https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TrespassA
tort is a
civil wrong that causes a claimant to suffer loss or harm, resulting in
legal liability for the person who commits the tortious act.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort"
Cuius est solum, eius est usque ad coelum et ad inferos (
Latin for "whoever's is the soil, it is theirs all the way to Heaven and all the way to Hell") is a principle of
property law, stating that property holders have rights not only to the plot of land itself, but also the air above and (in the broader formulation) the ground below. The principle is often referred to in its abbreviated form as the
ad coelum doctrine.
In modern law, this principle is still accepted in limited form; the rights are divided into
air rights above and
subsurface rights below. Property title includes to the space immediately above and below the ground – preventing overhanging parts of neighboring buildings – but do not have rights to control flights far above the ground or in space. In dense urban areas, air rights may be transferable (see
transferable development rights) to allow construction of new buildings over existing buildings.
In some jurisdictions, the ability to exploit
mineral rights – as a subset of subsurface rights, beyond a specified depth – is completely separate to property title. In such jurisdictions, these rights are often owned permanently by the state and are leased from it for a fixed time period.
As the name describes, the principle is that a person who owns a particular piece of land owns everything above and below it as well. Consequently, the owner could prosecute
trespass against people who violated the border but never actually touched the soil. As with any other property rights, the owner can sell or lease it to others, or it may be taken or regulated by the
state... "
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuius_est_solum%2C_eius_est_usque_ad_coelum_et_ad_inferos