{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":3.75,"endTime":5.76,"body":"You're listening"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":3.75,"endTime":5.76,"body":"to the Warblers of birds Canada"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":5.76,"endTime":7.68,"body":"Podcast. I'm Andrea Gress"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":7.68,"endTime":9.57,"body":"and I am"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":7.68,"endTime":9.57,"body":"Andr130s Jimenez."},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":11.13,"endTime":13.5,"body":"Join us as we"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":11.13,"endTime":13.5,"body":"travel uncommon flight paths"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":13.53,"endTime":16.92,"body":"with our guests gaining insights"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":13.53,"endTime":16.92,"body":"and inspiration from the world"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":16.92,"endTime":21.99,"body":"of birds and bird conservation"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":16.92,"endTime":21.99,"body":"in Canada. On this week's"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":21.99,"endTime":25.47,"body":"episode of the Warblers, we are"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":21.99,"endTime":25.47,"body":"learning all about dinosaurs and"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":25.47,"endTime":29.58,"body":"their connection to birds are"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":25.47,"endTime":29.58,"body":"birds dinosaurs. When did"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":29.58,"endTime":32.88,"body":"feathers emerge? Our producer"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":29.58,"endTime":32.88,"body":"Jody Allaire, is going to be"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":32.88,"endTime":35.94,"body":"chatting with Francois Theron"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":32.88,"endTime":35.94,"body":"from the Royal Tyrrell Museum in"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":35.94,"endTime":38.73,"body":"Drumheller to get all of the"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":35.94,"endTime":38.73,"body":"juicy details"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":43.98,"endTime":45.6,"body":"welcome,"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":43.98,"endTime":45.6,"body":"Jody. Hey, Andrea."},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":45.0,"endTime":48.63,"body":"Hey, Andres. Great"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":45.0,"endTime":48.63,"body":"to be here with you guys."},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":48.66,"endTime":50.7,"body":"Yeah, it's really"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":48.66,"endTime":50.7,"body":"exciting to have you and I'm"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":50.7,"endTime":52.83,"body":"excited about this episode,"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":50.7,"endTime":52.83,"body":"because there's some good stuff"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":52.83,"endTime":56.1,"body":"coming. You were the one who"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":52.83,"endTime":56.1,"body":"really wanted to do an episode"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":56.1,"endTime":60.36,"body":"about dinosaurs and birds. Could"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":56.1,"endTime":60.36,"body":"you tell us about like what you"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":60.36,"endTime":61.35,"body":"want to get out of this one?"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":61.41,"endTime":64.08,"body":"Yeah, you know,"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":61.41,"endTime":64.08,"body":"this is a topic I've always"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":64.08,"endTime":66.9,"body":"loved for years and years and"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":64.08,"endTime":66.9,"body":"years. I think it's just so"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":66.9,"endTime":71.04,"body":"fascinating that you know, the"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":66.9,"endTime":71.04,"body":"species that we all work on,"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":71.04,"endTime":74.28,"body":"like birds, you know, I have"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":71.04,"endTime":74.28,"body":"this incredible connection to"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":74.28,"endTime":79.41,"body":"dinosaurs. And I love dinosaurs"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":74.28,"endTime":79.41,"body":"as a kid. And learning that, you"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":79.41,"endTime":82.62,"body":"know, birds are really in many"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":79.41,"endTime":82.62,"body":"ways, just the living"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":82.62,"endTime":86.49,"body":"descendants of dinosaurs is. I"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":82.62,"endTime":86.49,"body":"don't know, I just can't get"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":86.49,"endTime":88.86,"body":"enough of this story. So it's"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":86.49,"endTime":88.86,"body":"pretty exciting to be able to"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":88.86,"endTime":91.8,"body":"talk to someone who knows a lot"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":88.86,"endTime":91.8,"body":"about the subject."},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":91.83,"endTime":96.03,"body":"You mean,"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":91.83,"endTime":96.03,"body":"your inner Dino loving kid who"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":96.03,"endTime":99.66,"body":"never died? Can't get enough of"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":96.03,"endTime":99.66,"body":"this topic? Yeah,"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":99.69,"endTime":102.15,"body":"essentially. Yeah,"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":99.69,"endTime":102.15,"body":"I sort of, I don't know, I sort"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":102.15,"endTime":105.3,"body":"of still feel like I'm a big"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":102.15,"endTime":105.3,"body":"kid. But especially when we get"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":105.3,"endTime":108.54,"body":"to talk about dinosaurs. There's"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":105.3,"endTime":108.54,"body":"just something about dinosaurs"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":108.78,"endTime":112.02,"body":"eh? it's just a subject that I"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":108.78,"endTime":112.02,"body":"think is so fascinating learning"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":112.02,"endTime":115.77,"body":"so much more about our distant"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":112.02,"endTime":115.77,"body":"natural history, right? I just,"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":115.77,"endTime":119.07,"body":"I just love it and, and I love"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":115.77,"endTime":119.07,"body":"the modern connection of it."},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":119.07,"endTime":121.92,"body":"And, and it's just such a great"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":119.07,"endTime":121.92,"body":"example of how you know,"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":121.92,"endTime":125.19,"body":"evolution and natural selection"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":121.92,"endTime":125.19,"body":"work, right? It's so yeah, no,"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":125.19,"endTime":128.31,"body":"it's just I love this topic. And"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":125.19,"endTime":128.31,"body":"I'm really glad you guys we're"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":128.49,"endTime":130.74,"body":"all for having an episode about"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":128.49,"endTime":130.74,"body":"it. Yeah. So"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":130.0,"endTime":142.0,"body":"Yeah. So I'll give"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":130.0,"endTime":142.0,"body":"a quick little introduction to"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":130.59,"endTime":133.059,"body":"for this episode,"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":130.59,"endTime":133.059,"body":"you're gonna chat with Francois"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":133.109,"endTime":136.133,"body":"Therrai n at the Royal Tyrrell"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":133.109,"endTime":136.133,"body":"Museum in Drumheller. And the"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":136.183,"endTime":139.56,"body":"two of you essentially just geek"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":136.183,"endTime":139.56,"body":"out about dinosaurs and I love it."},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":142.36,"endTime":145.06,"body":"Dr. Francoise terian. So I've"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":142.36,"endTime":145.06,"body":"known Francoise for several"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":145.06,"endTime":148.78,"body":"years. He's the curator of"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":145.06,"endTime":148.78,"body":"dinosaur paleoecology at the"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":148.78,"endTime":152.38,"body":"Royal Tirol Museum of"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":148.78,"endTime":152.38,"body":"paleontology in Drumheller,"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":152.44,"endTime":155.71,"body":"Alberta. And Francoise studies a"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":152.44,"endTime":155.71,"body":"whole bunch of really"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":155.71,"endTime":158.74,"body":"interesting aspects of, of"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":155.71,"endTime":158.74,"body":"dinosaurs, but he really is"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":158.74,"endTime":162.01,"body":"interested in looking at how"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":158.74,"endTime":162.01,"body":"animals behaved when they were"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":162.01,"endTime":165.16,"body":"alive. So she prehistoric"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":162.01,"endTime":165.16,"body":"animals and what the world they"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":165.16,"endTime":169.03,"body":"lived in would have looked like"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":165.16,"endTime":169.03,"body":"these tons of research on the"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":169.03,"endTime":172.66,"body":"feeding behavior of carnivorous"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":169.03,"endTime":172.66,"body":"dinosaurs, the environment and"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":172.66,"endTime":175.6,"body":"climate in which extinct animals"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":172.66,"endTime":175.6,"body":"lived. There's he's got no"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":175.6,"endTime":179.26,"body":"shortage of research highlights,"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":175.6,"endTime":179.26,"body":"but the one I think is really"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":179.26,"endTime":182.02,"body":"pertinent to this episode is"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":179.26,"endTime":182.02,"body":"that he was part of a team that"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":182.02,"endTime":185.8,"body":"discovered the very first"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":182.02,"endTime":185.8,"body":"feathered dinosaurs from North"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":185.8,"endTime":188.86,"body":"America. So yeah, he's a great,"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":185.8,"endTime":188.86,"body":"great person to talk to you"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":188.86,"endTime":189.73,"body":"about this topic."},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":189.82,"endTime":192.07,"body":"All right,"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":189.82,"endTime":192.07,"body":"let's listen to Jody Allair"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":192.07,"endTime":195.4,"body":"interview with Dr. Francois"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":192.07,"endTime":195.4,"body":"Therrain. Here we go."},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":198.58,"endTime":200.83,"body":"Hey, welcome to the"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":198.58,"endTime":200.83,"body":"world wars podcast, Francoise."},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":200.86,"endTime":201.88,"body":"Thanks for"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":200.86,"endTime":201.88,"body":"having me."},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":201.91,"endTime":204.79,"body":"So look, let's get"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":201.91,"endTime":204.79,"body":"started by Why don't you tell us"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":204.79,"endTime":206.41,"body":"about some of the research? You"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":204.79,"endTime":206.41,"body":"do?"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":206.47,"endTime":208.75,"body":"Yeah, well,"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":206.47,"endTime":208.75,"body":"my specialty is what we call"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":208.75,"endTime":213.34,"body":"patio ecology. So it's the city"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":208.75,"endTime":213.34,"body":"of trying to reconstruct the"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":213.34,"endTime":218.32,"body":"behavior and the lifestyle of"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":213.34,"endTime":218.32,"body":"extinct animals. My particular"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":218.32,"endTime":221.38,"body":"interest is dinosaurs. But I'm"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":218.32,"endTime":221.38,"body":"interested not only as looking"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":221.38,"endTime":225.1,"body":"at their bones know which"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":221.38,"endTime":225.1,"body":"species is related to which one"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":225.1,"endTime":228.22,"body":"and is that a new species or"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":225.1,"endTime":228.22,"body":"not, I'm more interested to"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":228.4,"endTime":231.7,"body":"reconstruct how these animals"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":228.4,"endTime":231.7,"body":"were alive. So what were the"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":231.7,"endTime":236.98,"body":"lives doing as living creatures"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":231.7,"endTime":236.98,"body":"75 million years ago, for"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":236.98,"endTime":240.16,"body":"example. So I'm interested in by"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":236.98,"endTime":240.16,"body":"studying their bones, their"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":240.16,"endTime":243.13,"body":"anatomy, trying to reconstruct"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":240.16,"endTime":243.13,"body":"their lifestyle, their feeding"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":243.13,"endTime":247.15,"body":"behavior for predators, their"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":243.13,"endTime":247.15,"body":"bite for how to capture their"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":247.15,"endTime":250.63,"body":"prey. But I'm also interested in"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":247.15,"endTime":250.63,"body":"trying to reconstruct the world"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":250.63,"endTime":253.87,"body":"in which these these animals"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":250.63,"endTime":253.87,"body":"live. So by looking at the"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":253.87,"endTime":256.87,"body":"rocks, where we find these"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":253.87,"endTime":256.87,"body":"fossils, we can actually learn a"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":256.87,"endTime":260.05,"body":"lot about the habitats and the"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":256.87,"endTime":260.05,"body":"climate, the temperature, the"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":260.05,"endTime":263.53,"body":"amount of rainfall, where they"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":260.05,"endTime":263.53,"body":"living in the wetlands, where"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":263.53,"endTime":266.89,"body":"they dry, living in deserts. So"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":263.53,"endTime":266.89,"body":"that type of things trying to"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":266.95,"endTime":270.52,"body":"flesh out these animals beyond"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":266.95,"endTime":270.52,"body":"the bones and trying to"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":270.55,"endTime":274.06,"body":"reconstruct the world in which"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":270.55,"endTime":274.06,"body":"they lived and what were these"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":274.06,"endTime":276.46,"body":"animals doing at the time when"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":274.06,"endTime":276.46,"body":"they were alive?"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":276.52,"endTime":279.04,"body":"Oh, that's, that's"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":276.52,"endTime":279.04,"body":"so amazing. I have just"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":279.04,"endTime":282.46,"body":"countless other questions. I"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":279.04,"endTime":282.46,"body":"would love to talk to you about"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":282.46,"endTime":285.01,"body":"this line of work and research"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":282.46,"endTime":285.01,"body":"because it's really just"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":285.01,"endTime":289.18,"body":"incredible. But our focus is to"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":285.01,"endTime":289.18,"body":"talk about the bird dinosaur"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":289.21,"endTime":293.05,"body":"connection. I'm hoping you can"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":289.21,"endTime":293.05,"body":"help explain to us the"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":293.05,"endTime":296.65,"body":"relationship you know, between"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":293.05,"endTime":296.65,"body":"birds and dinosaurs and and how"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":296.65,"endTime":299.92,"body":"birds really evolved. One of the"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":296.65,"endTime":299.92,"body":"groups of dinosaurs that you"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":299.92,"endTime":303.85,"body":"love to work on are theropod"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":299.92,"endTime":303.85,"body":"dinosaurs that play a prominent"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":303.85,"endTime":307.99,"body":"role in the evolution of birds."},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":303.85,"endTime":307.99,"body":"Could you maybe explain to us"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":307.99,"endTime":310.75,"body":"what exactly a theropod dinosaur"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":307.99,"endTime":310.75,"body":"is?"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":311.17,"endTime":313.72,"body":"theropods are"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":311.17,"endTime":313.72,"body":"a group of dinosaurs that"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":313.72,"endTime":317.14,"body":"include all the meat eating"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":313.72,"endTime":317.14,"body":"dinosaurs and their close"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":317.14,"endTime":320.59,"body":"relatives. So that group"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":317.14,"endTime":320.59,"body":"includes famous characters like"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":320.62,"endTime":325.63,"body":"T Rex Allosaurus Spinosaurus,"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":320.62,"endTime":325.63,"body":"and even Velociraptor of"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":325.63,"endTime":329.77,"body":"Jurassic Park fame. So, so"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":325.63,"endTime":329.77,"body":"theropods are animals that"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":329.86,"endTime":334.0,"body":"walked on two legs, and most of"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":329.86,"endTime":334.0,"body":"them had sharp teeth and sharp"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":334.0,"endTime":339.49,"body":"claws to capture prey because"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":334.0,"endTime":339.49,"body":"those mediating dinosaurs those"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":339.49,"endTime":344.05,"body":"theropods there were almost all"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":339.49,"endTime":344.05,"body":"of them were predators. However,"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":344.05,"endTime":348.01,"body":"there are some groups of"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":344.05,"endTime":348.01,"body":"theropods that have lost their"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":348.01,"endTime":352.12,"body":"teeth and have evolved beaks"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":348.01,"endTime":352.12,"body":"instead. So we think that those"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":352.18,"endTime":355.57,"body":"theropods may have been instead"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":352.18,"endTime":355.57,"body":"herbivorous or omnivorous. So"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":355.57,"endTime":359.62,"body":"this means either they ate"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":355.57,"endTime":359.62,"body":"plants, or they ate plants mixed"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":359.62,"endTime":363.55,"body":"in with flesh and other things."},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":359.62,"endTime":363.55,"body":"So that's the case of some"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":363.55,"endTime":368.23,"body":"groups of theropods that we call"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":363.55,"endTime":368.23,"body":"the ortho moments or the ostrich"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":368.23,"endTime":372.76,"body":"mimic dinosaurs, and more"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":368.23,"endTime":372.76,"body":"cassowary like dinosaurs called"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":372.76,"endTime":376.54,"body":"the Oviraptor heads. Now these"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":372.76,"endTime":376.54,"body":"animals we call them as ostrich"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":376.54,"endTime":380.53,"body":"like or cassowary, like but but"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":376.54,"endTime":380.53,"body":"they're not related to those"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":380.53,"endTime":384.34,"body":"modern birds. They're, that's"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":380.53,"endTime":384.34,"body":"what we call a case of parallel"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":384.34,"endTime":389.41,"body":"evolution that similar features"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":384.34,"endTime":389.41,"body":"evolved independently in groups"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":389.41,"endTime":393.1,"body":"that are distantly related."},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":389.41,"endTime":393.1,"body":"Because in nature, there's"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":393.13,"endTime":397.66,"body":"usually very few ways to do"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":393.13,"endTime":397.66,"body":"something, right. There's"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":397.66,"endTime":401.35,"body":"usually one way to do something"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":397.66,"endTime":401.35,"body":"right. And different animals"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":401.35,"endTime":404.92,"body":"will evolve that same shape over"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":401.35,"endTime":404.92,"body":"and over again, because it works"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":404.92,"endTime":408.4,"body":"so well. So that's the case of"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":404.92,"endTime":408.4,"body":"the the ostrich mimic dinosaurs"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":408.4,"endTime":411.34,"body":"of the castle area like"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":408.4,"endTime":411.34,"body":"dinosaurs, they probably did"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":411.34,"endTime":415.6,"body":"something very similar to what"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":411.34,"endTime":415.6,"body":"modern paleo cognates do, but"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":415.96,"endTime":419.05,"body":"they're not related to modern"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":415.96,"endTime":419.05,"body":"birds. So it's a case of"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":419.05,"endTime":423.73,"body":"basically evolving very"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":419.05,"endTime":423.73,"body":"superficial similarities, but"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":423.73,"endTime":425.8,"body":"those animals are not closely"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":423.73,"endTime":425.8,"body":"related."},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":425.86,"endTime":428.74,"body":"Okay, so why don't"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":425.86,"endTime":428.74,"body":"we just jump into like the"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":428.74,"endTime":433.27,"body":"million dollar question, When"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":428.74,"endTime":433.27,"body":"exactly did birds evolve in? And"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":433.27,"endTime":434.59,"body":"how did that come about?"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":434.62,"endTime":436.87,"body":"Well, based"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":434.62,"endTime":436.87,"body":"on what we know from the fossil"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":436.87,"endTime":442.75,"body":"record, looks like the first"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":436.87,"endTime":442.75,"body":"birds evolved about 150 million"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":442.75,"endTime":446.59,"body":"years ago during a time period"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":442.75,"endTime":446.59,"body":"called the Late Jurassic. So the"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":446.59,"endTime":450.31,"body":"first birds had four wings that"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":446.59,"endTime":450.31,"body":"may come as a surprise to many"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":450.31,"endTime":453.22,"body":"listeners. But the very first"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":450.31,"endTime":453.22,"body":"birds had four wings, they had"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":453.22,"endTime":456.73,"body":"obviously wings on their four"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":453.22,"endTime":456.73,"body":"limbs, but they also had long"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":456.73,"endTime":460.48,"body":"feathers on their legs that"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":456.73,"endTime":460.48,"body":"formed leg the wings. So it's"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":460.48,"endTime":464.65,"body":"believed that those first wings"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":460.48,"endTime":464.65,"body":"would have the hell the first"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":464.65,"endTime":468.25,"body":"birds, the primitive birds to"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":464.65,"endTime":468.25,"body":"generate and enough lift, so"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":468.25,"endTime":472.12,"body":"they could stay aloft and"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":468.25,"endTime":472.12,"body":"actually start flying. But with"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":472.12,"endTime":476.53,"body":"time and probably as birds start"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":472.12,"endTime":476.53,"body":"evolving new adaptations better"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":476.53,"endTime":481.39,"body":"at that patients to flap their"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":476.53,"endTime":481.39,"body":"their, their arm wings. That's"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":481.39,"endTime":485.02,"body":"when the link the leg wings"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":481.39,"endTime":485.02,"body":"start getting smaller, the"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":485.02,"endTime":488.02,"body":"feathers got shorter, and"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":485.02,"endTime":488.02,"body":"eventually, they fully"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":488.02,"endTime":492.67,"body":"disappeared by about 125 million"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":488.02,"endTime":492.67,"body":"years ago, in a time period we"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":492.67,"endTime":496.72,"body":"called the Early Cretaceous, all"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":492.67,"endTime":496.72,"body":"birds of that time only had two"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":496.72,"endTime":499.51,"body":"wings. So it's similar to the"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":496.72,"endTime":499.51,"body":"evolution of planes. We started"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":499.51,"endTime":503.44,"body":"with biplanes that had basically"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":499.51,"endTime":503.44,"body":"the equivalent of four wings."},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":503.56,"endTime":507.34,"body":"But as the design improved, and"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":503.56,"endTime":507.34,"body":"the wings were capable of"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":507.34,"endTime":510.85,"body":"generating more left planes"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":507.34,"endTime":510.85,"body":"certain being built with only"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":510.85,"endTime":513.49,"body":"two wings, because there was"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":510.85,"endTime":513.49,"body":"enough lift generated with two"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":513.49,"endTime":516.85,"body":"wings. So it looks like birds"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":513.49,"endTime":516.85,"body":"may have gone through a similar"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":516.85,"endTime":519.07,"body":"stage in their early evolution."},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":519.31,"endTime":522.37,"body":"Did feathers evolve"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":519.31,"endTime":522.37,"body":"then in theropod dinosaurs"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":522.37,"endTime":526.12,"body":"before what we think of as a"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":522.37,"endTime":526.12,"body":"traditional bird. And when did"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":526.12,"endTime":528.01,"body":"that turn into actual flight?"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":528.28,"endTime":530.5,"body":"For the"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":528.28,"endTime":530.5,"body":"longest time, the presence of"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":530.5,"endTime":535.57,"body":"feathers was thought to be the"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":530.5,"endTime":535.57,"body":"key feature that differentiated"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":535.6,"endTime":540.19,"body":"birds from dinosaurs, birds had"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":535.6,"endTime":540.19,"body":"feathers, and dinosaurs had"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":540.19,"endTime":544.45,"body":"scales because they're reptiles,"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":540.19,"endTime":544.45,"body":"so they can't have feathers. But"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":544.48,"endTime":548.89,"body":"all that changed in 1996. With"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":544.48,"endTime":548.89,"body":"the discovery of the first"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":548.89,"endTime":553.36,"body":"fossils of small dinosaur small"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":548.89,"endTime":553.36,"body":"mediating dinosaurs that"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":553.36,"endTime":556.78,"body":"actually weren't fully covered"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":553.36,"endTime":556.78,"body":"in feathers, and we're talking"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":556.78,"endTime":560.65,"body":"about modern looking feathers"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":556.78,"endTime":560.65,"body":"with a central rake is and even"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":560.65,"endTime":565.27,"body":"vein so from those discoveries,"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":560.65,"endTime":565.27,"body":"it became clear that modern"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":565.27,"endTime":569.98,"body":"feathers had first evolved in"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":565.27,"endTime":569.98,"body":"dinosaurs, and birds must have"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":570.04,"endTime":574.42,"body":"inherited those features from"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":570.04,"endTime":574.42,"body":"their dinosaur in ancestor. So"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":574.42,"endTime":579.64,"body":"since then, I'd say hundreds,"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":574.42,"endTime":579.64,"body":"possibly 1000s of fossils of"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":579.64,"endTime":583.69,"body":"feathered dinosaurs have been"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":579.64,"endTime":583.69,"body":"discovered, mostly in a little"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":583.69,"endTime":586.6,"body":"area of China called the"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":583.69,"endTime":586.6,"body":"province of knowning. But"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":586.6,"endTime":588.76,"body":"there's also a spotty"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":586.6,"endTime":588.76,"body":"occurrences of feathered"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":588.76,"endTime":592.87,"body":"dinosaurs all around the world."},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":588.76,"endTime":592.87,"body":"And based on those fossils, we"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":592.87,"endTime":597.07,"body":"see that first of lots of meat"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":592.87,"endTime":597.07,"body":"eating dinosaurs were covered in"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":597.07,"endTime":600.61,"body":"feathers, but also we see the"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":597.07,"endTime":600.61,"body":"history of evil missionary"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":600.61,"endTime":605.68,"body":"history of feathers we see that"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":600.61,"endTime":605.68,"body":"in more primitive theropods,"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":605.68,"endTime":609.64,"body":"those that are more distantly"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":605.68,"endTime":609.64,"body":"related to birds. feathers were"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":609.64,"endTime":613.81,"body":"very, very simple. And by that"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":609.64,"endTime":613.81,"body":"we mean that they're some people"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":613.81,"endTime":616.39,"body":"call them dinosaur fuzz because"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":613.81,"endTime":616.39,"body":"it looks like when you look at"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":616.39,"endTime":619.81,"body":"the fossil, it looks like the"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":616.39,"endTime":619.81,"body":"fossils are surrounded by a fuzz"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":619.81,"endTime":622.48,"body":"but the feathers if you look at"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":619.81,"endTime":622.48,"body":"them under a microscope, you can"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":622.48,"endTime":625.69,"body":"see they're very simple hair"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":622.48,"endTime":625.69,"body":"like features. In fact, they're"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":625.69,"endTime":630.34,"body":"very, very similar to down"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":625.69,"endTime":630.34,"body":"feathers very simple on branch"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":630.37,"endTime":633.25,"body":"feather that looked like a"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":630.37,"endTime":633.25,"body":"little filament like a little"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":633.25,"endTime":636.73,"body":"hair. And it's believed that"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":633.25,"endTime":636.73,"body":"those first feathers were"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":636.73,"endTime":641.59,"body":"probably used for for insulation"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":636.73,"endTime":641.59,"body":"to keep the animal warm. And"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":641.59,"endTime":645.52,"body":"then as we look at fossils of"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":641.59,"endTime":645.52,"body":"theropods, we can see that as"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":645.52,"endTime":649.33,"body":"the theropods become more"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":645.52,"endTime":649.33,"body":"evolved, they became more"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":649.33,"endTime":652.93,"body":"advanced closer and closer to"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":649.33,"endTime":652.93,"body":"birds. That's when we see that"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":652.93,"endTime":657.22,"body":"feathers started becoming more"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":652.93,"endTime":657.22,"body":"and more complex. They started"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":657.25,"endTime":660.82,"body":"as low filaments that looked"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":657.25,"endTime":660.82,"body":"like down feathers. And then"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":660.82,"endTime":665.23,"body":"they evolved more complex fade"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":660.82,"endTime":665.23,"body":"features. They evolved array"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":665.23,"endTime":669.67,"body":"kiss, they evolve barbules they"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":665.23,"endTime":669.67,"body":"evolve, they'll barbules to form"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":669.67,"endTime":673.81,"body":"veins on modern feathers. And"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":669.67,"endTime":673.81,"body":"then eventually, full blown"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":673.81,"endTime":679.69,"body":"modern feathers were present in"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":673.81,"endTime":679.69,"body":"theropods that are very closely"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":679.69,"endTime":683.2,"body":"related to birds, but are not"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":679.69,"endTime":683.2,"body":"clearly not birds. So it's"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":683.2,"endTime":685.96,"body":"telling us that yet birds"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":683.2,"endTime":685.96,"body":"feathers are extremely"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":685.96,"endTime":690.13,"body":"widespread in the in the"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":685.96,"endTime":690.13,"body":"evolution of theropods and some"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":690.13,"endTime":693.85,"body":"paleontologists even think that"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":690.13,"endTime":693.85,"body":"very primitive feathers like the"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":693.85,"endTime":698.5,"body":"doll like feathers may even have"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":693.85,"endTime":698.5,"body":"been present in the ancestor of"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":698.5,"endTime":701.32,"body":"all dinosaurs. So it's showing"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":698.5,"endTime":701.32,"body":"that actually, feathers are"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":701.32,"endTime":705.91,"body":"probably not clearly not the"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":701.32,"endTime":705.91,"body":"unique feature of birds. It's"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":705.91,"endTime":709.54,"body":"actually first they actually"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":705.91,"endTime":709.54,"body":"first evolved among dinosaurs,"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":709.69,"endTime":714.34,"body":"and only later with time, the"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":709.69,"endTime":714.34,"body":"birds inherit those feathers"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":714.34,"endTime":718.72,"body":"from their dinosaur ancestors."},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":714.34,"endTime":718.72,"body":"And as of today, we know the"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":718.72,"endTime":721.96,"body":"presence of feathers based on"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":718.72,"endTime":721.96,"body":"fossils we know that actually of"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":721.99,"endTime":727.42,"body":"at least 60 different species of"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":721.99,"endTime":727.42,"body":"meat eating dinosaurs that"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":727.42,"endTime":730.36,"body":"possess feathers, so we see that"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":727.42,"endTime":730.36,"body":"it's not just a fluke, and it's"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":730.36,"endTime":734.35,"body":"not just a few theropods that"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":730.36,"endTime":734.35,"body":"had feathers it looks like most"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":734.35,"endTime":737.59,"body":"of them if not all of them"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":734.35,"endTime":737.59,"body":"actually had feathers."},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":737.82,"endTime":740.7,"body":"Oh, this is this is"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":737.82,"endTime":740.7,"body":"incredible. So what we're seeing"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":740.73,"endTime":744.33,"body":"I guess if I can interpret what"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":740.73,"endTime":744.33,"body":"you're saying is that you know"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":744.33,"endTime":747.87,"body":"the the growth between like"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":744.33,"endTime":747.87,"body":"having hair like hollow Barb's"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":747.87,"endTime":752.22,"body":"or down plumes to all the way to"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":747.87,"endTime":752.22,"body":"asymmetrical flight feather"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":752.25,"endTime":756.96,"body":"design. All of that really"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":752.25,"endTime":756.96,"body":"happened within dinosaurs before"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":756.96,"endTime":758.82,"body":"birds were actually birds."},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":759.03,"endTime":760.8,"body":"That's"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":759.03,"endTime":760.8,"body":"absolutely right. Yeah, we see"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":760.8,"endTime":764.16,"body":"the clear evolution that"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":760.8,"endTime":764.16,"body":"feathers start very simple, and"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":764.16,"endTime":767.67,"body":"then evolved to become, as you"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":764.16,"endTime":767.67,"body":"said, as symmetrical flight"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":767.67,"endTime":772.5,"body":"feathers. The question is, what"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":767.67,"endTime":772.5,"body":"were those feathers used for?"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":772.5,"endTime":776.64,"body":"And what is the evolution of"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":772.5,"endTime":776.64,"body":"flight? How did animals that are"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":776.73,"endTime":780.0,"body":"basically ground dwelling"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":776.73,"endTime":780.0,"body":"animals start flying? And"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":780.0,"endTime":784.56,"body":"there's a lot of debate about"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":780.0,"endTime":784.56,"body":"how flight began? There's three"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":784.56,"endTime":789.03,"body":"main theories to explain that"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":784.56,"endTime":789.03,"body":"these are the attempt to answer"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":789.18,"endTime":793.68,"body":"how flight first began. One"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":789.18,"endTime":793.68,"body":"scenario is what we call the"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":793.68,"endTime":798.06,"body":"bottom down scenario where it's"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":793.68,"endTime":798.06,"body":"hypothesized that it's probably"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":798.06,"endTime":804.3,"body":"small tree dwelling theropods"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":798.06,"endTime":804.3,"body":"that started using their their"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":804.3,"endTime":809.67,"body":"feathers first for parachuting"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":804.3,"endTime":809.67,"body":"down trees, then, through time"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":809.67,"endTime":813.12,"body":"and with evolution started"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":809.67,"endTime":813.12,"body":"gliding from tree to tree, and"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":813.12,"endTime":817.68,"body":"eventually learned to flap their"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":813.12,"endTime":817.68,"body":"wings and could actually start"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":817.68,"endTime":821.61,"body":"flying. There's another scenario"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":817.68,"endTime":821.61,"body":"that's called the bottom up"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":821.61,"endTime":826.41,"body":"scenario that postulates that"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":821.61,"endTime":826.41,"body":"flight first of all, among"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":826.56,"endTime":831.75,"body":"ground dwelling theropods that"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":826.56,"endTime":831.75,"body":"had to jump maybe to capture"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":831.75,"endTime":835.35,"body":"their prey or to run away for"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":831.75,"endTime":835.35,"body":"predators or something. And then"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":835.35,"endTime":838.08,"body":"they learned that by flapping"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":835.35,"endTime":838.08,"body":"their wings, they could actually"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":838.08,"endTime":841.38,"body":"jump a little bit higher. And"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":838.08,"endTime":841.38,"body":"then with time and evolution"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":841.38,"endTime":844.71,"body":"again, basically, that flapping"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":841.38,"endTime":844.71,"body":"motion allowed the other"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":844.71,"endTime":848.13,"body":"theropod to jump higher and"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":844.71,"endTime":848.13,"body":"higher, longer distances and"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":848.13,"endTime":853.47,"body":"eventually could that translated"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":848.13,"endTime":853.47,"body":"into powered flight. And then"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":853.47,"endTime":857.85,"body":"there's a third scenario, that's"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":853.47,"endTime":857.85,"body":"a slight modification on the"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":857.85,"endTime":861.6,"body":"Senate a second scenario on the"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":857.85,"endTime":861.6,"body":"bottom up scenario, and that's"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":861.6,"endTime":865.98,"body":"been observed by studying modern"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":861.6,"endTime":865.98,"body":"birds for example, species of"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":866.13,"endTime":870.15,"body":"mostly ground dwelling birds"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":866.13,"endTime":870.15,"body":"like Chuck are partridges,"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":870.18,"endTime":875.43,"body":"Turkey, even pigeons, and birds"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":870.18,"endTime":875.43,"body":"that are capable of flying but"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":875.49,"endTime":878.04,"body":"actually spend a lot of time on"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":875.49,"endTime":878.04,"body":"the ground and it was"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":878.07,"endTime":882.51,"body":"discovered, especially in very"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":878.07,"endTime":882.51,"body":"young birds, that before they"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":882.51,"endTime":886.44,"body":"can, they are very good at"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":882.51,"endTime":886.44,"body":"flying. They actually flap their"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":886.44,"endTime":889.83,"body":"wings but it's not to generate"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":886.44,"endTime":889.83,"body":"left to take off, but it's"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":889.83,"endTime":893.82,"body":"rather to push themselves down"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":889.83,"endTime":893.82,"body":"against the ground so they gain"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":893.82,"endTime":897.21,"body":"better traction when they try to"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":893.82,"endTime":897.21,"body":"run away from a predator. And"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":897.21,"endTime":901.68,"body":"that even allows them to climb"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":897.21,"endTime":901.68,"body":"up trunks that are oriented 90"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":901.68,"endTime":904.8,"body":"degrees from horizontal, they"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":901.68,"endTime":904.8,"body":"just flap their wings that"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":904.8,"endTime":907.98,"body":"increase tractions on the"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":904.8,"endTime":907.98,"body":"ground. And that allows those"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":907.98,"endTime":911.85,"body":"birds to actually climb up on a"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":907.98,"endTime":911.85,"body":"vertical obstacle to run away"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":911.85,"endTime":914.76,"body":"from predators. So those"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":911.85,"endTime":914.76,"body":"scientists have proposed that"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":914.76,"endTime":920.88,"body":"maybe that's how flight began."},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":914.76,"endTime":920.88,"body":"Now those scenarios explained"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":920.94,"endTime":924.6,"body":"how flight could have began, but"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":920.94,"endTime":924.6,"body":"it doesn't answer the question"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":924.6,"endTime":930.6,"body":"of why did wings evolve in the"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":924.6,"endTime":930.6,"body":"first place? And the answer to"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":930.75,"endTime":934.53,"body":"why did wings first of all comes"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":930.75,"endTime":934.53,"body":"from the study of dinosaurs?"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":934.62,"endTime":938.13,"body":"About 10 years ago, I was"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":934.62,"endTime":938.13,"body":"involved in a study that"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":938.4,"endTime":942.81,"body":"described the first feathered"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":938.4,"endTime":942.81,"body":"dinosaurs from North America."},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":942.9,"endTime":946.17,"body":"And those were discovered from"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":942.9,"endTime":946.17,"body":"here in Alberta. And we found"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":946.17,"endTime":949.86,"body":"that those were species of"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":946.17,"endTime":949.86,"body":"ostrich mimic dinosaurs. So"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":949.86,"endTime":954.03,"body":"fairly large animal that are as"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":949.86,"endTime":954.03,"body":"large if not larger than modern"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":954.03,"endTime":957.21,"body":"day ostriches, so they're"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":954.03,"endTime":957.21,"body":"definitely too big to fly. But"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":957.21,"endTime":961.41,"body":"we see that the adult ostrich"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":957.21,"endTime":961.41,"body":"running dinosaurs had wings,"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":961.59,"endTime":965.73,"body":"whereas the young ones that were"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":961.59,"endTime":965.73,"body":"at least a year old, still did"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":965.73,"endTime":969.57,"body":"not have wings. So from that, we"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":965.73,"endTime":969.57,"body":"infer that the wings probably"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":970.2,"endTime":973.98,"body":"developed with sexual maturity."},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":970.2,"endTime":973.98,"body":"So when the animal went through"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":973.98,"endTime":976.92,"body":"a phase of puberty, if you want"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":973.98,"endTime":976.92,"body":"to call it in human terms, when"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":976.92,"endTime":980.49,"body":"they reach sexual maturity, they"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":976.92,"endTime":980.49,"body":"start growing those wings on"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":980.49,"endTime":983.91,"body":"those on their four limbs. And"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":980.49,"endTime":983.91,"body":"the wings were then probably"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":983.91,"endTime":988.26,"body":"used for courtship and display"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":983.91,"endTime":988.26,"body":"try to attract a mate maybe for"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":988.26,"endTime":992.67,"body":"brooding for trying to scare"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":988.26,"endTime":992.67,"body":"away a predator anything that's"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":992.67,"endTime":997.68,"body":"related to display and"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":992.67,"endTime":997.68,"body":"courtship. So with propose them"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":997.68,"endTime":1002.54,"body":"that probably that's why wings,"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":997.68,"endTime":1002.54,"body":"first of all, they evolved for"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1002.54,"endTime":1006.83,"body":"displaying courtship. And it's"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1002.54,"endTime":1006.83,"body":"only later on in evolutionary"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1006.83,"endTime":1012.74,"body":"time, that those wings were used"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1006.83,"endTime":1012.74,"body":"for other purposes, were co"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1012.74,"endTime":1016.49,"body":"opted for other purposes. And"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1012.74,"endTime":1016.49,"body":"eventually, one of those"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1016.61,"endTime":1021.56,"body":"purposes was flight. So wings,"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1016.61,"endTime":1021.56,"body":"first of all, just to show off"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1021.56,"endTime":1025.31,"body":"to try to impress a mate. But"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1021.56,"endTime":1025.31,"body":"later in time, theropods,"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1025.31,"endTime":1028.52,"body":"realized that a with those big"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1025.31,"endTime":1028.52,"body":"feathers on my arms, I can do"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1028.52,"endTime":1032.75,"body":"something else, and that"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1028.52,"endTime":1032.75,"body":"actually can generate lift. So"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1032.75,"endTime":1035.99,"body":"we're probably back down to"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1032.75,"endTime":1035.99,"body":"basically either the the bottom"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1036.02,"endTime":1040.58,"body":"up, or the modified bottom up"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1036.02,"endTime":1040.58,"body":"scenario where wings could have"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1040.58,"endTime":1044.39,"body":"allowed these animals to"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1040.58,"endTime":1044.39,"body":"generate lift and eventually"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1044.42,"endTime":1045.08,"body":"take flight."},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1045.229,"endTime":1047.899,"body":"It really seems"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1045.229,"endTime":1047.899,"body":"like feathers singularly play a"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1047.899,"endTime":1051.589,"body":"very key role in a whole bunch"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1047.899,"endTime":1051.589,"body":"of evolutionary adaptations with"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1051.589,"endTime":1055.759,"body":"dinosaurs, like from warmth to"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1051.589,"endTime":1055.759,"body":"display and then even almost"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1055.759,"endTime":1059.149,"body":"inadvertently, to to flight."},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1055.759,"endTime":1059.149,"body":"That's really interesting that"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1059.149,"endTime":1061.759,"body":"that structure, you know, is so"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1059.149,"endTime":1061.759,"body":"dynamic."},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":1062.0,"endTime":1065.36,"body":"We'll be"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":1062.0,"endTime":1065.36,"body":"right back. How do you like your"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":1065.36,"endTime":1067.82,"body":"coffee Andrew cream? Sure."},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":1068.389,"endTime":1071.059,"body":"I like mine, bird"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":1068.389,"endTime":1071.059,"body":"friendly, certified,"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":1071.09,"endTime":1073.64,"body":"then I"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":1071.09,"endTime":1073.64,"body":"have just a brew for you. Burton"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":1073.64,"endTime":1077.21,"body":"beans, Coffee Roasters only used"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":1073.64,"endTime":1077.21,"body":"beans from farmers who keep the"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":1077.21,"endTime":1080.9,"body":"native forest habitat intact,"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":1077.21,"endTime":1080.9,"body":"growing coffee in the shade of a"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":1080.9,"endTime":1082.49,"body":"variety of native trees."},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":1084.65,"endTime":1086.54,"body":"That's good for"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":1084.65,"endTime":1086.54,"body":"migratory birds."},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":1087.59,"endTime":1090.8,"body":"Good for"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":1087.59,"endTime":1090.8,"body":"everyone. This coffee is even"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":1090.8,"endTime":1094.13,"body":"certified by the Smithsonian"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":1090.8,"endTime":1094.13,"body":"migratory bird center. It"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":1094.13,"endTime":1097.79,"body":"protects biodiversity support"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":1094.13,"endTime":1097.79,"body":"sustainable farming, and it's"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":1097.79,"endTime":1099.44,"body":"fair trade and organic to"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":1100.58,"endTime":1102.98,"body":"ah, not to mention"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":1100.58,"endTime":1102.98,"body":"delicious,"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":1103.399,"endTime":1106.099,"body":"deliciously"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":1103.399,"endTime":1106.099,"body":"bird friendly if any of our"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":1106.099,"endTime":1109.189,"body":"listeners also like their coffee"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":1106.099,"endTime":1109.189,"body":"bird friendly certified here's"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":1109.189,"endTime":1113.629,"body":"how to get it ordered online at"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":1109.189,"endTime":1113.629,"body":"Burton beans.ca/warblers. Make"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":1113.629,"endTime":1117.229,"body":"sure to use this slash webinars"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":1113.629,"endTime":1117.229,"body":"because that means birds and"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":1117.229,"endTime":1120.739,"body":"beans will also donate 10% of"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":1117.229,"endTime":1120.739,"body":"the purchase price to support"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":1120.769,"endTime":1123.469,"body":"this podcast. You can also use"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":1120.769,"endTime":1123.469,"body":"the link on your podcast player"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":1123.469,"endTime":1123.769,"body":"sounds"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":1123.77,"endTime":1126.5,"body":"great. Andreas How"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":1123.77,"endTime":1126.5,"body":"about another cup? Let's do it."},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1128.45,"endTime":1130.46,"body":"We're talking a lot"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1128.45,"endTime":1130.46,"body":"about feathers because you know"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1130.46,"endTime":1133.31,"body":"that's really is one of the main"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1130.46,"endTime":1133.31,"body":"connectors right with birds and"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1133.34,"endTime":1136.34,"body":"theropod dinosaurs. But I did"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1133.34,"endTime":1136.34,"body":"want to ask you Are there some"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1136.34,"endTime":1140.63,"body":"other shared characteristics"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1136.34,"endTime":1140.63,"body":"that link theropod dinosaurs and"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1140.63,"endTime":1142.55,"body":"in modern birds in addition to"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1140.63,"endTime":1142.55,"body":"feathers,"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1142.64,"endTime":1145.31,"body":"there's in"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1142.64,"endTime":1145.31,"body":"many anatomical features but"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1145.31,"endTime":1150.56,"body":"there's also behaviors that that"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1145.31,"endTime":1150.56,"body":"are shared between the two. For"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1150.56,"endTime":1155.03,"body":"example, if you look at the"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1150.56,"endTime":1155.03,"body":"anatomy of birds, we see that"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1155.03,"endTime":1160.52,"body":"for example, the hollow bones"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1155.03,"endTime":1160.52,"body":"the three toed feet, even the"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1160.55,"endTime":1164.72,"body":"the air sacs in the respiratory"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1160.55,"endTime":1164.72,"body":"system, all those features that"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1164.72,"endTime":1170.03,"body":"we see in birds are also found"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1164.72,"endTime":1170.03,"body":"in meat eating dinosaurs, and we"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1170.03,"endTime":1173.69,"body":"also sue even brooding behavior"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1170.03,"endTime":1173.69,"body":"where the parent sits on the"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1173.69,"endTime":1179.6,"body":"clutch and warms up the nest for"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1173.69,"endTime":1179.6,"body":"to to incubate the eggs. Those"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1179.6,"endTime":1182.96,"body":"behaviors also first evolved"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1179.6,"endTime":1182.96,"body":"among meat eating dinosaurs"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1182.96,"endTime":1186.92,"body":"because we find fossils of meat"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1182.96,"endTime":1186.92,"body":"eating dinosaurs that have been"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1186.95,"endTime":1190.61,"body":"preserved had been buried while"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1186.95,"endTime":1190.61,"body":"they were sitting on their"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1190.61,"endTime":1193.85,"body":"clutch trying to keep the eggs"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1190.61,"endTime":1193.85,"body":"warm. So so we see that there's"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1193.88,"endTime":1199.76,"body":"a lot of similarities between"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1193.88,"endTime":1199.76,"body":"birds and dinosaurs and the only"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1199.76,"endTime":1203.21,"body":"way We can explain just the"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1199.76,"endTime":1203.21,"body":"sheer amount of similarities"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1203.21,"endTime":1206.75,"body":"that we see between the two is"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1203.21,"endTime":1206.75,"body":"to basically say that yeah,"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1206.96,"endTime":1211.85,"body":"birds are not only did not only"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1206.96,"endTime":1211.85,"body":"evolve for dinosaurs from"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1211.85,"endTime":1215.99,"body":"dinosaurs, but birds are"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1211.85,"endTime":1215.99,"body":"dinosaurs the same way that we"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1215.99,"endTime":1220.46,"body":"can say humans are mammals. So"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1215.99,"endTime":1220.46,"body":"that's a really key feature of"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1220.46,"endTime":1223.22,"body":"paleontology that the key"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1220.46,"endTime":1223.22,"body":"discovery of paleontology I"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1223.22,"endTime":1226.91,"body":"should say that we've learned"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1223.22,"endTime":1226.91,"body":"over the past that say, 30 to 50"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1226.91,"endTime":1231.14,"body":"years, that actually birds are"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1226.91,"endTime":1231.14,"body":"dinosaurs, and they're just a"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1231.14,"endTime":1235.1,"body":"highly specialized type of"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1231.14,"endTime":1235.1,"body":"dinosaurs that have learned to"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1235.1,"endTime":1237.74,"body":"fly and that are still alive"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1235.1,"endTime":1237.74,"body":"today."},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1237.89,"endTime":1240.29,"body":"I love dinosaurs as"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1237.89,"endTime":1240.29,"body":"a kid in it, you know, quickly"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1240.29,"endTime":1243.29,"body":"switch to birds, but I'm really"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1240.29,"endTime":1243.29,"body":"hearing that I actually didn't"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1243.29,"endTime":1246.23,"body":"make the switch at all. It's,"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1243.29,"endTime":1246.23,"body":"it's been I've been ipmn"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1246.23,"endTime":1249.29,"body":"Dinosaur my entire life. So"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1246.23,"endTime":1249.29,"body":"that's, that's kind of cool,"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1249.32,"endTime":1252.2,"body":"Fred. So I want to ask you about"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1249.32,"endTime":1252.2,"body":"Archaeopteryx. Some of our"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1252.2,"endTime":1255.98,"body":"listeners are probably familiar"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1252.2,"endTime":1255.98,"body":"with 150 million year old fossil"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1255.98,"endTime":1259.94,"body":"of Archaeopteryx. It's in almost"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1255.98,"endTime":1259.94,"body":"any book about dinosaurs. And"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1259.94,"endTime":1263.9,"body":"it's that classic image of a"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1259.94,"endTime":1263.9,"body":"small looking dinosaur with a"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1263.9,"endTime":1268.97,"body":"bent neck and very clear, you"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1263.9,"endTime":1268.97,"body":"know, feathers coming off the"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1268.97,"endTime":1272.66,"body":"limbs and tail. And I wanted to"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1268.97,"endTime":1272.66,"body":"ask you about Archaeopteryx"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1272.66,"endTime":1276.23,"body":"specifically is, is that at $150"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1272.66,"endTime":1276.23,"body":"million that we placed it in the"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1276.23,"endTime":1280.64,"body":"Jurassic period? Is that the"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1276.23,"endTime":1280.64,"body":"oldest known bird, or is it"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1280.67,"endTime":1284.99,"body":"considered a species that is"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1280.67,"endTime":1284.99,"body":"transitional between birds and"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1284.99,"endTime":1287.87,"body":"theropod dinosaurs? Or maybe"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1284.99,"endTime":1287.87,"body":"it's too impossible, because"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1287.87,"endTime":1290.06,"body":"it's been such a gradual change."},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1287.87,"endTime":1290.06,"body":"So how do you place"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1290.12,"endTime":1291.17,"body":"Archaeopteryx,"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1291.38,"endTime":1293.18,"body":"as you"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1291.38,"endTime":1293.18,"body":"mentioned yet, Archaeopteryx is"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1293.18,"endTime":1296.99,"body":"really x put aside your T Rex"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1293.18,"endTime":1296.99,"body":"and triceratops, I think"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1297.02,"endTime":1301.85,"body":"Archaeopteryx is probably the"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1297.02,"endTime":1301.85,"body":"most famous fossil ever"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1301.85,"endTime":1304.43,"body":"discovered, as you can see, it's"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1301.85,"endTime":1304.43,"body":"a gorgeous specimen, or at least"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1304.55,"endTime":1308.6,"body":"the Berlin specimen that we see"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1304.55,"endTime":1308.6,"body":"the Natural History in Berlin,"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1308.72,"endTime":1312.11,"body":"where as you said, it's a bent"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1308.72,"endTime":1312.11,"body":"neck animal with all the wing"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1312.11,"endTime":1315.59,"body":"feathers splayed out. So that's"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1312.11,"endTime":1315.59,"body":"probably one of the most"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1315.59,"endTime":1319.19,"body":"beautiful dinosaur fossil ever"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1315.59,"endTime":1319.19,"body":"discovered. I call it dinosaur"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1319.19,"endTime":1321.8,"body":"because birds are dinosaurs. I"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1321.83,"endTime":1323.48,"body":"fully agree with"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1321.83,"endTime":1323.48,"body":"that Francoise. Yeah."},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1325.07,"endTime":1327.53,"body":"Yeah, I'd say"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1325.07,"endTime":1327.53,"body":"that. Nowadays generally,"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1328.04,"endTime":1331.91,"body":"Archaeopteryx is generally"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1328.04,"endTime":1331.91,"body":"considered the earliest known"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1331.91,"endTime":1335.69,"body":"bird. If you look at the fall,"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1331.91,"endTime":1335.69,"body":"so we can see that Archaeopteryx"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1335.69,"endTime":1341.75,"body":"was fully covered with feathers"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1335.69,"endTime":1341.75,"body":"that are in all ways identical"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1341.75,"endTime":1345.74,"body":"to modern feathers. We have the"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1341.75,"endTime":1345.74,"body":"symmetrical flight feathers, we"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1345.74,"endTime":1349.01,"body":"have symmetrical feathers"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1345.74,"endTime":1349.01,"body":"covering the body, we have the"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1349.01,"endTime":1353.12,"body":"flight feathers on the on the"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1349.01,"endTime":1353.12,"body":"wings. So from the outside, if"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1353.12,"endTime":1356.57,"body":"we were to look at the animal as"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1353.12,"endTime":1356.57,"body":"it was alive, would clearly have"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1356.57,"endTime":1360.74,"body":"looked like a bird. But if you"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1356.57,"endTime":1360.74,"body":"look at the details, the the"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1360.74,"endTime":1363.8,"body":"skeletal anatomy, the skeleton"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1360.74,"endTime":1363.8,"body":"of the animal, you can see that"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1363.8,"endTime":1368.12,"body":"it's also very similar to small"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1363.8,"endTime":1368.12,"body":"meeting dinosaurs. It still had"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1368.12,"endTime":1372.59,"body":"teeth, it had a very long bony"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1368.12,"endTime":1372.59,"body":"tail. It had a hand with three"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1372.59,"endTime":1377.12,"body":"fingers with claws. So"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1372.59,"endTime":1377.12,"body":"Archaeopteryx represents the"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1377.24,"endTime":1381.44,"body":"perfect transitional animal"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1377.24,"endTime":1381.44,"body":"where one could say gay, we're"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1381.44,"endTime":1386.18,"body":"dealing with a primitive bird,"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1381.44,"endTime":1386.18,"body":"but it's clearly evolved from a"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1386.18,"endTime":1389.84,"body":"theropod Archaeopteryx sits up"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1386.18,"endTime":1389.84,"body":"the base of a crib that we"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1389.84,"endTime":1393.56,"body":"called aviz, which means in"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1389.84,"endTime":1393.56,"body":"Latin birds, because that's"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1393.56,"endTime":1397.58,"body":"where it was classified when it"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1393.56,"endTime":1397.58,"body":"was first discovered in the"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1397.58,"endTime":1402.02,"body":"1850s. However, I'd say in the"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1397.58,"endTime":1402.02,"body":"last 15 years or so, there's"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1402.02,"endTime":1405.17,"body":"been lots of new feathered"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1402.02,"endTime":1405.17,"body":"dinosaurs that have been"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1405.17,"endTime":1408.44,"body":"discovered that the actually"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1405.17,"endTime":1408.44,"body":"when you analyze them, you"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1408.44,"endTime":1412.19,"body":"realize that they are more"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1408.44,"endTime":1412.19,"body":"primitive than Archaeopteryx,"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1412.25,"endTime":1416.3,"body":"but they're still more closely"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1412.25,"endTime":1416.3,"body":"related to birds than they are"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1416.3,"endTime":1419.93,"body":"to any other type of meat eating"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1416.3,"endTime":1419.93,"body":"dinosaurs like Velociraptor, for"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1419.93,"endTime":1423.65,"body":"example. So someday intelligence"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1419.93,"endTime":1423.65,"body":"have suggested that, that maybe"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1423.65,"endTime":1428.27,"body":"we should broaden what our"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1423.65,"endTime":1428.27,"body":"definition of a bird is, in"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1428.27,"endTime":1432.74,"body":"order to include these slightly"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1428.27,"endTime":1432.74,"body":"more primitive theropods covered"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1432.74,"endTime":1436.28,"body":"with feathers. They have wings,"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1432.74,"endTime":1436.28,"body":"they have a symmetrical flight"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1436.28,"endTime":1439.67,"body":"feathers, they have four they"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1436.28,"endTime":1439.67,"body":"have wings on their four limbs"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1439.67,"endTime":1443.33,"body":"and unveil legs. So some people"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1439.67,"endTime":1443.33,"body":"say that we should expand our"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1443.33,"endTime":1447.14,"body":"definition of birds to include"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1443.33,"endTime":1447.14,"body":"those animals and call them fvl."},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1447.14,"endTime":1451.52,"body":"And to this day, I think most"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1447.14,"endTime":1451.52,"body":"paleontologists still consider"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1451.64,"endTime":1456.14,"body":"Archaeopteryx as being the first"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1451.64,"endTime":1456.14,"body":"bird that we have to put the"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1456.14,"endTime":1459.83,"body":"dots somewhere, as you"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1456.14,"endTime":1459.83,"body":"mentioned, so many fossils of"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1459.83,"endTime":1463.52,"body":"transitional animals have shown"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1459.83,"endTime":1463.52,"body":"that actually going from a"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1463.88,"endTime":1468.5,"body":"theropod to a bird is a very"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1463.88,"endTime":1468.5,"body":"gradual process. It wasn't a"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1468.5,"endTime":1472.1,"body":"sudden jump that you say Okay,"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1468.5,"endTime":1472.1,"body":"in this animal this is where we"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1472.1,"endTime":1475.55,"body":"see the big difference. This is"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1472.1,"endTime":1475.55,"body":"a theropod This is clearly a"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1475.55,"endTime":1480.26,"body":"bird, most people still consider"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1475.55,"endTime":1480.26,"body":"Archaeopteryx as being the"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1480.26,"endTime":1481.55,"body":"earliest known bird,"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1481.7,"endTime":1483.47,"body":"but one of the"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1481.7,"endTime":1483.47,"body":"topics that I think is"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1483.53,"endTime":1486.41,"body":"particularly interesting we're"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1483.53,"endTime":1486.41,"body":"looking at the evolution of"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1486.41,"endTime":1489.62,"body":"birds, especially within the"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1486.41,"endTime":1489.62,"body":"Cretaceous period is that they"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1489.62,"endTime":1493.13,"body":"survived the the KT extinction,"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1489.62,"endTime":1493.13,"body":"the big dinosaur extinction at"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1493.13,"endTime":1496.31,"body":"the end of the Cretaceous"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1493.13,"endTime":1496.31,"body":"period, and whereas all other"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1496.34,"endTime":1499.97,"body":"sort of larger dinosaurs did not"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1496.34,"endTime":1499.97,"body":"make it through How did birth"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1500.0,"endTime":1503.27,"body":"words make it through that when"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1500.0,"endTime":1503.27,"body":"other even very similar"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1503.27,"endTime":1504.41,"body":"dinosaurs did not."},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1504.47,"endTime":1506.27,"body":"That's a very"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1504.47,"endTime":1506.27,"body":"interesting question. If we were"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1506.27,"endTime":1512.27,"body":"to jump in a time machine and go"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1506.27,"endTime":1512.27,"body":"back 67 million years ago to the"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1512.27,"endTime":1514.73,"body":"very end of the age of the"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1512.27,"endTime":1514.73,"body":"dinosaurs,"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1516.379,"endTime":1520.429,"body":"with C and we look up in the sky"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1516.379,"endTime":1520.429,"body":"with see there would have been a"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1520.429,"endTime":1524.839,"body":"lot of different birds species"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1520.429,"endTime":1524.839,"body":"flying out, and they would have"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1524.839,"endTime":1528.739,"body":"been extremely diverse. Of"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1524.839,"endTime":1528.739,"body":"course, birds, were not the only"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1528.739,"endTime":1531.109,"body":"animals that could fly at the"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1528.739,"endTime":1531.109,"body":"time. There were also the"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1531.109,"endTime":1535.039,"body":"pterosaurs of flying reptiles,"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1531.109,"endTime":1535.039,"body":"lots of people often call flying"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1535.039,"endTime":1537.679,"body":"dinosaurs, but they're not"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1535.039,"endTime":1537.679,"body":"dinosaurs. They're clearly"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1537.679,"endTime":1540.229,"body":"closely related to dinosaurs,"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1537.679,"endTime":1540.229,"body":"but they're a different type of"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1540.229,"endTime":1543.409,"body":"reptiles. So that includes"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1540.229,"endTime":1543.409,"body":"animals such as Quixel, quad,"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1543.409,"endTime":1546.469,"body":"Lois, Turan, and on"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1543.409,"endTime":1546.469,"body":"pterodactyls, and things like"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1546.469,"endTime":1549.439,"body":"that. So those would have been"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1546.469,"endTime":1549.439,"body":"truly the master of the skies,"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1549.439,"endTime":1552.319,"body":"but that the smaller body size,"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1549.439,"endTime":1552.319,"body":"there would have been a lot of"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1552.319,"endTime":1555.709,"body":"birds flying up in the sky and"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1552.319,"endTime":1555.709,"body":"see, the birds would have been"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1555.709,"endTime":1559.549,"body":"extremely diverse with types of"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1555.709,"endTime":1559.549,"body":"birds that are no longer alive"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1559.549,"endTime":1563.239,"body":"today, you would have seen birds"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1559.549,"endTime":1563.239,"body":"with teeth, birds with beaks,"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1563.269,"endTime":1567.979,"body":"birds that could swim like"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1563.269,"endTime":1567.979,"body":"lumens, but I've totally lost"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1567.979,"endTime":1571.939,"body":"their wings. And then you'd see"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1567.979,"endTime":1571.939,"body":"some birds that were if you look"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1571.939,"endTime":1574.429,"body":"at them really quickly, you'd"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1571.939,"endTime":1574.429,"body":"say it's a modern bird, but"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1574.429,"endTime":1578.629,"body":"they're not quite there yet. But"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1574.429,"endTime":1578.629,"body":"then you'd find just a minority"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1578.629,"endTime":1581.599,"body":"of species, just very few of"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1578.629,"endTime":1581.599,"body":"them, that would actually"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1581.599,"endTime":1586.609,"body":"qualify as being reprinted a"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1581.599,"endTime":1586.609,"body":"true representatives of the"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1586.609,"endTime":1589.639,"body":"modern bird lineages. For"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1586.609,"endTime":1589.639,"body":"example, we have evidence that"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1589.789,"endTime":1594.319,"body":"the ancestors of Petit cognates"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1589.789,"endTime":1594.319,"body":"or Tina mus, and ostriches, the"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1594.319,"endTime":1599.149,"body":"ancestors of ducks and files,"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1594.319,"endTime":1599.149,"body":"and the ancestors of all other"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1599.359,"endTime":1602.809,"body":"modern birds that we call Neo"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1599.359,"endTime":1602.809,"body":"ABS would have been there, but"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1602.809,"endTime":1605.299,"body":"they would have been extremely"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1602.809,"endTime":1605.299,"body":"rare because the skies were"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1605.299,"endTime":1610.069,"body":"dominated by other groups of"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1605.299,"endTime":1610.069,"body":"birds, then if we fast forward"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1610.069,"endTime":1615.049,"body":"to about 66 million years ago,"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1610.069,"endTime":1615.049,"body":"that's when we have a large mass"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1615.049,"endTime":1618.619,"body":"extinction, the Cretaceous"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1615.049,"endTime":1618.619,"body":"Paleogene mass extinction that"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1618.649,"endTime":1623.329,"body":"we think is related to a"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1618.649,"endTime":1623.329,"body":"combination of climate change,"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1623.329,"endTime":1627.049,"body":"but also an probably"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1623.329,"endTime":1627.049,"body":"predominantly big meteorite"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1627.049,"endTime":1631.309,"body":"impact that occurred somewhere"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1627.049,"endTime":1631.309,"body":"in there that we call the"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1631.309,"endTime":1634.159,"body":"Chicxulub meteorite that"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1631.309,"endTime":1634.159,"body":"collided with the earth"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1634.189,"endTime":1638.449,"body":"somewhere in the Yucatan"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1634.189,"endTime":1638.449,"body":"Peninsula in modern day Mexico."},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1638.629,"endTime":1642.019,"body":"And because of that impact,"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1638.629,"endTime":1642.019,"body":"there were tremendous and"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1642.019,"endTime":1646.129,"body":"catastrophic environmental"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1642.019,"endTime":1646.129,"body":"disturbances that lead to the"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1646.129,"endTime":1650.599,"body":"extinction of on one hand, all"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1646.129,"endTime":1650.599,"body":"non bird dinosaurs, but also of"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1650.599,"endTime":1654.499,"body":"lots of other types of animals,"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1650.599,"endTime":1654.499,"body":"both on land and in the oceans."},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1654.649,"endTime":1658.249,"body":"And believe it or not, birds"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1654.649,"endTime":1658.249,"body":"were also among the casualties,"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1658.399,"endTime":1664.639,"body":"it's estimated that about 90% of"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1658.399,"endTime":1664.639,"body":"bird species went extinct. At"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1664.639,"endTime":1667.729,"body":"the Cretaceous Paleogene mass"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1664.639,"endTime":1667.729,"body":"extinction, we have entire"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1667.729,"endTime":1672.079,"body":"lineages of birds that were"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1667.729,"endTime":1672.079,"body":"totally wiped out. And then we"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1672.079,"endTime":1677.269,"body":"just had a few species that"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1672.079,"endTime":1677.269,"body":"survived. So the survivors are"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1677.269,"endTime":1682.339,"body":"usually we're usually small"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1677.269,"endTime":1682.339,"body":"species, smaller animals. There"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1682.339,"endTime":1686.029,"body":"were species that also did not"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1682.339,"endTime":1686.029,"body":"live in trees, they were lived"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1686.059,"endTime":1690.139,"body":"either on land or possibly by"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1686.059,"endTime":1690.139,"body":"the water. And they also had"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1690.169,"endTime":1694.519,"body":"beaks instead of teeth. So all"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1690.169,"endTime":1694.519,"body":"the species with teeth went"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1694.519,"endTime":1700.399,"body":"extinct. So why were those"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1694.519,"endTime":1700.399,"body":"characteristics key for, for the"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1700.429,"endTime":1705.529,"body":"those birds to survive, whereas"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1700.429,"endTime":1705.529,"body":"all other birds went extinct?"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1705.589,"endTime":1710.029,"body":"Well, that's probably due to the"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1705.589,"endTime":1710.029,"body":"nature of the devastation after"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1710.029,"endTime":1713.299,"body":"the impact that basically, after"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1710.029,"endTime":1713.299,"body":"the meteorite impact, there was"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1713.299,"endTime":1717.409,"body":"a big fire blast that wrong went"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1713.299,"endTime":1717.409,"body":"around the world, or at least"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1717.439,"endTime":1721.999,"body":"over the Americas, and totally"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1717.439,"endTime":1721.999,"body":"burned down all the forests. And"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1721.999,"endTime":1725.509,"body":"then the meteorites also kind of"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1721.999,"endTime":1725.509,"body":"pulled it up in the atmosphere,"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1725.539,"endTime":1729.049,"body":"a lot of dust that formed a"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1725.539,"endTime":1729.049,"body":"shroud around the Earth,"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1729.049,"endTime":1733.909,"body":"blocking the sun rays for at"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1729.049,"endTime":1733.909,"body":"least 10 years. So that greatly"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1733.909,"endTime":1735.829,"body":"reduced the amount of"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1733.909,"endTime":1735.829,"body":"photosynthesis that could"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1735.829,"endTime":1740.029,"body":"happen. So all the trees died,"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1735.829,"endTime":1740.029,"body":"you only had the small ferns and"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1740.029,"endTime":1743.269,"body":"small plants that could grow. So"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1740.029,"endTime":1743.269,"body":"that's why all the tree dwelling"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1743.269,"endTime":1746.539,"body":"birds went extinct. The only"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1743.269,"endTime":1746.539,"body":"birds the only species of birds"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1746.659,"endTime":1750.499,"body":"that could survive, were those"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1746.659,"endTime":1750.499,"body":"that could live on the ground or"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1750.499,"endTime":1755.209,"body":"close to waterways or lakes and"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1750.499,"endTime":1755.209,"body":"find food there. And also,"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1755.269,"endTime":1757.759,"body":"because there weren't that many"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1755.269,"endTime":1757.759,"body":"trees anymore, there were just"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1757.759,"endTime":1761.359,"body":"more plants. Well, species that"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1757.759,"endTime":1761.359,"body":"had beaks and could feed on"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1761.359,"endTime":1767.389,"body":"seeds, or other hard food"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1761.359,"endTime":1767.389,"body":"elements. Those are the species"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1767.539,"endTime":1770.899,"body":"that survived. And then there"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1767.539,"endTime":1770.899,"body":"was also a selection for smaller"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1770.899,"endTime":1774.529,"body":"species, because the bigger you"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1770.899,"endTime":1774.529,"body":"are, the more food you need. So"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1774.589,"endTime":1778.249,"body":"the smaller you are, the less"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1774.589,"endTime":1778.249,"body":"food you need. And basically"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1778.249,"endTime":1780.709,"body":"entirely in the hard times."},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1778.249,"endTime":1780.709,"body":"Yeah, that was probably"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1780.709,"endTime":1785.149,"body":"advantageous for for survivors."},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1780.709,"endTime":1785.149,"body":"And we see the same thing among"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1785.359,"endTime":1789.349,"body":"other land dwelling animals"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1785.359,"endTime":1789.349,"body":"across the Cretaceous Paleogene"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1789.349,"endTime":1793.939,"body":"mass extinction, we can see that"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1789.349,"endTime":1793.939,"body":"if you were a small animal,"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1793.939,"endTime":1798.109,"body":"meaning that you weighed less"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1793.939,"endTime":1798.109,"body":"than 44 pounds, and you were a"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1798.109,"endTime":1801.619,"body":"generalist, meaning you you"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1798.109,"endTime":1801.619,"body":"weren't But finicky eater, you"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1801.619,"endTime":1804.709,"body":"could eat either a mixture of"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1801.619,"endTime":1804.709,"body":"everything, you weren't a strict"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1804.799,"endTime":1809.209,"body":"plan eater or strict meat eater,"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1804.799,"endTime":1809.209,"body":"then odds are that you would"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1809.209,"endTime":1814.489,"body":"survive. But if you were bigger"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1809.209,"endTime":1814.489,"body":"than 44 pounds, and you had a"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1814.789,"endTime":1818.899,"body":"very strict diet, then odds were"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1814.789,"endTime":1818.899,"body":"that you would go extinct. So we"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1818.899,"endTime":1822.469,"body":"see a parallel with birds."},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1818.899,"endTime":1822.469,"body":"Whereas if you're a smaller"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1822.469,"endTime":1825.889,"body":"mediating animal, and you could"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1822.469,"endTime":1825.889,"body":"feed on hard objects, that it"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1825.889,"endTime":1829.819,"body":"would be hard for species"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1825.889,"endTime":1829.819,"body":"without beaks to eat, then"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1830.299,"endTime":1835.939,"body":"that's probably why that these"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1830.299,"endTime":1835.939,"body":"species survive. And then from"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1835.939,"endTime":1840.859,"body":"those survivors evolved all of"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1835.939,"endTime":1840.859,"body":"the modern burning bridges that"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1840.859,"endTime":1844.099,"body":"we see today. So that's what we"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1840.859,"endTime":1844.099,"body":"call an explosive radiation that"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1844.189,"endTime":1848.299,"body":"there's very few survivors. But"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1844.189,"endTime":1848.299,"body":"because the ecosystem is empty,"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1848.299,"endTime":1853.399,"body":"all the ecological niches that"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1848.299,"endTime":1853.399,"body":"were occupied by other animals"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1853.399,"endTime":1857.389,"body":"before the KPg, mass extinction,"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1853.399,"endTime":1857.389,"body":"were now vacant, they were now"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1857.389,"endTime":1862.339,"body":"open. So the survivors were able"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1857.389,"endTime":1862.339,"body":"to just diversify and radiate"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1862.339,"endTime":1867.019,"body":"into all those ecological niches"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1862.339,"endTime":1867.019,"body":"and evolve into all the modern"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1867.019,"endTime":1868.909,"body":"birds that we have today."},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1869.03,"endTime":1871.22,"body":"You often hear"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1869.03,"endTime":1871.22,"body":"people talking about, you know,"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1871.22,"endTime":1875.21,"body":"sharks, you know, sharks are,"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1871.22,"endTime":1875.21,"body":"like the perfect design. So it's"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1875.21,"endTime":1877.49,"body":"been around for hundreds of"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1875.21,"endTime":1877.49,"body":"millions of years, virtually"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1877.49,"endTime":1881.42,"body":"unchanged. And crocodilians, you"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1877.49,"endTime":1881.42,"body":"know, it sort of, they nailed it"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1881.51,"endTime":1884.36,"body":"early on, and they sort of kept"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1881.51,"endTime":1884.36,"body":"there. They're survivors, they"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1884.36,"endTime":1887.3,"body":"can survive those type of big"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1884.36,"endTime":1887.3,"body":"extinction events. It sounds to"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1887.3,"endTime":1890.42,"body":"me like we need to be talking"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1887.3,"endTime":1890.42,"body":"about birds. In the same realm,"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1890.42,"endTime":1894.41,"body":"it seems like birds and"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1890.42,"endTime":1894.41,"body":"feathers, really made them"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1894.44,"endTime":1899.3,"body":"adoptable. And I think they"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1894.44,"endTime":1899.3,"body":"definitely deserve our respect."},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1899.3,"endTime":1902.63,"body":"It's really impressive. What"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1899.3,"endTime":1902.63,"body":"they've they've had to go"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1902.63,"endTime":1905.48,"body":"through and how they evolved is"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1902.63,"endTime":1905.48,"body":"really just an incredible story."},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1905.63,"endTime":1908.84,"body":"And I hope one of the takeaways"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1905.63,"endTime":1908.84,"body":"is for people listening to you"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1908.87,"endTime":1912.8,"body":"understanding that, you know,"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1908.87,"endTime":1912.8,"body":"birds are absolutely remarkable."},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1912.86,"endTime":1916.79,"body":"They deserve more attention from"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1912.86,"endTime":1916.79,"body":"us, and especially a lot more in"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1916.88,"endTime":1919.28,"body":"the conservation realm. I do"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1916.88,"endTime":1919.28,"body":"want to ask you one last"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1919.28,"endTime":1923.18,"body":"question. So there's so much to"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1919.28,"endTime":1923.18,"body":"this story of the bird dinosaur"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1923.18,"endTime":1924.95,"body":"connection and how birds"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1923.18,"endTime":1924.95,"body":"evolved? What is the"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1924.98,"endTime":1927.56,"body":"significance for you as a"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":1924.98,"endTime":1927.56,"body":"paleontologist?"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1927.68,"endTime":1929.24,"body":"Well as the"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1927.68,"endTime":1929.24,"body":"pay intelligence, I think it"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1929.24,"endTime":1933.11,"body":"shows us that the dinosaurs are"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1929.24,"endTime":1933.11,"body":"not extinct. They're still alive"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1933.11,"endTime":1937.49,"body":"today. In fact, dinosaurs are"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1933.11,"endTime":1937.49,"body":"the most diverse group of"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1937.49,"endTime":1941.21,"body":"vertebrates alive on on Earth"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1937.49,"endTime":1941.21,"body":"nowadays, well, if you exclude"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1941.21,"endTime":1944.21,"body":"fish that live in the ocean, but"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1941.21,"endTime":1944.21,"body":"if you mean, like living on"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1944.21,"endTime":1948.41,"body":"land, or in the air, birds are"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1944.21,"endTime":1948.41,"body":"the most diverse groups of"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1948.41,"endTime":1951.71,"body":"vertebrates today, there's what"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1948.41,"endTime":1951.71,"body":"over 10,000 species of birds"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1951.71,"endTime":1956.33,"body":"alive today, versus only 6000"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1951.71,"endTime":1956.33,"body":"species of mammals. So clearly,"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1956.33,"endTime":1961.43,"body":"we're still living in a world of"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1956.33,"endTime":1961.43,"body":"dinosaurs. It's just up now, the"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1961.43,"endTime":1964.43,"body":"dinosaurs are really"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1961.43,"endTime":1964.43,"body":"specialized. They're just"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1964.43,"endTime":1970.16,"body":"basically those beautiful flying"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1964.43,"endTime":1970.16,"body":"animals. And then yeah, so as a"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1970.16,"endTime":1974.99,"body":"paleontologist, I think it gives"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1970.16,"endTime":1974.99,"body":"you a better appreciation for"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1975.26,"endTime":1977.93,"body":"for dinosaurs, because you can"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1975.26,"endTime":1977.93,"body":"see we still have relatives"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1977.93,"endTime":1982.13,"body":"today and knowing that from"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1977.93,"endTime":1982.13,"body":"animals, small mediating"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1982.13,"endTime":1986.54,"body":"dinosaurs, we had the evolution"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1982.13,"endTime":1986.54,"body":"of one of the most important"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1986.54,"endTime":1989.96,"body":"groups of vertebrates, we have"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1986.54,"endTime":1989.96,"body":"today. So so it's really"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1989.96,"endTime":1995.0,"body":"interesting to to know, why is a"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1989.96,"endTime":1995.0,"body":"bird a bird? Or why are our"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1995.0,"endTime":1998.81,"body":"birds the way they are? And"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1995.0,"endTime":1998.81,"body":"that's because they inherited so"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1998.81,"endTime":2001.84,"body":"not to say that everything"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":1998.81,"endTime":2001.84,"body":"that's a bird came from"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":2001.99,"endTime":2005.53,"body":"theropods. First, obviously,"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":2001.99,"endTime":2005.53,"body":"modern birds evolved their own"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":2005.53,"endTime":2008.77,"body":"thing, but there's many"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":2005.53,"endTime":2008.77,"body":"characteristics that birds just"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":2008.77,"endTime":2013.3,"body":"inherited from their dinosaur"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":2008.77,"endTime":2013.3,"body":"ancestor. And at the same time,"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":2013.42,"endTime":2018.49,"body":"studying modern birds can give"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":2013.42,"endTime":2018.49,"body":"us information about the biology"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":2018.49,"endTime":2022.9,"body":"and the lifestyle of extinct"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":2018.49,"endTime":2022.9,"body":"dinosaurs. For example, it's"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":2022.9,"endTime":2026.8,"body":"only recently that we discovered"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":2022.9,"endTime":2026.8,"body":"that lots of meat eating"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":2026.8,"endTime":2031.12,"body":"dinosaurs had air sacs and"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":2026.8,"endTime":2031.12,"body":"probably had a respiratory"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":2031.12,"endTime":2036.34,"body":"system or breathing system, very"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":2031.12,"endTime":2036.34,"body":"similar to those various because"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":2036.34,"endTime":2039.85,"body":"we see lots of air sacs if you"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":2036.34,"endTime":2039.85,"body":"look at the skeletons of birds,"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":2039.85,"endTime":2042.91,"body":"you can see that their lungs"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":2039.85,"endTime":2042.91,"body":"have all those pouches going"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":2042.91,"endTime":2046.93,"body":"into their bones that allows"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":2042.91,"endTime":2046.93,"body":"them to breathe in a very"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":2046.93,"endTime":2050.98,"body":"efficient way, whether they"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":2046.93,"endTime":2050.98,"body":"inhale or exhale. Birds always"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":2050.98,"endTime":2054.61,"body":"have fresh oxygen going through"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":2050.98,"endTime":2054.61,"body":"their lungs, that's quite"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":2054.61,"endTime":2058.69,"body":"superior to the breathing style"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":2054.61,"endTime":2058.69,"body":"of mammals like us, when you"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":2058.69,"endTime":2062.83,"body":"inhale air, you have fresh"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":2058.69,"endTime":2062.83,"body":"oxygen, but when you exhale, you"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":2062.83,"endTime":2067.54,"body":"just spew out air that's"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":2062.83,"endTime":2067.54,"body":"impoverished in oxygen, but"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":2067.54,"endTime":2070.63,"body":"birds, whether they inhale,"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":2067.54,"endTime":2070.63,"body":"exhale, they always have fresh"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":2070.63,"endTime":2073.36,"body":"oxygen going through through"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":2070.63,"endTime":2073.36,"body":"their lungs. So what we"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":2073.36,"endTime":2077.38,"body":"discovered that the same"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":2073.36,"endTime":2077.38,"body":"breathing system was also"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":2077.38,"endTime":2081.25,"body":"present in theropods and meat"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":2077.38,"endTime":2081.25,"body":"eating dinosaurs. So that allows"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":2081.25,"endTime":2084.82,"body":"us to see by your setting at"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":2081.25,"endTime":2084.82,"body":"birds, we can actually infer the"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":2084.82,"endTime":2090.13,"body":"biology and the lifestyle of"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":2084.82,"endTime":2090.13,"body":"extinct dinosaurs. Knowing more"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":2090.13,"endTime":2092.5,"body":"about the information, the"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":2090.13,"endTime":2092.5,"body":"lifestyle of modern birds,"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":2092.65,"endTime":2095.95,"body":"actually allows us to"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":2092.65,"endTime":2095.95,"body":"reconstruct the lifestyle of"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":2095.95,"endTime":2100.63,"body":"extinct dinosaurs. So I think"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":2095.95,"endTime":2100.63,"body":"that's the big big point for"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":2100.63,"endTime":2104.56,"body":"paleontologists their their"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":2100.63,"endTime":2104.56,"body":"interest in the in modern birds."},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2104.68,"endTime":2106.78,"body":"I love that I love"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2104.68,"endTime":2106.78,"body":"that connection. I think that's"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2106.78,"endTime":2110.14,"body":"such a great way to end this is"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2106.78,"endTime":2110.14,"body":"the connection between, you"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2110.14,"endTime":2113.38,"body":"know, looking at the behavior of"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2110.14,"endTime":2113.38,"body":"modern birds to help piece"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2113.38,"endTime":2118.54,"body":"together mysteries from the past"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2113.38,"endTime":2118.54,"body":"with dinosaurs, and vice versa"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2118.54,"endTime":2121.84,"body":"looking at the the origin of"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2118.54,"endTime":2121.84,"body":"some of these theropod dinosaurs"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2121.84,"endTime":2125.92,"body":"to understand modern birds"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2121.84,"endTime":2125.92,"body":"better. I also love the idea of"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2126.1,"endTime":2129.04,"body":"when you're looking outside at"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2126.1,"endTime":2129.04,"body":"the birds in your yard or in"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2129.04,"endTime":2131.89,"body":"your local park. You're"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2129.04,"endTime":2131.89,"body":"basically out dinosaur watching."},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2132.16,"endTime":2134.83,"body":"I think 10 year old me is high"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2132.16,"endTime":2134.83,"body":"fiving myself at the moment"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2134.83,"endTime":2138.07,"body":"here. I think that's a pretty"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2134.83,"endTime":2138.07,"body":"amazing realization to come to"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2138.07,"endTime":2140.5,"body":"that. And so really, we should"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2138.07,"endTime":2140.5,"body":"probably be changing the name of"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2140.5,"endTime":2143.95,"body":"birds Canada to avian theropod"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2140.5,"endTime":2143.95,"body":"dinosaurs Canada. I don't know,"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2143.95,"endTime":2146.83,"body":"I'm not sure if that's gonna"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2143.95,"endTime":2146.83,"body":"quite work. But Francoise, thank"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2146.83,"endTime":2150.22,"body":"you so much for spending time"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2146.83,"endTime":2150.22,"body":"with us today and for telling us"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2150.22,"endTime":2154.3,"body":"all about your work in this"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2150.22,"endTime":2154.3,"body":"amazing connection between birds"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2154.3,"endTime":2155.05,"body":"and dinosaurs."},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":2155.26,"endTime":2157.15,"body":"It was my"},{"speaker":"Francois Therrain","startTime":2155.26,"endTime":2157.15,"body":"pleasure. Thanks for having me."},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2157.42,"endTime":2158.29,"body":"We'll be"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2157.42,"endTime":2158.29,"body":"right back."},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2158.71,"endTime":2162.31,"body":"The warblers is a"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2158.71,"endTime":2162.31,"body":"podcast of birds Canada. Our"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2162.31,"endTime":2164.89,"body":"goal is to bring you the"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2162.31,"endTime":2164.89,"body":"information you need to"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2164.89,"endTime":2169.24,"body":"discover, enjoy and protect"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2164.89,"endTime":2169.24,"body":"birds. If you like what you"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2169.24,"endTime":2173.5,"body":"hear, please subscribe, leave a"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2169.24,"endTime":2173.5,"body":"review and share this podcast"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2173.5,"endTime":2176.98,"body":"with everyone you know, birds"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2173.5,"endTime":2176.98,"body":"Canada relies on the support of"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2176.98,"endTime":2181.84,"body":"donors like you to learn more or"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2176.98,"endTime":2181.84,"body":"to make a donation visit birds"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2181.84,"endTime":2185.95,"body":"canada.org. And if you give,"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2181.84,"endTime":2185.95,"body":"please note the podcast in the"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2185.95,"endTime":2186.82,"body":"comment box."},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2194.02,"endTime":2196.57,"body":"Wow, that"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2194.02,"endTime":2196.57,"body":"was a fantastic interview. God"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2196.6,"endTime":2200.41,"body":"that was so interesting. And I"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2196.6,"endTime":2200.41,"body":"think it is a good time to go"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2200.41,"endTime":2204.52,"body":"into our you know, highlights"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2200.41,"endTime":2204.52,"body":"and bombshells and things that"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2204.52,"endTime":2208.24,"body":"we got from that interview. I"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2204.52,"endTime":2208.24,"body":"was particularly shocked to find"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2208.27,"endTime":2212.59,"body":"out first of all, the answer to"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2208.27,"endTime":2212.59,"body":"the main question we've all had"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2212.68,"endTime":2216.31,"body":"that birds are in the dinosaur"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2212.68,"endTime":2216.31,"body":"and that we never stopped loving"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2216.31,"endTime":2219.82,"body":"dinosaurs. And then we just"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2216.31,"endTime":2219.82,"body":"become we became dyno watchers"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2219.82,"endTime":2222.55,"body":"instead of birdwatchers. And so"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2219.82,"endTime":2222.55,"body":"that was fantastic. But then to"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2222.55,"endTime":2227.14,"body":"find out that bird used to have"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2222.55,"endTime":2227.14,"body":"four wings, that was super super"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2227.14,"endTime":2231.07,"body":"cool. And that the way they were"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2227.14,"endTime":2231.07,"body":"using the wings first one of the"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2231.07,"endTime":2235.51,"body":"theories was to get more thrust"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2231.07,"endTime":2235.51,"body":"when they ran. That was That was"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2235.51,"endTime":2236.02,"body":"incredible."},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":2236.0,"endTime":2239.75,"body":"Yeah, I love Dr."},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":2236.0,"endTime":2239.75,"body":"Therrain comparison to airplanes"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":2239.78,"endTime":2240.92,"body":"how airplanes evolved?"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2241.0,"endTime":2242.86,"body":"Oh, that"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2241.0,"endTime":2242.86,"body":"was awesome. Yeah, made me"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2242.86,"endTime":2247.24,"body":"thought of dragonflies as well."},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2242.86,"endTime":2247.24,"body":"And then bees that have for four"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2247.24,"endTime":2250.75,"body":"sets of wings. And then then"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2247.24,"endTime":2250.75,"body":"flies they only have two pairs."},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2250.78,"endTime":2252.73,"body":"So everyone parents, so that was"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2250.78,"endTime":2252.73,"body":"incredible."},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2252.88,"endTime":2255.52,"body":"Yeah, I love I love"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2252.88,"endTime":2255.52,"body":"that you guys are pumped about"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2255.52,"endTime":2258.07,"body":"the subject matter. Now. It is"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2255.52,"endTime":2258.07,"body":"so fascinating, isn't it?"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2258.1,"endTime":2261.4,"body":"There's so many really great"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2258.1,"endTime":2261.4,"body":"things that Francois had to say."},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2261.73,"endTime":2264.94,"body":"And I really like that, you"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2261.73,"endTime":2264.94,"body":"know, when we think of feathers,"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2264.94,"endTime":2268.39,"body":"we think of birds, right? Birds,"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2264.94,"endTime":2268.39,"body":"like totally linked to feathers."},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2268.42,"endTime":2270.73,"body":"And I really love the"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2268.42,"endTime":2270.73,"body":"conversation that you know,"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2270.73,"endTime":2274.9,"body":"feathers evolved before birds,"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2270.73,"endTime":2274.9,"body":"you know, before what we think"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2274.9,"endTime":2278.26,"body":"of as modern birds existed and"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2274.9,"endTime":2278.26,"body":"that, you know, feathers had a"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2278.26,"endTime":2283.06,"body":"different purpose at first"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2278.26,"endTime":2283.06,"body":"before flight, you know, for for"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2283.06,"endTime":2286.93,"body":"thermal regulation and for"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2283.06,"endTime":2286.93,"body":"display and, and feathers, you"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2286.93,"endTime":2289.42,"body":"know, did all sorts of things."},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2286.93,"endTime":2289.42,"body":"They're sort of like the, you"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2289.42,"endTime":2292.69,"body":"know, the Leatherman or Swiss"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2289.42,"endTime":2292.69,"body":"Army knife of of external"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2292.69,"endTime":2297.37,"body":"adaptations, right? Like it's"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2292.69,"endTime":2297.37,"body":"certainly knife for sure. Yeah,"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2297.37,"endTime":2300.58,"body":"it's I think that's just I think"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2297.37,"endTime":2300.58,"body":"that's just a really cool, cool"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2300.58,"endTime":2303.07,"body":"thing that that feathers have"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2300.58,"endTime":2303.07,"body":"been around for so long."},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":2303.1,"endTime":2305.74,"body":"And that not just"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":2303.1,"endTime":2305.74,"body":"feathers, but dinosaurs had so"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":2305.74,"endTime":2309.64,"body":"many other similarities with"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":2305.74,"endTime":2309.64,"body":"modern day birds. That was"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":2309.64,"endTime":2311.11,"body":"really fascinating to me. Yeah."},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2311.14,"endTime":2313.6,"body":"Judy,"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2311.14,"endTime":2313.6,"body":"which what the main takeaways"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2313.6,"endTime":2317.62,"body":"when it comes to which are the"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2313.6,"endTime":2317.62,"body":"similarities between dinos and"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2317.62,"endTime":2320.17,"body":"birds? What are the things that"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2317.62,"endTime":2320.17,"body":"we learn that birds have in"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2320.17,"endTime":2321.1,"body":"common with dinosaurs?"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2321.13,"endTime":2322.81,"body":"Yeah, well, I think"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2321.13,"endTime":2322.81,"body":"there's I think there's several"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2322.81,"endTime":2326.05,"body":"things right like I think like"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2322.81,"endTime":2326.05,"body":"obviously feathers is the one"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2326.26,"endTime":2329.56,"body":"adaptations to form a beak, you"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2326.26,"endTime":2329.56,"body":"know, are another that that"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2329.56,"endTime":2332.71,"body":"predate modern birds, the whole"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2329.56,"endTime":2332.71,"body":"you know, skeletal structure"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2332.74,"endTime":2337.75,"body":"being bipedal. Having a wishbone"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2332.74,"endTime":2337.75,"body":"there's all you know, air sacs"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2337.84,"endTime":2341.26,"body":"you know, there's all sorts of"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2337.84,"endTime":2341.26,"body":"things and the the list of"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2341.26,"endTime":2344.59,"body":"things that are similar between"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2341.26,"endTime":2344.59,"body":"you know, birds and dinosaurs,"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2344.65,"endTime":2347.29,"body":"it's so tight that is actually"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2344.65,"endTime":2347.29,"body":"and I think we talked about this"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2347.29,"endTime":2351.46,"body":"right it's it's almost really"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2347.29,"endTime":2351.46,"body":"difficult to pinpoint. Like when"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2351.49,"endTime":2353.44,"body":"where they are different. Yeah,"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2351.49,"endTime":2353.44,"body":"where they are different. When"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2353.44,"endTime":2356.44,"body":"is the dinosaur when does the"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2353.44,"endTime":2356.44,"body":"theropod dinosaur specifically"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2356.44,"endTime":2359.59,"body":"to those bipedal carnivorous"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2356.44,"endTime":2359.59,"body":"dinosaurs become birds because"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2359.59,"endTime":2364.51,"body":"it's been such a gradual change"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2359.59,"endTime":2364.51,"body":"over time? I think we don't see"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2364.54,"endTime":2368.56,"body":"birds without their feathers."},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2364.54,"endTime":2368.56,"body":"Too often. If you look at like a"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2368.56,"endTime":2372.25,"body":"golden eagle or something, you"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2368.56,"endTime":2372.25,"body":"know, the skeleton of it, you"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2372.25,"endTime":2375.52,"body":"know, or if you if you see"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2372.25,"endTime":2375.52,"body":"birds, you don't realize their"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2375.52,"endTime":2378.43,"body":"legs, like how big their legs"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2375.52,"endTime":2378.43,"body":"are, and they actually do look"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2378.43,"endTime":2381.43,"body":"like a tiny you know,"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2378.43,"endTime":2381.43,"body":"Velociraptor with a beak without"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2381.43,"endTime":2385.81,"body":"teeth. I think the feathers sort"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2381.43,"endTime":2385.81,"body":"of mask the dinosaur Enos of"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2385.81,"endTime":2386.38,"body":"birds"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2386.5,"endTime":2388.09,"body":"to"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2386.5,"endTime":2388.09,"body":"Dinosaur nests, that's wicked."},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2388.15,"endTime":2392.77,"body":"What is it that you want to"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2388.15,"endTime":2392.77,"body":"accomplish from exploring this"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2392.77,"endTime":2395.5,"body":"link between birds and"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2392.77,"endTime":2395.5,"body":"dinosaurs?"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2395.77,"endTime":2398.83,"body":"You know, for me,"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2395.77,"endTime":2398.83,"body":"you know, as someone who's you"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2398.83,"endTime":2401.92,"body":"know, a biologist, and who's,"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2398.83,"endTime":2401.92,"body":"you know, always been interested"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2401.92,"endTime":2406.3,"body":"in dinosaurs as well. I love"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2401.92,"endTime":2406.3,"body":"looking at the origins and the"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2406.3,"endTime":2409.03,"body":"evolutionary history of"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2406.3,"endTime":2409.03,"body":"anything, right? I think that"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2409.03,"endTime":2412.42,"body":"that story of how things change"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2409.03,"endTime":2412.42,"body":"and evolve over time is always a"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2412.42,"endTime":2416.17,"body":"fascinating story. And we learn"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2412.42,"endTime":2416.17,"body":"a lot birds in a very real"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2416.17,"endTime":2419.98,"body":"sense, that actually, you know,"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2416.17,"endTime":2419.98,"body":"can be considered avian,"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2420.16,"endTime":2424.39,"body":"theropod dinosaurs, they have"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2420.16,"endTime":2424.39,"body":"changed, but they really in a"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2424.39,"endTime":2427.78,"body":"broader evolutionary look are"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2424.39,"endTime":2427.78,"body":"still kind of dinosaurs. And I"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2427.78,"endTime":2430.33,"body":"love that it's such a game"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2427.78,"endTime":2430.33,"body":"changer, you know, in terms of"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2430.33,"endTime":2434.47,"body":"by perspective on when I look at"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2430.33,"endTime":2434.47,"body":"a bird, and what I think now is,"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2434.65,"endTime":2439.12,"body":"is I think of something that"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2434.65,"endTime":2439.12,"body":"actually, you know, evolved much"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2439.12,"endTime":2442.51,"body":"longer ago than than we than we"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2439.12,"endTime":2442.51,"body":"originally imagined. What about"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2442.51,"endTime":2443.08,"body":"you, Andrew?"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":2443.11,"endTime":2446.17,"body":"Oh, man, I gotta"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":2443.11,"endTime":2446.17,"body":"be honest, I never knew that"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":2446.17,"endTime":2451.06,"body":"much about the birds and the"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":2446.17,"endTime":2451.06,"body":"dinosaurs prior to this"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":2451.06,"endTime":2454.12,"body":"conversation. And I just I"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":2451.06,"endTime":2454.12,"body":"really enjoyed learning about"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":2454.12,"endTime":2456.73,"body":"it. I think it speaks to just"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":2454.12,"endTime":2456.73,"body":"how much we're constantly"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":2456.73,"endTime":2461.44,"body":"learning the fact that we didn't"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":2456.73,"endTime":2461.44,"body":"definitively prove the feather"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":2461.44,"endTime":2464.89,"body":"connection until 1996. Like,"},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":2461.44,"endTime":2464.89,"body":"that's our lifetimes, guys."},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":2464.89,"endTime":2467.14,"body":"That's, you know, that's unreal."},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":2464.89,"endTime":2467.14,"body":"Yeah."},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2468.58,"endTime":2470.8,"body":"I was a"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2468.58,"endTime":2470.8,"body":"teenager by then. Um, the one"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2470.8,"endTime":2473.35,"body":"thing that really struck me, I"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2470.8,"endTime":2473.35,"body":"used to work with sea turtles."},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2473.35,"endTime":2476.02,"body":"And I've worked with snakes for"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2473.35,"endTime":2476.02,"body":"a long time. And the biggest"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2476.02,"endTime":2479.8,"body":"argument we used to use when it"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2476.02,"endTime":2479.8,"body":"came to sea turtle conservation"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2479.8,"endTime":2482.74,"body":"was that leatherbacks were older"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2479.8,"endTime":2482.74,"body":"than dinosaurs that they had"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2482.74,"endTime":2485.95,"body":"barely changed since the time of"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2482.74,"endTime":2485.95,"body":"dinosaurs, same as as"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2485.95,"endTime":2489.34,"body":"crocodiles, and it suddenly hit"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2485.95,"endTime":2489.34,"body":"me that the same thing is for"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2489.34,"endTime":2493.66,"body":"birds, that birds were dinosaurs"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2489.34,"endTime":2493.66,"body":"too, and that they have been in"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2493.66,"endTime":2497.8,"body":"the world for so long, so much"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2493.66,"endTime":2497.8,"body":"longer than us. And yet they are"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2497.83,"endTime":2501.25,"body":"addressed because of our"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2497.83,"endTime":2501.25,"body":"existence and activity. And they"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2501.25,"endTime":2505.24,"body":"have earned their space among us"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2501.25,"endTime":2505.24,"body":"and here in this world, and it's"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2505.24,"endTime":2508.51,"body":"important for us to remember it"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2505.24,"endTime":2508.51,"body":"that they survived the"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2508.51,"endTime":2512.8,"body":"extinction of the dinosaurs, and"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2508.51,"endTime":2512.8,"body":"I hope they survive the"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2512.8,"endTime":2516.04,"body":"extinction generated by humans."},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2512.8,"endTime":2516.04,"body":"And I'm going to work very hard"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2516.04,"endTime":2516.88,"body":"for that to happen."},{"speaker":"Andrea Gress","startTime":2517.15,"endTime":2518.62,"body":"Yeah. Wow."},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2518.65,"endTime":2521.56,"body":"Well said, yeah,"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2518.65,"endTime":2521.56,"body":"absolutely. They deserve. They"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2521.56,"endTime":2524.8,"body":"deserve all living things"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2521.56,"endTime":2524.8,"body":"deserve our respect, for sure."},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2524.83,"endTime":2528.73,"body":"But I think I hope that when"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2524.83,"endTime":2528.73,"body":"people hear this story or learn"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2528.73,"endTime":2533.56,"body":"more about this story, you know,"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2528.73,"endTime":2533.56,"body":"I hope people maybe develop even"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2533.56,"endTime":2536.32,"body":"a little bit more respect for"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2533.56,"endTime":2536.32,"body":"birds and the journey they've"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2536.35,"endTime":2540.43,"body":"they've been on, and that they,"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2536.35,"endTime":2540.43,"body":"they're, they're older than than"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2540.43,"endTime":2542.53,"body":"we realize, which is pretty,"},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2540.43,"endTime":2542.53,"body":"pretty great."},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2542.56,"endTime":2544.33,"body":"Jody,"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2542.56,"endTime":2544.33,"body":"thank you for that remarkable"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2544.36,"endTime":2547.72,"body":"interview. Until next time, this"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2544.36,"endTime":2547.72,"body":"is another episode of the"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2547.72,"endTime":2550.69,"body":"Warblers go, Dinah watch"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2547.72,"endTime":2550.69,"body":"everyone. Go diamond watch."},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2551.89,"endTime":2554.02,"body":"Go down to watch."},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2551.89,"endTime":2554.02,"body":"Alright, thanks for having me."},{"speaker":"Jody Allair","startTime":2554.02,"endTime":2554.35,"body":"YouTube."},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2557.35,"endTime":2559.961,"body":"warblers"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2557.35,"endTime":2559.961,"body":"is produced by Andres Jimenez,"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2560.028,"endTime":2564.112,"body":"Jody Allair, Ruth friendship"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2560.028,"endTime":2564.112,"body":"Keller and Kate Dollgleish. This"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2564.179,"endTime":2567.861,"body":"episode was edited by Greg"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2564.179,"endTime":2567.861,"body":"McLaughlin and engineered by"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2567.928,"endTime":2572.213,"body":"Katy, with the music part was a"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2567.928,"endTime":2572.213,"body":"model an art by Alex Nico. Until"},{"speaker":"Andres Jimenez Monge","startTime":2572.28,"endTime":2573.82,"body":"next time, keep burning"}]}