{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":4.019,"endTime":6.329,"body":"Welcome to the"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":4.019,"endTime":6.329,"body":"Hydrophiles, the HR Wallingford"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":6.329,"endTime":10.859,"body":"Podcast. I'm Sally Jackson, and"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":6.329,"endTime":10.859,"body":"today I'm joined by three of our"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":10.859,"endTime":14.339,"body":"dredging experts to talk about"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":10.859,"endTime":14.339,"body":"nature positive solutions for"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":14.339,"endTime":18.449,"body":"dredging. Dredging has"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":14.339,"endTime":18.449,"body":"traditionally been seen as a"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":18.449,"endTime":22.469,"body":"rather dirty industry, blamed"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":18.449,"endTime":22.469,"body":"for all kinds of things, but"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":22.469,"endTime":25.589,"body":"actually there are so many"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":22.469,"endTime":25.589,"body":"interesting things we can do"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":25.649,"endTime":29.249,"body":"with dredging to create"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":25.649,"endTime":29.249,"body":"biodiversity solutions and"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":29.249,"endTime":32.729,"body":"nature positive solutions. So we"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":29.249,"endTime":32.729,"body":"brought three of our experts"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":32.729,"endTime":37.439,"body":"today together to talk about"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":32.729,"endTime":37.439,"body":"those. The first is Mark Lee."},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":37.679,"endTime":41.939,"body":"Mark's one of the grandees of"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":37.679,"endTime":41.939,"body":"our industry. He's on expert"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":41.939,"endTime":47.279,"body":"panels for PIANC, CEDA, IADC and"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":41.939,"endTime":47.279,"body":"BSI, and he actually wrote a"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":47.279,"endTime":50.309,"body":"chapter in 'Dredging for"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":47.279,"endTime":50.309,"body":"Sustainable Infrastructure', and"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":50.309,"endTime":53.969,"body":"was part of the editorial panel."},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":50.309,"endTime":53.969,"body":"He's also been responsible for"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":53.969,"endTime":57.539,"body":"British Standards on Dredging"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":53.969,"endTime":57.539,"body":"and Land Reclamation. So lots of"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":57.539,"endTime":61.049,"body":"interesting things to come from"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":57.539,"endTime":61.049,"body":"Mark, I'm sure. Giulia Sforzi is"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":61.049,"endTime":63.869,"body":"a Principal Engineer in our"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":61.049,"endTime":63.869,"body":"dredging group. She's worked on"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":63.899,"endTime":67.019,"body":"all kinds of projects for major"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":63.899,"endTime":67.019,"body":"international port developments,"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":67.019,"endTime":71.039,"body":"from concept to delivery. The"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":67.019,"endTime":71.039,"body":"last contributor to our podcast"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":71.039,"endTime":74.579,"body":"today is Dr Jez Spearman, who's"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":71.039,"endTime":74.579,"body":"one of our technical directors,"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":74.909,"endTime":78.989,"body":"and he's an expert in sediment"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":74.909,"endTime":78.989,"body":"transport and morphology of"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":79.019,"endTime":81.989,"body":"estuarine waters and in the"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":79.019,"endTime":81.989,"body":"development and application of"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":81.989,"endTime":85.799,"body":"dispersion models. So really he"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":81.989,"endTime":85.799,"body":"looks at a lot of our computer"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":85.799,"endTime":89.129,"body":"modeling and works out how"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":85.799,"endTime":89.129,"body":"people can best use their"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":89.129,"endTime":92.849,"body":"sediment. So I talked a little"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":89.129,"endTime":92.849,"body":"bit about already why dredging"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":92.849,"endTime":96.029,"body":"has been seen as a problem, but"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":92.849,"endTime":96.029,"body":"how can dredging be a solution?"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":96.149,"endTime":98.729,"body":"Mark, what is the history of"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":96.149,"endTime":98.729,"body":"this area, and how are we going"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":98.729,"endTime":100.739,"body":"to take dredging from being"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":98.729,"endTime":100.739,"body":"something that people see as a"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":100.739,"endTime":102.929,"body":"problem to something that people"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":100.739,"endTime":102.929,"body":"see as a solution."},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":102.99,"endTime":106.83,"body":"I think one of the key"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":102.99,"endTime":106.83,"body":"opportunities relating to nature"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":106.83,"endTime":109.8,"body":"based solutions and dredging"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":106.83,"endTime":109.8,"body":"comes from the fact that"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":109.92,"endTime":114.48,"body":"actually sediment is primarily a"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":109.92,"endTime":114.48,"body":"resource and not a waste. And I"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":114.48,"endTime":119.67,"body":"think people often get this"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":114.48,"endTime":119.67,"body":"idea, as you said, that it's a"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":119.67,"endTime":123.69,"body":"waste material. But actually,"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":119.67,"endTime":123.69,"body":"there are lots of important uses"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":123.69,"endTime":128.37,"body":"for sediment. Also important is"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":123.69,"endTime":128.37,"body":"the fact that dredged material"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":128.4,"endTime":133.26,"body":"is primarily a clean and usable"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":128.4,"endTime":133.26,"body":"product, and people often think"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":133.26,"endTime":136.65,"body":"about dredged sediment as being"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":133.26,"endTime":136.65,"body":"contaminated. In most cases, it"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":136.65,"endTime":140.88,"body":"isn't. So if you think about"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":136.65,"endTime":140.88,"body":"your weekend trip to the DIY"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":140.88,"endTime":144.84,"body":"store, the money that you pay"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":140.88,"endTime":144.84,"body":"for a bag of sand and gravel to"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":144.9,"endTime":148.74,"body":"build that patio, or whatever it"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":144.9,"endTime":148.74,"body":"happens to be, then it's very"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":148.74,"endTime":153.33,"body":"clear that sediment has a value"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":148.74,"endTime":153.33,"body":"and is an important resource."},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":153.42,"endTime":156.84,"body":"Often we have projects where"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":153.42,"endTime":156.84,"body":"there's a requirement to"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":157.08,"endTime":161.37,"body":"maintain or deepen a"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":157.08,"endTime":161.37,"body":"navigational channel for access"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":161.37,"endTime":166.29,"body":"to a port, that obviously"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":161.37,"endTime":166.29,"body":"involves the removal of"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":166.35,"endTime":170.73,"body":"sediment. That sediment has a"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":166.35,"endTime":170.73,"body":"potential value and a potential"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":170.73,"endTime":175.05,"body":"use. Those materials can be used"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":170.73,"endTime":175.05,"body":"for things like creating new"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":175.05,"endTime":180.78,"body":"habitats or contributing to"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":175.05,"endTime":180.78,"body":"coastal defense functions on"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":180.78,"endTime":184.17,"body":"beaches. The sediment has"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":180.78,"endTime":184.17,"body":"potential to be used in nature"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":184.17,"endTime":188.7,"body":"based solutions. We've worked on"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":184.17,"endTime":188.7,"body":"a number of projects which have"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":188.7,"endTime":192.03,"body":"involved nature based solutions,"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":188.7,"endTime":192.03,"body":"and one that we're involved in"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":192.03,"endTime":197.07,"body":"at the moment is aiming to use"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":192.03,"endTime":197.07,"body":"dredged sediments helping to"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":197.07,"endTime":201.18,"body":"stabilize and improve eroding"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":197.07,"endTime":201.18,"body":"salt marshes in coastal"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":201.18,"endTime":202.08,"body":"environments."},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":202.14,"endTime":204.45,"body":"And just to be"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":202.14,"endTime":204.45,"body":"clear offshore disposal sites,"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":204.48,"endTime":207.45,"body":"it's when the sediment is taken"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":204.48,"endTime":207.45,"body":"out to sea to be disposed of"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":207.45,"endTime":209.1,"body":"away from the shore, is that"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":207.45,"endTime":209.1,"body":"right?"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":209.31,"endTime":211.47,"body":"Yes, that's what"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":209.31,"endTime":211.47,"body":"usually happens. The material is"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":211.47,"endTime":216.06,"body":"taken offshore by ship and"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":211.47,"endTime":216.06,"body":"disposed of. But of course, what"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":216.06,"endTime":219.33,"body":"we're looking to do is to reuse"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":216.06,"endTime":219.33,"body":"that material, to recognise it"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":219.36,"endTime":225.96,"body":"as a resource and to use it in"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":219.36,"endTime":225.96,"body":"forms of coastal defence or"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":225.99,"endTime":229.23,"body":"beneficial reuse in coastal"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":225.99,"endTime":229.23,"body":"environments closer to the"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":229.23,"endTime":229.68,"body":"shore."},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":229.89,"endTime":231.84,"body":"And I assume that"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":229.89,"endTime":231.84,"body":"if you're not taking the"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":231.84,"endTime":234.3,"body":"sediment offshore, you're"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":231.84,"endTime":234.3,"body":"actually reducing carbon"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":234.3,"endTime":236.67,"body":"emissions because the ship is"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":234.3,"endTime":236.67,"body":"not going out to sea."},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":237.03,"endTime":239.58,"body":"Absolutely, you're"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":237.03,"endTime":239.58,"body":"reducing the carbon emissions"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":239.58,"endTime":244.41,"body":"from the vessel, but also you're"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":239.58,"endTime":244.41,"body":"reducing the duration,"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":244.41,"endTime":248.07,"body":"potentially, of the project, and"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":244.41,"endTime":248.07,"body":"also potentially you're reducing"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":248.07,"endTime":248.64,"body":"the cost."},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":248.64,"endTime":252.12,"body":"So by creating"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":248.64,"endTime":252.12,"body":"new habitat or reusing it,it's"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":252.24,"endTime":255.33,"body":"not just a nature positive"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":252.24,"endTime":255.33,"body":"solution. It's actually a"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":255.57,"endTime":257.16,"body":"climate positive solution."},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":257.76,"endTime":258.87,"body":"Absolutely, yes."},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":258.959,"endTime":260.849,"body":"So Giulia, you'd"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":258.959,"endTime":260.849,"body":"like to come in on this."},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":261.12,"endTime":263.43,"body":"So, yeah,"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":261.12,"endTime":263.43,"body":"imagine, for example, that you"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":263.43,"endTime":267.72,"body":"could use dredged sediments to"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":263.43,"endTime":267.72,"body":"renourish a beach, and you can"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":267.72,"endTime":272.88,"body":"bring a lot of benefits to that"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":267.72,"endTime":272.88,"body":"system reusing dredged material."},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":273.27,"endTime":277.59,"body":"For example, if the beach is in"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":273.27,"endTime":277.59,"body":"a state of erosion, you can"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":277.62,"endTime":281.7,"body":"raise the level and create sea"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":277.62,"endTime":281.7,"body":"defence, and it is particularly"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":281.7,"endTime":286.68,"body":"relevant with climate change due"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":281.7,"endTime":286.68,"body":"to sea level rise, but also you"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":286.68,"endTime":291.42,"body":"are enhancing a beach system"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":286.68,"endTime":291.42,"body":"that then can provide a lot of"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":291.45,"endTime":293.52,"body":"benefits, including financial"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":291.45,"endTime":293.52,"body":"ones."},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":294.18,"endTime":296.01,"body":"That's really"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":294.18,"endTime":296.01,"body":"interesting, because often"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":296.01,"endTime":300.3,"body":"people think of environmental"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":296.01,"endTime":300.3,"body":"projects as being expensive. How"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":300.3,"endTime":302.82,"body":"can it provide financial"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":300.3,"endTime":302.82,"body":"benefits,  Mark?"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":302.94,"endTime":305.55,"body":"I think one of the key"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":302.94,"endTime":305.55,"body":"things is, how do you actually"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":305.55,"endTime":310.08,"body":"value nature based solutions?"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":305.55,"endTime":310.08,"body":"And it's quite a difficult thing"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":310.08,"endTime":314.61,"body":"to do, because it's not always"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":310.08,"endTime":314.61,"body":"the case that the benefits are"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":314.64,"endTime":319.38,"body":"just purely expressed in"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":314.64,"endTime":319.38,"body":"financial terms. So for example,"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":319.56,"endTime":324.18,"body":"if you create a new habitat, and"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":319.56,"endTime":324.18,"body":"there is a potentially a"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":324.18,"endTime":329.04,"body":"recreational use for that"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":324.18,"endTime":329.04,"body":"habitat, how do you value that"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":329.04,"endTime":332.85,"body":"recreational use in financial"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":329.04,"endTime":332.85,"body":"terms? And this is where the"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":332.85,"endTime":337.83,"body":"concept of ecosystem services"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":332.85,"endTime":337.83,"body":"comes along and can be useful."},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":337.95,"endTime":341.61,"body":"Ecosystem services are"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":337.95,"endTime":341.61,"body":"essentially all of the benefits"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":341.64,"endTime":345.27,"body":"to humans provided by the"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":341.64,"endTime":345.27,"body":"natural environment and healthy"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":345.33,"endTime":346.47,"body":"ecosystems."},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":347.04,"endTime":348.39,"body":"Jez, I know"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":347.04,"endTime":348.39,"body":"you've been working on some"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":348.39,"endTime":351.78,"body":"interesting work at Harwich,"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":348.39,"endTime":351.78,"body":"perhaps you could outline what's"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":351.78,"endTime":352.53,"body":"happening there."},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":352.86,"endTime":356.88,"body":"Ok so one of the"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":352.86,"endTime":356.88,"body":"things that is inevitable really"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":356.88,"endTime":360.84,"body":"is that many of the ports and"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":356.88,"endTime":360.84,"body":"harbours that are in the UK and"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":360.84,"endTime":366.48,"body":"around the world are juxtaposed"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":360.84,"endTime":366.48,"body":"right next to some very valuable"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":366.48,"endTime":370.35,"body":"coastal habitats. And so those"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":366.48,"endTime":370.35,"body":"port authorities and coastal"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":370.35,"endTime":374.1,"body":"managers regulators are trying"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":370.35,"endTime":374.1,"body":"to negotiate this tension"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":374.13,"endTime":378.48,"body":"between these two demands of"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":374.13,"endTime":378.48,"body":"making ports more efficient,"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":378.72,"endTime":381.96,"body":"digging bigger channels to"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":378.72,"endTime":381.96,"body":"enable to have bigger ships,"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":382.23,"endTime":385.41,"body":"and, on the other hand, to"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":382.23,"endTime":385.41,"body":"preserve those coastal habitats"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":385.41,"endTime":389.82,"body":"that Mark talked about. Now,"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":385.41,"endTime":389.82,"body":"when you deepen a channel to get"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":389.82,"endTime":393.54,"body":"your bigger vessel in,"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":389.82,"endTime":393.54,"body":"inevitably, you're digging a"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":393.54,"endTime":396.93,"body":"bigger hole, so you get more and"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":393.54,"endTime":396.93,"body":"more sediment falling in. And"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":397.2,"endTime":400.47,"body":"there's a understanding, as Mark"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":397.2,"endTime":400.47,"body":"said, that you've got more and"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":400.47,"endTime":404.13,"body":"more of this dredged material"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":400.47,"endTime":404.13,"body":"that you could do something"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":404.13,"endTime":409.08,"body":"with, but if only you could find"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":404.13,"endTime":409.08,"body":"a way of using that really well"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":409.26,"endTime":411.57,"body":"to benefit the coastline."},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":411.6,"endTime":415.44,"body":"So we've been working with"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":411.6,"endTime":415.44,"body":"Harwich Haven Authority over"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":415.44,"endTime":419.76,"body":"many years to develop ways of"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":415.44,"endTime":419.76,"body":"using dredged sediment in a"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":419.76,"endTime":424.05,"body":"better way. Harwich Haven"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":419.76,"endTime":424.05,"body":"Authority is the conservator."},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":424.08,"endTime":427.53,"body":"That's the official title, or"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":424.08,"endTime":427.53,"body":"guardian, if you like, of the"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":427.53,"endTime":432.15,"body":"Stour and Orwell estuary system"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":427.53,"endTime":432.15,"body":"in the south east of the UK. And"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":432.15,"endTime":435.09,"body":"that's where the port of"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":432.15,"endTime":435.09,"body":"Felixstowe is located, which is"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":435.09,"endTime":438.27,"body":"one of the busiest ports in"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":435.09,"endTime":438.27,"body":"Europe. It's also where there's"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":438.45,"endTime":442.38,"body":"a lot of environmentally"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":438.45,"endTime":442.38,"body":"sensitive coastal habitat, or to"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":442.38,"endTime":445.5,"body":"you and me, mudflat and salt"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":442.38,"endTime":445.5,"body":"marsh. Harwich Haven Authority"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":445.53,"endTime":449.01,"body":"are responsible for maintaining"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":445.53,"endTime":449.01,"body":"all of this, including the"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":449.01,"endTime":452.22,"body":"dredging of the navigation"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":449.01,"endTime":452.22,"body":"channels to Felixstowe, as well"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":452.22,"endTime":454.38,"body":"as all the other smaller berths"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":452.22,"endTime":454.38,"body":"and walls."},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":454.59,"endTime":459.63,"body":"Since about 1998 Harwich Haven"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":454.59,"endTime":459.63,"body":"Authority have been using some"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":459.63,"endTime":463.98,"body":"of their muddy dredged sediment"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":459.63,"endTime":463.98,"body":"and releasing it carefully so"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":463.98,"endTime":468.18,"body":"that it is taken up into the"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":463.98,"endTime":468.18,"body":"Stour and Orwell estuary on the"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":468.18,"endTime":471.69,"body":"flood tide. And the intention is"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":468.18,"endTime":471.69,"body":"to increase the amount of mud"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":471.72,"endTime":475.47,"body":"present in those estuaries, so"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":471.72,"endTime":475.47,"body":"increasing the deposition of"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":475.47,"endTime":479.28,"body":"this sediment on the mud flats,"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":475.47,"endTime":479.28,"body":"and therefore making those mud"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":479.28,"endTime":483.99,"body":"flats more resilient to erosion."},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":479.28,"endTime":483.99,"body":"This approach has a name. In the"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":483.99,"endTime":487.53,"body":"UK, it's called sediment"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":483.99,"endTime":487.53,"body":"recycling. Our  US cousins"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":487.53,"endTime":490.62,"body":"across the water call it"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":487.53,"endTime":490.62,"body":"strategic placement. It's the"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":490.62,"endTime":495.42,"body":"same thing. Sediment recycling"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":490.62,"endTime":495.42,"body":"with muddy sediment is less"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":495.42,"endTime":499.98,"body":"widely practiced. It's not like"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":495.42,"endTime":499.98,"body":"you have a big load of sand that"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":499.98,"endTime":503.4,"body":"you can put next to a mudflat to"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":499.98,"endTime":503.4,"body":"protect it. It's basically where"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":503.4,"endTime":507.36,"body":"you introduce mud into the water"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":503.4,"endTime":507.36,"body":"column, into the water and you"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":507.36,"endTime":511.08,"body":"let the currents take it away."},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":507.36,"endTime":511.08,"body":"And the idea is to let the"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":511.08,"endTime":515.52,"body":"currents take it away so that it"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":511.08,"endTime":515.52,"body":"deposits on mudflats. But the"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":515.52,"endTime":518.91,"body":"effects, the benefits you get,"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":515.52,"endTime":518.91,"body":"are actually quite small."},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":518.94,"endTime":521.79,"body":"They're really important, but"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":518.94,"endTime":521.79,"body":"they're actually quite small and"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":521.79,"endTime":524.76,"body":"really hard to measure. They"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":521.79,"endTime":524.76,"body":"might be centimeters, perhaps"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":524.76,"endTime":528.33,"body":"even less sometimes. And so it's"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":524.76,"endTime":528.33,"body":"always been quite difficult to"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":528.33,"endTime":532.44,"body":"demonstrate how successful this"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":528.33,"endTime":532.44,"body":"sediment recycling is. So one of"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":532.44,"endTime":535.29,"body":"the problems has been for"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":532.44,"endTime":535.29,"body":"Harwich Haven Authority that"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":535.29,"endTime":539.1,"body":"they've never really known how"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":535.29,"endTime":539.1,"body":"well this has been doing."},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":539.19,"endTime":542.58,"body":"So at HR Wallingford, we"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":539.19,"endTime":542.58,"body":"addressed the problem by"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":542.61,"endTime":547.44,"body":"developing a really, really"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":542.61,"endTime":547.44,"body":"detailed numerical model of the"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":547.44,"endTime":550.86,"body":"way sediment enters and moves"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":547.44,"endTime":550.86,"body":"around within the estuary"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":550.86,"endTime":554.73,"body":"system. We spent a lot of time"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":550.86,"endTime":554.73,"body":"comparing this model with"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":554.73,"endTime":558.3,"body":"observations of the movement of"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":554.73,"endTime":558.3,"body":"water and sediment and to the"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":558.3,"endTime":561.57,"body":"changes in bed level in the"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":558.3,"endTime":561.57,"body":"estuary system. Once the model"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":561.57,"endTime":564.87,"body":"was working really well, we"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":561.57,"endTime":564.87,"body":"reproduced the changes in the"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":564.87,"endTime":568.02,"body":"estuary, both with and without"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":564.87,"endTime":568.02,"body":"the sediment recycling, and we"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":568.02,"endTime":570.84,"body":"were able to identify what"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":568.02,"endTime":570.84,"body":"happens to the sediment that is"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":570.84,"endTime":573.42,"body":"released in the sediment"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":570.84,"endTime":573.42,"body":"recycling. And it's the first"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":573.42,"endTime":577.29,"body":"time anybody's been able to"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":573.42,"endTime":577.29,"body":"robustly evaluate the benefits"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":577.29,"endTime":580.92,"body":"of the use of this method. Now"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":577.29,"endTime":580.92,"body":"we found that about 20% of the"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":580.92,"endTime":584.25,"body":"sediment released found its way"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":580.92,"endTime":584.25,"body":"onto the intertidal or very"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":584.25,"endTime":587.82,"body":"shallow sub-tidal areas, and"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":584.25,"endTime":587.82,"body":"this sedimentation clearly"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":587.82,"endTime":592.65,"body":"explained the features observed"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":587.82,"endTime":592.65,"body":"in the bathymetric surveys. We"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":592.65,"endTime":596.7,"body":"were able to compute that the"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":592.65,"endTime":596.7,"body":"sediment recycling contributed"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":596.7,"endTime":600.51,"body":"nearly two hectares of extra"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":596.7,"endTime":600.51,"body":"mudflat per year."},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":600.93,"endTime":602.85,"body":"Ok, so just to"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":600.93,"endTime":602.85,"body":"clear up a couple of things"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":602.85,"endTime":607.92,"body":"there. The idea of resuspending"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":602.85,"endTime":607.92,"body":"this sediment is reproducing a"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":607.92,"endTime":610.41,"body":"kind of natural phenomena, if"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":607.92,"endTime":610.41,"body":"you like. Normally, you have"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":610.41,"endTime":613.71,"body":"sediment in a river, and it"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":610.41,"endTime":613.71,"body":"deposits as a mudflat. So if you"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":613.71,"endTime":617.16,"body":"put it in at the right point,"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":613.71,"endTime":617.16,"body":"then you would hope thatnatural"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":617.19,"endTime":619.02,"body":"process will be replicated."},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":619.2,"endTime":622.65,"body":"That's absolutely"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":619.2,"endTime":622.65,"body":"the way to think about it. Yeah,"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":622.65,"endTime":625.56,"body":"it's trying to get back to the"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":622.65,"endTime":625.56,"body":"situation where, if you like,"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":625.83,"endTime":628.5,"body":"the dredging is not there. We're"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":625.83,"endTime":628.5,"body":"just helping the sediment to go"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":628.5,"endTime":630.78,"body":"along its way to where it always"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":628.5,"endTime":630.78,"body":"ought to be."},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":631.08,"endTime":633.03,"body":"But that's hard"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":631.08,"endTime":633.03,"body":"to measure, so we've developed"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":633.03,"endTime":635.91,"body":"this method to measure the"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":633.03,"endTime":635.91,"body":"benefits of that and shown that"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":635.91,"endTime":636.72,"body":"it actually grows."},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":636.72,"endTime":637.44,"body":"Yeah, absolutely."},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":637.71,"endTime":639.78,"body":"Tell me, Jez, it"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":637.71,"endTime":639.78,"body":"sounds like an excellent"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":639.78,"endTime":642.57,"body":"project. You know, we've created"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":639.78,"endTime":642.57,"body":"more habitats. We've given more"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":642.57,"endTime":645.48,"body":"feeding grounds for birds. We're"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":642.57,"endTime":645.48,"body":"able to measure it, we've"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":645.51,"endTime":650.55,"body":"replicated natural processes."},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":645.51,"endTime":650.55,"body":"Why would Harwich do this? Is it"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":650.58,"endTime":655.2,"body":"regulatory? Has it saved money?"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":650.58,"endTime":655.2,"body":"How does it help them, or do"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":655.2,"endTime":657.63,"body":"they just want to do it because"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":655.2,"endTime":657.63,"body":"they're an organization that"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":657.63,"endTime":658.29,"body":"wants to do good?"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":658.5,"endTime":661.47,"body":"Well, interesting,"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":658.5,"endTime":661.47,"body":"the reason that they started"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":661.47,"endTime":667.74,"body":"with the sediment recycling was"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":661.47,"endTime":667.74,"body":"regulatory, and it was a part of"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":667.74,"endTime":672.06,"body":"the consent process from the"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":667.74,"endTime":672.06,"body":"deepening that happened between"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":672.06,"endTime":676.89,"body":"1998 and 2000. But now they've"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":672.06,"endTime":676.89,"body":"got the bit between their teeth,"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":676.95,"endTime":680.55,"body":"and they've realized that this"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":676.95,"endTime":680.55,"body":"sediment recycling is pretty"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":680.55,"endTime":684.96,"body":"good. It's contributing extra"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":680.55,"endTime":684.96,"body":"money for that, but actually"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":684.99,"endTime":688.32,"body":"it's still not as good as it"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":684.99,"endTime":688.32,"body":"could be. One of the problems is"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":688.44,"endTime":692.07,"body":"there's only still a small"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":688.44,"endTime":692.07,"body":"amount of this mud material that"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":692.1,"endTime":695.52,"body":"they're dredging and using for"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":692.1,"endTime":695.52,"body":"sediment recycling. Most of the"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":695.52,"endTime":698.73,"body":"sediment is still going"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":695.52,"endTime":698.73,"body":"offshore, and they've realized"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":698.73,"endTime":703.29,"body":"that most of their dredgers are"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":698.73,"endTime":703.29,"body":"still spending most of the time"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":703.53,"endTime":706.44,"body":"transporting this material"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":703.53,"endTime":706.44,"body":"offshore and coming back."},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":706.47,"endTime":709.41,"body":"Because of that, Harwich Haven"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":706.47,"endTime":709.41,"body":"Authority have been looking at"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":709.41,"endTime":712.71,"body":"ways to improve their dredging"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":709.41,"endTime":712.71,"body":"further, and they've developed a"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":712.71,"endTime":715.47,"body":"new type of dredger, which"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":712.71,"endTime":715.47,"body":"they've called the Tiamat. This"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":715.47,"endTime":720.06,"body":"dredger is pretty small. It's"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":715.47,"endTime":720.06,"body":"cheap to run, and importantly,"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":720.06,"endTime":724.05,"body":"instead of taking sediment a"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":720.06,"endTime":724.05,"body":"long way offshore, it releases"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":724.05,"endTime":727.44,"body":"the sediment into the water"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":724.05,"endTime":727.44,"body":"column, into the water above it,"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":727.53,"endTime":731.22,"body":"for the currents to either"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":727.53,"endTime":731.22,"body":"transport it away or to bring it"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":731.25,"endTime":736.2,"body":"further into the estuary. The"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":731.25,"endTime":736.2,"body":"new type of dredger provides the"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":736.2,"endTime":739.62,"body":"possibility of similar benefits"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":736.2,"endTime":739.62,"body":"to the sediment recycling,"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":739.62,"endTime":742.5,"body":"because you are allowing all"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":739.62,"endTime":742.5,"body":"this segment to go into the"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":742.5,"endTime":747.42,"body":"water, to be taken upstream on"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":742.5,"endTime":747.42,"body":"the flood tide. But it's cheaper"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":747.48,"endTime":749.79,"body":"and it's got a lower carbon"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":747.48,"endTime":749.79,"body":"footprint, so it's bringing back"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":749.82,"endTime":753.12,"body":"all the things that Mark was"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":749.82,"endTime":753.12,"body":"talking about. Now we've been"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":753.12,"endTime":756.48,"body":"working with Harwich Haven"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":753.12,"endTime":756.48,"body":"Authority to evaluate how good"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":756.48,"endTime":759.06,"body":"this new dredger is, because"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":756.48,"endTime":759.06,"body":"there's no point having a new"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":759.06,"endTime":762.12,"body":"dredger if it doesn't actually"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":759.06,"endTime":762.12,"body":"perform very well at dredging."},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":762.18,"endTime":765.51,"body":"So we looked at how good it was"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":762.18,"endTime":765.51,"body":"at removing sediment, and we"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":765.51,"endTime":768.87,"body":"were able to use our detailed"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":765.51,"endTime":768.87,"body":"numerical model that I spoke"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":768.87,"endTime":772.89,"body":"about in order to evaluate how"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":768.87,"endTime":772.89,"body":"good the dredger is at providing"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":772.89,"endTime":775.38,"body":"muddy sediment. And we found"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":772.89,"endTime":775.38,"body":"that the small dredger was"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":775.38,"endTime":778.65,"body":"actually as good as a much"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":775.38,"endTime":778.65,"body":"larger, expensive dredger at"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":778.74,"endTime":781.92,"body":"removing sediment, basically"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":778.74,"endTime":781.92,"body":"because it can spend its time"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":781.92,"endTime":786.66,"body":"dredging, not transporting the"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":781.92,"endTime":786.66,"body":"material offshore and back. We"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":786.66,"endTime":790.14,"body":"also found that the dredger gave"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":786.66,"endTime":790.14,"body":"many of the benefits of the"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":790.14,"endTime":794.31,"body":"sediment recycling, but now you"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":790.14,"endTime":794.31,"body":"have to be clever in the way you"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":794.31,"endTime":799.56,"body":"dredge. So you have to dredge"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":794.31,"endTime":799.56,"body":"the parts of your maintaining"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":799.62,"endTime":804.21,"body":"areas which are mostly furthest"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":799.62,"endTime":804.21,"body":"landward on the flood tide, and"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":804.21,"endTime":807.66,"body":"that means you maximize the"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":804.21,"endTime":807.66,"body":"amount of sediment that is taken"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":807.69,"endTime":811.2,"body":"upstream. And of course, on the"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":807.69,"endTime":811.2,"body":"ebb tide, you want to be"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":811.2,"endTime":815.37,"body":"dredging all those areas which"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":811.2,"endTime":815.37,"body":"are furthest away, near the"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":815.37,"endTime":816.06,"body":"entrance."},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":816.33,"endTime":819.72,"body":"This idea of keeping"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":816.33,"endTime":819.72,"body":"sediment in the system is one"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":819.72,"endTime":823.17,"body":"which is obviously important,"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":819.72,"endTime":823.17,"body":"not just at Harwich, but has"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":823.17,"endTime":827.13,"body":"been important on other"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":823.17,"endTime":827.13,"body":"estuaries, and certainly in the"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":827.13,"endTime":830.82,"body":"outer Thames, for example."},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":827.13,"endTime":830.82,"body":"There's been quite a lot of use"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":830.82,"endTime":835.71,"body":"of water injection dredgers"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":830.82,"endTime":835.71,"body":"along the berths on the northern"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":835.71,"endTime":839.7,"body":"side of the outer Thames, and"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":835.71,"endTime":839.7,"body":"that has a similar benefit in"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":839.7,"endTime":843.18,"body":"that the material is not taken"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":839.7,"endTime":843.18,"body":"out of the marine environment"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":843.18,"endTime":848.55,"body":"and transported offshore."},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":843.18,"endTime":848.55,"body":"Instead, it is mobilized from"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":848.55,"endTime":851.91,"body":"the bed, and in this case, in"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":848.55,"endTime":851.91,"body":"the case of a water injection"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":851.91,"endTime":856.71,"body":"dredger, it forms a turbidity"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":851.91,"endTime":856.71,"body":"current, which basically runs"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":856.71,"endTime":862.32,"body":"along the bed to deeper areas"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":856.71,"endTime":862.32,"body":"where it then settles. It's"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":862.32,"endTime":865.95,"body":"similar to the Tiamat in some"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":862.32,"endTime":865.95,"body":"ways, but it isn't suspending"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":865.98,"endTime":869.22,"body":"sediment quite so far up into"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":865.98,"endTime":869.22,"body":"the water column to be"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":869.22,"endTime":872.7,"body":"transported as widely by"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":869.22,"endTime":872.7,"body":"currents. Instead, you got this"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":872.7,"endTime":876.63,"body":"density current which flows"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":872.7,"endTime":876.63,"body":"along the bed, down slopes into"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":876.63,"endTime":878.61,"body":"deeper areas and then settles"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":876.63,"endTime":878.61,"body":"there."},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":878.73,"endTime":881.94,"body":"What I am hearing"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":878.73,"endTime":881.94,"body":"from Jez and from Mark, is that"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":881.94,"endTime":885.51,"body":"actually this could be cheaper"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":881.94,"endTime":885.51,"body":"and easier. Is that right, Jez?"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":885.54,"endTime":888.12,"body":"That's the whole"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":885.54,"endTime":888.12,"body":"point. It can be easier and"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":888.12,"endTime":892.38,"body":"cheaper, and it's all about"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":888.12,"endTime":892.38,"body":"honing into those ways in which"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":892.38,"endTime":896.46,"body":"you can make it a win-win"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":892.38,"endTime":896.46,"body":"situation. Win for nature, win"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":896.46,"endTime":898.95,"body":"for the people maintaining those"},{"speaker":"Jez Spearman","startTime":896.46,"endTime":898.95,"body":"ports."},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":899.19,"endTime":902.25,"body":"Another example -"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":899.19,"endTime":902.25,"body":"in the UK, is what has been done"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":902.25,"endTime":907.74,"body":"at Poole. So Poole Harbourhad to"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":902.25,"endTime":907.74,"body":"do maintenance dredging, and"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":907.74,"endTime":912.15,"body":"they used to bring the material"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":907.74,"endTime":912.15,"body":"that was removed from that"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":912.45,"endTime":915.75,"body":"campaign and be brought offshore"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":912.45,"endTime":915.75,"body":"to what we were discussing"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":915.75,"endTime":919.98,"body":"before these offshore disposal"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":915.75,"endTime":919.98,"body":"sites. And then they realised"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":919.98,"endTime":926.28,"body":"that a nearby beach was actually"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":919.98,"endTime":926.28,"body":"under erosion, need of fresh"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":926.28,"endTime":929.43,"body":"sediment, and because of the"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":926.28,"endTime":929.43,"body":"material that was excavated was"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":929.43,"endTime":932.76,"body":"clean, it was found that there"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":929.43,"endTime":932.76,"body":"was the possibility to create"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":932.76,"endTime":934.35,"body":"one of these win-win solutions."},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":934.92,"endTime":936.75,"body":"So we've talked"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":934.92,"endTime":936.75,"body":"quite a lot here about what's"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":936.75,"endTime":939.87,"body":"happening in the UK, and that's"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":936.75,"endTime":939.87,"body":"quite specific, and some of the"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":939.9,"endTime":943.38,"body":"habitats, but there are other"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":939.9,"endTime":943.38,"body":"things happening all around the"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":943.38,"endTime":945.66,"body":"world that are kind of"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":943.38,"endTime":945.66,"body":"contributing to showing that we"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":945.66,"endTime":948.42,"body":"can have win-win solutions for"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":945.66,"endTime":948.42,"body":"biodiversity and nature,"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":948.42,"endTime":951.03,"body":"positive solutions around the"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":948.42,"endTime":951.03,"body":"world. Giulia, perhaps you could"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":951.36,"endTime":952.95,"body":"enlighten us on a few of those."},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":953.4,"endTime":955.5,"body":"Yeah, of course."},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":953.4,"endTime":955.5,"body":"For example, we were working on"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":955.5,"endTime":959.58,"body":"a project which is based in the"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":955.5,"endTime":959.58,"body":"Caribbean. The location of this"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":959.58,"endTime":964.11,"body":"project is an island which was"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":959.58,"endTime":964.11,"body":"used for mining purposes, which"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":964.11,"endTime":969.69,"body":"then has been reconverted into a"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":964.11,"endTime":969.69,"body":"marine reserve for juristic"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":969.72,"endTime":973.89,"body":"reasons. When we were starting"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":969.72,"endTime":973.89,"body":"to be involved in this project,"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":973.95,"endTime":977.88,"body":"additional dredging had to be"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":973.95,"endTime":977.88,"body":"done to widen some of the"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":977.88,"endTime":980.7,"body":"navigation areas for various"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":977.88,"endTime":980.7,"body":"reasons, including safety and"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":980.7,"endTime":984.27,"body":"navigation, and we found that"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":980.7,"endTime":984.27,"body":"the material that was going to"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":984.27,"endTime":986.85,"body":"be excavated was actually of"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":984.27,"endTime":986.85,"body":"good quality, both for"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":986.85,"endTime":990.33,"body":"construction and, of course, in"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":986.85,"endTime":990.33,"body":"terms of being not polluted,"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":990.36,"endTime":994.56,"body":"being untouched. So we are"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":990.36,"endTime":994.56,"body":"considering various options of"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":994.56,"endTime":998.25,"body":"how to maximize the benefits"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":994.56,"endTime":998.25,"body":"that we can gain with the use of"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":999.03,"endTime":1002.63,"body":"this material, and, of course,"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":999.03,"endTime":1002.63,"body":"the standard solution that you"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1002.63,"endTime":1004.97,"body":"would have put in the past is"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1002.63,"endTime":1004.97,"body":"what we have been discussing"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1005.0,"endTime":1008.42,"body":"before. So displace the material"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1005.0,"endTime":1008.42,"body":"and put it far away. So what we"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1008.42,"endTime":1011.99,"body":"tend to call offshore placement"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1008.42,"endTime":1011.99,"body":"sites. But we are considering,"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1012.02,"endTime":1017.0,"body":"for example, creating a"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1012.02,"endTime":1017.0,"body":"submerged berth, both for island"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1017.0,"endTime":1022.07,"body":"protection from wave activities,"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1017.0,"endTime":1022.07,"body":"but also potentially for coral"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1022.07,"endTime":1025.76,"body":"reimplantation and creating an"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1022.07,"endTime":1025.76,"body":"artificial reef. We are also"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1025.76,"endTime":1030.35,"body":"considering the option of using"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1025.76,"endTime":1030.35,"body":"part of the sand component of"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1030.38,"endTime":1034.34,"body":"the dredge campaign to renourish"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1030.38,"endTime":1034.34,"body":"the beach of this island. But"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1034.34,"endTime":1038.12,"body":"also another alternative that we"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1034.34,"endTime":1038.12,"body":"are considering is to extend an"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1038.12,"endTime":1042.62,"body":"existing little island to create"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1038.12,"endTime":1042.62,"body":"both additional land for"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1042.62,"endTime":1045.8,"body":"juristic purposes. And then here"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1042.62,"endTime":1045.8,"body":"I mentioned this because"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1045.8,"endTime":1049.13,"body":"sometimes we think of an"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1045.8,"endTime":1049.13,"body":"environmental benefit solution"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1049.13,"endTime":1052.52,"body":"that they only bring cost but do"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1049.13,"endTime":1052.52,"body":"not bring financial value. This"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1052.52,"endTime":1055.04,"body":"would be an example where it"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1052.52,"endTime":1055.04,"body":"will bring financial value, and"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1055.04,"endTime":1061.07,"body":"this additional land, of course,"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1055.04,"endTime":1061.07,"body":"could also encompass a space for"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1061.1,"endTime":1065.15,"body":"creating, like a solar panel"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1061.1,"endTime":1065.15,"body":"scheme. It would potentially"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1065.18,"endTime":1069.86,"body":"create additional birding breed."},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1065.18,"endTime":1069.86,"body":"It could potentially create"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1070.25,"endTime":1075.62,"body":"nesting areas for passing birds,"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1070.25,"endTime":1075.62,"body":"as well as, of course, enhancing"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1075.62,"endTime":1079.55,"body":"the benefits for touristic"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1075.62,"endTime":1079.55,"body":"purposes."},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":1079.64,"endTime":1081.98,"body":"So it sounds like"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":1079.64,"endTime":1081.98,"body":"ports have a lot to be positive"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":1081.98,"endTime":1082.67,"body":"about them."},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1083.21,"endTime":1087.2,"body":"Yes, and the main"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1083.21,"endTime":1087.2,"body":"hurdle, I think, is that you"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1087.2,"endTime":1090.5,"body":"need to think out of the box."},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1087.2,"endTime":1090.5,"body":"Quite often, ports are in hurry,"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1090.8,"endTime":1093.95,"body":"orI mean, let's say call them"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1090.8,"endTime":1093.95,"body":"clients and project initiators."},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1093.98,"endTime":1096.65,"body":"They are in hurry. They want to"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1093.98,"endTime":1096.65,"body":"achieve their permit as soon as"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1096.65,"endTime":1100.58,"body":"possible. And some of the"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1096.65,"endTime":1100.58,"body":"solutions potentially might be"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1101.03,"endTime":1104.99,"body":"requiring a slightly different"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1101.03,"endTime":1104.99,"body":"type of studies, and therefore"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1104.99,"endTime":1111.59,"body":"they might not want to consider"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1104.99,"endTime":1111.59,"body":"them at first, just because they"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1111.59,"endTime":1115.58,"body":"think that might make their"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1111.59,"endTime":1115.58,"body":"process longer. And so a lot of"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1115.58,"endTime":1120.29,"body":"these benefits could be lost if"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1115.58,"endTime":1120.29,"body":"there is not an intention in"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1120.29,"endTime":1123.89,"body":"looking beyond the mere"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1120.29,"endTime":1123.89,"body":"objective of your initial"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1123.89,"endTime":1124.79,"body":"dredging campaign."},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":1125.27,"endTime":1128.66,"body":"But this also comes"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":1125.27,"endTime":1128.66,"body":"back to the question of valuing"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":1128.66,"endTime":1133.07,"body":"the benefits properly that these"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":1128.66,"endTime":1133.07,"body":"sorts of projects can provide."},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":1133.07,"endTime":1137.6,"body":"So these nature positive"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":1133.07,"endTime":1137.6,"body":"solutions need to be looked at"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":1137.6,"endTime":1141.83,"body":"properly in terms of the value"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":1137.6,"endTime":1141.83,"body":"of the new habitats that they"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":1141.83,"endTime":1146.15,"body":"create, as well as the coastal"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":1141.83,"endTime":1146.15,"body":"defences and other aspects which"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":1146.15,"endTime":1149.84,"body":"are easier to put monetary"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":1146.15,"endTime":1149.84,"body":"values on. So this question of"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":1150.14,"endTime":1154.19,"body":"valuing and properly valuing"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":1150.14,"endTime":1154.19,"body":"what these projects are capable"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":1154.19,"endTime":1158.48,"body":"of delivering will help us in"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":1154.19,"endTime":1158.48,"body":"terms of being able to deliver"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":1158.48,"endTime":1162.68,"body":"them and for clients to see the"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":1158.48,"endTime":1162.68,"body":"value. And also speaking to"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":1162.68,"endTime":1166.79,"body":"those stakeholders at an early"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":1162.68,"endTime":1166.79,"body":"stage to understand what they"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":1166.79,"endTime":1171.89,"body":"know about the system and the"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":1166.79,"endTime":1171.89,"body":"environment and what those"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":1171.89,"endTime":1174.44,"body":"benefits potentially mean to"},{"speaker":"Mark Lee","startTime":1171.89,"endTime":1174.44,"body":"them."},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1174.47,"endTime":1176.27,"body":"Now what Mark"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1174.47,"endTime":1176.27,"body":"just said is extremely"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1176.27,"endTime":1179.96,"body":"important. It is highlighting"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1176.27,"endTime":1179.96,"body":"the importance of thinking about"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1179.96,"endTime":1183.77,"body":"these additional benefits the"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1179.96,"endTime":1183.77,"body":"sooner as possible in the"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1183.77,"endTime":1187.04,"body":"project phase, because that's"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1183.77,"endTime":1187.04,"body":"when you will have the"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1187.04,"endTime":1190.88,"body":"possibility to implement  those"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1187.04,"endTime":1190.88,"body":"changes. Once you are down into"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1190.88,"endTime":1194.09,"body":"contracting arrangements, then"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1190.88,"endTime":1194.09,"body":"it might be too late. So even if"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1194.15,"endTime":1198.44,"body":"you are able to identify some"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1194.15,"endTime":1198.44,"body":"positive benefits, then you"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1198.44,"endTime":1200.93,"body":"might not be able to actually"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1198.44,"endTime":1200.93,"body":"implement them because they have"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1200.93,"endTime":1203.69,"body":"not been part of the permitting,"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1200.93,"endTime":1203.69,"body":"they've not been part of the"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1203.69,"endTime":1206.66,"body":"contracting arrangements, and"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1203.69,"endTime":1206.66,"body":"then those opportunities are"},{"speaker":"Giulia Sforzi","startTime":1206.66,"endTime":1207.17,"body":"lost."},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":1207.23,"endTime":1209.96,"body":"Sounds like very"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":1207.23,"endTime":1209.96,"body":"sage advice, Giulia, and it also"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":1209.96,"endTime":1212.33,"body":"sounds like quite an exciting"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":1209.96,"endTime":1212.33,"body":"time to be in the dredging"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":1212.33,"endTime":1215.18,"body":"industry. Sounds like the kind"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":1212.33,"endTime":1215.18,"body":"of industry is changing its"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":1215.21,"endTime":1218.33,"body":"image, and hopefully, you know,"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":1215.21,"endTime":1218.33,"body":"in 10 years time, we might be in"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":1218.33,"endTime":1221.84,"body":"a very different place in terms"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":1218.33,"endTime":1221.84,"body":"of what that industry is"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":1221.84,"endTime":1225.2,"body":"providing. So really value your"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":1221.84,"endTime":1225.2,"body":"time today. Thanks so much for"},{"speaker":"Sally Jackson","startTime":1225.2,"endTime":1226.04,"body":"joining me."}]}