{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"startTime":56.25,"endTime":59.39,"body":"It is Stay Off My Operating"},{"startTime":56.25,"endTime":59.39,"body":"Table with Dr. Philip Ovadia."},{"startTime":59.790000000000006,"endTime":63.88,"body":"Today we're going to be"},{"startTime":59.790000000000006,"endTime":63.88,"body":"discussing type 1 diabetes."},{"startTime":63.92,"endTime":65.23,"body":"But wait, don't run away."},{"startTime":65.64,"endTime":69.62,"body":"Dr. Ian Lake, who is our"},{"startTime":65.64,"endTime":69.62,"body":"guest has got information"},{"startTime":69.63,"endTime":72.93,"body":"that is going to appeal"},{"startTime":69.63,"endTime":72.93,"body":"to literally everyone."},{"startTime":73.65,"endTime":80.469,"body":"It just so happens that type 1"},{"startTime":73.65,"endTime":80.469,"body":"diabetics focus the light on a"},{"startTime":80.47,"endTime":82.4,"body":"problem that affects all of us."},{"startTime":82.66,"endTime":84.62,"body":"I've probably already"},{"startTime":82.66,"endTime":84.62,"body":"said too much, Phil."},{"startTime":84.93,"endTime":85.66900000000001,"body":"I'll shut up."},{"startTime":87.779,"endTime":88.299,"body":"Awesome."},{"startTime":88.30000000000001,"endTime":90.519,"body":"Yeah, I'm really excited"},{"startTime":88.30000000000001,"endTime":90.519,"body":"to be having another"},{"startTime":90.519,"endTime":92.939,"body":"conversation with Dr. Ian Lake."},{"startTime":93.22,"endTime":96.87,"body":"And I'm gonna let him get into"},{"startTime":93.22,"endTime":96.87,"body":"his background, but yes, he"},{"startTime":96.87,"endTime":100.72,"body":"is doing some groundbreaking"},{"startTime":96.87,"endTime":100.72,"body":"work around Groundbreaking"},{"startTime":100.72,"endTime":105.93,"body":"work both as a practitioner but"},{"startTime":100.72,"endTime":105.93,"body":"also as a self experimenter,"},{"startTime":105.93,"endTime":109.18,"body":"a citizen scientist as we"},{"startTime":105.93,"endTime":109.18,"body":"often talk about on the"},{"startTime":109.18,"endTime":112.02,"body":"show around type 1 diabetes."},{"startTime":112.05,"endTime":117.13000000000001,"body":"And like you were alluding"},{"startTime":112.05,"endTime":117.13000000000001,"body":"to, it can teach us a lot that"},{"startTime":117.13000000000001,"endTime":119.10000000000001,"body":"goes beyond type 1 diabetes."},{"startTime":119.33,"endTime":122.49000000000001,"body":"And really excited for"},{"startTime":119.33,"endTime":122.49000000000001,"body":"his new book that just"},{"startTime":122.49000000000001,"endTime":124.08,"body":"came out, Shifting Gears."},{"startTime":124.38000000000001,"endTime":127.03,"body":"And so we're gonna be"},{"startTime":124.38000000000001,"endTime":127.03,"body":"talking about that as well."},{"startTime":127.23,"endTime":129.57999999999998,"body":"Dr. Lake why don't you"},{"startTime":127.23,"endTime":129.57999999999998,"body":"give a little bit of your"},{"startTime":129.59,"endTime":133.13,"body":"background to our audience,"},{"startTime":129.59,"endTime":133.13,"body":"and then we'll start talking"},{"startTime":133.13,"endTime":135.18,"body":"about all of the great work"},{"startTime":133.13,"endTime":135.18,"body":"that you've been doing."},{"startTime":135.71,"endTime":137.13,"body":"Thank you very much"},{"startTime":135.71,"endTime":137.13,"body":"for inviting me on."},{"startTime":137.13,"endTime":140.46,"body":"Yes, don't go away everyone"},{"startTime":137.13,"endTime":140.46,"body":"because I inject the hormone"},{"startTime":140.49,"endTime":141.94,"body":"that you naturally produce."},{"startTime":142.0,"endTime":144.76999999999998,"body":"It's not quite an"},{"startTime":142.0,"endTime":144.76999999999998,"body":"analogy, but what I do"},{"startTime":144.98000000000002,"endTime":146.47,"body":"is what your body does."},{"startTime":146.48000000000002,"endTime":150.36,"body":"So I think it's important for us"},{"startTime":146.48000000000002,"endTime":150.36,"body":"to understand how insulin works,"},{"startTime":150.36,"endTime":153.24,"body":"and type 1s are a good model"},{"startTime":150.36,"endTime":153.24,"body":"for how insulin works in people"},{"startTime":153.24,"endTime":154.82999999999998,"body":"without type 1 diabetes really."},{"startTime":155.46,"endTime":157.12,"body":"So I'm getting on a bit now."},{"startTime":157.12,"endTime":159.76999999999998,"body":"I was diagnosed with type 1"},{"startTime":157.12,"endTime":159.76999999999998,"body":"diabetes in my 30s, and I've"},{"startTime":159.76999999999998,"endTime":161.63,"body":"had it for over 30 years now."},{"startTime":162.10000000000002,"endTime":164.29000000000002,"body":"I'm a general practitioner"},{"startTime":162.10000000000002,"endTime":164.29000000000002,"body":"primary care physician in"},{"startTime":164.29000000000002,"endTime":167.79000000000002,"body":"the UK, and I have been now"},{"startTime":164.29000000000002,"endTime":167.79000000000002,"body":"for nearly 40 years, so I've"},{"startTime":167.79000000000002,"endTime":168.98000000000002,"body":"done my time, as it were."},{"startTime":169.64,"endTime":173.88,"body":"When I was diagnosed, I really"},{"startTime":169.64,"endTime":173.88,"body":"stuck to the system that I"},{"startTime":173.88,"endTime":176.70999999999998,"body":"knew 'cause I couldn't think"},{"startTime":173.88,"endTime":176.70999999999998,"body":"that there's any other option"},{"startTime":176.70999999999998,"endTime":180.26999999999998,"body":"but to c- count my carb- The"},{"startTime":176.70999999999998,"endTime":180.26999999999998,"body":"thing about type 1 diabetes,"},{"startTime":180.28000000000003,"endTime":181.57999999999998,"body":"it's a lack of insulin."},{"startTime":181.66000000000003,"endTime":184.67000000000002,"body":"Our bodies cannot produce"},{"startTime":181.66000000000003,"endTime":184.67000000000002,"body":"insulin, and i- if type 1,"},{"startTime":184.70999999999998,"endTime":188.25,"body":"it's di- it's defined as an"},{"startTime":184.70999999999998,"endTime":188.25,"body":"autoimmune reaction really."},{"startTime":188.54000000000002,"endTime":192.36,"body":"But other people have to inject"},{"startTime":188.54000000000002,"endTime":192.36,"body":"insulin for other reasons."},{"startTime":192.39999999999998,"endTime":194.7,"body":"But when you inject"},{"startTime":192.39999999999998,"endTime":194.7,"body":"insulin it obviously"},{"startTime":194.7,"endTime":195.56,"body":"lowers the blood sugar."},{"startTime":195.82,"endTime":198.26,"body":"That's what it, one"},{"startTime":195.82,"endTime":198.26,"body":"of its roles is."},{"startTime":198.57999999999998,"endTime":201.32999999999998,"body":"It is a master metabolic"},{"startTime":198.57999999999998,"endTime":201.32999999999998,"body":"regulator as well, which I hope"},{"startTime":201.35000000000002,"endTime":202.58999999999997,"body":"to get into a bit later on."},{"startTime":203.10000000000002,"endTime":206.36,"body":"But I was taught to count"},{"startTime":203.10000000000002,"endTime":206.36,"body":"my carbohydrates, which are"},{"startTime":206.37,"endTime":209.44,"body":"the prime macronutrient,"},{"startTime":206.37,"endTime":209.44,"body":"the prime nutrient that"},{"startTime":209.44,"endTime":210.83999999999997,"body":"raises blood sugar."},{"startTime":211.01999999999998,"endTime":213.13,"body":"And because blood sugar"},{"startTime":211.01999999999998,"endTime":213.13,"body":"goes up, insulin is the"},{"startTime":213.13,"endTime":215.51,"body":"only hormone we have in our"},{"startTime":213.13,"endTime":215.51,"body":"body that brings it down."},{"startTime":215.656,"endTime":218.50400000000002,"body":"There's plenty of hormones that"},{"startTime":215.656,"endTime":218.50400000000002,"body":"bring it up, but insulin's the"},{"startTime":218.50400000000002,"endTime":219.36599999999999,"body":"only one that brings it down."},{"startTime":219.76600000000002,"endTime":223.176,"body":"So my model of care was"},{"startTime":219.76600000000002,"endTime":223.176,"body":"really counting carbohydrates"},{"startTime":223.20600000000002,"endTime":224.356,"body":"and injecting insulin."},{"startTime":224.356,"endTime":227.716,"body":"And the whole idea is to"},{"startTime":224.356,"endTime":227.716,"body":"choreograph this so that you"},{"startTime":228.14600000000002,"endTime":231.45600000000002,"body":"estimate how much insulin"},{"startTime":228.14600000000002,"endTime":231.45600000000002,"body":"you need per meal, estimate"},{"startTime":231.45600000000002,"endTime":233.736,"body":"how long it's gonna take for"},{"startTime":231.45600000000002,"endTime":233.736,"body":"that meal to get absorbed"},{"startTime":233.75600000000003,"endTime":235.99599999999998,"body":"into your bloodstream to"},{"startTime":233.75600000000003,"endTime":235.99599999999998,"body":"raise the blood sugar."},{"startTime":236.30599999999998,"endTime":240.736,"body":"Then you time your insulin and"},{"startTime":236.30599999999998,"endTime":240.736,"body":"the estimated dose to choris-"},{"startTime":240.796,"endTime":244.551,"body":"to c- to choreograph, if you"},{"startTime":240.796,"endTime":244.551,"body":"like, with a raised blood sugar."},{"startTime":244.551,"endTime":246.471,"body":"So the, as the blood"},{"startTime":244.551,"endTime":246.471,"body":"sugar's going up, the"},{"startTime":246.471,"endTime":247.57100000000003,"body":"insulin will bring it down."},{"startTime":247.93099999999998,"endTime":251.091,"body":"And it sounds such a no-brainer"},{"startTime":247.93099999999998,"endTime":251.091,"body":"and such an easy thing to do."},{"startTime":251.45100000000002,"endTime":253.93099999999998,"body":"It is actually virtually"},{"startTime":251.45100000000002,"endTime":253.93099999999998,"body":"impossible to get"},{"startTime":253.93099999999998,"endTime":255.20100000000002,"body":"it right every time."},{"startTime":255.62099999999998,"endTime":257.471,"body":"But that's the model I"},{"startTime":255.62099999999998,"endTime":257.471,"body":"grew up with, and that's"},{"startTime":257.471,"endTime":259.611,"body":"the model I believed"},{"startTime":257.471,"endTime":259.611,"body":"was the right way to go."},{"startTime":260.301,"endTime":263.321,"body":"Because the funny thing about"},{"startTime":260.301,"endTime":263.321,"body":"having type 1 is that, I'm in"},{"startTime":263.321,"endTime":265.801,"body":"a privileged position, as a"},{"startTime":263.321,"endTime":265.801,"body":"doctor, that I know a lot of"},{"startTime":265.811,"endTime":267.201,"body":"people with type 1 diabetes."},{"startTime":267.201,"endTime":271.231,"body":"It's part of what I see every"},{"startTime":267.201,"endTime":271.231,"body":"day or m- couple or three"},{"startTime":271.231,"endTime":273.061,"body":"times a week i- in my job."},{"startTime":273.501,"endTime":276.221,"body":"So I, I understand type"},{"startTime":273.501,"endTime":276.221,"body":"1 and the people who"},{"startTime":276.231,"endTime":277.671,"body":"live with it quite well."},{"startTime":278.111,"endTime":280.301,"body":"But a lot of people I"},{"startTime":278.111,"endTime":280.301,"body":"speak to have never met"},{"startTime":280.351,"endTime":281.921,"body":"anyone with the condition."},{"startTime":281.931,"endTime":283.291,"body":"They're literally on their own."},{"startTime":283.341,"endTime":286.001,"body":"And it's a funny thing really,"},{"startTime":283.341,"endTime":286.001,"body":"'cause when I was diagnosed,"},{"startTime":286.001,"endTime":288.351,"body":"I thought, \"Yeah I know what"},{"startTime":286.001,"endTime":288.351,"body":"to do.\" But then I was shocked"},{"startTime":288.411,"endTime":289.571,"body":"that I actually couldn't do it."},{"startTime":290.061,"endTime":291.741,"body":"And every Monday was a reset."},{"startTime":291.911,"endTime":293.70099999999996,"body":"Every Monday, I thought,"},{"startTime":291.911,"endTime":293.70099999999996,"body":"i'm gonna start today."},{"startTime":293.70099999999996,"endTime":294.781,"body":"I'm gonna really"},{"startTime":293.70099999999996,"endTime":294.781,"body":"try really hard."},{"startTime":294.801,"endTime":295.921,"body":"I'm gonna count"},{"startTime":294.801,"endTime":295.921,"body":"my carbohydrates."},{"startTime":295.931,"endTime":298.08099999999996,"body":"I'm gonna weigh my"},{"startTime":295.931,"endTime":298.08099999999996,"body":"porridge, have my porridge"},{"startTime":298.08099999999996,"endTime":299.941,"body":"for breakfast, inject the"},{"startTime":298.08099999999996,"endTime":299.941,"body":"right amount of insulin."},{"startTime":300.001,"endTime":303.08099999999996,"body":"Then I cycle to work, get"},{"startTime":300.001,"endTime":303.08099999999996,"body":"some exercise.\" Half, halfway"},{"startTime":303.08099999999996,"endTime":305.661,"body":"through my morning, I was"},{"startTime":303.08099999999996,"endTime":305.661,"body":"crashing, and then I was"},{"startTime":305.661,"endTime":306.811,"body":"having to correct with sugar."},{"startTime":307.051,"endTime":309.01099999999997,"body":"That's quite hard when"},{"startTime":307.051,"endTime":309.01099999999997,"body":"your doctor's hypo."},{"startTime":309.361,"endTime":311.191,"body":"You gotta try to avoid"},{"startTime":309.361,"endTime":311.191,"body":"that at all costs."},{"startTime":311.45099999999996,"endTime":314.301,"body":"So I believed a lot in that"},{"startTime":311.45099999999996,"endTime":314.301,"body":"model and realized really"},{"startTime":314.311,"endTime":316.291,"body":"it's almost impossible to do."},{"startTime":316.791,"endTime":319.091,"body":"But I spent 20 years doing that."},{"startTime":319.371,"endTime":322.381,"body":"And as I said, people with type"},{"startTime":319.371,"endTime":322.381,"body":"1 don't know anyone else, and I"},{"startTime":322.381,"endTime":324.251,"body":"didn't really know anyone well."},{"startTime":325.203,"endTime":327.913,"body":"To talk to about how they"},{"startTime":325.203,"endTime":327.913,"body":"manage their condition."},{"startTime":328.073,"endTime":331.133,"body":"In fact, I was so embarrassed"},{"startTime":328.073,"endTime":331.133,"body":"that I couldn't manage it that"},{"startTime":331.133,"endTime":333.003,"body":"I ha- kept it to myself a lot."},{"startTime":333.09299999999996,"endTime":334.83299999999997,"body":"And I think a lot of"},{"startTime":333.09299999999996,"endTime":334.83299999999997,"body":"people identify with that."},{"startTime":334.83299999999997,"endTime":336.933,"body":"You just don't want other"},{"startTime":334.83299999999997,"endTime":336.933,"body":"people to know, especially if"},{"startTime":336.933,"endTime":337.993,"body":"you're not doing very well."},{"startTime":338.373,"endTime":341.33299999999997,"body":"And that's the thing about"},{"startTime":338.373,"endTime":341.33299999999997,"body":"about being isolated."},{"startTime":341.33299999999997,"endTime":345.113,"body":"You- what you've got and how you"},{"startTime":341.33299999999997,"endTime":345.113,"body":"manage it is as good as it gets."},{"startTime":345.113,"endTime":346.993,"body":"You think everyone knows"},{"startTime":345.113,"endTime":346.993,"body":"it's a difficult condition"},{"startTime":346.993,"endTime":349.683,"body":"so it must be as bad as it"},{"startTime":346.993,"endTime":349.683,"body":"is because I'm not doing"},{"startTime":349.693,"endTime":352.953,"body":"very well.\" A- and that's"},{"startTime":349.693,"endTime":352.953,"body":"my type of type 1 diabetes."},{"startTime":353.283,"endTime":354.673,"body":"So I grew up with that."},{"startTime":354.753,"endTime":357.803,"body":"20 years later I discovered"},{"startTime":354.753,"endTime":357.803,"body":"the brilliant Richard"},{"startTime":357.803,"endTime":361.493,"body":"Bernstein's book on how to"},{"startTime":357.803,"endTime":361.493,"body":"lower carbohydrates to ma- to"},{"startTime":361.493,"endTime":362.863,"body":"manage your diabetes better."},{"startTime":363.483,"endTime":365.413,"body":"And I put it down for a year."},{"startTime":365.473,"endTime":368.163,"body":"I thought, \"Now my training"},{"startTime":365.473,"endTime":368.163,"body":"tells me that fat's gonna"},{"startTime":368.193,"endTime":371.363,"body":"be really bad for me, so I'm"},{"startTime":368.193,"endTime":371.363,"body":"not gonna do that. I'm just"},{"startTime":371.743,"endTime":375.313,"body":"stick with what I know.\" Then"},{"startTime":371.743,"endTime":375.313,"body":"I had a ne- not a near fatal,"},{"startTime":375.313,"endTime":378.863,"body":"but a very serious hypo when"},{"startTime":375.313,"endTime":378.863,"body":"I was o- I was on my own and"},{"startTime":378.863,"endTime":380.02299999999997,"body":"which shook me quite a lot."},{"startTime":380.09299999999996,"endTime":382.27299999999997,"body":"It's the first big one I'd ever"},{"startTime":380.09299999999996,"endTime":382.27299999999997,"body":"had where I was out of control."},{"startTime":382.27299999999997,"endTime":383.663,"body":"A serious what?"},{"startTime":384.043,"endTime":386.003,"body":"Hypo- hypoglycemia,"},{"startTime":384.043,"endTime":386.003,"body":"low blood sugar."},{"startTime":386.003,"endTime":386.163,"body":"Oh,"},{"startTime":386.27299999999997,"endTime":386.59299999999996,"body":"Okay."},{"startTime":386.643,"endTime":389.493,"body":"And I didn't have any any"},{"startTime":386.643,"endTime":389.493,"body":"glucose tablets to correct it."},{"startTime":389.493,"endTime":392.83299999999997,"body":"I was away camping on my own,"},{"startTime":389.493,"endTime":392.83299999999997,"body":"and I was in dire straits,"},{"startTime":392.83299999999997,"endTime":395.683,"body":"but I re- I recovered from"},{"startTime":392.83299999999997,"endTime":395.683,"body":"it and soon after that I got"},{"startTime":395.683,"endTime":398.303,"body":"my first letters from the"},{"startTime":395.683,"endTime":398.303,"body":"retinal screening department"},{"startTime":398.303,"endTime":402.02299999999997,"body":"to say that I've got a few"},{"startTime":398.303,"endTime":402.02299999999997,"body":"little sign, a few signs of"},{"startTime":402.103,"endTime":403.513,"body":"early diabetic retinopathy."},{"startTime":403.533,"endTime":406.803,"body":"Not serious, but it's there"},{"startTime":403.533,"endTime":406.803,"body":"So when you can see it in"},{"startTime":406.803,"endTime":409.65299999999996,"body":"your eyes, it's, you know it's"},{"startTime":406.803,"endTime":409.65299999999996,"body":"happening in your brain, around"},{"startTime":409.65299999999996,"endTime":412.513,"body":"your heart, in your joints, in"},{"startTime":409.65299999999996,"endTime":412.513,"body":"your liver, in your kidneys."},{"startTime":412.783,"endTime":415.253,"body":"You know that process is"},{"startTime":412.783,"endTime":415.253,"body":"starting to take hold."},{"startTime":415.83299999999997,"endTime":418.233,"body":"So I quickly got Richard"},{"startTime":415.83299999999997,"endTime":418.233,"body":"Bernstein's book out again"},{"startTime":419.40299999999996,"endTime":420.993,"body":"and thought I've nothing"},{"startTime":419.40299999999996,"endTime":420.993,"body":"to lose now, I'll try it.\""},{"startTime":421.46299999999997,"endTime":424.993,"body":"And for the last 13 years I've"},{"startTime":421.46299999999997,"endTime":424.993,"body":"been doing something that is"},{"startTime":425.033,"endTime":429.053,"body":"not r- routinely recommended"},{"startTime":425.033,"endTime":429.053,"body":"for diabetes management."},{"startTime":429.08299999999997,"endTime":433.003,"body":"I'm on a high fat, h- moderate"},{"startTime":429.08299999999997,"endTime":433.003,"body":"to high protein diet, and"},{"startTime":433.003,"endTime":436.073,"body":"the very first meal I had"},{"startTime":433.003,"endTime":436.073,"body":"was a revelation to me."},{"startTime":436.073,"endTime":437.493,"body":"It was such an emotional meal."},{"startTime":437.493,"endTime":438.423,"body":"I still remember it."},{"startTime":438.893,"endTime":442.77299999999997,"body":"Because after three, a three-egg"},{"startTime":438.893,"endTime":442.77299999999997,"body":"omelet, my blood sugar didn't"},{"startTime":442.77299999999997,"endTime":445.533,"body":"budge, and that was the first"},{"startTime":442.77299999999997,"endTime":445.533,"body":"time in 20 years I'd actually"},{"startTime":445.533,"endTime":448.58299999999997,"body":"got away with a breakfast that"},{"startTime":445.533,"endTime":448.58299999999997,"body":"didn't alter my blood glucose."},{"startTime":448.913,"endTime":451.293,"body":"And the next meal, and the"},{"startTime":448.913,"endTime":451.293,"body":"next meal, and the next"},{"startTime":451.293,"endTime":452.383,"body":"meal, et cetera, et cetera."},{"startTime":453.09299999999996,"endTime":456.663,"body":"And ever since, I've been"},{"startTime":453.09299999999996,"endTime":456.663,"body":"adopting a very low carbohydrate"},{"startTime":456.663,"endTime":460.563,"body":"diet because it makes so much"},{"startTime":456.663,"endTime":460.563,"body":"sense, and I've I've researched"},{"startTime":460.563,"endTime":463.553,"body":"it quite a lot ever since, done"},{"startTime":460.563,"endTime":463.553,"body":"some studies of my own, done"},{"startTime":463.553,"endTime":464.953,"body":"some experiments of my own."},{"startTime":464.953,"endTime":467.573,"body":"Because, as a doctor, when"},{"startTime":464.953,"endTime":467.573,"body":"you're swimming against the"},{"startTime":467.573,"endTime":470.013,"body":"tide you really question"},{"startTime":467.573,"endTime":470.013,"body":"yourself every day."},{"startTime":470.063,"endTime":473.323,"body":"\"Is this the right thing to be"},{"startTime":470.063,"endTime":473.323,"body":"doing?\" Am I … is everybody"},{"startTime":473.323,"endTime":475.723,"body":"else driving the wrong way"},{"startTime":473.323,"endTime":475.723,"body":"down the road or is it me?"},{"startTime":475.77299999999997,"endTime":478.243,"body":"And i- in most cases"},{"startTime":475.77299999999997,"endTime":478.243,"body":"it's probably ourselves."},{"startTime":478.253,"endTime":481.193,"body":"So every single day I question"},{"startTime":478.253,"endTime":481.193,"body":"myself, \"Is this the right"},{"startTime":481.203,"endTime":485.553,"body":"thing to do?\" But more and more"},{"startTime":481.203,"endTime":485.553,"body":"the evidence is in favor of,"},{"startTime":485.553,"endTime":488.58299999999997,"body":"the science of m- metabolism"},{"startTime":485.553,"endTime":488.58299999999997,"body":"is becoming mature now."},{"startTime":488.59299999999996,"endTime":491.46299999999997,"body":"We're starting to find that,"},{"startTime":488.59299999999996,"endTime":491.46299999999997,"body":"yes, it is the logical thing"},{"startTime":491.46299999999997,"endTime":492.913,"body":"to do for type one diabetes."},{"startTime":493.163,"endTime":494.02299999999997,"body":"So that's me really."},{"startTime":494.02299999999997,"endTime":497.743,"body":"So I, I now promote not"},{"startTime":494.02299999999997,"endTime":497.743,"body":"just car- low carbohydrate"},{"startTime":497.743,"endTime":500.303,"body":"diets, but what I call"},{"startTime":497.743,"endTime":500.303,"body":"insulin optimization, how to"},{"startTime":500.33299999999997,"endTime":504.103,"body":"understand insulin as well"},{"startTime":500.33299999999997,"endTime":504.103,"body":"as we understand glucose."},{"startTime":504.893,"endTime":508.573,"body":"Because, if w- with the"},{"startTime":504.893,"endTime":508.573,"body":"automated insulin devices now"},{"startTime":508.573,"endTime":512.173,"body":"the artificial pancreas, not,"},{"startTime":508.573,"endTime":512.173,"body":"but that's what it's promoted"},{"startTime":512.313,"endTime":516.683,"body":"as with those you can get a"},{"startTime":512.313,"endTime":516.683,"body":"pretty reasonable glucose trace."},{"startTime":517.123,"endTime":519.443,"body":"But I put it to people, say,"},{"startTime":517.123,"endTime":519.443,"body":"what if you're using, what if"},{"startTime":519.443,"endTime":523.343,"body":"your pump is whirring away so"},{"startTime":519.443,"endTime":523.343,"body":"f- so hot that it's burning"},{"startTime":523.343,"endTime":525.713,"body":"your skin because it's using"},{"startTime":523.343,"endTime":525.713,"body":"a huge amount of insulin?"},{"startTime":526.093,"endTime":528.653,"body":"Is that healthy to have"},{"startTime":526.093,"endTime":528.653,"body":"a normal blood glucose"},{"startTime":528.653,"endTime":529.773,"body":"but use a lot of insulin?"},{"startTime":530.333,"endTime":533.363,"body":"'Cause I think insulin,"},{"startTime":530.333,"endTime":533.363,"body":"from lots and lots of"},{"startTime":533.443,"endTime":536.2330000000001,"body":"studies in different areas,"},{"startTime":533.443,"endTime":536.2330000000001,"body":"metabolic sorry, mental"},{"startTime":536.2330000000001,"endTime":540.243,"body":"health lots of neurological"},{"startTime":536.2330000000001,"endTime":540.243,"body":"conditions et cetera."},{"startTime":540.653,"endTime":545.063,"body":"W- with c- cancer is promoted by"},{"startTime":540.653,"endTime":545.063,"body":"insulin, but probably not caused"},{"startTime":545.063,"endTime":546.393,"body":"by it, but insulin doesn't help."},{"startTime":546.7230000000001,"endTime":549.523,"body":"So there are many conditions,"},{"startTime":546.7230000000001,"endTime":549.523,"body":"polycystic kidney disease,"},{"startTime":549.8530000000001,"endTime":553.493,"body":"all respond well to low-carb"},{"startTime":549.8530000000001,"endTime":553.493,"body":"diets and all don't respond"},{"startTime":553.493,"endTime":554.663,"body":"well to high insulin."},{"startTime":555.183,"endTime":559.3330000000001,"body":"So I'm looking really that we"},{"startTime":555.183,"endTime":559.3330000000001,"body":"should be m- not just worrying"},{"startTime":559.3330000000001,"endTime":561.933,"body":"about glucose, which seems"},{"startTime":559.3330000000001,"endTime":561.933,"body":"to be the gold standard, but"},{"startTime":562.2330000000001,"endTime":563.913,"body":"equally about insulin as well."},{"startTime":564.383,"endTime":565.273,"body":"So that's where I'm coming from."},{"startTime":566.4290000000001,"endTime":570.7090000000001,"body":"Can we talk a little bit about"},{"startTime":566.4290000000001,"endTime":570.7090000000001,"body":"your original diagnosis, right?"},{"startTime":570.7090000000001,"endTime":574.369,"body":"Because being diagnosed with"},{"startTime":570.7090000000001,"endTime":574.369,"body":"type 1 diabetes in your 30s"},{"startTime":574.399,"endTime":579.4590000000001,"body":"is fairly atypical and as"},{"startTime":574.399,"endTime":579.4590000000001,"body":"a physician going through"},{"startTime":579.4590000000001,"endTime":582.8190000000001,"body":"that, I would love to hear"},{"startTime":579.4590000000001,"endTime":582.8190000000001,"body":"how that came about, what"},{"startTime":582.8190000000001,"endTime":584.379,"body":"your thinking was around this"},{"startTime":585.993,"endTime":589.023,"body":"It's about, about a third of"},{"startTime":585.993,"endTime":589.023,"body":"people are in the adult age"},{"startTime":589.033,"endTime":590.763,"body":"range when they develop type 1."},{"startTime":590.763,"endTime":593.003,"body":"There's a peak in the sort"},{"startTime":590.763,"endTime":593.003,"body":"of five to seven-year-olds,"},{"startTime":593.003,"endTime":596.635,"body":"then again 12 to 14, puberty"},{"startTime":593.003,"endTime":596.635,"body":"a- age, and then when we"},{"startTime":596.635,"endTime":599.1850000000001,"body":"get older, we tend to get…"},{"startTime":596.635,"endTime":599.1850000000001,"body":"we can get it as adults."},{"startTime":599.195,"endTime":601.9150000000001,"body":"So about a third of people"},{"startTime":599.195,"endTime":601.9150000000001,"body":"get… their insulin in"},{"startTime":601.9150000000001,"endTime":603.8050000000001,"body":"their body stops working,"},{"startTime":601.9150000000001,"endTime":603.8050000000001,"body":"and it's thought to be an"},{"startTime":603.835,"endTime":606.705,"body":"autoimmune disease where"},{"startTime":603.835,"endTime":606.705,"body":"the pancreas is destroyed"},{"startTime":606.705,"endTime":608.255,"body":"by the body's immune system."},{"startTime":608.855,"endTime":614.1450000000001,"body":"Yeah, so I, my first inkling"},{"startTime":608.855,"endTime":614.1450000000001,"body":"was about a month before"},{"startTime":614.1650000000001,"endTime":616.375,"body":"because it doesn't always"},{"startTime":614.1650000000001,"endTime":616.375,"body":"appear all of a sudden."},{"startTime":616.485,"endTime":619.6750000000001,"body":"I think there's a run-in to most"},{"startTime":616.485,"endTime":619.6750000000001,"body":"people with type 1 diabetes."},{"startTime":620.195,"endTime":621.6450000000001,"body":"We start to get a bit thirsty."},{"startTime":621.6450000000001,"endTime":622.975,"body":"We probably lose"},{"startTime":621.6450000000001,"endTime":622.975,"body":"a bit of weight."},{"startTime":622.985,"endTime":624.9350000000001,"body":"We're probably going to"},{"startTime":622.985,"endTime":624.9350000000001,"body":"the loo to pass urine a"},{"startTime":624.9350000000001,"endTime":627.8050000000001,"body":"lot more frequently, and"},{"startTime":624.9350000000001,"endTime":627.8050000000001,"body":"we feel a bit more tired as"},{"startTime":627.8050000000001,"endTime":629.225,"body":"our blood glucose goes up."},{"startTime":629.6550000000001,"endTime":632.125,"body":"So I was doing a lot of"},{"startTime":629.6550000000001,"endTime":632.125,"body":"work as a junior doctor"},{"startTime":632.135,"endTime":632.855,"body":"really at the time."},{"startTime":632.9050000000001,"endTime":633.885,"body":"I was doing a lot of work."},{"startTime":633.885,"endTime":637.5450000000001,"body":"I was working days and nights"},{"startTime":633.885,"endTime":637.5450000000001,"body":"and I was do- doing jobs where I"},{"startTime":637.5450000000001,"endTime":640.255,"body":"was working at lots of different"},{"startTime":637.5450000000001,"endTime":640.255,"body":"places, so I was very busy."},{"startTime":640.745,"endTime":643.2850000000001,"body":"And my first inkling was when"},{"startTime":640.745,"endTime":643.2850000000001,"body":"somebody tapped on my car"},{"startTime":643.2850000000001,"endTime":647.2650000000001,"body":"window about a month before I"},{"startTime":643.2850000000001,"endTime":647.2650000000001,"body":"was diagnosed and asked me to"},{"startTime":647.3050000000001,"endTime":650.8050000000001,"body":"move out of the car wash 'cause"},{"startTime":647.3050000000001,"endTime":650.8050000000001,"body":"I'd put my car into a car wash"},{"startTime":650.8050000000001,"endTime":654.215,"body":"and fell asleep, and that was a"},{"startTime":650.8050000000001,"endTime":654.215,"body":"sign that I was obviously my he-"},{"startTime":654.355,"endTime":655.595,"body":"my blood sugar was very high."},{"startTime":655.6650000000001,"endTime":656.9150000000001,"body":"But I didn't know"},{"startTime":655.6650000000001,"endTime":656.9150000000001,"body":"it at the time."},{"startTime":657.5450000000001,"endTime":659.8950000000001,"body":"So I just moved on,"},{"startTime":657.5450000000001,"endTime":659.8950000000001,"body":"thinking I'm just tired."},{"startTime":660.005,"endTime":661.9050000000001,"body":"I had no reference"},{"startTime":660.005,"endTime":661.9050000000001,"body":"points at that point."},{"startTime":662.365,"endTime":666.745,"body":"And then one day I just"},{"startTime":662.365,"endTime":666.745,"body":"developed extreme thirst."},{"startTime":666.8050000000001,"endTime":668.355,"body":"I- I've never known"},{"startTime":666.8050000000001,"endTime":668.355,"body":"thirst like it."},{"startTime":668.485,"endTime":670.065,"body":"It was extreme thirst."},{"startTime":670.065,"endTime":672.6650000000001,"body":"And guess what I tried"},{"startTime":670.065,"endTime":672.6650000000001,"body":"to quench my thirst with?"},{"startTime":673.245,"endTime":673.9350000000001,"body":"Coca-Cola."},{"startTime":675.2750000000001,"endTime":677.605,"body":"So nothing better than"},{"startTime":675.2750000000001,"endTime":677.605,"body":"diagnosing your diabetes by"},{"startTime":677.6550000000001,"endTime":679.8050000000001,"body":"adding something that's going"},{"startTime":677.6550000000001,"endTime":679.8050000000001,"body":"up uncontrollably in your"},{"startTime":679.8050000000001,"endTime":681.125,"body":"bloodstream at the same time."},{"startTime":681.615,"endTime":683.7950000000001,"body":"And then I was passing"},{"startTime":681.615,"endTime":683.7950000000001,"body":"urine so frequently."},{"startTime":683.875,"endTime":685.865,"body":"I was in the car driving"},{"startTime":683.875,"endTime":685.865,"body":"an hour, and I had to"},{"startTime":685.875,"endTime":688.945,"body":"really stop very frequently"},{"startTime":685.875,"endTime":688.945,"body":"to relieve myself."},{"startTime":688.945,"endTime":691.465,"body":"So I… And by then I'd"},{"startTime":688.945,"endTime":691.465,"body":"diagnosed it and when I got"},{"startTime":691.475,"endTime":694.005,"body":"to my destination, which"},{"startTime":691.475,"endTime":694.005,"body":"was a GP surgery, I just"},{"startTime":694.005,"endTime":696.745,"body":"tested my blood sugar,"},{"startTime":694.005,"endTime":696.745,"body":"and it was in the mid-20s."},{"startTime":696.7750000000001,"endTime":700.105,"body":"20 times 18, 300 and odd."},{"startTime":700.105,"endTime":700.9150000000001,"body":"F- 300, 400 milligrams"},{"startTime":700.105,"endTime":700.9150000000001,"body":"per deciliter."},{"startTime":701.4050000000001,"endTime":701.4250000000001,"body":"Yeah."},{"startTime":701.755,"endTime":702.6750000000001,"body":"So it was quite high."},{"startTime":702.855,"endTime":706.875,"body":"And then I kept myself to"},{"startTime":702.855,"endTime":706.875,"body":"myself overnight and just"},{"startTime":706.8950000000001,"endTime":710.605,"body":"didn't eat knowing that I"},{"startTime":706.8950000000001,"endTime":710.605,"body":"could be in trouble here, but"},{"startTime":710.605,"endTime":712.995,"body":"I managed to get through to"},{"startTime":710.605,"endTime":712.995,"body":"the morning, turned myself"},{"startTime":712.995,"endTime":714.1750000000001,"body":"in and got sorted out."},{"startTime":714.195,"endTime":716.565,"body":"What a shock to diagnose"},{"startTime":714.195,"endTime":716.565,"body":"yourself with a condition"},{"startTime":716.565,"endTime":719.1850000000001,"body":"that you know is not a"},{"startTime":716.565,"endTime":719.1850000000001,"body":"good condition to have."},{"startTime":719.5150000000001,"endTime":722.875,"body":"I've seen all the complications"},{"startTime":719.5150000000001,"endTime":722.875,"body":"of type 1 diabetes, and here"},{"startTime":722.875,"endTime":727.005,"body":"I was, a person about to go"},{"startTime":722.875,"endTime":727.005,"body":"on that journey, and i- it"},{"startTime":727.005,"endTime":727.865,"body":"was quite a shock really."},{"startTime":728.7170000000001,"endTime":731.587,"body":"And I was really just told"},{"startTime":728.7170000000001,"endTime":731.587,"body":"about all of the complications"},{"startTime":731.587,"endTime":734.0070000000001,"body":"again, and as doctors seem"},{"startTime":731.587,"endTime":734.0070000000001,"body":"to be quite keen to tell you"},{"startTime":734.1270000000001,"endTime":736.7570000000001,"body":"about all the complications,"},{"startTime":734.1270000000001,"endTime":736.7570000000001,"body":"what's gonna happen to you."},{"startTime":736.777,"endTime":737.427,"body":"And yeah, I know that."},{"startTime":737.427,"endTime":738.567,"body":"I know that, thank"},{"startTime":737.427,"endTime":738.567,"body":"you very much."},{"startTime":738.8870000000001,"endTime":741.767,"body":"But what I didn't know"},{"startTime":738.8870000000001,"endTime":741.767,"body":"was how difficult it is"},{"startTime":741.767,"endTime":743.4770000000001,"body":"to manage type 1 diabetes."},{"startTime":743.5070000000001,"endTime":744.807,"body":"Literally, you get given a pen."},{"startTime":745.447,"endTime":747.427,"body":"Pens in those days, I'm"},{"startTime":745.447,"endTime":747.427,"body":"still on pens 'cause I can't"},{"startTime":747.427,"endTime":749.2570000000001,"body":"get a pump right now on the"},{"startTime":747.427,"endTime":749.2570000000001,"body":"National Health Service."},{"startTime":749.767,"endTime":753.657,"body":"You get a pen, and you get told"},{"startTime":749.767,"endTime":753.657,"body":"roughly count your carbs about"},{"startTime":753.657,"endTime":755.047,"body":"10 to one, and off you go."},{"startTime":755.047,"endTime":756.407,"body":"You're a doctor, you"},{"startTime":755.047,"endTime":756.407,"body":"should know what you're"},{"startTime":756.407,"endTime":757.577,"body":"doing, and good luck."},{"startTime":758.177,"endTime":760.337,"body":"And three months later"},{"startTime":758.177,"endTime":760.337,"body":"I was reviewed, and just"},{"startTime":760.3570000000001,"endTime":761.397,"body":"kept going on that really."},{"startTime":762.057,"endTime":764.187,"body":"N- I never ended up"},{"startTime":762.057,"endTime":764.187,"body":"in massive trouble."},{"startTime":764.3870000000001,"endTime":765.167,"body":"Some people don't."},{"startTime":765.177,"endTime":767.817,"body":"Some people have bad luck,"},{"startTime":765.177,"endTime":767.817,"body":"and they end up with hypos"},{"startTime":767.817,"endTime":770.6070000000001,"body":"and diabetic ketoacidosis"},{"startTime":767.817,"endTime":770.6070000000001,"body":"quite frequently."},{"startTime":770.937,"endTime":773.067,"body":"But I was one of those lucky"},{"startTime":770.937,"endTime":773.067,"body":"ones that hovered in the middle."},{"startTime":773.2370000000001,"endTime":774.567,"body":"I wasn't a bother to anyone."},{"startTime":774.6170000000001,"endTime":777.212,"body":"I never ended up in hospital,"},{"startTime":774.6170000000001,"endTime":777.212,"body":"never ended up in trouble."},{"startTime":777.9720000000001,"endTime":780.8420000000001,"body":"So I just kept hovering"},{"startTime":777.9720000000001,"endTime":780.8420000000001,"body":"around the middle zone"},{"startTime":780.8520000000001,"endTime":783.5920000000001,"body":"really, accepting that"},{"startTime":780.8520000000001,"endTime":783.5920000000001,"body":"my glu- glucose surged"},{"startTime":785.998,"endTime":786.278,"body":"Yeah."},{"startTime":787.4480000000001,"endTime":788.788,"body":"It's mentally very taxing."},{"startTime":789.0780000000001,"endTime":789.638,"body":"Yeah."},{"startTime":789.6880000000001,"endTime":793.5880000000001,"body":"It's certainly interesting to"},{"startTime":789.6880000000001,"endTime":793.5880000000001,"body":"hear your perspective, right?"},{"startTime":793.5980000000001,"endTime":797.808,"body":"We as doctors and there are"},{"startTime":793.5980000000001,"endTime":797.808,"body":"many scenarios like this where"},{"startTime":797.808,"endTime":801.528,"body":"we give patients instructions"},{"startTime":797.808,"endTime":801.528,"body":"on how to manage, whatever"},{"startTime":801.528,"endTime":805.998,"body":"condition they have, but we"},{"startTime":801.528,"endTime":805.998,"body":"might not really realize how"},{"startTime":806.008,"endTime":809.4780000000001,"body":"difficult following those"},{"startTime":806.008,"endTime":809.4780000000001,"body":"instructions are, right?"},{"startTime":809.4780000000001,"endTime":812.7180000000001,"body":"And, I'm sure, before"},{"startTime":809.4780000000001,"endTime":812.7180000000001,"body":"this you probably…"},{"startTime":812.768,"endTime":817.058,"body":"when you took care of diabetics"},{"startTime":812.768,"endTime":817.058,"body":"and you gave them, the goal of"},{"startTime":817.0980000000001,"endTime":820.048,"body":"keeping your blood sugar under"},{"startTime":817.0980000000001,"endTime":820.048,"body":"control, and like you said, just"},{"startTime":820.048,"endTime":823.518,"body":"do the calculations and figure"},{"startTime":820.048,"endTime":823.518,"body":"out what you're eating and how"},{"startTime":823.518,"endTime":827.3280000000001,"body":"much insulin to give and, when"},{"startTime":823.518,"endTime":827.3280000000001,"body":"to give it, and that's, and"},{"startTime":827.3280000000001,"endTime":829.028,"body":"that's how we control diabetes."},{"startTime":829.058,"endTime":832.908,"body":"But as you discovered, and"},{"startTime":829.058,"endTime":832.908,"body":"I think as if we're being"},{"startTime":832.918,"endTime":836.368,"body":"honest as physicians, we"},{"startTime":832.918,"endTime":836.368,"body":"see patients struggling"},{"startTime":836.368,"endTime":837.628,"body":"with this all the time."},{"startTime":837.908,"endTime":839.508,"body":"It is very hard, right?"},{"startTime":839.5680000000001,"endTime":842.6880000000001,"body":"The magic that our body"},{"startTime":839.5680000000001,"endTime":842.6880000000001,"body":"figures it out in people"},{"startTime":842.6880000000001,"endTime":844.6880000000001,"body":"that are not diabetic, right?"},{"startTime":844.7180000000001,"endTime":850.628,"body":"It's really pretty amazing the"},{"startTime":844.7180000000001,"endTime":850.628,"body":"complexity of what our body has"},{"startTime":850.628,"endTime":855.1980000000001,"body":"to do to balance insulin and"},{"startTime":850.628,"endTime":855.1980000000001,"body":"glucose on a constant basis."},{"startTime":857.4000000000001,"endTime":858.2700000000001,"body":"A- absolutely."},{"startTime":858.2700000000001,"endTime":860.87,"body":"A meal is not just a"},{"startTime":858.2700000000001,"endTime":860.87,"body":"straightforward meal."},{"startTime":860.94,"endTime":862.6500000000001,"body":"You have to plan for your meals."},{"startTime":862.75,"endTime":864.0300000000001,"body":"Restaurants are quite fun."},{"startTime":864.13,"endTime":866.23,"body":"You don't quite know what"},{"startTime":864.13,"endTime":866.23,"body":"you're going to get, so you try"},{"startTime":866.23,"endTime":871.08,"body":"to- … to get the sort of the"},{"startTime":866.23,"endTime":871.08,"body":"pattern right of the, of when to"},{"startTime":871.08,"endTime":874.69,"body":"inject how much to inject, and"},{"startTime":871.08,"endTime":874.69,"body":"hope the meal arrives on time."},{"startTime":875.73,"endTime":876.7,"body":"How to inject."},{"startTime":876.72,"endTime":879.2800000000001,"body":"Do you inject, do you go to"},{"startTime":876.72,"endTime":879.2800000000001,"body":"the loo and inject or do you"},{"startTime":879.34,"endTime":882.49,"body":"ra- you know, roll up your"},{"startTime":879.34,"endTime":882.49,"body":"shirt and stick it in and get"},{"startTime":882.49,"endTime":883.8900000000001,"body":"your pen out and show off?"},{"startTime":883.9100000000001,"endTime":886.62,"body":"Or what I tend to do is"},{"startTime":883.9100000000001,"endTime":886.62,"body":"just inject under the"},{"startTime":886.62,"endTime":889.2800000000001,"body":"table through my trousers"},{"startTime":886.62,"endTime":889.2800000000001,"body":"and some people do that."},{"startTime":889.38,"endTime":893.1700000000001,"body":"So it… The day-to-day, it-"},{"startTime":889.38,"endTime":893.1700000000001,"body":"it's quite a difficult gig."},{"startTime":893.3900000000001,"endTime":895.7700000000001,"body":"My insulin takes"},{"startTime":893.3900000000001,"endTime":895.7700000000001,"body":"half an hour to work."},{"startTime":895.82,"endTime":898.8000000000001,"body":"Your insulin's already finished"},{"startTime":895.82,"endTime":898.8000000000001,"body":"working 15 minutes before"},{"startTime":898.8000000000001,"endTime":900.11,"body":"mine even starts working."},{"startTime":900.87,"endTime":903.98,"body":"My insulin lasts two to"},{"startTime":900.87,"endTime":903.98,"body":"three hours, and some of the"},{"startTime":903.98,"endTime":906.99,"body":"long-acting, basal insulin,"},{"startTime":903.98,"endTime":906.99,"body":"lasts up to 30 hours."},{"startTime":907.2900000000001,"endTime":909.1600000000001,"body":"Your insulin's"},{"startTime":907.2900000000001,"endTime":909.1600000000001,"body":"finished in 15 minutes."},{"startTime":909.84,"endTime":913.2,"body":"So we have to factor in"},{"startTime":909.84,"endTime":913.2,"body":"that our insulin's gonna"},{"startTime":913.21,"endTime":916.4000000000001,"body":"be working for a lot longer"},{"startTime":913.21,"endTime":916.4000000000001,"body":"than people with no diabetes."},{"startTime":916.75,"endTime":920.07,"body":"I liken it to driving a"},{"startTime":916.75,"endTime":920.07,"body":"car and having to input a"},{"startTime":920.07,"endTime":922.37,"body":"steering correction to the"},{"startTime":920.07,"endTime":922.37,"body":"wheel 30 minutes before"},{"startTime":922.37,"endTime":923.22,"body":"you go around the bend."},{"startTime":924.57,"endTime":926.73,"body":"It's quite hard to"},{"startTime":924.57,"endTime":926.73,"body":"do that all the time."},{"startTime":926.73,"endTime":929.08,"body":"So everything's an"},{"startTime":926.73,"endTime":929.08,"body":"estimation really."},{"startTime":929.4200000000001,"endTime":934.0780000000001,"body":"It becomes quite stressful"},{"startTime":929.4200000000001,"endTime":934.0780000000001,"body":"sometimes because- Type 1"},{"startTime":934.0880000000001,"endTime":938.4580000000001,"body":"diabetes, just by correcting"},{"startTime":934.0880000000001,"endTime":938.4580000000001,"body":"blood sugars with protecting"},{"startTime":938.488,"endTime":943.128,"body":"your carbohydrates and injecting"},{"startTime":938.488,"endTime":943.128,"body":"your insulin is an im- virtually"},{"startTime":943.128,"endTime":946.408,"body":"impossible task, and we can"},{"startTime":943.128,"endTime":946.408,"body":"do the same thing two days in"},{"startTime":946.408,"endTime":949.618,"body":"a row, live exactly the same"},{"startTime":946.408,"endTime":949.618,"body":"life two days in a row, and get"},{"startTime":949.618,"endTime":950.9480000000001,"body":"completely different results."},{"startTime":951.618,"endTime":953.4680000000001,"body":"Einstein said, \"If you do"},{"startTime":951.618,"endTime":953.4680000000001,"body":"the same thing over and over"},{"startTime":953.4680000000001,"endTime":956.0680000000001,"body":"again, that's the definition"},{"startTime":953.4680000000001,"endTime":956.0680000000001,"body":"of insanity.\" Our insanity is"},{"startTime":956.0680000000001,"endTime":958.378,"body":"doing the same thing and getting"},{"startTime":956.0680000000001,"endTime":958.378,"body":"completely different results."},{"startTime":958.748,"endTime":961.3480000000001,"body":"A- and it leads to quite a lot"},{"startTime":958.748,"endTime":961.3480000000001,"body":"of stress, to be honest, because"},{"startTime":961.3480000000001,"endTime":962.3480000000001,"body":"you're never quite on it."},{"startTime":962.378,"endTime":963.8380000000001,"body":"You're never quite in control."},{"startTime":964.408,"endTime":966.668,"body":"There's all, there's this"},{"startTime":964.408,"endTime":966.668,"body":"background noise going"},{"startTime":966.668,"endTime":969.6880000000001,"body":"on of anxiety about am I"},{"startTime":966.668,"endTime":969.6880000000001,"body":"gonna be okay, I've gotta"},{"startTime":969.6880000000001,"endTime":970.888,"body":"come on this podcast."},{"startTime":970.888,"endTime":972.178,"body":"Am I gonna last for an hour?"},{"startTime":972.2280000000001,"endTime":974.558,"body":"Yes, I am, but I've had to"},{"startTime":972.2280000000001,"endTime":974.558,"body":"plan to last for an hour."},{"startTime":974.778,"endTime":977.0880000000001,"body":"It's so much easier with the"},{"startTime":974.778,"endTime":977.0880000000001,"body":"diet I have because I don't"},{"startTime":977.0880000000001,"endTime":978.3480000000001,"body":"even have to think about it."},{"startTime":978.3480000000001,"endTime":981.378,"body":"But before, I'd have to plan"},{"startTime":978.3480000000001,"endTime":981.378,"body":"and hope, I had some supper"},{"startTime":981.378,"endTime":984.528,"body":"about two hours ago, hope"},{"startTime":981.378,"endTime":984.528,"body":"that my glucose didn't plummet"},{"startTime":984.5680000000001,"endTime":986.8180000000001,"body":"with the high doses of insulin"},{"startTime":984.5680000000001,"endTime":986.8180000000001,"body":"I'd typically have had."},{"startTime":987.168,"endTime":988.778,"body":"Say I had a a pasta meal."},{"startTime":988.8180000000001,"endTime":991.168,"body":"It might be coming down"},{"startTime":988.8180000000001,"endTime":991.168,"body":"to hypo levels halfway"},{"startTime":991.168,"endTime":992.398,"body":"through this conversation."},{"startTime":992.788,"endTime":995.0680000000001,"body":"So there's a lot"},{"startTime":992.788,"endTime":995.0680000000001,"body":"of noise around."},{"startTime":995.408,"endTime":998.3380000000001,"body":"People who've got problems"},{"startTime":995.408,"endTime":998.3380000000001,"body":"around food it, it impacts"},{"startTime":998.3380000000001,"endTime":1000.908,"body":"them as well because"},{"startTime":998.3380000000001,"endTime":1000.908,"body":"diabetes is all about food."},{"startTime":1001.518,"endTime":1004.618,"body":"So if you've got a food issue,"},{"startTime":1001.518,"endTime":1004.618,"body":"it's, the diabetes is certainly"},{"startTime":1004.618,"endTime":1006.138,"body":"gonna amplify that for you."},{"startTime":1006.618,"endTime":1009.3480000000001,"body":"So it's a constant background"},{"startTime":1006.618,"endTime":1009.3480000000001,"body":"noise of stress, planning."},{"startTime":1009.3480000000001,"endTime":1010.5980000000001,"body":"It never really goes away."},{"startTime":1010.8580000000001,"endTime":1012.8580000000001,"body":"You have to be on"},{"startTime":1010.8580000000001,"endTime":1012.8580000000001,"body":"it 24 hours a day."},{"startTime":1013.268,"endTime":1016.158,"body":"And then you go to bed, your"},{"startTime":1013.268,"endTime":1016.158,"body":"blood glucose is whatever it is."},{"startTime":1016.1880000000001,"endTime":1018.3280000000001,"body":"Do you inject insulin"},{"startTime":1016.1880000000001,"endTime":1018.3280000000001,"body":"to bring it down?"},{"startTime":1018.3380000000001,"endTime":1022.018,"body":"Do you leave it or let it drift"},{"startTime":1018.3380000000001,"endTime":1022.018,"body":"up or hope it might come down?"},{"startTime":1022.048,"endTime":1023.418,"body":"Do you have hypos in the night?"},{"startTime":1023.9380000000001,"endTime":1026.698,"body":"So is, it's constantly"},{"startTime":1023.9380000000001,"endTime":1026.698,"body":"in, on your mind."},{"startTime":1026.708,"endTime":1027.658,"body":"You get used to it."},{"startTime":1027.708,"endTime":1029.718,"body":"We all get used to it, but"},{"startTime":1027.708,"endTime":1029.718,"body":"it's one of those things"},{"startTime":1029.718,"endTime":1033.008,"body":"we have to plan for all the"},{"startTime":1029.718,"endTime":1033.008,"body":"time, the constant noise."},{"startTime":1033.008,"endTime":1035.028,"body":"I, I liken it to"},{"startTime":1033.008,"endTime":1035.028,"body":"a chainsaw really."},{"startTime":1035.088,"endTime":1037.308,"body":"You got this constant noise"},{"startTime":1035.088,"endTime":1037.308,"body":"going on in the background."},{"startTime":1038.086,"endTime":1038.756,"body":"Yeah."},{"startTime":1038.796,"endTime":1042.406,"body":"And, it's interesting the"},{"startTime":1038.796,"endTime":1042.406,"body":"history of diabetes, right?"},{"startTime":1042.436,"endTime":1045.186,"body":"Th- this disease was"},{"startTime":1042.436,"endTime":1045.186,"body":"described, thousands"},{"startTime":1045.186,"endTime":1046.586,"body":"of years ago literally."},{"startTime":1046.766,"endTime":1050.536,"body":"And the original way"},{"startTime":1046.766,"endTime":1050.536,"body":"it was discovered was"},{"startTime":1050.616,"endTime":1052.036,"body":"centered on sugar."},{"startTime":1052.076,"endTime":1056.166,"body":"Doctors used to actually"},{"startTime":1052.076,"endTime":1056.166,"body":"taste the high sugar in"},{"startTime":1056.196,"endTime":1059.4560000000001,"body":"patients' urine essentially"},{"startTime":1056.196,"endTime":1059.4560000000001,"body":"was the way to diagnose this."},{"startTime":1059.846,"endTime":1063.6860000000001,"body":"And insulin was only really"},{"startTime":1059.846,"endTime":1063.6860000000001,"body":"discovered, within the past"},{"startTime":1063.6860000000001,"endTime":1066.916,"body":"100 years or so, a little"},{"startTime":1063.6860000000001,"endTime":1066.916,"body":"over 100 years ago that"},{"startTime":1066.916,"endTime":1069.166,"body":"we knew what insulin was."},{"startTime":1069.4260000000002,"endTime":1072.6960000000001,"body":"So the whole focus of"},{"startTime":1069.4260000000002,"endTime":1072.6960000000001,"body":"the disease has remained"},{"startTime":1072.6960000000001,"endTime":1075.066,"body":"around the sugar, right?"},{"startTime":1075.096,"endTime":1078.366,"body":"And, controlling the sugar"},{"startTime":1075.096,"endTime":1078.366,"body":"at first in the urine,"},{"startTime":1078.366,"endTime":1080.306,"body":"and then when we were"},{"startTime":1078.366,"endTime":1080.306,"body":"able to measure sugar in"},{"startTime":1080.306,"endTime":1082.296,"body":"blood how to control that."},{"startTime":1082.516,"endTime":1086.366,"body":"But in reality, it's a di-"},{"startTime":1082.516,"endTime":1086.366,"body":"i- it's a disease of insulin."},{"startTime":1086.386,"endTime":1090.526,"body":"And there's this interesting"},{"startTime":1086.386,"endTime":1090.526,"body":"paradox around type 1 diabetics"},{"startTime":1090.756,"endTime":1094.296,"body":"that you alluded to earlier"},{"startTime":1090.756,"endTime":1094.296,"body":"that y- to avoid the ultimate"},{"startTime":1130.156,"endTime":1133.106,"body":"complications of diabetes"},{"startTime":1130.156,"endTime":1133.106,"body":"that we worry about, things"},{"startTime":1133.106,"endTime":1137.086,"body":"like blindness, and heart"},{"startTime":1133.106,"endTime":1137.086,"body":"disease, and, vascular disease"},{"startTime":1137.086,"endTime":1140.366,"body":"leading to amputations and"},{"startTime":1137.086,"endTime":1140.366,"body":"infections you have to control"},{"startTime":1140.366,"endTime":1144.416,"body":"the blood sugar, but we know"},{"startTime":1140.366,"endTime":1144.416,"body":"that the more insulin you end"},{"startTime":1144.416,"endTime":1149.386,"body":"up using to do that that in"},{"startTime":1144.416,"endTime":1149.386,"body":"and of itself accelerates or"},{"startTime":1149.386,"endTime":1151.066,"body":"worsens the complications."},{"startTime":1151.326,"endTime":1156.166,"body":"Again, as a physician but"},{"startTime":1151.326,"endTime":1156.166,"body":"also as a patient contrast"},{"startTime":1156.316,"endTime":1158.536,"body":"you talked about these"},{"startTime":1156.316,"endTime":1158.536,"body":"two approaches, right?"},{"startTime":1158.536,"endTime":1162.416,"body":"You spent 20 years doing the"},{"startTime":1158.536,"endTime":1162.416,"body":"sort of traditional approach,"},{"startTime":1162.646,"endTime":1165.786,"body":"and then you discovered Dr."},{"startTime":1162.646,"endTime":1165.786,"body":"Bernstein's work which is a"},{"startTime":1165.786,"endTime":1169.356,"body":"very different approach of"},{"startTime":1165.786,"endTime":1169.356,"body":"essentially trying to manage"},{"startTime":1169.356,"endTime":1172.606,"body":"the insulin rather than"},{"startTime":1169.356,"endTime":1172.606,"body":"manage the glucose primarily."},{"startTime":1172.856,"endTime":1176.856,"body":"And talk about those contrasting"},{"startTime":1172.856,"endTime":1176.856,"body":"approaches and, again, a"},{"startTime":1176.856,"endTime":1181.396,"body":"little bit what that change"},{"startTime":1176.856,"endTime":1181.396,"body":"in mindset was like for you as"},{"startTime":1181.396,"endTime":1183.106,"body":"a physician and as a patient."},{"startTime":1184.694,"endTime":1186.594,"body":"Yeah, that, that's a very"},{"startTime":1184.694,"endTime":1186.594,"body":"good point, and that's the"},{"startTime":1186.594,"endTime":1189.744,"body":"nub of what I'm trying to get"},{"startTime":1186.594,"endTime":1189.744,"body":"at now w- with my learning"},{"startTime":1189.744,"endTime":1193.0739999999998,"body":"is at the, my route of travel"},{"startTime":1189.744,"endTime":1193.0739999999998,"body":"is at the stage where I think"},{"startTime":1193.084,"endTime":1195.874,"body":"insulin is as important or"},{"startTime":1193.084,"endTime":1195.874,"body":"if not more as important"},{"startTime":1195.874,"endTime":1197.224,"body":"as controlling glucose."},{"startTime":1197.594,"endTime":1201.0439999999999,"body":"But strangely, if you control"},{"startTime":1197.594,"endTime":1201.0439999999999,"body":"insulin well, your glucose"},{"startTime":1201.0439999999999,"endTime":1203.894,"body":"will follow, and it isn't the"},{"startTime":1201.0439999999999,"endTime":1203.894,"body":"same the other way around."},{"startTime":1204.494,"endTime":1209.964,"body":"Glucose was the symptom that"},{"startTime":1204.494,"endTime":1209.964,"body":"sym- that, that told you"},{"startTime":1209.964,"endTime":1212.334,"body":"had very little insulin that"},{"startTime":1209.964,"endTime":1212.334,"body":"was operating in your body."},{"startTime":1212.844,"endTime":1215.894,"body":"So when Banting, Best, Macleod,"},{"startTime":1212.844,"endTime":1215.894,"body":"and Collip, the four people"},{"startTime":1215.894,"endTime":1219.004,"body":"that got the prizes for"},{"startTime":1215.894,"endTime":1219.004,"body":"discovering insulin injected"},{"startTime":1219.004,"endTime":1223.694,"body":"into a 10-year-old boy who"},{"startTime":1219.004,"endTime":1223.694,"body":"lived 10 years in 1923, which"},{"startTime":1223.694,"endTime":1227.964,"body":"is incredible they were making"},{"startTime":1223.694,"endTime":1227.964,"body":"sure that the insulin was given"},{"startTime":1227.964,"endTime":1231.004,"body":"to control the blood sugar,"},{"startTime":1227.964,"endTime":1231.004,"body":"and they had very primitive"},{"startTime":1231.004,"endTime":1233.504,"body":"methods, what we call primitive"},{"startTime":1231.004,"endTime":1233.504,"body":"now, we all have continuous"},{"startTime":1233.504,"endTime":1236.5339999999999,"body":"glucose meters, of measuring"},{"startTime":1233.504,"endTime":1236.5339999999999,"body":"the sugar in the urine."},{"startTime":1237.024,"endTime":1238.674,"body":"But the insulin"},{"startTime":1237.024,"endTime":1238.674,"body":"was the key thing."},{"startTime":1238.684,"endTime":1240.384,"body":"And of course, the"},{"startTime":1238.684,"endTime":1240.384,"body":"insulin was very crude."},{"startTime":1240.384,"endTime":1242.524,"body":"It was a mixture of"},{"startTime":1240.384,"endTime":1242.524,"body":"short-acting, long-acting,"},{"startTime":1242.524,"endTime":1244.3039999999999,"body":"eventually became long-acting."},{"startTime":1244.764,"endTime":1247.0739999999998,"body":"And it was all about"},{"startTime":1244.764,"endTime":1247.0739999999998,"body":"controlling your diet."},{"startTime":1247.084,"endTime":1251.874,"body":"So before the insulin"},{"startTime":1247.084,"endTime":1251.874,"body":"was used o- on humans, we"},{"startTime":1251.874,"endTime":1254.8039999999999,"body":"were recommended to have"},{"startTime":1251.874,"endTime":1254.8039999999999,"body":"a diet that tried to work"},{"startTime":1254.834,"endTime":1256.644,"body":"with a lack of insulin."},{"startTime":1257.434,"endTime":1260.664,"body":"Insulin does not raise"},{"startTime":1257.434,"endTime":1260.664,"body":"that much when you eat fat."},{"startTime":1260.674,"endTime":1262.974,"body":"It does not raise that much"},{"startTime":1260.674,"endTime":1262.974,"body":"when you eat protein, but"},{"startTime":1262.974,"endTime":1266.5339999999999,"body":"it goes up a hell of a lot"},{"startTime":1262.974,"endTime":1266.5339999999999,"body":"when you eat carbohydrates."},{"startTime":1266.924,"endTime":1271.104,"body":"So their approach was to remove"},{"startTime":1266.924,"endTime":1271.104,"body":"the carbohydrates from the diet."},{"startTime":1271.714,"endTime":1275.274,"body":"And in adults, they added"},{"startTime":1271.714,"endTime":1275.274,"body":"spirit alcohol, because we"},{"startTime":1275.274,"endTime":1278.684,"body":"know that spirit alcohol,"},{"startTime":1275.274,"endTime":1278.684,"body":"such as whiskey will inhibit"},{"startTime":1278.774,"endTime":1281.104,"body":"the, some of the hormones"},{"startTime":1278.774,"endTime":1281.104,"body":"that raise the blood sugar."},{"startTime":1281.5639999999999,"endTime":1284.334,"body":"So their approach was based"},{"startTime":1281.5639999999999,"endTime":1284.334,"body":"around trying to work with"},{"startTime":1284.344,"endTime":1285.954,"body":"the, what they had in the body."},{"startTime":1286.344,"endTime":1289.464,"body":"When insulin was dis- was"},{"startTime":1286.344,"endTime":1289.464,"body":"used, it was a revolution."},{"startTime":1289.464,"endTime":1292.394,"body":"People were literally"},{"startTime":1289.464,"endTime":1292.394,"body":"resurrected from death."},{"startTime":1292.454,"endTime":1293.764,"body":"It was such a wonderful drug."},{"startTime":1294.434,"endTime":1297.424,"body":"And it was subsequently purified"},{"startTime":1294.434,"endTime":1297.424,"body":"and became a very, I think we"},{"startTime":1297.464,"endTime":1301.0739999999998,"body":"got so used to it we ignored it,"},{"startTime":1297.464,"endTime":1301.0739999999998,"body":"and we were chasing sugars, and"},{"startTime":1301.0739999999998,"endTime":1304.0639999999999,"body":"sugar became the gold standard,"},{"startTime":1301.0739999999998,"endTime":1304.0639999999999,"body":"and still is the gold standard."},{"startTime":1304.114,"endTime":1307.344,"body":"It's all about HbA1c, our"},{"startTime":1304.114,"endTime":1307.344,"body":"long-term sugar control."},{"startTime":1307.604,"endTime":1312.204,"body":"Time and range of glucose is"},{"startTime":1307.604,"endTime":1312.204,"body":"the defining standard of good"},{"startTime":1312.204,"endTime":1313.954,"body":"practice in Type 1 diabetes."},{"startTime":1314.3139999999999,"endTime":1315.484,"body":"Insulin isn't considered."},{"startTime":1315.5639999999999,"endTime":1317.854,"body":"They don't… It doesn't matter"},{"startTime":1315.5639999999999,"endTime":1317.854,"body":"how much insulin you use."},{"startTime":1317.854,"endTime":1319.644,"body":"I always called it a"},{"startTime":1317.854,"endTime":1319.644,"body":"hedonistic approach."},{"startTime":1320.0539999999999,"endTime":1322.904,"body":"Eat what you like and shoot up"},{"startTime":1320.0539999999999,"endTime":1322.904,"body":"what it takes, shoot to suit."},{"startTime":1323.3039999999999,"endTime":1327.724,"body":"And I think we're not thinking"},{"startTime":1323.3039999999999,"endTime":1327.724,"body":"about insulin in the right way."},{"startTime":1328.114,"endTime":1332.654,"body":"And my approach used to be count"},{"startTime":1328.114,"endTime":1332.654,"body":"your carbs, inject insulin."},{"startTime":1332.654,"endTime":1336.154,"body":"Now it's definitely how does"},{"startTime":1332.654,"endTime":1336.154,"body":"insulin work in the body across"},{"startTime":1336.174,"endTime":1337.8239999999998,"body":"all the foundations of health?"},{"startTime":1338.344,"endTime":1341.124,"body":"What is a healthy hu- what does"},{"startTime":1338.344,"endTime":1341.124,"body":"a healthy human being look like?"},{"startTime":1341.864,"endTime":1343.944,"body":"What does someone without"},{"startTime":1341.864,"endTime":1343.944,"body":"Type 1 diabetes, what's"},{"startTime":1343.944,"endTime":1344.884,"body":"their insulin doing?"},{"startTime":1345.264,"endTime":1347.344,"body":"'Cause their blood sugar's"},{"startTime":1345.264,"endTime":1347.344,"body":"always well-controlled"},{"startTime":1347.454,"endTime":1350.0739999999998,"body":"because they have a"},{"startTime":1347.454,"endTime":1350.0739999999998,"body":"functioning metabolic system"},{"startTime":1350.134,"endTime":1351.2839999999999,"body":"that includes insulin."},{"startTime":1351.694,"endTime":1354.174,"body":"But we have to inject it,"},{"startTime":1351.694,"endTime":1354.174,"body":"so how much do we need to"},{"startTime":1354.174,"endTime":1356.144,"body":"inject considering it's"},{"startTime":1354.174,"endTime":1356.144,"body":"imperfect, we inject at"},{"startTime":1356.154,"endTime":1359.344,"body":"the wrong time, the wrong"},{"startTime":1356.154,"endTime":1359.344,"body":"place, and it lasts too long."},{"startTime":1359.924,"endTime":1363.514,"body":"But how do we look at a healthy"},{"startTime":1359.924,"endTime":1363.514,"body":"human being and say, \"What do"},{"startTime":1363.514,"endTime":1365.994,"body":"they look like? I want some"},{"startTime":1363.514,"endTime":1365.994,"body":"of that.\" And a healthy human"},{"startTime":1365.994,"endTime":1369.334,"body":"being, I think, has fairly"},{"startTime":1365.994,"endTime":1369.334,"body":"low insulin levels typically."},{"startTime":1369.914,"endTime":1371.694,"body":"There's lots of"},{"startTime":1369.914,"endTime":1371.694,"body":"evidence now that, that-"},{"startTime":1371.754,"endTime":1373.8139999999999,"body":"Now real quick, just because"},{"startTime":1371.754,"endTime":1373.8139999999999,"body":"I'm not a doctor, when you"},{"startTime":1373.8139999999999,"endTime":1375.714,"body":"say low insulin levels,"},{"startTime":1373.8139999999999,"endTime":1375.714,"body":"you're talking about the"},{"startTime":1375.754,"endTime":1377.264,"body":"insulin that's in the blood-"},{"startTime":1377.2939999999999,"endTime":1378.144,"body":"In your body."},{"startTime":1378.194,"endTime":1378.344,"body":"Yeah."},{"startTime":1378.684,"endTime":1379.674,"body":"In your body, yeah."},{"startTime":1379.864,"endTime":1381.144,"body":"In the whole body, okay."},{"startTime":1381.234,"endTime":1381.524,"body":"Yeah."},{"startTime":1381.994,"endTime":1384.604,"body":"So typically insulin is"},{"startTime":1381.994,"endTime":1384.604,"body":"released when there's this"},{"startTime":1384.634,"endTime":1386.474,"body":"the blood glucose rises."},{"startTime":1386.504,"endTime":1388.444,"body":"Now, the blood glucose"},{"startTime":1386.504,"endTime":1388.444,"body":"can rise due to diet."},{"startTime":1388.494,"endTime":1391.264,"body":"It can also rise due to stress"},{"startTime":1388.494,"endTime":1391.264,"body":"hormones such as growth hormone,"},{"startTime":1391.434,"endTime":1395.0439999999999,"body":"adrenaline, cortisol and other"},{"startTime":1391.434,"endTime":1395.0439999999999,"body":"hormones have an effect to,"},{"startTime":1395.104,"endTime":1397.704,"body":"to stop the insulin working"},{"startTime":1395.104,"endTime":1397.704,"body":"as effectively as it might."},{"startTime":1398.244,"endTime":1401.394,"body":"So insulin is a primary"},{"startTime":1398.244,"endTime":1401.394,"body":"metabolic regulator."},{"startTime":1401.404,"endTime":1404.874,"body":"One of its functions is to"},{"startTime":1401.404,"endTime":1404.874,"body":"reduce blood glucose, but it has"},{"startTime":1404.884,"endTime":1406.964,"body":"many functions bey- beyond that."},{"startTime":1407.014,"endTime":1409.0639999999999,"body":"It's a regulator"},{"startTime":1407.014,"endTime":1409.0639999999999,"body":"of energy in cells."},{"startTime":1409.754,"endTime":1413.834,"body":"Now- If you have if I think"},{"startTime":1409.754,"endTime":1413.834,"body":"a healthy human being does"},{"startTime":1413.834,"endTime":1418.244,"body":"a lot of exercise, or should"},{"startTime":1413.834,"endTime":1418.244,"body":"do, eats two meals a day, has"},{"startTime":1418.244,"endTime":1423.114,"body":"a period of fasting, p- eats"},{"startTime":1418.244,"endTime":1423.114,"body":"primarily protein and fat gets"},{"startTime":1423.114,"endTime":1429.144,"body":"outside a lot, has good mental"},{"startTime":1423.114,"endTime":1429.144,"body":"health, and and has respect"},{"startTime":1429.154,"endTime":1430.624,"body":"to their circadian rhythm."},{"startTime":1430.624,"endTime":1432.904,"body":"So for example, middle of"},{"startTime":1430.624,"endTime":1432.904,"body":"the night we want all these"},{"startTime":1432.904,"endTime":1435.0739999999998,"body":"blue lights on you'd be"},{"startTime":1432.904,"endTime":1435.0739999999998,"body":"cutting down your light."},{"startTime":1435.5339999999999,"endTime":1437.7939999999999,"body":"So we need to, what I've"},{"startTime":1435.5339999999999,"endTime":1437.7939999999999,"body":"decided we need to do is look"},{"startTime":1437.7939999999999,"endTime":1440.464,"body":"at w- what makes a healthy"},{"startTime":1437.7939999999999,"endTime":1440.464,"body":"human being, so can us type"},{"startTime":1440.464,"endTime":1441.684,"body":"1s have a bit of that, please?"},{"startTime":1442.3039999999999,"endTime":1444.584,"body":"So one of the features I"},{"startTime":1442.3039999999999,"endTime":1444.584,"body":"think of a healthy human"},{"startTime":1444.584,"endTime":1446.844,"body":"being is something called"},{"startTime":1444.584,"endTime":1446.844,"body":"metabolic flexibility."},{"startTime":1447.2939999999999,"endTime":1450.424,"body":"It's being able to choo-"},{"startTime":1447.2939999999999,"endTime":1450.424,"body":"for your cells of your body,"},{"startTime":1450.424,"endTime":1453.224,"body":"your organs of your body,"},{"startTime":1450.424,"endTime":1453.224,"body":"to choose the fuel that"},{"startTime":1453.274,"endTime":1455.164,"body":"they require at the time."},{"startTime":1455.834,"endTime":1459.604,"body":"So Dr. Phil Ovadia you are a"},{"startTime":1455.834,"endTime":1459.604,"body":"cardiologist, you know that"},{"startTime":1459.614,"endTime":1463.354,"body":"the heart h- is quite happy"},{"startTime":1459.614,"endTime":1463.354,"body":"on fatty acids and ketones,"},{"startTime":1463.444,"endTime":1465.0639999999999,"body":"and it will also use glucose."},{"startTime":1465.514,"endTime":1468.514,"body":"But if you have type 1"},{"startTime":1465.514,"endTime":1468.514,"body":"diabetes and you take a lot"},{"startTime":1468.514,"endTime":1471.5639999999999,"body":"more insulin than your body"},{"startTime":1468.514,"endTime":1471.5639999999999,"body":"needs, and because of where we"},{"startTime":1471.5639999999999,"endTime":1474.514,"body":"put it in our body, into the"},{"startTime":1471.5639999999999,"endTime":1474.514,"body":"skin, we've already got more"},{"startTime":1474.514,"endTime":1476.8139999999999,"body":"insulin than we, we really"},{"startTime":1474.514,"endTime":1476.8139999999999,"body":"should have because of the"},{"startTime":1476.8139999999999,"endTime":1478.3039999999999,"body":"absorption issues that we have."},{"startTime":1478.854,"endTime":1482.584,"body":"So if you have too much insulin,"},{"startTime":1478.854,"endTime":1482.584,"body":"what happens is you stop your"},{"startTime":1482.604,"endTime":1484.924,"body":"metabolic flexibility from"},{"startTime":1482.604,"endTime":1484.924,"body":"happening because if you have"},{"startTime":1484.924,"endTime":1488.984,"body":"too much insulin in your body"},{"startTime":1484.924,"endTime":1488.984,"body":"you cannot burn fat to produce"},{"startTime":1488.984,"endTime":1492.514,"body":"fatty acids and ketones to"},{"startTime":1488.984,"endTime":1492.514,"body":"produce those other energy"},{"startTime":1492.514,"endTime":1496.418,"body":"molecules which the body can"},{"startTime":1492.514,"endTime":1496.418,"body":"happily use So if you have"},{"startTime":1496.418,"endTime":1498.728,"body":"too much insulin in your"},{"startTime":1496.418,"endTime":1498.728,"body":"body, you're a fat storer."},{"startTime":1498.768,"endTime":1499.728,"body":"You're a fat storer."},{"startTime":1499.788,"endTime":1500.498,"body":"That's what you do."},{"startTime":1501.148,"endTime":1503.878,"body":"If you have little insulin"},{"startTime":1501.148,"endTime":1503.878,"body":"in your body, you're a fat"},{"startTime":1503.998,"endTime":1508.338,"body":"burner, so you can produce other"},{"startTime":1503.998,"endTime":1508.338,"body":"nutrients that will provide"},{"startTime":1508.338,"endTime":1511.398,"body":"energy, fatty acids and ketone"},{"startTime":1508.338,"endTime":1511.398,"body":"bodies which derive from fat."},{"startTime":1511.9579999999999,"endTime":1514.018,"body":"Your body will make all"},{"startTime":1511.9579999999999,"endTime":1514.018,"body":"the glucose you need."},{"startTime":1514.018,"endTime":1517.118,"body":"You do not need to eat"},{"startTime":1514.018,"endTime":1517.118,"body":"sugar or carbohydrates"},{"startTime":1517.128,"endTime":1518.138,"body":"in order to survive."},{"startTime":1518.4679999999998,"endTime":1520.558,"body":"Those poor people that get"},{"startTime":1518.4679999999998,"endTime":1520.558,"body":"dragged out of earthquake"},{"startTime":1520.558,"endTime":1523.728,"body":"zones eight days later, they"},{"startTime":1520.558,"endTime":1523.728,"body":"haven't been secretly, they"},{"startTime":1523.728,"endTime":1525.918,"body":"didn't luckily have a stash"},{"startTime":1523.728,"endTime":1525.918,"body":"in the fridge of candy bars."},{"startTime":1525.918,"endTime":1527.898,"body":"They were pulled out and they"},{"startTime":1525.918,"endTime":1527.898,"body":"were burning their body fat."},{"startTime":1528.4279999999999,"endTime":1531.088,"body":"But in type 1 diabetes,"},{"startTime":1528.4279999999999,"endTime":1531.088,"body":"on, on the diet we are"},{"startTime":1531.088,"endTime":1533.398,"body":"typically recommended"},{"startTime":1531.088,"endTime":1533.398,"body":"high carbohydrate diet."},{"startTime":1533.808,"endTime":1536.258,"body":"We are denying our body"},{"startTime":1533.808,"endTime":1536.258,"body":"metabolic flexibility."},{"startTime":1536.318,"endTime":1538.738,"body":"We're forcing our body"},{"startTime":1536.318,"endTime":1538.738,"body":"just to use glucose."},{"startTime":1539.1979999999999,"endTime":1542.578,"body":"And we know in some conditions,"},{"startTime":1539.1979999999999,"endTime":1542.578,"body":"certainly the mental health"},{"startTime":1542.578,"endTime":1545.898,"body":"space which has accelerated"},{"startTime":1542.578,"endTime":1545.898,"body":"our knowledge of metabolism,"},{"startTime":1546.368,"endTime":1549.318,"body":"that you can do very well"},{"startTime":1546.368,"endTime":1549.318,"body":"with bipolar disease, for"},{"startTime":1549.318,"endTime":1552.368,"body":"example with metabolic"},{"startTime":1549.318,"endTime":1552.368,"body":"flexibility, allowing your"},{"startTime":1552.368,"endTime":1554.078,"body":"body to access ketone bodies."},{"startTime":1554.518,"endTime":1557.008,"body":"Because there's some evidence"},{"startTime":1554.518,"endTime":1557.008,"body":"that the meta- the regulatory"},{"startTime":1557.008,"endTime":1560.018,"body":"function of the insulin"},{"startTime":1557.008,"endTime":1560.018,"body":"fails in the brain in a high"},{"startTime":1560.018,"endTime":1561.288,"body":"carbohydrate environment."},{"startTime":1561.798,"endTime":1564.0929999999998,"body":"So y- if you've got ketone"},{"startTime":1561.798,"endTime":1564.0929999999998,"body":"bodies available, if you've"},{"startTime":1564.0929999999998,"endTime":1567.213,"body":"got low insulin levels so"},{"startTime":1564.0929999999998,"endTime":1567.213,"body":"you're not storing fat,"},{"startTime":1567.243,"endTime":1570.163,"body":"you're burning it, you are"},{"startTime":1567.243,"endTime":1570.163,"body":"providing the body with what"},{"startTime":1570.163,"endTime":1571.713,"body":"I call metabolic flexibility."},{"startTime":1572.0829999999999,"endTime":1575.203,"body":"And the current method of"},{"startTime":1572.0829999999999,"endTime":1575.203,"body":"managing type 1 diabetes denies"},{"startTime":1575.203,"endTime":1577.013,"body":"our body access to those fuels."},{"startTime":1577.663,"endTime":1581.173,"body":"And so if you have someone"},{"startTime":1577.663,"endTime":1581.173,"body":"with bipolar disease who is"},{"startTime":1581.173,"endTime":1585.133,"body":"fueling their body on a very"},{"startTime":1581.173,"endTime":1585.133,"body":"low carbohydrate diet and they"},{"startTime":1585.133,"endTime":1588.873,"body":"develop type 1 diabetes, it's a"},{"startTime":1585.133,"endTime":1588.873,"body":"clinical problem at the moment"},{"startTime":1588.873,"endTime":1590.003,"body":"to know how to advise them."},{"startTime":1590.003,"endTime":1590.893,"body":"I know what I would do."},{"startTime":1591.273,"endTime":1594.023,"body":"I would say, \"Carry on"},{"startTime":1591.273,"endTime":1594.023,"body":"your ketogenic diet.\" But"},{"startTime":1594.033,"endTime":1596.213,"body":"some people would say no,"},{"startTime":1594.033,"endTime":1596.213,"body":"you've gotta have carbs."},{"startTime":1596.283,"endTime":1598.983,"body":"You gotta have carbs as part"},{"startTime":1596.283,"endTime":1598.983,"body":"of your treatment.\" And that"},{"startTime":1598.983,"endTime":1602.423,"body":"will of course take them out"},{"startTime":1598.983,"endTime":1602.423,"body":"of recovery and put them back"},{"startTime":1602.423,"endTime":1604.253,"body":"into their bipolar state."},{"startTime":1604.8129999999999,"endTime":1608.0729999999999,"body":"So there are lots of clinical"},{"startTime":1604.8129999999999,"endTime":1608.0729999999999,"body":"questions we need to ask, but"},{"startTime":1608.0829999999999,"endTime":1611.993,"body":"over the years I've learned"},{"startTime":1608.0829999999999,"endTime":1611.993,"body":"about the f- the positive impact"},{"startTime":1612.003,"endTime":1617.3229999999999,"body":"of a multi-fueling system on"},{"startTime":1612.003,"endTime":1617.3229999999999,"body":"cancer, on m- mental health, on"},{"startTime":1617.3329999999999,"endTime":1621.143,"body":"migraine, on polycystic kidney"},{"startTime":1617.3329999999999,"endTime":1621.143,"body":"disease, on type 2 diabetes,"},{"startTime":1621.183,"endTime":1624.263,"body":"and I think it also works"},{"startTime":1621.183,"endTime":1624.263,"body":"on type 1 diabetes as well."},{"startTime":1624.793,"endTime":1628.103,"body":"It's ironic that the one"},{"startTime":1624.793,"endTime":1628.103,"body":"condition where we do best to"},{"startTime":1628.133,"endTime":1630.893,"body":"respect metabolic flexibility"},{"startTime":1628.133,"endTime":1630.893,"body":"is the one condition that"},{"startTime":1630.893,"endTime":1632.533,"body":"we're not actually helping out."},{"startTime":1634.821,"endTime":1636.6109999999999,"body":"I wish I was surprised."},{"startTime":1638.331,"endTime":1638.821,"body":"Yeah."},{"startTime":1638.991,"endTime":1642.911,"body":"Now it it's hard enough just"},{"startTime":1638.991,"endTime":1642.911,"body":"managing type 1 diabetes."},{"startTime":1642.941,"endTime":1647.511,"body":"You've added a extra layer"},{"startTime":1642.941,"endTime":1647.511,"body":"of complexity by being an"},{"startTime":1647.521,"endTime":1649.6109999999999,"body":"athlete, an endurance athlete."},{"startTime":1649.971,"endTime":1653.981,"body":"You have done such what"},{"startTime":1649.971,"endTime":1653.981,"body":"many people would view"},{"startTime":1653.981,"endTime":1657.491,"body":"as crazy things, such as"},{"startTime":1653.981,"endTime":1657.491,"body":"running 100 miles in five"},{"startTime":1657.491,"endTime":1659.781,"body":"days as a type 1 diabetic."},{"startTime":1659.811,"endTime":1661.831,"body":"You did that completely fasted."},{"startTime":1662.061,"endTime":1665.6009999999999,"body":"And then in your new book you"},{"startTime":1662.061,"endTime":1665.6009999999999,"body":"talk about a thousand-mile"},{"startTime":1665.6109999999999,"endTime":1668.431,"body":"bike ride as a type 1 diabetic."},{"startTime":1668.431,"endTime":1672.441,"body":"So talk a little bit about,"},{"startTime":1668.431,"endTime":1672.441,"body":"what that then adds if"},{"startTime":1672.441,"endTime":1674.8909999999998,"body":"you're not just trying to"},{"startTime":1672.441,"endTime":1674.8909999999998,"body":"get through your day-to-day,"},{"startTime":1674.8909999999998,"endTime":1678.3509999999999,"body":"you're trying to, perform as"},{"startTime":1674.8909999999998,"endTime":1678.3509999999999,"body":"an athlete at a high level."},{"startTime":1679.437,"endTime":1682.4869999999999,"body":"So the Zero Five 100, the"},{"startTime":1679.437,"endTime":1682.4869999999999,"body":"project we did a few years ago"},{"startTime":1682.4869999999999,"endTime":1685.327,"body":"now, was two people with type"},{"startTime":1682.4869999999999,"endTime":1685.327,"body":"one diabetes and six others."},{"startTime":1685.7269999999999,"endTime":1688.627,"body":"We I conceived this because"},{"startTime":1685.7269999999999,"endTime":1688.627,"body":"I was… I thought how"},{"startTime":1688.627,"endTime":1691.157,"body":"can we actually show to my"},{"startTime":1688.627,"endTime":1691.157,"body":"clinical colleagues that,"},{"startTime":1691.887,"endTime":1694.767,"body":"the main problems that, that"},{"startTime":1691.887,"endTime":1694.767,"body":"they're worried about aren't"},{"startTime":1694.797,"endTime":1697.167,"body":"actually, they really don't"},{"startTime":1694.797,"endTime":1697.167,"body":"need to worry about them.\""},{"startTime":1697.547,"endTime":1699.7269999999999,"body":"The fact that if you're in"},{"startTime":1697.547,"endTime":1699.7269999999999,"body":"what's called nutritional"},{"startTime":1699.7269999999999,"endTime":1701.9569999999999,"body":"ketosis, if you're not eating"},{"startTime":1699.7269999999999,"endTime":1701.9569999999999,"body":"carbohydrates and you're"},{"startTime":1701.9569999999999,"endTime":1704.517,"body":"burning fats, producing this"},{"startTime":1701.9569999999999,"endTime":1704.517,"body":"energy molecule called a"},{"startTime":1704.517,"endTime":1706.9569999999999,"body":"ketone body it's not dangerous."},{"startTime":1706.9569999999999,"endTime":1709.787,"body":"It doesn't lead to diabetic"},{"startTime":1706.9569999999999,"endTime":1709.787,"body":"ketoacidosis, that you"},{"startTime":1709.787,"endTime":1711.367,"body":"don't need sugar for sport."},{"startTime":1711.417,"endTime":1713.7069999999999,"body":"You can fuel on fat for"},{"startTime":1711.417,"endTime":1713.7069999999999,"body":"sport, certainly the level"},{"startTime":1713.7069999999999,"endTime":1716.557,"body":"I was performing at which"},{"startTime":1713.7069999999999,"endTime":1716.557,"body":"is not Usain Bolt sort"},{"startTime":1716.557,"endTime":1718.397,"body":"of level where he eats."},{"startTime":1718.447,"endTime":1721.017,"body":"And if you're taking"},{"startTime":1718.447,"endTime":1721.017,"body":"insulin, you don't need"},{"startTime":1721.397,"endTime":1722.857,"body":"to take carbohydrates."},{"startTime":1722.857,"endTime":1725.277,"body":"So we proved all of those"},{"startTime":1722.857,"endTime":1725.277,"body":"things, and I thought just"},{"startTime":1725.277,"endTime":1727.807,"body":"doing that alone should"},{"startTime":1725.277,"endTime":1727.807,"body":"convince my colleagues that,"},{"startTime":1727.837,"endTime":1729.2269999999999,"body":"hey, this is actually safe."},{"startTime":1729.407,"endTime":1732.107,"body":"Unfortunately, it was so"},{"startTime":1729.407,"endTime":1732.107,"body":"radical, it was designed to be"},{"startTime":1732.107,"endTime":1735.777,"body":"radical to actually rule out"},{"startTime":1732.107,"endTime":1735.777,"body":"any issues that I might be,"},{"startTime":1736.177,"endTime":1738.797,"body":"there might be other reasons"},{"startTime":1736.177,"endTime":1738.797,"body":"for why we're doing so well."},{"startTime":1739.257,"endTime":1741.947,"body":"But I thought it was seen as"},{"startTime":1739.257,"endTime":1741.947,"body":"so radical it wasn't relatable"},{"startTime":1742.507,"endTime":1743.627,"body":"which is a shame really."},{"startTime":1743.9569999999999,"endTime":1748.067,"body":"So I got a chance to go to"},{"startTime":1743.9569999999999,"endTime":1748.067,"body":"Saint Moritz to do a talk to"},{"startTime":1748.097,"endTime":1751.9969999999998,"body":"Keto Life, which is a, sort"},{"startTime":1748.097,"endTime":1751.9969999999998,"body":"of a keto conference which"},{"startTime":1752.027,"endTime":1755.107,"body":"covers w- things that we're"},{"startTime":1752.027,"endTime":1755.107,"body":"talking about, mental health"},{"startTime":1755.157,"endTime":1759.657,"body":"neuropsychiatry, neurology"},{"startTime":1755.157,"endTime":1759.657,"body":"cancer, diabetes, et cetera."},{"startTime":1760.037,"endTime":1761.617,"body":"And it was to do with"},{"startTime":1760.037,"endTime":1761.617,"body":"type one and sports."},{"startTime":1761.627,"endTime":1763.9669999999999,"body":"So I thought I'll cycle there.\""},{"startTime":1761.627,"endTime":1763.9669999999999,"body":"I had a bit of time on my hands."},{"startTime":1764.407,"endTime":1767.2269999999999,"body":"But it wasn't done as a"},{"startTime":1764.407,"endTime":1767.2269999999999,"body":"Lycra-fest man of a certain"},{"startTime":1767.2269999999999,"endTime":1769.017,"body":"age sort of type of project."},{"startTime":1769.037,"endTime":1772.397,"body":"It was done as a, I'm just an"},{"startTime":1769.037,"endTime":1772.397,"body":"old bloke who's cycling 65 miles"},{"startTime":1772.397,"endTime":1773.947,"body":"a day, 60 miles a day, whatever."},{"startTime":1774.447,"endTime":1777.017,"body":"And it was conceived as"},{"startTime":1774.447,"endTime":1777.017,"body":"a ketogenic, a very low"},{"startTime":1777.017,"endTime":1780.677,"body":"carbohydrate diet, and I"},{"startTime":1777.017,"endTime":1780.677,"body":"measured all of my carbohydrates"},{"startTime":1780.677,"endTime":1783.557,"body":"every five minutes through a"},{"startTime":1780.677,"endTime":1783.557,"body":"continuous glucose meter, and"},{"startTime":1783.557,"endTime":1785.9969999999998,"body":"I measured all of my ketones"},{"startTime":1783.557,"endTime":1785.9969999999998,"body":"every five minutes through a"},{"startTime":1785.9969999999998,"endTime":1788.567,"body":"continuous ketone meter for"},{"startTime":1785.9969999999998,"endTime":1788.567,"body":"three whole weeks and published"},{"startTime":1788.567,"endTime":1790.877,"body":"them in the book, which is a"},{"startTime":1788.567,"endTime":1790.877,"body":"big thing to do, I tell you."},{"startTime":1791.407,"endTime":1792.447,"body":"It's not all perfect."},{"startTime":1792.877,"endTime":1797.407,"body":"And it I also started to"},{"startTime":1792.877,"endTime":1797.407,"body":"explore the roots of health"},{"startTime":1797.407,"endTime":1798.9969999999998,"body":"and how insulin works."},{"startTime":1799.357,"endTime":1801.2069999999999,"body":"So it's half a travel"},{"startTime":1799.357,"endTime":1801.2069999999999,"body":"journal, half textbook."},{"startTime":1801.667,"endTime":1804.137,"body":"And it's a textbook written"},{"startTime":1801.667,"endTime":1804.137,"body":"at the non-specialist"},{"startTime":1804.187,"endTime":1805.147,"body":"non, non-medic."},{"startTime":1805.607,"endTime":1810.5729999999999,"body":"So h- it was to explore-"},{"startTime":1805.607,"endTime":1810.5729999999999,"body":"How insulin works and how"},{"startTime":1810.5929999999998,"endTime":1813.453,"body":"do we manage insulin across"},{"startTime":1810.5929999999998,"endTime":1813.453,"body":"all of the roots of health?"},{"startTime":1813.453,"endTime":1814.663,"body":"So how does insulin operate?"},{"startTime":1814.673,"endTime":1816.163,"body":"Insulin has its own"},{"startTime":1814.673,"endTime":1816.163,"body":"circadian rhythm."},{"startTime":1816.173,"endTime":1818.0729999999999,"body":"We're more insulin sensitive"},{"startTime":1816.173,"endTime":1818.0729999999999,"body":"at certain times of day"},{"startTime":1818.0729999999999,"endTime":1819.0729999999999,"body":"than other times of day."},{"startTime":1819.5829999999999,"endTime":1820.513,"body":"So let's look at that."},{"startTime":1820.523,"endTime":1822.903,"body":"Let's see if we can"},{"startTime":1820.523,"endTime":1822.903,"body":"manipulate our insulin to"},{"startTime":1822.903,"endTime":1824.153,"body":"get a good result on that."},{"startTime":1824.663,"endTime":1827.283,"body":"How does insulin, how is"},{"startTime":1824.663,"endTime":1827.283,"body":"insulin affected by the"},{"startTime":1827.283,"endTime":1829.353,"body":"sleep process or bad light?"},{"startTime":1829.783,"endTime":1832.713,"body":"How does infrared, ultraviolet,"},{"startTime":1829.783,"endTime":1832.713,"body":"how does that impact on our"},{"startTime":1832.743,"endTime":1835.5629999999999,"body":"insulin sensitivity and our"},{"startTime":1832.743,"endTime":1835.5629999999999,"body":"inflammation in our bodies?"},{"startTime":1835.953,"endTime":1838.113,"body":"How does mindset, stress"},{"startTime":1835.953,"endTime":1838.113,"body":"hormones, how do they"},{"startTime":1838.113,"endTime":1840.233,"body":"impact on insulin and"},{"startTime":1838.113,"endTime":1840.233,"body":"what can we do about it?"},{"startTime":1840.5529999999999,"endTime":1842.143,"body":"Then of course,"},{"startTime":1840.5529999999999,"endTime":1842.143,"body":"physical activity."},{"startTime":1842.423,"endTime":1846.283,"body":"The great work by Tim Noakes and"},{"startTime":1842.423,"endTime":1846.283,"body":"Jeff Volek and Dom D'Agostino"},{"startTime":1846.433,"endTime":1850.513,"body":"and others who have shown really"},{"startTime":1846.433,"endTime":1850.513,"body":"that you can burn fat at a high"},{"startTime":1850.513,"endTime":1853.503,"body":"level of exercise, and it can"},{"startTime":1850.513,"endTime":1853.503,"body":"perform just as well as sugar."},{"startTime":1854.143,"endTime":1856.173,"body":"So we thought we'll take"},{"startTime":1854.143,"endTime":1856.173,"body":"advantage of that then."},{"startTime":1856.233,"endTime":1858.183,"body":"So that's great that"},{"startTime":1856.233,"endTime":1858.183,"body":"they produced that."},{"startTime":1858.263,"endTime":1860.8029999999999,"body":"So it means that people with"},{"startTime":1858.263,"endTime":1860.8029999999999,"body":"type 1, we can perform at"},{"startTime":1860.8229999999999,"endTime":1862.0529999999999,"body":"a good level if we want to."},{"startTime":1862.293,"endTime":1865.533,"body":"I'm not in that category, but"},{"startTime":1862.293,"endTime":1865.533,"body":"we looked at that, and we also"},{"startTime":1865.623,"endTime":1867.393,"body":"looked at diet in great detail."},{"startTime":1867.853,"endTime":1869.883,"body":"So the whole of that,"},{"startTime":1867.853,"endTime":1869.883,"body":"the book is based-"},{"startTime":1873.687,"endTime":1875.267,"body":"how can we understand insulin?"},{"startTime":1875.267,"endTime":1880.187,"body":"How can we use it wisely to, to"},{"startTime":1875.267,"endTime":1880.187,"body":"give our bodies the metabolic"},{"startTime":1880.197,"endTime":1881.917,"body":"flexibility that we need?"},{"startTime":1882.447,"endTime":1882.677,"body":"And"},{"startTime":1885.209,"endTime":1887.1689999999999,"body":"of type 1 diabetes every day."},{"startTime":1887.599,"endTime":1890.959,"body":"And I think the book w- is"},{"startTime":1887.599,"endTime":1890.959,"body":"gonna be helpful to people with"},{"startTime":1890.969,"endTime":1897.059,"body":"type 1 to show that, yes it,"},{"startTime":1890.969,"endTime":1897.059,"body":"it is logical scientifically"},{"startTime":1897.109,"endTime":1898.6589999999999,"body":"to be able to cut your carbs."},{"startTime":1898.999,"endTime":1902.019,"body":"Yes, you can skip"},{"startTime":1898.999,"endTime":1902.019,"body":"breakfast if you want to."},{"startTime":1902.399,"endTime":1905.859,"body":"But y- you can control"},{"startTime":1902.399,"endTime":1905.859,"body":"the noise of diabetes."},{"startTime":1905.9189999999999,"endTime":1909.289,"body":"I did a chapter I called it"},{"startTime":1905.9189999999999,"endTime":1909.289,"body":"Silencing the Chainsaw to"},{"startTime":1909.289,"endTime":1912.1889999999999,"body":"Hear the Birds Sing, quite"},{"startTime":1909.289,"endTime":1912.1889999999999,"body":"a romantic sort of idea."},{"startTime":1912.529,"endTime":1915.059,"body":"But really- … once you're"},{"startTime":1912.529,"endTime":1915.059,"body":"on to optimize insulin, your"},{"startTime":1915.059,"endTime":1919.369,"body":"glucose follows and once the"},{"startTime":1915.059,"endTime":1919.369,"body":"glucose is quiet you can tune"},{"startTime":1919.369,"endTime":1922.119,"body":"into all of those subtle bodily"},{"startTime":1919.369,"endTime":1922.119,"body":"functions which are hidden"},{"startTime":1922.349,"endTime":1925.479,"body":"by this constant noise of"},{"startTime":1922.349,"endTime":1925.479,"body":"carbohydrates and insulin trying"},{"startTime":1925.479,"endTime":1926.599,"body":"to balance one with the other."},{"startTime":1926.9489999999998,"endTime":1930.799,"body":"You get a really smooth profile"},{"startTime":1926.9489999999998,"endTime":1930.799,"body":"overall and you don't worry."},{"startTime":1931.379,"endTime":1933.9389999999999,"body":"There's one phrase in the book,"},{"startTime":1931.379,"endTime":1933.9389999999999,"body":"I said I've s- I've injected"},{"startTime":1933.9389999999999,"endTime":1936.6589999999999,"body":"my insulin, my glucose is now"},{"startTime":1933.9389999999999,"endTime":1936.6589999999999,"body":"set, and I don't need to worry"},{"startTime":1936.6689999999999,"endTime":1939.109,"body":"for the rest of the day,\""},{"startTime":1936.6689999999999,"endTime":1939.109,"body":"and I still had 40 miles to"},{"startTime":1939.109,"endTime":1941.629,"body":"cycle, and I didn't need to"},{"startTime":1939.109,"endTime":1941.629,"body":"worry for the rest of the day."},{"startTime":1942.019,"endTime":1944.1789999999999,"body":"So that is remarkable"},{"startTime":1942.019,"endTime":1944.1789999999999,"body":"if you think about it."},{"startTime":1944.1789999999999,"endTime":1947.229,"body":"I had to double take on that"},{"startTime":1944.1789999999999,"endTime":1947.229,"body":"thought because as most people"},{"startTime":1947.229,"endTime":1950.1589999999999,"body":"with type 1 diabetes, you"},{"startTime":1947.229,"endTime":1950.1589999999999,"body":"don't have that luxury of just"},{"startTime":1950.1589999999999,"endTime":1952.519,"body":"cycling for 40 miles and not"},{"startTime":1950.1589999999999,"endTime":1952.519,"body":"even having to worry about carb"},{"startTime":1952.519,"endTime":1953.569,"body":"fueling or anything like that."},{"startTime":1954.1589999999999,"endTime":1956.259,"body":"I was fat burning, quite"},{"startTime":1954.1589999999999,"endTime":1956.259,"body":"happily fat burning."},{"startTime":1956.269,"endTime":1957.589,"body":"I was in a ketogenic state."},{"startTime":1958.069,"endTime":1960.839,"body":"I was r- really alert"},{"startTime":1958.069,"endTime":1960.839,"body":"with my body, my blood"},{"startTime":1960.839,"endTime":1962.469,"body":"glucose was following that."},{"startTime":1962.859,"endTime":1964.9289999999999,"body":"So that's what that's all"},{"startTime":1962.859,"endTime":1964.9289999999999,"body":"about really, trying to"},{"startTime":1965.029,"endTime":1967.959,"body":"understand how to use as"},{"startTime":1965.029,"endTime":1967.959,"body":"much insulin as necessary,"},{"startTime":1967.959,"endTime":1969.219,"body":"but as little as possible."},{"startTime":1969.589,"endTime":1972.019,"body":"There are days when you need"},{"startTime":1969.589,"endTime":1972.019,"body":"more insulin, and I wrote"},{"startTime":1972.019,"endTime":1972.979,"body":"about that in the book."},{"startTime":1973.049,"endTime":1976.209,"body":"I needed more insulin on a"},{"startTime":1973.049,"endTime":1976.209,"body":"couple of days than than ideal"},{"startTime":1976.609,"endTime":1977.529,"body":"because you have to go with it."},{"startTime":1977.539,"endTime":1978.149,"body":"If you need it."},{"startTime":1978.539,"endTime":1980.6889999999999,"body":"And there are days when"},{"startTime":1978.539,"endTime":1980.6889999999999,"body":"I use less insulin like"},{"startTime":1980.6889999999999,"endTime":1981.769,"body":"a few units of insulin."},{"startTime":1982.1789999999999,"endTime":1985.599,"body":"So it's all about metabolic"},{"startTime":1982.1789999999999,"endTime":1985.599,"body":"flexibility insulin"},{"startTime":1985.599,"endTime":1988.4489999999998,"body":"optimization I call it and"},{"startTime":1985.599,"endTime":1988.4489999999998,"body":"looking at all of the roots"},{"startTime":1988.4489999999998,"endTime":1988.9489999999998,"body":"of health holistically."},{"startTime":1993.079,"endTime":1996.769,"body":"So let's talk about…"},{"startTime":1993.079,"endTime":1996.769,"body":"Let's apply this to"},{"startTime":1996.769,"endTime":1997.6589999999999,"body":"the broader public."},{"startTime":1997.709,"endTime":2000.079,"body":"Let's ap-apply"},{"startTime":1997.709,"endTime":2000.079,"body":"this to everybody."},{"startTime":2000.629,"endTime":2000.899,"body":"Yeah."},{"startTime":2000.9089999999999,"endTime":2006.1589999999999,"body":"What I'm hearing is"},{"startTime":2000.9089999999999,"endTime":2006.1589999999999,"body":"as it applies to folks"},{"startTime":2006.1589999999999,"endTime":2009.4189999999999,"body":"who are not diabetic or"},{"startTime":2006.1589999999999,"endTime":2009.4189999999999,"body":"not injecting insulin,"},{"startTime":2011.4489999999998,"endTime":2013.649,"body":"you said something quite a"},{"startTime":2011.4489999999998,"endTime":2013.649,"body":"bit earlier that I thought"},{"startTime":2013.649,"endTime":2016.769,"body":"was noteworthy something"},{"startTime":2013.649,"endTime":2016.769,"body":"about a focus on glucose"},{"startTime":2016.789,"endTime":2019.149,"body":"rather than on, on insulin."},{"startTime":2019.759,"endTime":2024.559,"body":"And you've talked about"},{"startTime":2019.759,"endTime":2024.559,"body":"optimizing was the word you"},{"startTime":2024.559,"endTime":2030.4189999999999,"body":"used, optimizing insulin"},{"startTime":2024.559,"endTime":2030.4189999999999,"body":"exposure across your diet,"},{"startTime":2031.209,"endTime":2036.459,"body":"your movement, your sleep, your"},{"startTime":2031.209,"endTime":2036.459,"body":"stress, and your environment."},{"startTime":2037.209,"endTime":2041.499,"body":"That's not just applicable"},{"startTime":2037.209,"endTime":2041.499,"body":"to type 1 diabetics."},{"startTime":2041.729,"endTime":2043.959,"body":"That's applicable to all of us."},{"startTime":2044.4189999999999,"endTime":2049.869,"body":"So if you would, unpack"},{"startTime":2044.4189999999999,"endTime":2049.869,"body":"that idea of insulin"},{"startTime":2049.969,"endTime":2053.559,"body":"optimization for those of us"},{"startTime":2049.969,"endTime":2053.559,"body":"who don't have to inject it"},{"startTime":2055.897,"endTime":2059.187,"body":"So every single person"},{"startTime":2055.897,"endTime":2059.187,"body":"produces insulin."},{"startTime":2060.047,"endTime":2061.137,"body":"Pancreas produces it."},{"startTime":2061.747,"endTime":2063.187,"body":"People with type one"},{"startTime":2061.747,"endTime":2063.187,"body":"don't produce it-"},{"startTime":2063.397,"endTime":2065.817,"body":"…"},{"startTime":2063.397,"endTime":2065.817,"body":"And other categories"},{"startTime":2066.197,"endTime":2071.077,"body":"But so we are in a difficult"},{"startTime":2066.197,"endTime":2071.077,"body":"situation, but we need to"},{"startTime":2071.077,"endTime":2075.587,"body":"know what someone without"},{"startTime":2071.077,"endTime":2075.587,"body":"diabetes is doing with their"},{"startTime":2075.587,"endTime":2079.747,"body":"insulin, and we can find"},{"startTime":2075.587,"endTime":2079.747,"body":"that out by need- looking at"},{"startTime":2079.757,"endTime":2081.207,"body":"how much we need to inject."},{"startTime":2081.597,"endTime":2085.267,"body":"But we can only find that out"},{"startTime":2081.597,"endTime":2085.267,"body":"when we isolate each variable."},{"startTime":2085.277,"endTime":2088.707,"body":"So if we're running under a"},{"startTime":2085.277,"endTime":2088.707,"body":"constant noise of carbohydrates"},{"startTime":2088.707,"endTime":2091.3869999999997,"body":"we haven't got a clue what"},{"startTime":2088.707,"endTime":2091.3869999999997,"body":"the subtle signs of circadian"},{"startTime":2091.3869999999997,"endTime":2092.6969999999997,"body":"rhythms, day, night cycle."},{"startTime":2092.6969999999997,"endTime":2095.277,"body":"We haven't got a clue what's"},{"startTime":2092.6969999999997,"endTime":2095.277,"body":"happening there because it's"},{"startTime":2095.287,"endTime":2099.5969999999998,"body":"hidden by this constant high"},{"startTime":2095.287,"endTime":2099.5969999999998,"body":"insulin level, and we're"},{"startTime":2099.5969999999998,"endTime":2100.997,"body":"not sensitive enough to it."},{"startTime":2101.477,"endTime":2105.027,"body":"So insulin is secreted by"},{"startTime":2101.477,"endTime":2105.027,"body":"everyone and insulin is"},{"startTime":2105.027,"endTime":2108.1969999999997,"body":"secreted as a metabolic"},{"startTime":2105.027,"endTime":2108.1969999999997,"body":"regulator and in response"},{"startTime":2108.1969999999997,"endTime":2109.497,"body":"to blood glucose control."},{"startTime":2109.797,"endTime":2113.757,"body":"We know that carbohydrates,"},{"startTime":2109.797,"endTime":2113.757,"body":"so you know, pasta, rice,"},{"startTime":2113.817,"endTime":2117.4069999999997,"body":"potatoes, bread, et cetera,"},{"startTime":2113.817,"endTime":2117.4069999999997,"body":"that they all convert to"},{"startTime":2117.417,"endTime":2119.667,"body":"sugar in the bloodstream"},{"startTime":2117.417,"endTime":2119.667,"body":"and raise the blood sugar."},{"startTime":2119.977,"endTime":2124.0869999999995,"body":"So insulin will be secreted by"},{"startTime":2119.977,"endTime":2124.0869999999995,"body":"your pancreas to bring the blood"},{"startTime":2124.0869999999995,"endTime":2127.917,"body":"sugar down, and that happens"},{"startTime":2124.0869999999995,"endTime":2127.917,"body":"for everybody with every meal."},{"startTime":2128.437,"endTime":2132.2169999999996,"body":"Now, your blood sugar would"},{"startTime":2128.437,"endTime":2132.2169999999996,"body":"be perfect, but your insulin"},{"startTime":2132.227,"endTime":2134.2969999999996,"body":"levels might be going up and"},{"startTime":2132.227,"endTime":2134.2969999999996,"body":"down like that all the time."},{"startTime":2134.7569999999996,"endTime":2138.4669999999996,"body":"If you're stressed your"},{"startTime":2134.7569999999996,"endTime":2138.4669999999996,"body":"blood sugar will go up"},{"startTime":2138.6169999999997,"endTime":2140.707,"body":"because of the stress"},{"startTime":2138.6169999999997,"endTime":2140.707,"body":"hormones raise blood sugar."},{"startTime":2140.957,"endTime":2143.877,"body":"So your body will in concert"},{"startTime":2140.957,"endTime":2143.877,"body":"produce insulin to try to"},{"startTime":2143.877,"endTime":2145.0669999999996,"body":"bring that blood sugar down."},{"startTime":2145.5469999999996,"endTime":2148.3369999999995,"body":"If you're having a poor"},{"startTime":2145.5469999999996,"endTime":2148.3369999999995,"body":"sleep, you'll, you become"},{"startTime":2148.4469999999997,"endTime":2150.647,"body":"more resistant to your"},{"startTime":2148.4469999999997,"endTime":2150.647,"body":"insulin, so your body produces"},{"startTime":2150.647,"endTime":2151.7569999999996,"body":"more to overcome that."},{"startTime":2152.187,"endTime":2155.2369999999996,"body":"So over time, you end up with"},{"startTime":2152.187,"endTime":2155.2369999999996,"body":"more and more insulin in your"},{"startTime":2155.2369999999996,"endTime":2156.7169999999996,"body":"body throughout the whole day."},{"startTime":2157.0769999999998,"endTime":2159.147,"body":"And of course we know"},{"startTime":2157.0769999999998,"endTime":2159.147,"body":"that insulin's an"},{"startTime":2159.147,"endTime":2160.3469999999998,"body":"inflammatory hormone."},{"startTime":2160.807,"endTime":2162.627,"body":"We know that it"},{"startTime":2160.807,"endTime":2162.627,"body":"leads to weight gain."},{"startTime":2162.627,"endTime":2164.8569999999995,"body":"We know that it leads"},{"startTime":2162.627,"endTime":2164.8569999999995,"body":"to salt retention and"},{"startTime":2164.8869999999997,"endTime":2165.707,"body":"high blood pressure."},{"startTime":2166.2169999999996,"endTime":2169.3469999999998,"body":"And we know that it can, because"},{"startTime":2166.2169999999996,"endTime":2169.3469999999998,"body":"of the way insulin stores"},{"startTime":2169.3469999999998,"endTime":2172.147,"body":"fat, lead to these conditions"},{"startTime":2169.3469999999998,"endTime":2172.147,"body":"called fatty liver, et cetera."},{"startTime":2172.147,"endTime":2174.2969999999996,"body":"So insulin will eventually"},{"startTime":2172.147,"endTime":2174.2969999999996,"body":"lead to what I call"},{"startTime":2174.457,"endTime":2175.6769999999997,"body":"metabolic syndrome."},{"startTime":2176.187,"endTime":2178.3369999999995,"body":"And we know that if you're"},{"startTime":2176.187,"endTime":2178.3369999999995,"body":"eating all the time, you're"},{"startTime":2178.3569999999995,"endTime":2181.227,"body":"denying your body metabolic"},{"startTime":2178.3569999999995,"endTime":2181.227,"body":"flexibility, so you're making"},{"startTime":2181.227,"endTime":2184.2969999999996,"body":"your body more vulnerable to"},{"startTime":2181.227,"endTime":2184.2969999999996,"body":"those, to making your, some of"},{"startTime":2184.2969999999996,"endTime":2187.307,"body":"the tissues in your body more"},{"startTime":2184.2969999999996,"endTime":2187.307,"body":"vulnerable to tho- to those that"},{"startTime":2187.307,"endTime":2190.497,"body":"need ketone bodies or need fatty"},{"startTime":2187.307,"endTime":2190.497,"body":"acids and things like that."},{"startTime":2191.1069999999995,"endTime":2195.267,"body":"So for someone without"},{"startTime":2191.1069999999995,"endTime":2195.267,"body":"type one, you will produce,"},{"startTime":2195.3269999999998,"endTime":2196.437,"body":"be producing insulin."},{"startTime":2196.457,"endTime":2197.7569999999996,"body":"We just have to inject it."},{"startTime":2198.227,"endTime":2200.3869999999997,"body":"So we can pretty well tell"},{"startTime":2198.227,"endTime":2200.3869999999997,"body":"you, the book will tell"},{"startTime":2200.3869999999997,"endTime":2203.0969999999998,"body":"you if you don't have type"},{"startTime":2200.3869999999997,"endTime":2203.0969999999998,"body":"one, what's going on in"},{"startTime":2203.1069999999995,"endTime":2204.2969999999996,"body":"your body pretty well."},{"startTime":2204.767,"endTime":2209.6769999999997,"body":"So- and high insulin levels"},{"startTime":2204.767,"endTime":2209.6769999999997,"body":"we know are associated,"},{"startTime":2209.6769999999997,"endTime":2212.7969999999996,"body":"as I've talked about in"},{"startTime":2209.6769999999997,"endTime":2212.7969999999996,"body":"this talk with diseases."},{"startTime":2213.1569999999997,"endTime":2217.4869999999996,"body":"Glucose is a s- is e- eventually"},{"startTime":2213.1569999999997,"endTime":2217.4869999999996,"body":"a symptom of type 2 diabetes"},{"startTime":2217.4869999999996,"endTime":2221.307,"body":"when the insulin just cannot"},{"startTime":2217.4869999999996,"endTime":2221.307,"body":"cope with the sheer metabolic"},{"startTime":2221.3269999999998,"endTime":2224.187,"body":"load that it has to cope with"},{"startTime":2221.3269999999998,"endTime":2224.187,"body":"as the insulin's overwhelmed."},{"startTime":2224.2369999999996,"endTime":2226.4869999999996,"body":"But that process has been"},{"startTime":2224.2369999999996,"endTime":2226.4869999999996,"body":"going on for years before."},{"startTime":2226.5469999999996,"endTime":2229.0069999999996,"body":"So it a- it applies."},{"startTime":2229.017,"endTime":2233.287,"body":"So type 1 insulin requirements"},{"startTime":2229.017,"endTime":2233.287,"body":"apply to people with type 2."},{"startTime":2233.6069999999995,"endTime":2237.417,"body":"So how can we get insulin low"},{"startTime":2233.6069999999995,"endTime":2237.417,"body":"to enable metabolic flexibility?"},{"startTime":2237.747,"endTime":2241.6969999999997,"body":"It's all about understanding the"},{"startTime":2237.747,"endTime":2241.6969999999997,"body":"five foundations of health which"},{"startTime":2241.707,"endTime":2244.6369999999997,"body":"lead to situations where we're"},{"startTime":2241.707,"endTime":2244.6369999999997,"body":"raising insulin all the time."},{"startTime":2245.1969999999997,"endTime":2248.4269999999997,"body":"So insulin, I think, is as"},{"startTime":2245.1969999999997,"endTime":2248.4269999999997,"body":"important as blood sugar."},{"startTime":2248.4269999999997,"endTime":2249.2769999999996,"body":"Blood sugar's a symptom."},{"startTime":2249.2769999999996,"endTime":2252.7569999999996,"body":"Cholesterol's a symptom"},{"startTime":2249.2769999999996,"endTime":2252.7569999999996,"body":"of metabolic disruption."},{"startTime":2252.7569999999996,"endTime":2254.0869999999995,"body":"Fatty liver's a symptom."},{"startTime":2254.0869999999995,"endTime":2255.2569999999996,"body":"High blood pressure's a symptom."},{"startTime":2255.5869999999995,"endTime":2256.5269999999996,"body":"Weight's a symptom."},{"startTime":2257.147,"endTime":2260.437,"body":"So we can look at all"},{"startTime":2257.147,"endTime":2260.437,"body":"these symptoms and modify"},{"startTime":2260.457,"endTime":2262.9869999999996,"body":"them, which of course we do"},{"startTime":2260.457,"endTime":2262.9869999999996,"body":"with endless medications."},{"startTime":2263.437,"endTime":2267.2169999999996,"body":"But if you have type 1 diabetes"},{"startTime":2263.437,"endTime":2267.2169999999996,"body":"just respecting the insulin will"},{"startTime":2267.2169999999996,"endTime":2269.5669999999996,"body":"improve all of those symptoms"},{"startTime":2267.2169999999996,"endTime":2269.5669999999996,"body":"with just with one drug."},{"startTime":2270.017,"endTime":2271.517,"body":"But you're lowering the insulin."},{"startTime":2272.0069999999996,"endTime":2274.8469999999998,"body":"And in- No you're going too fast"},{"startTime":2272.0069999999996,"endTime":2274.8469999999998,"body":"here 'cause that was profound."},{"startTime":2275.8269999999998,"endTime":2284.615,"body":"If you have type 1 diabetes And"},{"startTime":2275.8269999999998,"endTime":2284.615,"body":"you manage it with insulin, you"},{"startTime":2284.615,"endTime":2289.1649999999995,"body":"will reduce all those symptoms"},{"startTime":2284.615,"endTime":2289.1649999999995,"body":"or manage all those symptoms."},{"startTime":2289.3749999999995,"endTime":2289.6749999999997,"body":"Yeah."},{"startTime":2289.7549999999997,"endTime":2293.725,"body":"I… And again, if you would"},{"startTime":2289.7549999999997,"endTime":2293.725,"body":"please, list those symptoms."},{"startTime":2293.7349999999997,"endTime":2296.1349999999998,"body":"Those, this is"},{"startTime":2293.7349999999997,"endTime":2296.1349999999998,"body":"important stuff, folks."},{"startTime":2296.5049999999997,"endTime":2302.745,"body":"We really the reason this caught"},{"startTime":2296.5049999999997,"endTime":2302.745,"body":"my attention is your long list"},{"startTime":2302.7549999999997,"endTime":2306.245,"body":"of things that are symptoms"},{"startTime":2302.7549999999997,"endTime":2306.245,"body":"that we have drugs for, but the"},{"startTime":2306.245,"endTime":2308.035,"body":"drugs are treating the symptoms."},{"startTime":2309.0249999999996,"endTime":2314.535,"body":"And what I inferred from what"},{"startTime":2309.0249999999996,"endTime":2314.535,"body":"you said is the root cause is"},{"startTime":2314.535,"endTime":2319.535,"body":"something that we use insulin"},{"startTime":2314.535,"endTime":2319.535,"body":"to manage the expression"},{"startTime":2319.5849999999996,"endTime":2321.865,"body":"of the root cause, which"},{"startTime":2319.5849999999996,"endTime":2321.865,"body":"is these various symptoms"},{"startTime":2321.865,"endTime":2327.6749999999997,"body":"with, rather than just muting"},{"startTime":2321.865,"endTime":2327.6749999999997,"body":"the noise of the symptom."},{"startTime":2328.075,"endTime":2330.805,"body":"I'm… I don't mean to"},{"startTime":2328.075,"endTime":2330.805,"body":"distort it, but if you"},{"startTime":2330.805,"endTime":2332.1349999999998,"body":"would, just go back again."},{"startTime":2332.365,"endTime":2334.2149999999997,"body":"These things are symptoms."},{"startTime":2335.3749999999995,"endTime":2335.555,"body":"Yeah."},{"startTime":2335.6249999999995,"endTime":2338.0849999999996,"body":"So someone with type one"},{"startTime":2335.6249999999995,"endTime":2338.0849999999996,"body":"diabetes, over time you"},{"startTime":2338.0849999999996,"endTime":2341.265,"body":"start to learn that insulin"},{"startTime":2338.0849999999996,"endTime":2341.265,"body":"has more effects than"},{"startTime":2341.265,"endTime":2342.7949999999996,"body":"just lowering blood sugar."},{"startTime":2343.555,"endTime":2346.6949999999997,"body":"So too much insulin and"},{"startTime":2343.555,"endTime":2346.6949999999997,"body":"that is caused by having"},{"startTime":2346.8149999999996,"endTime":2349.5249999999996,"body":"a diet that is high in"},{"startTime":2346.8149999999996,"endTime":2349.5249999999996,"body":"carbohydrates, so you need far"},{"startTime":2349.5249999999996,"endTime":2351.095,"body":"more insulin to control that."},{"startTime":2351.325,"endTime":2353.955,"body":"And we're vulnerable because"},{"startTime":2351.325,"endTime":2353.955,"body":"we already, because of"},{"startTime":2353.955,"endTime":2356.3549999999996,"body":"where we inject our insulin,"},{"startTime":2353.955,"endTime":2356.3549999999996,"body":"have too much of it anyway."},{"startTime":2356.6449999999995,"endTime":2360.1049999999996,"body":"So too much insulin will lead"},{"startTime":2356.6449999999995,"endTime":2360.1049999999996,"body":"to constant fat storage state."},{"startTime":2360.805,"endTime":2363.6549999999997,"body":"You're always in fat storage"},{"startTime":2360.805,"endTime":2363.6549999999997,"body":"state, and if you're eating all"},{"startTime":2363.6549999999997,"endTime":2366.615,"body":"of the time, three meals a day"},{"startTime":2363.6549999999997,"endTime":2366.615,"body":"plus snacks pl- and nighttime"},{"startTime":2366.615,"endTime":2370.115,"body":"drink, which some people have as"},{"startTime":2366.615,"endTime":2370.115,"body":"well you're constantly putting"},{"startTime":2370.2549999999997,"endTime":2371.765,"body":"carbohydrates into the body."},{"startTime":2371.7749999999996,"endTime":2376.245,"body":"60%, 50% of our diet, in the US"},{"startTime":2371.7749999999996,"endTime":2376.245,"body":"now they- they've recommended"},{"startTime":2376.2549999999997,"endTime":2378.2749999999996,"body":"that people invert the pyramid."},{"startTime":2378.555,"endTime":2380.225,"body":"But in, in my"},{"startTime":2378.555,"endTime":2380.225,"body":"country, they haven't."},{"startTime":2380.345,"endTime":2382.535,"body":"In fact, a funny aside on"},{"startTime":2380.345,"endTime":2382.535,"body":"that, I wrote to one of the"},{"startTime":2382.535,"endTime":2384.6649999999995,"body":"major charities over here and"},{"startTime":2382.535,"endTime":2384.6649999999995,"body":"said, \"What do you think to the"},{"startTime":2384.6649999999995,"endTime":2387.6449999999995,"body":"American guidelines?\" They said,"},{"startTime":2384.6649999999995,"endTime":2387.6449999999995,"body":"\"Oh we're sticking with the EU-"},{"startTime":2387.6449999999995,"endTime":2389.5049999999997,"body":"Euro- with the UK guidelines.\""},{"startTime":2389.785,"endTime":2391.7949999999996,"body":"I said I'm an American"},{"startTime":2389.785,"endTime":2391.7949999999996,"body":"living in the UK."},{"startTime":2391.865,"endTime":2394.535,"body":"What should I do?\" And"},{"startTime":2391.865,"endTime":2394.535,"body":"they said, \"Oh follow"},{"startTime":2394.535,"endTime":2395.1649999999995,"body":"which ones you want.\""},{"startTime":2397.1769999999997,"endTime":2398.8269999999998,"body":"So there's a lot of"},{"startTime":2397.1769999999997,"endTime":2398.8269999999998,"body":"science behind that"},{"startTime":2398.8269999999998,"endTime":2400.977,"body":"Oh yeah, lots of science there."},{"startTime":2400.977,"endTime":2401.667,"body":"The old guidelines."},{"startTime":2401.7169999999996,"endTime":2406.497,"body":"So high levels of insulin caused"},{"startTime":2401.7169999999996,"endTime":2406.497,"body":"by mostly diet and inactivity, I"},{"startTime":2406.497,"endTime":2410.2769999999996,"body":"think, i- insulin's a very good"},{"startTime":2406.497,"endTime":2410.2769999999996,"body":"meta- physical activity's very"},{"startTime":2410.2769999999996,"endTime":2411.8169999999996,"body":"good for regulating metabolism."},{"startTime":2411.8269999999998,"endTime":2414.787,"body":"It you can hoover up a lot of"},{"startTime":2411.8269999999998,"endTime":2414.787,"body":"sugar into muscle if you're"},{"startTime":2414.787,"endTime":2417.267,"body":"exercising and make your"},{"startTime":2414.787,"endTime":2417.267,"body":"body more insulin sensitive."},{"startTime":2417.707,"endTime":2418.477,"body":"So there are two things."},{"startTime":2418.477,"endTime":2421.1369999999997,"body":"There's too much insulin"},{"startTime":2418.477,"endTime":2421.1369999999997,"body":"and insulin resistance, and"},{"startTime":2421.1969999999997,"endTime":2423.7169999999996,"body":"eventually your body becomes"},{"startTime":2421.1969999999997,"endTime":2423.7169999999996,"body":"resistant to insulin, so you"},{"startTime":2423.747,"endTime":2427.3869999999997,"body":"need to make more and more of it"},{"startTime":2423.747,"endTime":2427.3869999999997,"body":"to cope with the metabolic load"},{"startTime":2427.3869999999997,"endTime":2430.9269999999997,"body":"caused by your lifestyle, which"},{"startTime":2427.3869999999997,"endTime":2430.9269999999997,"body":"is predominantly driven by too"},{"startTime":2430.9269999999997,"endTime":2434.247,"body":"many carbohydrates in the diet"},{"startTime":2430.9269999999997,"endTime":2434.247,"body":"in people who are vulnerable."},{"startTime":2434.437,"endTime":2437.397,"body":"People are… a lot of"},{"startTime":2434.437,"endTime":2437.397,"body":"people now are overweight and"},{"startTime":2437.437,"endTime":2440.997,"body":"obese, and they're clinically"},{"startTime":2437.437,"endTime":2440.997,"body":"vulnerable to too much insulin."},{"startTime":2441.3869999999997,"endTime":2446.4469999999997,"body":"And fat storage is not a"},{"startTime":2441.3869999999997,"endTime":2446.4469999999997,"body":"feature of fat more a feature"},{"startTime":2446.477,"endTime":2447.9069999999997,"body":"of too much carbohydrate."},{"startTime":2448.267,"endTime":2451.377,"body":"So the sugar gets taken out"},{"startTime":2448.267,"endTime":2451.377,"body":"of your blood, and so the"},{"startTime":2451.377,"endTime":2454.1369999999997,"body":"biggest source of fat in, in"},{"startTime":2451.377,"endTime":2454.1369999999997,"body":"our bodies is carbohydrate"},{"startTime":2454.187,"endTime":2455.5769999999998,"body":"not fat, strangely."},{"startTime":2456.147,"endTime":2460.627,"body":"So too much carbohydrate leads"},{"startTime":2456.147,"endTime":2460.627,"body":"to the need to clear the blood"},{"startTime":2460.687,"endTime":2463.6169999999997,"body":"sugar out of the bloodstream"},{"startTime":2460.687,"endTime":2463.6169999999997,"body":"because our bloodstream is, has"},{"startTime":2463.6169999999997,"endTime":2465.4869999999996,"body":"a very tight level of control."},{"startTime":2465.787,"endTime":2469.5469999999996,"body":"It the blood glucose needs"},{"startTime":2465.787,"endTime":2469.5469999999996,"body":"to be very tight because the"},{"startTime":2469.5469999999996,"endTime":2472.5469999999996,"body":"tissues are surrounded by"},{"startTime":2469.5469999999996,"endTime":2472.5469999999996,"body":"something called interstitial"},{"startTime":2472.5469999999996,"endTime":2476.7569999999996,"body":"fluid, and they need a very"},{"startTime":2472.5469999999996,"endTime":2476.7569999999996,"body":"tight regulated level of glucose"},{"startTime":2476.7569999999996,"endTime":2478.3469999999998,"body":"in order to work properly."},{"startTime":2478.3869999999997,"endTime":2481.7969999999996,"body":"Too much glucose will damage"},{"startTime":2478.3869999999997,"endTime":2481.7969999999996,"body":"the receptors in the cell."},{"startTime":2482.037,"endTime":2484.4069999999997,"body":"So as soon as the blood"},{"startTime":2482.037,"endTime":2484.4069999999997,"body":"sugar goes up, insulin's"},{"startTime":2484.437,"endTime":2485.6169999999997,"body":"out of the traps instantly."},{"startTime":2485.667,"endTime":2486.4269999999997,"body":"It's ready to go."},{"startTime":2486.437,"endTime":2489.2569999999996,"body":"I- insulin in your body"},{"startTime":2486.437,"endTime":2489.2569999999996,"body":"is stored in granules"},{"startTime":2489.2569999999996,"endTime":2491.227,"body":"and released as soon as"},{"startTime":2489.2569999999996,"endTime":2491.227,"body":"blood glucose goes up."},{"startTime":2491.707,"endTime":2493.687,"body":"And then they get rid"},{"startTime":2491.707,"endTime":2493.687,"body":"of the blood sugar."},{"startTime":2493.7969999999996,"endTime":2498.127,"body":"So if you're exercising,"},{"startTime":2493.7969999999996,"endTime":2498.127,"body":"that insulin will augment the"},{"startTime":2498.1769999999997,"endTime":2501.437,"body":"ac- the clearance of blood"},{"startTime":2498.1769999999997,"endTime":2501.437,"body":"glucose into the muscles."},{"startTime":2501.6169999999997,"endTime":2504.4469999999997,"body":"If you're not exercising like"},{"startTime":2501.6169999999997,"endTime":2504.4469999999997,"body":"we're not now the insulin"},{"startTime":2504.4469999999997,"endTime":2506.437,"body":"will direct that to the"},{"startTime":2504.4469999999997,"endTime":2506.437,"body":"liver, and the liver will"},{"startTime":2506.437,"endTime":2508.2169999999996,"body":"make that sugar into fat."},{"startTime":2508.903,"endTime":2510.5629999999996,"body":"And then so people"},{"startTime":2508.903,"endTime":2510.5629999999996,"body":"put on weight."},{"startTime":2510.613,"endTime":2512.803,"body":"And if we're continually"},{"startTime":2510.613,"endTime":2512.803,"body":"eating carbohydrates, we're"},{"startTime":2512.803,"endTime":2516.1629999999996,"body":"continually producing insulin,"},{"startTime":2512.803,"endTime":2516.1629999999996,"body":"we're continually producing fat."},{"startTime":2516.5429999999997,"endTime":2518.993,"body":"And we know that people with"},{"startTime":2516.5429999999997,"endTime":2518.993,"body":"type 1 diabetes tend to put"},{"startTime":2518.993,"endTime":2521.783,"body":"on weight as they go through"},{"startTime":2518.993,"endTime":2521.783,"body":"their diabetes journey."},{"startTime":2522.113,"endTime":2523.6629999999996,"body":"When you're producing a"},{"startTime":2522.113,"endTime":2523.6629999999996,"body":"lot of fat, your liver's"},{"startTime":2523.6629999999996,"endTime":2523.6949999999997,"body":"got-"},{"startTime":2523.6949999999997,"endTime":2526.4729999999995,"body":"So is it the excess"},{"startTime":2523.6949999999997,"endTime":2526.4729999999995,"body":"insulin that cause… Okay,"},{"startTime":2526.4729999999995,"endTime":2527.3929999999996,"body":"I'm I'm following you."},{"startTime":2527.3929999999996,"endTime":2527.9529999999995,"body":"I think I'm"},{"startTime":2528.5429999999997,"endTime":2528.6229999999996,"body":"following you."},{"startTime":2528.763,"endTime":2528.783,"body":"Yeah."},{"startTime":2528.783,"endTime":2528.9429999999998,"body":"All right."},{"startTime":2528.9429999999998,"endTime":2531.553,"body":"So the excess insulin causes"},{"startTime":2528.9429999999998,"endTime":2531.553,"body":"excess fat, and then the"},{"startTime":2531.553,"endTime":2534.283,"body":"excess fat builds up in the"},{"startTime":2531.553,"endTime":2534.283,"body":"liver and causes fatty liver."},{"startTime":2534.363,"endTime":2537.803,"body":"But before that, the excess fat"},{"startTime":2534.363,"endTime":2537.803,"body":"is sprayed around the body and"},{"startTime":2537.803,"endTime":2539.763,"body":"d- deposited into fatty tissues."},{"startTime":2540.2129999999997,"endTime":2543.613,"body":"And of course, that excess"},{"startTime":2540.2129999999997,"endTime":2543.613,"body":"fat also is packaged with"},{"startTime":2543.6229999999996,"endTime":2545.363,"body":"cholesterol, and that's"},{"startTime":2543.6229999999996,"endTime":2545.363,"body":"where all the problems start."},{"startTime":2545.363,"endTime":2547.323,"body":"All, you know- … all of"},{"startTime":2545.363,"endTime":2547.323,"body":"the cholesterol evidence is"},{"startTime":2547.323,"endTime":2548.993,"body":"based around high-fat diets."},{"startTime":2549.3929999999996,"endTime":2552.513,"body":"Cholesterol profiles alter"},{"startTime":2549.3929999999996,"endTime":2552.513,"body":"with a low-fat diet, a"},{"startTime":2552.513,"endTime":2553.9429999999998,"body":"ketogenic type of diet."},{"startTime":2554.4129999999996,"endTime":2558.4129999999996,"body":"But we apply the"},{"startTime":2554.4129999999996,"endTime":2558.4129999999996,"body":"high-fat research to…"},{"startTime":2558.613,"endTime":2561.5829999999996,"body":"So we apply fat storage"},{"startTime":2558.613,"endTime":2561.5829999999996,"body":"research into fat burning."},{"startTime":2561.9329999999995,"endTime":2564.5629999999996,"body":"So it's difficult to know"},{"startTime":2561.9329999999995,"endTime":2564.5629999999996,"body":"how to interpret cholesterol"},{"startTime":2564.5629999999996,"endTime":2567.8329999999996,"body":"on a ketogenic diet based"},{"startTime":2564.5629999999996,"endTime":2567.8329999999996,"body":"around the fact that 99%"},{"startTime":2567.8329999999996,"endTime":2570.633,"body":"of evidence is based on"},{"startTime":2567.8329999999996,"endTime":2570.633,"body":"a high-carbohydrate diet."},{"startTime":2571.1429999999996,"endTime":2574.243,"body":"So we have cholesterol as a"},{"startTime":2571.1429999999996,"endTime":2574.243,"body":"as a symptom of high glucose."},{"startTime":2575.2329999999997,"endTime":2575.7529999999997,"body":"High insulin."},{"startTime":2575.823,"endTime":2579.423,"body":"High insulin makes the kidney"},{"startTime":2575.823,"endTime":2579.423,"body":"retain salt, and with the salt"},{"startTime":2579.4329999999995,"endTime":2582.303,"body":"comes the fluid, and with the"},{"startTime":2579.4329999999995,"endTime":2582.303,"body":"salt and the fluid in a closed"},{"startTime":2582.3129999999996,"endTime":2584.613,"body":"system like the blood vessel"},{"startTime":2582.3129999999996,"endTime":2584.613,"body":"system, unless you're bleeding,"},{"startTime":2584.633,"endTime":2585.9429999999998,"body":"you get high blood pressure."},{"startTime":2586.7229999999995,"endTime":2589.573,"body":"So insulin generates high blood"},{"startTime":2586.7229999999995,"endTime":2589.573,"body":"pressure, and we know that"},{"startTime":2589.573,"endTime":2591.8329999999996,"body":"when people go on a keto diet,"},{"startTime":2589.573,"endTime":2591.8329999999996,"body":"they flush out a huge amount"},{"startTime":2591.843,"endTime":2593.863,"body":"of fluid and the blood pressure"},{"startTime":2591.843,"endTime":2593.863,"body":"drops within six to eight"},{"startTime":2593.883,"endTime":2595.4429999999998,"body":"weeks and it's all sorted out."},{"startTime":2596.113,"endTime":2599.6629999999996,"body":"So all of those things, the"},{"startTime":2596.113,"endTime":2599.6629999999996,"body":"high blood pressure, the"},{"startTime":2599.6629999999996,"endTime":2603.1029999999996,"body":"abnormal cholesterol profiles,"},{"startTime":2599.6629999999996,"endTime":2603.1029999999996,"body":"the fatty liver the weight"},{"startTime":2603.1029999999996,"endTime":2606.073,"body":"gain, are all caused by too"},{"startTime":2603.1029999999996,"endTime":2606.073,"body":"much insulin in the body"},{"startTime":2606.0829999999996,"endTime":2607.8329999999996,"body":"and metabolic dysregulation."},{"startTime":2608.2029999999995,"endTime":2610.9329999999995,"body":"So it's not just insulin"},{"startTime":2608.2029999999995,"endTime":2610.9329999999995,"body":"by itself, it's how that"},{"startTime":2610.9429999999998,"endTime":2615.5429999999997,"body":"insulin impact, impacts or is"},{"startTime":2610.9429999999998,"endTime":2615.5429999999997,"body":"impacted by the other 30 or"},{"startTime":2615.5429999999997,"endTime":2617.823,"body":"o- th- 30 or 40 other hormones"},{"startTime":2615.5429999999997,"endTime":2617.823,"body":"that are produced in the"},{"startTime":2617.823,"endTime":2620.553,"body":"body, and insulin interacts"},{"startTime":2617.823,"endTime":2620.553,"body":"with nearly all of those."},{"startTime":2620.8529999999996,"endTime":2623.743,"body":"So it's a metabolic"},{"startTime":2620.8529999999996,"endTime":2623.743,"body":"dysregulation caused by an"},{"startTime":2623.803,"endTime":2626.9529999999995,"body":"abnormal amount of insulin"},{"startTime":2623.803,"endTime":2626.9529999999995,"body":"in the body, in my view."},{"startTime":2627.4629999999997,"endTime":2631.423,"body":"So it's like every system, every"},{"startTime":2627.4629999999997,"endTime":2631.423,"body":"complex system you inject a"},{"startTime":2631.423,"endTime":2634.9129999999996,"body":"variable constantly and things"},{"startTime":2631.423,"endTime":2634.9129999999996,"body":"change i- in the whole body."},{"startTime":2634.923,"endTime":2636.763,"body":"If you've got water"},{"startTime":2634.923,"endTime":2636.763,"body":"that contains a lot of"},{"startTime":2636.763,"endTime":2638.593,"body":"lime, eventually your"},{"startTime":2636.763,"endTime":2638.593,"body":"pipes are gonna fur up."},{"startTime":2639.283,"endTime":2643.2029999999995,"body":"But if you reduce the lime, the"},{"startTime":2639.283,"endTime":2643.2029999999995,"body":"pipes won't fur up, if so it's"},{"startTime":2643.2029999999995,"endTime":2645.923,"body":"getting the metabolism right"},{"startTime":2643.2029999999995,"endTime":2645.923,"body":"in the body for your body."},{"startTime":2646.1629999999996,"endTime":2648.1929999999998,"body":"I'm not saying it's for"},{"startTime":2646.1629999999996,"endTime":2648.1929999999998,"body":"everybody, but I think"},{"startTime":2648.2129999999997,"endTime":2650.283,"body":"everyone should be aware"},{"startTime":2648.2129999999997,"endTime":2650.283,"body":"of it so they can make an"},{"startTime":2650.283,"endTime":2653.363,"body":"informed choice rather than"},{"startTime":2650.283,"endTime":2653.363,"body":"just blindly follow eating,"},{"startTime":2653.383,"endTime":2655.8529999999996,"body":"counting carbs, and injecting"},{"startTime":2653.383,"endTime":2655.8529999999996,"body":"insulin on the assumption"},{"startTime":2655.8529999999996,"endTime":2657.093,"body":"that insulin is not important."},{"startTime":2657.113,"endTime":2658.5229999999997,"body":"It's very important indeed."},{"startTime":2659.033,"endTime":2660.303,"body":"That's the basis of"},{"startTime":2659.033,"endTime":2660.303,"body":"the book, really."},{"startTime":2662.4709999999995,"endTime":2665.5609999999997,"body":"Yeah the the complex"},{"startTime":2662.4709999999995,"endTime":2665.5609999999997,"body":"interrelationship, right?"},{"startTime":2665.6409999999996,"endTime":2666.7309999999998,"body":"A- and you've mentioned it."},{"startTime":2666.7409999999995,"endTime":2671.531,"body":"Insulin it the regulation"},{"startTime":2666.7409999999995,"endTime":2671.531,"body":"of glucose is o- only one"},{"startTime":2671.531,"endTime":2675.8309999999997,"body":"of many things that insulin"},{"startTime":2671.531,"endTime":2675.8309999999997,"body":"actually does in our bodies."},{"startTime":2676.171,"endTime":2680.4809999999998,"body":"And again, that, that is a"},{"startTime":2676.171,"endTime":2680.4809999999998,"body":"incredibly complex system."},{"startTime":2680.801,"endTime":2686.3909999999996,"body":"And there's just, at a high"},{"startTime":2680.801,"endTime":2686.3909999999996,"body":"level we sit back today, knowing"},{"startTime":2686.401,"endTime":2689.571,"body":"Dr. Bernstein's work, seeing,"},{"startTime":2686.401,"endTime":2689.571,"body":"all the work that's being"},{"startTime":2689.571,"endTime":2693.7909999999997,"body":"done around ketogenic and low"},{"startTime":2689.571,"endTime":2693.7909999999997,"body":"carb diets in both diabetics"},{"startTime":2693.7909999999997,"endTime":2699.211,"body":"and non-diabetics, and, it's"},{"startTime":2693.7909999999997,"endTime":2699.211,"body":"almost insane to think that"},{"startTime":2699.211,"endTime":2703.071,"body":"the mainstream recommendations"},{"startTime":2699.211,"endTime":2703.071,"body":"around type 1 diabetes"},{"startTime":2703.151,"endTime":2705.2509999999997,"body":"are what they are, right?"},{"startTime":2705.2609999999995,"endTime":2710.881,"body":"To just tell people, not…"},{"startTime":2705.2609999999995,"endTime":2710.881,"body":"a- and, to be clear there"},{"startTime":2710.881,"endTime":2714.7509999999997,"body":"is guidance that is given"},{"startTime":2710.881,"endTime":2714.7509999999997,"body":"to type 1 diabetics that"},{"startTime":2714.7509999999997,"endTime":2719.4809999999998,"body":"are diagnosed, today that"},{"startTime":2714.7509999999997,"endTime":2719.4809999999998,"body":"eating low carbohydrate is"},{"startTime":2719.4809999999998,"endTime":2721.0409999999997,"body":"actually dangerous, right?"},{"startTime":2721.0409999999997,"endTime":2724.4709999999995,"body":"You need to have a minimum"},{"startTime":2721.0409999999997,"endTime":2724.4709999999995,"body":"amount of carbohydrates."},{"startTime":2724.711,"endTime":2729.901,"body":"And, to just think about"},{"startTime":2724.711,"endTime":2729.901,"body":"how we got here it really is"},{"startTime":2729.9309999999996,"endTime":2733.051,"body":"insane that this is where we"},{"startTime":2729.9309999999996,"endTime":2733.051,"body":"ended up with the management"},{"startTime":2733.051,"endTime":2737.211,"body":"of type 1 diabetes, let alone"},{"startTime":2733.051,"endTime":2737.211,"body":"the implications that then has"},{"startTime":2737.211,"endTime":2742.2709999999997,"body":"for type 2 diabetes and even"},{"startTime":2737.211,"endTime":2742.2709999999997,"body":"for, dietary recommendations"},{"startTime":2742.2709999999997,"endTime":2743.7609999999995,"body":"around non-diabetics."},{"startTime":2744.3309999999997,"endTime":2747.131,"body":"What what's your"},{"startTime":2744.3309999999997,"endTime":2747.131,"body":"thinking on what it will"},{"startTime":2747.151,"endTime":2749.091,"body":"take to change this?"},{"startTime":2749.381,"endTime":2752.8909999999996,"body":"Obviously, something you're a"},{"startTime":2749.381,"endTime":2752.8909999999996,"body":"big proponent of, and really"},{"startTime":2752.8909999999996,"endTime":2756.4909999999995,"body":"all of us in this low carb"},{"startTime":2752.8909999999996,"endTime":2756.4909999999995,"body":"community are big proponents of."},{"startTime":2756.711,"endTime":2759.6409999999996,"body":"But again knowing what you"},{"startTime":2756.711,"endTime":2759.6409999999996,"body":"know from the inside as a"},{"startTime":2759.6409999999996,"endTime":2763.1409999999996,"body":"doctor and as a patient what"},{"startTime":2759.6409999999996,"endTime":2763.1409999999996,"body":"kind of response do you get"},{"startTime":2763.1409999999996,"endTime":2768.0809999999997,"body":"from your type 1 diabetic"},{"startTime":2763.1409999999996,"endTime":2768.0809999999997,"body":"patients today when you present"},{"startTime":2768.2309999999998,"endTime":2769.7509999999997,"body":"this information to them?"},{"startTime":2771.263,"endTime":2772.803,"body":"There are two angles to this."},{"startTime":2772.803,"endTime":2776.4129999999996,"body":"I use my website and I a-"},{"startTime":2772.803,"endTime":2776.4129999999996,"body":"attract a certain type of"},{"startTime":2776.4129999999996,"endTime":2778.7229999999995,"body":"type 1 who's interested,"},{"startTime":2776.4129999999996,"endTime":2778.7229999999995,"body":"so they're already pretty"},{"startTime":2778.7229999999995,"endTime":2780.1929999999998,"body":"well easily convertible."},{"startTime":2780.6629999999996,"endTime":2784.283,"body":"And then in my NHS practice, I,"},{"startTime":2780.6629999999996,"endTime":2784.283,"body":"most of the type 1 people with"},{"startTime":2784.283,"endTime":2788.0629999999996,"body":"type 1 are specialist led, so"},{"startTime":2784.283,"endTime":2788.0629999999996,"body":"it's a secondary care special-"},{"startTime":2788.0629999999996,"endTime":2791.1029999999996,"body":"specialism and generalists like"},{"startTime":2788.0629999999996,"endTime":2791.1029999999996,"body":"me don't really get involved."},{"startTime":2791.5429999999997,"endTime":2794.1429999999996,"body":"But I, I feel an ethical"},{"startTime":2791.5429999999997,"endTime":2794.1429999999996,"body":"responsibility really to"},{"startTime":2794.1429999999996,"endTime":2795.8529999999996,"body":"say th- this is something"},{"startTime":2794.1429999999996,"endTime":2795.8529999999996,"body":"you might want to look at.\""},{"startTime":2796.4829999999997,"endTime":2797.8929999999996,"body":"Not everyone's interested."},{"startTime":2797.9429999999998,"endTime":2800.493,"body":"People have all sorts of reasons"},{"startTime":2797.9429999999998,"endTime":2800.493,"body":"why they don't want to change."},{"startTime":2800.5229999999997,"endTime":2802.783,"body":"A lot of people have got a"},{"startTime":2800.5229999999997,"endTime":2802.783,"body":"formula that works, and they've"},{"startTime":2802.783,"endTime":2805.3129999999996,"body":"struggled for years to get that"},{"startTime":2802.783,"endTime":2805.3129999999996,"body":"formula that works for them."},{"startTime":2805.7529999999997,"endTime":2808.7929999999997,"body":"So I offer that up to"},{"startTime":2805.7529999999997,"endTime":2808.7929999999997,"body":"people and support it if"},{"startTime":2808.7929999999997,"endTime":2809.863,"body":"that's what they want to do."},{"startTime":2810.3329999999996,"endTime":2813.4829999999997,"body":"I think those converted people"},{"startTime":2810.3329999999996,"endTime":2813.4829999999997,"body":"the commonest question I get"},{"startTime":2813.493,"endTime":2816.533,"body":"is, \"Why didn't you… Why"},{"startTime":2813.493,"endTime":2816.533,"body":"wasn't I told this at the start?"},{"startTime":2816.573,"endTime":2819.6629999999996,"body":"Why have I wasted 10 years"},{"startTime":2816.573,"endTime":2819.6629999999996,"body":"of my life with complications"},{"startTime":2819.6629999999996,"endTime":2822.633,"body":"when th- this could have"},{"startTime":2819.6629999999996,"endTime":2822.633,"body":"made me so much better?\""},{"startTime":2823.0229999999997,"endTime":2825.5229999999997,"body":"I had one person who said even"},{"startTime":2823.0229999999997,"endTime":2825.5229999999997,"body":"if they could, got a cure for"},{"startTime":2825.533,"endTime":2829.2029999999995,"body":"diabetes type 1 tomorrow, I"},{"startTime":2825.533,"endTime":2829.2029999999995,"body":"wouldn't change my lifestyle"},{"startTime":2829.2029999999995,"endTime":2830.653,"body":"now I know what is required."},{"startTime":2830.653,"endTime":2832.053,"body":"I feel so much better."},{"startTime":2832.4529999999995,"endTime":2834.9529999999995,"body":"And that's what we alluded"},{"startTime":2832.4529999999995,"endTime":2834.9529999999995,"body":"to, the low insulin lifestyle"},{"startTime":2834.9529999999995,"endTime":2836.073,"body":"for a healthy human being."},{"startTime":2836.5429999999997,"endTime":2839.343,"body":"It makes people feel so"},{"startTime":2836.5429999999997,"endTime":2839.343,"body":"much better and more active."},{"startTime":2839.343,"endTime":2841.9629999999997,"body":"So even if you don't have"},{"startTime":2839.343,"endTime":2841.9629999999997,"body":"diabetes, there's a lot of"},{"startTime":2841.9629999999997,"endTime":2844.923,"body":"unfit people who don't have"},{"startTime":2841.9629999999997,"endTime":2844.923,"body":"type 1 diabetes out there and"},{"startTime":2844.923,"endTime":2846.4129999999996,"body":"due to driven by lifestyle."},{"startTime":2846.903,"endTime":2850.0029999999997,"body":"I had someone w- who's been 20"},{"startTime":2846.903,"endTime":2850.0029999999997,"body":"years on a pump, and he says"},{"startTime":2850.0029999999997,"endTime":2853.403,"body":"the best ever control he's"},{"startTime":2850.0029999999997,"endTime":2853.403,"body":"ever had was with a ins- when"},{"startTime":2853.403,"endTime":2856.013,"body":"he started to understand how"},{"startTime":2853.403,"endTime":2856.013,"body":"to use his insulin doctors are"},{"startTime":2856.4629999999997,"endTime":2857.9429999999998,"body":"difficult people to deal with."},{"startTime":2857.9529999999995,"endTime":2860.673,"body":"They're under a huge amount"},{"startTime":2857.9529999999995,"endTime":2860.673,"body":"of pressure to to operate"},{"startTime":2860.6829999999995,"endTime":2863.0429999999997,"body":"on a, certainly generalists"},{"startTime":2860.6829999999995,"endTime":2863.0429999999997,"body":"across many levels."},{"startTime":2863.403,"endTime":2866.4429999999998,"body":"But somehow the ketogenic,"},{"startTime":2863.403,"endTime":2866.4429999999998,"body":"the word keto in, in"},{"startTime":2866.4429999999998,"endTime":2868.1829999999995,"body":"diabetes freezes the room."},{"startTime":2869.1029999999996,"endTime":2870.903,"body":"It, it just cannot"},{"startTime":2869.1029999999996,"endTime":2870.903,"body":"get through to people."},{"startTime":2870.9629999999997,"endTime":2872.5629999999996,"body":"And once you mention"},{"startTime":2870.9629999999997,"endTime":2872.5629999999996,"body":"keto, you've lost the"},{"startTime":2872.5629999999996,"endTime":2873.323,"body":"whole of the room."},{"startTime":2873.4829999999997,"endTime":2875.553,"body":"So it has to be,"},{"startTime":2873.4829999999997,"endTime":2875.553,"body":"I think education."},{"startTime":2875.553,"endTime":2876.2529999999997,"body":"We're all doing a bit."},{"startTime":2876.263,"endTime":2877.423,"body":"We're all chipping"},{"startTime":2876.263,"endTime":2877.423,"body":"away at the rock."},{"startTime":2877.783,"endTime":2880.2229999999995,"body":"The journalists who report"},{"startTime":2877.783,"endTime":2880.2229999999995,"body":"on it, the people the, the"},{"startTime":2880.3129999999996,"endTime":2883.4529999999995,"body":"experimenters like me who just"},{"startTime":2880.3129999999996,"endTime":2883.4529999999995,"body":"put stuff out on social media."},{"startTime":2883.863,"endTime":2886.9329999999995,"body":"S- the mental health space, the"},{"startTime":2883.863,"endTime":2886.9329999999995,"body":"polycystic kidney space, the"},{"startTime":2886.9329999999995,"endTime":2888.153,"body":"diabetes space, the heart space."},{"startTime":2888.423,"endTime":2890.2529999999997,"body":"Everyone's working"},{"startTime":2888.423,"endTime":2890.2529999999997,"body":"together and the message"},{"startTime":2890.2529999999997,"endTime":2891.3529999999996,"body":"is getting out there."},{"startTime":2891.6629999999996,"endTime":2894.6829999999995,"body":"So my book is written really"},{"startTime":2891.6629999999996,"endTime":2894.6829999999995,"body":"for my fellow type 1s."},{"startTime":2894.7729999999997,"endTime":2898.4429999999998,"body":"I thought I'd write it a- as a"},{"startTime":2894.7729999999997,"endTime":2898.4429999999998,"body":"hybrid to attract clinicians,"},{"startTime":2898.763,"endTime":2901.8729999999996,"body":"but I genuinely think that the"},{"startTime":2898.763,"endTime":2901.8729999999996,"body":"fastest route to progress is"},{"startTime":2901.8729999999996,"endTime":2904.5829999999996,"body":"to write it for people with"},{"startTime":2901.8729999999996,"endTime":2904.5829999999996,"body":"the condition 'cause they will"},{"startTime":2904.5829999999996,"endTime":2906.9729999999995,"body":"resonate with it a lot, and"},{"startTime":2904.5829999999996,"endTime":2906.9729999999995,"body":"they will be able to implement"},{"startTime":2906.9829999999997,"endTime":2910.2929999999997,"body":"their own changes or certainly"},{"startTime":2906.9829999999997,"endTime":2910.2929999999997,"body":"have a very good conversation"},{"startTime":2910.2929999999997,"endTime":2912.863,"body":"with their healthcare s-"},{"startTime":2910.2929999999997,"endTime":2912.863,"body":"specialist about why they're"},{"startTime":2912.863,"endTime":2914.243,"body":"doing what they're doing."},{"startTime":2914.2929999999997,"endTime":2917.4829999999997,"body":"And then if the healthcare"},{"startTime":2914.2929999999997,"endTime":2917.4829999999997,"body":"specialists do not want to"},{"startTime":2917.493,"endTime":2920.903,"body":"go along with I, I would call"},{"startTime":2917.493,"endTime":2920.903,"body":"it updating the knowledge"},{"startTime":2920.903,"endTime":2923.173,"body":"really, 'cause over the"},{"startTime":2920.903,"endTime":2923.173,"body":"last five to 10 years we've"},{"startTime":2923.173,"endTime":2924.3929999999996,"body":"updated our knowledge."},{"startTime":2924.823,"endTime":2926.8729999999996,"body":"And e- and if some specialists"},{"startTime":2924.823,"endTime":2926.8729999999996,"body":"don't want to update their"},{"startTime":2926.8729999999996,"endTime":2928.883,"body":"knowledge they can say what"},{"startTime":2926.8729999999996,"endTime":2928.883,"body":"they like, but they'll become"},{"startTime":2928.883,"endTime":2931.3929999999996,"body":"irrelevant because people will"},{"startTime":2928.883,"endTime":2931.3929999999996,"body":"just be getting on with it."},{"startTime":2931.8529999999996,"endTime":2935.4529999999995,"body":"And type 1s get on with"},{"startTime":2931.8529999999996,"endTime":2935.4529999999995,"body":"it 365 days a year."},{"startTime":2935.4829999999997,"endTime":2937.3529999999996,"body":"You'll never find- … a"},{"startTime":2935.4829999999997,"endTime":2937.3529999999996,"body":"diabetologist at 3:00 in the"},{"startTime":2937.3529999999996,"endTime":2938.6229999999996,"body":"morning when you're in trouble."},{"startTime":2939.263,"endTime":2940.403,"body":"You might find an ambulance."},{"startTime":2940.4129999999996,"endTime":2944.6229999999996,"body":"So t- type 1 diabetes are very"},{"startTime":2940.4129999999996,"endTime":2944.6229999999996,"body":"flexible people and very adept"},{"startTime":2944.673,"endTime":2945.593,"body":"at keeping out of trouble."},{"startTime":2945.593,"endTime":2945.6829999999995,"body":"Good."},{"startTime":2945.7329999999997,"endTime":2948.9329999999995,"body":"And once they know that they're"},{"startTime":2945.7329999999997,"endTime":2948.9329999999995,"body":"not the only ones in the world"},{"startTime":2948.9329999999995,"endTime":2952.2929999999997,"body":"with that condition and they're"},{"startTime":2948.9329999999995,"endTime":2952.2929999999997,"body":"living with it alone, and once"},{"startTime":2952.2929999999997,"endTime":2955.5629999999996,"body":"they've, see that I've been"},{"startTime":2952.2929999999997,"endTime":2955.5629999999996,"body":"very vulnerable here and I told"},{"startTime":2955.5629999999996,"endTime":2957.8929999999996,"body":"it how it is for me, and it's"},{"startTime":2955.5629999999996,"endTime":2957.8929999999996,"body":"not like a doctor, I tell you."},{"startTime":2957.903,"endTime":2961.2129999999997,"body":"It's someone who's not"},{"startTime":2957.903,"endTime":2961.2129999999997,"body":"brilliantly controlled but good"},{"startTime":2961.2129999999997,"endTime":2962.5229999999997,"body":"enough to make the book work."},{"startTime":2962.823,"endTime":2965.7329999999997,"body":"Once they realize that it is"},{"startTime":2962.823,"endTime":2965.7329999999997,"body":"a condition you can un- you"},{"startTime":2965.7329999999997,"endTime":2968.383,"body":"can understand more deeply"},{"startTime":2965.7329999999997,"endTime":2968.383,"body":"and manage more easily and"},{"startTime":2968.383,"endTime":2971.383,"body":"you don't have to worry about"},{"startTime":2968.383,"endTime":2971.383,"body":"it every day, I think that"},{"startTime":2971.383,"endTime":2972.803,"body":"will start to lead the change."},{"startTime":2972.803,"endTime":2975.9629999999997,"body":"That's my contribution to this"},{"startTime":2972.803,"endTime":2975.9629999999997,"body":"space is to support people"},{"startTime":2975.9629999999997,"endTime":2979.053,"body":"who are otherwise not even"},{"startTime":2975.9629999999997,"endTime":2979.053,"body":"find out about other ways"},{"startTime":2979.053,"endTime":2981.903,"body":"of living with type 1, and"},{"startTime":2979.053,"endTime":2981.903,"body":"those on their own that think,"},{"startTime":2981.9529999999995,"endTime":2983.1229999999996,"body":"\"Oh, he does that as well."},{"startTime":2983.763,"endTime":2986.3129999999996,"body":"Oh, he should know what"},{"startTime":2983.763,"endTime":2986.3129999999996,"body":"he's doing,\" and \"Oh, he has"},{"speaker":"hypos at 3","startTime":2986.3329999999996,"endTime":2987.673,"body":"00 in the morning."},{"speaker":"hypos at 3","startTime":2988.1829999999995,"endTime":2989.9829999999997,"body":"Oh, he forgets to inject"},{"speaker":"hypos at 3","startTime":2988.1829999999995,"endTime":2989.9829999999997,"body":"his insulin as well."},{"speaker":"hypos at 3","startTime":2990.093,"endTime":2992.7029999999995,"body":"Oh, so do I.\" It's"},{"speaker":"hypos at 3","startTime":2990.093,"endTime":2992.7029999999995,"body":"relatable I hope."},{"speaker":"hypos at 3","startTime":2993.363,"endTime":2993.6929999999998,"body":"All right."},{"speaker":"hypos at 3","startTime":2993.6929999999998,"endTime":2996.0429999999997,"body":"Let's talk about how folks"},{"speaker":"hypos at 3","startTime":2993.6929999999998,"endTime":2996.0429999999997,"body":"who want to f- find the"},{"speaker":"hypos at 3","startTime":2996.0429999999997,"endTime":2997.153,"body":"book can get the book."},{"speaker":"hypos at 3","startTime":2999.013,"endTime":3001.323,"body":"So it's on Amazon"},{"speaker":"hypos at 3","startTime":2999.013,"endTime":3001.323,"body":"all all Amazons."},{"speaker":"hypos at 3","startTime":3001.323,"endTime":3003.8929999999996,"body":"It's a e-book as well"},{"speaker":"hypos at 3","startTime":3001.323,"endTime":3003.8929999999996,"body":"as a paperback, and it's"},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3003.8929999999996,"endTime":3006.9829999999997,"body":"The"},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3003.8929999999996,"endTime":3006.9829999999997,"body":"Thousand Mile Ride That"},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3006.9829999999997,"endTime":3010.8929999999996,"body":"Changed My Mindset on Type 1"},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3006.9829999999997,"endTime":3010.8929999999996,"body":"Diabetes, so quite a handful."},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3011.4829999999997,"endTime":3011.653,"body":"Yeah."},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3011.653,"endTime":3012.0629999999996,"body":"Yeah."},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3012.1229999999996,"endTime":3014.923,"body":"If you just Go- If you"},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3012.1229999999996,"endTime":3014.923,"body":"just put in Shifting Gears"},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3014.923,"endTime":3016.0829999999996,"body":"Ian Lake, it'll come up."},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3016.0829999999996,"endTime":3016.2129999999997,"body":"Yes."},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3016.2129999999997,"endTime":3016.6029999999996,"body":"There we go."},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3016.6029999999996,"endTime":3016.823,"body":"Yes."},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3017.1029999999996,"endTime":3019.8329999999996,"body":"And having done the search"},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3017.1029999999996,"endTime":3019.8329999999996,"body":"for just Shifting Gears on"},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3019.8329999999996,"endTime":3022.823,"body":"Amazon- Yeah … there's all"},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3019.8329999999996,"endTime":3022.823,"body":"kinds of stuff that is not what"},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3023.013,"endTime":3023.1029999999996,"body":"we're looking for."},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3023.1029999999996,"endTime":3023.1229999999996,"body":"Yeah."},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3023.1229999999996,"endTime":3025.343,"body":"I think there's quite"},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3023.1229999999996,"endTime":3025.343,"body":"a few TV series out"},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3025.343,"endTime":3026.383,"body":"there on Shifting Gears."},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3026.383,"endTime":3028.1829999999995,"body":"Oh."},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3028.1829999999995,"endTime":3028.3329999999996,"body":"Oh."},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3028.573,"endTime":3029.5629999999996,"body":"Very good."},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3029.573,"endTime":3032.673,"body":"And w- and where can people"},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3029.573,"endTime":3032.673,"body":"go to find out more about"},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3032.7029999999995,"endTime":3034.4329999999995,"body":"your work outside of the book?"},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3034.8729999999996,"endTime":3038.843,"body":"Type1keto.com and"},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3034.8729999999996,"endTime":3038.843,"body":"IFixHearts is a good place."},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3038.843,"endTime":3040.9829999999997,"body":"I've had two podcasts"},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3038.843,"endTime":3040.9829999999997,"body":"on your show now, so"},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3040.9829999999997,"endTime":3041.7729999999997,"body":"thank you very much."},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3042.093,"endTime":3042.6429999999996,"body":"Yes."},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3042.6929999999998,"endTime":3045.553,"body":"It's always great being"},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3042.6929999999998,"endTime":3045.553,"body":"able to catch up with you."},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3045.553,"endTime":3048.363,"body":"And yeah, certainly want to"},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3045.553,"endTime":3048.363,"body":"encourage people to check"},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3048.383,"endTime":3050.8529999999996,"body":"out your website Type 1 Keto."},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3050.8529999999996,"endTime":3052.6629999999996,"body":"It's a great great website."},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3052.6629999999996,"endTime":3055.3929999999996,"body":"And like I said, it's the"},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3052.6629999999996,"endTime":3055.3929999999996,"body":"information that we're learning"},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3055.4129999999996,"endTime":3058.9329999999995,"body":"from the work that you're"},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3055.4129999999996,"endTime":3058.9329999999995,"body":"doing is very applicable"},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3058.9629999999997,"endTime":3062.7229999999995,"body":"to those of us that are not"},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3058.9629999999997,"endTime":3062.7229999999995,"body":"Type 1 diabetics as well."},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3062.763,"endTime":3067.013,"body":"And I think your focus on A-"},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3062.763,"endTime":3067.013,"body":"and I think it's a great way to"},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3067.013,"endTime":3071.9329999999995,"body":"reframe the conversation, not"},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3067.013,"endTime":3071.9329999999995,"body":"necessarily as a ketogenic diet,"},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3071.9329999999995,"endTime":3075.883,"body":"but as an insulin-controlling"},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3071.9329999999995,"endTime":3075.883,"body":"diet, essentially is what you're"},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3075.883,"endTime":3079.9829999999997,"body":"advocating for, and I think"},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3075.883,"endTime":3079.9829999999997,"body":"it makes a lot of sense and"},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3079.9829999999997,"endTime":3081.3329999999996,"body":"it will help a lot of people."},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3083.977,"endTime":3084.1769999999997,"body":"Thank you."},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3084.1769999999997,"endTime":3085.747,"body":"So do I. I hope it"},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3084.1769999999997,"endTime":3085.747,"body":"helps a lot of people."},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3087.0869999999995,"endTime":3087.5269999999996,"body":"All right."},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3087.537,"endTime":3089.4869999999996,"body":"Our guest has been Dr. Ian Lake."},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3089.4869999999996,"endTime":3092.307,"body":"His book is Shifting"},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3089.4869999999996,"endTime":3092.307,"body":"Gears on Amazon."},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3092.397,"endTime":3094.0769999999998,"body":"Search for his name as well."},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3094.5969999999998,"endTime":3097.127,"body":"And the website Type 1 Keto."},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3097.2169999999996,"endTime":3099.917,"body":"One is the numeral,"},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3097.2169999999996,"endTime":3099.917,"body":"it's not spelled out."},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3100.0269999999996,"endTime":3102.4269999999997,"body":"Type numeral 1 keto.com."},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3103.8369999999995,"endTime":3106.8369999999995,"body":"For Dr. Philip Ovadia,"},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3103.8369999999995,"endTime":3106.8369999999995,"body":"this has been Stay Off"},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3106.8369999999995,"endTime":3107.6969999999997,"body":"My Operating Table."},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3107.6969999999997,"endTime":3108.707,"body":"Thanks for joining us."},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3108.727,"endTime":3110.7569999999996,"body":"We look forward to"},{"speaker":"called Shifting Gears","startTime":3108.727,"endTime":3110.7569999999996,"body":"talking to you next time"}]}