{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"startTime":0.16,"endTime":5.16,"body":"- Human rights on paper are meaningless"},{"startTime":5.36,"endTime":10.36,"body":"if they cannot be"},{"startTime":5.36,"endTime":10.36,"body":"enforced, Harriet Harman,"},{"startTime":10.84,"endTime":13.11,"body":"when she was the Chair"},{"startTime":10.84,"endTime":13.11,"body":"of the Joint Committee"},{"startTime":13.11,"endTime":14.263,"body":"on Human Rights."},{"startTime":15.15,"endTime":19.6,"body":"Today, we're going to be examining,"},{"startTime":15.15,"endTime":19.6,"body":"comparing and contrasting"},{"startTime":19.6,"endTime":24.01,"body":"the judicial protections"},{"startTime":19.6,"endTime":24.01,"body":"of human rights in the UK"},{"startTime":24.01,"endTime":26.993,"body":"and in the Commonwealth"},{"startTime":24.01,"endTime":26.993,"body":"Caribbean or Caribbean."},{"startTime":27.92,"endTime":31.25,"body":"Many countries around the"},{"startTime":27.92,"endTime":31.25,"body":"world have a bill of rights"},{"startTime":31.25,"endTime":34.44,"body":"as part of their national constitutions,"},{"startTime":34.44,"endTime":39.2,"body":"protecting a large list of"},{"startTime":34.44,"endTime":39.2,"body":"fundamental rights and freedoms."},{"startTime":39.2,"endTime":42.24,"body":"And in some countries, the"},{"startTime":39.2,"endTime":42.24,"body":"courts have had the power"},{"startTime":42.24,"endTime":47.24,"body":"to strike down or disapply"},{"startTime":42.24,"endTime":47.24,"body":"legislation that they find"},{"startTime":47.24,"endTime":50.84,"body":"to be in breach of their bill of rights."},{"startTime":50.84,"endTime":55.84,"body":"As we see, countries of"},{"startTime":50.84,"endTime":55.84,"body":"the Commonwealth Caribbean"},{"startTime":55.86,"endTime":60.86,"body":"each have this constitutionally"},{"startTime":55.86,"endTime":60.86,"body":"entrenched bill of rights"},{"startTime":62.411,"endTime":65.28,"body":"but the UK does not."},{"startTime":65.28,"endTime":68.887,"body":"The UK does not have a"},{"startTime":65.28,"endTime":68.887,"body":"codified constitution as such"},{"startTime":68.887,"endTime":73.887,"body":"and the UK political system"},{"startTime":68.887,"endTime":73.887,"body":"is traditionally based on"},{"startTime":74.75,"endTime":76.25,"body":"the sovereignty of Parliament."},{"startTime":78.86,"endTime":82.03,"body":"In this lecture we're"},{"startTime":78.86,"endTime":82.03,"body":"first going to look at"},{"startTime":82.03,"endTime":86.04,"body":"the judicial protection"},{"startTime":82.03,"endTime":86.04,"body":"of human rights in the UK"},{"startTime":87.42,"endTime":89.737,"body":"and under the European"},{"startTime":87.42,"endTime":89.737,"body":"Convention of Human Rights"},{"startTime":89.737,"endTime":94.737,"body":"and under the Human Rights Act 1998,"},{"startTime":94.95,"endTime":98.94,"body":"then we're going to compare"},{"startTime":94.95,"endTime":98.94,"body":"and contrast this model"},{"startTime":100.25,"endTime":104.24,"body":"to that instituted in the"},{"startTime":100.25,"endTime":104.24,"body":"former British colonies"},{"startTime":104.24,"endTime":106.48,"body":"of the Commonwealth Caribbean."},{"startTime":106.48,"endTime":109.051,"body":"And we're going to ask this question,"},{"startTime":109.051,"endTime":114.03,"body":"whether either model effectively"},{"startTime":109.051,"endTime":114.03,"body":"protects human rights"},{"startTime":114.03,"endTime":116.183,"body":"and how they could be improved."},{"startTime":119.72,"endTime":122.963,"body":"So let's look at the UK's"},{"startTime":119.72,"endTime":122.963,"body":"human rights framework."},{"startTime":124.94,"endTime":127.757,"body":"The story of the judicial"},{"startTime":124.94,"endTime":127.757,"body":"protection on human rights"},{"startTime":127.757,"endTime":130.89,"body":"in the UK is bound up"},{"startTime":130.89,"endTime":133.683,"body":"with the European"},{"startTime":130.89,"endTime":133.683,"body":"Conventional on Human Rights."},{"startTime":134.93,"endTime":139.79,"body":"No, this is not the only"},{"startTime":134.93,"endTime":139.79,"body":"international human rights treaty"},{"startTime":139.79,"endTime":142.29,"body":"to which the UK is a party,"},{"startTime":142.29,"endTime":147.29,"body":"but it is the far most"},{"startTime":142.29,"endTime":147.29,"body":"important one in practice."},{"startTime":147.85,"endTime":150.91,"body":"Now you see the UK has been a party"},{"startTime":150.91,"endTime":155.36,"body":"to the European Convention"},{"startTime":150.91,"endTime":155.36,"body":"on Human Rights since 1951."},{"startTime":155.36,"endTime":158.71,"body":"In fact, it was the very first nation"},{"startTime":158.71,"endTime":161.13,"body":"to ratify the Convention."},{"startTime":161.13,"endTime":165.35,"body":"However, for the next 50 years or so"},{"startTime":165.35,"endTime":170.35,"body":"until the Human Rights Act,"},{"startTime":165.35,"endTime":170.35,"body":"1998 came into force in 2000,"},{"startTime":172.48,"endTime":177.48,"body":"the Convention was not"},{"startTime":172.48,"endTime":177.48,"body":"incorporated into UK domestic law."},{"startTime":178.89,"endTime":182.17,"body":"And I'm going to explain what this means."},{"startTime":182.17,"endTime":186.953,"body":"You see, the UK had what is"},{"startTime":182.17,"endTime":186.953,"body":"known as a dualist legal system,"},{"startTime":187.89,"endTime":191.07,"body":"contrast with the monist legal systems"},{"startTime":191.07,"endTime":192.573,"body":"of some other countries."},{"startTime":193.94,"endTime":197.863,"body":"When the UK becomes a party"},{"startTime":193.94,"endTime":197.863,"body":"to an international treaty,"},{"startTime":198.73,"endTime":201.2,"body":"the international treaty"},{"startTime":198.73,"endTime":201.2,"body":"does not automatically"},{"startTime":201.2,"endTime":205.6,"body":"become part of our domestic"},{"startTime":201.2,"endTime":205.6,"body":"law unless Parliament"},{"startTime":205.6,"endTime":209.565,"body":"chooses to incorporate"},{"startTime":205.6,"endTime":209.565,"body":"all or part of the treaty"},{"startTime":209.565,"endTime":210.973,"body":"into our law."},{"startTime":212.41,"endTime":216.65,"body":"A treaty that has not been"},{"startTime":212.41,"endTime":216.65,"body":"incorporated into domestic law"},{"startTime":216.65,"endTime":220.123,"body":"is called an unincorporated to treaty."},{"startTime":223.67,"endTime":225.63,"body":"Before a domestic court you cannot rely"},{"startTime":225.63,"endTime":229.74,"body":"on unincorporated treaty"},{"startTime":225.63,"endTime":229.74,"body":"as a source of rights"},{"startTime":229.74,"endTime":232.14,"body":"or obligations."},{"startTime":232.14,"endTime":237.08,"body":"Sometimes part but not all"},{"startTime":232.14,"endTime":237.08,"body":"of the treaty is incorporated"},{"startTime":237.08,"endTime":239.22,"body":"into our domestic law."},{"startTime":239.22,"endTime":243.62,"body":"Now you seem many important"},{"startTime":239.22,"endTime":243.62,"body":"human rights treaties"},{"startTime":243.62,"endTime":247.11,"body":"are still largely unincorporated today."},{"startTime":247.11,"endTime":249.15,"body":"Let me give you some examples."},{"startTime":249.15,"endTime":252.208,"body":"This includes the United"},{"startTime":249.15,"endTime":252.208,"body":"Nation's Convention"},{"startTime":252.208,"endTime":254.42,"body":"on the Rights of the Child"},{"startTime":255.35,"endTime":257.59,"body":"and the United Nation Convention"},{"startTime":257.59,"endTime":262.12,"body":"on the Rights of Persons"},{"startTime":257.59,"endTime":262.12,"body":"with Disabilities."},{"startTime":262.12,"endTime":266.17,"body":"This does not mean that"},{"startTime":262.12,"endTime":266.17,"body":"unincorporated treaties"},{"startTime":266.17,"endTime":268.293,"body":"are irrelevant in domestic law."},{"startTime":269.53,"endTime":272.56,"body":"It is a long established principle"},{"startTime":272.56,"endTime":275.83,"body":"that there is a"},{"startTime":272.56,"endTime":275.83,"body":"presumption that Parliament"},{"startTime":275.83,"endTime":279.57,"body":"intends to legislate in conformity"},{"startTime":279.57,"endTime":282.2,"body":"with its international obligations."},{"startTime":282.2,"endTime":286.95,"body":"So when the courts are"},{"startTime":282.2,"endTime":286.95,"body":"construing a particular provision"},{"startTime":286.95,"endTime":291.37,"body":"of domestic law and the"},{"startTime":286.95,"endTime":291.37,"body":"domestic law is ambiguous,"},{"startTime":291.37,"endTime":294.309,"body":"they can use the international"},{"startTime":291.37,"endTime":294.309,"body":"treaty to help them"},{"startTime":294.309,"endTime":299.309,"body":"decide what the domestic law"},{"startTime":294.309,"endTime":299.309,"body":"should be construed to mean."},{"startTime":300.81,"endTime":305.463,"body":"This is what we lawyers"},{"startTime":300.81,"endTime":305.463,"body":"call an aid to construction."},{"startTime":306.37,"endTime":309.61,"body":"Therefore, before the incorporation"},{"startTime":309.61,"endTime":312.86,"body":"of the European Convention,"},{"startTime":309.61,"endTime":312.86,"body":"it was possible to rely"},{"startTime":312.86,"endTime":316.8,"body":"on the Convention as"},{"startTime":312.86,"endTime":316.8,"body":"an aid to construction."},{"startTime":316.8,"endTime":320.83,"body":"But the limits of this doctrine"},{"startTime":320.83,"endTime":325.173,"body":"are underlined by the House"},{"startTime":320.83,"endTime":325.173,"body":"of Lord's case in 1991,"},{"startTime":325.173,"endTime":326.833,"body":"a case called Brind."},{"startTime":328.034,"endTime":330.963,"body":"That case drew a careful distinction."},{"startTime":331.96,"endTime":334.83,"body":"It reaffirmed the traditional doctrine"},{"startTime":334.83,"endTime":338.72,"body":"that an international treaty"},{"startTime":334.83,"endTime":338.72,"body":"could be used to resolve"},{"startTime":338.72,"endTime":343.72,"body":"an ambiguity and uncertainty"},{"startTime":338.72,"endTime":343.72,"body":"in statutory provision."},{"startTime":343.9,"endTime":346.82,"body":"However, where the statutory provision"},{"startTime":346.82,"endTime":349.625,"body":"was not ambiguous or uncertain,"},{"startTime":349.625,"endTime":354.58,"body":"there was no rule that a public"},{"startTime":349.625,"endTime":354.58,"body":"authority had to exercise"},{"startTime":354.58,"endTime":356.77,"body":"its discretionary powers"},{"startTime":356.77,"endTime":361.09,"body":"consistently with the"},{"startTime":356.77,"endTime":361.09,"body":"international treaty."},{"startTime":361.09,"endTime":364.79,"body":"So for example, when it's unclear"},{"startTime":364.79,"endTime":368.27,"body":"whether a statutory provision"},{"startTime":364.79,"endTime":368.27,"body":"means that a minister"},{"startTime":368.27,"endTime":373.27,"body":"must do X or do Y, an international"},{"startTime":368.27,"endTime":373.27,"body":"treaty can be relied on"},{"startTime":374.97,"endTime":379.21,"body":"to help the court decide"},{"startTime":374.97,"endTime":379.21,"body":"what the provision means."},{"startTime":379.21,"endTime":383.46,"body":"But if that statutory"},{"startTime":379.21,"endTime":383.46,"body":"provision is perfectly clear"},{"startTime":384.42,"endTime":386.993,"body":"but gives the minister"},{"startTime":384.42,"endTime":386.993,"body":"a discretion to decide"},{"startTime":386.993,"endTime":389.49,"body":"whether to do X or not,"},{"startTime":389.49,"endTime":392.31,"body":"there is no obligation on the minister"},{"startTime":392.31,"endTime":393.906,"body":"to exercise that discretion"},{"startTime":393.906,"endTime":398.56,"body":"in accordance with the"},{"startTime":393.906,"endTime":398.56,"body":"international treaty."},{"startTime":398.56,"endTime":403.56,"body":"So what that means is"},{"startTime":398.56,"endTime":403.56,"body":"this, before the year 2000,"},{"startTime":404.97,"endTime":407.7,"body":"if the UK breached your rights"},{"startTime":407.7,"endTime":410.85,"body":"under the European Convention, you might,"},{"startTime":410.85,"endTime":412.98,"body":"depending on the circumstances,"},{"startTime":412.98,"endTime":415.458,"body":"have found yourself without any remedy"},{"startTime":415.458,"endTime":418.44,"body":"before a domestic court."},{"startTime":418.44,"endTime":421.51,"body":"If that was the case, you"},{"startTime":418.44,"endTime":421.51,"body":"could of course take your case"},{"startTime":421.51,"endTime":423.77,"body":"to the European Convention"},{"startTime":421.51,"endTime":423.77,"body":"on Human Rights,"},{"startTime":423.77,"endTime":428.77,"body":"which could find the UK in"},{"startTime":423.77,"endTime":428.77,"body":"breach of its obligations"},{"startTime":431.18,"endTime":435.5,"body":"and might award you monetary damages."},{"startTime":435.5,"endTime":438.76,"body":"But depending on the breach"},{"startTime":435.5,"endTime":438.76,"body":"you are complaining about,"},{"startTime":438.76,"endTime":442.546,"body":"that remedy might not"},{"startTime":438.76,"endTime":442.546,"body":"be of much use to you."},{"startTime":442.546,"endTime":446.47,"body":"If the UK refused to"},{"startTime":442.546,"endTime":446.47,"body":"change the law or practice"},{"startTime":446.47,"endTime":449.0,"body":"that had been found to have been in breach"},{"startTime":449.0,"endTime":452.577,"body":"of the Convention, there might not be much"},{"startTime":452.577,"endTime":454.713,"body":"you could do about it."},{"startTime":459.4,"endTime":463.18,"body":"This changed to a significant extent"},{"startTime":463.18,"endTime":467.31,"body":"when the Human Rights"},{"startTime":463.18,"endTime":467.31,"body":"Act 1998 came into force"},{"startTime":467.31,"endTime":469.42,"body":"in October, 2000."},{"startTime":469.42,"endTime":474.42,"body":"The 1998 act incorporated some,"},{"startTime":469.42,"endTime":474.42,"body":"but not all the provisions"},{"startTime":474.61,"endTime":478.64,"body":"of the European Convention"},{"startTime":474.61,"endTime":478.64,"body":"on Human Rights directly"},{"startTime":478.64,"endTime":480.269,"body":"into UK law."},{"startTime":480.269,"endTime":485.269,"body":"It created a complex and"},{"startTime":480.269,"endTime":485.269,"body":"multi-layered mechanism"},{"startTime":485.87,"endTime":490.57,"body":"for enforcing those"},{"startTime":485.87,"endTime":490.57,"body":"rights before UK courts."},{"startTime":490.57,"endTime":495.04,"body":"So let's take a look at how"},{"startTime":490.57,"endTime":495.04,"body":"the Human Rights Act works."},{"startTime":495.04,"endTime":498.75,"body":"First of all, the Human"},{"startTime":495.04,"endTime":498.75,"body":"Rights Act makes it unlawful"},{"startTime":498.75,"endTime":503.57,"body":"for public to act in a"},{"startTime":498.75,"endTime":503.57,"body":"way which is incompatible"},{"startTime":503.57,"endTime":505.053,"body":"with a Convention right."},{"startTime":506.33,"endTime":511.11,"body":"This is the central guiding"},{"startTime":506.33,"endTime":511.11,"body":"principle of the act."},{"startTime":511.11,"endTime":515.15,"body":"It means that in general,"},{"startTime":511.11,"endTime":515.15,"body":"if a public authority"},{"startTime":515.15,"endTime":517.85,"body":"breaches your Convention rights,"},{"startTime":517.85,"endTime":521.06,"body":"you have judicial"},{"startTime":517.85,"endTime":521.06,"body":"remedies before UK courts"},{"startTime":521.06,"endTime":522.89,"body":"under the Human Rights Act."},{"startTime":522.89,"endTime":526.2,"body":"For example, you can challenge"},{"startTime":522.89,"endTime":526.2,"body":"the public authorities"},{"startTime":526.2,"endTime":528.508,"body":"decision by whatever judicial review"},{"startTime":528.508,"endTime":532.52,"body":"and you can try to have"},{"startTime":528.508,"endTime":532.52,"body":"that decision quashed"},{"startTime":532.52,"endTime":536.56,"body":"or you can bring a civil claim"},{"startTime":532.52,"endTime":536.56,"body":"against a public authority"},{"startTime":536.56,"endTime":540.99,"body":"and in some cases be awarded"},{"startTime":536.56,"endTime":540.99,"body":"damages for the breach."},{"startTime":540.99,"endTime":545.92,"body":"And you can also rely on the"},{"startTime":540.99,"endTime":545.92,"body":"human rights as a defense"},{"startTime":545.92,"endTime":549.25,"body":"in both civil and or criminal proceedings"},{"startTime":549.25,"endTime":552.11,"body":"brought against you by public authority."},{"startTime":552.11,"endTime":555.73,"body":"However, the Human Rights Acts stop short"},{"startTime":555.73,"endTime":559.58,"body":"of being a constitutionally"},{"startTime":555.73,"endTime":559.58,"body":"entrenched bill of rights"},{"startTime":559.58,"endTime":560.922,"body":"because it affirms"},{"startTime":560.922,"endTime":565.373,"body":"the traditional principle of"},{"startTime":560.922,"endTime":565.373,"body":"Parliamentary sovereignty."},{"startTime":571.06,"endTime":575.76,"body":"The act does not allow"},{"startTime":571.06,"endTime":575.76,"body":"the courts to strike down"},{"startTime":575.76,"endTime":577.65,"body":"primary legislation,"},{"startTime":577.65,"endTime":581.42,"body":"which conflicts with"},{"startTime":577.65,"endTime":581.42,"body":"the European Convention."},{"startTime":581.42,"endTime":584.22,"body":"The courts are required to"},{"startTime":581.42,"endTime":584.22,"body":"interpret the legislation"},{"startTime":584.22,"endTime":587.03,"body":"as far as possible as being in conformity"},{"startTime":587.03,"endTime":592.03,"body":"with the Convention, they"},{"startTime":587.03,"endTime":592.03,"body":"can read down the legislation"},{"startTime":592.41,"endTime":595.98,"body":"so as to bring it in"},{"startTime":592.41,"endTime":595.98,"body":"conformity with the Convention"},{"startTime":596.94,"endTime":599.62,"body":"and if they can do so"},{"startTime":596.94,"endTime":599.62,"body":"without going against"},{"startTime":599.62,"endTime":603.809,"body":"the grain of the"},{"startTime":599.62,"endTime":603.809,"body":"legislation, they will do so,"},{"startTime":603.809,"endTime":606.92,"body":"but if they cannot read"},{"startTime":603.809,"endTime":606.92,"body":"down the legislation"},{"startTime":606.92,"endTime":610.11,"body":"to bring it into conformity"},{"startTime":606.92,"endTime":610.11,"body":"with the Convention,"},{"startTime":610.11,"endTime":612.01,"body":"the only thing they can do"},{"startTime":612.01,"endTime":615.383,"body":"is make a declaration of incompatibility."},{"startTime":616.517,"endTime":620.57,"body":"A declaration of incompatibility"},{"startTime":616.517,"endTime":620.57,"body":"is a signal to Parliament"},{"startTime":620.57,"endTime":625.02,"body":"and the public that the"},{"startTime":620.57,"endTime":625.02,"body":"relevant legislative provision"},{"startTime":625.02,"endTime":629.16,"body":"is incompatible with Convention rights"},{"startTime":629.16,"endTime":632.12,"body":"and needs to be reformed."},{"startTime":632.12,"endTime":636.94,"body":"It doesn't actually"},{"startTime":632.12,"endTime":636.94,"body":"disapply the legislation."},{"startTime":636.94,"endTime":640.95,"body":"The courts are still obliged"},{"startTime":636.94,"endTime":640.95,"body":"to apply what Parliament"},{"startTime":640.95,"endTime":645.423,"body":"has enacted unless and"},{"startTime":640.95,"endTime":645.423,"body":"until it has changed."},{"startTime":646.49,"endTime":649.971,"body":"The act provides a mechanism"},{"startTime":646.49,"endTime":649.971,"body":"called a remedial order"},{"startTime":649.971,"endTime":652.97,"body":"by which a minister can"},{"startTime":649.971,"endTime":652.97,"body":"amend the relevant law"},{"startTime":652.97,"endTime":656.92,"body":"so to bring it into"},{"startTime":652.97,"endTime":656.92,"body":"conformity with the Convention"},{"startTime":656.92,"endTime":661.92,"body":"but the decision to do this"},{"startTime":656.92,"endTime":661.92,"body":"or not is a political decision"},{"startTime":662.17,"endTime":665.98,"body":"and the courts cannot force"},{"startTime":662.17,"endTime":665.98,"body":"the minister to do so."},{"startTime":665.98,"endTime":668.74,"body":"In practice, most of"},{"startTime":665.98,"endTime":668.74,"body":"the time when the court"},{"startTime":668.74,"endTime":671.18,"body":"makes a declaration of incompatibility,"},{"startTime":671.18,"endTime":674.513,"body":"the incompatibility is"},{"startTime":671.18,"endTime":674.513,"body":"subsequently remedied"},{"startTime":674.513,"endTime":678.75,"body":"either by remedial law"},{"startTime":674.513,"endTime":678.75,"body":"order made by ministers"},{"startTime":678.75,"endTime":681.787,"body":"or by amending an act of Parliament."},{"startTime":681.787,"endTime":685.631,"body":"However, there have been"},{"startTime":681.787,"endTime":685.631,"body":"some exceptions to this"},{"startTime":685.631,"endTime":687.96,"body":"of which the starkest"},{"startTime":687.96,"endTime":692.333,"body":"is the issue of prisoner voting rights."},{"startTime":694.06,"endTime":697.65,"body":"The Strasbourg Court"},{"startTime":694.06,"endTime":697.65,"body":"held in the case called"},{"startTime":697.65,"endTime":701.6,"body":"Hirst the against the"},{"startTime":697.65,"endTime":701.6,"body":"United Kingdom in 2006"},{"startTime":701.6,"endTime":705.48,"body":"that the UK's blanket"},{"startTime":701.6,"endTime":705.48,"body":"ban on prisoners voting"},{"startTime":705.48,"endTime":708.87,"body":"was incompatible with the Convention."},{"startTime":708.87,"endTime":713.02,"body":"Soon afterwards, the Scottish"},{"startTime":708.87,"endTime":713.02,"body":"Registration Appeal Court"},{"startTime":713.02,"endTime":716.67,"body":"in a case called Smith"},{"startTime":713.02,"endTime":716.67,"body":"against Scott in 2007"},{"startTime":716.67,"endTime":721.67,"body":"made a declaration of"},{"startTime":716.67,"endTime":721.67,"body":"incompatibility but the UK government"},{"startTime":722.13,"endTime":724.91,"body":"which disagreed with the Hirst decision"},{"startTime":724.91,"endTime":729.26,"body":"made a decision not to amend the UK law"},{"startTime":729.26,"endTime":731.313,"body":"so as to allow prisoners to vote."},{"startTime":732.38,"endTime":734.48,"body":"And there is nothing the courts"},{"startTime":734.48,"endTime":737.01,"body":"have been able to do about this."},{"startTime":737.01,"endTime":738.973,"body":"Years later in the case,"},{"startTime":739.83,"endTime":744.49,"body":"Chester against the Secretary"},{"startTime":739.83,"endTime":744.49,"body":"of State for Justice in 2013,"},{"startTime":744.49,"endTime":747.4,"body":"the Supreme Court declined"},{"startTime":747.4,"endTime":749.922,"body":"to make another declaration"},{"startTime":747.4,"endTime":749.922,"body":"of incompatibility"},{"startTime":749.922,"endTime":753.93,"body":"even though the blanket"},{"startTime":749.922,"endTime":753.93,"body":"ban on prison of voting"},{"startTime":753.93,"endTime":758.79,"body":"was admittedly incompatible"},{"startTime":753.93,"endTime":758.79,"body":"with the Convention."},{"startTime":758.79,"endTime":761.96,"body":"In short, in this case,"},{"startTime":758.79,"endTime":761.96,"body":"the government decided"},{"startTime":761.96,"endTime":763.638,"body":"just to ignore the Convention"},{"startTime":763.638,"endTime":767.23,"body":"because it did not like the result"},{"startTime":767.23,"endTime":769.831,"body":"and there's nothing that"},{"startTime":767.23,"endTime":769.831,"body":"lawyers or the courts"},{"startTime":769.831,"endTime":771.763,"body":"can do about it."},{"startTime":773.03,"endTime":777.04,"body":"Another closely related"},{"startTime":773.03,"endTime":777.04,"body":"constraint on the Convention"},{"startTime":777.04,"endTime":781.45,"body":"is that, whereas it is ordinarily unlawful"},{"startTime":781.45,"endTime":784.16,"body":"for public authority to act incompatibly"},{"startTime":784.16,"endTime":787.8,"body":"with a Convention right,"},{"startTime":784.16,"endTime":787.8,"body":"this does not apply"},{"startTime":787.8,"endTime":790.67,"body":"if the authority could"},{"startTime":787.8,"endTime":790.67,"body":"not have acted differently"},{"startTime":790.67,"endTime":792.459,"body":"because one or more of the provisions"},{"startTime":792.459,"endTime":795.71,"body":"of primary legislation."},{"startTime":795.71,"endTime":799.27,"body":"So if your Convention rights were breached"},{"startTime":799.27,"endTime":802.4,"body":"but this happened because it was required"},{"startTime":802.4,"endTime":806.84,"body":"by primary legislation, you"},{"startTime":802.4,"endTime":806.84,"body":"have no effective remedy"},{"startTime":806.84,"endTime":807.74,"body":"before the courts."},{"startTime":811.86,"endTime":816.53,"body":"And if Parliament wanted to"},{"startTime":811.86,"endTime":816.53,"body":"rewrite the Human Rights Act"},{"startTime":816.53,"endTime":819.23,"body":"or repeat it all together or exempt"},{"startTime":819.23,"endTime":823.17,"body":"a whole sphere of government"},{"startTime":819.23,"endTime":823.17,"body":"activity from its scope,"},{"startTime":823.17,"endTime":824.85,"body":"it could do so."},{"startTime":824.85,"endTime":829.627,"body":"For example, Parliament legislated in 2021"},{"startTime":830.81,"endTime":835.38,"body":"very controversially to"},{"startTime":830.81,"endTime":835.38,"body":"impose a new limitation"},{"startTime":836.48,"endTime":840.48,"body":"for human rights proceedings"},{"startTime":836.48,"endTime":840.48,"body":"against the Ministry of Defense"},{"startTime":840.48,"endTime":844.69,"body":"in respect of overseas"},{"startTime":840.48,"endTime":844.69,"body":"armed forces operations."},{"startTime":844.69,"endTime":849.69,"body":"And our government is currently"},{"startTime":844.69,"endTime":849.69,"body":"carrying out a consultation"},{"startTime":850.91,"endTime":854.758,"body":"on wide range in proposed"},{"startTime":850.91,"endTime":854.758,"body":"reforms of the Human Rights Act,"},{"startTime":854.758,"endTime":858.52,"body":"which may well result in legislation"},{"startTime":858.52,"endTime":861.018,"body":"ensured under our system,"},{"startTime":861.018,"endTime":864.91,"body":"our human rights are given by Parliament"},{"startTime":864.91,"endTime":869.483,"body":"and what Parliament can give,"},{"startTime":864.91,"endTime":869.483,"body":"Parliament can take away."},{"startTime":871.29,"endTime":876.29,"body":"So what do you think of the"},{"startTime":871.29,"endTime":876.29,"body":"structure of Human Rights Act?"},{"startTime":877.1,"endTime":880.9,"body":"Is it a good thing that the"},{"startTime":877.1,"endTime":880.9,"body":"courts can't strike down"},{"startTime":880.9,"endTime":885.38,"body":"primary legislation and that"},{"startTime":880.9,"endTime":885.38,"body":"Parliament can consciously"},{"startTime":885.38,"endTime":889.473,"body":"legislate contrary to"},{"startTime":885.38,"endTime":889.473,"body":"the Convention rights?"},{"startTime":891.4,"endTime":895.67,"body":"Well, I suppose it all"},{"startTime":891.4,"endTime":895.67,"body":"depends on your perspective."},{"startTime":895.67,"endTime":899.16,"body":"Some argue it's a good thing."},{"startTime":899.16,"endTime":902.54,"body":"They argue that in a"},{"startTime":899.16,"endTime":902.54,"body":"democratic political system,"},{"startTime":902.54,"endTime":906.29,"body":"it should be our elected"},{"startTime":902.54,"endTime":906.29,"body":"representatives in Parliament,"},{"startTime":906.29,"endTime":910.21,"body":"not unelected judges who"},{"startTime":906.29,"endTime":910.21,"body":"should make the final decisions"},{"startTime":910.21,"endTime":914.67,"body":"about how human rights should"},{"startTime":910.21,"endTime":914.67,"body":"be understood and applied."},{"startTime":914.67,"endTime":919.63,"body":"After all they argue, human"},{"startTime":914.67,"endTime":919.63,"body":"rights are inherently political."},{"startTime":919.63,"endTime":922.86,"body":"When the European Court or a"},{"startTime":919.63,"endTime":922.86,"body":"domestic court decides that"},{"startTime":922.86,"endTime":926.23,"body":"a terror suspect can't"},{"startTime":922.86,"endTime":926.23,"body":"be detained indefinitely"},{"startTime":926.23,"endTime":928.87,"body":"or a migrant can't be deported"},{"startTime":928.87,"endTime":931.11,"body":"without procedural safeguards,"},{"startTime":931.11,"endTime":934.21,"body":"or that prisoners should be able to vote."},{"startTime":934.21,"endTime":937.9,"body":"They're not just applying the law,"},{"startTime":937.9,"endTime":941.82,"body":"they're making value judgment"},{"startTime":937.9,"endTime":941.82,"body":"about how individual rights"},{"startTime":941.82,"endTime":944.42,"body":"should be weighed against a perspective"},{"startTime":944.42,"endTime":945.57,"body":"of the collective good,"},{"startTime":946.81,"endTime":951.55,"body":"which is an inherently"},{"startTime":946.81,"endTime":951.55,"body":"a political exercise."},{"startTime":951.55,"endTime":953.63,"body":"Some people argue that judges"},{"startTime":953.63,"endTime":955.713,"body":"are not democratically elected,"},{"startTime":956.68,"endTime":959.79,"body":"they're not represented"},{"startTime":956.68,"endTime":959.79,"body":"of the popular will"},{"startTime":959.79,"endTime":962.57,"body":"and don't have the"},{"startTime":959.79,"endTime":962.57,"body":"institutional competence"},{"startTime":962.57,"endTime":965.198,"body":"to make decisions that are fundamentally"},{"startTime":965.198,"endTime":967.783,"body":"political in character."},{"startTime":969.13,"endTime":972.94,"body":"The people making this are"},{"startTime":969.13,"endTime":972.94,"body":"argument are of course correct"},{"startTime":972.94,"endTime":975.9,"body":"that human rights are political"},{"startTime":975.9,"endTime":979.04,"body":"and that judges don't merely apply the law"},{"startTime":979.04,"endTime":980.96,"body":"but they also make it."},{"startTime":980.96,"endTime":982.44,"body":"They also correct that judges"},{"startTime":982.44,"endTime":985.41,"body":"aren't democratically accountable."},{"startTime":985.41,"endTime":988.51,"body":"Indeed throughout this lecture series,"},{"startTime":988.51,"endTime":990.34,"body":"I've sought to point out that judges"},{"startTime":990.34,"endTime":995.16,"body":"are disproportionately drawn"},{"startTime":990.34,"endTime":995.16,"body":"form from privileged groups"},{"startTime":995.16,"endTime":998.32,"body":"and are not representative"},{"startTime":995.16,"endTime":998.32,"body":"of the people whose lives"},{"startTime":998.32,"endTime":1000.193,"body":"their decisions affect."},{"startTime":1001.26,"endTime":1005.99,"body":"On the other hand, a fundamental"},{"startTime":1001.26,"endTime":1005.99,"body":"problem with this argument"},{"startTime":1005.99,"endTime":1008.71,"body":"is that many of the"},{"startTime":1005.99,"endTime":1008.71,"body":"people who need to rely"},{"startTime":1008.71,"endTime":1013.29,"body":"on human rights litigation"},{"startTime":1008.71,"endTime":1013.29,"body":"to defend themselves"},{"startTime":1013.29,"endTime":1017.51,"body":"are the very people"},{"startTime":1013.29,"endTime":1017.51,"body":"who are disenfranchised"},{"startTime":1017.51,"endTime":1020.29,"body":"by our political system."},{"startTime":1020.29,"endTime":1023.55,"body":"For example, much human rights litigation"},{"startTime":1023.55,"endTime":1028.393,"body":"is brought on behalf of"},{"startTime":1023.55,"endTime":1028.393,"body":"asylum seekers, refugees,"},{"startTime":1029.23,"endTime":1034.23,"body":"irregular migrants who can't"},{"startTime":1029.23,"endTime":1034.23,"body":"vote and have therefore"},{"startTime":1034.55,"endTime":1039.55,"body":"no democratic say in what"},{"startTime":1034.55,"endTime":1039.55,"body":"Parliament decides to do for them."},{"startTime":1040.0,"endTime":1043.26,"body":"And the litigation in respect"},{"startTime":1040.0,"endTime":1043.26,"body":"of prisoner voting rights"},{"startTime":1043.26,"endTime":1048.26,"body":"was by definition brought"},{"startTime":1043.26,"endTime":1048.26,"body":"by people who could not vote"},{"startTime":1049.2,"endTime":1051.513,"body":"and had no say in the law."},{"startTime":1052.9,"endTime":1056.98,"body":"As an analogy, imagine a political system"},{"startTime":1056.98,"endTime":1060.83,"body":"in which only men could vote."},{"startTime":1060.83,"endTime":1065.81,"body":"This isn't far fetched, such"},{"startTime":1060.83,"endTime":1065.81,"body":"political systems have existed"},{"startTime":1065.81,"endTime":1068.37,"body":"in many countries, including the UK"},{"startTime":1068.37,"endTime":1071.55,"body":"until the early 20th century."},{"startTime":1071.55,"endTime":1075.733,"body":"Lichtenstein did not allow"},{"startTime":1071.55,"endTime":1075.733,"body":"women to vote until the 1980s,"},{"startTime":1077.17,"endTime":1080.81,"body":"having held a series of"},{"startTime":1077.17,"endTime":1080.81,"body":"referenda on the question"},{"startTime":1080.81,"endTime":1083.823,"body":"in which only men could vote."},{"startTime":1084.85,"endTime":1089.4,"body":"In such a political system"},{"startTime":1084.85,"endTime":1089.4,"body":"do you think legislation"},{"startTime":1089.4,"endTime":1091.091,"body":"imposing restrictions on women"},{"startTime":1091.091,"endTime":1095.52,"body":"would have any democratic legitimacy?"},{"startTime":1095.52,"endTime":1099.925,"body":"Of course not, because the"},{"startTime":1095.52,"endTime":1099.925,"body":"very people affected by the law"},{"startTime":1099.925,"endTime":1103.603,"body":"are systematically disenfranchised."},{"startTime":1104.49,"endTime":1107.891,"body":"By the same token therefore"},{"startTime":1104.49,"endTime":1107.891,"body":"we might ask whether"},{"startTime":1107.891,"endTime":1112.02,"body":"the vast body of legislation"},{"startTime":1107.891,"endTime":1112.02,"body":"enacted by our Parliament"},{"startTime":1112.02,"endTime":1115.556,"body":"inflicting suffering on"},{"startTime":1112.02,"endTime":1115.556,"body":"asylum seekers, for instance,"},{"startTime":1115.556,"endTime":1120.556,"body":"has any real democratic legitimacy"},{"startTime":1115.556,"endTime":1120.556,"body":"given that asylum seekers"},{"startTime":1121.91,"endTime":1126.21,"body":"cannot vote and have no"},{"startTime":1121.91,"endTime":1126.21,"body":"say in our political system"},{"startTime":1126.21,"endTime":1129.535,"body":"and even where people"},{"startTime":1126.21,"endTime":1129.535,"body":"are not disenfranchised,"},{"startTime":1129.535,"endTime":1133.85,"body":"the course of history"},{"startTime":1129.535,"endTime":1133.85,"body":"gives numerous examples"},{"startTime":1133.85,"endTime":1137.53,"body":"of a majority voting to oppress a poor"},{"startTime":1137.53,"endTime":1139.253,"body":"and powerless minority."},{"startTime":1140.12,"endTime":1144.93,"body":"In this context, leaving the"},{"startTime":1140.12,"endTime":1144.93,"body":"final say up to Parliament"},{"startTime":1144.93,"endTime":1149.93,"body":"means given a cult blanche to"},{"startTime":1144.93,"endTime":1149.93,"body":"the tyranny of the majority."},{"startTime":1150.21,"endTime":1153.866,"body":"And when I say the majority"},{"startTime":1150.21,"endTime":1153.866,"body":"in this particular context,"},{"startTime":1153.866,"endTime":1157.22,"body":"I don't even mean the majority of people,"},{"startTime":1157.22,"endTime":1160.296,"body":"but rather the majority of"},{"startTime":1157.22,"endTime":1160.296,"body":"MPs in the House of Commons."},{"startTime":1160.296,"endTime":1163.68,"body":"And as we know, as we well know"},{"startTime":1163.68,"endTime":1167.575,"body":"in our first past to"},{"startTime":1163.68,"endTime":1167.575,"body":"post electoral system,"},{"startTime":1167.575,"endTime":1172.575,"body":"this does not always produce"},{"startTime":1167.575,"endTime":1172.575,"body":"proportionate results."},{"startTime":1173.939,"endTime":1176.3,"body":"So that brings me on to my next question."},{"startTime":1176.3,"endTime":1179.77,"body":"How effective is the European"},{"startTime":1176.3,"endTime":1179.77,"body":"Convention on Human Rights"},{"startTime":1179.77,"endTime":1181.99,"body":"as applied in the UK"},{"startTime":1181.99,"endTime":1184.857,"body":"as protecting the rights of the oppressed?"},{"startTime":1184.857,"endTime":1187.17,"body":"We're going to take a whistle stock tour"},{"startTime":1187.17,"endTime":1190.58,"body":"through some of the most important"},{"startTime":1187.17,"endTime":1190.58,"body":"rights in the Convention,"},{"startTime":1190.58,"endTime":1192.463,"body":"what they do and what they don't do."},{"startTime":1195.9,"endTime":1199.31,"body":"On the whole the European"},{"startTime":1195.9,"endTime":1199.31,"body":"Convention on Human Rights"},{"startTime":1199.31,"endTime":1201.36,"body":"only protects civil and political rights"},{"startTime":1201.36,"endTime":1205.87,"body":"like the right to life,"},{"startTime":1201.36,"endTime":1205.87,"body":"freedom from torture,"},{"startTime":1205.87,"endTime":1206.78,"body":"the right to liberty,"},{"startTime":1206.78,"endTime":1209.03,"body":"the right to freedom of"},{"startTime":1206.78,"endTime":1209.03,"body":"expression and so on."},{"startTime":1209.91,"endTime":1214.04,"body":"It doesn't protect social"},{"startTime":1209.91,"endTime":1214.04,"body":"and economic rights."},{"startTime":1214.04,"endTime":1216.88,"body":"It doesn't give us the"},{"startTime":1214.04,"endTime":1216.88,"body":"right to free healthcare,"},{"startTime":1216.88,"endTime":1220.69,"body":"free education, on"},{"startTime":1216.88,"endTime":1220.69,"body":"adequate standard of living"},{"startTime":1220.69,"endTime":1222.203,"body":"or to decent employment."},{"startTime":1223.15,"endTime":1226.24,"body":"Social and economic rights are protected"},{"startTime":1226.24,"endTime":1229.3,"body":"in some other human rights treaty,"},{"startTime":1229.3,"endTime":1233.12,"body":"such as the International"},{"startTime":1229.3,"endTime":1233.12,"body":"Covenant of Economic, Social,"},{"startTime":1233.12,"endTime":1237.06,"body":"and Cultural Rights and"},{"startTime":1233.12,"endTime":1237.06,"body":"other national constitutions,"},{"startTime":1237.06,"endTime":1240.07,"body":"such as the constitution of South Africa."},{"startTime":1240.07,"endTime":1243.7,"body":"They're also protected to an"},{"startTime":1240.07,"endTime":1243.7,"body":"extent by the EU's Charter"},{"startTime":1243.7,"endTime":1245.93,"body":"on Fundamental Rights,"},{"startTime":1245.93,"endTime":1250.93,"body":"but the European Convention"},{"startTime":1245.93,"endTime":1250.93,"body":"does not protect those rights."},{"startTime":1251.17,"endTime":1253.773,"body":"We will return to the"},{"startTime":1251.17,"endTime":1253.773,"body":"significance of this later on."},{"startTime":1255.23,"endTime":1257.62,"body":"In terms of how they're drafted,"},{"startTime":1257.62,"endTime":1261.092,"body":"many rights of the rights"},{"startTime":1257.62,"endTime":1261.092,"body":"in the European Convention"},{"startTime":1261.092,"endTime":1264.15,"body":"at first blush are like negative rights"},{"startTime":1264.15,"endTime":1265.53,"body":"rather than positive rights,"},{"startTime":1265.53,"endTime":1270.53,"body":"that is there are about what"},{"startTime":1265.53,"endTime":1270.53,"body":"the state must not do to you"},{"startTime":1271.58,"endTime":1274.77,"body":"rather than what the"},{"startTime":1271.58,"endTime":1274.77,"body":"state must do for you."},{"startTime":1274.77,"endTime":1278.1,"body":"However, in practice, it's"},{"startTime":1274.77,"endTime":1278.1,"body":"more complicated than that"},{"startTime":1278.1,"endTime":1281.24,"body":"because European Court of Human Rights"},{"startTime":1281.24,"endTime":1284.463,"body":"has construed many of"},{"startTime":1281.24,"endTime":1284.463,"body":"the Convention rights"},{"startTime":1284.463,"endTime":1287.92,"body":"as imposing a range of"},{"startTime":1284.463,"endTime":1287.92,"body":"positive of obligations"},{"startTime":1287.92,"endTime":1289.86,"body":"on the state."},{"startTime":1289.86,"endTime":1291.68,"body":"Now, due to the constraints of time,"},{"startTime":1291.68,"endTime":1293.75,"body":"we aren't going to look at all the rights"},{"startTime":1293.75,"endTime":1295.01,"body":"under the Convention,"},{"startTime":1295.01,"endTime":1300.01,"body":"but I will pick up a few"},{"startTime":1295.01,"endTime":1300.01,"body":"particularly important ones."},{"startTime":1302.568,"endTime":1307.25,"body":"One right I've talked"},{"startTime":1302.568,"endTime":1307.25,"body":"about in previous lectures"},{"startTime":1307.25,"endTime":1310.58,"body":"is Article 2, the right to life."},{"startTime":1310.58,"endTime":1313.41,"body":"As interpreted by the European"},{"startTime":1310.58,"endTime":1313.41,"body":"Court on Human Rights,"},{"startTime":1313.41,"endTime":1318.099,"body":"Article 2 isn't purely"},{"startTime":1313.41,"endTime":1318.099,"body":"about the negative right"},{"startTime":1318.099,"endTime":1322.37,"body":"to restrict the powers of"},{"startTime":1318.099,"endTime":1322.37,"body":"the state from killing you."},{"startTime":1322.37,"endTime":1326.42,"body":"It also imposes positive"},{"startTime":1322.37,"endTime":1326.42,"body":"obligations on the state."},{"startTime":1326.42,"endTime":1329.44,"body":"There are three main of obligations."},{"startTime":1329.44,"endTime":1333.61,"body":"First, the systems' duty to"},{"startTime":1329.44,"endTime":1333.61,"body":"have an adequate legal framework"},{"startTime":1333.61,"endTime":1335.29,"body":"for the protection of life."},{"startTime":1335.29,"endTime":1338.379,"body":"Second, the operational"},{"startTime":1335.29,"endTime":1338.379,"body":"duty where the state knows"},{"startTime":1338.379,"endTime":1341.831,"body":"or ought to know that there's"},{"startTime":1338.379,"endTime":1341.831,"body":"a real and immediate risk"},{"startTime":1341.831,"endTime":1343.43,"body":"to a person's life."},{"startTime":1343.43,"endTime":1346.694,"body":"It has a duty to take reasonable"},{"startTime":1343.43,"endTime":1346.694,"body":"steps to protect them."},{"startTime":1346.694,"endTime":1350.21,"body":"This duty often comes up"},{"startTime":1346.694,"endTime":1350.21,"body":"in the context of people"},{"startTime":1350.21,"endTime":1353.15,"body":"who are institutionalized,"},{"startTime":1350.21,"endTime":1353.15,"body":"such as prisoners,"},{"startTime":1353.15,"endTime":1354.59,"body":"immigration detainees"},{"startTime":1354.59,"endTime":1357.46,"body":"and people detained under"},{"startTime":1354.59,"endTime":1357.46,"body":"the Mental Health Act."},{"startTime":1357.46,"endTime":1361.62,"body":"And third, the investigative"},{"startTime":1357.46,"endTime":1361.62,"body":"duty, the duty to carry out"},{"startTime":1361.62,"endTime":1364.59,"body":"an adequate investigation into killings"},{"startTime":1364.59,"endTime":1367.53,"body":"in which the state is involved."},{"startTime":1367.53,"endTime":1370.99,"body":"As I've described in detail"},{"startTime":1367.53,"endTime":1370.99,"body":"in my previous lectures,"},{"startTime":1370.99,"endTime":1374.6,"body":"this jurisprudence has"},{"startTime":1370.99,"endTime":1374.6,"body":"had a huge positive impact"},{"startTime":1374.6,"endTime":1377.43,"body":"across numerous areas of law,"},{"startTime":1377.43,"endTime":1381.05,"body":"especially inquest and public inquiries."},{"startTime":1381.05,"endTime":1383.581,"body":"The bereaved families of"},{"startTime":1381.05,"endTime":1383.581,"body":"victims of state killings"},{"startTime":1383.581,"endTime":1386.33,"body":"have far stronger rights today"},{"startTime":1386.33,"endTime":1388.773,"body":"than they did a couple of decades ago."},{"startTime":1390.87,"endTime":1395.51,"body":"Similarly, Article 3, the"},{"startTime":1390.87,"endTime":1395.51,"body":"prohibition of torture"},{"startTime":1395.51,"endTime":1397.934,"body":"in human and degrading"},{"startTime":1395.51,"endTime":1397.934,"body":"treatment or punishment"},{"startTime":1397.934,"endTime":1401.69,"body":"has evolved significantly"},{"startTime":1397.934,"endTime":1401.69,"body":"over the decades."},{"startTime":1401.69,"endTime":1405.21,"body":"The paradigm case of"},{"startTime":1401.69,"endTime":1405.21,"body":"an Article 3 violation"},{"startTime":1405.21,"endTime":1407.85,"body":"is where the state inflicts the treatment"},{"startTime":1407.85,"endTime":1412.26,"body":"such as by torturing"},{"startTime":1407.85,"endTime":1412.26,"body":"you or imprisoning you"},{"startTime":1412.26,"endTime":1414.26,"body":"in inhumane conditions."},{"startTime":1414.26,"endTime":1418.12,"body":"But the scope of Article 3"},{"startTime":1414.26,"endTime":1418.12,"body":"has evolved well beyond that."},{"startTime":1418.12,"endTime":1422.16,"body":"The monopoly of positive"},{"startTime":1418.12,"endTime":1422.16,"body":"obligations on Article 2,"},{"startTime":1422.16,"endTime":1424.5,"body":"the systems duty, the operational duty"},{"startTime":1424.5,"endTime":1427.885,"body":"and the investigative duty"},{"startTime":1424.5,"endTime":1427.885,"body":"all have their counterparts"},{"startTime":1427.885,"endTime":1430.49,"body":"in respect of Article 3."},{"startTime":1430.49,"endTime":1435.04,"body":"So the state isn't just obliged"},{"startTime":1430.49,"endTime":1435.04,"body":"to refrain from torturing"},{"startTime":1435.04,"endTime":1438.74,"body":"or ill treating you"},{"startTime":1435.04,"endTime":1438.74,"body":"but also to provide you"},{"startTime":1438.74,"endTime":1442.12,"body":"with the protection against"},{"startTime":1438.74,"endTime":1442.12,"body":"torture and ill treatment"},{"startTime":1442.12,"endTime":1445.07,"body":"and even from private actors."},{"startTime":1445.07,"endTime":1446.941,"body":"And the landmark cases of sovereign"},{"startTime":1446.941,"endTime":1449.03,"body":"against the United Kingdom"},{"startTime":1449.03,"endTime":1452.048,"body":"and Chahal against the"},{"startTime":1449.03,"endTime":1452.048,"body":"United Kingdom established"},{"startTime":1452.048,"endTime":1455.41,"body":"that a state wasn't just"},{"startTime":1452.048,"endTime":1455.41,"body":"prohibited from torturing"},{"startTime":1455.41,"endTime":1458.24,"body":"or ill treating a person itself,"},{"startTime":1458.24,"endTime":1463.24,"body":"it was also prohibited from"},{"startTime":1458.24,"endTime":1463.24,"body":"forcibly returning a person"},{"startTime":1464.02,"endTime":1468.421,"body":"to a country where they would"},{"startTime":1464.02,"endTime":1468.421,"body":"be tortured or ill treated."},{"startTime":1468.421,"endTime":1472.24,"body":"Even if that country itself"},{"startTime":1474.47,"endTime":1477.91,"body":"was not a party to the Convention."},{"startTime":1477.91,"endTime":1480.18,"body":"This is hugely significant protection"},{"startTime":1480.18,"endTime":1484.26,"body":"and which is much wider in"},{"startTime":1480.18,"endTime":1484.26,"body":"scope than the protection"},{"startTime":1484.26,"endTime":1486.77,"body":"available under the Refugee Convention."},{"startTime":1486.77,"endTime":1490.16,"body":"In particular, it's an absolute right,"},{"startTime":1490.16,"endTime":1492.75,"body":"so it applies even where a person"},{"startTime":1492.75,"endTime":1495.24,"body":"has committed serious crimes"},{"startTime":1495.24,"endTime":1498.488,"body":"or poses a threat to national security,"},{"startTime":1498.488,"endTime":1503.21,"body":"whatever the context a"},{"startTime":1498.488,"endTime":1503.21,"body":"person has an absolute right"},{"startTime":1503.21,"endTime":1506.166,"body":"not to be tortured or subjected to inhuman"},{"startTime":1506.166,"endTime":1508.453,"body":"or degrading treatment."},{"startTime":1509.45,"endTime":1512.684,"body":"But the real challenge in"},{"startTime":1509.45,"endTime":1512.684,"body":"Article 3 case law has been"},{"startTime":1512.684,"endTime":1515.257,"body":"how far it protects a person from inhuman"},{"startTime":1515.257,"endTime":1518.8,"body":"and degrading treatment"},{"startTime":1515.257,"endTime":1518.8,"body":"that is inflicted on them"},{"startTime":1518.8,"endTime":1522.17,"body":"not by violence but by poverty."},{"startTime":1522.17,"endTime":1525.53,"body":"After all, the experience"},{"startTime":1522.17,"endTime":1525.53,"body":"of a homeless person"},{"startTime":1525.53,"endTime":1530.53,"body":"who is freezing and"},{"startTime":1525.53,"endTime":1530.53,"body":"starving on the streets"},{"startTime":1530.73,"endTime":1533.62,"body":"could be called inhuman and degrading."},{"startTime":1533.62,"endTime":1538.32,"body":"So too could dying of"},{"startTime":1533.62,"endTime":1538.32,"body":"a preventable disease"},{"startTime":1538.32,"endTime":1543.32,"body":"due to being able to afford medical care."},{"startTime":1543.82,"endTime":1546.564,"body":"We can see here that the"},{"startTime":1543.82,"endTime":1546.564,"body":"frontier between civil"},{"startTime":1546.564,"endTime":1549.79,"body":"and political rights on the one hand"},{"startTime":1549.79,"endTime":1553.22,"body":"and social and economic"},{"startTime":1549.79,"endTime":1553.22,"body":"rights on the other."},{"startTime":1553.22,"endTime":1555.15,"body":"Does Article 3 give people a right"},{"startTime":1555.15,"endTime":1560.15,"body":"to dignified living conditions,"},{"startTime":1555.15,"endTime":1560.15,"body":"food or medical care?"},{"startTime":1561.117,"endTime":1564.89,"body":"The answer as elucidated in the case law"},{"startTime":1564.89,"endTime":1567.563,"body":"could be best described as no,"},{"startTime":1568.56,"endTime":1570.633,"body":"except in certain circumstances."},{"startTime":1571.47,"endTime":1575.48,"body":"In general, Article 3"},{"startTime":1571.47,"endTime":1575.48,"body":"doesn't impose an obligation"},{"startTime":1575.48,"endTime":1577.3,"body":"on the state to provide a person"},{"startTime":1577.3,"endTime":1579.61,"body":"with the necessities of life."},{"startTime":1579.61,"endTime":1584.1,"body":"However, this changes when"},{"startTime":1579.61,"endTime":1584.1,"body":"there is an additional element"},{"startTime":1584.1,"endTime":1586.173,"body":"of state responsibility."},{"startTime":1587.18,"endTime":1589.03,"body":"The courts have accepted for example,"},{"startTime":1589.03,"endTime":1591.64,"body":"that we're an asylum seeker"},{"startTime":1591.64,"endTime":1594.75,"body":"who the state specifically"},{"startTime":1591.64,"endTime":1594.75,"body":"prevents from working"},{"startTime":1594.75,"endTime":1598.47,"body":"or claiming benefits because"},{"startTime":1594.75,"endTime":1598.47,"body":"of their immigration status"},{"startTime":1598.47,"endTime":1600.42,"body":"is left to become destitute"},{"startTime":1600.42,"endTime":1602.697,"body":"and street homeless by the state."},{"startTime":1602.697,"endTime":1606.173,"body":"This can breach Article 3."},{"startTime":1607.01,"endTime":1610.58,"body":"Similarly, in some very"},{"startTime":1607.01,"endTime":1610.58,"body":"narrow circumstances,"},{"startTime":1610.58,"endTime":1614.12,"body":"the courts have accepted that"},{"startTime":1610.58,"endTime":1614.12,"body":"forcibly returning a person"},{"startTime":1614.12,"endTime":1617.63,"body":"to a country where they will"},{"startTime":1614.12,"endTime":1617.63,"body":"face an early and painful death"},{"startTime":1617.63,"endTime":1621.77,"body":"due to lack of medical care"},{"startTime":1617.63,"endTime":1621.77,"body":"and or due to a condition"},{"startTime":1621.77,"endTime":1626.66,"body":"of total destitution may breach Article 3."},{"startTime":1626.66,"endTime":1630.53,"body":"For a decade this was almost"},{"startTime":1626.66,"endTime":1630.53,"body":"impossible to establish"},{"startTime":1630.53,"endTime":1633.93,"body":"following decisions in our House of Lords"},{"startTime":1635.719,"endTime":1638.57,"body":"and the Strasbourg Court case of N"},{"startTime":1638.57,"endTime":1642.74,"body":"which limited the doctrine so"},{"startTime":1638.57,"endTime":1642.74,"body":"severely that almost no one"},{"startTime":1642.74,"endTime":1646.81,"body":"could meet it, but now"},{"startTime":1642.74,"endTime":1646.81,"body":"it is somewhat easier"},{"startTime":1646.81,"endTime":1651.71,"body":"to meet following the changes"},{"startTime":1646.81,"endTime":1651.71,"body":"made by the Strasbourg case"},{"startTime":1651.71,"endTime":1655.35,"body":"of Paposhvili against Belgium."},{"startTime":1655.35,"endTime":1660.35,"body":"And ultimately this was"},{"startTime":1655.35,"endTime":1660.35,"body":"accepted by our Supreme Court."},{"startTime":1660.68,"endTime":1664.654,"body":"And you will remember David"},{"startTime":1660.68,"endTime":1664.654,"body":"Neil and I covered this"},{"startTime":1664.654,"endTime":1668.39,"body":"and these cases in detail"},{"startTime":1664.654,"endTime":1668.39,"body":"on our previous lecture"},{"startTime":1668.39,"endTime":1672.04,"body":"on the history of immigration control."},{"startTime":1672.04,"endTime":1675.87,"body":"In short, our school"},{"startTime":1672.04,"endTime":1675.87,"body":"three has expanded beyond"},{"startTime":1675.87,"endTime":1679.54,"body":"its literal wording but this expansion"},{"startTime":1679.54,"endTime":1681.41,"body":"has not been unlimited."},{"startTime":1681.41,"endTime":1683.911,"body":"It is still essentially a"},{"startTime":1681.41,"endTime":1683.911,"body":"civil and political right,"},{"startTime":1683.911,"endTime":1686.178,"body":"and not a social and economic right,"},{"startTime":1686.178,"endTime":1688.67,"body":"it does not confer a right decent"},{"startTime":1688.67,"endTime":1691.49,"body":"and dignified living conditions,"},{"startTime":1691.49,"endTime":1694.31,"body":"food, shelter, or healthcare."},{"startTime":1694.31,"endTime":1697.0,"body":"And this is a very serious lacuna"},{"startTime":1697.0,"endTime":1698.943,"body":"in the European Convention."},{"startTime":1700.02,"endTime":1705.02,"body":"Finally Articles 8, 9 and"},{"startTime":1700.02,"endTime":1705.02,"body":"10 and 11 of the Convention"},{"startTime":1705.15,"endTime":1708.533,"body":"have all had a huge impact"},{"startTime":1705.15,"endTime":1708.533,"body":"on our jurisprudence."},{"startTime":1708.533,"endTime":1712.08,"body":"These respectively protect"},{"startTime":1708.533,"endTime":1712.08,"body":"the right to private"},{"startTime":1712.08,"endTime":1714.9,"body":"and family life, the right"},{"startTime":1712.08,"endTime":1714.9,"body":"to freedom of thought,"},{"startTime":1714.9,"endTime":1718.232,"body":"conscious and religion, the"},{"startTime":1714.9,"endTime":1718.232,"body":"right to freedom of expression"},{"startTime":1718.232,"endTime":1721.923,"body":"and the right to freedom of"},{"startTime":1718.232,"endTime":1721.923,"body":"assembly and association."},{"startTime":1722.92,"endTime":1724.555,"body":"Unlike Articles 2 and 3,"},{"startTime":1724.555,"endTime":1729.26,"body":"these rights are not absolute"},{"startTime":1724.555,"endTime":1729.26,"body":"rights but qualified rights."},{"startTime":1729.26,"endTime":1730.74,"body":"This has led to an adoption"},{"startTime":1730.74,"endTime":1733.809,"body":"of the concept of"},{"startTime":1730.74,"endTime":1733.809,"body":"proportionality in our law"},{"startTime":1733.809,"endTime":1738.25,"body":"where a government or"},{"startTime":1733.809,"endTime":1738.25,"body":"government decision interferes"},{"startTime":1738.25,"endTime":1740.349,"body":"with one or more of the qualified rights."},{"startTime":1740.349,"endTime":1744.94,"body":"It has to pursue one"},{"startTime":1740.349,"endTime":1744.94,"body":"of the legitimate aims"},{"startTime":1744.94,"endTime":1748.35,"body":"set out in the Convention,"},{"startTime":1744.94,"endTime":1748.35,"body":"such as the prevention of crime"},{"startTime":1748.35,"endTime":1752.32,"body":"and disorder or the economic"},{"startTime":1748.35,"endTime":1752.32,"body":"wellbeing of the country"},{"startTime":1752.32,"endTime":1755.58,"body":"or the protection of rights"},{"startTime":1752.32,"endTime":1755.58,"body":"and freedoms of others."},{"startTime":1755.58,"endTime":1759.31,"body":"And this has to be"},{"startTime":1755.58,"endTime":1759.31,"body":"proportionate to that goal."},{"startTime":1759.31,"endTime":1763.35,"body":"Our courts have held that in"},{"startTime":1759.31,"endTime":1763.35,"body":"dealing with an alleged breach"},{"startTime":1763.35,"endTime":1766.56,"body":"of a qualified right by public authority,"},{"startTime":1766.56,"endTime":1769.35,"body":"the role of the court"},{"startTime":1766.56,"endTime":1769.35,"body":"isn't limited to deciding"},{"startTime":1769.35,"endTime":1772.49,"body":"whether the public authority"},{"startTime":1769.35,"endTime":1772.49,"body":"decisions was reasonable."},{"startTime":1772.49,"endTime":1774.87,"body":"The court has to decide for itself"},{"startTime":1774.87,"endTime":1778.196,"body":"whether the Convention"},{"startTime":1774.87,"endTime":1778.196,"body":"right has been breached,"},{"startTime":1778.196,"endTime":1782.8,"body":"which means that the"},{"startTime":1778.196,"endTime":1782.8,"body":"court itself has to decide"},{"startTime":1782.8,"endTime":1785.563,"body":"whether the decision was proportionate."},{"startTime":1787.6,"endTime":1791.29,"body":"Article 8 is a particularly"},{"startTime":1787.6,"endTime":1791.29,"body":"wide ranging right."},{"startTime":1791.29,"endTime":1792.78,"body":"And since the landmark case"},{"startTime":1792.78,"endTime":1794.343,"body":"of Huang against Secretary of State"},{"startTime":1794.343,"endTime":1797.745,"body":"for the Home Department in 2007,"},{"startTime":1797.745,"endTime":1801.38,"body":"Article 8 has had a huge"},{"startTime":1797.745,"endTime":1801.38,"body":"and controversial impact"},{"startTime":1801.38,"endTime":1804.21,"body":"on immigration law, providing"},{"startTime":1801.38,"endTime":1804.21,"body":"many people with a route"},{"startTime":1804.21,"endTime":1805.84,"body":"to come and stay in the UK"},{"startTime":1805.84,"endTime":1808.52,"body":"outside the terms of"},{"startTime":1805.84,"endTime":1808.52,"body":"the immigration rules,"},{"startTime":1808.52,"endTime":1811.87,"body":"which has led to a vicious"},{"startTime":1808.52,"endTime":1811.87,"body":"backlash from the government"},{"startTime":1811.87,"endTime":1815.483,"body":"in the form of the Immigration Act, 2014."},{"startTime":1816.44,"endTime":1820.33,"body":"Article 8 embraces many"},{"startTime":1816.44,"endTime":1820.33,"body":"other aspects of human life,"},{"startTime":1820.33,"endTime":1823.64,"body":"including the persons name,"},{"startTime":1820.33,"endTime":1823.64,"body":"their gender identity,"},{"startTime":1823.64,"endTime":1827.64,"body":"their ethnic identity, their"},{"startTime":1823.64,"endTime":1827.64,"body":"mental and physical health"},{"startTime":1827.64,"endTime":1830.2,"body":"and their right not to be"},{"startTime":1827.64,"endTime":1830.2,"body":"evicted from their home"},{"startTime":1830.2,"endTime":1832.29,"body":"among other things."},{"startTime":1832.29,"endTime":1834.6,"body":"Some of the most important"},{"startTime":1832.29,"endTime":1834.6,"body":"and progressive changes"},{"startTime":1834.6,"endTime":1837.685,"body":"in our society in recent"},{"startTime":1834.6,"endTime":1837.685,"body":"decades have been driven"},{"startTime":1837.685,"endTime":1841.16,"body":"by litigation under Article 8,"},{"startTime":1841.16,"endTime":1845.23,"body":"ranging from recognition of"},{"startTime":1841.16,"endTime":1845.23,"body":"transgender people identity,"},{"startTime":1845.23,"endTime":1849.64,"body":"to the protection of children's"},{"startTime":1845.23,"endTime":1849.64,"body":"rights in immigration law."},{"startTime":1849.64,"endTime":1853.12,"body":"But again, these rights are"},{"startTime":1849.64,"endTime":1853.12,"body":"essentially civil and political,"},{"startTime":1853.12,"endTime":1855.03,"body":"not social and economic."},{"startTime":1855.03,"endTime":1857.73,"body":"Article 8 may regulate"},{"startTime":1855.03,"endTime":1857.73,"body":"the state's interference"},{"startTime":1857.73,"endTime":1861.43,"body":"of a person's home and their"},{"startTime":1857.73,"endTime":1861.43,"body":"mental and physical health,"},{"startTime":1861.43,"endTime":1865.77,"body":"for example, but it does not"},{"startTime":1861.43,"endTime":1865.77,"body":"confer free standing right"},{"startTime":1865.77,"endTime":1869.683,"body":"to be provided with a home"},{"startTime":1865.77,"endTime":1869.683,"body":"or with adequate healthcare."},{"startTime":1870.733,"endTime":1875.32,"body":"And this is a real limit on"},{"startTime":1870.733,"endTime":1875.32,"body":"our human rights regimes."},{"startTime":1875.32,"endTime":1877.62,"body":"So now let me turn to the constitutions"},{"startTime":1877.62,"endTime":1880.04,"body":"of the Commonwealth Caribbean."},{"startTime":1880.04,"endTime":1883.804,"body":"I want to turn away from the"},{"startTime":1880.04,"endTime":1883.804,"body":"UK and take a broad brush look"},{"startTime":1883.804,"endTime":1887.033,"body":"at the constitutions of"},{"startTime":1883.804,"endTime":1887.033,"body":"the Commonwealth Caribbean."},{"startTime":1887.033,"endTime":1890.54,"body":"Although I speak from a"},{"startTime":1887.033,"endTime":1890.54,"body":"perspective of an English lawyer,"},{"startTime":1890.54,"endTime":1895.12,"body":"I'm also a citizen of Antigua"},{"startTime":1890.54,"endTime":1895.12,"body":"and Barbuda and of Dominica."},{"startTime":1895.12,"endTime":1899.34,"body":"I'm called to the bar in several"},{"startTime":1895.12,"endTime":1899.34,"body":"Commonwealth jurisdictions."},{"startTime":1899.34,"endTime":1903.14,"body":"And I've been involved in"},{"startTime":1899.34,"endTime":1903.14,"body":"litigation in Antigua and Barbuda,"},{"startTime":1903.14,"endTime":1906.06,"body":"Dominica, Grenada, St. Kitts and Nevis."},{"startTime":1906.06,"endTime":1909.024,"body":"It's interesting to"},{"startTime":1906.06,"endTime":1909.024,"body":"compare the constitutions"},{"startTime":1909.024,"endTime":1912.983,"body":"of the Commonwealth Caribbean"},{"startTime":1909.024,"endTime":1912.983,"body":"to what we have in the UK."},{"startTime":1914.73,"endTime":1917.38,"body":"The Commonwealth Caribbean"},{"startTime":1914.73,"endTime":1917.38,"body":"is a diverse place."},{"startTime":1917.38,"endTime":1921.21,"body":"Some jurisdictions, Anguilla,"},{"startTime":1917.38,"endTime":1921.21,"body":"British Virgin Islands,"},{"startTime":1921.21,"endTime":1923.0,"body":"the Cayman Islands and Montserrat"},{"startTime":1923.0,"endTime":1925.81,"body":"are British overseas territories"},{"startTime":1925.81,"endTime":1930.41,"body":"but many are independent"},{"startTime":1925.81,"endTime":1930.41,"body":"countries within the Commonwealth."},{"startTime":1930.41,"endTime":1934.26,"body":"Most of these constitutions"},{"startTime":1930.41,"endTime":1934.26,"body":"follow broadly similar template,"},{"startTime":1934.26,"endTime":1938.66,"body":"although there are also important"},{"startTime":1934.26,"endTime":1938.66,"body":"differences between them."},{"startTime":1938.66,"endTime":1942.2,"body":"At the start they contain a bill of rights"},{"startTime":1942.2,"endTime":1946.15,"body":"that protects fundamental"},{"startTime":1942.2,"endTime":1946.15,"body":"rights and freedoms."},{"startTime":1946.15,"endTime":1948.89,"body":"These rights are usually modeled broadly"},{"startTime":1948.89,"endTime":1950.42,"body":"on the European Convention"},{"startTime":1950.42,"endTime":1953.084,"body":"although there are usually"},{"startTime":1950.42,"endTime":1953.084,"body":"important differences"},{"startTime":1953.084,"endTime":1957.34,"body":"in the wording from the"},{"startTime":1953.084,"endTime":1957.34,"body":"European Convention."},{"startTime":1957.34,"endTime":1959.79,"body":"There are also important"},{"startTime":1957.34,"endTime":1959.79,"body":"differences in the rights"},{"startTime":1959.79,"endTime":1962.35,"body":"included in different constitutions,"},{"startTime":1962.35,"endTime":1964.86,"body":"some follow the wording of"},{"startTime":1962.35,"endTime":1964.86,"body":"the European Convention,"},{"startTime":1964.86,"endTime":1966.76,"body":"much more closely than others."},{"startTime":1966.76,"endTime":1968.55,"body":"But again, for the most part"},{"startTime":1968.55,"endTime":1970.135,"body":"the rights tend to be civil and political,"},{"startTime":1970.135,"endTime":1972.393,"body":"not social and economic."},{"startTime":1973.87,"endTime":1977.05,"body":"Most Commonwealth Caribbean"},{"startTime":1973.87,"endTime":1977.05,"body":"countries constitutions"},{"startTime":1977.05,"endTime":1980.49,"body":"provide for a West Minister"},{"startTime":1977.05,"endTime":1980.49,"body":"Parliamentary system"},{"startTime":1980.49,"endTime":1982.431,"body":"similar to that in the UK."},{"startTime":1982.431,"endTime":1986.53,"body":"In some independent Commonwealth"},{"startTime":1982.431,"endTime":1986.53,"body":"Caribbean countries,"},{"startTime":1986.53,"endTime":1988.38,"body":"the head of state is the Queen"},{"startTime":1988.38,"endTime":1992.3,"body":"represented by Governor General"},{"startTime":1988.38,"endTime":1992.3,"body":"while others are republics"},{"startTime":1992.3,"endTime":1994.92,"body":"that have an elected president."},{"startTime":1994.92,"endTime":1997.57,"body":"These roles are for the"},{"startTime":1994.92,"endTime":1997.57,"body":"most part ceremonial."},{"startTime":1997.57,"endTime":2001.26,"body":"Guyana, which has a"},{"startTime":1997.57,"endTime":2001.26,"body":"more powerful presidency"},{"startTime":2001.26,"endTime":2004.0,"body":"is an exception to this general rule."},{"startTime":2004.0,"endTime":2007.74,"body":"Those jurisdictions are still"},{"startTime":2004.0,"endTime":2007.74,"body":"British overseas territories"},{"startTime":2007.74,"endTime":2011.07,"body":"and have a governor rather"},{"startTime":2007.74,"endTime":2011.07,"body":"than a governor general."},{"startTime":2011.07,"endTime":2014.39,"body":"In these territories"},{"startTime":2011.07,"endTime":2014.39,"body":"important powers are reserved"},{"startTime":2014.39,"endTime":2015.42,"body":"to the governor,"},{"startTime":2015.42,"endTime":2019.001,"body":"particularly over foreign"},{"startTime":2015.42,"endTime":2019.001,"body":"affairs and defense."},{"startTime":2019.001,"endTime":2022.93,"body":"In independent Commonwealth"},{"startTime":2019.001,"endTime":2022.93,"body":"Caribbean countries"},{"startTime":2022.93,"endTime":2027.61,"body":"the actual executive power"},{"startTime":2022.93,"endTime":2027.61,"body":"is vested in a prime minister"},{"startTime":2027.61,"endTime":2031.64,"body":"and a cabinet who are drawn"},{"startTime":2027.61,"endTime":2031.64,"body":"from the majority party"},{"startTime":2031.64,"endTime":2035.52,"body":"in the legislature just as in the UK."},{"startTime":2035.52,"endTime":2037.76,"body":"Similarly in the Commonwealth Caribbean"},{"startTime":2037.76,"endTime":2041.52,"body":"overseas territories, they"},{"startTime":2037.76,"endTime":2041.52,"body":"have a premier and a cabinet"},{"startTime":2041.52,"endTime":2046.043,"body":"albeit that important powers"},{"startTime":2041.52,"endTime":2046.043,"body":"are reserved to the governor."},{"startTime":2047.05,"endTime":2050.23,"body":"The constitution also"},{"startTime":2047.05,"endTime":2050.23,"body":"provide for the judiciary."},{"startTime":2050.23,"endTime":2053.73,"body":"There are variations in"},{"startTime":2050.23,"endTime":2053.73,"body":"what the courts are called"},{"startTime":2053.73,"endTime":2055.41,"body":"and how they are organized,"},{"startTime":2055.41,"endTime":2059.08,"body":"but most Commonwealth jurisdictions"},{"startTime":2055.41,"endTime":2059.08,"body":"follow similar pattern."},{"startTime":2059.08,"endTime":2060.714,"body":"Each state and territory"},{"startTime":2060.714,"endTime":2064.263,"body":"has a court of unlimited"},{"startTime":2060.714,"endTime":2064.263,"body":"original jurisdiction"},{"startTime":2064.263,"endTime":2067.24,"body":"similar to the High Court in England."},{"startTime":2067.24,"endTime":2069.997,"body":"This may be called a supreme"},{"startTime":2067.24,"endTime":2069.997,"body":"Court or the high court"},{"startTime":2069.997,"endTime":2073.043,"body":"or in the Cayman Islands,"},{"startTime":2069.997,"endTime":2073.043,"body":"it's called the Grand Court."},{"startTime":2073.89,"endTime":2077.15,"body":"Appeals from that court are"},{"startTime":2073.89,"endTime":2077.15,"body":"heard by a court of appeal"},{"startTime":2077.15,"endTime":2078.538,"body":"and above the court of appeal"},{"startTime":2078.538,"endTime":2081.51,"body":"at the apex of the judicial system"},{"startTime":2081.51,"endTime":2084.79,"body":"you either have the Judicial"},{"startTime":2081.51,"endTime":2084.79,"body":"Committee of the Privy council"},{"startTime":2084.79,"endTime":2089.25,"body":"in London or the Caribbean"},{"startTime":2084.79,"endTime":2089.25,"body":"Court of Justice."},{"startTime":2089.25,"endTime":2091.18,"body":"And we're going to be"},{"startTime":2089.25,"endTime":2091.18,"body":"discussing these two courts"},{"startTime":2091.18,"endTime":2093.963,"body":"in more detail in a future lecture."},{"startTime":2095.1,"endTime":2098.82,"body":"Most jurisdictions have a"},{"startTime":2095.1,"endTime":2098.82,"body":"judicial service commission,"},{"startTime":2098.82,"endTime":2101.389,"body":"which is responsible for"},{"startTime":2098.82,"endTime":2101.389,"body":"advising on the appointment"},{"startTime":2101.389,"endTime":2105.37,"body":"and discipline of judges and"},{"startTime":2101.389,"endTime":2105.37,"body":"judges of the high courts"},{"startTime":2105.37,"endTime":2107.956,"body":"have constitutionally"},{"startTime":2105.37,"endTime":2107.956,"body":"protected tenure of office"},{"startTime":2107.956,"endTime":2112.5,"body":"and can only be removed"},{"startTime":2107.956,"endTime":2112.5,"body":"because of misconduct"},{"startTime":2112.5,"endTime":2116.11,"body":"or an inability to perform"},{"startTime":2112.5,"endTime":2116.11,"body":"the functions of their office."},{"startTime":2116.11,"endTime":2118.89,"body":"And this normally involves"},{"startTime":2116.11,"endTime":2118.89,"body":"an elaborate process"},{"startTime":2118.89,"endTime":2122.31,"body":"which includes the appointment"},{"startTime":2118.89,"endTime":2122.31,"body":"of an ad hoc tribunal"},{"startTime":2122.31,"endTime":2124.55,"body":"to investigate the allegations."},{"startTime":2124.55,"endTime":2128.53,"body":"Now, in several of the islands"},{"startTime":2124.55,"endTime":2128.53,"body":"of the Eastern Caribbean,"},{"startTime":2128.53,"endTime":2132.163,"body":"including my own home island"},{"startTime":2128.53,"endTime":2132.163,"body":"of Antigua and Dominica,"},{"startTime":2133.21,"endTime":2135.55,"body":"there is a shared court"},{"startTime":2135.55,"endTime":2138.513,"body":"called the Eastern"},{"startTime":2135.55,"endTime":2138.513,"body":"Caribbean Supreme Court."},{"startTime":2140.01,"endTime":2141.94,"body":"This court is split into two courts,"},{"startTime":2141.94,"endTime":2143.94,"body":"a high court and a court of appeal."},{"startTime":2143.94,"endTime":2147.157,"body":"The high court is a court of"},{"startTime":2143.94,"endTime":2147.157,"body":"unlimited original jurisdiction"},{"startTime":2147.157,"endTime":2150.56,"body":"and the court of appeal hears"},{"startTime":2147.157,"endTime":2150.56,"body":"appeals from the high court."},{"startTime":2150.56,"endTime":2154.89,"body":"Each jurisdiction also has low"},{"startTime":2150.56,"endTime":2154.89,"body":"courts, magistrates courts,"},{"startTime":2154.89,"endTime":2157.71,"body":"which are usually provided"},{"startTime":2154.89,"endTime":2157.71,"body":"for in an act of Parliament"},{"startTime":2157.71,"endTime":2159.92,"body":"rather than the constitution itself."},{"startTime":2159.92,"endTime":2164.14,"body":"And generally magistrates in"},{"startTime":2159.92,"endTime":2164.14,"body":"the lower judicial officers"},{"startTime":2164.14,"endTime":2167.11,"body":"don't have the same"},{"startTime":2164.14,"endTime":2167.11,"body":"robust security of tenure"},{"startTime":2167.11,"endTime":2168.953,"body":"as higher court judges."},{"startTime":2170.7,"endTime":2174.98,"body":"Human rights protection in these islands,"},{"startTime":2174.98,"endTime":2178.38,"body":"a few key features of the"},{"startTime":2174.98,"endTime":2178.38,"body":"Commonwealth Caribbean"},{"startTime":2178.38,"endTime":2182.56,"body":"constitution set them"},{"startTime":2178.38,"endTime":2182.56,"body":"apart from the UK system."},{"startTime":2182.56,"endTime":2187.56,"body":"First of all, the"},{"startTime":2182.56,"endTime":2187.56,"body":"constitution is supreme law."},{"startTime":2187.89,"endTime":2190.5,"body":"And any other law inconsistent"},{"startTime":2187.89,"endTime":2190.5,"body":"with the constitution"},{"startTime":2190.5,"endTime":2193.61,"body":"is invalid to the extent"},{"startTime":2190.5,"endTime":2193.61,"body":"of the inconsistencies."},{"startTime":2193.61,"endTime":2196.62,"body":"This means that unlike in the UK,"},{"startTime":2196.62,"endTime":2201.62,"body":"the court can and indeed must"},{"startTime":2196.62,"endTime":2201.62,"body":"disapply an act of Parliament"},{"startTime":2202.7,"endTime":2205.81,"body":"that breaches constitutional rights."},{"startTime":2205.81,"endTime":2208.54,"body":"Secondly, there is a specific"},{"startTime":2208.54,"endTime":2210.81,"body":"and constitutionally mandated procedure"},{"startTime":2210.81,"endTime":2212.6,"body":"for bringing a claim in the high court"},{"startTime":2212.6,"endTime":2213.873,"body":"in respect of a breach"},{"startTime":2213.873,"endTime":2216.49,"body":"or an alleged breach of the constitution."},{"startTime":2216.49,"endTime":2217.67,"body":"This is typically dealt with"},{"startTime":2217.67,"endTime":2220.08,"body":"by two separate sections"},{"startTime":2217.67,"endTime":2220.08,"body":"of the constitution,"},{"startTime":2220.08,"endTime":2222.9,"body":"one dealing with breaches of"},{"startTime":2220.08,"endTime":2222.9,"body":"fundamental rights and freedom,"},{"startTime":2222.9,"endTime":2225.889,"body":"and the other dealing with"},{"startTime":2222.9,"endTime":2225.889,"body":"breaches of the constitution."},{"startTime":2225.889,"endTime":2229.49,"body":"This procedure operates in a similar way"},{"startTime":2229.49,"endTime":2233.18,"body":"to the UK's Judicial Review."},{"startTime":2233.18,"endTime":2235.96,"body":"And when this procedure"},{"startTime":2233.18,"endTime":2235.96,"body":"can or should be used"},{"startTime":2235.96,"endTime":2240.553,"body":"is a matter of controversy"},{"startTime":2235.96,"endTime":2240.553,"body":"in Caribbean jurisprudence."},{"startTime":2242.41,"endTime":2246.33,"body":"Thirdly, although the rights"},{"startTime":2242.41,"endTime":2246.33,"body":"are usually modeled broadly"},{"startTime":2246.33,"endTime":2249.84,"body":"on the European Convention,"},{"startTime":2246.33,"endTime":2249.84,"body":"there are a lot of variations"},{"startTime":2249.84,"endTime":2252.45,"body":"in wording, for instance,"},{"startTime":2249.84,"endTime":2252.45,"body":"many constitutions"},{"startTime":2252.45,"endTime":2255.45,"body":"contain a clause at the"},{"startTime":2252.45,"endTime":2255.45,"body":"start of their bill of rights"},{"startTime":2255.45,"endTime":2257.63,"body":"that sets out broad"},{"startTime":2255.45,"endTime":2257.63,"body":"statements of principles,"},{"startTime":2257.63,"endTime":2260.05,"body":"such as wording such as life, liberty,"},{"startTime":2260.05,"endTime":2264.16,"body":"security of the person"},{"startTime":2260.05,"endTime":2264.16,"body":"and the protection of law."},{"startTime":2264.16,"endTime":2267.1,"body":"Whereas there's a perfunctory clause,"},{"startTime":2267.1,"endTime":2269.316,"body":"which is actually enforceable in the court"},{"startTime":2269.316,"endTime":2274.316,"body":"has been held to vary between"},{"startTime":2269.316,"endTime":2274.316,"body":"different constitutions,"},{"startTime":2275.54,"endTime":2277.95,"body":"according to the exact word in use."},{"startTime":2277.95,"endTime":2281.44,"body":"Nothing like this is found"},{"startTime":2277.95,"endTime":2281.44,"body":"in European Convention."},{"startTime":2281.44,"endTime":2284.01,"body":"So with this in mind,"},{"startTime":2281.44,"endTime":2284.01,"body":"let's now turn to how"},{"startTime":2284.01,"endTime":2285.04,"body":"human rights protection"},{"startTime":2285.04,"endTime":2287.95,"body":"in the Caribbean functions in practice."},{"startTime":2287.95,"endTime":2291.11,"body":"Now, this is a vast subject"},{"startTime":2287.95,"endTime":2291.11,"body":"and we only have time"},{"startTime":2291.11,"endTime":2294.123,"body":"for a few headline points"},{"startTime":2291.11,"endTime":2294.123,"body":"rather than detailed treatment."},{"startTime":2295.33,"endTime":2297.51,"body":"Most Commonwealth Caribbean constitutions"},{"startTime":2297.51,"endTime":2300.9,"body":"have a provision in"},{"startTime":2297.51,"endTime":2300.9,"body":"similar or identical terms"},{"startTime":2300.9,"endTime":2303.49,"body":"to Article 3 of the European Convention,"},{"startTime":2303.49,"endTime":2305.478,"body":"prohibiting torture, inhuman"},{"startTime":2305.478,"endTime":2308.56,"body":"and degrading treatment and punishment."},{"startTime":2308.56,"endTime":2312.12,"body":"And this has been extensively litigated."},{"startTime":2312.12,"endTime":2314.45,"body":"An important issue in these cases however"},{"startTime":2314.45,"endTime":2318.01,"body":"has been the saving clauses."},{"startTime":2318.01,"endTime":2320.8,"body":"This is a feature of the"},{"startTime":2318.01,"endTime":2320.8,"body":"Commonwealth Caribbean constitution"},{"startTime":2320.8,"endTime":2325.22,"body":"that has no counterpart in"},{"startTime":2320.8,"endTime":2325.22,"body":"the European Convention."},{"startTime":2325.22,"endTime":2326.69,"body":"Some Commonwealth Caribbean constitutions"},{"startTime":2326.69,"endTime":2330.81,"body":"have a saving clause which"},{"startTime":2326.69,"endTime":2330.81,"body":"protects forms of punishment"},{"startTime":2330.81,"endTime":2334.44,"body":"that were lawful immediately"},{"startTime":2330.81,"endTime":2334.44,"body":"before a specified date"},{"startTime":2334.44,"endTime":2337.76,"body":"even if those forms of punishment"},{"startTime":2334.44,"endTime":2337.76,"body":"would otherwise constitute"},{"startTime":2337.76,"endTime":2339.92,"body":"an unconstitutional inhuman,"},{"startTime":2339.92,"endTime":2342.38,"body":"degrading treatment or punishment."},{"startTime":2342.38,"endTime":2346.37,"body":"The ambit of the saving"},{"startTime":2342.38,"endTime":2346.37,"body":"clauses has been central"},{"startTime":2346.37,"endTime":2350.108,"body":"in many cases involving criminal justice."},{"startTime":2350.108,"endTime":2353.65,"body":"Commonwealth, Caribbean"},{"startTime":2350.108,"endTime":2353.65,"body":"countries inherited capital"},{"startTime":2353.65,"endTime":2356.77,"body":"and corporate punishment from the UK."},{"startTime":2356.77,"endTime":2359.76,"body":"And this is given rise to"},{"startTime":2356.77,"endTime":2359.76,"body":"a great deal of litigation."},{"startTime":2359.76,"endTime":2362.05,"body":"For instance, in the landmark case of"},{"startTime":2362.05,"endTime":2366.4,"body":"Pratt against the Attorney"},{"startTime":2362.05,"endTime":2366.4,"body":"General for Jamaica in 1994,"},{"startTime":2366.4,"endTime":2369.66,"body":"the Privy Council held at a 14 year delay"},{"startTime":2369.66,"endTime":2373.22,"body":"in carrying out the death"},{"startTime":2369.66,"endTime":2373.22,"body":"penalty, constituted inhuman,"},{"startTime":2373.22,"endTime":2374.745,"body":"and degraded in treatment."},{"startTime":2374.745,"endTime":2378.49,"body":"It held at the savings"},{"startTime":2374.745,"endTime":2378.49,"body":"clause did not apply"},{"startTime":2378.49,"endTime":2379.869,"body":"because it was confined to"},{"startTime":2379.869,"endTime":2382.94,"body":"authorizing descriptions of punishment."},{"startTime":2382.94,"endTime":2385.13,"body":"It did not prevent a person from arguing"},{"startTime":2385.13,"endTime":2387.49,"body":"that the circumstances in which a sentence"},{"startTime":2387.49,"endTime":2388.81,"body":"was to be carried out"},{"startTime":2388.81,"endTime":2391.71,"body":"constituted inhuman and"},{"startTime":2388.81,"endTime":2391.71,"body":"degrading treatment."},{"startTime":2391.71,"endTime":2395.28,"body":"The effect of this decision"},{"startTime":2391.71,"endTime":2395.28,"body":"was that a sentence of death"},{"startTime":2395.28,"endTime":2398.0,"body":"has to be carried out within five years"},{"startTime":2398.0,"endTime":2399.558,"body":"if it is to be carried out at all."},{"startTime":2399.558,"endTime":2404.42,"body":"And so the death row practices of the US"},{"startTime":2404.42,"endTime":2407.713,"body":"are unconstitutional in"},{"startTime":2404.42,"endTime":2407.713,"body":"the Commonwealth Caribbean."},{"startTime":2408.837,"endTime":2413.045,"body":"Another important example"},{"startTime":2408.837,"endTime":2413.045,"body":"came in the early 2000s."},{"startTime":2413.045,"endTime":2415.29,"body":"Many Commonwealth Caribbean jurisdictions"},{"startTime":2415.29,"endTime":2417.02,"body":"inherited from the UK,"},{"startTime":2417.02,"endTime":2420.17,"body":"the mandatory death penalty for murder."},{"startTime":2420.17,"endTime":2423.61,"body":"If a person was convicted of"},{"startTime":2420.17,"endTime":2423.61,"body":"murder the sentencing judge"},{"startTime":2423.61,"endTime":2428.61,"body":"had no discretion and was"},{"startTime":2423.61,"endTime":2428.61,"body":"obliged to impose death penalty."},{"startTime":2428.64,"endTime":2432.0,"body":"It was not suggested that death"},{"startTime":2428.64,"endTime":2432.0,"body":"penalty itself was torture"},{"startTime":2432.0,"endTime":2435.24,"body":"or inhuman or degraded"},{"startTime":2432.0,"endTime":2435.24,"body":"treatment or punishment"},{"startTime":2435.24,"endTime":2439.48,"body":"because various constitutions"},{"startTime":2435.24,"endTime":2439.48,"body":"specifically allowed it"},{"startTime":2439.48,"endTime":2441.71,"body":"as an exception to the right to life."},{"startTime":2441.71,"endTime":2445.61,"body":"But the mandatory death"},{"startTime":2441.71,"endTime":2445.61,"body":"penalty was challenged"},{"startTime":2445.61,"endTime":2447.73,"body":"on constitutional grounds."},{"startTime":2447.73,"endTime":2450.72,"body":"In 2002 a trove of cases"},{"startTime":2447.73,"endTime":2450.72,"body":"from Belize, St. Lucia"},{"startTime":2450.72,"endTime":2453.513,"body":"and St. Kitts and Nevis,"},{"startTime":2450.72,"endTime":2453.513,"body":"the Privy Council held"},{"startTime":2453.513,"endTime":2457.57,"body":"that the mandatory death"},{"startTime":2453.513,"endTime":2457.57,"body":"penalty constituted inhuman"},{"startTime":2457.57,"endTime":2459.67,"body":"or degrading treatment"},{"startTime":2457.57,"endTime":2459.67,"body":"because it prevented"},{"startTime":2459.67,"endTime":2464.06,"body":"any judicial consideration of the humanity"},{"startTime":2464.06,"endTime":2468.35,"body":"of sentencing a person to"},{"startTime":2464.06,"endTime":2468.35,"body":"death in an individual case,"},{"startTime":2468.35,"endTime":2471.7,"body":"this did not mean that one"},{"startTime":2468.35,"endTime":2471.7,"body":"could not be sentenced to death,"},{"startTime":2471.7,"endTime":2474.81,"body":"but it meant that whether"},{"startTime":2471.7,"endTime":2474.81,"body":"they were sentenced to death"},{"startTime":2474.81,"endTime":2477.11,"body":"had to be considered"},{"startTime":2474.81,"endTime":2477.11,"body":"on the individual facts"},{"startTime":2477.11,"endTime":2482.11,"body":"of the case rather than being"},{"startTime":2477.11,"endTime":2482.11,"body":"automatic on conviction."},{"startTime":2482.29,"endTime":2484.26,"body":"The saving clauses were an issue"},{"startTime":2484.26,"endTime":2487.01,"body":"in two of these three cases,"},{"startTime":2487.01,"endTime":2489.68,"body":"the Privy Council held"},{"startTime":2487.01,"endTime":2489.68,"body":"that the saving clause"},{"startTime":2489.68,"endTime":2492.69,"body":"prevented the court from holding"},{"startTime":2489.68,"endTime":2492.69,"body":"that the relevant statute"},{"startTime":2492.69,"endTime":2496.32,"body":"was unconstitutional in"},{"startTime":2492.69,"endTime":2496.32,"body":"so far as it authorized"},{"startTime":2496.32,"endTime":2499.176,"body":"the infliction of the death"},{"startTime":2496.32,"endTime":2499.176,"body":"penalty on all murderers"},{"startTime":2499.176,"endTime":2502.73,"body":"but to the extent that the"},{"startTime":2499.176,"endTime":2502.73,"body":"statute went beyond this"},{"startTime":2502.73,"endTime":2506.27,"body":"and required the imposition"},{"startTime":2502.73,"endTime":2506.27,"body":"of the death penalty"},{"startTime":2506.27,"endTime":2510.16,"body":"on all murderers, the saving"},{"startTime":2506.27,"endTime":2510.16,"body":"clauses did not apply."},{"startTime":2510.16,"endTime":2512.892,"body":"Therefore the saving clause"},{"startTime":2510.16,"endTime":2512.892,"body":"did not prevent the board"},{"startTime":2512.892,"endTime":2517.892,"body":"from protecting people's"},{"startTime":2512.892,"endTime":2517.892,"body":"rights in this instance"},{"startTime":2517.92,"endTime":2520.569,"body":"but this does not mean"},{"startTime":2517.92,"endTime":2520.569,"body":"that the saving clauses"},{"startTime":2520.569,"endTime":2522.219,"body":"are a dead letter."},{"startTime":2522.219,"endTime":2526.88,"body":"There's a case called Pinder"},{"startTime":2522.219,"endTime":2526.88,"body":"against the Queen in 2003."},{"startTime":2526.88,"endTime":2528.895,"body":"And the Privy Council held the legality"},{"startTime":2528.895,"endTime":2533.895,"body":"of a statute reintroducing"},{"startTime":2528.895,"endTime":2533.895,"body":"flogging in The Bahamas,"},{"startTime":2534.52,"endTime":2539.52,"body":"even though flogging was inhuman"},{"startTime":2534.52,"endTime":2539.52,"body":"and degrading punishment."},{"startTime":2540.04,"endTime":2542.37,"body":"It was saved by the saving clauses"},{"startTime":2542.37,"endTime":2543.834,"body":"because it had been lawful"},{"startTime":2543.834,"endTime":2547.09,"body":"immediately before the specified date."},{"startTime":2547.09,"endTime":2549.972,"body":"So the saving clause is"},{"startTime":2547.09,"endTime":2549.972,"body":"a significant limitation"},{"startTime":2549.972,"endTime":2552.46,"body":"on the constitutional prohibition"},{"startTime":2552.46,"endTime":2555.38,"body":"of inhuman and degrading"},{"startTime":2552.46,"endTime":2555.38,"body":"treatment or punishment."},{"startTime":2555.38,"endTime":2558.48,"body":"It means that some people"},{"startTime":2555.38,"endTime":2558.48,"body":"can be lawfully subjected"},{"startTime":2558.48,"endTime":2563.403,"body":"to treatment that is admittedly"},{"startTime":2558.48,"endTime":2563.403,"body":"inhuman and degrading."},{"startTime":2565.51,"endTime":2567.99,"body":"Another important area of"},{"startTime":2565.51,"endTime":2567.99,"body":"constitutional litigation"},{"startTime":2567.99,"endTime":2569.579,"body":"has been about prison conditions."},{"startTime":2569.579,"endTime":2572.32,"body":"In Europe, the European"},{"startTime":2569.579,"endTime":2572.32,"body":"Court of Human Rights"},{"startTime":2572.32,"endTime":2575.38,"body":"has been quite prescriptive"},{"startTime":2572.32,"endTime":2575.38,"body":"as to what prison conditions"},{"startTime":2575.38,"endTime":2578.46,"body":"are acceptable in Article 3 terms."},{"startTime":2578.46,"endTime":2582.92,"body":"For example, there is a"},{"startTime":2578.46,"endTime":2582.92,"body":"presumption of an Article 3 breach"},{"startTime":2582.92,"endTime":2586.5,"body":"if a prisoner has less"},{"startTime":2582.92,"endTime":2586.5,"body":"than three square meters"},{"startTime":2586.5,"endTime":2590.375,"body":"of personal space, but in the"},{"startTime":2586.5,"endTime":2590.375,"body":"Caribbean prison conditions"},{"startTime":2590.375,"endTime":2594.21,"body":"are generally appalling"},{"startTime":2590.375,"endTime":2594.21,"body":"by European standards."},{"startTime":2594.21,"endTime":2597.05,"body":"And for a fair shot of"},{"startTime":2594.21,"endTime":2597.05,"body":"measuring up to the standard"},{"startTime":2597.05,"endTime":2598.703,"body":"set up by the Strasbourg Court."},{"startTime":2599.72,"endTime":2602.5,"body":"Given the prohibition on"},{"startTime":2599.72,"endTime":2602.5,"body":"inhuman and degrading treatment"},{"startTime":2602.5,"endTime":2606.888,"body":"or punishment is an absolute"},{"startTime":2602.5,"endTime":2606.888,"body":"right both in the ECHR"},{"startTime":2606.888,"endTime":2610.01,"body":"and in the Commonwealth"},{"startTime":2606.888,"endTime":2610.01,"body":"Caribbean constitution,"},{"startTime":2610.01,"endTime":2613.21,"body":"does this mean that"},{"startTime":2610.01,"endTime":2613.21,"body":"Caribbean prison conditions"},{"startTime":2613.21,"endTime":2615.393,"body":"are systematically breaching this?"},{"startTime":2617.94,"endTime":2620.769,"body":"The case of Thomas"},{"startTime":2617.94,"endTime":2620.769,"body":"against Baptiste in 2000"},{"startTime":2620.769,"endTime":2623.9,"body":"squarely confronted this issue."},{"startTime":2623.9,"endTime":2626.91,"body":"The case was decided under"},{"startTime":2623.9,"endTime":2626.91,"body":"the Trinidad constitution,"},{"startTime":2626.91,"endTime":2629.07,"body":"which unlike most Caribbean constitutions"},{"startTime":2629.07,"endTime":2632.26,"body":"refers to cruel and unusual rather than"},{"startTime":2632.26,"endTime":2634.51,"body":"inhuman and degrading punishment."},{"startTime":2634.51,"endTime":2635.61,"body":"But there was no suggestion"},{"startTime":2635.61,"endTime":2638.46,"body":"that this difference in"},{"startTime":2635.61,"endTime":2638.46,"body":"wording was material."},{"startTime":2638.46,"endTime":2639.293,"body":"In that case,"},{"startTime":2639.293,"endTime":2641.51,"body":"the applicants who were"},{"startTime":2639.293,"endTime":2641.51,"body":"under sentence of death"},{"startTime":2641.51,"endTime":2644.437,"body":"argued that to execute them would be cruel"},{"startTime":2644.437,"endTime":2647.86,"body":"and unusual punishment"},{"startTime":2644.437,"endTime":2647.86,"body":"because amongst other things"},{"startTime":2647.86,"endTime":2651.03,"body":"of the poor conditions in"},{"startTime":2647.86,"endTime":2651.03,"body":"which they were being held,"},{"startTime":2651.03,"endTime":2653.99,"body":"the majority of the court"},{"startTime":2651.03,"endTime":2653.99,"body":"made a stark finding, quote,"},{"startTime":2653.99,"endTime":2656.74,"body":"the applicants were detained in cramped"},{"startTime":2656.74,"endTime":2660.52,"body":"and foul smelling cells and"},{"startTime":2656.74,"endTime":2660.52,"body":"were deprived of exercise"},{"startTime":2660.52,"endTime":2663.86,"body":"or access to the open air"},{"startTime":2660.52,"endTime":2663.86,"body":"for long periods of time."},{"startTime":2663.86,"endTime":2666.53,"body":"When they were allowed"},{"startTime":2663.86,"endTime":2666.53,"body":"to exercise in fresh air,"},{"startTime":2666.53,"endTime":2668.02,"body":"they were handcuffed."},{"startTime":2668.02,"endTime":2669.88,"body":"The conditions in which they were kept,"},{"startTime":2669.88,"endTime":2673.12,"body":"were in breach of the prison"},{"startTime":2669.88,"endTime":2673.12,"body":"rules and thus unlawful."},{"startTime":2673.12,"endTime":2674.43,"body":"It does not follow that"},{"startTime":2674.43,"endTime":2677.12,"body":"this amounted to cruel"},{"startTime":2674.43,"endTime":2677.12,"body":"and unusual treatment,"},{"startTime":2677.12,"endTime":2679.82,"body":"it is rightly accepted"},{"startTime":2677.12,"endTime":2679.82,"body":"that they did not amount"},{"startTime":2679.82,"endTime":2682.12,"body":"to additional punishment."},{"startTime":2682.12,"endTime":2686.02,"body":"In a careful judgment by"},{"startTime":2682.12,"endTime":2686.02,"body":"Chief Justice Bastide,"},{"startTime":2686.02,"endTime":2687.355,"body":"they found they did not."},{"startTime":2687.355,"endTime":2692.355,"body":"The expression is compendious"},{"startTime":2687.355,"endTime":2692.355,"body":"one which does not gain"},{"startTime":2693.47,"endTime":2696.47,"body":"by being broken up into"},{"startTime":2693.47,"endTime":2696.47,"body":"its component parts."},{"startTime":2696.47,"endTime":2699.04,"body":"In their Lordship's view, the"},{"startTime":2696.47,"endTime":2699.04,"body":"question for consideration"},{"startTime":2699.04,"endTime":2701.32,"body":"is whether conditions"},{"startTime":2699.04,"endTime":2701.32,"body":"in which the applicants"},{"startTime":2701.32,"endTime":2703.136,"body":"were being kept involved,"},{"startTime":2703.136,"endTime":2705.75,"body":"sorry, the conditions"},{"startTime":2703.136,"endTime":2705.75,"body":"in which the applicants"},{"startTime":2705.75,"endTime":2708.17,"body":"were being kept, involve"},{"startTime":2705.75,"endTime":2708.17,"body":"so much pain and suffering"},{"startTime":2708.17,"endTime":2712.19,"body":"or such deprivation of the"},{"startTime":2708.17,"endTime":2712.19,"body":"elementary necessities of life"},{"startTime":2712.19,"endTime":2715.74,"body":"that they amounted to treatment"},{"startTime":2712.19,"endTime":2715.74,"body":"which went beyond the harsh"},{"startTime":2715.74,"endTime":2717.24,"body":"and could properly be described"},{"startTime":2717.24,"endTime":2718.723,"body":"as cruel and unusual."},{"startTime":2719.9,"endTime":2722.25,"body":"Prison conditions in third world countries"},{"startTime":2722.25,"endTime":2725.794,"body":"often fall lamentably short of the minimum"},{"startTime":2725.794,"endTime":2729.29,"body":"which would be acceptable"},{"startTime":2725.794,"endTime":2729.29,"body":"in more affluent countries."},{"startTime":2729.29,"endTime":2731.63,"body":"It would not serve the"},{"startTime":2729.29,"endTime":2731.63,"body":"cause of human rights"},{"startTime":2731.63,"endTime":2733.98,"body":"to set such demanding standards"},{"startTime":2735.109,"endTime":2737.18,"body":"that breaches were commonplace,"},{"startTime":2737.18,"endTime":2739.98,"body":"whether or not the conditions"},{"startTime":2737.18,"endTime":2739.98,"body":"in which the applicants"},{"startTime":2739.98,"endTime":2742.299,"body":"were kept amounted to"},{"startTime":2739.98,"endTime":2742.299,"body":"cruel and unusual treatment"},{"startTime":2742.299,"endTime":2747.22,"body":"is a value judgment in which"},{"startTime":2742.299,"endTime":2747.22,"body":"it is necessary to take account"},{"startTime":2747.22,"endTime":2751.1,"body":"of the local conditions, both"},{"startTime":2747.22,"endTime":2751.1,"body":"in and outside the prison."},{"startTime":2751.1,"endTime":2753.36,"body":"Their Lordships do wish"},{"startTime":2751.1,"endTime":2753.36,"body":"to seem to minimize"},{"startTime":2753.36,"endTime":2756.46,"body":"the appalling conditions which"},{"startTime":2753.36,"endTime":2756.46,"body":"the applicants were endured."},{"startTime":2756.46,"endTime":2757.826,"body":"As the Court of Appeal emphasized"},{"startTime":2757.826,"endTime":2762.63,"body":"they were completely unacceptable"},{"startTime":2757.826,"endTime":2762.63,"body":"in civilized society,"},{"startTime":2762.63,"endTime":2764.91,"body":"but their Lordships"},{"startTime":2762.63,"endTime":2764.91,"body":"would be slow to depart"},{"startTime":2764.91,"endTime":2767.41,"body":"from the careful assessment"},{"startTime":2764.91,"endTime":2767.41,"body":"of the Court of Appeal"},{"startTime":2768.27,"endTime":2771.773,"body":"that they did not amount"},{"startTime":2768.27,"endTime":2771.773,"body":"to cruel unusual treatment."},{"startTime":2774.246,"endTime":2775.44,"body":"End of quote."},{"startTime":2775.44,"endTime":2777.32,"body":"The passage appears to suggest that"},{"startTime":2777.32,"endTime":2781.64,"body":"the constitutional standards"},{"startTime":2777.32,"endTime":2781.64,"body":"vary according to the affluence"},{"startTime":2781.64,"endTime":2783.55,"body":"of the country concerned,"},{"startTime":2783.55,"endTime":2786.158,"body":"that stands in stark contrast"},{"startTime":2783.55,"endTime":2786.158,"body":"to the European Court"},{"startTime":2786.158,"endTime":2789.52,"body":"of Human Rights approach,"},{"startTime":2786.158,"endTime":2789.52,"body":"which applies the same standard"},{"startTime":2789.52,"endTime":2793.6,"body":"of Article 3 to every country in Europe,"},{"startTime":2793.6,"endTime":2795.133,"body":"whether rich or poor."},{"startTime":2797.4,"endTime":2799.88,"body":"Another interesting area of"},{"startTime":2797.4,"endTime":2799.88,"body":"constitutional litigation"},{"startTime":2799.88,"endTime":2803.69,"body":"in the Caribbean is in the"},{"startTime":2799.88,"endTime":2803.69,"body":"area of communal land rights."},{"startTime":2803.69,"endTime":2805.46,"body":"In a series of progressive judgements,"},{"startTime":2805.46,"endTime":2808.35,"body":"the Belizean courts and the"},{"startTime":2805.46,"endTime":2808.35,"body":"Caribbean Courts of Justice"},{"startTime":2808.35,"endTime":2810.78,"body":"recognize the traditional"},{"startTime":2808.35,"endTime":2810.78,"body":"communal land rights"},{"startTime":2810.78,"endTime":2813.355,"body":"of the Mayan communities"},{"startTime":2810.78,"endTime":2813.355,"body":"as being protected"},{"startTime":2813.355,"endTime":2817.72,"body":"by the constitutional right to property."},{"startTime":2817.72,"endTime":2821.38,"body":"Unfortunately, the Eastern"},{"startTime":2817.72,"endTime":2821.38,"body":"Caribbean Court of Appeal"},{"startTime":2821.38,"endTime":2825.86,"body":"has recently took a markedly"},{"startTime":2821.38,"endTime":2825.86,"body":"less progressive approach"},{"startTime":2825.86,"endTime":2830.54,"body":"to communal land rights in"},{"startTime":2825.86,"endTime":2830.54,"body":"the rights of the Barbudans,"},{"startTime":2830.54,"endTime":2833.52,"body":"which is currently under"},{"startTime":2830.54,"endTime":2833.52,"body":"appeal to the Privy Council."},{"startTime":2833.52,"endTime":2836.07,"body":"We will be at the plight of communities"},{"startTime":2836.07,"endTime":2838.484,"body":"fighting for their land"},{"startTime":2836.07,"endTime":2838.484,"body":"rights in more details"},{"startTime":2838.484,"endTime":2840.593,"body":"in a future lecture."},{"startTime":2844.596,"endTime":2846.3,"body":"Despite the fact that the"},{"startTime":2844.596,"endTime":2846.3,"body":"Commonwealth Caribbean"},{"startTime":2846.3,"endTime":2848.61,"body":"has seen a lot of"},{"startTime":2846.3,"endTime":2848.61,"body":"constitutional litigation,"},{"startTime":2848.61,"endTime":2851.5,"body":"there are some areas of"},{"startTime":2848.61,"endTime":2851.5,"body":"constitutional importance"},{"startTime":2851.5,"endTime":2854.82,"body":"and constitutional jurisprudence"},{"startTime":2851.5,"endTime":2854.82,"body":"that remain underdeveloped"},{"startTime":2854.82,"endTime":2857.55,"body":"compared to the UK and"},{"startTime":2854.82,"endTime":2857.55,"body":"European jurisprudence."},{"startTime":2857.55,"endTime":2860.83,"body":"For example, I refer to"},{"startTime":2857.55,"endTime":2860.83,"body":"the positive obligations"},{"startTime":2860.83,"endTime":2862.629,"body":"that the Strasbourg Courts have derived"},{"startTime":2862.629,"endTime":2865.42,"body":"from rights guaranteed by Articles 2 and 3"},{"startTime":2865.42,"endTime":2867.18,"body":"of the Convention, the systems duty,"},{"startTime":2867.18,"endTime":2869.831,"body":"the operational duty"},{"startTime":2867.18,"endTime":2869.831,"body":"and investigative duty."},{"startTime":2869.831,"endTime":2873.81,"body":"It remains unclear whether"},{"startTime":2869.831,"endTime":2873.81,"body":"similar positive obligations"},{"startTime":2873.81,"endTime":2876.79,"body":"will be held to exist in"},{"startTime":2873.81,"endTime":2876.79,"body":"the Commonwealth Caribbean."},{"startTime":2876.79,"endTime":2879.63,"body":"The issue was recently brought"},{"startTime":2876.79,"endTime":2879.63,"body":"up in the Jamaican case,"},{"startTime":2879.63,"endTime":2881.58,"body":"the Commissioner for the"},{"startTime":2879.63,"endTime":2881.58,"body":"Independent Commission of"},{"startTime":2881.58,"endTime":2884.17,"body":"Investigations against"},{"startTime":2881.58,"endTime":2884.17,"body":"the Police Federation,"},{"startTime":2884.17,"endTime":2887.36,"body":"but it was not decided."},{"startTime":2887.36,"endTime":2889.7,"body":"Some jurisdictions have more influenced"},{"startTime":2889.7,"endTime":2891.86,"body":"by the European jurisprudence than others."},{"startTime":2891.86,"endTime":2893.5,"body":"For example, the Cayman Islands,"},{"startTime":2893.5,"endTime":2895.326,"body":"which is a British overseas territory,"},{"startTime":2895.326,"endTime":2897.08,"body":"the recent case of Day and Bush"},{"startTime":2897.08,"endTime":2900.02,"body":"against the Registrar"},{"startTime":2897.08,"endTime":2900.02,"body":"of the Cayman Islands,"},{"startTime":2900.02,"endTime":2902.53,"body":"which is currently under"},{"startTime":2900.02,"endTime":2902.53,"body":"appeal to the Privy Council"},{"startTime":2902.53,"endTime":2906.087,"body":"drew extensively on"},{"startTime":2902.53,"endTime":2906.087,"body":"the European Convention"},{"startTime":2906.087,"endTime":2910.28,"body":"and jurisprudence in holding"},{"startTime":2906.087,"endTime":2910.28,"body":"that same sex couples"},{"startTime":2910.28,"endTime":2912.9,"body":"while not having the right"},{"startTime":2910.28,"endTime":2912.9,"body":"to marry, had to be given"},{"startTime":2912.9,"endTime":2916.31,"body":"a legal status functionally"},{"startTime":2912.9,"endTime":2916.31,"body":"equivalent to marriage."},{"startTime":2916.31,"endTime":2919.76,"body":"But that was in the context of a territory"},{"startTime":2919.76,"endTime":2922.01,"body":"which is under UK sovereignty"},{"startTime":2922.01,"endTime":2925.14,"body":"and to which the European"},{"startTime":2922.01,"endTime":2925.14,"body":"Convention has expressly"},{"startTime":2925.14,"endTime":2928.488,"body":"been extended and where the"},{"startTime":2925.14,"endTime":2928.488,"body":"text of the constitution tracks"},{"startTime":2928.488,"endTime":2931.52,"body":"with that of the European"},{"startTime":2928.488,"endTime":2931.52,"body":"Convention more closely"},{"startTime":2931.52,"endTime":2932.85,"body":"than do many of the other"},{"startTime":2932.85,"endTime":2934.83,"body":"Commonwealth Caribbean constitutions."},{"startTime":2934.83,"endTime":2938.47,"body":"So perhaps it's not"},{"startTime":2934.83,"endTime":2938.47,"body":"surprising that we don't see"},{"startTime":2938.47,"endTime":2942.513,"body":"so much European influence in"},{"startTime":2938.47,"endTime":2942.513,"body":"other Caribbean jurisdictions."},{"startTime":2943.76,"endTime":2945.423,"body":"So let me come to my conclusion."},{"startTime":2947.56,"endTime":2952.11,"body":"This lecture could literally"},{"startTime":2947.56,"endTime":2952.11,"body":"have been an entire book."},{"startTime":2952.11,"endTime":2954.37,"body":"There's a great deal we"},{"startTime":2952.11,"endTime":2954.37,"body":"could have talked about"},{"startTime":2954.37,"endTime":2955.47,"body":"and didn't have time for,"},{"startTime":2955.47,"endTime":2957.35,"body":"for instance, we didn't have time to get"},{"startTime":2957.35,"endTime":2959.45,"body":"onto the impact of Article 14,"},{"startTime":2959.45,"endTime":2961.46,"body":"the prohibition on discrimination"},{"startTime":2961.46,"endTime":2963.804,"body":"or Article 6, the right to a fair trial"},{"startTime":2963.804,"endTime":2967.97,"body":"and the cognitive rights in"},{"startTime":2963.804,"endTime":2967.97,"body":"the Caribbean constitutions,"},{"startTime":2967.97,"endTime":2970.29,"body":"nor have we had a chance"},{"startTime":2967.97,"endTime":2970.29,"body":"to look at the important"},{"startTime":2970.29,"endTime":2972.68,"body":"comparators from elsewhere"},{"startTime":2970.29,"endTime":2972.68,"body":"in the Commonwealth,"},{"startTime":2972.68,"endTime":2976.77,"body":"such as the progressive"},{"startTime":2972.68,"endTime":2976.77,"body":"constitutional jurisprudence"},{"startTime":2976.77,"endTime":2980.22,"body":"in South Africa and India."},{"startTime":2980.22,"endTime":2983.38,"body":"But now we've taken a whistle stop tour"},{"startTime":2983.38,"endTime":2986.37,"body":"through the strengths"},{"startTime":2983.38,"endTime":2986.37,"body":"and weaknesses of the UK"},{"startTime":2986.37,"endTime":2989.55,"body":"and Commonwealth Caribbean"},{"startTime":2986.37,"endTime":2989.55,"body":"human rights protection systems."},{"startTime":2989.55,"endTime":2993.01,"body":"Let's stop to think about"},{"startTime":2989.55,"endTime":2993.01,"body":"what an ideal system"},{"startTime":2993.01,"endTime":2995.903,"body":"of human rights protection"},{"startTime":2993.01,"endTime":2995.903,"body":"might look like."},{"startTime":2995.903,"endTime":3000.903,"body":"First, it would be"},{"startTime":2995.903,"endTime":3000.903,"body":"constitutionally entrenched."},{"startTime":3001.59,"endTime":3005.63,"body":"This is a strength of the"},{"startTime":3001.59,"endTime":3005.63,"body":"Commonwealth Caribbean systems,"},{"startTime":3005.63,"endTime":3008.24,"body":"its constitutional entrenchment"},{"startTime":3008.24,"endTime":3012.56,"body":"and the concomitant duty"},{"startTime":3008.24,"endTime":3012.56,"body":"of the courts to disapply"},{"startTime":3012.56,"endTime":3016.47,"body":"primary legislation that"},{"startTime":3012.56,"endTime":3016.47,"body":"breaches the constitution."},{"startTime":3016.47,"endTime":3021.47,"body":"Politicians can't take"},{"startTime":3016.47,"endTime":3021.47,"body":"human rights away on a whim."},{"startTime":3021.88,"endTime":3025.73,"body":"By contrast in the UK, it's"},{"startTime":3021.88,"endTime":3025.73,"body":"very easy for Parliament"},{"startTime":3025.73,"endTime":3029.092,"body":"to simply refuse to honor"},{"startTime":3025.73,"endTime":3029.092,"body":"declaration of incompatibility"},{"startTime":3029.092,"endTime":3031.64,"body":"or even to amend the Human Rights Act"},{"startTime":3031.64,"endTime":3034.028,"body":"to weaken the protection of human rights."},{"startTime":3034.028,"endTime":3037.83,"body":"Second, it would go wider than either"},{"startTime":3037.83,"endTime":3041.7,"body":"the European Convention or the"},{"startTime":3037.83,"endTime":3041.7,"body":"Caribbean constitutions do,"},{"startTime":3041.7,"endTime":3045.07,"body":"it would of course need"},{"startTime":3041.7,"endTime":3045.07,"body":"to have at its core"},{"startTime":3045.07,"endTime":3047.94,"body":"civil and political"},{"startTime":3045.07,"endTime":3047.94,"body":"rights by the Convention."},{"startTime":3047.94,"endTime":3051.61,"body":"But an ideal system would also deal with"},{"startTime":3051.61,"endTime":3054.23,"body":"and include social and"},{"startTime":3051.61,"endTime":3054.23,"body":"economic rights such as"},{"startTime":3054.23,"endTime":3057.25,"body":"the right to free healthcare,"},{"startTime":3054.23,"endTime":3057.25,"body":"the right to free education,"},{"startTime":3057.25,"endTime":3060.21,"body":"the right to adequate standard of living."},{"startTime":3060.21,"endTime":3062.184,"body":"The South African constitution"},{"startTime":3062.184,"endTime":3065.16,"body":"and the International"},{"startTime":3062.184,"endTime":3065.16,"body":"Covenant of Economic, Social"},{"startTime":3065.16,"endTime":3068.75,"body":"and Cultural Rights could"},{"startTime":3065.16,"endTime":3068.75,"body":"be good templates to use."},{"startTime":3068.75,"endTime":3072.354,"body":"Third, the judiciary would"},{"startTime":3068.75,"endTime":3072.354,"body":"take an approach that looks"},{"startTime":3072.354,"endTime":3074.87,"body":"well beyond the literal"},{"startTime":3072.354,"endTime":3074.87,"body":"wording of the text"},{"startTime":3074.87,"endTime":3077.5,"body":"and enforces the spirit,"},{"startTime":3074.87,"endTime":3077.5,"body":"not just the letter"},{"startTime":3079.098,"endTime":3081.4,"body":"that the human rights guarantee."},{"startTime":3081.4,"endTime":3085.42,"body":"In this regard, the judiciary"},{"startTime":3081.4,"endTime":3085.42,"body":"would look at case law"},{"startTime":3085.42,"endTime":3088.02,"body":"from other jurisdictions"},{"startTime":3085.42,"endTime":3088.02,"body":"and international courts"},{"startTime":3088.02,"endTime":3090.12,"body":"when developing the law."},{"startTime":3090.12,"endTime":3092.638,"body":"For instance, the European"},{"startTime":3090.12,"endTime":3092.638,"body":"Court on Human Rights"},{"startTime":3092.638,"endTime":3096.38,"body":"jurisprudence on Articles 2 and 3,"},{"startTime":3096.38,"endTime":3100.03,"body":"positive duty should be"},{"startTime":3096.38,"endTime":3100.03,"body":"an important influence."},{"startTime":3100.03,"endTime":3102.9,"body":"We'd also want in our hypothetical system"},{"startTime":3102.9,"endTime":3106.57,"body":"to look at the case law from"},{"startTime":3102.9,"endTime":3106.57,"body":"other international courts,"},{"startTime":3106.57,"endTime":3109.93,"body":"such as the Inter-American"},{"startTime":3106.57,"endTime":3109.93,"body":"Courts of Human Rights,"},{"startTime":3109.93,"endTime":3114.22,"body":"which has often been a"},{"startTime":3109.93,"endTime":3114.22,"body":"progressive and innovative court"},{"startTime":3114.22,"endTime":3116.75,"body":"and whose judgements have had an influence"},{"startTime":3116.75,"endTime":3120.61,"body":"on the Commonwealth"},{"startTime":3116.75,"endTime":3120.61,"body":"Caribbean jurisprudence."},{"startTime":3120.61,"endTime":3123.87,"body":"A system of human rights"},{"startTime":3120.61,"endTime":3123.87,"body":"protection with these features"},{"startTime":3123.87,"endTime":3126.2,"body":"would have an important role to play"},{"startTime":3126.2,"endTime":3131.02,"body":"in moving society towards"},{"startTime":3126.2,"endTime":3131.02,"body":"achieving social justice."},{"startTime":3131.02,"endTime":3132.22,"body":"Let me finish with this,"},{"startTime":3133.78,"endTime":3137.943,"body":"where after all do universal"},{"startTime":3133.78,"endTime":3137.943,"body":"human rights begin?"},{"startTime":3138.87,"endTime":3141.52,"body":"In small places, close to home."},{"startTime":3141.52,"endTime":3144.148,"body":"So close, so small that"},{"startTime":3141.52,"endTime":3144.148,"body":"they cannot be seen"},{"startTime":3144.148,"endTime":3147.07,"body":"on any maps of the world."},{"startTime":3147.07,"endTime":3149.6,"body":"Unless these rights have mean in here,"},{"startTime":3149.6,"endTime":3152.06,"body":"they have little meaning anywhere."},{"startTime":3152.06,"endTime":3154.6,"body":"Without concerted citizen action"},{"startTime":3154.6,"endTime":3158.557,"body":"to uphold them close to"},{"startTime":3154.6,"endTime":3158.557,"body":"home we shall look in vain"},{"startTime":3158.557,"endTime":3163.557,"body":"for progress in a larger"},{"startTime":3158.557,"endTime":3163.557,"body":"world, Eleanor Roosevelt."},{"startTime":3163.93,"endTime":3164.763,"body":"Thank you."},{"startTime":3165.797,"endTime":3168.964,"body":"(audience applauding)"},{"startTime":3170.69,"endTime":3172.56,"body":"- What do you think about"},{"startTime":3170.69,"endTime":3172.56,"body":"the government's proposals"},{"startTime":3172.56,"endTime":3175.29,"body":"and its consultation on"},{"startTime":3172.56,"endTime":3175.29,"body":"Human Rights Act reform"},{"startTime":3175.29,"endTime":3177.063,"body":"that closed on Tuesday?"},{"startTime":3179.22,"endTime":3181.44,"body":"- As I touched upon in the lecture,"},{"startTime":3181.44,"endTime":3186.44,"body":"I think it's a real"},{"startTime":3181.44,"endTime":3186.44,"body":"shame that the Convention"},{"startTime":3187.09,"endTime":3190.16,"body":"that has given us so much"},{"startTime":3187.09,"endTime":3190.16,"body":"and I've touched upon that"},{"startTime":3190.16,"endTime":3194.827,"body":"during the course of this"},{"startTime":3190.16,"endTime":3194.827,"body":"lecture, can simply be taken away"},{"startTime":3194.827,"endTime":3199.827,"body":"at a whim because a government"},{"startTime":3194.827,"endTime":3199.827,"body":"has a large majority"},{"startTime":3199.89,"endTime":3204.053,"body":"and is therefore doing"},{"startTime":3199.89,"endTime":3204.053,"body":"what is seen to be popular,"},{"startTime":3204.97,"endTime":3209.97,"body":"challenging the rights"},{"startTime":3204.97,"endTime":3209.97,"body":"because of refugees."},{"startTime":3212.47,"endTime":3216.93,"body":"Interestingly enough, we now"},{"startTime":3212.47,"endTime":3216.93,"body":"have a huge refugee problem"},{"startTime":3216.93,"endTime":3220.58,"body":"in Europe rising out of the Ukraine."},{"startTime":3220.58,"endTime":3223.0,"body":"The government's tying itself up in knots"},{"startTime":3223.0,"endTime":3227.5,"body":"because of its own policies on refugees."},{"startTime":3227.5,"endTime":3232.5,"body":"So I'm not happy with the"},{"startTime":3227.5,"endTime":3232.5,"body":"government's proposals."},{"startTime":3232.59,"endTime":3234.73,"body":"And as I've said in the lecture,"},{"startTime":3234.73,"endTime":3238.763,"body":"it's because populism drives rights"},{"startTime":3240.264,"endTime":3242.425,"body":"and if Parliament has sovereignty"},{"startTime":3242.425,"endTime":3246.469,"body":"whereby it can just chop"},{"startTime":3242.425,"endTime":3246.469,"body":"and check rights at whim,"},{"startTime":3246.469,"endTime":3251.07,"body":"universal rights are the"},{"startTime":3246.469,"endTime":3251.07,"body":"first to be threatened."},{"startTime":3251.07,"endTime":3252.92,"body":"And that's what we're seeing."},{"startTime":3252.92,"endTime":3255.04,"body":"- Is there not an additional"},{"startTime":3252.92,"endTime":3255.04,"body":"argument to the point"},{"startTime":3255.04,"endTime":3258.31,"body":"that judges are not elected,"},{"startTime":3255.04,"endTime":3258.31,"body":"the judicial appointment system"},{"startTime":3258.31,"endTime":3260.2,"body":"is itself set up by statute."},{"startTime":3260.2,"endTime":3263.453,"body":"So in that way, the judges"},{"startTime":3260.2,"endTime":3263.453,"body":"have democratic legitimacy."},{"startTime":3265.632,"endTime":3267.82,"body":"- Yeah, I can see the argument."},{"startTime":3267.82,"endTime":3272.82,"body":"The problem is that's"},{"startTime":3267.82,"endTime":3272.82,"body":"not, when judges make laws"},{"startTime":3275.0,"endTime":3276.837,"body":"that the government doesn't like,"},{"startTime":3276.837,"endTime":3278.9,"body":"the first thing the government will do"},{"startTime":3278.9,"endTime":3281.37,"body":"is to attack the judges."},{"startTime":3281.37,"endTime":3286.06,"body":"And I think that judges and a constitution"},{"startTime":3286.06,"endTime":3288.68,"body":"having judges interpret constitution"},{"startTime":3288.68,"endTime":3290.25,"body":"much better than politicians."},{"startTime":3290.25,"endTime":3292.83,"body":"But we saw it with the illegal"},{"startTime":3290.25,"endTime":3292.83,"body":"proroguing of Parliament"},{"startTime":3292.83,"endTime":3294.535,"body":"in the UK."},{"startTime":3294.535,"endTime":3299.33,"body":"You'll remember the line"},{"startTime":3294.535,"endTime":3299.33,"body":"that the government,"},{"startTime":3299.33,"endTime":3302.33,"body":"the conservative government"},{"startTime":3299.33,"endTime":3302.33,"body":"took at that time,"},{"startTime":3302.33,"endTime":3305.42,"body":"judges being the enemies of the people,"},{"startTime":3305.42,"endTime":3309.36,"body":"which was quite frankly quite"},{"startTime":3305.42,"endTime":3309.36,"body":"an outrageous suggestion"},{"startTime":3309.36,"endTime":3312.686,"body":"and you know from my previous lecture,"},{"startTime":3312.686,"endTime":3317.07,"body":"I'm of the view that we do have"},{"startTime":3312.686,"endTime":3317.07,"body":"problems with the judiciary,"},{"startTime":3317.07,"endTime":3319.67,"body":"but I think we've got even bigger problems"},{"startTime":3319.67,"endTime":3323.7,"body":"with a Parliament, a populous government"},{"startTime":3324.94,"endTime":3329.94,"body":"that just makes decisions on"},{"startTime":3324.94,"endTime":3329.94,"body":"what is seen to be the populous"},{"startTime":3332.87,"endTime":3336.26,"body":"view at the time because"},{"startTime":3332.87,"endTime":3336.26,"body":"it keeps them in power"},{"startTime":3336.26,"endTime":3338.6,"body":"and I have a real problem with that."},{"startTime":3338.6,"endTime":3340.75,"body":"- [Man 1] I just want to point"},{"startTime":3338.6,"endTime":3340.75,"body":"out it was not the government"},{"startTime":3340.75,"endTime":3343.357,"body":"that described the judges"},{"startTime":3340.75,"endTime":3343.357,"body":"as enemies of the people."},{"startTime":3343.357,"endTime":3344.983,"body":"It was the Daily Mail."},{"startTime":3346.55,"endTime":3349.17,"body":"- Well, it was the Daily Mail,"},{"startTime":3349.17,"endTime":3352.21,"body":"but when it came back to the government,"},{"startTime":3352.21,"endTime":3357.21,"body":"the government didn't protect"},{"startTime":3352.21,"endTime":3357.21,"body":"and criticize the Mail"},{"startTime":3357.92,"endTime":3360.47,"body":"with the Justice Minister, for example,"},{"startTime":3360.47,"endTime":3363.26,"body":"didn't stand up for the"},{"startTime":3360.47,"endTime":3363.26,"body":"judges when the Daily Mail"},{"startTime":3363.26,"endTime":3367.58,"body":"made those remarks and you"},{"startTime":3363.26,"endTime":3367.58,"body":"would've expected that,"},{"startTime":3369.58,"endTime":3372.07,"body":"particularly the Justice"},{"startTime":3369.58,"endTime":3372.07,"body":"Minister who's meant"},{"startTime":3372.07,"endTime":3375.09,"body":"to be heading up our system"},{"startTime":3372.07,"endTime":3375.09,"body":"to be the very first person"},{"startTime":3375.09,"endTime":3379.67,"body":"to stand up and criticize"},{"startTime":3375.09,"endTime":3379.67,"body":"the Mail when the Mail"},{"startTime":3379.67,"endTime":3382.29,"body":"made that remark and the"},{"startTime":3379.67,"endTime":3382.29,"body":"government was silent."},{"startTime":3382.29,"endTime":3384.07,"body":"So you're right for correcting me"},{"startTime":3384.07,"endTime":3386.43,"body":"but the point still stands."},{"startTime":3386.43,"endTime":3389.28,"body":"- [Woman] Pointing to this,"},{"startTime":3386.43,"endTime":3389.28,"body":"the conclusion here about"},{"startTime":3389.28,"endTime":3392.7,"body":"what an ideal system of"},{"startTime":3389.28,"endTime":3392.7,"body":"human rights protection"},{"startTime":3392.7,"endTime":3393.89,"body":"would look like."},{"startTime":3393.89,"endTime":3397.097,"body":"I'm just thinking, because"},{"startTime":3393.89,"endTime":3397.097,"body":"I'm both a BVI citizen"},{"startTime":3397.097,"endTime":3399.18,"body":"and it turned out to be a international"},{"startTime":3399.18,"endTime":3401.45,"body":"and there's an issue,"},{"startTime":3399.18,"endTime":3401.45,"body":"for example, in the BVI,"},{"startTime":3401.45,"endTime":3405.23,"body":"where is a status you can"},{"startTime":3401.45,"endTime":3405.23,"body":"have called belongingship"},{"startTime":3405.23,"endTime":3408.73,"body":"where it's akin to being"},{"startTime":3405.23,"endTime":3408.73,"body":"a permanent resident."},{"startTime":3408.73,"endTime":3410.896,"body":"You can live and work"},{"startTime":3408.73,"endTime":3410.896,"body":"there without restriction,"},{"startTime":3410.896,"endTime":3413.53,"body":"but it's defined in the constitution."},{"startTime":3413.53,"endTime":3416.27,"body":"And so it's enshrined there"},{"startTime":3413.53,"endTime":3416.27,"body":"and there's a lot of debate"},{"startTime":3416.27,"endTime":3419.6,"body":"about who should be"},{"startTime":3416.27,"endTime":3419.6,"body":"eligible for that status."},{"startTime":3419.6,"endTime":3421.4,"body":"And currently there are"},{"startTime":3419.6,"endTime":3421.4,"body":"people who are not eligible"},{"startTime":3421.4,"endTime":3423.74,"body":"because it's specifically"},{"startTime":3421.4,"endTime":3423.74,"body":"defined in the constitution"},{"startTime":3423.74,"endTime":3425.12,"body":"in a certain way."},{"startTime":3425.12,"endTime":3427.861,"body":"And hasn't, a lot of these constitutions"},{"startTime":3427.861,"endTime":3430.79,"body":"are not regularly reviewed."},{"startTime":3430.79,"endTime":3433.08,"body":"So you can have rights that are enshrined"},{"startTime":3433.08,"endTime":3436.74,"body":"and seem workable and relevant at the time"},{"startTime":3436.74,"endTime":3438.98,"body":"that they were enshrined but then later on"},{"startTime":3438.98,"endTime":3440.562,"body":"it causes a problem if there's no review."},{"startTime":3440.562,"endTime":3442.153,"body":"- Because of the drafting."},{"startTime":3442.153,"endTime":3445.13,"body":"- Yes, so my comment, I would say,"},{"startTime":3445.13,"endTime":3446.61,"body":"it's not really a question"},{"startTime":3445.13,"endTime":3446.61,"body":"but my comment is,"},{"startTime":3446.61,"endTime":3448.5,"body":"I mean, would you not say that"},{"startTime":3450.49,"endTime":3452.46,"body":"ideally it'd be"},{"startTime":3450.49,"endTime":3452.46,"body":"constitutionally entrenched"},{"startTime":3452.46,"endTime":3455.6,"body":"but subject to regular"},{"startTime":3452.46,"endTime":3455.6,"body":"review so that it keeps"},{"startTime":3455.6,"endTime":3457.38,"body":"with the times."},{"startTime":3457.38,"endTime":3458.83,"body":"Because otherwise you have a problem"},{"startTime":3458.83,"endTime":3460.931,"body":"where people are"},{"startTime":3458.83,"endTime":3460.931,"body":"disenfranchised and it's hard-"},{"startTime":3460.931,"endTime":3461.764,"body":"- I would agree with that."},{"startTime":3461.764,"endTime":3463.48,"body":"And in fact, I'd come across that"},{"startTime":3463.48,"endTime":3466.143,"body":"in some of the other"},{"startTime":3463.48,"endTime":3466.143,"body":"jurisdictions similar problems."},{"startTime":3467.75,"endTime":3470.8,"body":"- [Man 2] Habeas corpus"},{"startTime":3467.75,"endTime":3470.8,"body":"seems to be the basis"},{"startTime":3472.74,"endTime":3474.35,"body":"of law in this country."},{"startTime":3474.35,"endTime":3478.97,"body":"And two points, one is,"},{"startTime":3474.35,"endTime":3478.97,"body":"are there any detentions"},{"startTime":3478.97,"endTime":3483.97,"body":"without trial in the United"},{"startTime":3478.97,"endTime":3483.97,"body":"Kingdom with the present laws"},{"startTime":3484.25,"endTime":3488.01,"body":"and whether we could ever have"},{"startTime":3484.25,"endTime":3488.01,"body":"a situation like in America,"},{"startTime":3488.01,"endTime":3491.713,"body":"the Guantanamo Bay situation"},{"startTime":3488.01,"endTime":3491.713,"body":"under the law here."},{"startTime":3495.32,"endTime":3500.32,"body":"- Okay, so the answer is there"},{"startTime":3495.32,"endTime":3500.32,"body":"are instances of where people"},{"startTime":3502.47,"endTime":3504.79,"body":"have been detained without trial"},{"startTime":3504.79,"endTime":3508.74,"body":"and there has been successful"},{"startTime":3504.79,"endTime":3508.74,"body":"habeas corpus applications,"},{"startTime":3508.74,"endTime":3511.92,"body":"but it's rare, I have to"},{"startTime":3508.74,"endTime":3511.92,"body":"say it's rare in the UK."},{"startTime":3511.92,"endTime":3515.8,"body":"Whether we could have"},{"startTime":3511.92,"endTime":3515.8,"body":"a Guantanamo situation"},{"startTime":3515.8,"endTime":3518.77,"body":"in this country, I doubt it"},{"startTime":3518.77,"endTime":3522.413,"body":"because of the provisions of Article 3."},{"startTime":3522.413,"endTime":3523.81,"body":"I think it would be very difficult"},{"startTime":3523.81,"endTime":3528.81,"body":"because I think Article 3"},{"startTime":3523.81,"endTime":3528.81,"body":"does extend to an extent that"},{"startTime":3528.881,"endTime":3532.44,"body":"it would be very difficult to justify"},{"startTime":3532.44,"endTime":3536.75,"body":"just detaining somebody for"},{"startTime":3532.44,"endTime":3536.75,"body":"years and years and years"},{"startTime":3536.75,"endTime":3538.24,"body":"without bringing them to trial."},{"startTime":3538.24,"endTime":3541.41,"body":"So I would find that very difficult"},{"startTime":3541.41,"endTime":3544.103,"body":"to perceive in this country."},{"startTime":3546.2,"endTime":3548.12,"body":"- I'm afraid we've got to"},{"startTime":3546.2,"endTime":3548.12,"body":"draw it to a close there"},{"startTime":3548.12,"endTime":3550.04,"body":"as we're at seven o'clock."},{"startTime":3550.04,"endTime":3551.44,"body":"I wanted to thank you all for coming"},{"startTime":3551.44,"endTime":3553.15,"body":"and thank our online audience."},{"startTime":3553.15,"endTime":3555.63,"body":"And please join me in"},{"startTime":3553.15,"endTime":3555.63,"body":"thanking Professor Thomas"},{"startTime":3555.63,"endTime":3556.463,"body":"for a great lecture."},{"startTime":3556.463,"endTime":3559.622,"body":"(audience applauding)"}]}