{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"startTime":58.53,"endTime":59.660000000000004,"body":"Welcome back, folks."},{"startTime":59.660000000000004,"endTime":63.24,"body":"It is Stay Off My Operating"},{"startTime":59.660000000000004,"endTime":63.24,"body":"Table with Dr. Philip Ovadia."},{"startTime":63.909000000000006,"endTime":67.17,"body":"Our guest today is going"},{"startTime":63.909000000000006,"endTime":67.17,"body":"to appeal to some of"},{"startTime":67.17,"endTime":68.239,"body":"you, but not all of you."},{"startTime":68.269,"endTime":73.32900000000001,"body":"If you don't have a digestive"},{"startTime":68.269,"endTime":73.32900000000001,"body":"tract or you don't have any"},{"startTime":73.649,"endTime":78.769,"body":"body parts between your throat"},{"startTime":73.649,"endTime":78.769,"body":"and your waist, you're probably"},{"startTime":78.769,"endTime":81.189,"body":"not gonna be interested in"},{"startTime":78.769,"endTime":81.189,"body":"this particular episode."},{"startTime":81.659,"endTime":85.589,"body":"For the small fraction of you"},{"startTime":81.659,"endTime":85.589,"body":"remaining who do have that, I"},{"startTime":85.589,"endTime":90.499,"body":"think this one is going to be"},{"startTime":85.589,"endTime":90.499,"body":"fascinating, very informative,"},{"startTime":90.909,"endTime":94.509,"body":"and I already know that I"},{"startTime":90.909,"endTime":94.509,"body":"personally am going to benefit"},{"startTime":94.509,"endTime":97.319,"body":"from it for reasons we may"},{"startTime":94.509,"endTime":97.319,"body":"or may not get into later."},{"startTime":97.689,"endTime":99.47,"body":"Our guest is Martha Carlin."},{"startTime":99.47,"endTime":101.289,"body":"Phil, take it from me."},{"startTime":102.14,"endTime":102.479,"body":"Yeah."},{"startTime":102.51,"endTime":104.32000000000001,"body":"I think you said it right, Jack."},{"startTime":104.32000000000001,"endTime":107.01,"body":"Those of us in the audience"},{"startTime":104.32000000000001,"endTime":107.01,"body":"that are human, we're probably"},{"startTime":107.01,"endTime":110.10000000000001,"body":"gonna benefit from this"},{"startTime":107.01,"endTime":110.10000000000001,"body":"conversation, and those of you"},{"startTime":110.10000000000001,"endTime":113.179,"body":"that are not, maybe we can have"},{"startTime":110.10000000000001,"endTime":113.179,"body":"some other discussions around."},{"startTime":113.179,"endTime":114.88000000000001,"body":"But you might even"},{"startTime":113.179,"endTime":114.88000000000001,"body":"benefit from it."},{"startTime":115.44,"endTime":118.869,"body":"Really excited to have this"},{"startTime":115.44,"endTime":118.869,"body":"conversation today with Martha."},{"startTime":119.10900000000001,"endTime":123.199,"body":"Martha is a citizen"},{"startTime":119.10900000000001,"endTime":123.199,"body":"scientist turned, I guess,"},{"startTime":123.199,"endTime":124.509,"body":"we'll say entrepreneur."},{"startTime":124.509,"endTime":128.22899999999998,"body":"Now has a company, BiotaQuest"},{"startTime":124.509,"endTime":128.22899999999998,"body":"and we're gonna talk a little"},{"startTime":128.22899999999998,"endTime":129.75,"body":"bit about what that is."},{"startTime":129.99900000000002,"endTime":133.079,"body":"But really I think it's"},{"startTime":129.99900000000002,"endTime":133.079,"body":"the story behind what led"},{"startTime":133.079,"endTime":136.519,"body":"to BiotaQuest that I am"},{"startTime":133.079,"endTime":136.519,"body":"most interested in and I"},{"startTime":136.519,"endTime":139.019,"body":"think our audience will"},{"startTime":136.519,"endTime":139.019,"body":"be most interested in."},{"startTime":139.24900000000002,"endTime":142.959,"body":"I'm gonna start just by letting"},{"startTime":139.24900000000002,"endTime":142.959,"body":"Martha give a little bit of"},{"startTime":142.959,"endTime":147.179,"body":"that background, how she became"},{"startTime":142.959,"endTime":147.179,"body":"a citizen scientist, and then"},{"startTime":147.179,"endTime":150.99900000000002,"body":"we can dig into all the good"},{"startTime":147.179,"endTime":150.99900000000002,"body":"stuff that she's been learning"},{"startTime":150.99900000000002,"endTime":152.559,"body":"and teaching people about."},{"startTime":153.74900000000002,"endTime":154.149,"body":"Sure."},{"startTime":154.149,"endTime":160.039,"body":"So this journey started"},{"startTime":154.149,"endTime":160.039,"body":"for me back in 2002."},{"startTime":160.18900000000002,"endTime":164.41899999999998,"body":"So my background and"},{"startTime":160.18900000000002,"endTime":164.41899999999998,"body":"training from school is I"},{"startTime":164.41899999999998,"endTime":165.75900000000001,"body":"was trained as an accountant."},{"startTime":166.199,"endTime":169.67900000000003,"body":"Came out of school and went"},{"startTime":166.199,"endTime":169.67900000000003,"body":"to work for Arthur Andersen,"},{"startTime":169.67900000000003,"endTime":171.00900000000001,"body":"trained as an auditor."},{"startTime":171.04899999999998,"endTime":172.99900000000002,"body":"Never take anything"},{"startTime":171.04899999999998,"endTime":172.99900000000002,"body":"at face value."},{"startTime":172.99900000000002,"endTime":174.769,"body":"Examine the evidence yourself."},{"startTime":175.25900000000001,"endTime":175.87900000000002,"body":"I love it."},{"startTime":176.35899999999998,"endTime":180.099,"body":"And they also trained us in a"},{"startTime":176.35899999999998,"endTime":180.099,"body":"way to look at business risk"},{"startTime":180.099,"endTime":185.139,"body":"called transaction flow review,"},{"startTime":180.099,"endTime":185.139,"body":"where you would essentially"},{"startTime":185.139,"endTime":188.909,"body":"map everything flowing through"},{"startTime":185.139,"endTime":188.909,"body":"a business on these big flow"},{"startTime":188.909,"endTime":191.62900000000002,"body":"charts, and who touches it"},{"startTime":188.909,"endTime":191.62900000000002,"body":"and what they're supposed"},{"startTime":191.62900000000002,"endTime":194.56900000000002,"body":"to do, and then, you would"},{"startTime":191.62900000000002,"endTime":194.56900000000002,"body":"have to go in the summertime"},{"startTime":194.649,"endTime":197.72899999999998,"body":"and observe and make sure"},{"startTime":194.649,"endTime":197.72899999999998,"body":"they did all the things that"},{"startTime":197.72899999999998,"endTime":198.969,"body":"it said they were doing."},{"startTime":199.41899999999998,"endTime":205.80900000000003,"body":"And so in 2002 my husband, 44"},{"startTime":199.41899999999998,"endTime":205.80900000000003,"body":"years old, marathon running,"},{"startTime":205.86900000000003,"endTime":208.839,"body":"looked totally healthy, was"},{"startTime":205.86900000000003,"endTime":208.839,"body":"diagnosed with Parkinson's."},{"startTime":209.47899999999998,"endTime":213.31900000000002,"body":"And- it just w- it's"},{"startTime":209.47899999999998,"endTime":213.31900000000002,"body":"like one of those just"},{"startTime":213.31900000000002,"endTime":214.719,"body":"stop you in your tracks."},{"startTime":215.089,"endTime":219.579,"body":"What do you mean somebody that"},{"startTime":215.089,"endTime":219.579,"body":"looks healthy and is 44 years"},{"startTime":219.579,"endTime":221.54899999999998,"body":"old has an old person's disease?"},{"startTime":222.149,"endTime":226.719,"body":"And, I just, because of the way"},{"startTime":222.149,"endTime":226.719,"body":"I had been trained to think, I"},{"startTime":226.719,"endTime":230.459,"body":"wasn't gonna take anything at"},{"startTime":226.719,"endTime":230.459,"body":"face value, and so I started"},{"startTime":230.50900000000001,"endTime":232.449,"body":"examining the evidence myself."},{"startTime":232.47899999999998,"endTime":234.599,"body":"I started with food."},{"startTime":234.74900000000002,"endTime":238.72899999999998,"body":"John had been drinking soy"},{"startTime":234.74900000000002,"endTime":238.72899999999998,"body":"protein shakes every day"},{"startTime":238.72899999999998,"endTime":242.10899999999998,"body":"for about two years prior"},{"startTime":238.72899999999998,"endTime":242.10899999999998,"body":"to that, and this was, So"},{"startTime":242.10899999999998,"endTime":246.899,"body":"in the late 1990s is when"},{"startTime":242.10899999999998,"endTime":246.899,"body":"all the GMO GMO soy came to"},{"startTime":246.899,"endTime":249.769,"body":"market, and and glyphosate."},{"startTime":249.85899999999998,"endTime":253.409,"body":"And I spent about 10 years"},{"startTime":249.85899999999998,"endTime":253.409,"body":"looking at the food supply and"},{"startTime":253.409,"endTime":256.199,"body":"all of the things around what we"},{"startTime":253.409,"endTime":256.199,"body":"had done to our food supply and"},{"startTime":256.199,"endTime":260.279,"body":"changing diet and lifestyle for"},{"startTime":256.199,"endTime":260.279,"body":"John, and his tremor went away."},{"startTime":260.42900000000003,"endTime":264.309,"body":"I mean, he was als- he also"},{"startTime":260.42900000000003,"endTime":264.309,"body":"started to take medication, but"},{"startTime":264.439,"endTime":267.569,"body":"his tremor went away before he"},{"startTime":264.439,"endTime":267.569,"body":"even started taking medication."},{"startTime":268.059,"endTime":271.459,"body":"And then in 2014, I read"},{"startTime":268.059,"endTime":271.459,"body":"Martin Blaser's book"},{"startTime":271.799,"endTime":273.039,"body":"called Missing Microbes."},{"startTime":274.129,"endTime":274.529,"body":"I'm not"},{"startTime":274.529,"endTime":275.409,"body":"familiar with that one."},{"startTime":275.589,"endTime":278.049,"body":"And he's a infectious"},{"startTime":275.589,"endTime":278.049,"body":"disease doc."},{"startTime":278.049,"endTime":281.699,"body":"He was at NYU at the time,"},{"startTime":278.049,"endTime":281.699,"body":"and he was actually one of"},{"startTime":281.699,"endTime":285.339,"body":"the pioneers in discovering"},{"startTime":281.699,"endTime":285.339,"body":"the connection between H."},{"startTime":285.339,"endTime":287.089,"body":"pylori and ulcers."},{"startTime":287.279,"endTime":291.899,"body":"So had used a lot of antibiotics"},{"startTime":287.279,"endTime":291.899,"body":"to treat people, and, but"},{"startTime":291.899,"endTime":294.479,"body":"his book was actually about"},{"startTime":291.899,"endTime":294.479,"body":"growing up in the age of"},{"startTime":294.479,"endTime":298.819,"body":"antibiotics, which all of us"},{"startTime":294.479,"endTime":298.819,"body":"have done- ... and the rise"},{"startTime":298.819,"endTime":301.99899999999997,"body":"of chronic disease, and this"},{"startTime":298.819,"endTime":301.99899999999997,"body":"thing called the microbiome."},{"startTime":301.99899999999997,"endTime":306.62899999999996,"body":"I'm like, \"What's that?\" It's"},{"startTime":301.99899999999997,"endTime":306.62899999999996,"body":"the trillions of fungi, vi-"},{"startTime":306.899,"endTime":310.979,"body":"viruses, bacteria, protists"},{"startTime":306.899,"endTime":310.979,"body":"that live in and on our"},{"startTime":310.979,"endTime":313.679,"body":"body, and they're functioning"},{"startTime":310.979,"endTime":313.679,"body":"as an internal pharmacy."},{"startTime":313.929,"endTime":316.789,"body":"We're actually more"},{"startTime":313.929,"endTime":316.789,"body":"microbial than we are human"},{"startTime":316.789,"endTime":320.519,"body":"by two cells microbial"},{"startTime":316.789,"endTime":320.519,"body":"to every one human cell."},{"startTime":320.519,"endTime":323.819,"body":"I'm like, \"Okay the, wow,"},{"startTime":320.519,"endTime":323.819,"body":"that's a real mind shifter.\""},{"startTime":324.209,"endTime":329.209,"body":"And six months later, they"},{"startTime":324.209,"endTime":329.209,"body":"published the first paper that"},{"startTime":329.209,"endTime":332.419,"body":"connected, They could divide"},{"startTime":329.209,"endTime":332.419,"body":"the two types of Parkinson's"},{"startTime":333.029,"endTime":334.429,"body":"b- by the gut bacteria."},{"startTime":334.429,"endTime":337.139,"body":"So there are people... Most"},{"startTime":334.429,"endTime":337.139,"body":"people would be familiar with"},{"startTime":337.139,"endTime":339.86899999999997,"body":"the tremor in somebody who"},{"startTime":337.139,"endTime":339.86899999999997,"body":"has Parkinson's, but there's"},{"startTime":339.86899999999997,"endTime":343.139,"body":"another primary type called"},{"startTime":339.86899999999997,"endTime":343.139,"body":"posture and gait, and that's"},{"startTime":343.139,"endTime":346.529,"body":"where they're sort of bent over"},{"startTime":343.139,"endTime":346.529,"body":"in a penguin posture and their"},{"startTime":346.55899999999997,"endTime":351.849,"body":"feet freeze, and they had very"},{"startTime":346.55899999999997,"endTime":351.849,"body":"distinct microbiome profiles."},{"startTime":351.849,"endTime":353.519,"body":"And I was like, \"That's it."},{"startTime":353.769,"endTime":357.80899999999997,"body":"The gut is the general ledger.\""},{"startTime":353.769,"endTime":357.80899999999997,"body":"I quit my job, started funding"},{"startTime":357.849,"endTime":361.49899999999997,"body":"research at the University"},{"startTime":357.849,"endTime":361.49899999999997,"body":"of Chicago, and that's where"},{"startTime":361.49899999999997,"endTime":365.949,"body":"I met my co-founder, Dr."},{"startTime":361.49899999999997,"endTime":365.949,"body":"Jack Gilbert, and went on to"},{"startTime":365.949,"endTime":371.149,"body":"found the Bio Collective, and"},{"startTime":365.949,"endTime":371.149,"body":"basically- Connecting poop,"},{"startTime":371.149,"endTime":372.659,"body":"collecting poop in a box."},{"startTime":372.99899999999997,"endTime":374.389,"body":"And I mean, like"},{"startTime":372.99899999999997,"endTime":374.389,"body":"the whole thing."},{"startTime":375.019,"endTime":379.469,"body":"And so We started by"},{"startTime":375.019,"endTime":379.469,"body":"collecting people's samples and"},{"startTime":379.699,"endTime":384.609,"body":"homogenizing it, and making it"},{"startTime":379.699,"endTime":384.609,"body":"into these little tubes that"},{"startTime":384.609,"endTime":386.829,"body":"we laughingly called shitlets."},{"startTime":387.61899999999997,"endTime":390.239,"body":"And we sold them to scientists"},{"startTime":387.61899999999997,"endTime":390.239,"body":"all over the world, and"},{"startTime":390.239,"endTime":393.669,"body":"we did sequencing on them,"},{"startTime":390.239,"endTime":393.669,"body":"so we built this big data"},{"startTime":393.669,"endTime":396.80899999999997,"body":"set and we're, trying to"},{"startTime":393.669,"endTime":396.80899999999997,"body":"look across the population."},{"startTime":396.80899999999997,"endTime":399.43899999999996,"body":"We were... Obviously I had"},{"startTime":396.80899999999997,"endTime":399.43899999999996,"body":"a big focus on Parkinson's,"},{"startTime":399.479,"endTime":402.37899999999996,"body":"but we were getting, people"},{"startTime":399.479,"endTime":402.37899999999996,"body":"across the population."},{"startTime":402.409,"endTime":404.759,"body":"And Jack's son had autism."},{"startTime":405.139,"endTime":408.789,"body":"We saw some overlap in the"},{"startTime":405.139,"endTime":408.789,"body":"external literature, but"},{"startTime":408.789,"endTime":412.909,"body":"also in our own data in the"},{"startTime":408.789,"endTime":412.909,"body":"Parkinson's autism microbiome."},{"startTime":414.089,"endTime":417.789,"body":"And my other co-founder came"},{"startTime":414.089,"endTime":417.789,"body":"with a background in chronic"},{"startTime":417.789,"endTime":420.61899999999997,"body":"fatigue, and there was some"},{"startTime":417.789,"endTime":420.61899999999997,"body":"interesting overlap there."},{"startTime":420.61899999999997,"endTime":425.959,"body":"So we started thinking about,"},{"startTime":420.61899999999997,"endTime":425.959,"body":"\"Okay, we're missing... We've"},{"startTime":425.959,"endTime":429.329,"body":"basically lost a lot of these"},{"startTime":425.959,"endTime":429.329,"body":"functions because of all the"},{"startTime":429.329,"endTime":432.469,"body":"destruction we've done to the"},{"startTime":429.329,"endTime":432.469,"body":"microbiome through antibiotics"},{"startTime":432.469,"endTime":435.64,"body":"and all these chemicals and,"},{"startTime":432.469,"endTime":435.64,"body":"processed foods and not eat..."},{"startTime":435.64,"endTime":439.899,"body":"the way we eat and all the, all"},{"startTime":435.64,"endTime":439.899,"body":"these different things.\" And so"},{"startTime":439.899,"endTime":444.99,"body":"we started thinking about, like"},{"startTime":439.899,"endTime":444.99,"body":"how we might start to fix that."},{"startTime":445.11899999999997,"endTime":450.78999999999996,"body":"But the real first aha that"},{"startTime":445.11899999999997,"endTime":450.78999999999996,"body":"came in that department was at"},{"startTime":450.78999999999996,"endTime":452.4,"body":"the World Parkinson's Congress."},{"startTime":452.829,"endTime":457.669,"body":"There was a group there who was"},{"startTime":452.829,"endTime":457.669,"body":"showing some research from a s-"},{"startTime":457.699,"endTime":461.62899999999996,"body":"scientist in Israel, who showed"},{"startTime":457.699,"endTime":461.62899999999996,"body":"that the sugar alcohol mannitol"},{"startTime":461.62899999999996,"endTime":465.21999999999997,"body":"could stop the aggregation"},{"startTime":461.62899999999996,"endTime":465.21999999999997,"body":"of the proteins involved in"},{"startTime":465.21999999999997,"endTime":469.449,"body":"Parkinson's, and pull them"},{"startTime":465.21999999999997,"endTime":469.449,"body":"out of the brain of a mouse."},{"startTime":469.449,"endTime":471.849,"body":"And I was like,"},{"startTime":469.449,"endTime":471.849,"body":"\"What?\" So I came back-"},{"startTime":471.899,"endTime":472.89,"body":"put that in English"},{"startTime":473.90999999999997,"endTime":477.99899999999997,"body":"Like mannitol is a sugar"},{"startTime":473.90999999999997,"endTime":477.99899999999997,"body":"alcohol that's often used"},{"startTime":477.99899999999997,"endTime":481.289,"body":"in diabetics as a substitute"},{"startTime":477.99899999999997,"endTime":481.289,"body":"for glucose and fructose,"},{"startTime":481.90999999999997,"endTime":484.389,"body":"and it's a neutral molecule."},{"startTime":485.109,"endTime":487.94,"body":"I mean, I could go into a lot"},{"startTime":485.109,"endTime":487.94,"body":"of explanations about probably"},{"startTime":487.94,"endTime":491.99,"body":"why that works, but this study,"},{"startTime":487.94,"endTime":491.99,"body":"they had, they fed the mice"},{"startTime":491.99,"endTime":496.21,"body":"mannitol, and it stopped the"},{"startTime":491.99,"endTime":496.21,"body":"aggregation of the proteins."},{"startTime":496.72999999999996,"endTime":501.89,"body":"Some protein aggregation"},{"startTime":496.72999999999996,"endTime":501.89,"body":"is pH related, so the the,"},{"startTime":501.89,"endTime":506.37,"body":"a change in pH will change"},{"startTime":501.89,"endTime":506.37,"body":"the production of protein."},{"startTime":506.65,"endTime":509.7,"body":"And mannitol is neutral, so"},{"startTime":506.65,"endTime":509.7,"body":"it's gonna keep a neutral."},{"startTime":510.25,"endTime":511.95,"body":"But that's not the point."},{"startTime":511.95,"endTime":514.71,"body":"'Cause I actually came back"},{"startTime":511.95,"endTime":514.71,"body":"and I bought this mannitol"},{"startTime":514.71,"endTime":517.0,"body":"chemistry book, and in the"},{"startTime":514.71,"endTime":517.0,"body":"beginning of the book..."},{"startTime":517.0500000000001,"endTime":519.65,"body":"first of all, I was like, \"Wow,"},{"startTime":517.0500000000001,"endTime":519.65,"body":"this is used a lot in medicine,"},{"startTime":519.889,"endTime":523.33,"body":"s- it's a really interesting"},{"startTime":519.889,"endTime":523.33,"body":"molecule.\" But the first"},{"startTime":523.33,"endTime":528.1,"body":"chapter of the book was about"},{"startTime":523.33,"endTime":528.1,"body":"specific bacteria that produce"},{"startTime":528.1,"endTime":532.529,"body":"mannitol through fermentation"},{"startTime":528.1,"endTime":532.529,"body":"of glucose and fructose."},{"startTime":534.519,"endTime":538.3290000000001,"body":"And, I was like, \"Oh, so maybe"},{"startTime":534.519,"endTime":538.3290000000001,"body":"we could put a factory back"},{"startTime":538.3290000000001,"endTime":543.089,"body":"in the gut because people are"},{"startTime":538.3290000000001,"endTime":543.089,"body":"eating way too much glucose and"},{"startTime":543.089,"endTime":546.7090000000001,"body":"fructose, and we could convert"},{"startTime":543.089,"endTime":546.7090000000001,"body":"that to mannitol, which we"},{"startTime":546.7090000000001,"endTime":548.19,"body":"don't use, and you would just..."},{"startTime":548.619,"endTime":552.659,"body":"It goes out in your urine and"},{"startTime":548.619,"endTime":552.659,"body":"your stool.\" And so that's"},{"startTime":552.659,"endTime":555.659,"body":"where the idea for the first"},{"startTime":552.659,"endTime":555.659,"body":"probiotic came from, which"},{"startTime":555.659,"endTime":560.139,"body":"we made for my husband at"},{"startTime":555.659,"endTime":560.139,"body":"the time, and we had all this"},{"startTime":560.139,"endTime":565.0390000000001,"body":"microbiome data for him, and"},{"startTime":560.139,"endTime":565.0390000000001,"body":"we could see his gut moving"},{"startTime":565.0390000000001,"endTime":568.8190000000001,"body":"back closer and closer to a"},{"startTime":565.0390000000001,"endTime":568.8190000000001,"body":"healthy human microbiome profile"},{"startTime":568.85,"endTime":570.9200000000001,"body":"when he took the probiotic."},{"startTime":571.659,"endTime":574.9590000000001,"body":"And even more remarkably,"},{"startTime":571.659,"endTime":574.9590000000001,"body":"though, he was walking with"},{"startTime":574.9590000000001,"endTime":577.779,"body":"a cane at that time, and"},{"startTime":574.9590000000001,"endTime":577.779,"body":"within 30 days he was no..."},{"startTime":577.8290000000001,"endTime":579.119,"body":"He no longer needed the cane."},{"startTime":579.589,"endTime":580.909,"body":"And he became stable."},{"startTime":580.909,"endTime":586.229,"body":"His Parkinson's score improved"},{"startTime":580.909,"endTime":586.229,"body":"significantly, and then it"},{"startTime":586.229,"endTime":588.9290000000001,"body":"was stable for about four"},{"startTime":586.229,"endTime":588.9290000000001,"body":"years until he had COVID."},{"startTime":590.2090000000001,"endTime":591.4290000000001,"body":"So that was a long story."},{"startTime":592.369,"endTime":596.1990000000001,"body":"No, that's a great story, and"},{"startTime":592.369,"endTime":596.1990000000001,"body":"just it's always interesting"},{"startTime":596.1990000000001,"endTime":601.849,"body":"to hear, how people that"},{"startTime":596.1990000000001,"endTime":601.849,"body":"come from non-medical,"},{"startTime":601.849,"endTime":604.239,"body":"non-science backgrounds, right?"},{"startTime":604.239,"endTime":607.869,"body":"But their their training in"},{"startTime":604.239,"endTime":607.869,"body":"whatever field they're in your"},{"startTime":607.869,"endTime":613.6400000000001,"body":"case, business analyst can be"},{"startTime":607.869,"endTime":613.6400000000001,"body":"applied and can lead them, to"},{"startTime":613.6400000000001,"endTime":616.9300000000001,"body":"think differently about some"},{"startTime":613.6400000000001,"endTime":616.9300000000001,"body":"of these medical problems that,"},{"startTime":617.25,"endTime":620.63,"body":"quite frankly, the healthcare"},{"startTime":617.25,"endTime":620.63,"body":"system sort of gets locked in"},{"startTime":620.63,"endTime":625.07,"body":"on one way of thinking, and"},{"startTime":620.63,"endTime":625.07,"body":"that oftentimes, I think i- is"},{"startTime":625.07,"endTime":628.13,"body":"a barrier to true innovation."},{"startTime":628.21,"endTime":630.0500000000001,"body":"So we love hearing"},{"startTime":628.21,"endTime":630.0500000000001,"body":"stories like that."},{"startTime":630.37,"endTime":633.99,"body":"I'd like to start with some,"},{"startTime":630.37,"endTime":633.99,"body":"maybe a little bit of the basics"},{"startTime":633.99,"endTime":636.21,"body":"about the microbiome, right?"},{"startTime":636.21,"endTime":640.61,"body":"So I think everyone, probably"},{"startTime":636.21,"endTime":640.61,"body":"in the audience will be aware"},{"startTime":640.61,"endTime":645.9000000000001,"body":"that we have these, microbes"},{"startTime":640.61,"endTime":645.9000000000001,"body":"that live in our gut live"},{"startTime":645.9000000000001,"endTime":650.1800000000001,"body":"in our intestinal system,"},{"startTime":645.9000000000001,"endTime":650.1800000000001,"body":"in our mouth and they have"},{"startTime":650.1800000000001,"endTime":651.84,"body":"some influence on our health."},{"startTime":652.36,"endTime":656.1800000000001,"body":"But they may not"},{"startTime":652.36,"endTime":656.1800000000001,"body":"understand why or how,"},{"startTime":656.37,"endTime":657.72,"body":"they influence our health."},{"startTime":657.98,"endTime":661.69,"body":"So what are some of the basics"},{"startTime":657.98,"endTime":661.69,"body":"about how the microbiome"},{"startTime":661.7700000000001,"endTime":665.9300000000001,"body":"impacts our health, and why"},{"startTime":661.7700000000001,"endTime":665.9300000000001,"body":"people who are thinking about"},{"startTime":665.9300000000001,"endTime":669.94,"body":"various health issues, should be"},{"startTime":665.9300000000001,"endTime":669.94,"body":"thinking about their microbiome?"},{"startTime":671.4200000000001,"endTime":675.34,"body":"Probably f- first and foremost,"},{"startTime":671.4200000000001,"endTime":675.34,"body":"it's this incredible factory"},{"startTime":675.72,"endTime":680.61,"body":"for very important molecules,"},{"startTime":675.72,"endTime":680.61,"body":"hormones, neurotransmitters,"},{"startTime":680.61,"endTime":681.44,"body":"your vitamins."},{"startTime":681.44,"endTime":686.22,"body":"So a lot of your B vitamins,"},{"startTime":681.44,"endTime":686.22,"body":"vitamin K are produced"},{"startTime":686.22,"endTime":688.3900000000001,"body":"in the gut by bacteria."},{"startTime":688.9000000000001,"endTime":693.6700000000001,"body":"Your serotonin, about 80"},{"startTime":688.9000000000001,"endTime":693.6700000000001,"body":"to 90% of your serotonin"},{"startTime":693.6700000000001,"endTime":694.5400000000001,"body":"is made in the gut."},{"startTime":695.33,"endTime":698.635,"body":"So- A lot of these really"},{"startTime":695.33,"endTime":698.635,"body":"important things to our"},{"startTime":698.635,"endTime":703.385,"body":"mental health that, there's"},{"startTime":698.635,"endTime":703.385,"body":"this gut-brain axis where the"},{"startTime":703.385,"endTime":706.505,"body":"microbes are making things that"},{"startTime":703.385,"endTime":706.505,"body":"are communicating with your"},{"startTime":706.505,"endTime":709.875,"body":"brain, and your brain is also"},{"startTime":706.505,"endTime":709.875,"body":"communicating with the microbes."},{"startTime":709.875,"endTime":713.715,"body":"That's also, on the negative"},{"startTime":709.875,"endTime":713.715,"body":"side, where cravings come from."},{"startTime":713.955,"endTime":718.315,"body":"So if you, say, you're eating"},{"startTime":713.955,"endTime":718.315,"body":"a high sugar, high carbohydrate"},{"startTime":718.315,"endTime":722.245,"body":"diet and you're feeding a"},{"startTime":718.315,"endTime":722.245,"body":"certain profile of bacteria"},{"startTime":722.605,"endTime":727.7950000000001,"body":"that really like those simple"},{"startTime":722.605,"endTime":727.7950000000001,"body":"sugars, that's where a lot"},{"startTime":727.7950000000001,"endTime":731.5150000000001,"body":"of those signals will come"},{"startTime":727.7950000000001,"endTime":731.5150000000001,"body":"from when... if you try to"},{"startTime":731.5150000000001,"endTime":736.7950000000001,"body":"stop eating simple sugars or"},{"startTime":731.5150000000001,"endTime":736.7950000000001,"body":"carbohydrates, is those microbes"},{"startTime":736.7950000000001,"endTime":741.1650000000001,"body":"will put out molecules that are"},{"startTime":736.7950000000001,"endTime":741.1650000000001,"body":"sending this signal, feed me.\""},{"startTime":741.4250000000001,"endTime":745.0150000000001,"body":"And so that's another kind"},{"startTime":741.4250000000001,"endTime":745.0150000000001,"body":"of reason why it's hard"},{"startTime":745.0150000000001,"endTime":748.5550000000001,"body":"for people to break that,"},{"startTime":745.0150000000001,"endTime":748.5550000000001,"body":"we call it the sugar loop."},{"startTime":748.5550000000001,"endTime":753.225,"body":"In fact, we have a PDF download"},{"startTime":748.5550000000001,"endTime":753.225,"body":"that p- people can get that"},{"startTime":753.225,"endTime":757.975,"body":"sort of explains how that sugar"},{"startTime":753.225,"endTime":757.975,"body":"loop works and how to break it."},{"startTime":758.095,"endTime":762.995,"body":"And that, interestingly"},{"startTime":758.095,"endTime":762.995,"body":"enough, that Sugar Shift"},{"startTime":762.995,"endTime":767.5250000000001,"body":"product that I made for John"},{"startTime":762.995,"endTime":767.5250000000001,"body":"actually ended up it ends"},{"startTime":767.5250000000001,"endTime":770.7850000000001,"body":"up, it helps break that sugar"},{"startTime":767.5250000000001,"endTime":770.7850000000001,"body":"loop and break those cravings."},{"startTime":772.1850000000001,"endTime":772.565,"body":"Wow."},{"startTime":773.5550000000001,"endTime":778.7650000000001,"body":"And, i- is there is there"},{"startTime":773.5550000000001,"endTime":778.7650000000001,"body":"an ideal microbiome, right?"},{"startTime":778.7650000000001,"endTime":782.965,"body":"Is there one microbiome that"},{"startTime":778.7650000000001,"endTime":782.965,"body":"everyone essentially should"},{"startTime":782.965,"endTime":785.365,"body":"be having or aiming to have?"},{"startTime":785.705,"endTime":789.985,"body":"Or are our microbiomes,"},{"startTime":785.705,"endTime":789.985,"body":"more individualized?"},{"startTime":790.855,"endTime":792.7650000000001,"body":"They're very individualized."},{"startTime":792.7950000000001,"endTime":796.135,"body":"I mean, there's been a lot"},{"startTime":792.7950000000001,"endTime":796.135,"body":"of work around trying to put"},{"startTime":796.135,"endTime":800.0250000000001,"body":"them in categories of certain"},{"startTime":796.135,"endTime":800.0250000000001,"body":"phenotypes but, if you look at"},{"startTime":800.0250000000001,"endTime":802.975,"body":"the research around the globe,"},{"startTime":800.0250000000001,"endTime":802.975,"body":"there's, there's different"},{"startTime":802.975,"endTime":806.0550000000001,"body":"microbiome pro- profiles"},{"startTime":802.975,"endTime":806.0550000000001,"body":"on different continents."},{"startTime":806.5150000000001,"endTime":809.9250000000001,"body":"In particular, one of my"},{"startTime":806.5150000000001,"endTime":809.9250000000001,"body":"advisors showed in some of"},{"startTime":809.9250000000001,"endTime":814.385,"body":"her research people in India"},{"startTime":809.9250000000001,"endTime":814.385,"body":"were in contact with a lot"},{"startTime":814.385,"endTime":817.385,"body":"more pathogenic organiz-"},{"startTime":814.385,"endTime":817.385,"body":"I mean, they had just much"},{"startTime":817.385,"endTime":821.1850000000001,"body":"more robust immune systems,"},{"startTime":817.385,"endTime":821.1850000000001,"body":"but a lot more diversity"},{"startTime":821.1850000000001,"endTime":822.875,"body":"than, say, we have here."},{"startTime":823.215,"endTime":826.455,"body":"There's research showing there's"},{"startTime":823.215,"endTime":826.455,"body":"a population, the Hadza in"},{"startTime":826.455,"endTime":830.5450000000001,"body":"Africa, where they've shown,"},{"startTime":826.455,"endTime":830.5450000000001,"body":"the microbiome in the in the"},{"startTime":830.5450000000001,"endTime":834.975,"body":"se- they have a wet season and a"},{"startTime":830.5450000000001,"endTime":834.975,"body":"dry season, and I don't remember"},{"startTime":834.975,"endTime":838.965,"body":"which is which, but one of them"},{"startTime":834.975,"endTime":838.965,"body":"they're only eating meat, and"},{"startTime":838.965,"endTime":842.0550000000001,"body":"the other one they're eating"},{"startTime":838.965,"endTime":842.0550000000001,"body":"tubers and honey and stuff"},{"startTime":842.0550000000001,"endTime":845.075,"body":"like that, and the microbiome"},{"startTime":842.0550000000001,"endTime":845.075,"body":"is shifting back and forth."},{"startTime":845.245,"endTime":851.5690000000001,"body":"The research has shown that we"},{"startTime":845.245,"endTime":851.5690000000001,"body":"get a fairly stable- microbiome"},{"startTime":851.5690000000001,"endTime":853.399,"body":"by the t- by the age of three."},{"startTime":853.7090000000001,"endTime":857.349,"body":"So there's a, it's really"},{"startTime":853.7090000000001,"endTime":857.349,"body":"important in children to"},{"startTime":857.349,"endTime":863.229,"body":"preserve microbiome health,"},{"startTime":857.349,"endTime":863.229,"body":"to breastfeed, to really try"},{"startTime":863.229,"endTime":866.629,"body":"to avoid antibiotics if you"},{"startTime":863.229,"endTime":866.629,"body":"can during that period of"},{"startTime":866.629,"endTime":870.9390000000001,"body":"time, 'cause it's a critical"},{"startTime":866.629,"endTime":870.9390000000001,"body":"shaping of when those microbes"},{"startTime":870.9390000000001,"endTime":874.629,"body":"are talking to the immune"},{"startTime":870.9390000000001,"endTime":874.629,"body":"system and learning to"},{"startTime":874.629,"endTime":877.029,"body":"distinguish self from other."},{"startTime":877.619,"endTime":882.649,"body":"And so in that really critical"},{"startTime":877.619,"endTime":882.649,"body":"period, you wanna be very"},{"startTime":882.649,"endTime":884.649,"body":"mindful of a child's microbiome."},{"startTime":884.649,"endTime":889.8190000000001,"body":"But each of us has an individual"},{"startTime":884.649,"endTime":889.8190000000001,"body":"microbiome, and when we're"},{"startTime":889.8190000000001,"endTime":894.619,"body":"healthy, we can disrupt it and"},{"startTime":889.8190000000001,"endTime":894.619,"body":"it will return back to its core."},{"startTime":895.1890000000001,"endTime":899.6990000000001,"body":"But, when we become un-"},{"startTime":895.1890000000001,"endTime":899.6990000000001,"body":"unhealthy or we do a lot"},{"startTime":899.6990000000001,"endTime":903.119,"body":"of things to disrupt it,"},{"startTime":899.6990000000001,"endTime":903.119,"body":"it starts to not be able to"},{"startTime":903.119,"endTime":908.649,"body":"come all the way back down to"},{"startTime":903.119,"endTime":908.649,"body":"its kind of essential state."},{"startTime":908.6990000000001,"endTime":910.999,"body":"And there are some key"},{"startTime":908.6990000000001,"endTime":910.999,"body":"indicator, they call them"},{"startTime":910.999,"endTime":914.899,"body":"keystone species, but butyrate"},{"startTime":910.999,"endTime":914.899,"body":"production, that's a short chain"},{"startTime":914.899,"endTime":919.0690000000001,"body":"fatty acid that actually feeds"},{"startTime":914.899,"endTime":919.0690000000001,"body":"the cells that line the gut."},{"startTime":919.759,"endTime":922.4290000000001,"body":"And so that's one of the"},{"startTime":919.759,"endTime":922.4290000000001,"body":"key indicators of gut"},{"startTime":922.4290000000001,"endTime":925.1990000000001,"body":"health is do, do you have"},{"startTime":922.4290000000001,"endTime":925.1990000000001,"body":"those butyrate producers?"},{"startTime":925.599,"endTime":929.0590000000001,"body":"Also, in both babies and"},{"startTime":925.599,"endTime":929.0590000000001,"body":"centenarians, and we collected"},{"startTime":929.0590000000001,"endTime":933.47,"body":"poop from 100-year-old people"},{"startTime":929.0590000000001,"endTime":933.47,"body":"bifidobacteria is very important"},{"startTime":933.47,"endTime":937.3090000000001,"body":"for longevity and for that"},{"startTime":933.47,"endTime":937.3090000000001,"body":"training of the immune system."},{"startTime":941.32,"endTime":942.6800000000001,"body":"I don't even know"},{"startTime":941.32,"endTime":942.6800000000001,"body":"where to start."},{"startTime":943.21,"endTime":950.09,"body":"What's the... What's the, w-"},{"startTime":943.21,"endTime":950.09,"body":"what's the indicator or w- what"},{"startTime":950.09,"endTime":951.33,"body":"are some of the indicators?"},{"startTime":951.33,"endTime":955.21,"body":"What are the primary indicators"},{"startTime":951.33,"endTime":955.21,"body":"that y- you're, you've got"},{"startTime":955.21,"endTime":957.7,"body":"a messed up microbiome?"},{"startTime":959.08,"endTime":963.33,"body":"I'll give you the top one that"},{"startTime":959.08,"endTime":963.33,"body":"connects to Parkinson's too."},{"startTime":963.72,"endTime":967.6,"body":"So chronic constipation"},{"startTime":963.72,"endTime":967.6,"body":"can precede a diagnosis of"},{"startTime":967.6,"endTime":969.5600000000001,"body":"Parkinson's by 10 to 15 years."},{"startTime":969.9300000000001,"endTime":972.3900000000001,"body":"So this is something I talk"},{"startTime":969.9300000000001,"endTime":972.3900000000001,"body":"to people about a lot because"},{"startTime":972.8000000000001,"endTime":977.26,"body":"you've got to get it going"},{"startTime":972.8000000000001,"endTime":977.26,"body":"because I think if people"},{"startTime":977.26,"endTime":981.9300000000001,"body":"can recognize that's a real"},{"startTime":977.26,"endTime":981.9300000000001,"body":"risk for them and s- start to"},{"startTime":981.9300000000001,"endTime":984.83,"body":"address that so that they have"},{"startTime":981.9300000000001,"endTime":984.83,"body":"regular bowel movements, maybe"},{"startTime":984.83,"endTime":986.6600000000001,"body":"they never get Parkinson's."},{"startTime":986.69,"endTime":989.2900000000001,"body":"But if you think about it,"},{"startTime":986.69,"endTime":989.2900000000001,"body":"when waste is sitting in"},{"startTime":989.2900000000001,"endTime":992.23,"body":"the body, then there's a"},{"startTime":989.2900000000001,"endTime":992.23,"body":"lot of things recirculating."},{"startTime":992.23,"endTime":995.469,"body":"So there's a lot of the"},{"startTime":992.23,"endTime":995.469,"body":"gram-negative bacteria"},{"startTime":995.519,"endTime":998.779,"body":"produce something called"},{"startTime":995.519,"endTime":998.779,"body":"serum l- or, sorry, they"},{"startTime":1034.629,"endTime":1038.009,"body":"produce something called"},{"startTime":1034.629,"endTime":1038.009,"body":"lipopolysaccharide endotoxin,"},{"startTime":1038.3890000000001,"endTime":1040.239,"body":"and that's highly inflammatory."},{"startTime":1040.479,"endTime":1044.3,"body":"It's associated with diabetes,"},{"startTime":1040.479,"endTime":1044.3,"body":"with Parkinson's, with M- you"},{"startTime":1044.3,"endTime":1047.609,"body":"name the... With depression,"},{"startTime":1044.3,"endTime":1047.609,"body":"all kinds of things."},{"startTime":1047.829,"endTime":1051.579,"body":"And so you don't want that"},{"startTime":1047.829,"endTime":1051.579,"body":"sitting in your GI tract."},{"startTime":1052.439,"endTime":1055.8990000000001,"body":"And that was actually"},{"startTime":1052.439,"endTime":1055.8990000000001,"body":"something i- in the lab"},{"startTime":1055.8990000000001,"endTime":1059.309,"body":"when we were collecting"},{"startTime":1055.8990000000001,"endTime":1059.309,"body":"samples that my team came and"},{"startTime":1059.309,"endTime":1061.4489999999998,"body":"they said, \"You know what?"},{"startTime":1061.4489999999998,"endTime":1065.569,"body":"We can tell if someone"},{"startTime":1061.4489999999998,"endTime":1065.569,"body":"has Parkinson's just from"},{"startTime":1066.269,"endTime":1069.9389999999999,"body":"their stool because it's"},{"startTime":1066.269,"endTime":1069.9389999999999,"body":"not like anyone else's."},{"startTime":1070.4389999999999,"endTime":1072.1789999999999,"body":"It's like concrete."},{"startTime":1072.1789999999999,"endTime":1074.6589999999999,"body":"Parts of it l- are like"},{"startTime":1072.1789999999999,"endTime":1074.6589999999999,"body":"concrete.\" And now that"},{"startTime":1074.6589999999999,"endTime":1079.4489999999998,"body":"was back in 2016, I think,"},{"startTime":1074.6589999999999,"endTime":1079.4489999999998,"body":"that they t- 2016, 2017,"},{"startTime":1079.889,"endTime":1080.859,"body":"that they told me this."},{"startTime":1081.1989999999998,"endTime":1084.1889999999999,"body":"And it, it took until"},{"startTime":1081.1989999999998,"endTime":1084.1889999999999,"body":"really the last two"},{"startTime":1084.1889999999999,"endTime":1086.769,"body":"years working with a col-"},{"startTime":1090.109,"endTime":1090.9789999999998,"body":"Oh, rats."},{"startTime":1092.4489999999998,"endTime":1095.599,"body":"Martha, your signal has"},{"startTime":1092.4489999999998,"endTime":1095.599,"body":"completely frozen up"},{"startTime":1098.6589999999999,"endTime":1100.209,"body":"they kill each other."},{"startTime":1100.309,"endTime":1100.6989999999998,"body":"It's-"},{"startTime":1100.839,"endTime":1101.569,"body":"Hang on just a minute."},{"startTime":1101.6589999999999,"endTime":1105.329,"body":"Martha, we lost your signal"},{"startTime":1101.6589999999999,"endTime":1105.329,"body":"there for, oh, 10 or 15 seconds."},{"startTime":1105.329,"endTime":1108.129,"body":"So you said it was about two"},{"startTime":1105.329,"endTime":1108.129,"body":"years ago, and then we lost you."},{"startTime":1108.589,"endTime":1109.129,"body":"Okay."},{"startTime":1109.559,"endTime":1113.53,"body":"Oh, about two years ago in"},{"startTime":1109.559,"endTime":1113.53,"body":"the lab they told me that they"},{"startTime":1113.53,"endTime":1117.78,"body":"could actually tell just by"},{"startTime":1113.53,"endTime":1117.78,"body":"looking at the stool someone"},{"startTime":1117.78,"endTime":1121.25,"body":"has Parkinson's, and that was"},{"startTime":1117.78,"endTime":1121.25,"body":"because it was like concrete."},{"startTime":1122.1499999999999,"endTime":1125.95,"body":"So we would... I said, we"},{"startTime":1122.1499999999999,"endTime":1125.95,"body":"homogenized the sample and"},{"startTime":1125.95,"endTime":1130.08,"body":"made them into those little"},{"startTime":1125.95,"endTime":1130.08,"body":"aliquots using a syringe."},{"startTime":1130.26,"endTime":1132.31,"body":"The Parkinson's"},{"startTime":1130.26,"endTime":1132.31,"body":"samples could not, they"},{"startTime":1132.31,"endTime":1133.569,"body":"couldn't use a syringe."},{"startTime":1133.569,"endTime":1135.04,"body":"They had to use a caulking gun."},{"startTime":1135.49,"endTime":1136.08,"body":"Good Lord."},{"startTime":1136.229,"endTime":1137.43,"body":"Because they were concrete."},{"startTime":1137.6299999999999,"endTime":1141.039,"body":"What happens in the gut in this"},{"startTime":1137.6299999999999,"endTime":1141.039,"body":"battle between the bacteria"},{"startTime":1141.37,"endTime":1145.94,"body":"is they can spill calcium,"},{"startTime":1141.37,"endTime":1145.94,"body":"and a tiny bit of calcium"},{"startTime":1146.299,"endTime":1149.53,"body":"can make a concrete-like"},{"startTime":1146.299,"endTime":1149.53,"body":"colloid sus- substance."},{"startTime":1149.87,"endTime":1154.03,"body":"It took me g- 10 years"},{"startTime":1149.87,"endTime":1154.03,"body":"or more to really put all"},{"startTime":1154.03,"endTime":1157.599,"body":"those pieces together with"},{"startTime":1154.03,"endTime":1157.599,"body":"Dr. Nenem from Australia"},{"startTime":1157.72,"endTime":1160.07,"body":"on, who helped me with the"},{"startTime":1157.72,"endTime":1160.07,"body":"Parkinson's paper I just wrote."},{"startTime":1160.239,"endTime":1163.8999999999999,"body":"Actually, we wrote it"},{"startTime":1160.239,"endTime":1163.8999999999999,"body":"together, but... Does that-"},{"startTime":1163.8999999999999,"endTime":1167.76,"body":"So, Just circling back to"},{"startTime":1163.8999999999999,"endTime":1167.76,"body":"what you said earlier about,"},{"startTime":1167.76,"endTime":1171.9199999999998,"body":"microbiomes are fairly"},{"startTime":1167.76,"endTime":1171.9199999999998,"body":"individualized how do you"},{"startTime":1171.9199999999998,"endTime":1177.98,"body":"start to analyze, in, in that"},{"startTime":1171.9199999999998,"endTime":1177.98,"body":"context okay, we have someone"},{"startTime":1177.98,"endTime":1181.71,"body":"with condition X, Parkinson's,"},{"startTime":1177.98,"endTime":1181.71,"body":"heart disease, whatever it might"},{"startTime":1181.71,"endTime":1185.32,"body":"be and we think that there's"},{"startTime":1181.71,"endTime":1185.32,"body":"some relationship between their"},{"startTime":1185.32,"endTime":1187.68,"body":"microbiome and the disease."},{"startTime":1187.99,"endTime":1192.27,"body":"How do we start to analyze"},{"startTime":1187.99,"endTime":1192.27,"body":"what, might be those common"},{"startTime":1192.6,"endTime":1196.71,"body":"disruptions in the microbiome"},{"startTime":1192.6,"endTime":1196.71,"body":"if everyone's sort of starting"},{"startTime":1196.71,"endTime":1198.8799999999999,"body":"from this a different place?"},{"startTime":1199.76,"endTime":1203.05,"body":"Microbes have multiple"},{"startTime":1199.76,"endTime":1203.05,"body":"capabilities, I'll say."},{"startTime":1203.08,"endTime":1207.06,"body":"And what we've started to"},{"startTime":1203.08,"endTime":1207.06,"body":"see in more recent time"},{"startTime":1207.09,"endTime":1209.74,"body":"is really looking at the"},{"startTime":1207.09,"endTime":1209.74,"body":"function of the microbiome"},{"startTime":1209.78,"endTime":1214.05,"body":"as opposed to- who's there,"},{"startTime":1209.78,"endTime":1214.05,"body":"more like what are they doing?"},{"startTime":1214.53,"endTime":1217.5,"body":"And I think that's where"},{"startTime":1214.53,"endTime":1217.5,"body":"we're starting to see more"},{"startTime":1217.5,"endTime":1219.1399999999999,"body":"meaningful information."},{"startTime":1219.54,"endTime":1223.53,"body":"And, as an example of that, in"},{"startTime":1219.54,"endTime":1223.53,"body":"Parkinson's there was a recent"},{"startTime":1223.53,"endTime":1228.01,"body":"meta-analysis that is showing"},{"startTime":1223.53,"endTime":1228.01,"body":"l- disruption or loss of some"},{"startTime":1228.01,"endTime":1229.49,"body":"of the B vitamin production."},{"startTime":1230.05,"endTime":1232.78,"body":"That function is not there"},{"startTime":1230.05,"endTime":1232.78,"body":"that should be there."},{"startTime":1233.04,"endTime":1237.1599999999999,"body":"There is research out of"},{"startTime":1233.04,"endTime":1237.1599999999999,"body":"Finland in Parkinson's showing"},{"startTime":1237.73,"endTime":1241.19,"body":"disruption in sulfur metabolism,"},{"startTime":1237.73,"endTime":1241.19,"body":"and there's some longitudinal"},{"startTime":1241.19,"endTime":1243.4199999999998,"body":"studies looking at that as well."},{"startTime":1243.45,"endTime":1247.18,"body":"And, the sulfur metabolism"},{"startTime":1243.45,"endTime":1247.18,"body":"actually ties to an area"},{"startTime":1247.52,"endTime":1251.0,"body":"I've been working on with"},{"startTime":1247.52,"endTime":1251.0,"body":"Dr. Ninnem based on a body"},{"startTime":1251.0,"endTime":1254.54,"body":"of his research around the"},{"startTime":1251.0,"endTime":1254.54,"body":"glycocalyx, which surrounds"},{"startTime":1254.54,"endTime":1258.04,"body":"all our cells, our gut lining,"},{"startTime":1254.54,"endTime":1258.04,"body":"our blood vessels, everything."},{"startTime":1258.4199999999998,"endTime":1261.76,"body":"And it's it has these little"},{"startTime":1258.4199999999998,"endTime":1261.76,"body":"hairs that stand up, and they're"},{"startTime":1262.21,"endTime":1266.71,"body":"s- they're sulfated polymers, so"},{"startTime":1262.21,"endTime":1266.71,"body":"disruption of sulfur metabolism"},{"startTime":1266.71,"endTime":1272.08,"body":"is going to disrupt the body's"},{"startTime":1266.71,"endTime":1272.08,"body":"ability to, feed an- that"},{"startTime":1272.08,"endTime":1275.0,"body":"surface layer that is really"},{"startTime":1272.08,"endTime":1275.0,"body":"important for our protection."},{"startTime":1277.46,"endTime":1279.6,"body":"I'll confess I didn't"},{"startTime":1277.46,"endTime":1279.6,"body":"understand hardly any of that."},{"startTime":1280.29,"endTime":1280.43,"body":"Okay."},{"startTime":1280.9199999999998,"endTime":1281.81,"body":"I'm sorry."},{"startTime":1282.46,"endTime":1283.8799999999999,"body":"I found it fascinating."},{"startTime":1283.8799999999999,"endTime":1287.7,"body":"But yeah I think what you're"},{"startTime":1283.8799999999999,"endTime":1287.7,"body":"trying to say is, w- more so"},{"startTime":1287.7,"endTime":1291.27,"body":"than looking at the individual"},{"startTime":1287.7,"endTime":1291.27,"body":"bacteria, that might be in"},{"startTime":1291.27,"endTime":1296.05,"body":"the microbiome, you're really"},{"startTime":1291.27,"endTime":1296.05,"body":"focusing on what that microbiome"},{"startTime":1296.05,"endTime":1300.23,"body":"is supposed to be doing in"},{"startTime":1296.05,"endTime":1300.23,"body":"a healthy state, producing"},{"startTime":1300.23,"endTime":1301.77,"body":"things like B vitamins."},{"startTime":1302.04,"endTime":1304.81,"body":"And then in these"},{"startTime":1302.04,"endTime":1304.81,"body":"disease states, what is"},{"startTime":1304.81,"endTime":1307.28,"body":"it not now able to do?"},{"startTime":1307.57,"endTime":1310.71,"body":"And you're starting to find"},{"startTime":1307.57,"endTime":1310.71,"body":"some commonalities again,"},{"startTime":1310.79,"endTime":1315.81,"body":"among people that maybe the,"},{"startTime":1310.79,"endTime":1315.81,"body":"various ratios of the different"},{"startTime":1315.81,"endTime":1319.73,"body":"bi- bacteria may not look the"},{"startTime":1315.81,"endTime":1319.73,"body":"same, but the end product of"},{"startTime":1319.73,"endTime":1323.1599999999999,"body":"they're not producing enou-"},{"startTime":1319.73,"endTime":1323.1599999999999,"body":"enough of substance X, or"},{"startTime":1323.1599999999999,"endTime":1326.76,"body":"they're producing too much"},{"startTime":1323.1599999999999,"endTime":1326.76,"body":"of substance X, is really how"},{"startTime":1326.76,"endTime":1330.1699999999998,"body":"we start to figure out what"},{"startTime":1326.76,"endTime":1330.1699999999998,"body":"role the microbiome might be"},{"startTime":1330.1699999999998,"endTime":1331.74,"body":"playing in these diseases."},{"startTime":1332.71,"endTime":1333.4199999999998,"body":"Absolutely."},{"startTime":1333.56,"endTime":1334.96,"body":"That's a... That was perfect."},{"startTime":1335.19,"endTime":1338.37,"body":"And then I, I would say on"},{"startTime":1335.19,"endTime":1338.37,"body":"the colorectal side, they are"},{"startTime":1338.37,"endTime":1343.78,"body":"actually starting to pinpoint"},{"startTime":1338.37,"endTime":1343.78,"body":"some specific organisms that"},{"startTime":1343.78,"endTime":1347.49,"body":"are very tightly connected"},{"startTime":1343.78,"endTime":1347.49,"body":"to colorectal cancer."},{"startTime":1347.8899999999999,"endTime":1351.2,"body":"And that's Fusobacterium"},{"startTime":1347.8899999999999,"endTime":1351.2,"body":"nucleatum, which comes from the"},{"startTime":1351.2,"endTime":1354.93,"body":"mouth, so the oral microbiome"},{"startTime":1351.2,"endTime":1354.93,"body":"is also important, and a"},{"startTime":1354.93,"endTime":1358.6499999999999,"body":"organism called Mycobacterium"},{"startTime":1354.93,"endTime":1358.6499999999999,"body":"avium paratuberculosis,"},{"startTime":1359.09,"endTime":1362.72,"body":"which is pretty endemic"},{"startTime":1359.09,"endTime":1362.72,"body":"in the milk supply."},{"startTime":1363.18,"endTime":1366.8999999999999,"body":"And those are pretty tightly"},{"startTime":1363.18,"endTime":1366.8999999999999,"body":"correla- correlated there."},{"startTime":1367.28,"endTime":1370.32,"body":"And some of that work is"},{"startTime":1367.28,"endTime":1370.32,"body":"also connected to Crohn's."},{"startTime":1372.8899999999999,"endTime":1376.76,"body":"Expand on the milk supply,"},{"startTime":1372.8899999999999,"endTime":1376.76,"body":"'cause that's a thing that it"},{"startTime":1376.76,"endTime":1381.18,"body":"seems to be coming more and more"},{"startTime":1376.76,"endTime":1381.18,"body":"in the public consciousness."},{"startTime":1382.36,"endTime":1383.08,"body":"W- okay."},{"startTime":1383.1299999999999,"endTime":1388.29,"body":"Cows have a disease that's very"},{"startTime":1383.1299999999999,"endTime":1388.29,"body":"similar to human Crohn's, and"},{"startTime":1388.29,"endTime":1389.86,"body":"it's called Johne's disease."},{"startTime":1391.4099999999999,"endTime":1391.87,"body":"And"},{"startTime":1394.19,"endTime":1398.06,"body":"that in cows was"},{"startTime":1394.19,"endTime":1398.06,"body":"identified as being caused"},{"startTime":1398.06,"endTime":1401.22,"body":"by this Mycobacterium"},{"startTime":1398.06,"endTime":1401.22,"body":"avium paratuberculosis."},{"startTime":1401.7,"endTime":1405.8999999999999,"body":"And, over time it has spread"},{"startTime":1401.7,"endTime":1405.8999999999999,"body":"throughout the dairy herds,"},{"startTime":1406.27,"endTime":1410.6699999999998,"body":"and it's pretty well known that"},{"startTime":1406.27,"endTime":1410.6699999999998,"body":"it is endemic in the cattle."},{"startTime":1410.7,"endTime":1412.02,"body":"And y- here's an example."},{"startTime":1412.02,"endTime":1415.77,"body":"I'm actually doing a"},{"startTime":1412.02,"endTime":1415.77,"body":"clinical trial with Dr."},{"startTime":1415.77,"endTime":1419.62,"body":"Tom Dao because we're bringing"},{"startTime":1415.77,"endTime":1419.62,"body":"a s- specific strain of"},{"startTime":1419.62,"endTime":1423.28,"body":"bacteria to market later"},{"startTime":1419.62,"endTime":1423.28,"body":"this year that's effective"},{"startTime":1423.28,"endTime":1428.1499999999999,"body":"against that Mycobacterium"},{"startTime":1423.28,"endTime":1428.1499999999999,"body":"avium paratuberculosis, which"},{"startTime":1428.1499999999999,"endTime":1430.75,"body":"for simplicity we call MAP."},{"startTime":1431.2,"endTime":1434.8,"body":"But they're doing a clinical"},{"startTime":1431.2,"endTime":1434.8,"body":"trial in Bahrain, and Bahrain"},{"startTime":1434.8,"endTime":1438.86,"body":"had no Crohn's disease at"},{"startTime":1434.8,"endTime":1438.86,"body":"all until they imported"},{"startTime":1438.86,"endTime":1442.05,"body":"dairy cattle from the"},{"startTime":1438.86,"endTime":1442.05,"body":"United Kingdom that had MAP."},{"startTime":1444.69,"endTime":1445.4099999999999,"body":"Interesting."},{"startTime":1446.25,"endTime":1447.68,"body":"Fascinating really."},{"startTime":1447.98,"endTime":1453.9099999999999,"body":"So at a high level do you think"},{"startTime":1447.98,"endTime":1453.9099999999999,"body":"we are headed towards a future"},{"startTime":1454.3799999999999,"endTime":1460.45,"body":"where microbes can be equivalent"},{"startTime":1454.3799999999999,"endTime":1460.45,"body":"to pharmaceuticals, right?"},{"startTime":1460.45,"endTime":1462.9099999999999,"body":"Our traditional approach"},{"startTime":1460.45,"endTime":1462.9099999999999,"body":"in the medical system"},{"startTime":1462.9099999999999,"endTime":1465.87,"body":"and, this has its positive"},{"startTime":1462.9099999999999,"endTime":1465.87,"body":"and its negatives, right?"},{"startTime":1465.87,"endTime":1469.25,"body":"But we identify a disease and"},{"startTime":1465.87,"endTime":1469.25,"body":"the pharmaceutical company"},{"startTime":1469.25,"endTime":1472.9199999999998,"body":"goes in search of the drug that"},{"startTime":1469.25,"endTime":1472.9199999999998,"body":"can treat the disease, right?"},{"startTime":1472.9199999999998,"endTime":1474.68,"body":"Or treat the symptoms"},{"startTime":1472.9199999999998,"endTime":1474.68,"body":"of the disease."},{"startTime":1474.99,"endTime":1479.26,"body":"It sounds you're saying that if"},{"startTime":1474.99,"endTime":1479.26,"body":"most of these diseases emanate"},{"startTime":1479.26,"endTime":1484.3,"body":"from the disruption in the"},{"startTime":1479.26,"endTime":1484.3,"body":"microbiome, we might be able"},{"startTime":1484.3,"endTime":1486.74,"body":"to prescribe a microbe, right?"},{"startTime":1486.74,"endTime":1490.12,"body":"And figure out, we want more"},{"startTime":1486.74,"endTime":1490.12,"body":"of this microbe or less of this"},{"startTime":1490.12,"endTime":1494.52,"body":"microbe and, modulating the"},{"startTime":1490.12,"endTime":1494.52,"body":"microbe in a similar way we"},{"startTime":1494.77,"endTime":1499.6,"body":"use pharmaceuticals to modulate"},{"startTime":1494.77,"endTime":1499.6,"body":"our body chemistry is a viable"},{"startTime":1499.6,"endTime":1504.44,"body":"approach to disease treatment"},{"startTime":1499.6,"endTime":1504.44,"body":"or hopefully cure, right?"},{"startTime":1504.44,"endTime":1505.1399999999999,"body":"Ideally."},{"startTime":1505.3999999999999,"endTime":1507.21,"body":"I mean, there's two"},{"startTime":1505.3999999999999,"endTime":1507.21,"body":"ways I think about that."},{"startTime":1507.31,"endTime":1510.96,"body":"I mean, we think about it as"},{"startTime":1507.31,"endTime":1510.96,"body":"putting s- teams together."},{"startTime":1510.96,"endTime":1514.725,"body":"So we have a computational"},{"startTime":1510.96,"endTime":1514.725,"body":"model- Where we can put"},{"startTime":1514.725,"endTime":1517.685,"body":"together a team of microbes"},{"startTime":1514.725,"endTime":1517.685,"body":"to put back a function."},{"startTime":1518.0249999999999,"endTime":1521.205,"body":"Because in a lot of cases,"},{"startTime":1518.0249999999999,"endTime":1521.205,"body":"one bug is not gonna do it"},{"startTime":1521.235,"endTime":1523.395,"body":"in a whole complex ecosystem."},{"startTime":1523.715,"endTime":1526.935,"body":"But if you put a team that's"},{"startTime":1523.715,"endTime":1526.935,"body":"working together, then you're,"},{"startTime":1526.985,"endTime":1528.335,"body":"more likely to get that."},{"startTime":1528.335,"endTime":1532.125,"body":"And then the other kind of"},{"startTime":1528.335,"endTime":1532.125,"body":"angle of that is the fecal"},{"startTime":1532.125,"endTime":1534.805,"body":"transplant, which sounds crazy."},{"startTime":1535.095,"endTime":1537.815,"body":"But a fecal transplant from"},{"startTime":1535.095,"endTime":1537.815,"body":"a healthy person, there's"},{"startTime":1537.815,"endTime":1539.615,"body":"been a lot of research on it."},{"startTime":1539.665,"endTime":1543.395,"body":"I mean, it was done"},{"startTime":1539.665,"endTime":1543.395,"body":"4,000 years ago in China"},{"startTime":1543.565,"endTime":1544.465,"body":"with healthy babies."},{"startTime":1544.465,"endTime":1545.065,"body":"Really?"},{"startTime":1545.375,"endTime":1545.7849999999999,"body":"Yes."},{"startTime":1545.7849999999999,"endTime":1547.225,"body":"It was called yellow soup."},{"startTime":1547.735,"endTime":1549.735,"body":"Now, I've never"},{"startTime":1547.735,"endTime":1549.735,"body":"heard that before."},{"startTime":1549.825,"endTime":1551.5149999999999,"body":"Please unpack that story."},{"startTime":1551.5149999999999,"endTime":1551.955,"body":"That's-"},{"startTime":1552.895,"endTime":1556.2849999999999,"body":"They, and when people had"},{"startTime":1552.895,"endTime":1556.2849999999999,"body":"gastrointestinal problems,"},{"startTime":1556.2849999999999,"endTime":1560.315,"body":"they used health- healthy baby"},{"startTime":1556.2849999999999,"endTime":1560.315,"body":"poop, and they made something"},{"startTime":1560.315,"endTime":1564.185,"body":"called yellow soup, and that"},{"startTime":1560.315,"endTime":1564.185,"body":"was, part of the therapy."},{"startTime":1564.585,"endTime":1565.125,"body":"Now,"},{"startTime":1565.175,"endTime":1567.5349999999999,"body":"And that was, the and we"},{"startTime":1565.175,"endTime":1567.5349999999999,"body":"understand that what that"},{"startTime":1567.5349999999999,"endTime":1570.355,"body":"was doing was restoring"},{"startTime":1567.5349999999999,"endTime":1570.355,"body":"a healthy- The health-"},{"startTime":1570.705,"endTime":1572.135,"body":"set of microbes-"},{"startTime":1572.305,"endTime":1572.465,"body":"Yeah"},{"startTime":1572.465,"endTime":1574.335,"body":"..."},{"startTime":1572.465,"endTime":1574.335,"body":"back into the digestive tract."},{"startTime":1574.885,"endTime":1577.335,"body":"And it's, it's got a"},{"startTime":1574.885,"endTime":1577.335,"body":"whole complex system."},{"startTime":1577.665,"endTime":1579.715,"body":"And so just to give"},{"startTime":1577.665,"endTime":1579.715,"body":"you an example."},{"startTime":1579.715,"endTime":1583.5349999999999,"body":"So here in the United States"},{"startTime":1579.715,"endTime":1583.5349999999999,"body":"now, I think C. difficile"},{"startTime":1583.5349999999999,"endTime":1588.155,"body":"infection is the only approved"},{"startTime":1583.5349999999999,"endTime":1588.155,"body":"where by the FDA that you"},{"startTime":1588.155,"endTime":1589.5249999999999,"body":"can have a fecal transplant."},{"startTime":1589.5249999999999,"endTime":1595.745,"body":"But there are a lot of ways that"},{"startTime":1589.5249999999999,"endTime":1595.745,"body":"doctors are doing N-of-1, I'll"},{"startTime":1595.745,"endTime":1598.2849999999999,"body":"say clinical trial type work."},{"startTime":1598.725,"endTime":1600.905,"body":"They have to go through and"},{"startTime":1598.725,"endTime":1600.905,"body":"file a lot of paperwork."},{"startTime":1600.905,"endTime":1603.815,"body":"But in Europe, there was"},{"startTime":1600.905,"endTime":1603.815,"body":"a clinical, there were two"},{"startTime":1603.815,"endTime":1607.415,"body":"clinical trials using fecal"},{"startTime":1603.815,"endTime":1607.415,"body":"transplants in Parkinson's,"},{"startTime":1607.875,"endTime":1613.465,"body":"and one came used the bottom"},{"startTime":1607.875,"endTime":1613.465,"body":"up, sort of an enema style"},{"startTime":1613.575,"endTime":1617.0349999999999,"body":"fecal transplant, and one"},{"startTime":1613.575,"endTime":1617.0349999999999,"body":"came from the top down."},{"startTime":1617.085,"endTime":1620.0449999999998,"body":"And I don't remember if it"},{"startTime":1617.085,"endTime":1620.0449999999998,"body":"was capsules or if it was,"},{"startTime":1620.415,"endTime":1621.845,"body":"a nasal tube that went..."},{"startTime":1622.305,"endTime":1625.135,"body":"But the one that came"},{"startTime":1622.305,"endTime":1625.135,"body":"from the top down was"},{"startTime":1625.135,"endTime":1626.685,"body":"actually more successful."},{"startTime":1626.965,"endTime":1631.125,"body":"And I think, based on my own"},{"startTime":1626.965,"endTime":1631.125,"body":"20 some odd years of looking at"},{"startTime":1631.125,"endTime":1636.065,"body":"Parkinson's, quite a bit of the"},{"startTime":1631.125,"endTime":1636.065,"body":"issues are in the small bowel."},{"startTime":1637.185,"endTime":1640.105,"body":"And so when you're doing a"},{"startTime":1637.185,"endTime":1640.105,"body":"transplant from the bottom"},{"startTime":1640.105,"endTime":1642.385,"body":"up, you're not getting"},{"startTime":1640.105,"endTime":1642.385,"body":"into the small bowel."},{"startTime":1642.865,"endTime":1645.975,"body":"And that's another sort"},{"startTime":1642.865,"endTime":1645.975,"body":"of interesting area on the"},{"startTime":1646.165,"endTime":1647.915,"body":"pharmaceutical and the bug side."},{"startTime":1648.335,"endTime":1652.155,"body":"So Parkinson's, w- the"},{"startTime":1648.335,"endTime":1652.155,"body":"drug that most people take"},{"startTime":1652.155,"endTime":1656.655,"body":"is a dopamine drug, and"},{"startTime":1652.155,"endTime":1656.655,"body":"there's H. pylori in the gut"},{"startTime":1657.385,"endTime":1660.055,"body":"actually- Feeds on dopamine."},{"startTime":1660.615,"endTime":1663.075,"body":"And so the more medicine"},{"startTime":1660.615,"endTime":1663.075,"body":"you... If you have H."},{"startTime":1663.075,"endTime":1665.7549999999999,"body":"pylori, the more medicine"},{"startTime":1663.075,"endTime":1665.7549999999999,"body":"you take, the more the H."},{"startTime":1665.7549999999999,"endTime":1670.215,"body":"pylori will eat it and grow"},{"startTime":1665.7549999999999,"endTime":1670.215,"body":"and disrupt your medicine."},{"startTime":1670.385,"endTime":1674.635,"body":"But I think fecal transplants"},{"startTime":1670.385,"endTime":1674.635,"body":"actually have a lot of promise."},{"startTime":1674.665,"endTime":1676.975,"body":"I do know there have been"},{"startTime":1674.665,"endTime":1676.975,"body":"some, even some fecal"},{"startTime":1676.975,"endTime":1681.5149999999999,"body":"transplants in cancer with"},{"startTime":1676.975,"endTime":1681.5149999999999,"body":"some pretty remarkable results."},{"startTime":1681.5449999999998,"endTime":1684.875,"body":"And you could go out and"},{"startTime":1681.5449999999998,"endTime":1684.875,"body":"search PubMed and you'd be"},{"startTime":1684.875,"endTime":1687.355,"body":"surprised at how many things"},{"startTime":1684.875,"endTime":1687.355,"body":"that's been used to treat."},{"startTime":1688.595,"endTime":1691.685,"body":"What does that imply about"},{"startTime":1688.595,"endTime":1691.685,"body":"cancer that, that a fecal"},{"startTime":1691.745,"endTime":1694.2849999999999,"body":"transplant has been successful?"},{"startTime":1695.855,"endTime":1698.965,"body":"Cancer's a metabolic j- I"},{"startTime":1695.855,"endTime":1698.965,"body":"mean, all of these things"},{"startTime":1698.965,"endTime":1701.215,"body":"are metabolic problems, and"},{"startTime":1698.965,"endTime":1701.215,"body":"you guys talk about meta-"},{"startTime":1701.215,"endTime":1702.985,"body":"We've had Thomas Seyfried"},{"startTime":1701.215,"endTime":1702.985,"body":"on a couple of times."},{"startTime":1702.985,"endTime":1703.495,"body":"We've... Yeah."},{"startTime":1703.5049999999999,"endTime":1706.665,"body":"A lot of me- metabolism"},{"startTime":1703.5049999999999,"endTime":1706.665,"body":"is going on in the gut"},{"startTime":1706.985,"endTime":1708.085,"body":"with these bacteria."},{"startTime":1709.5049999999999,"endTime":1713.965,"body":"And so I think if you're"},{"startTime":1709.5049999999999,"endTime":1713.965,"body":"restoring an ecosystem to"},{"startTime":1713.965,"endTime":1720.635,"body":"some sort of balance, then"},{"startTime":1713.965,"endTime":1720.635,"body":"maybe, it... it's putting"},{"startTime":1720.635,"endTime":1724.645,"body":"back the whole metabolic"},{"startTime":1720.635,"endTime":1724.645,"body":"system with flexibility."},{"startTime":1724.995,"endTime":1728.225,"body":"And I, I think I think"},{"startTime":1724.995,"endTime":1728.225,"body":"cancer is sort of one side"},{"startTime":1728.225,"endTime":1731.225,"body":"of the razor's edge and"},{"startTime":1728.225,"endTime":1731.225,"body":"Parkinson's is the other."},{"startTime":1731.575,"endTime":1735.2849999999999,"body":"And in fact, there was one of"},{"startTime":1731.575,"endTime":1735.2849999999999,"body":"the early microbiome conferences"},{"startTime":1735.605,"endTime":1738.945,"body":"I attended, there was a couple"},{"startTime":1735.605,"endTime":1738.945,"body":"there that was looking for"},{"startTime":1738.945,"endTime":1742.485,"body":"a microbiome therapeutic for"},{"startTime":1738.945,"endTime":1742.485,"body":"cancer, and they were looking"},{"startTime":1742.485,"endTime":1745.7849999999999,"body":"to up- upregulate this one"},{"startTime":1742.485,"endTime":1745.7849999999999,"body":"protein they were talking about."},{"startTime":1746.2949999999998,"endTime":1749.685,"body":"And I was like, \"Wait a minute,"},{"startTime":1746.2949999999998,"endTime":1749.685,"body":"that's highly upregulated in"},{"startTime":1749.685,"endTime":1755.805,"body":"Parkinson's.\" Maybe you don't..."},{"startTime":1749.685,"endTime":1755.805,"body":"so a fecal transplant is a"},{"startTime":1755.805,"endTime":1759.865,"body":"whole healthy ecosystem that's"},{"startTime":1755.805,"endTime":1759.865,"body":"got things in balance, because"},{"startTime":1760.105,"endTime":1764.445,"body":"if you're properly screening"},{"startTime":1760.105,"endTime":1764.445,"body":"the person that you're getting"},{"startTime":1764.445,"endTime":1767.245,"body":"the material from, and you"},{"startTime":1764.445,"endTime":1767.245,"body":"know they're very healthy,"},{"startTime":1767.245,"endTime":1769.485,"body":"then you're putting back a"},{"startTime":1767.245,"endTime":1769.485,"body":"system that's working well."},{"startTime":1769.715,"endTime":1773.655,"body":"There was a company called a"},{"startTime":1769.715,"endTime":1773.655,"body":"nonprofit called OpenBiome that"},{"startTime":1773.655,"endTime":1778.435,"body":"did a lot of the early fecal"},{"startTime":1773.655,"endTime":1778.435,"body":"transplant material, and I"},{"startTime":1778.435,"endTime":1782.355,"body":"think only 3% of people who went"},{"startTime":1778.435,"endTime":1782.355,"body":"through their screening were"},{"startTime":1782.355,"endTime":1784.2749999999999,"body":"ever approved to be a donor,"},{"startTime":1786.635,"endTime":1789.105,"body":"which says there's not a whole"},{"startTime":1786.635,"endTime":1789.105,"body":"lot of people with healthy gut."},{"startTime":1790.0249999999999,"endTime":1790.305,"body":"Yeah."},{"startTime":1790.305,"endTime":1792.735,"body":"And that kind of goes"},{"startTime":1790.305,"endTime":1792.735,"body":"along with the data we"},{"startTime":1792.735,"endTime":1795.2649999999999,"body":"have around just metabolic"},{"startTime":1792.735,"endTime":1795.2649999999999,"body":"health in general- right?"},{"startTime":1795.335,"endTime":1799.2949999999998,"body":"That, 7% is the number we"},{"startTime":1795.335,"endTime":1799.2949999999998,"body":"throw around of people that are"},{"startTime":1799.2949999999998,"endTime":1801.125,"body":"actually metabolically healthy."},{"startTime":1801.615,"endTime":1806.105,"body":"What, So what are some of the"},{"startTime":1801.615,"endTime":1806.105,"body":"things in people's daily lives"},{"startTime":1806.215,"endTime":1810.7549999999999,"body":"that they may not realize are"},{"startTime":1806.215,"endTime":1810.7549999999999,"body":"impacting their microbiome?"},{"startTime":1812.075,"endTime":1816.145,"body":"Stress is probably the number"},{"startTime":1812.075,"endTime":1816.145,"body":"one thing that, people are gonna"},{"startTime":1816.145,"endTime":1819.7649999999999,"body":"go, \"What do you mean my stress"},{"startTime":1816.145,"endTime":1819.7649999999999,"body":"affects the microbes in my gut?\""},{"startTime":1820.225,"endTime":1825.2749999999999,"body":"But- Stress, whether that's"},{"startTime":1820.225,"endTime":1825.2749999999999,"body":"mental, emotional stress"},{"startTime":1825.365,"endTime":1828.135,"body":"or nutritional stress"},{"startTime":1825.365,"endTime":1828.135,"body":"because you're not getting"},{"startTime":1828.135,"endTime":1832.725,"body":"enough nutrient-dense food"},{"startTime":1828.135,"endTime":1832.725,"body":"or, there, there's just"},{"startTime":1833.2649999999999,"endTime":1837.0249999999999,"body":"electromagnetic stress,"},{"startTime":1833.2649999999999,"endTime":1837.0249999999999,"body":"all kinds of lack of sleep."},{"startTime":1837.055,"endTime":1841.905,"body":"All of those kind of pieces"},{"startTime":1837.055,"endTime":1841.905,"body":"of the stress model impact"},{"startTime":1843.0149999999999,"endTime":1846.7549999999999,"body":"hormones and neurotransmitters"},{"startTime":1843.0149999999999,"endTime":1846.7549999999999,"body":"that a- again, are communicating"},{"startTime":1846.7549999999999,"endTime":1849.905,"body":"with those microbes and"},{"startTime":1846.7549999999999,"endTime":1849.905,"body":"shifting your microbiome."},{"startTime":1850.5149999999999,"endTime":1853.485,"body":"So stress is a huge"},{"startTime":1850.5149999999999,"endTime":1853.485,"body":"piece of that puzzle."},{"startTime":1853.905,"endTime":1854.575,"body":"Water."},{"startTime":1854.605,"endTime":1856.715,"body":"I tell people, like when"},{"startTime":1854.605,"endTime":1856.715,"body":"people ask me \"If there"},{"startTime":1856.715,"endTime":1859.615,"body":"was just one thing I could"},{"startTime":1856.715,"endTime":1859.615,"body":"do,\" I'm say, clean up your"},{"startTime":1859.615,"endTime":1864.615,"body":"water.\" People don't realize"},{"startTime":1859.615,"endTime":1864.615,"body":"that our public water systems"},{"startTime":1864.965,"endTime":1870.5049999999999,"body":"were designed 100 years"},{"startTime":1864.965,"endTime":1870.5049999999999,"body":"ago to deal with, bacteria."},{"startTime":1871.495,"endTime":1875.205,"body":"They haven't changed"},{"startTime":1871.495,"endTime":1875.205,"body":"to deal with all of the"},{"startTime":1875.205,"endTime":1879.0249999999999,"body":"pharmaceutical pollution that"},{"startTime":1875.205,"endTime":1879.0249999999999,"body":"goes down into the sewers."},{"startTime":1879.5049999999999,"endTime":1881.5149999999999,"body":"And if you look at the"},{"startTime":1879.5049999999999,"endTime":1881.5149999999999,"body":"Environmental Working Group,"},{"startTime":1881.5149999999999,"endTime":1884.185,"body":"I think back in, it's been a"},{"startTime":1881.5149999999999,"endTime":1884.185,"body":"while, but I think it was around"},{"startTime":1884.185,"endTime":1888.895,"body":"2012, they did something like"},{"startTime":1884.185,"endTime":1888.895,"body":"25 major municipalities and the"},{"startTime":1889.0149999999999,"endTime":1893.075,"body":"pharmaceuticals that were in"},{"startTime":1889.0149999999999,"endTime":1893.075,"body":"the w- tap water, and that's"},{"startTime":1893.715,"endTime":1896.205,"body":"because our systems aren't"},{"startTime":1893.715,"endTime":1896.205,"body":"designed to take that out."},{"startTime":1896.2849999999999,"endTime":1896.345,"body":"Yeah."},{"startTime":1896.5449999999998,"endTime":1899.165,"body":"Filtering your water I"},{"startTime":1896.5449999999998,"endTime":1899.165,"body":"think is really important"},{"startTime":1899.385,"endTime":1902.115,"body":"so that you're not taking"},{"startTime":1899.385,"endTime":1902.115,"body":"your neighbor's whatever."},{"startTime":1902.7949999999998,"endTime":1906.225,"body":"But then if you do that, the"},{"startTime":1902.7949999999998,"endTime":1906.225,"body":"water has no minerals in it"},{"startTime":1906.225,"endTime":1908.235,"body":"because you've- ... taken"},{"startTime":1906.225,"endTime":1908.235,"body":"all that out, so then you've"},{"startTime":1908.235,"endTime":1909.865,"body":"gotta add back minerals."},{"startTime":1909.865,"endTime":1912.7849999999999,"body":"So th- that's two"},{"startTime":1909.865,"endTime":1912.7849999999999,"body":"really big things."},{"startTime":1912.7849999999999,"endTime":1916.635,"body":"And then, your diet,"},{"startTime":1912.7849999999999,"endTime":1916.635,"body":"y- what you're eating"},{"startTime":1916.635,"endTime":1918.2749999999999,"body":"a whole foods diet."},{"startTime":1918.365,"endTime":1922.835,"body":"It is so important to eat"},{"startTime":1918.365,"endTime":1922.835,"body":"whole foods and to avoid"},{"startTime":1923.125,"endTime":1925.935,"body":"herbicides and pesticides,"},{"startTime":1923.125,"endTime":1925.935,"body":"so I talk about that a lot."},{"startTime":1925.935,"endTime":1931.645,"body":"There's so much chemical residue"},{"startTime":1925.935,"endTime":1931.645,"body":"on our foods now, and people"},{"startTime":1932.415,"endTime":1936.225,"body":"are probably not aware, but"},{"startTime":1932.415,"endTime":1936.225,"body":"about s- there's about 60 crops"},{"startTime":1936.225,"endTime":1940.465,"body":"now that use glyphosate at the"},{"startTime":1936.225,"endTime":1940.465,"body":"end of harvest to dry the crop."},{"startTime":1941.895,"endTime":1944.335,"body":"And of course, that leaves"},{"startTime":1941.895,"endTime":1944.335,"body":"even more residue on the"},{"startTime":1944.335,"endTime":1947.7849999999999,"body":"crop than if it was sprayed"},{"startTime":1944.335,"endTime":1947.7849999999999,"body":"sometime during the growing"},{"startTime":1947.7849999999999,"endTime":1949.2849999999999,"body":"season and not at the end."},{"startTime":1949.665,"endTime":1952.435,"body":"And th- so that's, I think,"},{"startTime":1949.665,"endTime":1952.435,"body":"why a lot of people have"},{"startTime":1952.435,"endTime":1954.385,"body":"trouble with legumes."},{"startTime":1954.385,"endTime":1958.2649999999999,"body":"So all of your beans and"},{"startTime":1954.385,"endTime":1958.2649999999999,"body":"lentils and things like"},{"startTime":1958.2649999999999,"endTime":1960.7649999999999,"body":"that, many of those crops"},{"startTime":1958.2649999999999,"endTime":1960.7649999999999,"body":"are in that category."},{"startTime":1960.7649999999999,"endTime":1962.825,"body":"All the grains are"},{"startTime":1960.7649999999999,"endTime":1962.825,"body":"in that category."},{"startTime":1963.195,"endTime":1966.385,"body":"And you know- That's one of"},{"startTime":1963.195,"endTime":1966.385,"body":"the main problems I think"},{"startTime":1966.385,"endTime":1970.725,"body":"people have with these foods"},{"startTime":1966.385,"endTime":1970.725,"body":"is, maybe 100 years ago they"},{"startTime":1970.725,"endTime":1972.5349999999999,"body":"didn't have problems with"},{"startTime":1970.725,"endTime":1972.5349999999999,"body":"these foods 'cause they didn't"},{"startTime":1972.5349999999999,"endTime":1973.5349999999999,"body":"have all these chemicals."},{"startTime":1973.835,"endTime":1976.955,"body":"And those, glyphosate is"},{"startTime":1973.835,"endTime":1976.955,"body":"an antibiotic that actually"},{"startTime":1976.955,"endTime":1981.0149999999999,"body":"destroys the beneficial bacteria"},{"startTime":1976.955,"endTime":1981.0149999999999,"body":"that are doing those things"},{"startTime":1981.0149999999999,"endTime":1984.2749999999999,"body":"like producing B vitamins and"},{"startTime":1981.0149999999999,"endTime":1984.2749999999999,"body":"vitamin K and things like that,"},{"startTime":1984.745,"endTime":1988.235,"body":"and leaves behind pathogenic"},{"startTime":1984.745,"endTime":1988.235,"body":"bugs that make those endotoxins."},{"startTime":1990.675,"endTime":1992.615,"body":"This is almost too simple."},{"startTime":1992.675,"endTime":1994.845,"body":"And I don't mean that"},{"startTime":1992.675,"endTime":1994.845,"body":"in a pejorative way."},{"startTime":1994.845,"endTime":2002.175,"body":"It's just it makes so much"},{"startTime":1994.845,"endTime":2002.175,"body":"sense given what I've seen"},{"startTime":2002.175,"endTime":2005.175,"body":"happen to the population"},{"startTime":2002.175,"endTime":2005.175,"body":"during my adult life."},{"startTime":2006.2549999999999,"endTime":2009.5449999999998,"body":"I can remember when I graduated"},{"startTime":2006.2549999999999,"endTime":2009.5449999999998,"body":"from high school what the"},{"startTime":2009.5449999999998,"endTime":2013.245,"body":"average human being looked like."},{"startTime":2014.085,"endTime":2014.2849999999999,"body":"Yeah."},{"startTime":2014.425,"endTime":2016.835,"body":"And the average human"},{"startTime":2014.425,"endTime":2016.835,"body":"being was not fat."},{"startTime":2017.365,"endTime":2018.065,"body":"Not so chunky."},{"startTime":2018.065,"endTime":2022.845,"body":"And was actually relatively"},{"startTime":2018.065,"endTime":2022.845,"body":"slender, even the big people-"},{"startTime":2023.595,"endTime":2029.735,"body":"Were... And I watched and I'm..."},{"startTime":2023.595,"endTime":2029.735,"body":"in my mind, we were just talking"},{"startTime":2029.735,"endTime":2033.355,"body":"about this earlier this week,"},{"startTime":2029.735,"endTime":2033.355,"body":"in my mind it correlates exactly"},{"startTime":2033.355,"endTime":2035.445,"body":"with the rise of low fat diets."},{"startTime":2035.965,"endTime":2036.325,"body":"But,"},{"startTime":2036.605,"endTime":2037.2649999999999,"body":"that's part of it"},{"startTime":2037.455,"endTime":2041.965,"body":"..."},{"startTime":2037.455,"endTime":2041.965,"body":"the idea that the stuff they've"},{"startTime":2041.965,"endTime":2045.845,"body":"all eating all the time, which"},{"startTime":2041.965,"endTime":2045.845,"body":"may or may not even be good"},{"startTime":2045.845,"endTime":2050.015,"body":"food, but if they're spraying"},{"startTime":2045.845,"endTime":2050.015,"body":"it with chemicals that are"},{"startTime":2050.0550000000003,"endTime":2055.3050000000003,"body":"antibiotic, that are killing"},{"startTime":2050.0550000000003,"endTime":2055.3050000000003,"body":"the good bugs in our guts,"},{"startTime":2055.3050000000003,"endTime":2059.945,"body":"I'm thinking as I'm talking as"},{"startTime":2055.3050000000003,"endTime":2059.945,"body":"you can see, that if we will,"},{"startTime":2059.975,"endTime":2068.8050000000003,"body":"A, stop ingesting those, and"},{"startTime":2059.975,"endTime":2068.8050000000003,"body":"B, re- replace, resupply the"},{"startTime":2068.8050000000003,"endTime":2073.765,"body":"good stuff, our bodies will"},{"startTime":2068.8050000000003,"endTime":2073.765,"body":"then from that point kinda"},{"startTime":2074.445,"endTime":2076.265,"body":"take care of the problem."},{"startTime":2076.855,"endTime":2079.125,"body":"Am I oversimplifying this?"},{"startTime":2079.125,"endTime":2081.855,"body":"And I'm asking both of you,"},{"startTime":2079.125,"endTime":2081.855,"body":"'cause Phil, this is as"},{"startTime":2081.855,"endTime":2083.735,"body":"much your specialty as hers."},{"startTime":2084.915,"endTime":2089.2149999999997,"body":"Y- yeah, my perspective is,"},{"startTime":2084.915,"endTime":2089.2149999999997,"body":"these are all different aspects"},{"startTime":2089.2549999999997,"endTime":2092.725,"body":"or different, angles that we can"},{"startTime":2089.2549999999997,"endTime":2092.725,"body":"look at the problem from, right?"},{"startTime":2092.725,"endTime":2095.0049999999997,"body":"But they keep leading us"},{"startTime":2092.725,"endTime":2095.0049999999997,"body":"back to the same place."},{"startTime":2095.355,"endTime":2098.615,"body":"I mean, eat whole real food"},{"startTime":2095.355,"endTime":2098.615,"body":"that's hopefully is minimally"},{"startTime":2098.615,"endTime":2102.185,"body":"processed and treated is"},{"startTime":2098.615,"endTime":2102.185,"body":"the answer you come back to,"},{"startTime":2102.515,"endTime":2106.265,"body":"whether you're, and many people"},{"startTime":2102.515,"endTime":2106.265,"body":"arrive at this from it's,"},{"startTime":2106.375,"endTime":2108.1749999999997,"body":"the diet is too high carb."},{"startTime":2108.4849999999997,"endTime":2111.395,"body":"And others arrive at it"},{"startTime":2108.4849999999997,"endTime":2111.395,"body":"from, we need to avoid"},{"startTime":2111.395,"endTime":2112.915,"body":"these pesticides, right?"},{"startTime":2112.915,"endTime":2115.975,"body":"And others are looking"},{"startTime":2112.915,"endTime":2115.975,"body":"at the seed oils, right?"},{"startTime":2116.0249999999996,"endTime":2118.395,"body":"And the honest truth is I don't"},{"startTime":2116.0249999999996,"endTime":2118.395,"body":"think we're ever gonna figure"},{"startTime":2118.395,"endTime":2120.115,"body":"out, it's one of these things."},{"startTime":2120.4149999999995,"endTime":2124.1049999999996,"body":"But it's just interesting to"},{"startTime":2120.4149999999995,"endTime":2124.1049999999996,"body":"me how all these different"},{"startTime":2124.1049999999996,"endTime":2126.435,"body":"people coming at it from all"},{"startTime":2124.1049999999996,"endTime":2126.435,"body":"these different aspects are"},{"startTime":2126.435,"endTime":2127.9649999999997,"body":"ending up at the same place."},{"startTime":2128.075,"endTime":2131.5649999999996,"body":"We probably should get back"},{"startTime":2128.075,"endTime":2131.5649999999996,"body":"to eating food as close to the"},{"startTime":2131.5649999999996,"endTime":2135.1349999999998,"body":"way that we used to eat it,"},{"startTime":2131.5649999999996,"endTime":2135.1349999999998,"body":"two and three generations ago."},{"startTime":2135.4149999999995,"endTime":2138.825,"body":"Not to speak about, ancestrally"},{"startTime":2135.4149999999995,"endTime":2138.825,"body":"how we used to eat it."},{"startTime":2139.0649999999996,"endTime":2141.495,"body":"And that's where"},{"startTime":2139.0649999999996,"endTime":2141.495,"body":"the answer lies."},{"startTime":2142.515,"endTime":2143.685,"body":"I would agree with you."},{"startTime":2143.685,"endTime":2149.3349999999996,"body":"I mean, most of these chemicals"},{"startTime":2143.685,"endTime":2149.3349999999996,"body":"came into our farming system"},{"startTime":2149.3749999999995,"endTime":2152.6649999999995,"body":"after World War II because"},{"startTime":2149.3749999999995,"endTime":2152.6649999999995,"body":"they- Sure ... produced all of"},{"startTime":2152.6649999999995,"endTime":2155.325,"body":"these things to make bombs and"},{"startTime":2152.6649999999995,"endTime":2155.325,"body":"do all these... And then it's"},{"startTime":2155.325,"endTime":2159.2949999999996,"body":"okay, gases, mustard gas, okay,"},{"startTime":2155.325,"endTime":2159.2949999999996,"body":"what are we gonna do with this?"},{"startTime":2159.3549999999996,"endTime":2162.495,"body":"Okay we're gonna put"},{"startTime":2159.3549999999996,"endTime":2162.495,"body":"poison on our food?"},{"startTime":2162.5449999999996,"endTime":2165.0049999999997,"body":"That's just not very smart."},{"startTime":2165.535,"endTime":2169.4449999999997,"body":"I mean, and one of the things"},{"startTime":2165.535,"endTime":2169.4449999999997,"body":"that I have learned over this"},{"startTime":2169.4449999999997,"endTime":2173.4049999999997,"body":"20 years is we're actually not"},{"startTime":2169.4449999999997,"endTime":2173.4049999999997,"body":"that different than an insect."},{"startTime":2174.9449999999997,"endTime":2175.4149999999995,"body":"And-"},{"startTime":2175.825,"endTime":2176.5249999999996,"body":"Say more."},{"startTime":2177.1949999999997,"endTime":2182.2349999999997,"body":"There... if you look at like how"},{"startTime":2177.1949999999997,"endTime":2182.2349999999997,"body":"some of these chemicals target"},{"startTime":2182.2349999999997,"endTime":2187.305,"body":"the insect's system there's a,"},{"startTime":2182.2349999999997,"endTime":2187.305,"body":"i- in the c- in the GMO corn"},{"startTime":2187.305,"endTime":2191.1949999999997,"body":"they engineer a toxin in there,"},{"startTime":2187.305,"endTime":2191.1949999999997,"body":"and it's called the BT toxin."},{"startTime":2191.1949999999997,"endTime":2196.825,"body":"That BT toxin pokes holes in"},{"startTime":2191.1949999999997,"endTime":2196.825,"body":"the gut of the caterpillar, and"},{"startTime":2196.825,"endTime":2198.495,"body":"the caterpillar gets sepsis."},{"startTime":2198.9449999999997,"endTime":2201.595,"body":"I'm sorry, but part of"},{"startTime":2198.9449999999997,"endTime":2201.595,"body":"what we're seeing kind of"},{"startTime":2201.595,"endTime":2205.185,"body":"population-wide is a lot of"},{"startTime":2201.595,"endTime":2205.185,"body":"people with holes poked in their"},{"startTime":2205.185,"endTime":2212.455,"body":"guts and kind of a low-grade"},{"startTime":2205.185,"endTime":2212.455,"body":"infection which, isn't septic"},{"startTime":2212.455,"endTime":2214.245,"body":"enough to kill them, but it-"},{"startTime":2214.245,"endTime":2215.1549999999997,"body":"is that leaky gut?"},{"startTime":2215.2549999999997,"endTime":2215.845,"body":"Is that what that is?"},{"startTime":2215.845,"endTime":2218.8149999999996,"body":"It's putting them in a"},{"startTime":2215.845,"endTime":2218.8149999999996,"body":"chronic inflammatory state."},{"startTime":2219.1249999999995,"endTime":2220.845,"body":"So th- that's one example of it."},{"startTime":2220.845,"endTime":2223.4149999999995,"body":"I looked at another one where"},{"startTime":2220.845,"endTime":2223.4149999999995,"body":"they, they were targeting-"},{"startTime":2223.9799999999996,"endTime":2226.1299999999997,"body":"Like respiration or something."},{"startTime":2226.1299999999997,"endTime":2229.3599999999997,"body":"And I, so that kind of went"},{"startTime":2226.1299999999997,"endTime":2229.3599999999997,"body":"down the rabbit hole of looking"},{"startTime":2229.3599999999997,"endTime":2231.81,"body":"at how their respiratory"},{"startTime":2229.3599999999997,"endTime":2231.81,"body":"system works and how is..."},{"startTime":2232.1099999999997,"endTime":2233.56,"body":"It's we're not that different."},{"startTime":2233.6099999999997,"endTime":2237.2799999999997,"body":"I mean, these chemical"},{"startTime":2233.6099999999997,"endTime":2237.2799999999997,"body":"signals and things they're"},{"startTime":2237.2799999999997,"endTime":2238.2499999999995,"body":"just not that different."},{"startTime":2238.2999999999997,"endTime":2241.8599999999997,"body":"Thinking that what we're"},{"startTime":2238.2999999999997,"endTime":2241.8599999999997,"body":"doing out there to an insect"},{"startTime":2241.9399999999996,"endTime":2245.5099999999998,"body":"we're not doing to ourselves"},{"startTime":2241.9399999999996,"endTime":2245.5099999999998,"body":"is just a fool's game."},{"startTime":2245.8999999999996,"endTime":2246.6099999999997,"body":"Ooh."},{"startTime":2247.91,"endTime":2248.37,"body":"Yeah."},{"startTime":2248.3999999999996,"endTime":2251.58,"body":"It's it's very interesting when"},{"startTime":2248.3999999999996,"endTime":2251.58,"body":"we think about that, right?"},{"startTime":2251.58,"endTime":2254.9199999999996,"body":"And just again, we lost"},{"startTime":2251.58,"endTime":2254.9199999999996,"body":"some of that connection."},{"startTime":2255.2299999999996,"endTime":2257.2599999999998,"body":"A- and at many"},{"startTime":2255.2299999999996,"endTime":2257.2599999999998,"body":"different levels, right?"},{"startTime":2257.2599999999998,"endTime":2260.72,"body":"You can look at the chemicals"},{"startTime":2257.2599999999998,"endTime":2260.72,"body":"that are being sprayed on,"},{"startTime":2260.7599999999998,"endTime":2264.62,"body":"on our crops to try and,"},{"startTime":2260.7599999999998,"endTime":2264.62,"body":"protect them from the insects."},{"startTime":2264.7599999999998,"endTime":2268.06,"body":"And you look at just something"},{"startTime":2264.7599999999998,"endTime":2268.06,"body":"simple like we've talked about"},{"startTime":2268.06,"endTime":2269.2,"body":"before in this show, right?"},{"startTime":2269.5099999999998,"endTime":2274.5899999999997,"body":"The reason that they feed"},{"startTime":2269.5099999999998,"endTime":2274.5899999999997,"body":"cattle or pigs grains is"},{"startTime":2274.5899999999997,"endTime":2277.7599999999998,"body":"because they want them to"},{"startTime":2274.5899999999997,"endTime":2277.7599999999998,"body":"get fatter quicker, right?"},{"startTime":2277.7599999999998,"endTime":2280.0199999999995,"body":"So they can get them to"},{"startTime":2277.7599999999998,"endTime":2280.0199999999995,"body":"market and they're bigger."},{"startTime":2280.33,"endTime":2283.62,"body":"And, and we don't stop to think"},{"startTime":2280.33,"endTime":2283.62,"body":"about if we're eating those same"},{"startTime":2283.62,"endTime":2287.0199999999995,"body":"grains, we're probably gonna"},{"startTime":2283.62,"endTime":2287.0199999999995,"body":"get fatter quicker as well."},{"startTime":2287.45,"endTime":2291.2299999999996,"body":"And just some of the, the-"},{"startTime":2287.45,"endTime":2291.2299999999996,"body":"Ah ... I guess the plot lines"},{"startTime":2291.2299999999996,"endTime":2294.43,"body":"that we have lost eh, when"},{"startTime":2291.2299999999996,"endTime":2294.43,"body":"it comes to our food supply."},{"startTime":2294.7599999999998,"endTime":2297.4999999999995,"body":"So I wanted to circle"},{"startTime":2294.7599999999998,"endTime":2297.4999999999995,"body":"back, microbiome."},{"startTime":2297.56,"endTime":2301.7099999999996,"body":"Okay, we've acknowledged it's"},{"startTime":2297.56,"endTime":2301.7099999999996,"body":"important in our health, and"},{"startTime":2301.7099999999996,"endTime":2306.4799999999996,"body":"we've identified disruptions"},{"startTime":2301.7099999999996,"endTime":2306.4799999999996,"body":"that, have linkages to certain"},{"startTime":2306.4799999999996,"endTime":2311.0899999999997,"body":"diseases, and now we want to"},{"startTime":2306.4799999999996,"endTime":2311.0899999999997,"body":"start how do we fix that, right?"},{"startTime":2311.0899999999997,"endTime":2315.0699999999997,"body":"So part of the story which"},{"startTime":2311.0899999999997,"endTime":2315.0699999999997,"body":"you've been laying out is,"},{"startTime":2315.0699999999997,"endTime":2317.9599999999996,"body":"okay, there are these things"},{"startTime":2315.0699999999997,"endTime":2317.9599999999996,"body":"in there, your environment,"},{"startTime":2317.9599999999996,"endTime":2320.47,"body":"that are attacking your"},{"startTime":2317.9599999999996,"endTime":2320.47,"body":"microbiome, and you want"},{"startTime":2320.47,"endTime":2321.7799999999997,"body":"to start to pull those out."},{"startTime":2322.1299999999997,"endTime":2326.0199999999995,"body":"But the second part of the"},{"startTime":2322.1299999999997,"endTime":2326.0199999999995,"body":"story may be we need to give"},{"startTime":2326.0199999999995,"endTime":2330.0099999999998,"body":"our we need to support our"},{"startTime":2326.0199999999995,"endTime":2330.0099999999998,"body":"microbiome, and this leads to"},{"startTime":2330.0099999999998,"endTime":2332.5399999999995,"body":"the discussion of probiotics."},{"startTime":2332.89,"endTime":2335.47,"body":"And again, we're"},{"startTime":2332.89,"endTime":2335.47,"body":"gonna be transparent."},{"startTime":2335.47,"endTime":2337.47,"body":"You have a company"},{"startTime":2335.47,"endTime":2337.47,"body":"that sells probiotics."},{"startTime":2337.87,"endTime":2341.95,"body":"It, but your approach to"},{"startTime":2337.87,"endTime":2341.95,"body":"probiotics I noticed is a lot"},{"startTime":2341.95,"endTime":2344.8199999999997,"body":"different than a lot of other"},{"startTime":2341.95,"endTime":2344.8199999999997,"body":"companies selling probiotics."},{"startTime":2345.2299999999996,"endTime":2348.37,"body":"Y- a lot of companies that"},{"startTime":2345.2299999999996,"endTime":2348.37,"body":"are in the probiotic business,"},{"startTime":2348.5399999999995,"endTime":2353.8399999999997,"body":"they have their probiotic mix,"},{"startTime":2348.5399999999995,"endTime":2353.8399999999997,"body":"and everyone should take it."},{"startTime":2354.14,"endTime":2358.5899999999997,"body":"You your company is"},{"startTime":2354.14,"endTime":2358.5899999999997,"body":"targeting certain diseases"},{"startTime":2358.7799999999997,"endTime":2361.4199999999996,"body":"or, certain systems, right?"},{"startTime":2361.4199999999996,"endTime":2362.66,"body":"You're not treating diseases."},{"startTime":2362.66,"endTime":2364.2599999999998,"body":"You're not a"},{"startTime":2362.66,"endTime":2364.2599999999998,"body":"pharmaceutical company."},{"startTime":2364.5299999999997,"endTime":2367.66,"body":"But, you're looking at certain"},{"startTime":2364.5299999999997,"endTime":2367.66,"body":"aspects of people's health"},{"startTime":2367.7099999999996,"endTime":2371.35,"body":"that may be missed, and you're"},{"startTime":2367.7099999999996,"endTime":2371.35,"body":"suggesting that there might be"},{"startTime":2371.35,"endTime":2375.8949999999995,"body":"different- microbiome teams,"},{"startTime":2371.35,"endTime":2375.8949999999995,"body":"I think you called it before"},{"startTime":2376.1049999999996,"endTime":2377.3749999999995,"body":"that can help with this."},{"startTime":2377.555,"endTime":2381.745,"body":"So talk a little bit about that"},{"startTime":2377.555,"endTime":2381.745,"body":"different approach of, just"},{"startTime":2382.055,"endTime":2385.455,"body":"everyone should take the same"},{"startTime":2382.055,"endTime":2385.455,"body":"probiotic versus this approach."},{"startTime":2385.9849999999997,"endTime":2386.3949999999995,"body":"Sure."},{"startTime":2386.475,"endTime":2388.4849999999997,"body":"Maybe first I'll say,"},{"startTime":2386.475,"endTime":2388.4849999999997,"body":"okay, probiotics have been"},{"startTime":2388.4849999999997,"endTime":2389.7749999999996,"body":"around for a long time."},{"startTime":2390.1749999999997,"endTime":2395.0049999999997,"body":"But we're just now emerging"},{"startTime":2390.1749999999997,"endTime":2395.0049999999997,"body":"into this deeper understanding"},{"startTime":2395.0049999999997,"endTime":2397.3849999999998,"body":"of what they can do."},{"startTime":2397.865,"endTime":2402.5449999999996,"body":"And most of the probiotics, if"},{"startTime":2397.865,"endTime":2402.5449999999996,"body":"you look online or you go to a"},{"startTime":2402.5449999999996,"endTime":2407.3749999999995,"body":"store, most of them are coming"},{"startTime":2402.5449999999996,"endTime":2407.3749999999995,"body":"from just three suppliers."},{"startTime":2407.4049999999997,"endTime":2412.1049999999996,"body":"So most of the strains,"},{"startTime":2407.4049999999997,"endTime":2412.1049999999996,"body":"there's about s- 12 strains"},{"startTime":2412.4149999999995,"endTime":2415.745,"body":"that are used widely in what"},{"startTime":2412.4149999999995,"endTime":2415.745,"body":"you find on the shelves,"},{"startTime":2416.115,"endTime":2419.575,"body":"and those come from three"},{"startTime":2416.115,"endTime":2419.575,"body":"major companies, one of which"},{"startTime":2419.575,"endTime":2421.805,"body":"was a spin-off from DuPont."},{"startTime":2423.575,"endTime":2426.575,"body":"And so they're"},{"startTime":2423.575,"endTime":2426.575,"body":"just repackagings."},{"startTime":2426.7749999999996,"endTime":2430.345,"body":"So it's an illusion of"},{"startTime":2426.7749999999996,"endTime":2430.345,"body":"variety, and there's really-"},{"startTime":2430.3949999999995,"endTime":2431.575,"body":"... not a lot of variety."},{"startTime":2431.8549999999996,"endTime":2435.365,"body":"But w- what we did... first"},{"startTime":2431.8549999999996,"endTime":2435.365,"body":"of all, that, the one that I"},{"startTime":2435.365,"endTime":2440.2349999999997,"body":"mentioned that I made for my"},{"startTime":2435.365,"endTime":2440.2349999999997,"body":"husband, we made that as a team,"},{"startTime":2440.6549999999997,"endTime":2446.475,"body":"and then we saw how well it"},{"startTime":2440.6549999999997,"endTime":2446.475,"body":"worked, and we had computational"},{"startTime":2446.475,"endTime":2450.5849999999996,"body":"biology, which, is a fancy"},{"startTime":2446.475,"endTime":2450.5849999999996,"body":"word for computers, that look"},{"startTime":2450.5849999999996,"endTime":2454.975,"body":"at the genes of the bacteria"},{"startTime":2450.5849999999996,"endTime":2454.975,"body":"and predict how the team is."},{"startTime":2454.975,"endTime":2459.1649999999995,"body":"So if you wanted to equate it"},{"startTime":2454.975,"endTime":2459.1649999999995,"body":"to your, w- what is it when"},{"startTime":2459.1649999999995,"endTime":2462.745,"body":"you do the football picks and"},{"startTime":2459.1649999999995,"endTime":2462.745,"body":"everybody's picking their team?"},{"startTime":2462.745,"endTime":2463.2749999999996,"body":"Draft."},{"startTime":2463.5249999999996,"endTime":2463.8949999999995,"body":"Yeah."},{"startTime":2463.9849999999997,"endTime":2466.6949999999997,"body":"You're doing the, whatever"},{"startTime":2463.9849999999997,"endTime":2466.6949999999997,"body":"your fake draft is."},{"startTime":2467.3749999999995,"endTime":2469.8349999999996,"body":"I mean, that's sort of what,"},{"startTime":2467.3749999999995,"endTime":2469.8349999999996,"body":"how we looked at it, is"},{"startTime":2469.8349999999996,"endTime":2472.535,"body":"okay, we're gonna draft the"},{"startTime":2469.8349999999996,"endTime":2472.535,"body":"right players with the right"},{"startTime":2472.535,"endTime":2476.745,"body":"genes, and we're gonna put"},{"startTime":2472.535,"endTime":2476.745,"body":"them together in a team, and"},{"startTime":2476.745,"endTime":2477.955,"body":"we're gonna see how they play."},{"startTime":2477.955,"endTime":2482.1549999999997,"body":"So we simulate and see,"},{"startTime":2477.955,"endTime":2482.1549999999997,"body":"okay, can they produce what"},{"startTime":2482.1549999999997,"endTime":2484.515,"body":"we want them to produce,"},{"startTime":2482.1549999999997,"endTime":2484.515,"body":"and are they gonna use"},{"startTime":2484.515,"endTime":2485.7349999999997,"body":"what we want them to use?"},{"startTime":2485.7349999999997,"endTime":2490.8749999999995,"body":"And so that first formula, which"},{"startTime":2485.7349999999997,"endTime":2490.8749999999995,"body":"is really our most researched"},{"startTime":2490.9049999999997,"endTime":2493.5449999999996,"body":"and best-selling formula,"},{"startTime":2490.9049999999997,"endTime":2493.5449999999996,"body":"it's called Sugar Shift, and"},{"startTime":2493.5449999999996,"endTime":2494.9249999999997,"body":"it's for metabolic health."},{"startTime":2495.495,"endTime":2501.1049999999996,"body":"Turns out about 60% of people"},{"startTime":2495.495,"endTime":2501.1049999999996,"body":"with Parkinson's have some"},{"startTime":2501.4649999999997,"endTime":2504.975,"body":"known or diagnosed level"},{"startTime":2501.4649999999997,"endTime":2504.975,"body":"of insulin resistance."},{"startTime":2505.555,"endTime":2513.115,"body":"And so we, we took that concept"},{"startTime":2505.555,"endTime":2513.115,"body":"and we did a clinical trial"},{"startTime":2513.1449999999995,"endTime":2518.3349999999996,"body":"in diabetes and showed that"},{"startTime":2513.1449999999995,"endTime":2518.3349999999996,"body":"we could move the gut back"},{"startTime":2518.3349999999996,"endTime":2522.555,"body":"to an anaerobic state like"},{"startTime":2518.3349999999996,"endTime":2522.555,"body":"it's supposed to be, restored"},{"startTime":2523.2149999999997,"endTime":2527.6349999999998,"body":"butyrate producers that feed"},{"startTime":2523.2149999999997,"endTime":2527.6349999999998,"body":"the cell lining, and lowered"},{"startTime":2527.6349999999998,"endTime":2531.305,"body":"the markers of diabetes,"},{"startTime":2527.6349999999998,"endTime":2531.305,"body":"like fasting blood glucose,"},{"startTime":2531.535,"endTime":2534.6349999999998,"body":"postprandial insulin, HOMA-IR."},{"startTime":2534.6349999999998,"endTime":2538.7899999999995,"body":"All of those improved- We"},{"startTime":2534.6349999999998,"endTime":2538.7899999999995,"body":"also measured serum LPS"},{"startTime":2538.8199999999997,"endTime":2543.2999999999997,"body":"and that dropped and at six"},{"startTime":2538.8199999999997,"endTime":2543.2999999999997,"body":"months it was almost gone."},{"startTime":2543.2999999999997,"endTime":2545.66,"body":"So we unblinded at the"},{"startTime":2543.2999999999997,"endTime":2545.66,"body":"end of the study and kept"},{"startTime":2545.66,"endTime":2548.47,"body":"some people on so that"},{"startTime":2545.66,"endTime":2548.47,"body":"we had six-month data."},{"startTime":2550.08,"endTime":2553.64,"body":"And and this was done in"},{"startTime":2550.08,"endTime":2553.64,"body":"Cuba in a population that's"},{"startTime":2553.7099999999996,"endTime":2558.14,"body":"eating a high carb diet"},{"startTime":2553.7099999999996,"endTime":2558.14,"body":"because they don't have"},{"startTime":2558.3199999999997,"endTime":2561.47,"body":"the, they don't have the"},{"startTime":2558.3199999999997,"endTime":2561.47,"body":"dietary choices we have here."},{"startTime":2561.8399999999997,"endTime":2563.4199999999996,"body":"It was, pretty interesting."},{"startTime":2563.4199999999996,"endTime":2565.9199999999996,"body":"And we've had a lot of"},{"startTime":2563.4199999999996,"endTime":2565.9199999999996,"body":"customer feedback on that."},{"startTime":2565.9199999999996,"endTime":2568.5699999999997,"body":"But we took that concept"},{"startTime":2565.9199999999996,"endTime":2568.5699999999997,"body":"and we said, \"Okay, what"},{"startTime":2568.5699999999997,"endTime":2571.7599999999998,"body":"are other problems people"},{"startTime":2568.5699999999997,"endTime":2571.7599999999998,"body":"are trying to solve?\" And"},{"startTime":2571.81,"endTime":2573.1299999999997,"body":"we made a product for sleep."},{"startTime":2573.1299999999997,"endTime":2576.3599999999997,"body":"So it's a team of bacteria,"},{"startTime":2573.1299999999997,"endTime":2576.3599999999997,"body":"and most people won't"},{"startTime":2576.3599999999997,"endTime":2579.6499999999996,"body":"know, but bacteria produce"},{"startTime":2576.3599999999997,"endTime":2579.6499999999996,"body":"melatonin just like we do."},{"startTime":2580.2599999999998,"endTime":2584.68,"body":"And so we have a team of"},{"startTime":2580.2599999999998,"endTime":2584.68,"body":"bacteria that produce bacterial"},{"startTime":2584.68,"endTime":2586.7899999999995,"body":"melatonin and tryptophan."},{"startTime":2587.5299999999997,"endTime":2590.2499999999995,"body":"And tryptophan is one of"},{"startTime":2587.5299999999997,"endTime":2590.2499999999995,"body":"the amino acids that also"},{"startTime":2590.2499999999995,"endTime":2594.7799999999997,"body":"is disrupted by glyphosate"},{"startTime":2590.2499999999995,"endTime":2594.7799999999997,"body":"because bacteria ... So we"},{"startTime":2594.7799999999997,"endTime":2598.62,"body":"don't get the aromatic amino"},{"startTime":2594.7799999999997,"endTime":2598.62,"body":"acids, tryptophan, tyrosine,"},{"startTime":2598.62,"endTime":2599.8199999999997,"body":"and phe- phenylalanine."},{"startTime":2600.1099999999997,"endTime":2601.1899999999996,"body":"We can't make those."},{"startTime":2601.1899999999996,"endTime":2604.2299999999996,"body":"We get them from our diet or"},{"startTime":2601.1899999999996,"endTime":2604.2299999999996,"body":"from the microbes in our gut."},{"startTime":2604.39,"endTime":2608.7299999999996,"body":"So anyway, that sleep formula"},{"startTime":2604.39,"endTime":2608.7299999999996,"body":"is essentially supporting"},{"startTime":2609.0299999999997,"endTime":2613.4399999999996,"body":"the metabolic pathways for"},{"startTime":2609.0299999999997,"endTime":2613.4399999999996,"body":"tryptophan and bacterial"},{"startTime":2613.4399999999996,"endTime":2615.68,"body":"melatonin to support sleep."},{"startTime":2616.0699999999997,"endTime":2620.2599999999998,"body":"And then we made a product"},{"startTime":2616.0699999999997,"endTime":2620.2599999999998,"body":"for, it's called I- Ideal"},{"startTime":2620.2599999999998,"endTime":2625.2999999999997,"body":"Immunity, and it has a strain"},{"startTime":2620.2599999999998,"endTime":2625.2999999999997,"body":"of bacteria that we got out of"},{"startTime":2625.5099999999998,"endTime":2630.0899999999997,"body":"our sample base from a healthy"},{"startTime":2625.5099999999998,"endTime":2630.0899999999997,"body":"person called Lactobacillus"},{"startTime":2630.0899999999997,"endTime":2634.1099999999997,"body":"ruminis, and it keeps..."},{"startTime":2634.2899999999995,"endTime":2637.74,"body":"it's very effective at killing"},{"startTime":2634.2899999999995,"endTime":2637.74,"body":"the foodborne pathogens like"},{"startTime":2638.14,"endTime":2641.8599999999997,"body":"L- Listeria, Salmonella, E."},{"startTime":2638.14,"endTime":2641.8599999999997,"body":"coli, those types of things."},{"startTime":2641.8599999999997,"endTime":2645.74,"body":"And so it's a great, team to"},{"startTime":2641.8599999999997,"endTime":2645.74,"body":"take with you if you're going on"},{"startTime":2645.74,"endTime":2649.6499999999996,"body":"foreign travel or if you've had"},{"startTime":2645.74,"endTime":2649.6499999999996,"body":"if you've had food poisoning."},{"startTime":2650.06,"endTime":2654.12,"body":"We had a doctor, we have"},{"startTime":2650.06,"endTime":2654.12,"body":"a doctor in Hawaii who got"},{"startTime":2654.12,"endTime":2656.43,"body":"something from one of his"},{"startTime":2654.12,"endTime":2656.43,"body":"patients who had been to the"},{"startTime":2656.43,"endTime":2660.9599999999996,"body":"Amazon jungle and had c- had"},{"startTime":2656.43,"endTime":2660.9599999999996,"body":"chronic diarrhea for 40 years."},{"startTime":2661.37,"endTime":2665.7499999999995,"body":"And it was the f- first thing"},{"startTime":2661.37,"endTime":2665.7499999999995,"body":"that reversed his diarrhea"},{"startTime":2665.7499999999995,"endTime":2667.62,"body":"and stabilized his system."},{"startTime":2668.0699999999997,"endTime":2671.6699999999996,"body":"We have one for stress back"},{"startTime":2668.0699999999997,"endTime":2671.6699999999996,"body":"to that we're all suffering"},{"startTime":2671.6699999999996,"endTime":2674.4399999999996,"body":"from too much stress,"},{"startTime":2671.6699999999996,"endTime":2674.4399999999996,"body":"and that helps support k-"},{"startTime":2674.6499999999996,"endTime":2677.7899999999995,"body":"calming neurotransmitters,"},{"startTime":2674.6499999999996,"endTime":2677.7899999999995,"body":"GABA production."},{"startTime":2678.14,"endTime":2682.9399999999996,"body":"And I can typically feel that in"},{"startTime":2678.14,"endTime":2682.9399999999996,"body":"about 20 minutes of taking it."},{"startTime":2683.35,"endTime":2684.9599999999996,"body":"I'll sort of feel"},{"startTime":2683.35,"endTime":2684.9599999999996,"body":"the edge come off."},{"startTime":2684.9599999999996,"endTime":2688.1699999999996,"body":"But if you have a tracker,"},{"startTime":2684.9599999999996,"endTime":2688.1699999999996,"body":"you can see the change in your"},{"startTime":2688.1699999999996,"endTime":2690.5299999999997,"body":"stress score with that product."},{"startTime":2690.5299999999997,"endTime":2694.1299999999997,"body":"And I d- have customers with"},{"startTime":2690.5299999999997,"endTime":2694.1299999999997,"body":"the sleep product who have"},{"startTime":2694.1299999999997,"endTime":2697.87,"body":"seen, Like one of them sent"},{"startTime":2694.1299999999997,"endTime":2697.87,"body":"their Oura Ring data, and"},{"startTime":2697.87,"endTime":2700.6,"body":"I think they doubled their"},{"startTime":2697.87,"endTime":2700.6,"body":"deep sleep in about a week."},{"startTime":2703.41,"endTime":2703.47,"body":"Yeah."},{"startTime":2703.6099999999997,"endTime":2706.74,"body":"And then we h- and then we"},{"startTime":2703.6099999999997,"endTime":2706.74,"body":"have another one for restoring"},{"startTime":2706.74,"endTime":2709.99,"body":"the gut after antibiotics,"},{"startTime":2706.74,"endTime":2709.99,"body":"and I've, I've been working"},{"startTime":2709.99,"endTime":2713.06,"body":"with some dentists on that"},{"startTime":2709.99,"endTime":2713.06,"body":"because they're, they prescribe"},{"startTime":2713.06,"endTime":2715.9799999999996,"body":"more antibiotics than I"},{"startTime":2713.06,"endTime":2715.9799999999996,"body":"think anybody out there."},{"startTime":2715.9799999999996,"endTime":2716.24,"body":"Really?"},{"startTime":2716.24,"endTime":2719.5099999999998,"body":"And they're starting to realize,"},{"startTime":2716.24,"endTime":2719.5099999999998,"body":"okay, this is pretty disruptive"},{"startTime":2719.7499999999995,"endTime":2723.2,"body":"maybe we need to be giving"},{"startTime":2719.7499999999995,"endTime":2723.2,"body":"people a little support after"},{"startTime":2723.2,"endTime":2724.7699999999995,"body":"we put them on antibiotics."},{"startTime":2726.8399999999997,"endTime":2727.39,"body":"Wow."},{"startTime":2728.41,"endTime":2733.0299999999997,"body":"And you do talk a lot about"},{"startTime":2728.41,"endTime":2733.0299999999997,"body":"that this, these are not, We"},{"startTime":2733.0299999999997,"endTime":2735.45,"body":"shouldn't really be thinking"},{"startTime":2733.0299999999997,"endTime":2735.45,"body":"of these in the same way that"},{"startTime":2735.45,"endTime":2739.2299999999996,"body":"we do pharmaceuticals, where"},{"startTime":2735.45,"endTime":2739.2299999999996,"body":"the advice is generally just"},{"startTime":2739.2299999999996,"endTime":2742.0899999999997,"body":"take the thing, just take the"},{"startTime":2739.2299999999996,"endTime":2742.0899999999997,"body":"pharmaceutical and it's gonna"},{"startTime":2742.0899999999997,"endTime":2744.6299999999997,"body":"make your condition better and"},{"startTime":2742.0899999999997,"endTime":2744.6299999999997,"body":"you don't have to think about,"},{"startTime":2744.9399999999996,"endTime":2746.7499999999995,"body":"your diet and lifestyle stuff."},{"startTime":2747.0399999999995,"endTime":2749.3999999999996,"body":"I, I know that you're a"},{"startTime":2747.0399999999995,"endTime":2749.3999999999996,"body":"strong advocate that this"},{"startTime":2749.3999999999996,"endTime":2753.7,"body":"is a tool to combine with,"},{"startTime":2749.3999999999996,"endTime":2753.7,"body":"cleaning up your diet and"},{"startTime":2753.7,"endTime":2755.3999999999996,"body":"changing some lifestyle stuff."},{"startTime":2755.93,"endTime":2756.5499999999997,"body":"Exactly."},{"startTime":2756.5499999999997,"endTime":2759.62,"body":"So that, that Sugar Shift"},{"startTime":2756.5499999999997,"endTime":2759.62,"body":"formula, I mean, we talk"},{"startTime":2759.62,"endTime":2760.45,"body":"to people all the time."},{"startTime":2760.45,"endTime":2765.66,"body":"This is a great tool for you to"},{"startTime":2760.45,"endTime":2765.66,"body":"overcome those cravings, to make"},{"startTime":2765.66,"endTime":2770.1099999999997,"body":"that shift away from th- that"},{"startTime":2765.66,"endTime":2770.1099999999997,"body":"high carb diet and the processed"},{"startTime":2770.1099999999997,"endTime":2774.5499999999997,"body":"food because you need a tool to"},{"startTime":2770.1099999999997,"endTime":2774.5499999999997,"body":"help remodel those microbes so"},{"startTime":2774.5499999999997,"endTime":2776.43,"body":"they'll stop screaming at you."},{"startTime":2776.43,"endTime":2780.1099999999997,"body":"And the the other g- so"},{"startTime":2776.43,"endTime":2780.1099999999997,"body":"our latest research on that"},{"startTime":2780.1099999999997,"endTime":2784.43,"body":"formula is actually it helps"},{"startTime":2780.1099999999997,"endTime":2784.43,"body":"break down glyphosate and the"},{"startTime":2784.43,"endTime":2788.1899999999996,"body":"by- the, there's a byproduct"},{"startTime":2784.43,"endTime":2788.1899999999996,"body":"of glyphosate called AMPA."},{"startTime":2788.4599999999996,"endTime":2791.49,"body":"It breaks down both of"},{"startTime":2788.4599999999996,"endTime":2791.49,"body":"those, and we did a study"},{"startTime":2791.49,"endTime":2795.2499999999995,"body":"in the lab looking at"},{"startTime":2791.49,"endTime":2795.2499999999995,"body":"1,000 times the allowable"},{"startTime":2795.2499999999995,"endTime":2798.5199999999995,"body":"limit in an ingredient,"},{"startTime":2795.2499999999995,"endTime":2798.5199999999995,"body":"and that formula broke"},{"startTime":2798.5199999999995,"endTime":2801.31,"body":"down 27% of it in 24 hours."},{"startTime":2801.83,"endTime":2807.2,"body":"So that's another kinda good"},{"startTime":2801.83,"endTime":2807.2,"body":"way to support your, or s-"},{"startTime":2807.2,"endTime":2810.3999999999996,"body":"protect yourself from this"},{"startTime":2807.2,"endTime":2810.3999999999996,"body":"exposure that we're, that's"},{"startTime":2810.3999999999996,"endTime":2812.24,"body":"coming at us from all over."},{"startTime":2812.24,"endTime":2815.3599999999997,"body":"So if, even if you're trying"},{"startTime":2812.24,"endTime":2815.3599999999997,"body":"to eat as healthy as possible,"},{"startTime":2815.6299999999997,"endTime":2818.0299999999997,"body":"if you go out and eat in"},{"startTime":2815.6299999999997,"endTime":2818.0299999999997,"body":"restaurants, I guarantee you're"},{"startTime":2818.0299999999997,"endTime":2819.31,"body":"being exposed to glyphosate."},{"startTime":2821.7099999999996,"endTime":2822.93,"body":"It's just plain and simple."},{"startTime":2823.64,"endTime":2824.0299999999997,"body":"Awesome."},{"startTime":2824.0299999999997,"endTime":2827.35,"body":"You've you've alluded"},{"startTime":2824.0299999999997,"endTime":2827.35,"body":"to a few kind of success"},{"startTime":2827.35,"endTime":2828.5699999999997,"body":"stories with this."},{"startTime":2828.5699999999997,"endTime":2832.3399999999997,"body":"What are some other good stories"},{"startTime":2828.5699999999997,"endTime":2832.3399999999997,"body":"you can help people with?"},{"startTime":2833.87,"endTime":2836.7299999999996,"body":"Oh, I had... So this, I"},{"startTime":2833.87,"endTime":2836.7299999999996,"body":"love this woman's story."},{"startTime":2836.99,"endTime":2840.8599999999997,"body":"So we used to, we ran the Sugar"},{"startTime":2836.99,"endTime":2840.8599999999997,"body":"Shift Challenge where we would"},{"startTime":2840.8599999999997,"endTime":2845.9799999999996,"body":"get people to get off of sugar,"},{"startTime":2840.8599999999997,"endTime":2845.9799999999996,"body":"and I had this woman who was I"},{"startTime":2845.9799999999996,"endTime":2847.1,"body":"mean, I can't even imagine this."},{"startTime":2847.1,"endTime":2849.5899999999997,"body":"She was drinking"},{"startTime":2847.1,"endTime":2849.5899999999997,"body":"seven lattes a day."},{"startTime":2849.8999999999996,"endTime":2851.7799999999997,"body":"Can you imagine how"},{"startTime":2849.8999999999996,"endTime":2851.7799999999997,"body":"much sugar that is?"},{"startTime":2852.1299999999997,"endTime":2853.5099999999998,"body":"Not to mention the caffeine."},{"startTime":2853.7899999999995,"endTime":2861.2099999999996,"body":"But within- A week, she was"},{"startTime":2853.7899999999995,"endTime":2861.2099999999996,"body":"down to half a latte, and in"},{"startTime":2861.2099999999996,"endTime":2863.2099999999996,"body":"two weeks she lost 15 pounds."},{"startTime":2863.41,"endTime":2864.0699999999997,"body":"No wonder."},{"startTime":2864.0699999999997,"endTime":2866.2799999999997,"body":"She wasn't drinking"},{"startTime":2864.0699999999997,"endTime":2866.2799999999997,"body":"seven lattes."},{"startTime":2866.6299999999997,"endTime":2870.0899999999997,"body":"So that was just a r- a"},{"startTime":2866.6299999999997,"endTime":2870.0899999999997,"body":"remarkable story for me."},{"startTime":2870.0899999999997,"endTime":2872.4599999999996,"body":"I get a lot of I get a"},{"startTime":2870.0899999999997,"endTime":2872.4599999999996,"body":"lot of people with chronic"},{"startTime":2872.4599999999996,"endTime":2876.7899999999995,"body":"constipation who it's, they've"},{"startTime":2872.4599999999996,"endTime":2876.7899999999995,"body":"solved their constipation and"},{"startTime":2876.7899999999995,"endTime":2880.5199999999995,"body":"they've, they feel so much"},{"startTime":2876.7899999999995,"endTime":2880.5199999999995,"body":"better, y- for the first time."},{"startTime":2880.5199999999995,"endTime":2883.6499999999996,"body":"But lots of people call or"},{"startTime":2880.5199999999995,"endTime":2883.6499999999996,"body":"write us about the sleep,"},{"startTime":2883.99,"endTime":2887.4599999999996,"body":"and that they've been taking"},{"startTime":2883.99,"endTime":2887.4599999999996,"body":"melatonin for a long time,"},{"startTime":2887.9399999999996,"endTime":2891.6099999999997,"body":"and this... no grogginess."},{"startTime":2891.6099999999997,"endTime":2893.7699999999995,"body":"They just sleep so much better."},{"startTime":2894.0899999999997,"endTime":2898.14,"body":"And melatonin is one of"},{"startTime":2894.0899999999997,"endTime":2898.14,"body":"those things where it can"},{"startTime":2900.22,"endTime":2902.74,"body":"push the system at the"},{"startTime":2900.22,"endTime":2902.74,"body":"wrong time, I'll say."},{"startTime":2902.97,"endTime":2906.7799999999997,"body":"But that, that, that was one"},{"startTime":2902.97,"endTime":2906.7799999999997,"body":"of my favorite ones, is it"},{"startTime":2906.7799999999997,"endTime":2908.9199999999996,"body":"was the woman with the lattes."},{"startTime":2912.06,"endTime":2913.5699999999997,"body":"So Sugar Shift"},{"startTime":2917.2599999999998,"endTime":2919.89,"body":"helps decrease cravings"},{"startTime":2919.89,"endTime":2920.47,"body":"for..."},{"startTime":2921.35,"endTime":2921.8199999999997,"body":"Sugar"},{"startTime":2922.2799999999997,"endTime":2923.0899999999997,"body":"..."},{"startTime":2922.2799999999997,"endTime":2923.0899999999997,"body":"for sugar."},{"startTime":2924.2499999999995,"endTime":2927.35,"body":"And this is the one that,"},{"startTime":2924.2499999999995,"endTime":2927.35,"body":"that converts the glucose and"},{"startTime":2927.35,"endTime":2929.4399999999996,"body":"the fructose into the thing"},{"startTime":2927.35,"endTime":2929.4399999999996,"body":"we were talking about at the"},{"startTime":2929.4399999999996,"endTime":2931.9199999999996,"body":"very beginning- Yep ... where"},{"startTime":2929.4399999999996,"endTime":2931.9199999999996,"body":"I was completely lost."},{"startTime":2932.8999999999996,"endTime":2933.3199999999997,"body":"Yes."},{"startTime":2934.6699999999996,"endTime":2934.99,"body":"Okay."},{"startTime":2934.99,"endTime":2939.6699999999996,"body":"The, all of that i- is, triggers"},{"startTime":2934.99,"endTime":2939.6699999999996,"body":"all kinds of questions for me,"},{"startTime":2939.6699999999996,"endTime":2940.7699999999995,"body":"but I think what I'd like to..."},{"startTime":2940.8399999999997,"endTime":2942.2699999999995,"body":"I want to follow"},{"startTime":2940.8399999999997,"endTime":2942.2699999999995,"body":"up on this, Phil."},{"startTime":2942.9799999999996,"endTime":2947.5399999999995,"body":"Phil, can you explain why"},{"startTime":2949.9799999999996,"endTime":2952.74,"body":"if the fructose and the"},{"startTime":2949.9799999999996,"endTime":2952.74,"body":"glucose gets converted to,"},{"startTime":2952.74,"endTime":2953.62,"body":"what's the other thing,"},{"startTime":2953.8599999999997,"endTime":2954.24,"body":"Martha?"},{"startTime":2954.2799999999997,"endTime":2954.7299999999996,"body":"Mannitol,"},{"startTime":2954.7299999999996,"endTime":2955.39,"body":"it's called."},{"startTime":2955.4799999999996,"endTime":2956.0199999999995,"body":"Mannitol."},{"startTime":2956.5199999999995,"endTime":2958.7899999999995,"body":"Why does that reduce cravings?"},{"startTime":2959.2,"endTime":2961.2499999999995,"body":"That I'm not, I"},{"startTime":2959.2,"endTime":2961.2499999999995,"body":"don't follow that."},{"startTime":2962.9599999999996,"endTime":2966.37,"body":"So a lot of the bacteria"},{"startTime":2962.9599999999996,"endTime":2966.37,"body":"that crave glucose and"},{"startTime":2966.37,"endTime":2970.39,"body":"fructose are those pathogens"},{"startTime":2966.37,"endTime":2970.39,"body":"that produce those signals."},{"startTime":2970.72,"endTime":2974.4799999999996,"body":"So when you start converting"},{"startTime":2970.72,"endTime":2974.4799999999996,"body":"the glucose and fructose,"},{"startTime":2974.4799999999996,"endTime":2975.9199999999996,"body":"you're removing that."},{"startTime":2976.1499999999996,"endTime":2978.37,"body":"You're removing the thing"},{"startTime":2976.1499999999996,"endTime":2978.37,"body":"that starts the, that"},{"startTime":2978.37,"endTime":2978.8599999999997,"body":"makes the food call."},{"startTime":2978.8599999999997,"endTime":2979.97,"body":"That starts that."},{"startTime":2979.97,"endTime":2984.85,"body":"But mannitol is actually, it's"},{"startTime":2979.97,"endTime":2984.85,"body":"a prebiotic food, but it feeds"},{"startTime":2984.85,"endTime":2987.58,"body":"a broader group of microbes."},{"startTime":2988.18,"endTime":2992.7599999999998,"body":"So you get a healthier, broader"},{"startTime":2988.18,"endTime":2992.7599999999998,"body":"profile, whereas the glucose"},{"startTime":2992.7599999999998,"endTime":2996.3599999999997,"body":"and fructose is a little more"},{"startTime":2992.7599999999998,"endTime":2996.3599999999997,"body":"selective for some of the..."},{"startTime":2996.3599999999997,"endTime":2999.58,"body":"Streptococcus is one of them"},{"startTime":2996.3599999999997,"endTime":2999.58,"body":"that it's it, that it feeds."},{"startTime":2999.58,"endTime":2999.8999999999996,"body":"But"},{"startTime":3000.2499999999995,"endTime":3003.2099999999996,"body":"it's sh- you're just shifting,"},{"startTime":3000.2499999999995,"endTime":3003.2099999999996,"body":"you're shifting the whole"},{"startTime":3003.24,"endTime":3008.3749999999995,"body":"ecosystem away from the simple"},{"startTime":3003.24,"endTime":3008.3749999999995,"body":"sugars, glucose and fructose."},{"startTime":3009.935,"endTime":3014.615,"body":"And so by doing that, the bugs"},{"startTime":3009.935,"endTime":3014.615,"body":"that love that kinda die off,"},{"startTime":3015.0849999999996,"endTime":3019.265,"body":"and then you're left with It's"},{"startTime":3015.0849999999996,"endTime":3019.265,"body":"like getting rid of the bad"},{"startTime":3019.265,"endTime":3022.2949999999996,"body":"guys in your neighborhood Right"},{"startTime":3019.265,"endTime":3022.2949999999996,"body":"And then everyone's happy."},{"startTime":3022.5849999999996,"endTime":3023.1649999999995,"body":"Yeah."},{"startTime":3023.1649999999995,"endTime":3027.3349999999996,"body":"No I was thinking of it exactly"},{"startTime":3023.1649999999995,"endTime":3027.3349999999996,"body":"the same way and I can't say"},{"startTime":3027.3349999999996,"endTime":3030.705,"body":"this is something that I have"},{"startTime":3027.3349999999996,"endTime":3030.705,"body":"deep scientific knowledge about"},{"startTime":3030.705,"endTime":3034.1449999999995,"body":"or have really looked into,"},{"startTime":3030.705,"endTime":3034.1449999999995,"body":"but the bottom line is glucose"},{"startTime":3034.1449999999995,"endTime":3036.1549999999997,"body":"and fructose are toxic, right?"},{"startTime":3036.1549999999997,"endTime":3037.805,"body":"In many ways to our body."},{"startTime":3038.115,"endTime":3041.185,"body":"And the way that I was thinking"},{"startTime":3038.115,"endTime":3041.185,"body":"about it is the bacteria"},{"startTime":3041.185,"endTime":3044.9249999999997,"body":"that survive being bombarded"},{"startTime":3041.185,"endTime":3044.9249999999997,"body":"with glucose and fructose"},{"startTime":3045.245,"endTime":3047.6649999999995,"body":"probably aren't the ones"},{"startTime":3045.245,"endTime":3047.6649999999995,"body":"that we want around, right?"},{"startTime":3047.6649999999995,"endTime":3050.995,"body":"And probably aren't the ones"},{"startTime":3047.6649999999995,"endTime":3050.995,"body":"that are, have been there again,"},{"startTime":3051.0249999999996,"endTime":3053.1049999999996,"body":"thinking ancestrally, right?"},{"startTime":3053.1049999999996,"endTime":3056.6049999999996,"body":"We never had such high levels"},{"startTime":3053.1049999999996,"endTime":3056.6049999999996,"body":"of glucose and fructose"},{"startTime":3056.6049999999996,"endTime":3058.9249999999997,"body":"consumption as we do now."},{"startTime":3059.2149999999997,"endTime":3062.325,"body":"And the bacteria that are,"},{"startTime":3059.2149999999997,"endTime":3062.325,"body":"that can survive that and"},{"startTime":3062.325,"endTime":3066.1549999999997,"body":"then thrive on it are probably"},{"startTime":3062.325,"endTime":3066.1549999999997,"body":"not the ones that we really"},{"startTime":3066.1549999999997,"endTime":3067.9449999999997,"body":"want in our microbiome."},{"startTime":3068.575,"endTime":3071.725,"body":"So that, that's how I would"},{"startTime":3068.575,"endTime":3071.725,"body":"frame that in my mind."},{"startTime":3072.2949999999996,"endTime":3074.935,"body":"I guess, some people"},{"startTime":3072.2949999999996,"endTime":3074.935,"body":"might be hearing this and"},{"startTime":3074.935,"endTime":3078.3549999999996,"body":"thinking it sounds almost"},{"startTime":3074.935,"endTime":3078.3549999999996,"body":"all of our problems can be"},{"startTime":3078.3549999999996,"endTime":3080.1449999999995,"body":"tied to our microbiome.\""},{"startTime":3080.475,"endTime":3080.6049999999996,"body":"Yeah."},{"startTime":3080.6449999999995,"endTime":3085.095,"body":"And so maybe the answer is just"},{"startTime":3080.6449999999995,"endTime":3085.095,"body":"finding the right combination"},{"startTime":3085.095,"endTime":3088.615,"body":"of these things to really"},{"startTime":3085.095,"endTime":3088.615,"body":"be able to fix it, which may"},{"startTime":3088.615,"endTime":3090.4449999999997,"body":"or may not be, known yet."},{"startTime":3090.8149999999996,"endTime":3093.4049999999997,"body":"I mean, I guess are there"},{"startTime":3090.8149999999996,"endTime":3093.4049999999997,"body":"certain things that you"},{"startTime":3093.805,"endTime":3097.035,"body":"have encountered that,"},{"startTime":3093.805,"endTime":3097.035,"body":"this kind of approach has"},{"startTime":3097.035,"endTime":3098.6449999999995,"body":"not been applicable to?"},{"startTime":3098.9249999999997,"endTime":3102.785,"body":"Or is there something, what"},{"startTime":3098.9249999999997,"endTime":3102.785,"body":"are the way, what are the"},{"startTime":3102.785,"endTime":3106.4849999999997,"body":"things that people should"},{"startTime":3102.785,"endTime":3106.4849999999997,"body":"be thinking about, if this"},{"startTime":3106.4849999999997,"endTime":3110.6349999999998,"body":"isn't, this isn't quite"},{"startTime":3106.4849999999997,"endTime":3110.6349999999998,"body":"fixing the problem for them?"},{"startTime":3110.935,"endTime":3113.1549999999997,"body":"How should people be"},{"startTime":3110.935,"endTime":3113.1549999999997,"body":"thinking about that?"},{"startTime":3114.4649999999997,"endTime":3119.9649999999997,"body":"I think across the spectrum,"},{"startTime":3114.4649999999997,"endTime":3119.9649999999997,"body":"by focusing on your gut health,"},{"startTime":3120.6049999999996,"endTime":3124.4149999999995,"body":"you're going to improve your"},{"startTime":3120.6049999999996,"endTime":3124.4149999999995,"body":"overall health, no matter what"},{"startTime":3124.955,"endTime":3127.185,"body":"is problem you're dealing with."},{"startTime":3127.9049999999997,"endTime":3131.7549999999997,"body":"Yeah ... and focusing on your"},{"startTime":3127.9049999999997,"endTime":3131.7549999999997,"body":"gut at the core... I mean,"},{"startTime":3131.8949999999995,"endTime":3135.265,"body":"yes, I have a probiotics"},{"startTime":3131.8949999999995,"endTime":3135.265,"body":"company, but at the core,"},{"startTime":3135.495,"endTime":3140.365,"body":"focusing on your gut involves"},{"startTime":3135.495,"endTime":3140.365,"body":"focusing on the food you're"},{"startTime":3140.365,"endTime":3141.4049999999997,"body":"putting in your body."},{"startTime":3142.935,"endTime":3147.435,"body":"First and foremost, what"},{"startTime":3142.935,"endTime":3147.435,"body":"are you feeding yourself?"},{"startTime":3147.475,"endTime":3149.725,"body":"Because when you're"},{"startTime":3147.475,"endTime":3149.725,"body":"feeding yourself, you're"},{"startTime":3149.725,"endTime":3150.9649999999997,"body":"feeding your microbes."},{"startTime":3151.495,"endTime":3155.8749999999995,"body":"And that, I think, is a-"},{"startTime":3151.495,"endTime":3155.8749999999995,"body":"Just across the board, you're"},{"startTime":3155.8749999999995,"endTime":3160.3749999999995,"body":"gonna improve your health"},{"startTime":3155.8749999999995,"endTime":3160.3749999999995,"body":"if you focus on gut health."},{"startTime":3162.2149999999997,"endTime":3162.5649999999996,"body":"Yeah."},{"startTime":3162.745,"endTime":3164.0049999999997,"body":"I mean, I would agree."},{"startTime":3164.0049999999997,"endTime":3167.845,"body":"And I'll just say not"},{"startTime":3164.0049999999997,"endTime":3167.845,"body":"known to Martha even, that,"},{"startTime":3167.845,"endTime":3171.1549999999997,"body":"that is the underlying"},{"startTime":3167.845,"endTime":3171.1549999999997,"body":"thesis in my new book."},{"startTime":3171.475,"endTime":3174.495,"body":"This and again, this isn't"},{"startTime":3171.475,"endTime":3174.495,"body":"something we really arranged"},{"startTime":3174.495,"endTime":3177.6049999999996,"body":"in advance but I have come"},{"startTime":3174.495,"endTime":3177.6049999999996,"body":"to the same conclusion."},{"startTime":3177.8949999999995,"endTime":3182.1349999999998,"body":"And it's interesting, that"},{"startTime":3177.8949999999995,"endTime":3182.1349999999998,"body":"I find myself as a heart"},{"startTime":3182.1349999999998,"endTime":3185.4849999999997,"body":"surgeon concerned about heart"},{"startTime":3182.1349999999998,"endTime":3185.4849999999997,"body":"disease now talking about"},{"startTime":3185.5449999999996,"endTime":3189.8349999999996,"body":"the gut, maybe more so than I"},{"startTime":3185.5449999999996,"endTime":3189.8349999999996,"body":"talk about the heart anymore."},{"startTime":3191.115,"endTime":3196.555,"body":"I mean, s- sadly my husband"},{"startTime":3191.115,"endTime":3196.555,"body":"actually passed away from"},{"startTime":3196.555,"endTime":3197.9249999999997,"body":"a pulmonary embolism."},{"startTime":3198.6249999999995,"endTime":3203.0049999999997,"body":"And people would think,"},{"startTime":3198.6249999999995,"endTime":3203.0049999999997,"body":"\"Okay, none of that is really"},{"startTime":3203.0449999999996,"endTime":3208.7349999999997,"body":"related to this.\" But it"},{"startTime":3203.0449999999996,"endTime":3208.7349999999997,"body":"is all, it's all connected."},{"startTime":3209.5049999999997,"endTime":3215.4049999999997,"body":"And he had c- so his Parkinson's"},{"startTime":3209.5049999999997,"endTime":3215.4049999999997,"body":"was very stable but, Parkinson's"},{"startTime":3215.4049999999997,"endTime":3217.3349999999996,"body":"has a big core gut health."},{"startTime":3217.365,"endTime":3220.615,"body":"And then I mentioned something"},{"startTime":3217.365,"endTime":3220.615,"body":"called the glycocalyx, and"},{"startTime":3220.615,"endTime":3223.0649999999996,"body":"that's when Jack said \"Flags up."},{"startTime":3223.1449999999995,"endTime":3227.095,"body":"That's enough.\" But you"},{"startTime":3223.1449999999995,"endTime":3227.095,"body":"know, that, what's going"},{"startTime":3227.095,"endTime":3229.9249999999997,"body":"on in the gut is very much"},{"startTime":3227.095,"endTime":3229.9249999999997,"body":"involved with whether or"},{"startTime":3229.9249999999997,"endTime":3231.6449999999995,"body":"not that system is healthy."},{"startTime":3232.1549999999997,"endTime":3235.805,"body":"And then my husband had"},{"startTime":3232.1549999999997,"endTime":3235.805,"body":"COVID, and that damages"},{"startTime":3235.805,"endTime":3238.5849999999996,"body":"that, it damages the"},{"startTime":3235.805,"endTime":3238.5849999999996,"body":"glycocalyx, it damages the"},{"startTime":3238.5849999999996,"endTime":3240.5449999999996,"body":"gut, it damages all of that."},{"startTime":3240.805,"endTime":3245.285,"body":"And so it puts you in a much"},{"startTime":3240.805,"endTime":3245.285,"body":"more s- susceptible state and"},{"startTime":3245.3549999999996,"endTime":3247.205,"body":"in your cardiovascular system."},{"startTime":3247.245,"endTime":3249.4149999999995,"body":"And so it's all connected."},{"startTime":3249.6049999999996,"endTime":3253.455,"body":"And I also, I'm gonna, I'm"},{"startTime":3249.6049999999996,"endTime":3253.455,"body":"gonna make another plug because"},{"startTime":3253.455,"endTime":3256.4049999999997,"body":"I have a book coming out in"},{"startTime":3253.455,"endTime":3256.4049999999997,"body":"June, and it's called Connected."},{"startTime":3257.4849999999997,"endTime":3258.225,"body":"I don't know if you can see it."},{"startTime":3258.225,"endTime":3258.345,"body":"Awesome."},{"startTime":3258.345,"endTime":3258.6349999999998,"body":"Yeah."},{"startTime":3258.825,"endTime":3262.8149999999996,"body":"But you know, it talks about"},{"startTime":3258.825,"endTime":3262.8149999999996,"body":"my 20-plus-year journey"},{"startTime":3262.8149999999996,"endTime":3265.805,"body":"with John in trying to put"},{"startTime":3262.8149999999996,"endTime":3265.805,"body":"all these pieces together."},{"startTime":3266.245,"endTime":3269.0049999999997,"body":"And I'm excited that you"},{"startTime":3266.245,"endTime":3269.0049999999997,"body":"have come to the same"},{"startTime":3269.0049999999997,"endTime":3274.2749999999996,"body":"conclusion of the importance"},{"startTime":3269.0049999999997,"endTime":3274.2749999999996,"body":"of the gut because it's"},{"startTime":3274.6749999999997,"endTime":3275.8549999999996,"body":"incredibly important."},{"startTime":3276.205,"endTime":3281.1449999999995,"body":"And there was a study from the"},{"startTime":3276.205,"endTime":3281.1449999999995,"body":"European Microbiome Project"},{"startTime":3282.015,"endTime":3285.4149999999995,"body":"that, I think it was 2,500"},{"startTime":3282.015,"endTime":3285.4149999999995,"body":"people or something, and they"},{"startTime":3285.4149999999995,"endTime":3289.3549999999996,"body":"had, all these different things"},{"startTime":3285.4149999999995,"endTime":3289.3549999999996,"body":"that they were able to pull from"},{"startTime":3289.3549999999996,"endTime":3293.805,"body":"the people's medical records and"},{"startTime":3289.3549999999996,"endTime":3293.805,"body":"everything, and in the top 10 of"},{"startTime":3293.805,"endTime":3298.4849999999997,"body":"the prediction of longevity and"},{"startTime":3293.805,"endTime":3298.4849999999997,"body":"health was basically your number"},{"startTime":3298.4849999999997,"endTime":3300.455,"body":"three was your bowel regularity."},{"startTime":3303.495,"endTime":3308.205,"body":"So I mean, a just a very"},{"startTime":3303.495,"endTime":3308.205,"body":"simple way to know if"},{"startTime":3308.205,"endTime":3309.575,"body":"you need to do some work."},{"startTime":3312.015,"endTime":3315.6749999999997,"body":"This is probably an unfair"},{"startTime":3312.015,"endTime":3315.6749999999997,"body":"question, but you'll"},{"startTime":3315.6749999999997,"endTime":3316.685,"body":"understand the reason."},{"startTime":3317.185,"endTime":3325.7949999999996,"body":"My dad had a complete... he had"},{"startTime":3317.185,"endTime":3325.7949999999996,"body":"some sort of serious colon issue"},{"startTime":3325.7949999999996,"endTime":3329.6049999999996,"body":"in his early 30s- ... and had"},{"startTime":3325.7949999999996,"endTime":3329.6049999999996,"body":"a colostomy, and lived without"},{"startTime":3329.6049999999996,"endTime":3336.8349999999996,"body":"a colon for 40-some years, and"},{"startTime":3329.6049999999996,"endTime":3336.8349999999996,"body":"in his last I saw it happen"},{"startTime":3336.8349999999996,"endTime":3338.685,"body":"over at least a 15-year period."},{"startTime":3338.685,"endTime":3339.6249999999995,"body":"Might have been"},{"startTime":3338.685,"endTime":3339.6249999999995,"body":"longer than that."},{"startTime":3339.6749999999997,"endTime":3342.5249999999996,"body":"He developed serious tremors."},{"startTime":3342.8549999999996,"endTime":3346.4049999999997,"body":"I don't know if he was ever"},{"startTime":3342.8549999999996,"endTime":3346.4049999999997,"body":"diagnosed with Parkinson's, but"},{"startTime":3346.4049999999997,"endTime":3350.3849999999998,"body":"he definitely had these tremors,"},{"startTime":3346.4049999999997,"endTime":3350.3849999999998,"body":"and I often have wondered how"},{"startTime":3350.3849999999998,"endTime":3357.9849999999997,"body":"much his incomplete digestive"},{"startTime":3350.3849999999998,"endTime":3357.9849999999997,"body":"system was related to these"},{"startTime":3358.0649999999996,"endTime":3363.5449999999996,"body":"other kind of health issues"},{"startTime":3358.0649999999996,"endTime":3363.5449999999996,"body":"that I saw him deal with."},{"startTime":3364.035,"endTime":3366.7149999999997,"body":"Since you have particular"},{"startTime":3364.035,"endTime":3366.7149999999997,"body":"experience with Parkinson's,"},{"startTime":3366.7149999999997,"endTime":3368.955,"body":"I was hoping you might"},{"startTime":3366.7149999999997,"endTime":3368.955,"body":"be able to address that."},{"startTime":3369.6649999999995,"endTime":3370.475,"body":"But he passed from Yes."},{"startTime":3370.535,"endTime":3374.725,"body":"I would- ... a few years ago,"},{"startTime":3370.535,"endTime":3374.725,"body":"... s- I would say yes, that is, I'm"},{"startTime":3374.725,"endTime":3378.1049999999996,"body":"not gonna say most definitely,"},{"startTime":3374.725,"endTime":3378.1049999999996,"body":"but that is probably the case"},{"startTime":3378.4049999999997,"endTime":3381.7949999999996,"body":"because, without a colon, there"},{"startTime":3378.4049999999997,"endTime":3381.7949999999996,"body":"are a lot of things that are"},{"startTime":3381.7949999999996,"endTime":3385.3349999999996,"body":"fermented and made in the colon"},{"startTime":3381.7949999999996,"endTime":3385.3349999999996,"body":"by these bacteria, so that's,"},{"startTime":3385.725,"endTime":3388.1049999999996,"body":"s- something that would have"},{"startTime":3385.725,"endTime":3388.1049999999996,"body":"been a little bit different."},{"startTime":3388.575,"endTime":3392.3749999999995,"body":"And then without a colon,"},{"startTime":3388.575,"endTime":3392.3749999999995,"body":"though, he's probably dealing"},{"startTime":3392.3749999999995,"endTime":3396.535,"body":"with more of small intestinal"},{"startTime":3392.3749999999995,"endTime":3396.535,"body":"bacterial overgrowth, which a"},{"startTime":3396.535,"endTime":3401.7749999999996,"body":"lot of... is related to a lot"},{"startTime":3396.535,"endTime":3401.7749999999996,"body":"of issues, and that's where"},{"startTime":3401.8949999999995,"endTime":3405.3549999999996,"body":"the, the bacteria are coming"},{"startTime":3401.8949999999995,"endTime":3405.3549999999996,"body":"up into the small intestine,"},{"startTime":3405.6549999999997,"endTime":3409.845,"body":"which is where we're supposed"},{"startTime":3405.6549999999997,"endTime":3409.845,"body":"to absorb nutrients, and there's"},{"startTime":3409.845,"endTime":3413.4249999999997,"body":"not supposed to be a lot of"},{"startTime":3409.845,"endTime":3413.4249999999997,"body":"colonic bacteria in there."},{"startTime":3413.6749999999997,"endTime":3416.475,"body":"And so when they get in"},{"startTime":3413.6749999999997,"endTime":3416.475,"body":"there, they're actually"},{"startTime":3416.475,"endTime":3420.2149999999997,"body":"stealing nutrients from us,"},{"startTime":3416.475,"endTime":3420.2149999999997,"body":"so that can have a lot of"},{"startTime":3420.2149999999997,"endTime":3421.5449999999996,"body":"downstream impacts as well."},{"startTime":3421.575,"endTime":3424.325,"body":"Oh, my God, this is"},{"startTime":3421.575,"endTime":3424.325,"body":"just fascinating."},{"startTime":3425.8849999999998,"endTime":3429.1649999999995,"body":"I'm I assure you, I"},{"startTime":3425.8849999999998,"endTime":3429.1649999999995,"body":"am immediately going"},{"startTime":3429.2549999999997,"endTime":3432.9849999999997,"body":"onto your website and"},{"startTime":3429.2549999999997,"endTime":3432.9849999999997,"body":"ordering some Sugar Shift."},{"startTime":3432.9849999999997,"endTime":3435.0249999999996,"body":"This is not intended"},{"startTime":3432.9849999999997,"endTime":3435.0249999999996,"body":"to be a pitch, folks."},{"startTime":3435.555,"endTime":3438.345,"body":"I just finished a round"},{"startTime":3435.555,"endTime":3438.345,"body":"of antibiotics because I"},{"startTime":3438.345,"endTime":3442.2949999999996,"body":"had a sinus infection, and"},{"startTime":3438.345,"endTime":3442.2949999999996,"body":"it's just nice to know that"},{"startTime":3442.8949999999995,"endTime":3448.9449999999997,"body":"I can take some effective"},{"startTime":3442.8949999999995,"endTime":3448.9449999999997,"body":"positive steps to counteract."},{"startTime":3449.7749999999996,"endTime":3450.1649999999995,"body":"Okay."},{"startTime":3450.2149999999997,"endTime":3453.095,"body":"If you took antibiotics"},{"startTime":3450.2149999999997,"endTime":3453.095,"body":"for your sinus, look at"},{"startTime":3453.095,"endTime":3454.6749999999997,"body":"the c- Total Gut Reset."},{"startTime":3454.995,"endTime":3457.4649999999997,"body":"It's a s- kind of a"},{"startTime":3454.995,"endTime":3457.4649999999997,"body":"step-by-step if you took"},{"startTime":3457.4649999999997,"endTime":3458.8549999999996,"body":"antibiotics of what to do."},{"startTime":3458.8849999999998,"endTime":3459.1649999999995,"body":"Oh, okay."},{"startTime":3459.1649999999995,"endTime":3459.5649999999996,"body":"Cool."},{"startTime":3459.595,"endTime":3460.4249999999997,"body":"Total Gut Reset."},{"startTime":3460.4249999999997,"endTime":3461.015,"body":"Consider it done."},{"startTime":3462.1949999999997,"endTime":3462.305,"body":"Okay."},{"startTime":3463.3549999999996,"endTime":3463.935,"body":"Perfect."},{"startTime":3463.935,"endTime":3466.7349999999997,"body":"Yeah, and let's let's give"},{"startTime":3463.935,"endTime":3466.7349999999997,"body":"the link to the website."},{"startTime":3466.7749999999996,"endTime":3470.14,"body":"I will say a- again you"},{"startTime":3466.7749999999996,"endTime":3470.14,"body":"know- Yes, you're selling"},{"startTime":3470.14,"endTime":3474.8399999999997,"body":"something, but you have a lot"},{"startTime":3470.14,"endTime":3474.8399999999997,"body":"of great educational resources"},{"startTime":3474.8399999999997,"endTime":3477.97,"body":"on that site for people to"},{"startTime":3474.8399999999997,"endTime":3477.97,"body":"learn about, the gut and"},{"startTime":3477.97,"endTime":3481.2599999999998,"body":"the microbiome and some of"},{"startTime":3477.97,"endTime":3481.2599999999998,"body":"these different conditions."},{"startTime":3481.2599999999998,"endTime":3484.56,"body":"So I, I do highly encourage"},{"startTime":3481.2599999999998,"endTime":3484.56,"body":"people to check it out"},{"startTime":3484.56,"endTime":3486.93,"body":"even if you're not going"},{"startTime":3484.56,"endTime":3486.93,"body":"there to order something."},{"startTime":3487.22,"endTime":3489.72,"body":"So let's give the link to"},{"startTime":3487.22,"endTime":3489.72,"body":"the website and also give"},{"startTime":3489.72,"endTime":3491.72,"body":"another plug for your new book."},{"startTime":3492.68,"endTime":3493.2099999999996,"body":"Okay."},{"startTime":3493.3999999999996,"endTime":3495.8199999999997,"body":"So the other thing you can"},{"startTime":3493.3999999999996,"endTime":3495.8199999999997,"body":"find on the website is I"},{"startTime":3495.8199999999997,"endTime":3499.8199999999997,"body":"have a lot of recipes for"},{"startTime":3495.8199999999997,"endTime":3499.8199999999997,"body":"fermented foods, and so you"},{"startTime":3499.8199999999997,"endTime":3503.2,"body":"can get your probiotics through"},{"startTime":3499.8199999999997,"endTime":3503.2,"body":"fermented foods, but I don't"},{"startTime":3503.2,"endTime":3504.31,"body":"know if you can s- yeah."},{"startTime":3504.4999999999995,"endTime":3504.7,"body":"Yeah."},{"startTime":3505.0399999999995,"endTime":3507.9799999999996,"body":"It's a little blurry 'cause I"},{"startTime":3505.0399999999995,"endTime":3507.9799999999996,"body":"have my background blur on, but"},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3507.9799999999996,"endTime":3512.5199999999995,"body":"Love,"},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3507.9799999999996,"endTime":3512.5199999999995,"body":"Loss, and the Unseen Forces"},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3512.5199999999995,"endTime":3516.87,"body":"Behind Chronic Disease, and"},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3512.5199999999995,"endTime":3516.87,"body":"that's coming out June 23rd."},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3517.14,"endTime":3520.2499999999995,"body":"And then I have a book out"},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3517.14,"endTime":3520.2499999999995,"body":"that's already out called- Oh"},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3520.5199999999995,"endTime":3523.68,"body":"... my Search for the Perfect Poop,"},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3520.5199999999995,"endTime":3523.68,"body":"that's a little blurry which"},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3523.68,"endTime":3524.41,"body":"is really- It's a little blurry"},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3524.85,"endTime":3526.58,"body":"just stories about"},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3529.2099999999996,"endTime":3532.6699999999996,"body":"bowel movements and problems"},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3529.2099999999996,"endTime":3532.6699999999996,"body":"with it- ... and how important"},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3532.6699999999996,"endTime":3533.7,"body":"it is to your health."},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3533.8199999999997,"endTime":3537.5899999999997,"body":"And, it's humorous and"},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3533.8199999999997,"endTime":3537.5899999999997,"body":"it's actually interesting."},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3537.64,"endTime":3541.2599999999998,"body":"It has some stories in here"},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3537.64,"endTime":3541.2599999999998,"body":"that you'll go, \"Wait, what?\""},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3542.7099999999996,"endTime":3545.2,"body":"Should I send a copy of that"},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3542.7099999999996,"endTime":3545.2,"body":"to my nine-year-old grandson?"},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3545.2,"endTime":3545.8599999999997,"body":"Will he love it?"},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3546.0199999999995,"endTime":3547.56,"body":"Oh, yeah, he mi- well, he might."},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3547.6,"endTime":3548.4599999999996,"body":"Yeah, he might."},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3548.87,"endTime":3553.0499999999997,"body":"'Cause, every- yeah, everyone's"},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3548.87,"endTime":3553.0499999999997,"body":"seen the Everybody Poops book"},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3553.0499999999997,"endTime":3555.4599999999996,"body":"that you give to the little"},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3553.0499999999997,"endTime":3555.4599999999996,"body":"kids when they are learning"},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3555.4999999999995,"endTime":3556.7999999999997,"body":"to be- go potty train."},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3557.1699999999996,"endTime":3561.2599999999998,"body":"And, actually constipation"},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3557.1699999999996,"endTime":3561.2599999999998,"body":"can go all the way back to"},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3561.2599999999998,"endTime":3562.99,"body":"that potty training battle."},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3564.7,"endTime":3565.66,"body":"Yeah, it's probably"},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3564.7,"endTime":3565.66,"body":"a whole nother issue"},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3565.66,"endTime":3568.0699999999997,"body":"That's a whole nother"},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3565.66,"endTime":3568.0699999999997,"body":"issue we won't get into."},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3568.1,"endTime":3569.2099999999996,"body":"We won't get into that one."},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3569.64,"endTime":3573.3599999999997,"body":"Our guest has been"},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3569.64,"endTime":3573.3599999999997,"body":"Martha Carlin, founder"},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3573.39,"endTime":3577.2899999999995,"body":"of The Bio Collective."},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3577.2899999999995,"endTime":3580.0899999999997,"body":"That is... You can"},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3577.2899999999995,"endTime":3580.0899999999997,"body":"read all about that at"},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3580.2499999999995,"endTime":3581.33,"body":"thebiocollective.com."},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3581.9999999999995,"endTime":3586.0499999999997,"body":"I guess it's... I spent a"},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3581.9999999999995,"endTime":3586.0499999999997,"body":"good bit of time on there"},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3586.6299999999997,"endTime":3589.0699999999997,"body":"and it looks deep, folks."},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3589.74,"endTime":3591.5099999999998,"body":"If you're one of those"},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3589.74,"endTime":3591.5099999999998,"body":"people who likes to get into"},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3591.56,"endTime":3594.81,"body":"the gory details, I think"},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3591.56,"endTime":3594.81,"body":"you're gonna find it there."},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3594.8399999999997,"endTime":3596.12,"body":"This is amazing stuff."},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3596.2599999999998,"endTime":3597.7099999999996,"body":"Thebiocollective.com."},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3598.2799999999997,"endTime":3603.7899999999995,"body":"And then the website for the"},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3598.2799999999997,"endTime":3603.7899999999995,"body":"probiotics is bioquest.com."},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3603.89,"endTime":3605.6699999999996,"body":"Sounds spelled just"},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3603.89,"endTime":3605.6699999999996,"body":"like it sounds."},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3606.14,"endTime":3609.7099999999996,"body":"And I'll make sure that"},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3606.14,"endTime":3609.7099999999996,"body":"links to all of this is"},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3609.7099999999996,"endTime":3611.68,"body":"available in the show notes."},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3612.06,"endTime":3615.1699999999996,"body":"Phil, any last words before"},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3612.06,"endTime":3615.1699999999996,"body":"we say goodbye to Mar- Martha?"},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3615.7099999999996,"endTime":3618.4399999999996,"body":"No, just thank you for a"},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3615.7099999999996,"endTime":3618.4399999999996,"body":"fascinating conversation."},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3618.4399999999996,"endTime":3622.56,"body":"And it's amazing to see the"},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3618.4399999999996,"endTime":3622.56,"body":"work that you have done."},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3622.83,"endTime":3626.12,"body":"Again, this is not, this"},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3622.83,"endTime":3626.12,"body":"is not what your career"},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3626.12,"endTime":3627.4799999999996,"body":"was intended to be."},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3627.7899999999995,"endTime":3631.2499999999995,"body":"And we love when people, are"},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3627.7899999999995,"endTime":3631.2499999999995,"body":"able to make those shifts"},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3631.2499999999995,"endTime":3632.74,"body":"and keep up the great work."},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3632.85,"endTime":3636.93,"body":"Look forward to talking again"},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3632.85,"endTime":3636.93,"body":"in the future about all of this."},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3637.81,"endTime":3639.1899999999996,"body":"Thank you so much-"},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3637.81,"endTime":3639.1899999999996,"body":"Okay ... for having me."},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3639.1899999999996,"endTime":3639.89,"body":"I enjoyed it."},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3640.5299999999997,"endTime":3641.0199999999995,"body":"Very good."},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3641.8599999999997,"endTime":3643.2699999999995,"body":"Thank you so much for"},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3641.8599999999997,"endTime":3643.2699999999995,"body":"joining us, folks."},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3643.2699999999995,"endTime":3645.9999999999995,"body":"For Dr. Philippa Ovadia,"},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3643.2699999999995,"endTime":3645.9999999999995,"body":"this has been Stay Off"},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3645.9999999999995,"endTime":3647.0099999999998,"body":"My Operating Table."},{"speaker":"it's called Connected","startTime":3648.0199999999995,"endTime":3649.0299999999997,"body":"We'll talk to you next time"}]}