{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"startTime":0.69,"endTime":1.933,"body":"- Good evening everyone."},{"startTime":5.89,"endTime":7.84,"body":"The Brixton Riots,"},{"startTime":7.84,"endTime":11.88,"body":"Policing the Black"},{"startTime":7.84,"endTime":11.88,"body":"Community the Last 40 Years."},{"startTime":11.88,"endTime":16.42,"body":"Before I start this lecture,"},{"startTime":16.42,"endTime":21.42,"body":"I want to say thanks, I"},{"startTime":16.42,"endTime":21.42,"body":"want to say to Steven Watts,"},{"startTime":22.807,"endTime":26.4,"body":"Steven is my legal researcher"},{"startTime":26.4,"endTime":31.4,"body":"and also to David Neil"},{"startTime":26.4,"endTime":31.4,"body":"both of whom helped me"},{"startTime":31.62,"endTime":32.97,"body":"put this lecture together"},{"startTime":32.97,"endTime":35.503,"body":"and I think I really"},{"startTime":32.97,"endTime":35.503,"body":"need to acknowledge them."},{"startTime":39.0,"endTime":42.21,"body":"I want to start with"},{"startTime":39.0,"endTime":42.21,"body":"a poem and it's a poem"},{"startTime":42.21,"endTime":45.093,"body":"that some of you may have"},{"startTime":42.21,"endTime":45.093,"body":"heard me give before,"},{"startTime":46.16,"endTime":49.21,"body":"but I just think it's just so apt"},{"startTime":49.21,"endTime":51.98,"body":"in relation to what we're discussing"},{"startTime":51.98,"endTime":53.963,"body":"and it's by a ninth grader."},{"startTime":56.145,"endTime":58.403,"body":"I just let people take their seats."},{"startTime":60.97,"endTime":61.803,"body":"Good evening."},{"startTime":63.06,"endTime":68.06,"body":"Yeah, this is a poem by Ayodele Ayoola"},{"startTime":68.13,"endTime":72.54,"body":"who's a ninth grader in a Baltimore School"},{"startTime":73.46,"endTime":78.46,"body":"and she wrote this poem shortly"},{"startTime":73.46,"endTime":78.46,"body":"after George Floyd's death."},{"startTime":79.837,"endTime":81.833,"body":"\"Ain't welcome here no more,"},{"startTime":82.88,"endTime":86.27,"body":"I walk down the street"},{"startTime":82.88,"endTime":86.27,"body":"and guess who I meet?"},{"startTime":86.27,"endTime":89.72,"body":"The men in blue who"},{"startTime":86.27,"endTime":89.72,"body":"are supposed to defend,"},{"startTime":89.72,"endTime":92.47,"body":"but instead they chose to apprehend,"},{"startTime":92.47,"endTime":95.28,"body":"they slap, punch, choke me red,"},{"startTime":95.28,"endTime":97.89,"body":"they won't stop until I end up dead."},{"startTime":97.89,"endTime":100.91,"body":"Oh, stop, please, I can't breathe!"},{"startTime":100.91,"endTime":103.66,"body":"I beg of you, just go and leave"},{"startTime":103.66,"endTime":106.47,"body":"my cries all disappear out of sight,"},{"startTime":106.47,"endTime":109.69,"body":"I'll end up dead if I try to fight."},{"startTime":109.69,"endTime":112.45,"body":"His knee is up against my throat,"},{"startTime":112.45,"endTime":115.62,"body":"no one can stop him,"},{"startTime":112.45,"endTime":115.62,"body":"they're all too remote,"},{"startTime":115.62,"endTime":118.63,"body":"oh God, what country do I call this?"},{"startTime":118.63,"endTime":122.7,"body":"A nation where the popo can just go bliss"},{"startTime":122.7,"endTime":124.97,"body":"at my expense, I kid you not!"},{"startTime":124.97,"endTime":128.44,"body":"I'll be beat, stepped on or even shot,"},{"startTime":128.44,"endTime":132.28,"body":"this nonsense must stop,"},{"startTime":128.44,"endTime":132.28,"body":"but of course it won't,"},{"startTime":132.28,"endTime":135.6,"body":"all I can do is scream, please don't!"},{"startTime":135.6,"endTime":138.88,"body":"As I bleed here lying dead on the floor,"},{"startTime":138.88,"endTime":141.507,"body":"I know I ain't welcomed here no more.\""},{"startTime":144.01,"endTime":148.58,"body":"I started my March, 2001 lecture"},{"startTime":148.58,"endTime":153.58,"body":"on restraining the police"},{"startTime":148.58,"endTime":153.58,"body":"with Ayodele's poem,"},{"startTime":155.65,"endTime":157.8,"body":"it's such a brilliant poem"},{"startTime":157.8,"endTime":160.11,"body":"and I think it was fit in use"},{"startTime":160.11,"endTime":162.26,"body":"again for the purposes of this lecture,"},{"startTime":162.26,"endTime":163.873,"body":"so I make no apologies for that."},{"startTime":165.62,"endTime":169.37,"body":"So today, we're going to be looking at"},{"startTime":169.37,"endTime":172.95,"body":"a closely related topic"},{"startTime":169.37,"endTime":172.95,"body":"to the topic I looked at"},{"startTime":172.95,"endTime":176.02,"body":"in the last lecture,"},{"startTime":172.95,"endTime":176.02,"body":"which was judicial racism,"},{"startTime":176.02,"endTime":180.683,"body":"we're going to be looking at"},{"startTime":176.02,"endTime":180.683,"body":"related topic, police racism."},{"startTime":182.971,"endTime":185.93,"body":"We're more than 40 years on now"},{"startTime":185.93,"endTime":189.28,"body":"from the 1981 Brixton riots,"},{"startTime":189.28,"endTime":191.25,"body":"which saw a series of clashes"},{"startTime":191.25,"endTime":195.59,"body":"between mainly black youths"},{"startTime":191.25,"endTime":195.59,"body":"and the Metropolitan Police."},{"startTime":195.59,"endTime":200.59,"body":"We're going to look at, oh,"},{"startTime":195.59,"endTime":200.59,"body":"what's changed in British society"},{"startTime":200.75,"endTime":204.92,"body":"and British policing, has it changed?"},{"startTime":204.92,"endTime":208.333,"body":"Has the riots changed"},{"startTime":204.92,"endTime":208.333,"body":"policing for the good,"},{"startTime":209.53,"endTime":211.71,"body":"what has stayed the same?"},{"startTime":211.71,"endTime":215.253,"body":"And I dare say it, what has got worse?"},{"startTime":216.83,"endTime":221.09,"body":"Are our police forces still racist?"},{"startTime":221.09,"endTime":225.78,"body":"How does police racism still"},{"startTime":221.09,"endTime":225.78,"body":"impact on the black community"},{"startTime":225.78,"endTime":229.993,"body":"and what should we as a"},{"startTime":225.78,"endTime":229.993,"body":"society be doing about it?"},{"startTime":230.83,"endTime":232.603,"body":"So let me set the scene."},{"startTime":233.65,"endTime":237.223,"body":"Our story begins in early 1980,"},{"startTime":238.4,"endTime":243.4,"body":"it was a time of heightened"},{"startTime":238.4,"endTime":243.4,"body":"racial tension in the UK"},{"startTime":243.96,"endTime":247.92,"body":"as we discussed in the first"},{"startTime":243.96,"endTime":247.92,"body":"lecture in this series,"},{"startTime":247.92,"endTime":251.896,"body":"in the 1960s and 70s saw"},{"startTime":247.92,"endTime":251.896,"body":"a widespread vicious,"},{"startTime":251.896,"endTime":256.74,"body":"racist backlash against"},{"startTime":251.896,"endTime":256.74,"body":"black and brown immigration."},{"startTime":256.74,"endTime":260.1,"body":"Successive governments"},{"startTime":256.74,"endTime":260.1,"body":"adopted various strategies"},{"startTime":260.1,"endTime":264.15,"body":"to contain this upsurge in popular racism."},{"startTime":264.15,"endTime":269.06,"body":"On the one hand, we had the"},{"startTime":264.15,"endTime":269.06,"body":"Race Relations Act 1968,"},{"startTime":269.06,"endTime":271.38,"body":"which had constituted"},{"startTime":269.06,"endTime":271.38,"body":"the first legislation"},{"startTime":271.38,"endTime":275.32,"body":"against racial discrimination"},{"startTime":271.38,"endTime":275.32,"body":"in British history."},{"startTime":275.32,"endTime":280.32,"body":"Interestingly, even this"},{"startTime":275.32,"endTime":280.32,"body":"act did not apply to police."},{"startTime":282.41,"endTime":286.01,"body":"On the other hand, as we"},{"startTime":282.41,"endTime":286.01,"body":"discussed in the first lecture,"},{"startTime":286.01,"endTime":287.86,"body":"we saw series of statutes,"},{"startTime":287.86,"endTime":292.86,"body":"which had been enacted"},{"startTime":287.86,"endTime":292.86,"body":"to assuage popular racism"},{"startTime":293.18,"endTime":296.52,"body":"by restricting black and brown immigration"},{"startTime":296.52,"endTime":297.62,"body":"from the Commonwealth."},{"startTime":298.9,"endTime":300.65,"body":"During this time,"},{"startTime":300.65,"endTime":303.71,"body":"one of the state's most"},{"startTime":300.65,"endTime":303.71,"body":"hostile institutions"},{"startTime":303.71,"endTime":308.62,"body":"to the black community was the police."},{"startTime":308.62,"endTime":309.75,"body":"In the last lecture,"},{"startTime":309.75,"endTime":314.75,"body":"I described the scandal that"},{"startTime":309.75,"endTime":314.75,"body":"shocked Leeds in the late 60s"},{"startTime":315.22,"endTime":319.27,"body":"when David Oluwale, a"},{"startTime":315.22,"endTime":319.27,"body":"homeless Nigerian man"},{"startTime":319.27,"endTime":323.3,"body":"died after being systematically"},{"startTime":319.27,"endTime":323.3,"body":"and repeatedly brutalized"},{"startTime":323.3,"endTime":327.383,"body":"and beaten and humiliated by"},{"startTime":323.3,"endTime":327.383,"body":"two white police officers."},{"startTime":328.4,"endTime":333.4,"body":"By the early 1980s, things"},{"startTime":328.4,"endTime":333.4,"body":"had not much improved,"},{"startTime":333.88,"endTime":335.17,"body":"there were very high tensions"},{"startTime":335.17,"endTime":337.2,"body":"between the police and"},{"startTime":335.17,"endTime":337.2,"body":"the black community,"},{"startTime":337.2,"endTime":340.13,"body":"especially in London"},{"startTime":337.2,"endTime":340.13,"body":"and other large cities,"},{"startTime":340.13,"endTime":343.223,"body":"Birmingham, Manchester, Bristol."},{"startTime":344.36,"endTime":348.98,"body":"At the time, the police had"},{"startTime":344.36,"endTime":348.98,"body":"very wide discretionary powers"},{"startTime":348.98,"endTime":353.023,"body":"and that discretion was"},{"startTime":348.98,"endTime":353.023,"body":"used to its full potential,"},{"startTime":353.87,"endTime":355.41,"body":"there were few constraints"},{"startTime":355.41,"endTime":357.88,"body":"on how the police conducted their business"},{"startTime":357.88,"endTime":360.979,"body":"a meaningful and effective safeguards"},{"startTime":360.979,"endTime":363.85,"body":"were essentially nonexistence."},{"startTime":363.85,"endTime":365.1,"body":"In this regard,"},{"startTime":365.1,"endTime":368.85,"body":"I want to talk about two"},{"startTime":365.1,"endTime":368.85,"body":"aspects of the law at the time"},{"startTime":368.85,"endTime":372.953,"body":"first, the sus law and"},{"startTime":368.85,"endTime":372.953,"body":"secondly, the Judges' Rule."},{"startTime":374.43,"endTime":379.21,"body":"Sus, Section 4 of the Vagrancy Act 1824,"},{"startTime":380.46,"endTime":382.21,"body":"known as the Sus law"},{"startTime":382.21,"endTime":385.48,"body":"made it an offense for a suspected person"},{"startTime":385.48,"endTime":390.48,"body":"to loiter with intent to"},{"startTime":385.48,"endTime":390.48,"body":"commit unarrestable offense."},{"startTime":390.86,"endTime":393.868,"body":"The law originated from a time"},{"startTime":393.868,"endTime":397.52,"body":"of widespread unemployment and poverty"},{"startTime":397.52,"endTime":401.57,"body":"in the aftermath of the Napoleonic wars"},{"startTime":401.57,"endTime":403.52,"body":"and from a time when the ruling classes"},{"startTime":403.52,"endTime":405.563,"body":"was tracking down on poor people."},{"startTime":406.7,"endTime":409.54,"body":"Despite the radical changes"},{"startTime":406.7,"endTime":409.54,"body":"in social conditions"},{"startTime":409.54,"endTime":411.91,"body":"over the subsequent century and a half,"},{"startTime":411.91,"endTime":416.573,"body":"the sus law was still very"},{"startTime":411.91,"endTime":416.573,"body":"much enforced by 1980."},{"startTime":417.84,"endTime":420.78,"body":"In a prosecution under the sus law,"},{"startTime":420.78,"endTime":425.53,"body":"it was not necessary to prove"},{"startTime":420.78,"endTime":425.53,"body":"a substantive criminal offense"},{"startTime":425.53,"endTime":429.61,"body":"or even an attempt to"},{"startTime":425.53,"endTime":429.61,"body":"commit a criminal offense,"},{"startTime":429.61,"endTime":433.25,"body":"all that was necessary"},{"startTime":429.61,"endTime":433.25,"body":"was to prove two things,"},{"startTime":433.25,"endTime":438.25,"body":"first, that the accused person"},{"startTime":433.25,"endTime":438.25,"body":"had done a suspicious act,"},{"startTime":439.12,"endTime":444.12,"body":"which brought them into the"},{"startTime":439.12,"endTime":444.12,"body":"category of a suspected person"},{"startTime":444.15,"endTime":447.4,"body":"and second, that they"},{"startTime":444.15,"endTime":447.4,"body":"had done another act,"},{"startTime":447.4,"endTime":452.4,"body":"which constituted loitering with intent,"},{"startTime":452.59,"endTime":456.88,"body":"which could be a supposedly"},{"startTime":452.59,"endTime":456.88,"body":"another suspicious act"},{"startTime":456.88,"endTime":458.92,"body":"of the same kind."},{"startTime":458.92,"endTime":461.32,"body":"The two acts did not need to be separated"},{"startTime":461.32,"endTime":463.4,"body":"by any particular length of time"},{"startTime":463.4,"endTime":466.91,"body":"as confirmed in the Court of Appeal case"},{"startTime":466.91,"endTime":471.033,"body":"of Plyburn against Hudson in 1950."},{"startTime":472.42,"endTime":477.12,"body":"In practical terms, this"},{"startTime":472.42,"endTime":477.12,"body":"effectively gave the police"},{"startTime":477.12,"endTime":481.04,"body":"complete freedom to"},{"startTime":477.12,"endTime":481.04,"body":"arrest whoever they wanted"},{"startTime":482.33,"endTime":486.37,"body":"and those accused of"},{"startTime":482.33,"endTime":486.37,"body":"offenses under the sus laws"},{"startTime":486.37,"endTime":490.72,"body":"were not tried by jury,"},{"startTime":486.37,"endTime":490.72,"body":"but by a magistrate"},{"startTime":491.72,"endTime":495.75,"body":"who tended to have an institutional bias"},{"startTime":495.75,"endTime":498.583,"body":"in favor of the police."},{"startTime":499.59,"endTime":504.59,"body":"Hugh Boatswain a Hackney activist and poet"},{"startTime":505.28,"endTime":508.003,"body":"once told the Institute of Race Relations"},{"startTime":509.009,"endTime":512.647,"body":"that \"The problem with sus for us"},{"startTime":513.71,"endTime":518.053,"body":"was that it was your word"},{"startTime":513.71,"endTime":518.053,"body":"versus whoever arrested you\""},{"startTime":520.719,"endTime":524.2,"body":"and it was enough simply to be black"},{"startTime":524.2,"endTime":528.767,"body":"and \"In the wrong place"},{"startTime":524.2,"endTime":528.767,"body":"at the wrong time.\""},{"startTime":530.64,"endTime":534.2,"body":"Now, it wasn't just members"},{"startTime":530.64,"endTime":534.2,"body":"of the black community"},{"startTime":534.2,"endTime":538.29,"body":"who were concerned with the"},{"startTime":534.2,"endTime":538.29,"body":"oppressive nature of the sus law"},{"startTime":538.29,"endTime":543.29,"body":"as long ago as 1937, in the"},{"startTime":538.29,"endTime":543.29,"body":"case of Ledwith versus Roberts"},{"startTime":545.79,"endTime":547.683,"body":"Lord Justice Scott said,"},{"startTime":549.911,"endTime":554.312,"body":"\"It is now time that our relevant"},{"startTime":549.911,"endTime":554.312,"body":"statute should be revised"},{"startTime":554.312,"endTime":555.9,"body":"and that punishment and arrest"},{"startTime":555.9,"endTime":558.29,"body":"should no longer depend on the words,"},{"startTime":558.29,"endTime":561.57,"body":"which today have an uncertain sense"},{"startTime":561.57,"endTime":565.52,"body":"and which nobody can truly"},{"startTime":561.57,"endTime":565.52,"body":"apply to modern conditions."},{"startTime":565.52,"endTime":568.8,"body":"To retain such law"},{"startTime":565.52,"endTime":568.8,"body":"seems to me inconsistent"},{"startTime":568.8,"endTime":571.49,"body":"with our national sense"},{"startTime":568.8,"endTime":571.49,"body":"of personal liberty"},{"startTime":571.49,"endTime":574.24,"body":"and respect for the rule of law,"},{"startTime":574.24,"endTime":579.24,"body":"clear and definite language"},{"startTime":574.24,"endTime":579.24,"body":"is essential in penal laws.\""},{"startTime":581.8,"endTime":584.81,"body":"It was widely known at the time"},{"startTime":584.81,"endTime":588.53,"body":"that the sus law was"},{"startTime":584.81,"endTime":588.53,"body":"disproportionately used"},{"startTime":588.53,"endTime":590.72,"body":"against black people."},{"startTime":590.72,"endTime":594.42,"body":"The figures bore this out, for example,"},{"startTime":594.42,"endTime":597.67,"body":"evidence given by the"},{"startTime":594.42,"endTime":597.67,"body":"Commission for Racial Equality"},{"startTime":597.67,"endTime":600.26,"body":"to the Home Affairs Select Committee,"},{"startTime":600.26,"endTime":604.691,"body":"established that black people made up 44%"},{"startTime":604.691,"endTime":608.72,"body":"of those arrested by the"},{"startTime":604.691,"endTime":608.72,"body":"Metropolitan Police District"},{"startTime":608.72,"endTime":613.72,"body":"under the sus laws in 1977,"},{"startTime":608.72,"endTime":613.72,"body":"44% in 1978, 40% in 1979,"},{"startTime":618.61,"endTime":622.52,"body":"hugely disproportionate"},{"startTime":618.61,"endTime":622.52,"body":"to black people share"},{"startTime":622.52,"endTime":624.393,"body":"of the overall overall population."},{"startTime":627.63,"endTime":630.67,"body":"In 1980, the Home Affairs Select Committee"},{"startTime":630.67,"endTime":633.53,"body":"recommended the repeal of the sus law,"},{"startTime":633.53,"endTime":636.2,"body":"its recommendation was"},{"startTime":633.53,"endTime":636.2,"body":"debated in parliament"},{"startTime":636.2,"endTime":638.7,"body":"on the 5th of June, 1980,"},{"startTime":638.7,"endTime":641.49,"body":"where there was widespread"},{"startTime":638.7,"endTime":641.49,"body":"support for its repeal"},{"startTime":641.49,"endTime":644.313,"body":"from the Conservative and Labor MPs alike."},{"startTime":645.36,"endTime":647.84,"body":"The Home Secretary of"},{"startTime":645.36,"endTime":647.84,"body":"the time Willie Whitelaw"},{"startTime":647.84,"endTime":651.14,"body":"accepted the need for change in the law."},{"startTime":651.14,"endTime":654.44,"body":"And ultimately, the sus law was repealed"},{"startTime":654.44,"endTime":658.0,"body":"by Section 8 of the"},{"startTime":654.44,"endTime":658.0,"body":"Criminal Attempts Act 1981"},{"startTime":658.0,"endTime":661.923,"body":"with effect from the 27th of August, 1981."},{"startTime":663.28,"endTime":668.28,"body":"Now, although repealed as"},{"startTime":663.28,"endTime":668.28,"body":"we shall come to discuss,"},{"startTime":668.85,"endTime":672.66,"body":"the legacy of the sus law continues today,"},{"startTime":672.66,"endTime":676.233,"body":"often dubbed Sus Law 2.0."},{"startTime":677.79,"endTime":679.34,"body":"I'll come onto that in a while."},{"startTime":681.55,"endTime":683.56,"body":"The Judge's Rules."},{"startTime":683.56,"endTime":686.64,"body":"Meanwhile, another major issue"},{"startTime":686.64,"endTime":690.18,"body":"was the conduct of police interrogations,"},{"startTime":690.18,"endTime":694.0,"body":"at the time, there was"},{"startTime":690.18,"endTime":694.0,"body":"no clear legal framework"},{"startTime":694.0,"endTime":697.803,"body":"governing the power of the"},{"startTime":694.0,"endTime":697.803,"body":"police to question suspects,"},{"startTime":699.24,"endTime":701.04,"body":"the only framework that existed"},{"startTime":701.04,"endTime":703.72,"body":"was a document called the Judges' Rules."},{"startTime":703.72,"endTime":705.91,"body":"These rules were not rules of law,"},{"startTime":705.91,"endTime":710.3,"body":"but guidance issued by the"},{"startTime":705.91,"endTime":710.3,"body":"judiciary to police officers."},{"startTime":710.3,"endTime":714.3,"body":"The main purpose of the"},{"startTime":710.3,"endTime":714.3,"body":"rules was to provide clarity"},{"startTime":714.3,"endTime":718.32,"body":"on when confessions and other"},{"startTime":714.3,"endTime":718.32,"body":"statements made to the police"},{"startTime":718.32,"endTime":721.223,"body":"would or would not be admissible in court."},{"startTime":722.22,"endTime":726.55,"body":"The Judge's Rules were"},{"startTime":722.22,"endTime":726.55,"body":"first issued in 1912,"},{"startTime":726.55,"endTime":729.04,"body":"they've been revised in several occasions"},{"startTime":729.04,"endTime":732.623,"body":"with the final edition"},{"startTime":729.04,"endTime":732.623,"body":"being issued in 1964."},{"startTime":733.83,"endTime":736.04,"body":"The Judges' Rules are still used today"},{"startTime":736.04,"endTime":738.923,"body":"in several Commonwealth countries."},{"startTime":740.65,"endTime":742.37,"body":"Breach of the Judges' Rules"},{"startTime":742.37,"endTime":746.05,"body":"did not automatically make"},{"startTime":742.37,"endTime":746.05,"body":"evidence inadmissible,"},{"startTime":746.05,"endTime":747.53,"body":"it was already a rule of law"},{"startTime":747.53,"endTime":751.15,"body":"that confessions and other"},{"startTime":747.53,"endTime":751.15,"body":"statements could not be admitted"},{"startTime":751.15,"endTime":752.96,"body":"unless they were voluntary."},{"startTime":752.96,"endTime":755.18,"body":"But even if a statement had been obtained"},{"startTime":755.18,"endTime":757.0,"body":"in breach of the Judge's Rules,"},{"startTime":757.0,"endTime":761.01,"body":"the trial judge still had"},{"startTime":757.0,"endTime":761.01,"body":"a discretion to admit it."},{"startTime":761.01,"endTime":765.71,"body":"The court of appeal said in"},{"startTime":761.01,"endTime":765.71,"body":"Crown against Prager 1972,"},{"startTime":765.71,"endTime":769.4,"body":"that ultimately all turns"},{"startTime":765.71,"endTime":769.4,"body":"on the judge's decision,"},{"startTime":769.4,"endTime":772.33,"body":"whether breach or no breach,"},{"startTime":772.33,"endTime":776.053,"body":"it has been shown have made voluntarily."},{"startTime":777.6,"endTime":780.83,"body":"In terms of evidence,"},{"startTime":777.6,"endTime":780.83,"body":"other than confessions,"},{"startTime":780.83,"endTime":784.62,"body":"the trial judge had a"},{"startTime":780.83,"endTime":784.62,"body":"discretion to exclude evidence"},{"startTime":784.62,"endTime":789.12,"body":"if its prejudicial effect"},{"startTime":784.62,"endTime":789.12,"body":"outweighed its probative value"},{"startTime":789.12,"endTime":791.15,"body":"as confirmed in the House of Lord's case"},{"startTime":791.15,"endTime":792.393,"body":"of Crown against Son."},{"startTime":793.28,"endTime":796.72,"body":"But, trial judges did"},{"startTime":793.28,"endTime":796.72,"body":"not have a discretion"},{"startTime":796.72,"endTime":799.24,"body":"to exclude evidence purely on the ground"},{"startTime":799.24,"endTime":801.02,"body":"on how it was obtained,"},{"startTime":801.02,"endTime":806.02,"body":"so, the American fruit of"},{"startTime":801.02,"endTime":806.02,"body":"a poisonous tree doctrine"},{"startTime":807.2,"endTime":810.56,"body":"had no place in English legal system,"},{"startTime":810.56,"endTime":813.09,"body":"even if evidence was illegally obtained"},{"startTime":813.09,"endTime":816.023,"body":"that did not preclude its admission."},{"startTime":817.35,"endTime":820.36,"body":"Now, the Judge's Rules did not provide"},{"startTime":820.36,"endTime":822.36,"body":"adequate protection to suspects,"},{"startTime":822.36,"endTime":825.038,"body":"especially children"},{"startTime":822.36,"endTime":825.038,"body":"and vulnerable suspects"},{"startTime":825.038,"endTime":828.03,"body":"who could easily be pushed into making"},{"startTime":828.03,"endTime":830.42,"body":"or giving false confessions."},{"startTime":830.42,"endTime":833.03,"body":"This was illustrated amongst other things"},{"startTime":833.03,"endTime":837.943,"body":"by the Maxwell Confait case of 1972."},{"startTime":838.826,"endTime":842.24,"body":"In Confait, also known as Michelle,"},{"startTime":842.24,"endTime":847.24,"body":"who was a mixed race sex"},{"startTime":842.24,"endTime":847.24,"body":"worker who was found murdered."},{"startTime":847.41,"endTime":850.98,"body":"On the 24th of April, 1972,"},{"startTime":850.98,"endTime":853.59,"body":"three boys confessed to the murder,"},{"startTime":853.59,"endTime":858.59,"body":"Colin Lattimore, Ronald"},{"startTime":853.59,"endTime":858.59,"body":"Layton and Ahmet Salih."},{"startTime":858.7,"endTime":863.55,"body":"Two of them were children,"},{"startTime":858.7,"endTime":863.55,"body":"age 14 and 15 respectively"},{"startTime":863.55,"endTime":866.34,"body":"and the third Colin Latimore was 18,"},{"startTime":866.34,"endTime":869.77,"body":"but had significant learning difficulties"},{"startTime":869.77,"endTime":872.043,"body":"and was said to have"},{"startTime":869.77,"endTime":872.043,"body":"a mental age of eight."},{"startTime":873.06,"endTime":877.1,"body":"There were significant"},{"startTime":873.06,"endTime":877.1,"body":"breaches of the Judge's Rules"},{"startTime":877.1,"endTime":879.21,"body":"in the way that they were questioned,"},{"startTime":879.21,"endTime":883.78,"body":"including failing to have a"},{"startTime":879.21,"endTime":883.78,"body":"parent or guardian present"},{"startTime":883.78,"endTime":885.93,"body":"during the questioning"},{"startTime":883.78,"endTime":885.93,"body":"of two of the children"},{"startTime":885.93,"endTime":889.3,"body":"and failure to inform"},{"startTime":885.93,"endTime":889.3,"body":"them of their rights."},{"startTime":889.3,"endTime":890.48,"body":"They were not given the opportunity"},{"startTime":890.48,"endTime":892.52,"body":"to consult with a solicitor"},{"startTime":892.52,"endTime":894.89,"body":"and to cut a long story short,"},{"startTime":894.89,"endTime":897.98,"body":"it turned out there had been"},{"startTime":894.89,"endTime":897.98,"body":"a miscarriage of justice"},{"startTime":897.98,"endTime":901.102,"body":"and the three boys were"},{"startTime":897.98,"endTime":901.102,"body":"eventually acquitted"},{"startTime":901.102,"endTime":905.03,"body":"by the Court of Appeal in 1975."},{"startTime":905.03,"endTime":908.53,"body":"As noted by historian Aaron Andrews,"},{"startTime":908.53,"endTime":911.32,"body":"the Confait case became a landmark case"},{"startTime":911.32,"endTime":914.7,"body":"in shaping police interrogation practices,"},{"startTime":914.7,"endTime":917.15,"body":"standards for admissible evidence"},{"startTime":917.15,"endTime":920.7,"body":"and the treatment of people"},{"startTime":917.15,"endTime":920.7,"body":"we've learned in disabilities."},{"startTime":920.7,"endTime":923.3,"body":"Andrew's also underlined"},{"startTime":920.7,"endTime":923.3,"body":"the notable parallels"},{"startTime":923.3,"endTime":926.06,"body":"between the Confait case"},{"startTime":923.3,"endTime":926.06,"body":"and the investigation"},{"startTime":926.06,"endTime":927.58,"body":"of the New Cross massacre,"},{"startTime":927.58,"endTime":929.33,"body":"which I will be shortly addressing."},{"startTime":931.37,"endTime":936.37,"body":"A subsequent 1977 public"},{"startTime":931.37,"endTime":936.37,"body":"inquiry by Sir Henry Fisher,"},{"startTime":937.78,"endTime":941.21,"body":"highlighted the inadequacies"},{"startTime":937.78,"endTime":941.21,"body":"of the judge's rules,"},{"startTime":941.21,"endTime":942.61,"body":"although controversially,"},{"startTime":942.61,"endTime":947.61,"body":"Sir Henry also reincriminated"},{"startTime":942.61,"endTime":947.61,"body":"two of the three boys."},{"startTime":947.7,"endTime":951.82,"body":"We can see therefore, that"},{"startTime":947.7,"endTime":951.82,"body":"at the outset of the 1980s,"},{"startTime":951.82,"endTime":954.51,"body":"there was a great deal"},{"startTime":951.82,"endTime":954.51,"body":"of justified concern"},{"startTime":954.51,"endTime":957.31,"body":"about the unfettered powers of the police"},{"startTime":957.31,"endTime":961.13,"body":"and about the scope for"},{"startTime":957.31,"endTime":961.13,"body":"miscarriages of justice,"},{"startTime":961.13,"endTime":964.85,"body":"these issues were not exclusive"},{"startTime":961.13,"endTime":964.85,"body":"to the black community,"},{"startTime":964.85,"endTime":968.973,"body":"but they affected black"},{"startTime":964.85,"endTime":968.973,"body":"people disproportionately."},{"startTime":970.52,"endTime":973.683,"body":"New Cross and the Brixton riots."},{"startTime":975.12,"endTime":977.15,"body":"Having set the scene,"},{"startTime":977.15,"endTime":979.693,"body":"we can now turn to the events of 1981,"},{"startTime":980.97,"endTime":985.583,"body":"a year, which marked the turning"},{"startTime":980.97,"endTime":985.583,"body":"point in UK race relations."},{"startTime":987.52,"endTime":992.52,"body":"In the early hours of Sunday,"},{"startTime":987.52,"endTime":992.52,"body":"the 18th of January, 1981,"},{"startTime":992.76,"endTime":996.53,"body":"there was a fire at a house in New Cross,"},{"startTime":996.53,"endTime":998.43,"body":"in Southeast London,"},{"startTime":998.43,"endTime":1003.3,"body":"which killed 13 black young people"},{"startTime":1003.3,"endTime":1007.043,"body":"aged between 14 and 22."},{"startTime":1008.48,"endTime":1010.07,"body":"The causes of the fire"},{"startTime":1010.07,"endTime":1012.81,"body":"have never been conclusively established."},{"startTime":1012.81,"endTime":1017.1,"body":"Some people believed at the"},{"startTime":1012.81,"endTime":1017.1,"body":"time that it was a racist attack"},{"startTime":1017.1,"endTime":1020.67,"body":"given by the National Front"},{"startTime":1017.1,"endTime":1020.67,"body":"was active in the area"},{"startTime":1020.67,"endTime":1023.949,"body":"and had claimed responsibility"},{"startTime":1020.67,"endTime":1023.949,"body":"for burning down"},{"startTime":1023.949,"endTime":1027.73,"body":"the Deptford Albany"},{"startTime":1023.949,"endTime":1027.73,"body":"Empire Community Theater"},{"startTime":1027.73,"endTime":1029.483,"body":"three years before."},{"startTime":1030.44,"endTime":1032.71,"body":"However, the police investigation"},{"startTime":1032.71,"endTime":1034.623,"body":"quickly dismissed this theory."},{"startTime":1035.91,"endTime":1040.91,"body":"Now, a friend of mine"},{"startTime":1035.91,"endTime":1040.91,"body":"Dr. David Michael MBA,"},{"startTime":1041.4,"endTime":1046.4,"body":"the first black police officer"},{"startTime":1041.4,"endTime":1046.4,"body":"to serve in Lewisham in 1970,"},{"startTime":1046.82,"endTime":1049.02,"body":"New Cross's part of borough"},{"startTime":1049.02,"endTime":1053.893,"body":"described the forces behaving"},{"startTime":1049.02,"endTime":1053.893,"body":"like an occupying army."},{"startTime":1054.85,"endTime":1058.086,"body":"Unfortunately, this is the approach"},{"startTime":1058.086,"endTime":1060.429,"body":"many felt they took to the investigation"},{"startTime":1060.429,"endTime":1063.26,"body":"of the New Cross fire."},{"startTime":1063.26,"endTime":1067.67,"body":"The line of inquiry into a"},{"startTime":1063.26,"endTime":1067.67,"body":"potentially racist fire bombing"},{"startTime":1067.67,"endTime":1069.16,"body":"was quickly dropped"},{"startTime":1069.16,"endTime":1073.107,"body":"in favor of a theory that"},{"startTime":1069.16,"endTime":1073.107,"body":"a fight had broken out"},{"startTime":1073.107,"endTime":1076.75,"body":"and there were unruly black youth"},{"startTime":1076.75,"endTime":1079.373,"body":"who had caused their own deaths."},{"startTime":1080.29,"endTime":1083.62,"body":"A number of survivors were"},{"startTime":1080.29,"endTime":1083.62,"body":"detained for questioning"},{"startTime":1083.62,"endTime":1088.2,"body":"and activists exposed how"},{"startTime":1083.62,"endTime":1088.2,"body":"children were encouraged"},{"startTime":1088.2,"endTime":1091.52,"body":"to sign false statements."},{"startTime":1091.52,"endTime":1095.88,"body":"The story of Denise Goodin"},{"startTime":1091.52,"endTime":1095.88,"body":"is recounted by Carol Pierre"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1095.88,"endTime":1100.06,"body":"New Perspectives.'"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1100.06,"endTime":1103.4,"body":"At just 11 years of age,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1103.4,"endTime":1107.34,"body":"Goodin was subjected"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1103.4,"endTime":1107.34,"body":"to hours of questioning"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1107.34,"endTime":1109.93,"body":"into the early hours of the morning"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1109.93,"endTime":1114.513,"body":"and pressurized to admit there"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1109.93,"endTime":1114.513,"body":"was fighting at the party."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1115.6,"endTime":1118.73,"body":"Cecil Gutzmore, an academic, an activist"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1118.73,"endTime":1121.87,"body":"who was active in the"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1118.73,"endTime":1121.87,"body":"mobilization after the fire,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1121.87,"endTime":1126.32,"body":"explained to me that almost immediately"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1126.32,"endTime":1129.193,"body":"victims became suspects."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1130.12,"endTime":1133.233,"body":"Many black people felt that"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1130.12,"endTime":1133.233,"body":"the British establishment"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1133.233,"endTime":1137.34,"body":"did not care about who"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1133.233,"endTime":1137.34,"body":"had died in the fire"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1138.18,"endTime":1139.62,"body":"as an article in the 'Guardian'"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1139.62,"endTime":1142.913,"body":"by Kehinde Andrews recorded,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1144.817,"endTime":1147.44,"body":"\"It was not only the police response"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1147.44,"endTime":1149.69,"body":"that fed into community anger,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1149.69,"endTime":1153.95,"body":"such a tragedy should have"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1149.69,"endTime":1153.95,"body":"provoked national mourning,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1153.95,"endTime":1156.26,"body":"but there was silence."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1156.26,"endTime":1161.26,"body":"A month later when 45 people"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1156.26,"endTime":1161.26,"body":"were killed at Dublin disco,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1161.39,"endTime":1165.56,"body":"the Queen, the Prime"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1161.39,"endTime":1165.56,"body":"Minister Margaret Thatcher"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1165.56,"endTime":1168.9,"body":"immediately sent their condolences."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1168.9,"endTime":1173.9,"body":"It took Thatcher five weeks"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1168.9,"endTime":1173.9,"body":"to reply to Sybil Phoenix"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1175.29,"endTime":1178.4,"body":"who had written on behalf"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1175.29,"endTime":1178.4,"body":"of the New Cross families"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1178.4,"endTime":1182.42,"body":"and community condemning the"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1178.4,"endTime":1182.42,"body":"failure of the government"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1182.42,"endTime":1185.78,"body":"to reflect the outrage"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1182.42,"endTime":1185.78,"body":"of the black community."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1185.78,"endTime":1188.69,"body":"Thatcher's disrespect was summed up"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1188.69,"endTime":1192.702,"body":"in her request to Phoenix"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1188.69,"endTime":1192.702,"body":"pass on her sympathies"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1192.702,"endTime":1195.43,"body":"rather than to make any effort"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1195.43,"endTime":1198.033,"body":"to contact the families herself."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1198.99,"endTime":1202.004,"body":"The lack of an official"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1198.99,"endTime":1202.004,"body":"response to the New Cross"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1202.004,"endTime":1206.323,"body":"demonstrate the value placed"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1202.004,"endTime":1206.323,"body":"on black lives in Britain."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1207.29,"endTime":1212.03,"body":"The media were largely"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1207.29,"endTime":1212.03,"body":"silent or supported the view"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1212.03,"endTime":1216.657,"body":"that black youngsters had"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1212.03,"endTime":1216.657,"body":"caused the fire themselves.\""},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1220.07,"endTime":1223.29,"body":"Those campaigning for"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1220.07,"endTime":1223.29,"body":"justice were victims,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1223.29,"endTime":1227.747,"body":"summed their feelings in a simple slogan,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1227.747,"endTime":1231.857,"body":"\"13 dead, nothing said.\""},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1234.031,"endTime":1236.35,"body":"Now the real causes of the fire"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1236.35,"endTime":1239.01,"body":"is still not known with certainty,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1239.01,"endTime":1241.98,"body":"the original coroners inquest in 1981"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1241.98,"endTime":1244.27,"body":"recorded an open verdict."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1244.27,"endTime":1247.49,"body":"The second inquest in 2004,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1247.49,"endTime":1252.0,"body":"which I represented 12 of the families,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1252.0,"endTime":1255.74,"body":"likewise recorded another open verdict,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1255.74,"endTime":1258.94,"body":"although the coroner thought that the fire"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1258.94,"endTime":1263.303,"body":"was probably started deliberately"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1258.94,"endTime":1263.303,"body":"by one of the guests."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1264.53,"endTime":1267.22,"body":"A massive popular demonstration,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1267.22,"endTime":1270.33,"body":"the National Black People's Day of Action"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1270.33,"endTime":1273.886,"body":"took place on the 2nd of March, 1981"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1273.886,"endTime":1278.78,"body":"more than 20,000 people, the"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1273.886,"endTime":1278.78,"body":"vast majority of them black"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1278.78,"endTime":1280.423,"body":"marched through London."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1281.62,"endTime":1283.96,"body":"The right wing press reacted with horror"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1285.35,"endTime":1288.257,"body":"as Kehinde Andrews records,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1288.257,"endTime":1291.6,"body":"\"The press, the following"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1288.257,"endTime":1291.6,"body":"day focused on pictures"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1291.6,"endTime":1295.06,"body":"from Blackfriars Bridge"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1291.6,"endTime":1295.06,"body":"with headlines such as"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1295.06,"endTime":1300.06,"body":"when the black tide met the"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1295.06,"endTime":1300.06,"body":"thin blue line, Daily Mail.\""},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1300.877,"endTime":1305.87,"body":"\"The day that blacks ran"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1300.877,"endTime":1305.87,"body":"riot in London, The Sun"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1305.87,"endTime":1310.367,"body":"and the rampage of the"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1305.87,"endTime":1310.367,"body":"mob, Daily Express.\""},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1311.6,"endTime":1313.29,"body":"At the beginning of April,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1313.29,"endTime":1317.853,"body":"the Metropolitan Police"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1313.29,"endTime":1317.853,"body":"launched Operation Swamp 81,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1319.94,"endTime":1322.43,"body":"a name, which refer"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1322.43,"endTime":1325.53,"body":"to the Prime Minister"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1322.43,"endTime":1325.53,"body":"Margaret Thatcher's remark"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1325.53,"endTime":1329.5,"body":"that the country might be"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1325.53,"endTime":1329.5,"body":"rather swamped by people"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1329.5,"endTime":1330.963,"body":"from a different culture."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1331.92,"endTime":1333.347,"body":"Using the sus law,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1333.347,"endTime":1338.347,"body":"the police stopped and"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1333.347,"endTime":1338.347,"body":"searched 943 people in Brixton"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1339.7,"endTime":1342.323,"body":"in just five days."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1343.22,"endTime":1346.43,"body":"Brian Paddick then as Police Sergeant"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1346.43,"endTime":1348.86,"body":"and later Senior Police Officer"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1348.86,"endTime":1352.467,"body":"and Liberal Democrat"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1348.86,"endTime":1352.467,"body":"Politician and Peer said,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1352.467,"endTime":1355.203,"body":"\"We were an occupying army,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1356.44,"endTime":1358.807,"body":"this brought matters to a head.\""},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1359.75,"endTime":1364.59,"body":"On Friday the 10th of April"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1359.75,"endTime":1364.59,"body":"a riot started in Brixton"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1364.59,"endTime":1367.22,"body":"with violent clashes between"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1364.59,"endTime":1367.22,"body":"the community members"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1367.22,"endTime":1368.83,"body":"and the police."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1368.83,"endTime":1370.96,"body":"The largest clashes took place on Saturday"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1370.96,"endTime":1375.96,"body":"the 11th of April, 1981"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1370.96,"endTime":1375.96,"body":"with 279 police officers"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1377.569,"endTime":1380.953,"body":"and 65 members of the public injured."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1381.96,"endTime":1385.15,"body":"In the aftermath, the government"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1381.96,"endTime":1385.15,"body":"commissioned an inquiry"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1385.15,"endTime":1387.73,"body":"headed by Lord Scarman"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1387.73,"endTime":1390.71,"body":"the report published in November 1981,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1390.71,"endTime":1393.68,"body":"highlighted the role"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1390.71,"endTime":1393.68,"body":"of racial disadvantage"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1393.68,"endTime":1395.6,"body":"and in a city decline."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1395.6,"endTime":1400.5,"body":"It also was mildly critical"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1395.6,"endTime":1400.5,"body":"of the Metropolitan Police,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1400.5,"endTime":1404.0,"body":"but unfortunately, found that the police"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1404.0,"endTime":1407.283,"body":"was not institutionally racist,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1409.85,"endTime":1414.71,"body":"PACE or the Police and"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1409.85,"endTime":1414.71,"body":"Criminal Evidence Act 1984."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1416.97,"endTime":1421.1,"body":"The aftermath of the Brixton"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1416.97,"endTime":1421.1,"body":"riots and the Scarman report"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1421.1,"endTime":1424.023,"body":"did see some changes to policing,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1424.97,"endTime":1428.34,"body":"the most important of"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1424.97,"endTime":1428.34,"body":"those changes was PACE,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1428.34,"endTime":1430.773,"body":"the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1431.61,"endTime":1435.96,"body":"This replaced the old"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1431.61,"endTime":1435.96,"body":"hodgepodge of statutory"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1435.96,"endTime":1439.6,"body":"and common law powers"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1435.96,"endTime":1439.6,"body":"and the Judge's Rules"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1439.6,"endTime":1441.88,"body":"with a coherent statutory code"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1441.88,"endTime":1444.743,"body":"for the conduct of police investigation."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1445.91,"endTime":1449.58,"body":"Police powers were clearly"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1445.91,"endTime":1449.58,"body":"defined and limited by law"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1449.58,"endTime":1452.46,"body":"for the first time,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1452.46,"endTime":1455.39,"body":"the powers of the courts"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1452.46,"endTime":1455.39,"body":"to exclude evidence"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1455.39,"endTime":1460.21,"body":"was also clearly defined by"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1455.39,"endTime":1460.21,"body":"Section 76 and 78 of PACE."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1461.18,"endTime":1464.57,"body":"And alongside PACE itself came"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1464.57,"endTime":1467.33,"body":"the Police and Evidence Codes of Practice,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1467.33,"endTime":1470.233,"body":"which set out how investigations"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1467.33,"endTime":1470.233,"body":"should be conducted."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1472.495,"endTime":1476.97,"body":"There were codes governing"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1472.495,"endTime":1476.97,"body":"the powers to stop and seize,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1476.97,"endTime":1479.97,"body":"detention, treatment"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1476.97,"endTime":1479.97,"body":"and question of people"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1479.97,"endTime":1483.82,"body":"in police custody,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1479.97,"endTime":1483.82,"body":"identification procedures,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1483.82,"endTime":1488.82,"body":"the recording of interviews"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1483.82,"endTime":1488.82,"body":"and the powers of arrest,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1489.54,"endTime":1492.653,"body":"PACE had a huge impact on policing."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1493.59,"endTime":1496.55,"body":"As the 2020 article by David Cowan"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1496.55,"endTime":1498.973,"body":"and the Law Society Gazette states,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1500.387,"endTime":1502.59,"body":"\"Experienced criminal lawyers"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1502.59,"endTime":1506.87,"body":"and those who helped shape"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1502.59,"endTime":1506.87,"body":"policy in this area are clear,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1506.87,"endTime":1511.22,"body":"the impact of PACE was"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1506.87,"endTime":1511.22,"body":"dramatic and immediate,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1511.22,"endTime":1513.91,"body":"it protected rights at the same time"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1513.91,"endTime":1518.11,"body":"as radically changing"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1513.91,"endTime":1518.11,"body":"the culture of policing.\""},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1518.11,"endTime":1521.038,"body":"Before PACE, officers"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1518.11,"endTime":1521.038,"body":"tried all sorts of tricks"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1521.038,"endTime":1525.22,"body":"of the trade, such as losing your client,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1525.22,"endTime":1530.22,"body":"recalls Veteran Criminal Law"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1525.22,"endTime":1530.22,"body":"Solicitor Anthony Edwards."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1531.16,"endTime":1535.963,"body":"The first achievement of PACE"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1531.16,"endTime":1535.963,"body":"was how to help to find them."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1537.82,"endTime":1541.83,"body":"However, the PACE did not go"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1537.82,"endTime":1541.83,"body":"as far as the American doctrine"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1541.83,"endTime":1545.302,"body":"of the fruit of the poisonous tree,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1545.302,"endTime":1548.63,"body":"it remains the case that"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1545.302,"endTime":1548.63,"body":"evidence which is obtained"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1548.63,"endTime":1551.38,"body":"in breach of PACE or the PACE codes"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1551.38,"endTime":1553.85,"body":"or otherwise illegally obtained"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1553.85,"endTime":1558.67,"body":"is not automatically excluded"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1553.85,"endTime":1558.67,"body":"from a criminal trial"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1558.67,"endTime":1560.163,"body":"in England and Wales."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1561.35,"endTime":1565.512,"body":"Section 76 of PACE provides for"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1561.35,"endTime":1565.512,"body":"the exclusion of confessions"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1565.512,"endTime":1568.62,"body":"where the confession"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1565.512,"endTime":1568.62,"body":"was obtained oppression"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1568.62,"endTime":1571.56,"body":"or in the consequence"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1568.62,"endTime":1571.56,"body":"of anything said or done"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1571.56,"endTime":1575.6,"body":"which was lightly in the"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1571.56,"endTime":1575.6,"body":"circumstances existing at the time"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1575.6,"endTime":1578.77,"body":"to render unreliable any confession"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1578.77,"endTime":1582.863,"body":"which may be made by the"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1578.77,"endTime":1582.863,"body":"individual in consequence thereof."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1584.7,"endTime":1588.06,"body":"In relation to evidence"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1584.7,"endTime":1588.06,"body":"other than confessions,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1588.06,"endTime":1592.1,"body":"the court has a general discretion"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1588.06,"endTime":1592.1,"body":"under Section 78 of PACE"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1592.1,"endTime":1594.73,"body":"to exclude prosecution evidence"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1594.73,"endTime":1597.89,"body":"if have in regard to"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1594.73,"endTime":1597.89,"body":"all the circumstances,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1597.89,"endTime":1599.36,"body":"including the circumstances"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1599.36,"endTime":1601.67,"body":"in which the evidence was obtained."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1601.67,"endTime":1603.4,"body":"The admission of the evidence"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1603.4,"endTime":1605.94,"body":"would have an adverse"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1603.4,"endTime":1605.94,"body":"effect on the fairness"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1605.94,"endTime":1609.62,"body":"of the proceedings that the"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1605.94,"endTime":1609.62,"body":"court ought not to admit it."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1609.62,"endTime":1610.56,"body":"But the focus here"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1610.56,"endTime":1614.13,"body":"is on the perceived fairness of the trial,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1614.13,"endTime":1617.106,"body":"the fact that the evidence"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1614.13,"endTime":1617.106,"body":"was illegally obtained"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1617.106,"endTime":1621.55,"body":"does not automatically"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1617.106,"endTime":1621.55,"body":"lead to its exclusion,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1621.55,"endTime":1625.793,"body":"although it is of course"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1621.55,"endTime":1625.793,"body":"a relevant factor."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1627.02,"endTime":1630.65,"body":"Another key thing that"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1627.02,"endTime":1630.65,"body":"PACE did was to provide"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1630.65,"endTime":1633.64,"body":"that police officers"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1630.65,"endTime":1633.64,"body":"could only stop and search"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1633.64,"endTime":1637.98,"body":"members of the public if"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1633.64,"endTime":1637.98,"body":"they had reasonable grounds"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1637.98,"endTime":1641.87,"body":"for suspicion that they would find stolen"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1641.87,"endTime":1644.73,"body":"or prohibited articles,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1644.73,"endTime":1649.48,"body":"they could not carry out"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1644.73,"endTime":1649.48,"body":"random stop and searches."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1649.48,"endTime":1652.91,"body":"However, an important"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1649.48,"endTime":1652.91,"body":"exception to this rule"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1652.91,"endTime":1656.863,"body":"was subsequently introduced,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1652.91,"endTime":1656.863,"body":"which we shall return to later."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1657.7,"endTime":1662.7,"body":"So, has PACE and the code"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1657.7,"endTime":1662.7,"body":"really helped check police power"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1664.24,"endTime":1667.53,"body":"particularly in regard to"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1664.24,"endTime":1667.53,"body":"discriminatory policing?"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1667.53,"endTime":1671.21,"body":"Well, the code says that"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1667.53,"endTime":1671.21,"body":"stop and search powers"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1671.21,"endTime":1675.07,"body":"must be used fairly, responsibly"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1675.07,"endTime":1677.51,"body":"with respect for people being searched"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1677.51,"endTime":1679.923,"body":"and without unlawful discrimination."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1680.84,"endTime":1682.82,"body":"They also hold that personal factors"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1682.82,"endTime":1685.88,"body":"such as a person's physical appearance"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1685.88,"endTime":1689.17,"body":"can never support a reasonable suspicion"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1689.17,"endTime":1693.64,"body":"and that generalizations and"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1689.17,"endTime":1693.64,"body":"stereotypes that certain groups"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1693.64,"endTime":1696.69,"body":"are more likely to be"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1693.64,"endTime":1696.69,"body":"involved in criminal behavior"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1696.69,"endTime":1700.44,"body":"cannot have any sway over"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1696.69,"endTime":1700.44,"body":"police officer's decision"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1700.44,"endTime":1702.673,"body":"to stop and search."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1704.13,"endTime":1708.22,"body":"Not withstanding this, we know full well"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1708.22,"endTime":1711.97,"body":"that stop and search often is carried out"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1711.97,"endTime":1716.97,"body":"in a discriminatory way"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1711.97,"endTime":1716.97,"body":"with little or no hope"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1717.18,"endTime":1719.54,"body":"of proper accountability."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1719.54,"endTime":1724.39,"body":"You see, if a police officer"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1719.54,"endTime":1724.39,"body":"fails to comply with the code,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1724.39,"endTime":1728.89,"body":"PACE states that the"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1724.39,"endTime":1728.89,"body":"failure in its in of itself"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1728.89,"endTime":1733.3,"body":"does not give rise to"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1728.89,"endTime":1733.3,"body":"criminal or civil proceedings."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1733.3,"endTime":1738.3,"body":"Although a judge can take the"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1733.3,"endTime":1738.3,"body":"officer's breach into account,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1738.73,"endTime":1742.463,"body":"if it arises in relation"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1738.73,"endTime":1742.463,"body":"to other proceedings."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1744.6,"endTime":1748.32,"body":"PACE was not the only reform in the 80s,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1748.32,"endTime":1752.17,"body":"the Scarman Report also"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1748.32,"endTime":1752.17,"body":"led to the establishment"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1752.17,"endTime":1757.17,"body":"of the Police Complaints"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1752.17,"endTime":1757.17,"body":"Authority later replaced"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1757.5,"endTime":1762.5,"body":"by the Independent Police"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1757.5,"endTime":1762.5,"body":"Complaints Commission"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1762.64,"endTime":1765.25,"body":"and now in its latest guise,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1765.25,"endTime":1768.69,"body":"the Independent Office for Police Conduct,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1768.69,"endTime":1773.69,"body":"which too has been criticized"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1768.69,"endTime":1773.69,"body":"for its lack of independence"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1773.69,"endTime":1776.49,"body":"and its inability or unwillingness"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1776.49,"endTime":1780.34,"body":"to meaningfully hold the police to account"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1780.34,"endTime":1784.113,"body":"for overpolicing and"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1780.34,"endTime":1784.113,"body":"racial discrimination."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1785.44,"endTime":1789.88,"body":"Let me come to Steven"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1785.44,"endTime":1789.88,"body":"Lawrence and I should say,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1789.88,"endTime":1794.88,"body":"we do have Steven's brother"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1789.88,"endTime":1794.88,"body":"here tonight, welcome."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1796.92,"endTime":1798.113,"body":"As most people know,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1799.47,"endTime":1804.47,"body":"racism in the police didn't"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1799.47,"endTime":1804.47,"body":"go away after the 1980s,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1806.52,"endTime":1811.52,"body":"this was highlighted most"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1806.52,"endTime":1811.52,"body":"profoundly by the investigation"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1812.12,"endTime":1815.12,"body":"of the racist murder of Steven Lawrence,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1815.12,"endTime":1820.12,"body":"a young black boy who on"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1815.12,"endTime":1820.12,"body":"the 22nd of April, 1993"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1820.66,"endTime":1822.77,"body":"in one of the most defining moments"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1822.77,"endTime":1825.203,"body":"of British racial history."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1827.206,"endTime":1832.206,"body":"A 1998 public inquiry chaired"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1827.206,"endTime":1832.206,"body":"by Sir William McPherson"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1833.67,"endTime":1838.376,"body":"concluded, that the Metropolitan"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1833.67,"endTime":1838.376,"body":"Police's investigation"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1838.376,"endTime":1840.92,"body":"had been incompetent"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1840.92,"endTime":1845.57,"body":"and that the force was"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1840.92,"endTime":1845.57,"body":"institutionally racist"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1845.57,"endTime":1850.57,"body":"contradicting Lord Scarman's"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1845.57,"endTime":1850.57,"body":"finding that it was not."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1850.62,"endTime":1855.503,"body":"Now, the case highlights"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1850.62,"endTime":1855.503,"body":"an important point,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1857.35,"endTime":1861.61,"body":"the impact of police racism"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1857.35,"endTime":1861.61,"body":"on the black community"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1861.61,"endTime":1866.61,"body":"just doesn't consist of"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1861.61,"endTime":1866.61,"body":"what the police do to us,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1866.94,"endTime":1871.94,"body":"it doesn't just consist of"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1866.94,"endTime":1871.94,"body":"unjustified stop and searches,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1872.35,"endTime":1876.56,"body":"unjustified arrests, police brutality"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1876.56,"endTime":1878.63,"body":"or miscarriages of justice."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1878.63,"endTime":1881.05,"body":"No, no, no, no, no,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1881.05,"endTime":1885.608,"body":"it also of what they don't do"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1885.608,"endTime":1890.608,"body":"when crimes against black"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1885.608,"endTime":1890.608,"body":"victims are not taken seriously,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1891.07,"endTime":1893.74,"body":"when investigations are botched"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1893.74,"endTime":1897.21,"body":"and when perpetrators"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1893.74,"endTime":1897.21,"body":"are let off scot-free"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1898.71,"endTime":1900.67,"body":"and I've addressed some of these points"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1900.67,"endTime":1902.793,"body":"in some of my previous talks."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1904.77,"endTime":1905.603,"body":"Let me look at"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1905.603,"endTime":1909.973,"body":"the Criminal Justice and"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1905.603,"endTime":1909.973,"body":"Public Order Act 1994."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1911.7,"endTime":1914.92,"body":"Meanwhile, Section 60"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1914.92,"endTime":1918.7,"body":"of the Criminal Justice"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1914.92,"endTime":1918.7,"body":"and Public Order Act 1994,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1918.7,"endTime":1921.869,"body":"introduced the power for police officers"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1921.869,"endTime":1924.865,"body":"of or above the rank superintendent"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1924.865,"endTime":1926.66,"body":"who reasonably believe"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1926.66,"endTime":1929.71,"body":"that incidents involving"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1926.66,"endTime":1929.71,"body":"serious violence may take place"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1929.71,"endTime":1932.191,"body":"in any locality in their area,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1932.191,"endTime":1935.263,"body":"may give an authorization"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1932.191,"endTime":1935.263,"body":"to police officers"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1935.263,"endTime":1939.9,"body":"to stop and search any person or vehicle"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1939.9,"endTime":1944.18,"body":"for offensive weapons or"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1939.9,"endTime":1944.18,"body":"dangerous instruments,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1944.18,"endTime":1947.25,"body":"the authorization could"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1944.18,"endTime":1947.25,"body":"be given for a period"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1947.25,"endTime":1949.253,"body":"not exceed in 24 hours."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1951.02,"endTime":1954.8,"body":"This section has been significantly"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1951.02,"endTime":1954.8,"body":"amended over the years,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1954.8,"endTime":1957.9,"body":"so that now that the"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1954.8,"endTime":1957.9,"body":"authorization can be given"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1957.9,"endTime":1962.9,"body":"by an inspector and can be"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1957.9,"endTime":1962.9,"body":"extended for further 24 hours."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1966.87,"endTime":1969.13,"body":"This provision originally introduced"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1969.13,"endTime":1972.8,"body":"by Conservative Home"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1969.13,"endTime":1972.8,"body":"Secretary Michael Howard,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1972.8,"endTime":1976.31,"body":"to tackle ravers and football hooligans"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1976.31,"endTime":1979.493,"body":"has been used"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1976.31,"endTime":1979.493,"body":"disproportionately against who?"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1981.07,"endTime":1982.963,"body":"Black people."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1985.27,"endTime":1990.27,"body":"In the 2003, 'The Guardian'"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1985.27,"endTime":1990.27,"body":"newspaper reported that"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1990.67,"endTime":1995.67,"body":"black people were 27 times"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1990.67,"endTime":1995.67,"body":"more likely than white people"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1995.89,"endTime":1999.543,"body":"to be stopped and"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":1995.89,"endTime":1999.543,"body":"searched under Section 60."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2000.8,"endTime":2002.63,"body":"In the previous lecture,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2002.63,"endTime":2004.47,"body":"I refer to the case of Roberts"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2004.47,"endTime":2008.79,"body":"against the Commission of"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2004.47,"endTime":2008.79,"body":"the Metropolitan Police 2015,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2008.79,"endTime":2011.08,"body":"in which the Supreme Court held"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2011.08,"endTime":2015.18,"body":"that Section 60 was compatible"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2011.08,"endTime":2015.18,"body":"with the Human Rights Act."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2015.18,"endTime":2020.07,"body":"Baroness Hale asserted that"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2015.18,"endTime":2020.07,"body":"there were great benefits"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2020.07,"endTime":2022.17,"body":"to the public in the power"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2022.17,"endTime":2025.167,"body":"of suspicionless stop and searches"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2025.167,"endTime":2027.85,"body":"and rather condescendingly"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2027.85,"endTime":2030.503,"body":"and potentially harmfully said,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2032.499,"endTime":2034.62,"body":"\"The purpose of Section 60 is to reduce"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2034.62,"endTime":2036.35,"body":"the risk of serious violence"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2036.35,"endTime":2039.53,"body":"where knives and other"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2036.35,"endTime":2039.53,"body":"offensive weapons are used,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2039.53,"endTime":2043.36,"body":"especially that associated"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2039.53,"endTime":2043.36,"body":"with gangs and large crowds."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2043.36,"endTime":2046.55,"body":"It must be born in mind"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2043.36,"endTime":2046.55,"body":"that many of these gangs"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2046.55,"endTime":2048.18,"body":"are largely composed of young people"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2048.18,"endTime":2050.63,"body":"from black and minority ethnic groups."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2050.63,"endTime":2052.81,"body":"While there is concern that"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2050.63,"endTime":2052.81,"body":"members of these groups"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2052.81,"endTime":2055.3,"body":"should not be disproportionately targeted,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2055.3,"endTime":2058.125,"body":"it is members of these"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2055.3,"endTime":2058.125,"body":"groups who will benefit most"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2058.125,"endTime":2062.06,"body":"from reduction in violence,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2058.125,"endTime":2062.06,"body":"serious injury and death"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2062.06,"endTime":2065.81,"body":"that may re result from"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2062.06,"endTime":2065.81,"body":"the use of such powers."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2065.81,"endTime":2068.379,"body":"Put bluntly, it is"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2065.81,"endTime":2068.379,"body":"mostly young black lives"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2068.379,"endTime":2072.42,"body":"that will be saved if there is"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2068.379,"endTime":2072.42,"body":"less gang violence in London"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2072.42,"endTime":2074.247,"body":"and some other cities.\""},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2077.93,"endTime":2081.45,"body":"Despite Baroness Hale claims,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2081.45,"endTime":2086.45,"body":"Section 60 is not in fact,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2081.45,"endTime":2086.45,"body":"a very effective power."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2089.11,"endTime":2094.11,"body":"In the 2014, the Best Use of"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2089.11,"endTime":2094.11,"body":"Stop and Search Scheme, BUUS"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2096.24,"endTime":2098.8,"body":"was introduced as a voluntary scheme,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2098.8,"endTime":2101.33,"body":"which police forces could opt into"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2101.33,"endTime":2105.54,"body":"to tighten the requirements"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2101.33,"endTime":2105.54,"body":"around the use of Section 60"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2105.54,"endTime":2107.383,"body":"and tackle racial disparity."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2108.47,"endTime":2112.55,"body":"However, in March, 2019,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2112.55,"endTime":2115.69,"body":"the government launched a pilot scheme"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2115.69,"endTime":2117.5,"body":"for five police forces"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2117.5,"endTime":2120.41,"body":"that reversed the changes in the scheme,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2120.41,"endTime":2122.65,"body":"making it easier for police forces"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2122.65,"endTime":2126.17,"body":"to use Section 60 powers ostensibly,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2126.17,"endTime":2128.983,"body":"in order to combat knife crime,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2129.98,"endTime":2134.543,"body":"this was rolled out"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2129.98,"endTime":2134.543,"body":"nationally in September, 2019."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2135.41,"endTime":2139.11,"body":"Now a study conducted by Agnew-Pauley"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2139.11,"endTime":2141.65,"body":"for the Criminal Justice Alliance"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2141.65,"endTime":2144.423,"body":"found that during the pilot scheme,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2144.423,"endTime":2149.423,"body":"only 4.5% of searches led to arrests."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2154.45,"endTime":2159.24,"body":"Let that sink in only 4.5%"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2159.24,"endTime":2164.15,"body":"of these suspicionless stop"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2159.24,"endTime":2164.15,"body":"and searches led to arrests."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2167.381,"endTime":2172.381,"body":"And even fewer searches led"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2167.381,"endTime":2172.381,"body":"to the recovery of a weapon,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2173.01,"endTime":2178.01,"body":"only 1.1% of searches in London"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2173.01,"endTime":2178.01,"body":"led to recovery of a weapon."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2181.14,"endTime":2184.92,"body":"And in two of the"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2181.14,"endTime":2184.92,"body":"participating police forces,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2184.92,"endTime":2187.713,"body":"no weapons were recovered at all."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2189.38,"endTime":2193.22,"body":"Meanwhile, during the"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2189.38,"endTime":2193.22,"body":"pilot scheme in London,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2193.22,"endTime":2196.299,"body":"black people were 10 times"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2193.22,"endTime":2196.299,"body":"more likely to be searched"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2196.299,"endTime":2201.29,"body":"than white people during the"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2196.299,"endTime":2201.29,"body":"Section 60 authorizations."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2201.29,"endTime":2203.62,"body":"The data collected in the same study"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2203.62,"endTime":2207.24,"body":"from after the national"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2203.62,"endTime":2207.24,"body":"rollout in September, 2019"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2207.24,"endTime":2212.24,"body":"told a similarly disappointing,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2207.24,"endTime":2212.24,"body":"but expected story."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2213.25,"endTime":2215.46,"body":"Liberty and StopWatch,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2215.46,"endTime":2217.58,"body":"the organizations also warned"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2217.58,"endTime":2219.61,"body":"in a letter to the Home Secretary"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2219.61,"endTime":2222.193,"body":"threatening legal action late last year,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2223.2,"endTime":2226.28,"body":"that black people already up to 18 times"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2226.28,"endTime":2229.9,"body":"more likely than white people"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2226.28,"endTime":2229.9,"body":"to be stopped and searched"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2229.9,"endTime":2232.72,"body":"under Section 60 and further stress"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2232.72,"endTime":2235.551,"body":"that only around 1% of stops"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2235.551,"endTime":2239.67,"body":"resulted in weapons being found."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2239.67,"endTime":2242.22,"body":"The threat of legal action was in response"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2242.22,"endTime":2247.15,"body":"to Priti Patel's decision to"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2242.22,"endTime":2247.15,"body":"scrap discrimination safeguards"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2247.15,"endTime":2250.703,"body":"although the government"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2247.15,"endTime":2250.703,"body":"eventually halted its plan."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2252.34,"endTime":2257.16,"body":"In short, there is little"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2252.34,"endTime":2257.16,"body":"evidence that Section 60"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2257.16,"endTime":2261.31,"body":"keeps the public safe"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2257.16,"endTime":2261.31,"body":"from illegal weapons,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2261.31,"endTime":2265.43,"body":"but a lot of evidence that it"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2261.31,"endTime":2265.43,"body":"leads to innocent black people"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2265.43,"endTime":2269.58,"body":"being stopped and searched"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2265.43,"endTime":2269.58,"body":"at staggering rates"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2269.58,"endTime":2274.09,"body":"with clear disparities"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2269.58,"endTime":2274.09,"body":"and as the Home Office"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2274.09,"endTime":2277.773,"body":"own Equality Impact"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2274.09,"endTime":2277.773,"body":"Assessment acknowledges,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2279.347,"endTime":2283.63,"body":"\"It is possible that this"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2279.347,"endTime":2283.63,"body":"disparity is at least in part,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2283.63,"endTime":2288.09,"body":"a result of discrimination/stereotyping"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2288.09,"endTime":2291.797,"body":"on the part of officers and forces.\""},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2294.579,"endTime":2296.323,"body":"The Human Rights Act 1998."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2300.35,"endTime":2303.94,"body":"Another statute that's had an"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2300.35,"endTime":2303.94,"body":"important impact on policing"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2303.94,"endTime":2306.78,"body":"is the Human Rights Act 1998."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2306.78,"endTime":2308.24,"body":"In previous lectures,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2308.24,"endTime":2311.38,"body":"I've talked about how the"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2308.24,"endTime":2311.38,"body":"incorporation of Article II"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2311.38,"endTime":2314.79,"body":"of the European Convention"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2311.38,"endTime":2314.79,"body":"on Human Rights,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2314.79,"endTime":2317.08,"body":"the right to life into our domestic law"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2317.08,"endTime":2321.19,"body":"has had a huge impact on the"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2317.08,"endTime":2321.19,"body":"ability of bereaved families"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2321.19,"endTime":2322.69,"body":"to hold the state accountable."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2324.07,"endTime":2328.26,"body":"Although police shootings"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2324.07,"endTime":2328.26,"body":"are rare thankfully in the UK"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2328.26,"endTime":2329.87,"body":"compared to the US,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2329.87,"endTime":2333.3,"body":"deaths in police custody are common,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2333.3,"endTime":2335.25,"body":"many of these have of the use"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2335.25,"endTime":2337.69,"body":"of dangerous restraint techniques,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2337.69,"endTime":2340.02,"body":"which cause positional asphyxia"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2340.02,"endTime":2342.22,"body":"often applied to vulnerable people"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2342.22,"endTime":2344.75,"body":"who are in a mental health crisis."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2344.75,"endTime":2346.65,"body":"The victims of these police killings"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2346.65,"endTime":2349.62,"body":"have disproportionately"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2346.65,"endTime":2349.62,"body":"been ethnic minorities,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2349.62,"endTime":2352.7,"body":"particularly black men often exacerbated"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2352.7,"endTime":2357.08,"body":"where the victim is in"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2352.7,"endTime":2357.08,"body":"mid mental health crisis."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2357.08,"endTime":2357.913,"body":"Over the years,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2357.913,"endTime":2360.98,"body":"I've represented many"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2357.913,"endTime":2360.98,"body":"bereaved families in inquest"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2360.98,"endTime":2364.56,"body":"or public inquiries where their"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2360.98,"endTime":2364.56,"body":"loved ones have been killed"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2364.56,"endTime":2366.28,"body":"by the police."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2366.28,"endTime":2368.127,"body":"And thanks to Article II"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2368.127,"endTime":2371.72,"body":"and the improvements in the"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2368.127,"endTime":2371.72,"body":"inquest and inquiry process,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2371.72,"endTime":2374.24,"body":"it has brought a about..."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2374.24,"endTime":2378.12,"body":"It is now easier than"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2374.24,"endTime":2378.12,"body":"previously to hold the state"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2378.12,"endTime":2380.41,"body":"and the police to account."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2380.41,"endTime":2384.12,"body":"For now, I limit myself to"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2380.41,"endTime":2384.12,"body":"saying that the Human Rights Act"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2384.12,"endTime":2386.04,"body":"has been a very powerful tool"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2386.04,"endTime":2388.797,"body":"for protecting civil liberties,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2386.04,"endTime":2388.797,"body":"limiting police powers"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2388.797,"endTime":2392.87,"body":"and holding police to"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2388.797,"endTime":2392.87,"body":"account for their abuses."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2392.87,"endTime":2395.35,"body":"I, for one, I'm not surprised,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2395.35,"endTime":2398.16,"body":"that our current Conservative government"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2398.16,"endTime":2402.06,"body":"is once again, proposing"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2398.16,"endTime":2402.06,"body":"to limit its protection"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2402.06,"endTime":2406.133,"body":"to the beat of a populous drum"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2402.06,"endTime":2406.133,"body":"with increasing discussions"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2406.133,"endTime":2408.67,"body":"of completely getting rid of it"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2408.67,"endTime":2413.573,"body":"and replacing it with a"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2408.67,"endTime":2413.573,"body":"modern bill of rights."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2417.01,"endTime":2420.063,"body":"The 2000s and the 2010s."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2421.69,"endTime":2426.35,"body":"Time does not permit me to"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2421.69,"endTime":2426.35,"body":"cover all the developments"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2426.35,"endTime":2429.63,"body":"in policing during the 2000s, 2010s,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2429.63,"endTime":2433.35,"body":"including the draconian"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2429.63,"endTime":2433.35,"body":"anti-terrorism legislation"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2433.35,"endTime":2436.98,"body":"enacted in the new labor years"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2436.98,"endTime":2439.21,"body":"or the police shooting of Mark Duggan,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2439.21,"endTime":2443.25,"body":"and the result in 2011 riots"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2443.25,"endTime":2445.16,"body":"and the hard line response to them"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2445.16,"endTime":2447.7,"body":"by the criminal justice institutions."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2447.7,"endTime":2450.784,"body":"Many of these topics"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2447.7,"endTime":2450.784,"body":"could be a whole lecture"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2450.784,"endTime":2455.11,"body":"of and in themselves,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2450.784,"endTime":2455.11,"body":"but without further ado,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2455.11,"endTime":2458.41,"body":"we need to move on to the"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2455.11,"endTime":2458.41,"body":"present day, so I shall do so."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2458.41,"endTime":2460.023,"body":"So where are we today?"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2461.29,"endTime":2465.3,"body":"How much of a race problem"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2461.29,"endTime":2465.3,"body":"do our police today have?"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2466.49,"endTime":2470.41,"body":"Well, the Home Affairs Select Committee"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2470.41,"endTime":2473.94,"body":"said in its 2021 report,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2473.94,"endTime":2477.56,"body":"22 years on from the McPherson report"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2477.56,"endTime":2482.32,"body":"call urgent action to tackle"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2477.56,"endTime":2482.32,"body":"persistent and deep rooted"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2482.32,"endTime":2485.92,"body":"unjustified racial"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2482.32,"endTime":2485.92,"body":"disparities within policing."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2485.92,"endTime":2487.787,"body":"It stated quote,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2487.787,"endTime":2490.57,"body":"\"The central aim of the 70 recommendations"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2490.57,"endTime":2492.89,"body":"published by the McPherson report"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2492.89,"endTime":2497.48,"body":"was to eliminate racist"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2492.89,"endTime":2497.48,"body":"prejudice and disadvantage"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2497.48,"endTime":2501.117,"body":"and demonstrate fairness"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2497.48,"endTime":2501.117,"body":"in aspects of policing."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2501.117,"endTime":2503.66,"body":"More than two decades later,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2503.66,"endTime":2507.113,"body":"the same still has not been met."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2508.55,"endTime":2511.72,"body":"And we only have to cast our minds back"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2511.72,"endTime":2516.65,"body":"to the summer of 2020 in the"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2511.72,"endTime":2516.65,"body":"brutal killing of George Floyd."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2516.65,"endTime":2519.21,"body":"Although this took place in the US,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2519.21,"endTime":2522.67,"body":"one would be gravely mistaken to suggest"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2522.67,"endTime":2526.16,"body":"that the gut-wrenching"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2522.67,"endTime":2526.16,"body":"video many of us watched"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2526.16,"endTime":2531.11,"body":"of George's death, has no"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2526.16,"endTime":2531.11,"body":"relevance here in the UK."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2531.11,"endTime":2534.25,"body":"As the Institute of Race Relation said,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2534.25,"endTime":2536.043,"body":"the death of George Floyd,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2537.027,"endTime":2540.59,"body":"\"Recalled and coalesced"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2537.027,"endTime":2540.59,"body":"with the police brutality"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2540.59,"endTime":2543.02,"body":"that has taken place across UK,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2543.02,"endTime":2546.18,"body":"both historically and contemporary"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2546.18,"endTime":2549.46,"body":"with some particularly high profile cases"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2549.46,"endTime":2551.78,"body":"of black experiences of policing"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2551.78,"endTime":2554.26,"body":"gaining an attention in 2020."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2554.26,"endTime":2557.33,"body":"In the light of this"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2554.26,"endTime":2557.33,"body":"and refusing suggestions"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2557.33,"endTime":2562.33,"body":"that racism and police"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2557.33,"endTime":2562.33,"body":"violence are only US problems,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2562.4,"endTime":2566.95,"body":"the UK is not innocent"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2562.4,"endTime":2566.95,"body":"emerges a popular slogan"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2566.95,"endTime":2570.237,"body":"during and beyond the protests.\""},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2572.57,"endTime":2577.36,"body":"Many had hoped to in the"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2572.57,"endTime":2577.36,"body":"aftermath of George's death,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2577.36,"endTime":2580.44,"body":"that a new dawn was on the horizon,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2580.44,"endTime":2583.15,"body":"but such hopes were swiftly tempered"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2583.15,"endTime":2587.68,"body":"after witnessing the"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2583.15,"endTime":2587.68,"body":"drastic policing approach"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2587.68,"endTime":2590.44,"body":"in the first six months to the pandemic,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2590.44,"endTime":2593.81,"body":"which sought an exacerbation"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2590.44,"endTime":2593.81,"body":"and proliferation"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2593.81,"endTime":2598.81,"body":"of discriminatory policing,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2593.81,"endTime":2598.81,"body":"especially against black people."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2599.29,"endTime":2602.36,"body":"Now, I have addressed in previous lectures"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2602.36,"endTime":2605.2,"body":"for Goldsmith College,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2602.36,"endTime":2605.2,"body":"University of London,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2605.2,"endTime":2608.74,"body":"the intensification of racialized policing"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2608.74,"endTime":2613.74,"body":"during the pandemic and many"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2608.74,"endTime":2613.74,"body":"others too have addressed this,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2614.16,"endTime":2618.05,"body":"so I do not intend tend"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2614.16,"endTime":2618.05,"body":"to focus much on this now,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2618.05,"endTime":2621.51,"body":"but let's take one example,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2621.51,"endTime":2625.8,"body":"Fixed Penalty Notices, FPNs,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2625.8,"endTime":2628.333,"body":"issued for breach of COVID regulations."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2629.901,"endTime":2633.42,"body":"One might think slightly popular topic"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2633.42,"endTime":2634.9,"body":"given the current government"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2634.9,"endTime":2636.967,"body":"and our Prime Minister's problems"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2636.967,"endTime":2639.503,"body":"that he's suffering currently."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2641.8,"endTime":2645.23,"body":"The Joint Committee on Human"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2641.8,"endTime":2645.23,"body":"Rights published a report"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2645.23,"endTime":2650.21,"body":"in April, 2021 on the"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2645.23,"endTime":2650.21,"body":"government's use of FPNS"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2650.21,"endTime":2655.09,"body":"noting figures by the"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2650.21,"endTime":2655.09,"body":"National Police Chief Council."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2655.09,"endTime":2658.41,"body":"It found that despite Asian people"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2658.41,"endTime":2662.05,"body":"making up 7.5% of the population,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2662.05,"endTime":2667.05,"body":"they represented 13% of"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2662.05,"endTime":2667.05,"body":"those issued with fines, 13%."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2671.3,"endTime":2676.3,"body":"And although black people"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2671.3,"endTime":2676.3,"body":"constitute 3.3% of the population,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2677.48,"endTime":2682.143,"body":"they represented 8% of those fined."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2683.5,"endTime":2687.7,"body":"In fact, the first conviction"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2683.5,"endTime":2687.7,"body":"under the Coronavirus Act 2020"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2688.94,"endTime":2691.013,"body":"was against a black woman,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2692.41,"endTime":2695.82,"body":"which was quickly exposed as unlawful"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2696.98,"endTime":2700.35,"body":"that's the Marie Dinou case."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2700.35,"endTime":2703.69,"body":"The Institute of Race"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2700.35,"endTime":2703.69,"body":"Relations quite neatly captured"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2703.69,"endTime":2706.97,"body":"the racialized policing"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2703.69,"endTime":2706.97,"body":"climate during the pandemic"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2706.97,"endTime":2710.4,"body":"echoing the positions"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2706.97,"endTime":2710.4,"body":"of many other policing"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2710.4,"endTime":2712.39,"body":"and human rights charities and NGOs"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2712.39,"endTime":2714.809,"body":"such as Liberty and StopWatch quote,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2714.809,"endTime":2718.09,"body":"\"The COVID-19 pandemic ushered in"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2718.09,"endTime":2720.69,"body":"a period of extraordinary police powers,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2720.69,"endTime":2725.41,"body":"which arrived in a broader"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2720.69,"endTime":2725.41,"body":"context of racist over policing"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2725.41,"endTime":2727.12,"body":"and police violence."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2727.12,"endTime":2729.55,"body":"British society was"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2727.12,"endTime":2729.55,"body":"already on a trajectory"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2729.55,"endTime":2732.44,"body":"towards an increase in"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2729.55,"endTime":2732.44,"body":"punitive social order"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2732.44,"endTime":2734.43,"body":"with policing at its heart,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2734.43,"endTime":2738.05,"body":"the pandemic became a vehicle"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2734.43,"endTime":2738.05,"body":"through which this trajectory"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2738.05,"endTime":2741.8,"body":"was articulated and accelerated."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2741.8,"endTime":2743.38,"body":"For a punitive state,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2743.38,"endTime":2746.85,"body":"policing the pandemic"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2743.38,"endTime":2746.85,"body":"was but logical solution"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2746.85,"endTime":2748.444,"body":"to a serious problem"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2748.444,"endTime":2753.087,"body":"but this is not to say that it"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2748.444,"endTime":2753.087,"body":"was an appropriate solution.\""},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2754.598,"endTime":2759.212,"body":"Also Liberty quite rightly stress that,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2759.212,"endTime":2762.07,"body":"\"Coronavirus did not create new problems"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2762.07,"endTime":2766.14,"body":"as much as exposed"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2762.07,"endTime":2766.14,"body":"preexisting inequalities,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2766.14,"endTime":2769.76,"body":"the discrimination exhibited"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2766.14,"endTime":2769.76,"body":"in the use of police powers"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2769.76,"endTime":2774.71,"body":"on the lockdown follows the"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2769.76,"endTime":2774.71,"body":"patterns, be not just ignored,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2776.82,"endTime":2780.417,"body":"but reinforced with everyday UK policing.\""},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2781.77,"endTime":2783.213,"body":"Stop and search."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2784.3,"endTime":2787.19,"body":"Picking up on the words I read before"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2787.19,"endTime":2790.3,"body":"from the Home Affairs Select Committee"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2790.3,"endTime":2793.289,"body":"that 20 years after the McPherson report,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2793.289,"endTime":2796.76,"body":"racial prejudices in policing"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2796.76,"endTime":2799.2,"body":"still have not been eliminated."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2799.2,"endTime":2803.06,"body":"Let's look briefly at the"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2799.2,"endTime":2803.06,"body":"current state of stop and search."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2803.06,"endTime":2807.93,"body":"An area of policing that often"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2803.06,"endTime":2807.93,"body":"receives pointed criticism"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2807.93,"endTime":2810.73,"body":"and I say, rightly so."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2810.73,"endTime":2813.16,"body":"As noted earlier, ethnic minorities,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2813.16,"endTime":2816.13,"body":"particularly black people have"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2813.16,"endTime":2816.13,"body":"historically and consistently"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2816.13,"endTime":2819.88,"body":"experienced most harshly"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2816.13,"endTime":2819.88,"body":"and disproportionately"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2819.88,"endTime":2821.92,"body":"the use of stop and search."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2821.92,"endTime":2824.09,"body":"During the pandemic stop and search"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2824.09,"endTime":2827.51,"body":"practices surged generally with rates"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2827.51,"endTime":2830.96,"body":"more than doubling in May, 2020"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2830.96,"endTime":2833.16,"body":"compared to the previous year."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2833.16,"endTime":2837.87,"body":"Liberty found that in London"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2833.16,"endTime":2837.87,"body":"levels rose to their highest"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2837.87,"endTime":2840.81,"body":"in over seven years."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2840.81,"endTime":2843.25,"body":"The Home Office's most recent data"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2843.25,"endTime":2845.93,"body":"for the year ending March, 2021"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2845.93,"endTime":2850.0,"body":"revealed that black people"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2845.93,"endTime":2850.0,"body":"were seven times more likely"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2850.0,"endTime":2854.76,"body":"to be stopped than white"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2850.0,"endTime":2854.76,"body":"people compared with 8.8 times"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2854.76,"endTime":2858.21,"body":"more likely in the previous year."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2858.21,"endTime":2861.19,"body":"These figures are the first time"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2861.19,"endTime":2863.22,"body":"that age and gender of those stopped"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2863.22,"endTime":2865.94,"body":"were recorded alongside ethnicity,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2865.94,"endTime":2868.96,"body":"which revealed that young"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2865.94,"endTime":2868.96,"body":"minority ethnic males"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2868.96,"endTime":2871.8,"body":"experienced the highest rates of stops"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2871.8,"endTime":2875.536,"body":"with the overall number of"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2871.8,"endTime":2875.536,"body":"searches being the highest"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2875.536,"endTime":2877.66,"body":"for the seven years."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2877.66,"endTime":2879.74,"body":"For instance, the Home Office admitted"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2879.74,"endTime":2883.54,"body":"that males between the age of 15 and 34"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2883.54,"endTime":2887.47,"body":"from a BAME background account for 32%"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2888.73,"endTime":2892.943,"body":"of the stop and searches in"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2888.73,"endTime":2892.943,"body":"the year ending March, 2021."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2894.04,"endTime":2899.04,"body":"despite only comprising"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2894.04,"endTime":2899.04,"body":"of 2.6% of the population,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2900.111,"endTime":2905.111,"body":"let me repeat that, 32%"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2900.111,"endTime":2905.111,"body":"of the stop and searches,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2906.03,"endTime":2910.453,"body":"but they only comprise of"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2906.03,"endTime":2910.453,"body":"2.6% of the population."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2912.26,"endTime":2917.26,"body":"Further, it was noted that"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2912.26,"endTime":2917.26,"body":"77% of all stop and searches,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2917.35,"endTime":2920.313,"body":"there was no further action taken."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2922.55,"endTime":2927.55,"body":"Although there was an overall"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2922.55,"endTime":2927.55,"body":"fall in the disproportionality"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2928.63,"endTime":2930.89,"body":"compared to the previous years,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2930.89,"endTime":2932.21,"body":"Sergeant Andy George,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2932.21,"endTime":2936.333,"body":"President of the National Black"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2932.21,"endTime":2936.333,"body":"Police Association stressed,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2937.537,"endTime":2941.54,"body":"\"The statistics that"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2937.537,"endTime":2941.54,"body":"one in five young people"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2941.54,"endTime":2943.58,"body":"from an ethnic minority backgrounds"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2943.58,"endTime":2946.22,"body":"were being stopped is a shocking fact"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2946.22,"endTime":2950.53,"body":"and policing must look at"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2946.22,"endTime":2950.53,"body":"why four out of five searches"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2950.53,"endTime":2955.0,"body":"result in no further action"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2950.53,"endTime":2955.0,"body":"and how the style and tone"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2955.0,"endTime":2958.973,"body":"of some stops may be pushing"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2955.0,"endTime":2958.973,"body":"an entire community away."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2961.19,"endTime":2966.19,"body":"Also expectedly, the biggest"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2961.19,"endTime":2966.19,"body":"reasons officers gave"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2966.53,"endTime":2969.28,"body":"for stopping someone was for drugs"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2969.28,"endTime":2973.1,"body":"accounting for 69% of all stops"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2973.1,"endTime":2975.7,"body":"with the overall number of drug stops"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2975.7,"endTime":2978.55,"body":"rising by 36% in the year."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2978.55,"endTime":2980.65,"body":"Disappointingly however,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2980.65,"endTime":2984.28,"body":"there was no further comment"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2980.65,"endTime":2984.28,"body":"on how many searches for drugs"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2984.28,"endTime":2986.543,"body":"resulted in a positive finding."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2987.48,"endTime":2992.48,"body":"The 2019/20 statistic shows"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":2987.48,"endTime":2992.48,"body":"that 566,440 stop and searches"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3001.121,"endTime":3005.65,"body":"343,000 were for drugs."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3005.65,"endTime":3008.41,"body":"Black people made up 16%"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3008.41,"endTime":3012.27,"body":"of those stopped and search for drugs"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3012.27,"endTime":3016.65,"body":"and 16% of those arrested"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3012.27,"endTime":3016.65,"body":"for drug offenses"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3016.65,"endTime":3021.65,"body":"again, as compared to the 3%"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3016.65,"endTime":3021.65,"body":"of the general population."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3022.94,"endTime":3027.4,"body":"Data by Her Majesty's"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3022.94,"endTime":3027.4,"body":"Inspectorate of Constabulary"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3027.4,"endTime":3032.4,"body":"and Fire \u0026 Rescue Services"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3027.4,"endTime":3032.4,"body":"found that in 2016/17,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3032.67,"endTime":3035.6,"body":"although black people were"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3032.67,"endTime":3035.6,"body":"stopped and searched for drugs"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3035.6,"endTime":3040.02,"body":"almost nine times at the"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3035.6,"endTime":3040.02,"body":"rate as white people,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3040.02,"endTime":3045.0,"body":"the fine rate, the fine rate for drugs"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3045.0,"endTime":3048.23,"body":"was lower in black"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3045.0,"endTime":3048.23,"body":"people than white people"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3051.01,"endTime":3055.94,"body":"suggesting that the such"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3051.01,"endTime":3055.94,"body":"searches are carried out"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3055.94,"endTime":3059.313,"body":"on the basis of weaker"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3055.94,"endTime":3059.313,"body":"grounds for black people."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3060.95,"endTime":3064.6,"body":"This disproportionate"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3060.95,"endTime":3064.6,"body":"policing filters through"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3064.6,"endTime":3066.57,"body":"into the justice system."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3066.57,"endTime":3068.2,"body":"As Lammy Review found,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3068.2,"endTime":3072.38,"body":"the odds of receiving a prison"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3068.2,"endTime":3072.38,"body":"sentence for a drug offense"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3072.38,"endTime":3077.38,"body":"was 240% higher for black"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3072.38,"endTime":3077.38,"body":"offenders than white offenders."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3080.35,"endTime":3083.11,"body":"Some people might claim that"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3080.35,"endTime":3083.11,"body":"the reason for the disparity"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3083.11,"endTime":3085.84,"body":"is that black people are"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3083.11,"endTime":3085.84,"body":"simply more likely to use drugs"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3085.84,"endTime":3090.82,"body":"than white people, but the"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3085.84,"endTime":3090.82,"body":"data suggests different."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3090.82,"endTime":3095.82,"body":"Government survey data last"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3090.82,"endTime":3095.82,"body":"updated in November, 2021"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3095.87,"endTime":3100.87,"body":"show that 11.7% of black"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3095.87,"endTime":3100.87,"body":"adults used illicit drugs"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3103.07,"endTime":3107.97,"body":"in the last month compared"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3103.07,"endTime":3107.97,"body":"to 8.9% of white adults"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3107.97,"endTime":3111.21,"body":"and 3.4% of Asian adults."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3111.21,"endTime":3114.44,"body":"So, the disparity in the actual drug use"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3114.44,"endTime":3119.44,"body":"is far smaller than the"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3114.44,"endTime":3119.44,"body":"disparity in drug enforcement."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3121.67,"endTime":3126.67,"body":"Racism plays a very real and visible role."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3128.59,"endTime":3131.14,"body":"Unfortunately, our government is unwilling"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3131.14,"endTime":3135.62,"body":"to consider the obvious solution"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3131.14,"endTime":3135.62,"body":"for being the legalization"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3135.62,"endTime":3138.4,"body":"or decriminalization of some drugs."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3138.4,"endTime":3142.66,"body":"Legalization of cannabis has"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3138.4,"endTime":3142.66,"body":"worked well in many US states,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3142.66,"endTime":3144.47,"body":"in Canada and elsewhere around the world,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3144.47,"endTime":3146.62,"body":"including some European countries,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3146.62,"endTime":3148.65,"body":"but our politicians are stuck"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3148.65,"endTime":3153.62,"body":"in an reactionary dated"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3148.65,"endTime":3153.62,"body":"war on drugs mentality."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3153.62,"endTime":3154.9,"body":"Even the Labor opposition"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3154.9,"endTime":3157.27,"body":"is unwilling to consider drug legalization"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3157.27,"endTime":3161.24,"body":"or decriminalization as"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3157.27,"endTime":3161.24,"body":"an option for the table."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3161.24,"endTime":3162.95,"body":"I accept, of course,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3162.95,"endTime":3166.54,"body":"that ending our hard line stance on drugs"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3166.54,"endTime":3169.44,"body":"wouldn't end police racism,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3169.44,"endTime":3172.65,"body":"but it would significantly reduce"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3172.65,"endTime":3176.76,"body":"the disproportionate"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3172.65,"endTime":3176.76,"body":"criminalization of black people"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3176.76,"endTime":3180.63,"body":"and reduce the opportunity to"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3176.76,"endTime":3180.63,"body":"use suspected drug possession"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3180.63,"endTime":3183.768,"body":"as a reason to racially profile."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3183.768,"endTime":3185.927,"body":"As I'm sure you all will appreciate,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3185.927,"endTime":3188.48,"body":"the issues before us regarding police"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3188.48,"endTime":3191.98,"body":"span much either than"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3188.48,"endTime":3191.98,"body":"just stop and search,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3191.98,"endTime":3195.57,"body":"the list of concerns is truly endless,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3195.57,"endTime":3200.06,"body":"from the use of facial recognition,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3200.06,"endTime":3204.21,"body":"overpolicing of protests,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3200.06,"endTime":3204.21,"body":"excessive use of force,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3204.21,"endTime":3206.57,"body":"deaths in custody, the gang's matrix,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3206.57,"endTime":3208.7,"body":"the Police, Crime,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3206.57,"endTime":3208.7,"body":"Sentencing and Courts Bill"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3208.7,"endTime":3211.77,"body":"the proposed serious"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3208.7,"endTime":3211.77,"body":"violence reduction orders,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3211.77,"endTime":3213.9,"body":"the criminalization of drill music,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3213.9,"endTime":3217.553,"body":"the failures to investigate"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3213.9,"endTime":3217.553,"body":"racially motivated attacks,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3217.553,"endTime":3221.56,"body":"(exhales) but a discussion"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3217.553,"endTime":3221.56,"body":"of all of these issues"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3221.56,"endTime":3225.0,"body":"will take us well into the"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3221.56,"endTime":3225.0,"body":"early hours of the morning."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3225.0,"endTime":3228.55,"body":"I've referenced these in"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3225.0,"endTime":3228.55,"body":"the footnotes to this talk"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3229.67,"endTime":3233.16,"body":"and several interesting"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3229.67,"endTime":3233.16,"body":"reads throughout this speech,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3233.16,"endTime":3235.56,"body":"I recommend for you to read."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3235.56,"endTime":3238.1,"body":"Finally, let's have a discussion"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3238.1,"endTime":3241.21,"body":"about police racism in 2022,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3241.21,"endTime":3243.976,"body":"it wouldn't be complete without mentioning"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3243.976,"endTime":3248.976,"body":"the toxic political environment"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3243.976,"endTime":3248.976,"body":"in which we now live."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3249.09,"endTime":3252.7,"body":"Following the George Floyd protest in 2020"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3252.7,"endTime":3256.993,"body":"and the growing movement"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3252.7,"endTime":3256.993,"body":"against anti-black racism"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3258.34,"endTime":3259.81,"body":"and police violence,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3259.81,"endTime":3263.68,"body":"there has been a significant"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3259.81,"endTime":3263.68,"body":"reactionary backlash"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3263.68,"endTime":3267.72,"body":"from the so-called and anti-woke movement."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3267.72,"endTime":3271.56,"body":"And sadly, our government has given suckle"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3271.56,"endTime":3274.08,"body":"to this disturbing trend."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3274.08,"endTime":3278.01,"body":"I mentioned, for example,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3274.08,"endTime":3278.01,"body":"the worrying restrictions"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3278.01,"endTime":3279.26,"body":"on the right to protest"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3279.26,"endTime":3282.76,"body":"in the Police, Crime,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3279.26,"endTime":3282.76,"body":"Sentencing and Courts Bill,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3282.76,"endTime":3285.71,"body":"and the racist anti-refugee provisions"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3285.71,"endTime":3288.1,"body":"of Nationality and Borders Bill."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3288.1,"endTime":3292.69,"body":"I also mentioned the government's"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3288.1,"endTime":3292.69,"body":"in temperament rhetoric"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3292.69,"endTime":3297.36,"body":"direct towards anti-racist activists,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3297.36,"endTime":3299.963,"body":"for instance, to take an example,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3301.29,"endTime":3303.77,"body":"in the aftermath of the removal"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3303.77,"endTime":3308.4,"body":"of the statue of the slave"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3303.77,"endTime":3308.4,"body":"trader Edward Colston,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3308.4,"endTime":3311.93,"body":"Communities Secretary Robert Jenrick"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3313.32,"endTime":3317.783,"body":"described activists as a BAME mob"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3319.28,"endTime":3323.27,"body":"and announced changes"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3319.28,"endTime":3323.27,"body":"to plan in permission"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3323.27,"endTime":3327.453,"body":"to allowing the government to"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3323.27,"endTime":3327.453,"body":"veto the removal of statues."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3329.09,"endTime":3330.73,"body":"The Department of Education"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3330.73,"endTime":3333.45,"body":"also announced in February, 2021,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3333.45,"endTime":3338.45,"body":"that it would appoint a"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3333.45,"endTime":3338.45,"body":"so-called free speech champion"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3339.73,"endTime":3344.73,"body":"to combat unacceptable, silencing"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3339.73,"endTime":3344.73,"body":"and censoring on campuses."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3346.31,"endTime":3349.94,"body":"Apparently the government"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3346.31,"endTime":3349.94,"body":"thinks that giving itself"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3349.94,"endTime":3352.55,"body":"more powers to restrict protests"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3352.55,"endTime":3356.26,"body":"isn't a threat to free speech,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3356.26,"endTime":3361.26,"body":"but anti-racist activism on campus is."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3363.42,"endTime":3364.77,"body":"What should we do about it?"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3365.78,"endTime":3367.43,"body":"Solutions."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3367.43,"endTime":3370.61,"body":"So that brings me to the"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3367.43,"endTime":3370.61,"body":"final part of this lecture,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3370.61,"endTime":3375.61,"body":"what should we do about police racism?"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3375.619,"endTime":3380.619,"body":"If you and I or if you and I"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3375.619,"endTime":3380.619,"body":"were in government tomorrow,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3381.44,"endTime":3385.88,"body":"what would, could, should we do to tackle"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3385.88,"endTime":3390.483,"body":"the ongoing and deeply pervasive problem?"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3391.808,"endTime":3396.808,"body":"I'm going to look at three"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3391.808,"endTime":3396.808,"body":"options which have been floated,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3397.02,"endTime":3401.24,"body":"reform, defunding and abolition"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3402.16,"endTime":3405.984,"body":"and the key arguments"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3402.16,"endTime":3405.984,"body":"for and against each."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3405.984,"endTime":3409.76,"body":"I'm not going to come to a"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3405.984,"endTime":3409.76,"body":"concluded view in this lecture,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3409.76,"endTime":3413.253,"body":"I'm simply going to present"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3409.76,"endTime":3413.253,"body":"some of the options."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3414.5,"endTime":3417.04,"body":"Reform, one possible perspective"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3417.04,"endTime":3420.29,"body":"is that we simply need"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3417.04,"endTime":3420.29,"body":"to reform the police,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3420.29,"endTime":3422.7,"body":"that we need more"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3420.29,"endTime":3422.7,"body":"accountability, more oversight,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3422.7,"endTime":3424.4,"body":"stronger procedural protections,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3424.4,"endTime":3426.556,"body":"better funded legally aid for defendants"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3426.556,"endTime":3429.36,"body":"and a more diverse police force."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3429.36,"endTime":3431.17,"body":"Proponents of this view"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3431.17,"endTime":3433.53,"body":"might point to some of"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3431.17,"endTime":3433.53,"body":"the procedural reforms"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3433.53,"endTime":3435.1,"body":"we've addressed in this lecture,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3435.1,"endTime":3439.89,"body":"PACE, Criminal Procedure, Human Rights Act"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3439.89,"endTime":3442.33,"body":"and point that all these reforms"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3442.33,"endTime":3444.06,"body":"have made things better and fairer"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3444.06,"endTime":3448.11,"body":"and reduce the occurrence"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3444.06,"endTime":3448.11,"body":"of miscarriages of justice."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3448.11,"endTime":3450.74,"body":"They might say that while"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3448.11,"endTime":3450.74,"body":"the police still have"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3450.74,"endTime":3453.69,"body":"a race problem, it's not as bad"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3453.69,"endTime":3457.23,"body":"as it was in the 60s, 70s, 80s,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3457.23,"endTime":3459.73,"body":"they might point out that"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3457.23,"endTime":3459.73,"body":"it's much harder today"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3459.73,"endTime":3462.56,"body":"for the police to get away"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3459.73,"endTime":3462.56,"body":"with fabricating evidence,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3462.56,"endTime":3467.343,"body":"lying in court and"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3462.56,"endTime":3467.343,"body":"other corrupt practices."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3468.44,"endTime":3471.9,"body":"Critics of dispute by contrast might argue"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3471.9,"endTime":3473.29,"body":"that none of these reforms"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3473.29,"endTime":3476.11,"body":"have tackled the elephant in the room,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3476.11,"endTime":3477.516,"body":"they might point out that"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3477.516,"endTime":3480.36,"body":"as we've seen the racial disparities"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3480.36,"endTime":3484.34,"body":"in the criminal justice"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3480.36,"endTime":3484.34,"body":"system remain stubbornly high"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3484.34,"endTime":3486.27,"body":"and the overall prison population"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3486.27,"endTime":3489.77,"body":"has dramatically"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3486.27,"endTime":3489.77,"body":"increased since the 1980s,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3489.77,"endTime":3493.921,"body":"they might point out that"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3489.77,"endTime":3493.921,"body":"having abolished the sus law,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3493.921,"endTime":3497.75,"body":"parliament brought back"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3493.921,"endTime":3497.75,"body":"broad stop and search powers"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3497.75,"endTime":3500.4,"body":"in the form of Section 60."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3500.4,"endTime":3505.4,"body":"They might also say that"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3500.4,"endTime":3505.4,"body":"for every step forward,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3505.47,"endTime":3509.633,"body":"we've taken a step perhaps two back."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3510.58,"endTime":3514.03,"body":"Going deeper, these critics might argue"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3514.03,"endTime":3516.535,"body":"with fair historical justification"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3516.535,"endTime":3518.79,"body":"that British police forces"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3518.79,"endTime":3522.94,"body":"were established by and"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3518.79,"endTime":3522.94,"body":"for the ruling classes"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3522.94,"endTime":3525.23,"body":"as an instrument of oppression,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3525.23,"endTime":3528.19,"body":"they might point out that our"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3525.23,"endTime":3528.19,"body":"British system of policing"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3528.19,"endTime":3532.58,"body":"from its inception in"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3528.19,"endTime":3532.58,"body":"the early 19th century"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3532.58,"endTime":3536.7,"body":"has always been designed to"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3532.58,"endTime":3536.7,"body":"protect the power, property"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3536.7,"endTime":3539.12,"body":"and privileges of the rich"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3539.12,"endTime":3541.49,"body":"not to deliver for ordinary people,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3541.49,"endTime":3543.853,"body":"most certainly not for black people."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3544.85,"endTime":3548.46,"body":"They might argue that this"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3544.85,"endTime":3548.46,"body":"system cannot be reformed,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3548.46,"endTime":3553.443,"body":"so it protects and serves"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3548.46,"endTime":3553.443,"body":"people rather than the elite."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3556.61,"endTime":3557.883,"body":"Defund."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3559.17,"endTime":3561.17,"body":"A second perspective is one"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3561.17,"endTime":3564.85,"body":"which has been widely"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3561.17,"endTime":3564.85,"body":"advocated in the United States,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3564.85,"endTime":3567.02,"body":"defunding the police,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3567.02,"endTime":3571.5,"body":"that is to say channeling"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3567.02,"endTime":3571.5,"body":"money and resources away"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3571.5,"endTime":3573.7,"body":"from police budgets and into things"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3573.7,"endTime":3576.12,"body":"that tackle root causes of crime,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3576.12,"endTime":3580.95,"body":"such as housing,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3576.12,"endTime":3580.95,"body":"healthcare, jobs, education,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3580.95,"endTime":3583.87,"body":"and community and youth services."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3583.87,"endTime":3586.62,"body":"Anyone with experience in"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3583.87,"endTime":3586.62,"body":"the criminal justice system"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3586.62,"endTime":3588.96,"body":"can tell you that a great deal of crime"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3588.96,"endTime":3593.83,"body":"is caused by cycle of poverty,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3588.96,"endTime":3593.83,"body":"homelessness and addiction,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3593.83,"endTime":3597.45,"body":"which criminalization"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3593.83,"endTime":3597.45,"body":"does nothing to solve"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3597.45,"endTime":3600.32,"body":"and which could be solved more effectively"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3600.32,"endTime":3602.59,"body":"through giving people social housing,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3602.59,"endTime":3604.33,"body":"substance abuse treatment"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3604.33,"endTime":3607.53,"body":"and a decent income and livelihood."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3607.53,"endTime":3609.11,"body":"Another related idea"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3609.11,"endTime":3613.42,"body":"is that of establishing"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3609.11,"endTime":3613.42,"body":"non-police first responders"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3613.42,"endTime":3616.01,"body":"to deal with issues such"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3613.42,"endTime":3616.01,"body":"as mental health crisis"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3616.01,"endTime":3617.52,"body":"and drug overdoses,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3617.52,"endTime":3620.16,"body":"therefore removing the"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3617.52,"endTime":3620.16,"body":"risk of police violence"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3620.16,"endTime":3623.57,"body":"and criminalization from those situations."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3623.57,"endTime":3625.24,"body":"Some institutions of this kind"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3625.24,"endTime":3628.42,"body":"are being trialed in US cities,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3628.42,"endTime":3633.42,"body":"such as Albuquerque, the"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3628.42,"endTime":3633.42,"body":"Community Safety Department"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3634.0,"endTime":3636.79,"body":"in the city of Albuquerque for example."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3636.79,"endTime":3638.77,"body":"Some advocates of this idea"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3638.77,"endTime":3642.122,"body":"point to an unintended"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3638.77,"endTime":3642.122,"body":"experiment in York City"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3642.122,"endTime":3646.28,"body":"in the late 2014 and early 2015,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3646.28,"endTime":3649.76,"body":"when the New York City"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3646.28,"endTime":3649.76,"body":"Police Department officers"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3649.76,"endTime":3652.454,"body":"took part in a work slowdown,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3652.454,"endTime":3656.17,"body":"carrying out most of"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3652.454,"endTime":3656.17,"body":"their essential duties"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3656.17,"endTime":3660.6,"body":"and refraining from responding"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3656.17,"endTime":3660.6,"body":"to low level offenses."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3660.6,"endTime":3664.63,"body":"A study by Christopher"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3660.6,"endTime":3664.63,"body":"Sullivan and Zacharia Keith"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3664.63,"endTime":3667.21,"body":"found that this reduction in policing"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3667.21,"endTime":3670.05,"body":"did not increase crime."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3670.05,"endTime":3673.09,"body":"And in fact, complaints of major crime"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3673.09,"endTime":3676.733,"body":"fell by approximately three to 6%."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3677.62,"endTime":3679.28,"body":"The idea of defunding the police"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3679.28,"endTime":3682.47,"body":"perhaps is a different resonance in the UK"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3682.47,"endTime":3687.435,"body":"where police budgets were cut"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3682.47,"endTime":3687.435,"body":"significantly after the 2010"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3687.435,"endTime":3692.435,"body":"Cameron coalition government"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3687.435,"endTime":3692.435,"body":"austerity policies"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3692.673,"endTime":3695.36,"body":"and there are now fewer police officers"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3695.36,"endTime":3697.8,"body":"on the streets than previously."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3697.8,"endTime":3702.54,"body":"Self-evidently this hasn't"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3697.8,"endTime":3702.54,"body":"ameliorated the problems"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3702.54,"endTime":3703.943,"body":"with British policing,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3704.903,"endTime":3707.95,"body":"but that doesn't undermine the argument"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3707.95,"endTime":3710.23,"body":"because advocates of defunding the police"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3711.477,"endTime":3715.14,"body":"don't just want to cut out"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3711.477,"endTime":3715.14,"body":"police funding in general,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3715.14,"endTime":3719.12,"body":"they also want to see an"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3715.14,"endTime":3719.12,"body":"increase in funding for services"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3719.12,"endTime":3721.99,"body":"that provide positive and"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3719.12,"endTime":3721.99,"body":"constructive alternatives"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3721.99,"endTime":3725.051,"body":"to criminalization"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3721.99,"endTime":3725.051,"body":"ranging for social housing"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3725.051,"endTime":3728.58,"body":"to youth projects, to"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3725.051,"endTime":3728.58,"body":"substance abuse projects."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3728.58,"endTime":3730.13,"body":"Those services of course,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3730.13,"endTime":3732.9,"body":"were brutally cut during the Cameron years"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3732.9,"endTime":3734.853,"body":"as part of the austerity program."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3736.799,"endTime":3738.223,"body":"Abolition."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3739.79,"endTime":3744.24,"body":"A third perspective is the"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3739.79,"endTime":3744.24,"body":"nuclear option, abolition."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3744.24,"endTime":3745.63,"body":"Some scholars and activists"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3745.63,"endTime":3750.6,"body":"such as Alex Vitale and"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3745.63,"endTime":3750.6,"body":"Angela Davis and Mariame Kaba"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3750.6,"endTime":3752.77,"body":"argue that the police as an institution"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3752.77,"endTime":3755.43,"body":"simply can't be reformed."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3755.43,"endTime":3758.53,"body":"For example, Alex Vitale in his book,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3758.53,"endTime":3761.426,"body":"'The End of Policing' states,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3761.426,"endTime":3763.83,"body":"\"The origins and functions of the police"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3763.83,"endTime":3765.77,"body":"are intimately tied to the management"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3765.77,"endTime":3768.11,"body":"of inequality of race and class."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3768.11,"endTime":3771.4,"body":"The suppression of workers"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3768.11,"endTime":3771.4,"body":"in the tight surveillance"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3771.4,"endTime":3774.41,"body":"and micromanagement of"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3771.4,"endTime":3774.41,"body":"black and brown lies"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3774.41,"endTime":3777.46,"body":"has always been at the center of policing."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3777.46,"endTime":3779.37,"body":"Any police reform strategy"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3779.37,"endTime":3782.7,"body":"that does not address this"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3779.37,"endTime":3782.7,"body":"reality is doomed to fail."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3782.7,"endTime":3785.32,"body":"We must stop looking at procedural reforms"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3785.32,"endTime":3787.03,"body":"and critically evaluate"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3787.03,"endTime":3789.88,"body":"the substantive outcomes of policing"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3789.88,"endTime":3791.86,"body":"and we must constantly reevaluate"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3791.86,"endTime":3794.0,"body":"what the police are being asked to do"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3794.0,"endTime":3796.89,"body":"and what impact policing has on the lives"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3796.89,"endTime":3798.66,"body":"of those being policed."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3798.66,"endTime":3802.96,"body":"A kinder, gentler, a more"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3798.66,"endTime":3802.96,"body":"divisive war on the poor"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3802.96,"endTime":3805.297,"body":"is still a war on the poor.\""},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3810.7,"endTime":3813.71,"body":"Again, this idea comes"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3810.7,"endTime":3813.71,"body":"from a US perspective,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3813.71,"endTime":3816.71,"body":"but some people would apply"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3813.71,"endTime":3816.71,"body":"the same arguments to the UK,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3816.71,"endTime":3818.86,"body":"they might even argue that"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3816.71,"endTime":3818.86,"body":"our system of policing"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3818.86,"endTime":3821.22,"body":"was established in the early 19th century"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3821.22,"endTime":3823.31,"body":"but our aristocratic government"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3823.31,"endTime":3826.419,"body":"with the aim to protecting"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3823.31,"endTime":3826.419,"body":"the property and privileges"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3826.419,"endTime":3829.73,"body":"of the rich and suppressing descent."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3829.73,"endTime":3831.46,"body":"Throughout its history,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3831.46,"endTime":3835.0,"body":"it's primarily served the"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3831.46,"endTime":3835.0,"body":"purposes of the ruling classes,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3835.0,"endTime":3837.38,"body":"abolitionists might argue that a system"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3837.38,"endTime":3841.09,"body":"that came about in this"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3837.38,"endTime":3841.09,"body":"way cannot be reformed"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3841.09,"endTime":3844.327,"body":"so as to serve and protect"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3841.09,"endTime":3844.327,"body":"working class people."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3844.327,"endTime":3847.11,"body":"Critics of this idea might argue,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3847.11,"endTime":3850.8,"body":"however, that if we simply"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3847.11,"endTime":3850.8,"body":"abolish the police now"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3850.8,"endTime":3853.17,"body":"on this current social conditions,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3853.17,"endTime":3857.75,"body":"the police would be just replaced"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3853.17,"endTime":3857.75,"body":"by private security forces"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3857.75,"endTime":3860.14,"body":"or self-appointed vigilantes"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3860.14,"endTime":3863.83,"body":"who would be worse and less accountable."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3863.83,"endTime":3868.16,"body":"For instance, the infamous"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3863.83,"endTime":3868.16,"body":"racist killing of Trayvon Martin,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3868.16,"endTime":3870.83,"body":"wasn't committed by a police officer,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3870.83,"endTime":3874.723,"body":"but a self-appointed"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3870.83,"endTime":3874.723,"body":"neighborhood watch member."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3875.59,"endTime":3879.01,"body":"If we took away the"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3875.59,"endTime":3879.01,"body":"state's monopoly on force,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3879.01,"endTime":3883.29,"body":"the power vacuum could well"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3879.01,"endTime":3883.29,"body":"be filled by non-state actors"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3883.29,"endTime":3887.9,"body":"who would be even worse as it's"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3883.29,"endTime":3887.9,"body":"sometimes seen in societies"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3887.9,"endTime":3891.65,"body":"where state authority has collapsed."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3891.65,"endTime":3895.87,"body":"And critics might also argue"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3891.65,"endTime":3895.87,"body":"that a post-police society"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3895.87,"endTime":3898.86,"body":"would still need to protect"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3895.87,"endTime":3898.86,"body":"itself from violence"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3898.86,"endTime":3901.491,"body":"and it might well end"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3898.86,"endTime":3901.491,"body":"up recreating the police"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3901.491,"endTime":3903.32,"body":"on the some other name."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3903.32,"endTime":3904.45,"body":"As I highlighted earlier,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3904.45,"endTime":3907.74,"body":"the deficiencies of our"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3904.45,"endTime":3907.74,"body":"current police forces,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3907.74,"endTime":3910.27,"body":"don't just consist of what they do,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3910.27,"endTime":3912.91,"body":"but also of what they don't do."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3912.91,"endTime":3916.18,"body":"There would be very difficult"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3912.91,"endTime":3916.18,"body":"conversations to be had"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3916.18,"endTime":3919.7,"body":"about how we might protect"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3916.18,"endTime":3919.7,"body":"people from violence and abuse"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3919.7,"endTime":3922.22,"body":"and to hold perpetrators"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3919.7,"endTime":3922.22,"body":"to account in the world"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3922.22,"endTime":3925.293,"body":"with no criminal legal system at all."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3926.24,"endTime":3929.21,"body":"These are all genuinely"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3926.24,"endTime":3929.21,"body":"difficult questions"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3929.21,"endTime":3931.65,"body":"to which there are no easy answers."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3931.65,"endTime":3934.38,"body":"We don't need to resolve"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3931.65,"endTime":3934.38,"body":"this debate in this lecture"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3934.38,"endTime":3936.93,"body":"and I certainly don't propose to do so."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3936.93,"endTime":3938.26,"body":"In the foreseeable future,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3938.26,"endTime":3940.76,"body":"no British government"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3938.26,"endTime":3940.76,"body":"whether label Conservative"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3940.76,"endTime":3943.56,"body":"is plausibly going to abolish the police,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3943.56,"endTime":3945.85,"body":"indeed we're seeing the opposite."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3945.85,"endTime":3950.85,"body":"A right wing backlash against"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3945.85,"endTime":3950.85,"body":"a supposedly woke ideas,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3951.0,"endTime":3954.04,"body":"which has been actively"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3951.0,"endTime":3954.04,"body":"leveraged by politicians"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3954.04,"endTime":3957.89,"body":"to justify expanding"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3954.04,"endTime":3957.89,"body":"the power of the police"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3957.89,"endTime":3960.12,"body":"and suppressing dissent."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3960.12,"endTime":3964.34,"body":"In this context, both abolitionists"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3960.12,"endTime":3964.34,"body":"and reformers can agree"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3964.34,"endTime":3967.65,"body":"that we need to combat"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3964.34,"endTime":3967.65,"body":"this reactionary movement"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3967.65,"endTime":3972.103,"body":"and keep working to hold"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3967.65,"endTime":3972.103,"body":"the state to account."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3972.103,"endTime":3975.81,"body":"So what can feasibly be achieved"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3975.81,"endTime":3977.97,"body":"and what is likely to have real impact?"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3977.97,"endTime":3982.81,"body":"Well, firstly, we must"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3977.97,"endTime":3982.81,"body":"address the lack of confidence"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3982.81,"endTime":3985.52,"body":"that black and other"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3982.81,"endTime":3985.52,"body":"ethnic minority communities"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3985.52,"endTime":3987.58,"body":"have in policing."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3987.58,"endTime":3991.052,"body":"As the home affairs committee said,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3991.052,"endTime":3995.32,"body":"\"There is no get in away from"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3991.052,"endTime":3995.32,"body":"the significant confidence"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3995.32,"endTime":3999.03,"body":"and the fairness gap"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3995.32,"endTime":3999.03,"body":"for black communities."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":3999.03,"endTime":4001.54,"body":"The fact that this persists 22 years"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4001.54,"endTime":4004.14,"body":"after the McPherson report"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4001.54,"endTime":4004.14,"body":"is deeply troubling,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4004.14,"endTime":4007.24,"body":"it undermines the principle"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4004.14,"endTime":4007.24,"body":"that all victims of crime"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4007.24,"endTime":4009.92,"body":"should feel confident and"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4007.24,"endTime":4009.92,"body":"turn into the police for help"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4009.92,"endTime":4013.122,"body":"and puts in jeopardy the"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4009.92,"endTime":4013.122,"body":"principle of policing by consent,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4013.122,"endTime":4015.77,"body":"that lies at the heart British policing."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4015.77,"endTime":4018.25,"body":"It should be a cause for serious concern"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4018.25,"endTime":4020.72,"body":"and urgent action amongst police forces"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4020.72,"endTime":4022.833,"body":"and policing leaders."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4024.1,"endTime":4026.55,"body":"The police have to recognize this"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4026.55,"endTime":4030.42,"body":"and that is predominantly that sorry..."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4030.42,"endTime":4034.735,"body":"And that it is a predominantly"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4030.42,"endTime":4034.735,"body":"a white institution,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4034.735,"endTime":4037.19,"body":"white members of the police forces"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4037.19,"endTime":4039.23,"body":"need to understand that questioning"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4039.23,"endTime":4042.3,"body":"the way things currently is,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4042.3,"endTime":4046.07,"body":"is not necessarily about them"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4042.3,"endTime":4046.07,"body":"being individually attacked,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4046.07,"endTime":4048.61,"body":"shamed, accused or judged,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4048.61,"endTime":4050.69,"body":"these are normal reactions to be expected,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4050.69,"endTime":4054.55,"body":"but it is a more a"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4050.69,"endTime":4054.55,"body":"recognition that the system"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4054.55,"endTime":4057.49,"body":"in the way police is"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4054.55,"endTime":4057.49,"body":"black people is unfair"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4057.49,"endTime":4062.28,"body":"and the police as a"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4057.49,"endTime":4062.28,"body":"profession and improve."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4062.28,"endTime":4066.18,"body":"Accordingly, questions"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4062.28,"endTime":4066.18,"body":"of being good or bad"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4066.18,"endTime":4067.78,"body":"are largely irrelevant,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4067.78,"endTime":4071.861,"body":"it's a recognition that advantage"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4067.78,"endTime":4071.861,"body":"may well be tied to race"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4071.861,"endTime":4076.861,"body":"and that it's systemic and"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4071.861,"endTime":4076.861,"body":"it may well be unconscious."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4077.45,"endTime":4081.47,"body":"Police officers need to forget"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4077.45,"endTime":4081.47,"body":"the guilt and take action,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4081.47,"endTime":4086.47,"body":"history matters, bias is"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4081.47,"endTime":4086.47,"body":"implicit and often unconscious,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4086.65,"endTime":4089.4,"body":"more importantly, it takes great courage"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4089.4,"endTime":4091.55,"body":"to change the system."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4091.55,"endTime":4093.55,"body":"To fully appreciate these realities"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4093.55,"endTime":4098.55,"body":"and the realities and lives"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4093.55,"endTime":4098.55,"body":"that black people live and face"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4099.02,"endTime":4102.68,"body":"real meaningful community"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4099.02,"endTime":4102.68,"body":"engagement is a must"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4102.68,"endTime":4104.94,"body":"not for the sake of a tickbox,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4104.94,"endTime":4107.34,"body":"but because the police is an institution"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4107.34,"endTime":4110.75,"body":"and as individual officers"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4107.34,"endTime":4110.75,"body":"really want to understand"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4110.75,"endTime":4112.93,"body":"the communities they police."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4112.93,"endTime":4115.14,"body":"This is essential for two reason."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4115.14,"endTime":4119.6,"body":"First, many white officers,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4115.14,"endTime":4119.6,"body":"especially in more rural areas,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4119.6,"endTime":4121.72,"body":"the only time they"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4119.6,"endTime":4121.72,"body":"really come into contact"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4121.72,"endTime":4126.27,"body":"with racialized minorities"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4121.72,"endTime":4126.27,"body":"is maybe through their jobs."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4126.27,"endTime":4129.83,"body":"With this comes the"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4126.27,"endTime":4129.83,"body":"inevitable misperception"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4129.83,"endTime":4132.8,"body":"that all black people are criminals."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4132.8,"endTime":4134.43,"body":"Also until the police are willing"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4134.43,"endTime":4137.162,"body":"to actually engage with communities,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4137.162,"endTime":4139.24,"body":"there will be an ever persistent"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4139.24,"endTime":4140.84,"body":"lack of trust and confidence"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4140.84,"endTime":4143.96,"body":"and thus legitimacy in policing"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4143.96,"endTime":4145.963,"body":"as the National Police"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4143.96,"endTime":4145.963,"body":"Chief's Council Chair,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4145.963,"endTime":4148.42,"body":"Martin Hewitt said in his first interview,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4148.42,"endTime":4151.513,"body":"following the Black Lives"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4148.42,"endTime":4151.513,"body":"Matter protest in 2020,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4153.447,"endTime":4158.24,"body":"\"It is only that trust and"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4153.447,"endTime":4158.24,"body":"confidence and legitimacy"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4158.24,"endTime":4162.11,"body":"that people come forward,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4158.24,"endTime":4162.11,"body":"people report crimes,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4162.11,"endTime":4165.24,"body":"people become witnesses,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4162.11,"endTime":4165.24,"body":"people work with us"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4165.24,"endTime":4167.22,"body":"and that trust and confidence"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4167.22,"endTime":4170.36,"body":"leads to young black men and women saying,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4170.36,"endTime":4174.217,"body":"I'm prepared to go and"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4170.36,"endTime":4174.217,"body":"become a police officer.\""},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4176.01,"endTime":4178.093,"body":"I want to finish with these words,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4180.119,"endTime":4183.87,"body":"\"I'm for truth no matter who tells it,"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4183.87,"endTime":4188.87,"body":"I'm for justice no matter"},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4183.87,"endTime":4188.87,"body":"who is for or against it.\""},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4190.55,"endTime":4192.895,"body":"Malcolm X, thank you."},{"speaker":"in 'Black British History","startTime":4192.895,"endTime":4195.895,"body":"(audience clapping)"}]}