Engaging and involving Indigenous and native communities

This is the fifth episode of our series, Spotlight on community engagement and involvement (CEI): Leaving no one behind.

NIHR-funded researchers, Renata Peppl, Daisy Bin Co, Iliana Curiel and Monsermín Gualan join host, Razina Hussain to share their experiences of engaging Indigenous and native communities in health research in Latin America. 

Thank you to Lucia Alvarez and Ana Lorena Guerrero who provided voice overs for Daisy and Iliana. 

Get to know our speakers

Renata Peppl is a Research Centre Manager and Creative Researcher at Queen Mary University of London. For over 10 years, she has been involved in developing international and transnational collaborations with grassroots organisations, focusing on Arts & Community engagement methodologies as a resource for researching Mental Health Conditions, Gender-Based Violence, Urban Violence, and homelessness in the UK, Latin America, and South Asia.
 
Renata is Co-Chair at the Latin American Women's Rights Service and Co-Director at MinA - Migrants in Action, a community-based arts organisation that collaborates with migrant women from the Global Majority with experience of gender-based violence in London.

Daisy Bin Co was born in Alta Verapaz, Guatemala. She belongs to the Maya Q’eqchi’ ethnic group and completed university studies in Psychology, later specializing in University Teaching, at the Rafael Landívar University of Guatemala. She then pursued a master's degree in Public Management at the University of Barcelona.

Daisy is Academic Deputy Director at the San Pedro Claver S.J. Campus of La Verapaz at Rafael Landívar University, where she also teaches.

Renata and Daisy are affiliated with NIHR GHR Centre for Community Management of Long-Term Conditions in Latin America (LatAm Centre).

Iliana Curiel is a Physician, Pediatrician, Master in Public Health and Social Policy (Former Scholar at the Center). Iliana is an Indigenous member of the Wayuu people in Colombia and founder of the NGO, Organización Los Hijos del Sol, focused on research and social projects for indigenous communities. 

Iliana lectures at the University of La Guajira and is a researcher at the NIHR LatAm Centre at UniJaveriana, specialising in Global Health, community participation, social policies and intercultural approaches to health for indigenous populations.

Monsermin Gualan is a physician with master's degrees in Healthcare Management and Health Sciences Research. Monsermin has worked with indigenous communities in Ecuador, spending a year in the Amazon providing medical care to Kichwa and Waorani communities while learning about their culture. He is the Ecuador Coordinator for the NIHR GHR Unit on Social and Environmental Determinants of Health Inequalities (SEDHI), which evaluates the impact of social and environmental policies on health inequalities. CEI is a key pillar, with indigenous populations being a priority as Ecuador is a pluricultural and plurinational country.

Razina Hussain is an experienced community engagement and development specialist with a strong track record in working with communities and fostering stakeholder collaboration. As a Senior Programme Manager at the NIHR, she has led initiatives to improve health equity, inclusion and public involvement in research and healthcare. Razina designs and delivers impactful programmes that strengthen community voices, working hard to ensure sustainable development, meaningful engagement and lasting social change.

This episode was recorded in early 2025. The views and opinions expressed in this podcast are those of the host and guests and do not necessarily reflect those of the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care.

Transcript

Spotlight on CEI: Leaving no one behind 

Episode 5 - Engaging and involving Indigenous and native communities

Host: Razina Hussain

Guests: Renata Peppl, Daisy Bin Co, Iliana Curiel, Monsemín Gualan

Razina Hussain 00:06

Hello, listeners. My name is Razina Hussain, and I work for the National Institute for Health and Care Research, an organisation based in the UK that funds research both in the UK and globally. Welcome to our podcast series, ‘Spotlight on community engagement and involvement: Leaving no one behind’ exploring how we involve and engage people and communities in health and care research with a particular focus on those who are marginalised and vulnerable. 

This is the fifth episode in this series, and will focus on engaging and involving Indigenous and native communities in health research.

The World Health Organisation estimates Indigenous people represent 6% of the world's population and are spread over a large geographical area. Compared to the general population, Indigenous people generally have poorer health outcomes and less access to quality health care. Such groups may be more difficult to reach, engage and involve in CEI activities during research, however, this does not mean their voice and views should not be considered. 

In this episode we will talk to NIHR-funded researchers engaging Indigenous and native populations in their CEI activities and discuss their experiences, challenges, and tips for engaging these populations.

I'm pleased to welcome along today Renata Peppl, Daisy Bin (and) Iliana Curiel from the NIHR Centre for Community Management of Non-Communicable Diseases in Latin America and Monsemín Gualan from NIHR Global Health Research Unit on Social and Environmental Determinants of Health Inequalities. 

Hello, everyone! Could you please introduce yourselves and tell us a bit about your research and Indigenous populations. Renata, if I can start with you first please?

Renata Peppl 02:00

Hi, my name is Renata Peppl. I'm very happy to be here, and I'm the General Manager for the NIHR Global Health Research Centre, which is looking at community management of non-communicable diseases in Latin America. And we are working with a particular focus in Indigenous communities in 3 different countries, Guatemala, Bolivia, and Colombia, with really great community-based partners and universities as well.

Razina Hussain 02:25

Thank you Renata. And Daisy, would you like to introduce yourself please, and tell us a bit about your work?

Daisy Bin Co 02:34

My name is Daisy Bin, I am an Indigenous person from the Maya Q’eqchi community, a major linguistic community located in the north of Guatemala. I am a psychologist, with a Masters in Public Health and a postgrad in university lecturing. Most of my work has been dedicated to the development of the Indigenous communities in my country, particularly the Poqomchi’ and Q’eqchi communities. At the NIHR Centre of Global Health in Latin America, I work as a community connection coordinator. 

Razina Hussain 03:14

Thank you. And over to Iliana, can you please introduce yourself and tell us a bit about your work. 

Iliana Curiel 03:20

Hello, my name is Iliana Curiel Arismendy and I am an Indigenous person from the Wayuu community, in La Guajira, Colombia. I am a Doctor (pediatrician), graduated in Social Politics and Public Health, expert in community improvement and public health for aboriginal people. It is a pleasure to be with all of you.

Razina Hussain 03:46

Thank you, and Monsemín, please introduce yourself and tell us about your work.

Monsemín Gualan 03:52

Hello, so glad to be here. My name is Monsemín Gualan. I'm a physician and currently a researcher and coordinator on the NIHR Global Health Research Unit on Social and Environmental Determinants of Health Inequalities (short name is SEDHI).

Well, my professional experience with Indigenous groups goes back to when I just graduated from Med school. I lived (for) one year in an Indigenous territory, working with several Indigenous communities, mainly Kichwas from the Ecuadorian Amazon region, and also with Huaoranis. 

SEDHI is a research unit that joins 3 countries; UK, Brazil and Ecuador, and our goal is to conduct research using administrative data from Brazil and Ecuador. So, we want to analyse how living conditions impact health. So, we try to link social and environmental policies. We held databases and see how things work. SEDHI has a really, really strong focus on working with communities, particularly with Indigenous groups. Because we rely on secondary data, we try to make a match and find what of this data can be useful for [for] people we try to work with.

Razina Hussain 05:13

Wonderful, thank you so much, Monsemín, sounds really interesting. So, I'm going to go to the crux of what our discussion is going to be about, which is the Leave No One Behind agenda. Can you please tell me, what does leave no one behind mean to you? Renata, if I can start with you first please.

Renata Peppl 05:30

Well, I think that's a very interesting term for us to start a conversation around inclusion of Indigenous communities working. I think, technically leave no one behind means that we should worry about engaging and involving all the equity deserving groups and communities that we are working in with research.

But I also think that we should reflect sometimes on the expression of ‘leave no one behind’, as if these people wouldn't be for themselves capable of actually leading the way out of situations who are of oppressive systematic systems or oppressive patterns or inequalities as well. So, I find it as a very nice effort, but also which takes a lot of consideration, how do we frame this in the research that we do with this with these communities? What does leaving no one behind to the communities we are working with mean to them, I guess, is the question?

Razina Hussain 06:29

Good question. Thank you so much, Renata. And Monsemín, what does leave no one behind mean to you?

Monsemín Gualan 06:36

I think it means recognising and acknowledging the existence of other people, different people who live in different circumstances. This means that we need to prioritise diversity and inclusivity and focus on vulnerable population, because if we don't do this willingly, then we will leave people behind. We have to be able to do it on purpose. It just may be very difficult to happen by itself.

Renata Peppl 07:10

Can I [can I] also mention something about that? Because, yeah, I think that you're right about what you said about thinking and acknowledging diversity. But, I also think that when we are talking about Indigenous communities and different areas, especially in Latin America, where we work in, our communities, that for centuries have been building on their own resources, on ancestral knowledge, ancestral medicine, and other sort of resources to actually deliver their own systems, and many, many times they are ignored systematically by research in a different way. 

So, leaving no one behind, means what exactly what you say to acknowledge that there is other forms, other systems and other materialities that can be taken into consideration when we are thinking about connecting with other groups. 

Razina Hussain 08:06

Wonderful, thank you. So, just going back to asking you more about your work, please can you explain to researchers who perhaps do not have experience in doing so, where to start when engaging Indigenous populations? How do you identify Indigenous or native communities, and why do we need to engage those in particular? So, if I start with you, Monsemín, first.

Monsemín Gualan 08:34

Okay, so, how to approach Indigenous populations? I think I will try to summarise it in 3 points. First, will to listen. Second, will to learn. And third, with respect.

First we need to listen. We need to understand the priorities and their needs. We need to understand their culture, their way of thinking, and we need to learn it. We learn, [we] if we want to communicate with them, we need to learn their customs, their culture. We need to learn everything that we can, so we can have closer approach to it, to [to] them. Language is important. We were having a discussion about one particular term, the word ‘tribal’. I’m not an English native speaker, so, (I) don't really know the background in English, but in Spanish and in Portuguese, this is a very particular word, because it holds a [a] priority meaning, and it kind of implies being primitive, being savage, and it's [it, it is, it is] stigmatising. So, if we want to get closer to [to] communities, we need to learn that this kind of things won't let us approach, and will eventually build a barrier and it will separate them from us. 

And then we need to respect they have different cultures, their societies have rules and they may be very, very different from [from] ours, and we are not in place to [to to] judge or to even think that they might be right or wrong. They are just different, and we need to respect them.

Razina Hussain 10:28

Absolutely, respect. And, Renata, can I come to you and just ask about your experience?

Renata Peppl 10:35

Well, I think that the first thing is acknowledging that there is power dynamics that are played when, let's say, a group which is detaining, let's say, the conventional knowledge, power structures, enters a community or starts working with a community and always check on yourself to be able to think about how you can dismantle that. I think that only recently, actually, in the last two decades probably, researchers started thinking about the populations that they research or the groups that they work with as [as, as] people deserving of holding the knowledge, and who has more knowledge sometimes than themselves, and not just as subjects. And, I think that [that] is a shift in actually how we do this research and a big shift in the last two decades, basically because you cannot ignore anymore that frameworks of traditional research need to be changed to address the community needs, and that doesn't work without community consultation, community inclusion in leadership positions or roles within a research programme. 

Razina Hussain 11:49

Yeah, no, absolutely. What I want to touch upon now is actually, what are the main challenges for engaging these populations in your research? How have you approached these? How have you addressed them?

Monsemín Gualan 12:00

Yeah, well, through my career, I [I, I] was still working as [as] a physician until a few years ago, when I totally turned to research. So, when I was living in this Indigenous territory, one of the main issues that we had was match between modern medicine and the traditional medicine. So, it was really tricky for us, because we were going to a place where people have their culture, and they know things that we do not know. So, we came with all the big toys and the machines and the meds, and it was so easy to just tell them, “take this pill and come back next week”, but if you just have that kind of approach without understanding the meaning for people you don't get to [to] really make a change there, I mean, at least from [from] a health and illness point of view because some people might not feel that we are doing the right thing for them. So, it takes work to understand their culture and to understand what they think of [of] a pill. There are some communities where they take infusions of plants, so for them some kinds of infusions are good for some kinds of diseases, other infusions are good for other kinds of diseases. If you go and give them one pill and tell them to take it with whatever they want, they will say “this guy knows nothing, I'm not gonna listen to him”. So, you really need to [to] open your eyes and see how people live. 

In SEDHI particularly, we have a [a] big challenge, a gigantic challenge, in that we are working with secondary data. That means we do not need to get in touch with people to gather data, we just work with administrative data. And that's a big challenge because we are sitting in a desk in a nice place with 4 walls, not so cold, not [not] so hot, and it's really easy to get disconnected from the real needs of [of] people. So, for us in SEDHI, we have a group that is destined to community engagement and involvement. What we've done is try to reach them and listen to them, because, as I mentioned, it's so easy to get disconnected from reality and [and, and] from people.

Razina Hussain 14:42

Great. Thank you so much, Monsemín, for sharing that with us. Really, really interesting. Renata, did you want to say anything here?

Renata Peppl 14:50

Yeah, I think that I will talk about in a microcosmos, about our research Centre, and I think that the challenges we faced with that is pretty much sums up challenges in research when working with Indigenous communities, which is centuries and centuries of knowledge extraction, and eurocentric frameworks that come on to people. So, there is a lot of distrust in Indigenous communities when organisations, universities, researchers approach them, proposing to collaborate in working in research. So, that's the first barrier that you face. And, I think that one of the most important things is having, as we have in our Centre, and Daisy and Iliana are here, members of the local communities as they are, and researchers on their own right, delivering on the ground the research that is being delivered, that is key.  

Razina Hussain 15:45

Great. Thank you, Renata, and you mentioned that Daisy and Iliana were working in the field, and perhaps you know, Daisy, I can bring you into the conversation here, and you can tell me about what are the main challenges for you in engaging these populations in your research, and how you've addressed these?

Daisy Bin Co 16:05

Well, I will refer to three challenges that I consider the most important. The first is language, meaning we need to understand that Indigenous populations have a local language. Reaching out to them requires consideration of this language. If we don’t take it into account, it can be a significant limitation that impacts the results. In Guatemala, this hasn’t been much of an issue due to the selection of the participating population. However, I understand that this remains a challenge in Colombia and Bolivia.

The second challenge is distance. This does not only increase research costs, but also, more importantly, can affect the participation of individuals due to the difficulty of traveling. Finally, trust is crucial. Establishing trust is fundamental to achieving the objectives of any intervention. I believe our Centre has considered this aspect from the very design of our research by including local links.

This is essential because they belong to the context. They understand the language, are familiar with traditions and customs, and this is crucial for carrying out and achieving the research objectives.

Razina Hussain 17:23

Thank you, Daisy. Could you clarify for those unfamiliar with the local languages, that when you mention local language, you're not just referring to Spanish, is that correct? Could you elaborate on the relationship between local Indigenous languages and traditional practices?

Daisy Bin Co 17:43

In some Indigenous communities, Spanish is a second language, not the first. The native or maternal language is the primary language of communication within their locality. That’s why having bilingual members in the team, who speak both the native language and Spanish, is so essential. This ensures we can deeply understand and connect with the sentiments and thoughts of participants, which might otherwise be lost in translation.

Additionally, the research has encompassed other community elements, such as alternative treatments for health issues. For instance, traditional medicine and Indigenous health practices, including the use of herbs or specific food preparations, aim to restore physical balance. In countries like Guatemala, and possibly other Latin American countries, certain community figures hold key roles, such as midwives or healers, who provide treatments using natural remedies. In our context, there are even courses designed to replicate this knowledge, usually passed down orally. To preserve these practices, some health centers have integrated inclusive health models, featuring medicinal gardens. For example, certain plants are used to treat diabetes, relax, or lower blood pressure. Recognising these traditional practices adds significant value to the research.

Razina Hussain 19:28

Great! Thank you so much, Daisy. Iliana, how do you adapt your CEI activities to work with these groups?

Iliana Curiel 19:38

So, I, as an Indigenous person, but also as a researcher in other ethnic populations, how have I approached it? I mean, in this work with the Centre, carrying out research with communities, I think that an area where I had to put a lot of work on was the adjustment of the methods for the data collection and analysis. 

Sometimes when we are working with Indigenous people we need to reflect the Indigenous epistemologies. For example, we are working in participation and from the health issue there is a holistic vision, there is a spiritual vision of this concept, so that has to be understood. An example which I have done, instead of using structured interviews or questionnaires, we do guided conversations. I had initially suggested a different approach, focus groups, and I had to adapt these methodologies to collect the data and do a speaking turn so that the participants felt there was a more horizontal space. 

Razina Hussain 20:48

Great, and Daisy, is there anything further that you want to add here in terms of this work?

Daisy Bin Co 20:56

Recognising that we’re working with adults, who may have shorter attention spans due to their other activities and fatigue, is essential. Handling methodologies helps keep everyone connected, manages time efficiently, and ensures that the session objectives align with the planned components. For instance, in some cases, we adjusted session formats without necessarily having breaks—because breaks can result in lost time. Instead, we shifted activities and returned to the topic later to re-engage attention. 

Another important aspect was selecting group leaders. For example, during situational analyses, someone would take on the role of reminding others about upcoming sessions. Similarly, during activities like book discussions, there would be a 'group president'. These roles supported researchers in energizing group activities.

Razina Hussain 21:58

And then Monsemín, I don't know if there's anything that you want to add further here to this discussion?

Monsemín Gualan 22:06

Maybe just mention, because it might be useful for some person, how our colleagues in Brazil have been working. They have been doing online activities with their communities that they work with and they can participate using a computer or a [a] smartphone, and also like that, they can bring other subgroup population, of course, they work with certain communities. 

In Ecuador, even though it's a much smaller country than Brazil, we've had [a] big challenges. So, in order to approach these groups, what we've done is rely on gatekeepers. Those are people from communities who we have previous relationships with of any kind, we've gotten to know them, and they know us. So, they have been the ones who allow us to go inside the community. Once we've gotten in touch with the community, and I mean with the directive of the community, because most of the communities have some leaders. So, we get in touch with [with] the leaders, we talk to them and tell them about our work, what we are trying to do. After that, we [we] try to have meetings with them. The online meetings have not worked for us as these are very poor communities, and they live in areas where there is no wi-fi or no cell phone signal. So, what we've done is try to meet in person, and that has been working for us so far.

Razina Hussain 24:00

Great, thank you so much, Monsemín. How do you think your work has impacted the communities involved in the research? Iliana, can I come to you first on this.

Iliana Curiel 24:11

To be able to do research and to be able to impact, first is to know what the worldview of the Indigenous peoples is to be able to say how to intervene. I know that this is not in the question, but I think it is very important to say that. I think that part of the success of doing this research with the Centre will be based on having researchers that are from the communities, and that they understand well the mechanisms, the culture, and I think that makes a very rich approach.

This investigation took place in two Indigenous villages; in my village, in my communities, Guayu and in the Indigenous communities of Sierra Nevada, where there is a village in particular which is the one I chose, the Wiwa village. Me being there, part of the Indigenous Guayu community, that makes a difference. Being inside, having a qualified voice, for example in these tools, has been valuable to me. When I asked questions, I felt that these were questions very hegemonic to research methodologies or colonialists, I don’t know if that word may sound too strong, but when asking an Indigenous group what was “youth” when they don’t conceive that stage. I would like to ask you what is mental health when for them there is no word for mental health? So that made me change the methodology for the Ui'wa people. Because I am not from the Ui'wa people, so in the Centre there are people who belong to the Indigenous communities.That gives us a way and makes it easier for us to work. That is my experience. 

Razina Hussain 26:00

And also Daisy, is there anything further that you would like to add?

Daisy Bin Co 26:05

The most significant success in my view regarding raising awareness and creating impact, has been including individuals who are often overlooked in such processes. By incorporating them, the process becomes more authentic—not just gathering data on how the community is addressing issues, but also fostering sensitivity and education. This has led to greater awareness of the situation regarding chronic non-communicable diseases and mental health in the community. Such awareness establishes an environment conducive to decision-making and prevention on a community level.

Razina Hussain 26:49

Brilliant, thank you. And how has including such groups benefited your research, Daisy?

Daisy Bin Co 26:56

The active methodological approach has been important in tailoring agendas to better reach participants. It’s not only about meeting research objectives, but also addressing participants’ expectations. This moderate and controlled flexibility helps participants feel that their contributions matter - not just in terms of helping us achieve our goals but also in shaping the following sessions. When participants see their input is valued, they are more willing to share their experiences and perspectives.

Razina Hussain 27:38

Thank you so much, and I really liked what Daisy had said about participants feeling valued and they're more willing to engage if they know that their experiences and perspectives are being valued by the researchers themselves.

Monsemín, how has including such groups benefited your research?

Monsemín Gualan 27:58

Perspectives. They have shared with us their experiences about health and social inequalities, and that gives us a better perspective on our [on our] own research. So, that has [has] showed us how easy it can be to make some misinterpretations of data. If we only approach this data from our perspective, I mean from the perspective of our life, our culture, our cultural frame. Including people has helped us to have an open mind and a more widespread perspective to have a better understanding of this differences and of all this data.

Razina Hussain 28:45

Great, yeah, definitely. Renata, is there anything else you wanted to add here?

Renata Peppl 28:53

No, I just think that engaging with local communities it's of a great benefit of course for any project because you're going to get information that will support and maybe change, I don't know, data and policies in a number of different regions or countries, so that's very valuable as well.

Razina Hussain 29:11

So, Renata, what advice would you give to those engaging Indigenous communities on how to be inclusive and leave no one behind?

Renata Peppl 29:20

Well, I think it's [it’s] a bit of everything that we discussed already. Be language appropriate. Use inclusive methodologies. Don't be afraid to actually acknowledge the power structures and the oppression structures in the settings that we are working with. Fight to diversify academia and actually shift the power structures of knowledge and be willing to be open on diversity and inclusion, but not just to tick boxes in a research programme, but to actually be meaningful in a way that will give back to the people that we are, you know, working with to investigate a project.

Razina Hussain 30:01

Great, thank you. And Monsemín, if I can ask you the same question? 

Monsemín Gualan 30:06

Not sure if I'm in position to advise anyone, but here goes my best try. Listen, learn and respect - what we mentioned before. You’ve got to listen very attentively and approach with respect for the unique aspects and characteristics of each one of Indigenous cultures. They are all different; you cannot talk about Indigenous cultures, Indigenous communities or populations as a whole, because they are all unique.

Show empathy, recognise the diversity and ensure you seek a proper authorisation from communities, from the local authorities, national authorities, if there are. Follow the ethical guidelines, that's always really, really important, and I think that's all that comes to my mind now.

Razina Hussain 31:04

That's fine. Thank you so much, Monsemín. And Iliana, same question to you, what advice would you give?

Iliana Curiel 31:12

First, you have to be present and culturally respect the communities. I mean, they are not my judgments, they are not my biases, it is not what I have thought, it is what I am learning in the communities. 

We have to be transparent and reciprocal. Sometimes we do extractivism of the knowledge of the Indigenous communities and we don't go back to tell that. That is something that is fundamental as a piece of advice that I could give.

A recommendation is also how to involve Indigenous communities. Indigenous communities sometimes feel distrustful of researchers and you have to know how to be able to avoid that. I think that we have to adapt. For example, the informed consent, these need to be adapted. It happened to me that the people with whom I worked from Indigenous peoples were illiterate, that is, they did not know how to read and write. And I had to look for a person who spoke the native language and it was informed consent in the native language and some with an oral and visual explanation. I think that’s a great advice for people who want to work with Indigenous communities, to have a cultural sensitivity. 

A recommendation that I give from the opportunity that I have to be doing a Master’s degree in Social Policy with this Centre, is that we have to humanise the data, especially when it comes from Indigenous communities. Quantitative data does not translate the phenomenology of Indigenous peoples. And for that we have to humanise the data, and we have to put the policies or the programmes on the skin, and that is an intercultural adaptation from the horizontal.  

Razina Hussain 33:06

Great! And, Daisy, finally, what advice would you give to those engaging Indigenous communities on how to be inclusive and leave no one behind?

Daisy Bin Co 33:17

A key focus has been ensuring continuity after the research ends. Indigenous communities often experience engagement with institutions that gather information or implement short-term initiatives, but then leave without long-term benefits. Therefore, planning an exit strategy early - one that empowers the community to sustain the practices and knowledge acquired - is crucial.

Empowering caregivers, patients, and local leaders to make decisions that sustain best practices ensures the research outcomes remain impactful over time. This has been fundamental for our process.

Razina Hussain 34:07

Wonderful, and I think that's a great place to end this episode. As we've heard today, working with Indigenous communities requires presence, respect, cultural sensitivity, and a commitment to reciprocity. It’s about listening, learning and adapting. 

Thank you to our guests, Daisy, Iliana, Monsemín and Renata, and I also want to thank colleagues who have provided the voiceovers for Daisy and Iliana. And a huge thank you from all of us to you, the listener. Please do share, post on X and tune in to other episodes in the series, which can be found on our website or wherever you listen to your podcasts. And please do let us know what you think by sending an email to social.media@nihr.ac.uk.  

Finally, a reminder that the NIHR/Mesh online course, An Introduction and Practical Guide to Community Engagement and Involvement in Global Health Research, is now available and free to all. For more details, please visit the Global Health Training Centre website or visit www.nihr.ac.uk and search for community engagement and involvement. You will find the course in the resources section. And that's all from all of us, so thank you very much again for listening, and please do enjoy the rest of your day.