The AFS Exchange

From Student to Supporter: Jenny’s Lifelong Impact

AFS-USA Season 5 Episode 7

AFS-USA's Mission- It's More Important Now Than Ever!

In this inspiring episode, we sit down with Jenny Kissinger Messner, an AFS alumna who believes that our mission is more important now than ever. Her journey from student to major donor shows the lifelong impact of student exchange. We'll hear about her transformative year abroad in Brazil in 1970, how that experience shaped her life and family, and why she is so passionate about supporting the next generation of global citizens.

This August, Double Your Impact!

Thanks to the extraordinary generosity of Jenny and the Speedwell Foundation, every dollar you give to AFS-USA in August 2025 will be matched, up to $250,000. Your donation will directly fund scholarships for students, giving them access to life-changing global experiences.

Double your impact and donate now at afsusa.org/donate.

Guests:
Jenny Kissinger Messner
Audio clips from scholarship recipients 

Other Episodes About Scholarships:
How Scholarships Can Change Lives
The Power of Study Abroad: 4 Returnee Stories

More from AFS-USA: 🏠Host a Student | ✈️Study Abroad | 🤝Volunteer | 🏫For Educators | 📧Contact the Show

Kate M.
Hello and welcome to The AFS Exchange. I'm Kate Mulvihill. On this podcast, we share real stories from the AFS community. We're here to explore how exchange programs change lives, one conversation at a time.

Jenny Kissinger Messner   
I just think we've been building too many walls and not enough bridges.
I think once you go abroad, you're never quite the same. Once another culture gets under your skin, your horizons get broader, and your heart gets more capable of understanding cross culturally, where someone else is coming from. And I think America needs that now more than ever.

Kate M.
Today, we're sharing an inspiring story that spans decades and continents. A story about a person whose own AFS experience is directly responsible for nearly 200 other young people to have their own.
Her name is Jenny Kissinger Messner, and she is an AFS returnee who studied abroad in Brazil in 1970.
From that first experience forward, Jenny has been a remarkable advocate for AFS, having worn many hats over the past 55 years- from serving on our National Board and President's Council, to leading fundraising campaigns and even sending her daughter on an AFS program.
She also has kept alive her love of Brazil and the Portuguese language, always looking for opportunities to speak it and to connect with others- be it in small town Pennsylvania, New York City, or on one of her many return trips to Brazil. Her journey embodies the lifelong impact of global exchange.

Also? Jenny and her husband Mike have been longtime donors to AFS through their foundation, called, The Speedwell Foundation. Over the past 20 years, they have provided full-ride scholarships for nearly 200 students to become global citizens.

And throughout August 2025- so, you know, right now- Jenny and her husband Mike Messner will be matching every dollar that is donated to AFS-USA this month, up to $250,000! To do the math, that could be half a million dollars to support AFS’s mission of creating a more just and peaceful world. You can donate at afsusa.org/donate.

In the meantime, I’m going to get started sharing Jenny’s story. We’ll talk more about the importance of giving to organizations like AFS-USA throughout this episode. Also in this episode, I will be sprinkling in clips from AFS participants, recorded after receiving scholarships, but before heading on program.

But, to start, let’s hear Jenny’s story. What impact did her AFS program have on her life…? Obviously, quite a significant one. Let’s find out.

[Music]

Jenny Kissinger Messner
My name is Jenny Kissinger Messner. I have for the past 55 years, worn many AFS hats.
But by far my biggest experience was my own year abroad in Brazil in 1970. I did the school program year abroad.
I was just a small town kid. From a small town called Lititz in Pennsylvania, in Lancaster County.
My dad's a plumber. My mom was working in a high school office, and I sauntered into the lobby of a high school in October of junior year and saw a poster in the slate case that said, want to be an exchange student. And boy, I did.

Jenny Kissinger Messner
Lititz had an AFS chapter organization that funded most of my expenses. So I was very, very lucky to have financial support, and that became key for why I gave back later in the same way.
So my high school had had quite a few AFSers come into our high school for the year, and I knew well the families that had most of them, they were wonderful young people from Norway and Chile, but no one had ever wanted to go, and I couldn't quite understand it.

Kate M.
Jenny had been learning Spanish since the fourth grade. But at this point in AFS’s history, participants couldn’t select which countries they went to. So, while she could have been sent to a Spanish-speaking county, it wasn’t a given. But she had an adventurous spirit and was open to pretty much anything.

Jenny Kissinger Messner
So I raised my hand, and sure enough, in January,1970 I'm on a plane for the first time, going overnight to Rio with a group of 25 frightened other Americans for a week of orientation and language study in a monastery up on a hill overlooking Copacabana Beach with São Conrado Mountains there. It was dreamy. But, man, we were shell shocked. I remember all night long on the plane going, what? What did I get myself into?
But AFS took such good care of us. We really were in it together. They kept it light and bright, and they had wonderful music performances. The AFS Brazil organization was very welcoming and made us feel comfortable before we all got in our buses and went to our host families all over the country.

Kate M.
Jenny headed to São Paulo. Her bus ride? Likely about 6 hours. Brazil is about the size of the United States, minus Alaska and Hawaii. So, 6 hours, not too bad. She would be living in the suburbs of São Paulo, in a town called Santo André.
So during that bus ride, she inspected the photograph of her host family. That’s the only thing she had to go off. And they just had one picture of her, the photo from her passport. They were expecting a tall American girl with long blonde hair.

Jenny Kissinger Messner
Well, it turns out I'm a short American girl with long blonde hair. But they thought all Americans were tall.

Kate M.
The family and Jenny found each other, and they took her home. This family was very interested in the United States, and were so happy to open their home to her. Her mother worked for General Electric, and her father worked at the mayor's office. Jenny also had two siblings, Deborah and Carlos Eduardo.
Not long after arriving at her new home and settling in, Jenny got started with her language study. She didn’t really have much of a choice.

Jenny Kissinger Messner
And I had 30 days to learn as much Portuguese as possible, because school is going to start in a month. I remember having headaches from thinking so hard, and my host sister wouldn't let me go to bed until I had named everything that she pointed to in the bedroom.

Kate M.
So with Deborah's help, Jenny had the basics down. Also, she was quite knowledgeable when it came to any vocabulary pertaining to homegoods. However, when she got to school…
 
Jenny Kissinger Messner
I remember the first day of school sitting in my Catholic private school with my pen in one hand and my notebook in the other, and not having a clue what the teachers were saying or what to write down. And I went like that for days and weeks, until finally, what I wrote down had more Portuguese in it than English. And then I had a dream with Portuguese in it, and I knew I had made it.

Kate M.
Jenny spent the rest of her year soaking up as much of Brazil as she possibly could.

Jenny Kissinger Messner
So after that, it was just a wonderful experience of learning about the family in this country that I didn't know very much about. They took me to Carnival. We went to Carnival parties. It happened to be a World Cup year, and the Brazilian national team won the World Cup that year. So I was sitting in the back of a Volkswagen Bug, holding the Brazilian flag out the window and zooming through Santo André celebrating. And even better, I got to meet Pelé. He came through with other members of the national team to see on a goodwill tour. So the year flew by and I was not ready to go home. I really, I really had loved it, but off you go.

Kate M.
This was the end of her AFS program, yes, technically, but absolutely not the end of her connection to Brazil, or her involvement with AFS.

Jenny Kissinger Messner
My mother told me that on the way home down the New Jersey Turnpike back to Pennsylvania, I kept lapsing into Portuguese on the way home, because I was really much more comfortable speaking Portuguese at that point.
So next was half a year left of my senior year, and doing slideshows to share my experience with the Rotary Club and the Lions Club. I had a great time feeling like an ambassador in reversal mode, sharing Brazil.
And then it was time to go off to college. I picked University of Pennsylvania because it was the best school inside Pennsylvania. I'm pretty sure my AFS experience helped me get in there. Majored in international relations.

Jenny Kissinger Messner
I met my future husband at a fraternity party. Mike was a football player. I was the girl with blonde hair in the corner speaking animatedly in this foreign language.

Kate M.
Mike knew that his teammate had been recruited from another country for the purpose of kicking the extra points for Penn’s football team. However, Mike didn’t know that this “other country” was Brazil. He also didn’t know that only 1 of the 2 people in that conversation was actually a native speaker of this foreign language.

Jenny Kissinger Messner
So he and I were talking, talking, talking, and poor Michael thought, oh, there's this great Latina girl. She's weighing her hands. I'm so animated. Little did he know he often says bait and switch, because I'm really practically Amish on my real side, and it's like a switch that I throw to be Brazilian when I need to. So Michael, Michael is very understanding.

Kate M.
After college, she returned to Brazil for a year, through an international fellowship. She studied Brazilian attitudes toward American multinational corporations. She also interned at the Sao Paolo branch of an American bank, getting to know the accounting system of Brazilian banks.
Also, thanks to the real bond she had formed with her host family during her AFS program, she was able to live with them for another year during this experience.

After returning to the States, Jenny and Mike got married, and she began a career in international banking with the Bank of New England. As they started their family, her passion for the Portuguese language, for Brazil, and for AFS? It never faded.

That enduring connection to Portuguese and Brazil is what we'll explore next- how this life-changing experience has truly stayed with her through all these years. After that, we'll dive into how she's been giving back to AFS in such a significant way.

Jenny Kissinger Messner   
I was always looking for some way to use my Portuguese, because I didn't want to get rusty.

Kate M.
For example, she volunteered as a Portuguese interpreter for parent teacher conferences at her children's school. Jenny was also a volunteer with the Philadelphia Civic Center, serving as a tour guide for bus tours around the city. There were frequently Portuguese-speaking tourists, ready to learn about the City of Brotherly Love.

Jenny Kissinger Messner
I actually ended up on a bus with a crowd of Brazilian Navy men, and they sat there as I did my whole tour of Philly in Portuguese for them. And they were so kind, and they were. So they were so gracious, and they were so happy that someone had learned their language. It was really very sweet.

I have found disarming Brazilians with my knowledge of their language one of my favorite things to do in the world. I mean, I can, they just totally don't expect it when they see me. I open my mouth, and out comes São Paulo Portuguese, and they are so thoroughly disarmed, a great world experience.

Kate M.
She also shared a story about a time she had just arrived at her beach house and discovered a new cleaning crew finishing up inside.

Jenny Kissinger Messner    
I stuck my head in and I thought I heard Portuguese, so when they came out, I said, Oh, vocês terminaram já?, asking them if they were done. And their mouths dropped open, and then one girl dropped the broom, and we went on to have the most fun conversation about, Oh, where are you from? And how do you know Portuguese, and who are you? That kind of thing.

I love those moments, those spontaneous moments. And we lived in New York for a while, and I used to keep my ear open for Portuguese, but there are a lot of Brazilian visitors in New York, and I like to think of my AFS experience as having knit together the world with these things that I call heart strings. You have to keep them strong, and you have to pass more by being open hearted and keep the connections going. And I think the more Americans who do this, the more interwoven the fabric of heartstrings.

Kate M.
Lastly, Jenny recounted an experience where her Portuguese skills allowed her to truly connect with people. This time, actually back in Brazil. She was there with her daughter Rebecca, who, by this point, had also learned Portuguese. She was also with her husband Mike, who had learned… a few phrases. One day, Jenny and Rebecca needed to go run some errands…

Jenny Kissinger Messner
I had taught Mike how to order a beer in Portuguese, and so I sent him off to the cafe while Rebecca and I went to go shop for shoes. And when we came back with Rebecca shoes, there was Mike drinking his beer at the bar, and I come in and Becca and I start speaking Portuguese. The next thing you know, we had a table on the sidewalk, and the waiters were circling us and taking such good care of us. I mean, it was just one of the most special sidewalk real experiences of my life, right? And just testament to how delighted people are when Americans don't do the trouble of learning their language. I mean, they're always told they have to learn English, and if we wanted to, we could speak English to the whole world and no one would expect anything more of us. But that needs to change. I mean, how much better a way of showing you care about another country than taking it upon yourself to learn the language. So that's one of the big reasons why I expect my students to learn another language. Give your head that challenge.

Kate M.
Yes... her students. As I mentioned at the top, Jenny is a dedicated donor who helps fund scholarships for AFS-USA. We've heard so far about her incredibly valuable AFS experience, how it shaped her life after high school, and how she's kept Portuguese and Brazil central to her life ever since. She truly embodies what it means to be a global citizen.
And she deeply wants others to become global citizens as well. We'll hear about her and her husband's creation of the Speedwell Scholarship Fund and their motivation behind it. But first, I want to share a couple of clips from scholarship awardees who sent in videos, expressing their gratitude to all AFS-USA’s scholarship donors.
Also- some of these students got pretty creative with their video clips. You may hear some sound effects or other noises in the background. Please do not be alarmed.

[Music fades in]

Adelei   
Hi. I'm Adelei, and I am from Lancaster, Pennsylvania. I am going to be spending one month in Denmark this summer. And I chose this destination because wherever you are, you're about less than one hour from the beach, and the beach is probably one of my most favorite places in the world.
The awarded scholarship and aid will greatly help me achieve studying abroad, because it will take a ton of weight off me and my parents' backs while I am a full time student currently and a part time cashier.
I am excited to see myself in a new scenery and to use my communication skills in an area I am not familiar with yet. I will contribute to my hosting community by sharing my American customs.
I would just like to give a big thanks to my scholarship and aid donors for giving me this opportunity that I never thought I would be able to have to study abroad, and I'm forever grateful.

Amulya   
Hi, my name is Amulya, and I'm from Bainbridge, Island, Washington. I'm going with AFS on. Year program to Egypt, because I'm interested in Egypt's culture, and I really want to learn Arabic. I think it's a beautiful language with so much history, and I think it would be awesome to learn about it.
I chose the year program, because I believe it will provide me with the opportunity to learn more about Egypt's holidays and seasons.
Studying abroad with AFS is important to me because I want to contribute in making the world a better place.
I'm so grateful that I was awarded financial aid. My family lives on one income, and they wouldn't be able to do this opportunity without receiving help. Thank you so much for all the donations, and I'm really grateful to be able to pursue my dreams and see what I want to do in the future.

Alaynah  
Hi AFS. I'm Alaynah. I am from Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and I am going abroad to Japan for a semester. I am overwhelmed with gratitude and  joy for receiving this full ride scholarship. This is the moment I prayed for when I first heard the news, I could not believe it. I was on the verge of tears, and I was just so happy to hear it. One of the first people that I told well, besides my mom, because she told me, was my friends, because they have been my biggest supporter throughout this journey.
I chose Japan because I really want to learn Japanese culture and language, because it's just so rich and amazing. I want to grow personally, and I think that a semester is a perfect amount of time because so I can experience everything Japan has to offer.
And I also really love Japanese architecture, and I want to do architecture when I go into college. So I think this is a great start for me.
I am eager to learn from others, and I can't wait to give back to the community in any way I can. AFS, I couldn't have made it this far without you. Arigato gozaimasu for everything you've done.

[Music fades out]

Kate M.
So, back to Jenny. During the 80s and 90s, she built a life and a family in the Northeast U.S. along with Mike.

Jenny Kissinger Messner
Eventually we ended up living in the New York suburbs, so Mike could work on Wall Street. And he was so successful there that we started our Speedwell Foundation right after the year 2000 and he started doing well enough that we had funds to give away.

Kate M.
The Speedwell Foundation is named after a historic home and park in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, close to where Jenny grew up. But shortly after the foundation was established, the attacks of September 11th happened not far from their new home in New Jersey.

Jenny Kissinger Messner
And of course, the first thing I thought of was AFS.
Because I got concerned, I just got the feeling that Americans were more hesitant to go abroad, more hesitant about foreigners. And I just thought there can't be a better time to do this.

Kate M.
And Jenny began… back where her relationship with AFS had started. Where the AFS Chapter in Lilitz, Pennsylvania, had provided funding for her to go to Brazil, 30 years earlier.

Jenny Kissinger Messner
I started the scholarship program. I went back to Lititz, to my high school, and found out there had only been one or two students to go abroad in like 20 years. And I thought, Oh, we got to do something about that.

Kate M.
And the Speedwell Scholars program was born. At the beginning, it was just offered to students from her alma mater. First up…

Jenny Kissinger Messner
Brave little Allison Savage stepped up, and she went to Iceland for the year. And she ended up so fluent in that language that she worked for an Icelandic newspaper in Chicago after she was finished with college.

Kate M.
The following year, the Speedwell Foundation provided a scholarship to a student going to Germany. However, the third year… no one wanted to go. So, Jenny and Mike decided to expand the scholarship offerings to students in the neighboring county. Then things really picked up.

Jenny Kissinger Messner
And we were offering 20 a year. And after that, we went practically statewide, and we’ve sent hundreds of kids abroad. We have quite a family, actually. We would bring the new students to a barbecue at a golf course near here and with their parents to meet us and to talk to the program participants who had just returned from their experience abroad.

Kate M.
These parents were maybe feeling a little worried. But at these barbecues, they got answers to their questions from Jenny, AFS volunteers, and from students who had just gotten back.

Jenny Kissinger Messner

And the nervous new kids got to see the very worldly students who had just returned from their experiences  and who came back… they were standing straighter. They were looking me right in the eye to talk, and I really felt like we had aided in their maturity and then their growth, and they were now more adventurous.

And at this point, we took a little break during the pandemic years, but we now have expanded our scholarship program nationwide, and we entrust the scholarships to the local area teams to choose students who otherwise wouldn't be able to go. They are full scholarships, and we'll keep that fund going.

Kate M.
Let’s hear from a few other students who have benefitted from the contributions made by Jenny and other generous donors throughout the years.

[Music fades in]

Athina   
Hello. My name is Athina. I am from San Antonio, Texas, and I'll be studying in France for a year through AFS.
Studying abroad through AFS isn't just travel for me, it's an experience that I hope changes my life and helps shape who I become in the future. 
But more than anything, I want to build meaningful relationships with people I meet that will last throughout my whole entire life, and I'm just excited to be a part of something bigger than myself, to create connections and embrace a way, a new way of life and proving to myself that I'm capable of independence and anything I set my mind to and to the AFS scholarship and aid donors, thank you so much.
Your generosity is not just funding your program. It's shaping futures, and I am a perfect example. It's opening doors to students like me that never imagined this experience would be possible.
So truly and with all my heart, I want to say thank you so much, because no matter how much I say, it's going to be true every time. Because without all this money, I wouldn't have been able to go because of my financial situations. But now I don't have to worry about that. So I'm truly grateful that you're helping me and other students open their mind to the world. And I hope to represent AFS with pride, and I hope to give back.

Javier 
Hola. My name is Javier, and I live in Oxford, Ohio. I'm going on the 10 month trip through AFS to Colombia.
Studying abroad through AFS is important to me, first of all, because my grandpa was Colombian, and I want to learn his culture and language and AFS can do that for me by providing a host family.
And with the sponsorships and financial aid, they have really helped me to achieve these goals and dreams that I've had for a really long time.
I want to immerse myself in my community, school and host family by participating as in as many activities as I can, as well as sharing my culture as well as learning their culture, which will benefit the community as well as me.
Thank you, AFS scholarship and aid donor for giving me this opportunity of a lifetime.

Marissa   
Hello from Lake Iowa, Texas. My name is Marissa, and I look forward to participating in the 2024 2025 AFS year long program in Istanbul, Turkey.
As a gap year student, I look forward to challenging myself to adapt to a new geographic and cultural context, and using this year as self reflection to learn more about my core values and purpose moving forward with my life.
This program would not have been possible without the generosity of AFS donors, because my family's financial situation made it impossible for them to contribute to my program expenses. The scholarship I've received will allow me to travel abroad without burdening my family. Thank you so much for giving me this opportunity.

[Music fades out]

Kate M.
AFS’s mission of empowering people to become global citizens… it truly matters now, in 2025, more than ever.

Jenny Kissinger Messner   
I just think we've been building too many walls and not enough bridges. I think that general attitude is even worse than after 9/11 in terms of being brave enough to want to learn.
I think once you go abroad, you're never quite the same. Once another culture gets under your skin, your horizons get broader, and your heart gets more capable of understanding cross culturally, where someone else is coming from. I mean, a dialogue gets a lot richer when you can see both sides. And I think America needs that now more than ever.

Kate M.
Jenny's incredible generosity is a driving force behind AFS-USA's mission today. In fact, her emotional support in addition to the financial support through the Speedwell Foundation, made possible the launch of the Global Citizen Scholarships & Aid program in 2024. This ambitious expansion has significantly opened doors for high school students across the United States to study abroad with AFS, giving them access to those life-changing global experiences. And Jenny knows that what AFS does? It’s not just putting teenagers on a plane and hoping they’ll figure out the next step once they get there. She has seen this as a participant, but also as a sending parent, as her daughter participated in an AFS program in the early 2000s.

Jenny Kissinger Messner
And then be aware we are not just blasting these kids out all over the world. We are giving them an umbrella of the other volunteers all over the world who care for them, care for their own students who they're sending to different areas of the world. We're in this together. The AFS World Network really provides an outside level of security right now, that's that's key. So don't you want to invest in an organization that's so well structured? I will send kids into and out of the US. We can learn from them, they can learn from us. And why not? Just like you want to raise your children, you want to raise all Americans to be as open minded as possible. It's just my core belief.

Kate M.
We've heard from some of those students earlier in this episode. These are the newest global citizens. We asked some of these scholarship recipients to describe themselves in just three words before leaving for their programs. This is what they said- these are the young people who are directly benefiting from your generosity.

[Music fades in]

Violet
Curious, creative and compassionate.

Javier   

Adventurous, determined and fun.

Zane    
Curious, respectful and patient.

Zoe    
Creative, compassionate and responsible.

Marissa   
Enthusiastic, curious and friendly.

Ivan   
Honest, caring and creative.

Adelei
Ambitious, insightful and funny.

Athina   
I'm curious, I'm open minded, and I'm steadfast. Basically, when I set my mind to something, I achieve it.

Gisella   
I am a very self motivated, independent and adventurous person.

Christopher   
Adventurous, open minded and witty.

Kathleen   
Creative, sociable and adventurous.

Kate M.
These are our global citizens- adventurous, curious, creative, ambitious, adventurous. Young people making the world a better place. Because of your support- because of donors like Jenny, and donors like you- these students don’t just study abroad. They become Active Global Citizens- gaining new perspectives, forming relationships with folks on the other side of the planet, and beginning a journey of lifelong impact.

Jenny Kissinger Messner    
I think donors need to be aware that they're investing in our country's future leaders. Probably one of the most important investments they can make.
I think that you open your children's horizons. You want to open other Americans' horizons too.

Kate M.
This program really reimagines what's possible through scholarships, proving that every gift, even those of $50 or less, truly makes a difference. You don’t just fund a program… you change lives.
And, with the generosity of Jenny and the Speedwell Foundation, every dollar you give will be matched, through August 31st, 2025. You can donate at afsusa.org/donate.
Of course if you are listening to this after August 31st, your support is still incredibly vital and encouraged! You can also go to afsusa.org/donate.

In these challenging times, I think we all long for voices of reason- voices that remind us we are still capable of empathy, connection, and community. Student exchange does that. Not with sweeping proclamations or political fanfare, but with daily, personal acts of understanding.

Jenny Kissinger Messner

But my message overall is for young people to expand their horizons. Think beyond their backyards. Be brave, be adventurous. Accept others and show some goodwill. Americans are in need of people who are brave enough to love the world. After all, it's not it's not me and them, it's us, after all. So I think that's what AFS is all about. That's why I'm still doing what I do. I think I want kids to come out, join the world.

Kate M.
A big thank you to Jenny Kissinger Messner, for chatting with me for this episode. And, of course, for her and her husband’s generosity! Also, thank you to the students whose video clips I used in this episode!

Over the years, we've produced a couple of episodes highlighting the immense value of scholarships for U.S. students going abroad. I'll briefly mention two of them here, and you can find them linked in the show notes.

First, "How Scholarships Can Change Lives." In that episode, I speak with volunteers and staff who work with two Community-Based Organizations in Nevada and Missouri. These organizations provide not only financial support but also crucial guidance during the application process, pre-departure, and return. They are deeply committed to making study abroad programs possible for students of all backgrounds.

Second, "The Power of Study Abroad: 4 Returnee Stories." There, we hear directly from four recent returnees who participated in AFS programs in France, Japan, Spain, and the Czech Republic, sharing the profound impact of their experiences.

Kate M.
Thank you for listening to The AFS Exchange! We have a lot of exciting stories coming up for this 5th season, including many more interviews with hosted students, host families, volunteers and returnees. We'd love to hear your thoughts on this episode! Send a message to podcast@afsusa.org. Also please rate and review us on Apple Podcasts and Spotify, and be sure to subscribe. To learn more about AFS-USA and international exchange, visit afsusa.org. 
 
This podcast was created by Kate Mulvihill. Social media by Julie Ball and Nina Gaulin. Special thanks to Candace O’Malley, Jennifer Dunn, Tara Hofmann, and Jonathan Gross. 

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