.

AI-den: We certainly are. 

AI-leen: and we all have to figure out how to share the same driveway without driving each other. Crazy. Thank you so much for joining us on this deep dive. It's been a privilege unpacking the hidden mechanics of the city with you. Keep looking closer at the world right outside your front door. Take care.

Kristyn Nelson: Thank you for listening to the Elk Grove CityCast. Tune in again soon for another deep dive into the news events and happenings around the City of Elk Grove. Like what we're doing? Please rate, review, and subscribe to the show to help spread the word to other audiophiles. Want more news before the next episode? Follow the City of Elk Grove on social media. You can find us on X, Facebook, Instagram, LinkedIn, and Nextdoor. Or get our news delivered directly to your inbox by signing up for the city's weekly email update at elkgrove.gov. Thanks again for listening For the City of Elk Grove, I'm Kristyn Nelson.