{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"startTime":0.42,"endTime":2.981,"body":"- Tonight, we're going to be discussing"},{"startTime":2.981,"endTime":6.08,"body":"taking on a corporate giant,"},{"startTime":6.08,"endTime":8.883,"body":"the David and Goliath stories."},{"startTime":12.74,"endTime":14.41,"body":"Most of you will know the famous story"},{"startTime":14.41,"endTime":16.72,"body":"about David and Goliath,"},{"startTime":16.72,"endTime":21.49,"body":"which you'll find in the Bible, Samuel 17."},{"startTime":21.49,"endTime":25.64,"body":"It tells a story of how David,"},{"startTime":25.64,"endTime":28.96,"body":"a young shepherd boy defeats Goliath,"},{"startTime":28.96,"endTime":30.97,"body":"a towering champion of the Philistines"},{"startTime":32.11,"endTime":36.01,"body":"with a single slingshot,"},{"startTime":32.11,"endTime":36.01,"body":"and goes on to become"},{"startTime":36.01,"endTime":36.963,"body":"the king of Israel."},{"startTime":38.56,"endTime":42.82,"body":"The phrase David and Goliath"},{"startTime":38.56,"endTime":42.82,"body":"has now been passed on"},{"startTime":42.82,"endTime":47.82,"body":"in English lexicon to denote"},{"startTime":42.82,"endTime":47.82,"body":"the underdog situation"},{"startTime":49.44,"endTime":53.75,"body":"where a person faces an"},{"startTime":49.44,"endTime":53.75,"body":"adversary much bigger,"},{"startTime":53.75,"endTime":56.353,"body":"much stronger than they are,"},{"startTime":57.23,"endTime":61.13,"body":"similar to what we lawyers sometimes call"},{"startTime":61.13,"endTime":63.553,"body":"an equality of arms situation."},{"startTime":64.79,"endTime":69.79,"body":"Now, in my career, I've"},{"startTime":64.79,"endTime":69.79,"body":"represented many Davids"},{"startTime":70.49,"endTime":71.59,"body":"against many Goliaths."},{"startTime":72.7,"endTime":76.337,"body":"I've represented many ordinary"},{"startTime":72.7,"endTime":76.337,"body":"people taking on the might"},{"startTime":76.337,"endTime":81.337,"body":"and power of large institutions,"},{"startTime":81.441,"endTime":85.19,"body":"people who've risked everything,"},{"startTime":85.19,"endTime":88.313,"body":"who've got into fights against the odds."},{"startTime":89.51,"endTime":94.51,"body":"In the courtroom, sometimes"},{"startTime":89.51,"endTime":94.51,"body":"David prevails over Goliath,"},{"startTime":96.01,"endTime":98.903,"body":"but sometimes he doesn't."},{"startTime":99.93,"endTime":103.15,"body":"We're going to explore this"},{"startTime":99.93,"endTime":103.15,"body":"evening in a few examples"},{"startTime":103.15,"endTime":108.15,"body":"of individuals battling powerful"},{"startTime":103.15,"endTime":108.15,"body":"and wealthy institutions,"},{"startTime":108.356,"endTime":113.356,"body":"but it is important to"},{"startTime":108.356,"endTime":113.356,"body":"understand that in real life,"},{"startTime":115.6,"endTime":119.21,"body":"the underdog doesn't always win,"},{"startTime":119.21,"endTime":122.73,"body":"and I would be doing a"},{"startTime":119.21,"endTime":122.73,"body":"disservice to future lawyers"},{"startTime":122.73,"endTime":127.73,"body":"and to the a public if I"},{"startTime":122.73,"endTime":127.73,"body":"pretended that every case was"},{"startTime":127.89,"endTime":132.89,"body":"a feel good story where"},{"startTime":127.89,"endTime":132.89,"body":"right triumphs over might."},{"startTime":134.31,"endTime":135.393,"body":"It is not."},{"startTime":136.44,"endTime":141.221,"body":"We operate in a legal"},{"startTime":136.44,"endTime":141.221,"body":"system which was built by"},{"startTime":141.221,"endTime":144.1,"body":"and for powerful elites,"},{"startTime":144.1,"endTime":148.53,"body":"and where the odds are generally stacked"},{"startTime":148.53,"endTime":151.339,"body":"against our clients."},{"startTime":151.339,"endTime":156.339,"body":"On the other hand, when they"},{"startTime":151.339,"endTime":156.339,"body":"do win, and sometimes they do,"},{"startTime":156.66,"endTime":160.18,"body":"ordinary people taking"},{"startTime":156.66,"endTime":160.18,"body":"on powerful interests,"},{"startTime":160.18,"endTime":162.33,"body":"they have changed the"},{"startTime":160.18,"endTime":162.33,"body":"world for the better."},{"startTime":163.64,"endTime":167.01,"body":"The law reports are full of the stories"},{"startTime":167.01,"endTime":171.74,"body":"of ordinary, everyday folk"},{"startTime":167.01,"endTime":171.74,"body":"who've kept up their fight"},{"startTime":171.74,"endTime":176.723,"body":"for justice even when the"},{"startTime":171.74,"endTime":176.723,"body":"road ahead seemed hopeless,"},{"startTime":177.68,"endTime":179.903,"body":"and who have ultimately prevailed."},{"startTime":184.706,"endTime":189.65,"body":"Before we turn to look at"},{"startTime":184.706,"endTime":189.65,"body":"some of the examples of cases,"},{"startTime":189.65,"endTime":193.36,"body":"we're going to look at private"},{"startTime":189.65,"endTime":193.36,"body":"companies and public authorities"},{"startTime":193.36,"endTime":197.03,"body":"as defendants in civil litigation,"},{"startTime":193.36,"endTime":197.03,"body":"and compare and contrast"},{"startTime":197.03,"endTime":200.123,"body":"these two type of defendants."},{"startTime":202.28,"endTime":207.28,"body":"English law, English civil"},{"startTime":202.28,"endTime":207.28,"body":"law is divided into public law"},{"startTime":208.72,"endTime":213.72,"body":"and private law, and"},{"startTime":208.72,"endTime":213.72,"body":"private law is a body of law"},{"startTime":214.98,"endTime":219.98,"body":"that regulates relationships"},{"startTime":214.98,"endTime":219.98,"body":"between private individuals."},{"startTime":220.65,"endTime":224.52,"body":"It includes contract law, taught law,"},{"startTime":224.52,"endTime":227.87,"body":"the law against unjust"},{"startTime":224.52,"endTime":227.87,"body":"enrichment, for example,"},{"startTime":227.87,"endTime":229.313,"body":"and it goes on, so on."},{"startTime":230.47,"endTime":233.5,"body":"When you sue someone for"},{"startTime":230.47,"endTime":233.5,"body":"damages, for example,"},{"startTime":233.5,"endTime":236.76,"body":"for breach of contract or for negligence,"},{"startTime":236.76,"endTime":240.453,"body":"that is what's referred"},{"startTime":236.76,"endTime":240.453,"body":"to as a private law claim."},{"startTime":241.53,"endTime":244.64,"body":"Now, although private law is"},{"startTime":241.53,"endTime":244.64,"body":"concerned with relationship"},{"startTime":244.64,"endTime":246.91,"body":"between private individuals,"},{"startTime":246.91,"endTime":250.69,"body":"it also equally applies to state bodies."},{"startTime":250.69,"endTime":253.67,"body":"It's very common to"},{"startTime":250.69,"endTime":253.67,"body":"bring a private law claim"},{"startTime":253.67,"endTime":254.83,"body":"against a state body."},{"startTime":254.83,"endTime":258.05,"body":"For example, many of the cases I do,"},{"startTime":258.05,"endTime":260.4,"body":"if a police officer, for example, assaults"},{"startTime":260.4,"endTime":264.55,"body":"or wrongly arrested, you might"},{"startTime":260.4,"endTime":264.55,"body":"bring a private law action"},{"startTime":264.55,"endTime":269.55,"body":"against the police for torts"},{"startTime":264.55,"endTime":269.55,"body":"or civil wrongs of battery"},{"startTime":270.82,"endTime":273.67,"body":"and assault, false imprisonment,"},{"startTime":273.67,"endTime":276.313,"body":"to be awarded damages compensation."},{"startTime":277.19,"endTime":280.88,"body":"That is a claim governed by private law,"},{"startTime":280.88,"endTime":285.88,"body":"even though it involves the"},{"startTime":280.88,"endTime":285.88,"body":"exercise of state power."},{"startTime":286.9,"endTime":291.39,"body":"Equally, however, you"},{"startTime":286.9,"endTime":291.39,"body":"might bring the same type"},{"startTime":291.39,"endTime":294.8,"body":"of private law claim"},{"startTime":291.39,"endTime":294.8,"body":"against a private company"},{"startTime":294.8,"endTime":297.74,"body":"if one of the employees of that company,"},{"startTime":297.74,"endTime":299.92,"body":"for example, assaults you."},{"startTime":299.92,"endTime":304.92,"body":"In short, private law binds"},{"startTime":299.92,"endTime":304.92,"body":"both private and public actors."},{"startTime":307.89,"endTime":312.89,"body":"Public law, public law, on the"},{"startTime":307.89,"endTime":312.89,"body":"other hand is the body of law"},{"startTime":313.01,"endTime":316.583,"body":"that controls and regulates"},{"startTime":313.01,"endTime":316.583,"body":"the exercise of state power."},{"startTime":317.58,"endTime":321.1,"body":"The high court has a"},{"startTime":317.58,"endTime":321.1,"body":"supervisory jurisdiction"},{"startTime":321.1,"endTime":325.24,"body":"over public authorities,"},{"startTime":321.1,"endTime":325.24,"body":"which individuals can invoke"},{"startTime":325.24,"endTime":329.39,"body":"by bringing a claim for judicial review."},{"startTime":329.39,"endTime":334.39,"body":"For instance, if a public"},{"startTime":329.39,"endTime":334.39,"body":"authority is failing to perform"},{"startTime":334.76,"endTime":339.47,"body":"its public duties, or is"},{"startTime":334.76,"endTime":339.47,"body":"acting in a way that exceeds"},{"startTime":339.47,"endTime":342.28,"body":"its legal powers, you might bring a claim"},{"startTime":342.28,"endTime":345.273,"body":"for judicial review against"},{"startTime":342.28,"endTime":345.273,"body":"it in the high court."},{"startTime":349.1,"endTime":354.1,"body":"Public law imposes"},{"startTime":349.1,"endTime":354.1,"body":"certain general principles"},{"startTime":354.106,"endTime":356.37,"body":"on the exercise of state power,"},{"startTime":356.37,"endTime":361.37,"body":"such as public authority"},{"startTime":356.37,"endTime":361.37,"body":"must act rationally,"},{"startTime":361.67,"endTime":365.77,"body":"must take into account"},{"startTime":361.67,"endTime":365.77,"body":"relevant considerations,"},{"startTime":365.77,"endTime":369.73,"body":"and leave out of account"},{"startTime":365.77,"endTime":369.73,"body":"irrelevant considerations,"},{"startTime":369.73,"endTime":373.163,"body":"and must act in a way"},{"startTime":369.73,"endTime":373.163,"body":"that is procedurally fair."},{"startTime":374.15,"endTime":376.22,"body":"In a claim for judicial review,"},{"startTime":376.22,"endTime":381.09,"body":"the high court can make what's"},{"startTime":376.22,"endTime":381.09,"body":"known as a caution order,"},{"startTime":381.09,"endTime":385.14,"body":"caution the public authority's"},{"startTime":381.09,"endTime":385.14,"body":"decision, or an order"},{"startTime":385.14,"endTime":388.6,"body":"requiring that the public"},{"startTime":385.14,"endTime":388.6,"body":"authority do something."},{"startTime":388.6,"endTime":391.17,"body":"That's known as a mandatory order,"},{"startTime":391.17,"endTime":395.02,"body":"or an order prohibiting"},{"startTime":391.17,"endTime":395.02,"body":"the public authority"},{"startTime":395.02,"endTime":397.33,"body":"from doing something,"},{"startTime":395.02,"endTime":397.33,"body":"and that's referred to"},{"startTime":397.33,"endTime":399.223,"body":"as a prohibiting order."},{"startTime":400.41,"endTime":404.38,"body":"In general, judicial review only applies"},{"startTime":404.38,"endTime":409.38,"body":"to public authorities, not"},{"startTime":404.38,"endTime":409.38,"body":"against private companies."},{"startTime":410.09,"endTime":412.71,"body":"So you can bring a claim"},{"startTime":410.09,"endTime":412.71,"body":"for judicial review against,"},{"startTime":412.71,"endTime":415.46,"body":"for example, Her Majesty's"},{"startTime":412.71,"endTime":415.46,"body":"Revenue and Customs,"},{"startTime":415.46,"endTime":419.15,"body":"and Metropolitan Police,"},{"startTime":415.46,"endTime":419.15,"body":"or even the Home Secretary,"},{"startTime":419.15,"endTime":423.66,"body":"but you can't bring a public"},{"startTime":419.15,"endTime":423.66,"body":"law claim against Tesco's,"},{"startTime":423.66,"endTime":427.143,"body":"or Royal Dutch Shell, for example."},{"startTime":428.43,"endTime":433.43,"body":"There are one or two rare"},{"startTime":428.43,"endTime":433.43,"body":"exceptions to this, for example,"},{"startTime":433.55,"endTime":438.55,"body":"where a private company may be"},{"startTime":433.55,"endTime":438.55,"body":"exercising public functions."},{"startTime":440.97,"endTime":442.35,"body":"In those circumstances,"},{"startTime":442.35,"endTime":445.863,"body":"that might be amenable to judicial review."},{"startTime":447.508,"endTime":452.508,"body":"Another key tool in the"},{"startTime":447.508,"endTime":452.508,"body":"English legal arsenal,"},{"startTime":453.65,"endTime":457.33,"body":"which we discussed in detail"},{"startTime":453.65,"endTime":457.33,"body":"in the last lecture is"},{"startTime":457.33,"endTime":462.33,"body":"the Human Rights Act 1998,"},{"startTime":457.33,"endTime":462.33,"body":"which makes it illegal"},{"startTime":462.69,"endTime":465.271,"body":"for public authorities"},{"startTime":462.69,"endTime":465.271,"body":"to breach our rights"},{"startTime":465.271,"endTime":467.38,"body":"under the European"},{"startTime":465.271,"endTime":467.38,"body":"Convention on Human Rights,"},{"startTime":467.38,"endTime":471.68,"body":"and gives us the possibility"},{"startTime":467.38,"endTime":471.68,"body":"of obtaining damages"},{"startTime":471.68,"endTime":474.34,"body":"for breach of our human rights."},{"startTime":474.34,"endTime":476.56,"body":"Now, like judicial review,"},{"startTime":476.56,"endTime":481.56,"body":"the human rights act only"},{"startTime":476.56,"endTime":481.56,"body":"applies to public authorities,"},{"startTime":482.14,"endTime":484.787,"body":"not to private companies, so again,"},{"startTime":484.787,"endTime":487.93,"body":"you can bring a Human Rights Act claim"},{"startTime":487.93,"endTime":492.93,"body":"against the Metropolitan"},{"startTime":487.93,"endTime":492.93,"body":"Police or the Home Secretary,"},{"startTime":493.33,"endTime":497.431,"body":"but not against Tesco's, or in my example,"},{"startTime":497.431,"endTime":499.553,"body":"the Royal Dutch Shell."},{"startTime":500.65,"endTime":505.06,"body":"Similarly, as we discussed"},{"startTime":500.65,"endTime":505.06,"body":"in the last lecture,"},{"startTime":505.06,"endTime":508.78,"body":"the jurisdictions of the"},{"startTime":505.06,"endTime":508.78,"body":"Commonwealth Caribbean,"},{"startTime":508.78,"endTime":512.5,"body":"where I also practice,"},{"startTime":508.78,"endTime":512.5,"body":"each have a constitution"},{"startTime":512.5,"endTime":516.4,"body":"which protects certain fundamental rights,"},{"startTime":516.4,"endTime":518.43,"body":"and allows individuals to bring actions"},{"startTime":518.43,"endTime":521.4,"body":"for breach of their rights."},{"startTime":521.4,"endTime":525.98,"body":"Again, a constitutional"},{"startTime":521.4,"endTime":525.98,"body":"claim can only be brought"},{"startTime":525.98,"endTime":530.98,"body":"against a public authority,"},{"startTime":525.98,"endTime":530.98,"body":"not private companies."},{"startTime":531.587,"endTime":536.587,"body":"We can see, therefore, that"},{"startTime":531.587,"endTime":536.587,"body":"English law distinguishes"},{"startTime":537.61,"endTime":542.61,"body":"between private and public"},{"startTime":537.61,"endTime":542.61,"body":"realms, and that there are,"},{"startTime":542.89,"endTime":547.89,"body":"there is a whole body of law"},{"startTime":542.89,"endTime":547.89,"body":"which binds public authorities,"},{"startTime":548.69,"endTime":552.49,"body":"but does not bind private companies."},{"startTime":552.49,"endTime":556.44,"body":"However, it isn't to understand that"},{"startTime":556.44,"endTime":560.01,"body":"in our capitalist society, corporate power"},{"startTime":560.01,"endTime":564.21,"body":"and state power are often intertwined."},{"startTime":564.21,"endTime":565.97,"body":"Sometimes you can bring legal proceeds"},{"startTime":565.97,"endTime":568.163,"body":"against a public company directly,"},{"startTime":569.05,"endTime":571.84,"body":"such as where it commits a"},{"startTime":569.05,"endTime":571.84,"body":"tort that's a civil wrong"},{"startTime":571.84,"endTime":575.264,"body":"against you, or where"},{"startTime":571.84,"endTime":575.264,"body":"it breaches a contract,"},{"startTime":575.264,"endTime":577.49,"body":"which you have of the company."},{"startTime":577.49,"endTime":580.34,"body":"Other times you might"},{"startTime":577.49,"endTime":580.34,"body":"be bringing an action"},{"startTime":580.34,"endTime":582.76,"body":"against the state in which the company is"},{"startTime":582.76,"endTime":586.43,"body":"an interested party, such"},{"startTime":582.76,"endTime":586.43,"body":"as when you are bringing"},{"startTime":586.43,"endTime":589.7,"body":"a judicial review, for example,"},{"startTime":589.7,"endTime":591.903,"body":"challenging a planning decision,"},{"startTime":592.74,"endTime":595.529,"body":"where the planning"},{"startTime":592.74,"endTime":595.529,"body":"authority decision to allow"},{"startTime":595.529,"endTime":598.743,"body":"an environmentally damaging development."},{"startTime":599.65,"endTime":602.56,"body":"In such a case, the relevant"},{"startTime":599.65,"endTime":602.56,"body":"planning authority is"},{"startTime":602.56,"endTime":605.06,"body":"the defendant, but the developer,"},{"startTime":605.06,"endTime":609.423,"body":"the private company,"},{"startTime":605.06,"endTime":609.423,"body":"is an interested party."},{"startTime":610.74,"endTime":613.59,"body":"On other occasions, you"},{"startTime":610.74,"endTime":613.59,"body":"might be bringing litigation"},{"startTime":613.59,"endTime":615.45,"body":"against the state because"},{"startTime":615.45,"endTime":618.54,"body":"of what a private company has done."},{"startTime":618.54,"endTime":623.54,"body":"For example, if you have a"},{"startTime":618.54,"endTime":623.54,"body":"private prison contractor,"},{"startTime":624.03,"endTime":629.03,"body":"or a private asylum accommodation"},{"startTime":624.03,"endTime":629.03,"body":"provider breaches rights,"},{"startTime":630.12,"endTime":632.53,"body":"you might want to bring a judicial review,"},{"startTime":632.53,"endTime":636.12,"body":"or a Human Rights Act Claim"},{"startTime":632.53,"endTime":636.12,"body":"against the Justice Secretary,"},{"startTime":636.12,"endTime":640.291,"body":"or the Home Secretary, who"},{"startTime":636.12,"endTime":640.291,"body":"are responsible in public law"},{"startTime":640.291,"endTime":643.303,"body":"for what their contractors do."},{"startTime":644.44,"endTime":646.85,"body":"And on other occasions,"},{"startTime":646.85,"endTime":649.71,"body":"a company might not directly be involved"},{"startTime":649.71,"endTime":653.68,"body":"in the litigation at all,"},{"startTime":649.71,"endTime":653.68,"body":"but its influence forms"},{"startTime":653.68,"endTime":655.79,"body":"part of the background to the case."},{"startTime":655.79,"endTime":660.69,"body":"For example, it's common"},{"startTime":655.79,"endTime":660.69,"body":"for environmental activists"},{"startTime":660.69,"endTime":663.85,"body":"to bring claims against"},{"startTime":660.69,"endTime":663.85,"body":"the police for assault"},{"startTime":663.85,"endTime":666.67,"body":"or false imprisonment in circumstances"},{"startTime":666.67,"endTime":669.27,"body":"where the police were protecting"},{"startTime":669.27,"endTime":673.24,"body":"environmentally destructive"},{"startTime":669.27,"endTime":673.24,"body":"companies from having"},{"startTime":673.24,"endTime":676.923,"body":"their operations disrupted by protestors."},{"startTime":677.797,"endTime":682.03,"body":"In short, when it comes to litigation,"},{"startTime":682.03,"endTime":687.03,"body":"we can't draw a clear dividing line"},{"startTime":687.694,"endTime":691.49,"body":"between the state and corporate power."},{"startTime":691.49,"endTime":695.51,"body":"This reflects the realities"},{"startTime":691.49,"endTime":695.51,"body":"of our capitalist system"},{"startTime":695.51,"endTime":699.83,"body":"in which companies have massive"},{"startTime":695.51,"endTime":699.83,"body":"influence over government,"},{"startTime":699.83,"endTime":704.28,"body":"and use its power to their"},{"startTime":699.83,"endTime":704.28,"body":"advantage, and in which"},{"startTime":704.28,"endTime":708.37,"body":"many governmental functions"},{"startTime":704.28,"endTime":708.37,"body":"have been outsourced"},{"startTime":708.37,"endTime":709.653,"body":"to the private sector."},{"startTime":712.18,"endTime":714.653,"body":"Types of claims an individual might bring,"},{"startTime":715.57,"endTime":720.29,"body":"so let's move on, and think"},{"startTime":715.57,"endTime":720.29,"body":"about the types of claim"},{"startTime":720.29,"endTime":724.353,"body":"an individual might bring to"},{"startTime":720.29,"endTime":724.353,"body":"challenge corporate power."},{"startTime":726.81,"endTime":730.54,"body":"These are almost infinitely varied."},{"startTime":730.54,"endTime":734.543,"body":"They embrace both private law"},{"startTime":730.54,"endTime":734.543,"body":"and public law litigation."},{"startTime":735.72,"endTime":740.72,"body":"In private law, the law of tort"},{"startTime":735.72,"endTime":740.72,"body":"is often used by individuals"},{"startTime":740.86,"endTime":743.28,"body":"to obtain redress against companies"},{"startTime":743.28,"endTime":744.63,"body":"that have caused them harm."},{"startTime":745.91,"endTime":747.683,"body":"This is not a recent development."},{"startTime":749.32,"endTime":751.81,"body":"As every law student knows,"},{"startTime":751.81,"endTime":756.81,"body":"the celebrated case of in 1932"},{"startTime":757.83,"endTime":762.69,"body":"of Donahue and Stevenson,"},{"startTime":757.83,"endTime":762.69,"body":"Mrs. Donahue found the remains"},{"startTime":762.69,"endTime":766.843,"body":"of a decomposed snail in"},{"startTime":762.69,"endTime":766.843,"body":"her ginger beer bottle."},{"startTime":768.08,"endTime":770.48,"body":"She sued the manufacturer and won."},{"startTime":770.48,"endTime":774.59,"body":"The case established that the"},{"startTime":770.48,"endTime":774.59,"body":"manufacturer of a product owed"},{"startTime":774.59,"endTime":778.86,"body":"a duty of care in tort"},{"startTime":774.59,"endTime":778.86,"body":"to the ultimate consumer,"},{"startTime":778.86,"endTime":782.53,"body":"even where there was no direct"},{"startTime":778.86,"endTime":782.53,"body":"contractual relationship"},{"startTime":782.53,"endTime":786.03,"body":"between the manufacturer and the consumer."},{"startTime":786.03,"endTime":789.92,"body":"It ensured that consumers"},{"startTime":786.03,"endTime":789.92,"body":"had a remedy in the tort"},{"startTime":789.92,"endTime":794.92,"body":"of negligence if they were"},{"startTime":789.92,"endTime":794.92,"body":"injured by defective products."},{"startTime":795.41,"endTime":797.45,"body":"Today, those remedies are even stronger,"},{"startTime":797.45,"endTime":800.17,"body":"because under consumer"},{"startTime":797.45,"endTime":800.17,"body":"protection legislation,"},{"startTime":800.17,"endTime":802.575,"body":"manufacturers are under a"},{"startTime":800.17,"endTime":802.575,"body":"duty of strict liability"},{"startTime":802.575,"endTime":806.7,"body":"in some circumstances"},{"startTime":802.575,"endTime":806.7,"body":"for defective products,"},{"startTime":806.7,"endTime":810.78,"body":"that is, the consumer doesn't"},{"startTime":806.7,"endTime":810.78,"body":"necessarily have to prove"},{"startTime":810.78,"endTime":814.683,"body":"that the manufacturer was"},{"startTime":810.78,"endTime":814.683,"body":"negligent or at fault."},{"startTime":816.66,"endTime":820.234,"body":"Similarly, if you are injured"},{"startTime":816.66,"endTime":820.234,"body":"due to unsafe conditions"},{"startTime":820.234,"endTime":825.234,"body":"at a company's premises, you"},{"startTime":820.234,"endTime":825.234,"body":"might want to bring a claim"},{"startTime":826.12,"endTime":828.41,"body":"against them for damages."},{"startTime":828.41,"endTime":832.95,"body":"This used to be governed by"},{"startTime":828.41,"endTime":832.95,"body":"complicated common law rules,"},{"startTime":832.95,"endTime":837.574,"body":"which distinguish between"},{"startTime":832.95,"endTime":837.574,"body":"invitees and licensees,"},{"startTime":837.574,"endTime":841.77,"body":"with different duties being owed to each."},{"startTime":841.77,"endTime":845.799,"body":"In English law, though, those"},{"startTime":841.77,"endTime":845.799,"body":"distinctions were swept away"},{"startTime":845.799,"endTime":849.54,"body":"by the Occupiers Liability Act 1957,"},{"startTime":849.54,"endTime":854.54,"body":"which creates a clear and"},{"startTime":849.54,"endTime":854.54,"body":"coherent system for determining"},{"startTime":854.82,"endTime":857.52,"body":"whether an occupier of premises is liable"},{"startTime":857.52,"endTime":861.67,"body":"for unsafe conditions of the premises."},{"startTime":861.67,"endTime":864.28,"body":"Some Commonwealth jurisdictions, however,"},{"startTime":864.28,"endTime":868.636,"body":"where I practice have"},{"startTime":864.28,"endTime":868.636,"body":"not adopted the 1957 Act,"},{"startTime":868.636,"endTime":873.53,"body":"and still have archaic, common law rules."},{"startTime":873.53,"endTime":878.53,"body":"But even after the 1957 Act,"},{"startTime":873.53,"endTime":878.53,"body":"occupiers did not generally owe"},{"startTime":879.47,"endTime":882.33,"body":"a duty of care to trespassers."},{"startTime":882.33,"endTime":884.93,"body":"On the surface, that"},{"startTime":882.33,"endTime":884.93,"body":"might sound fair enough,"},{"startTime":884.93,"endTime":888.39,"body":"until you remember, often the trespassers"},{"startTime":888.39,"endTime":892.96,"body":"who were injured were"},{"startTime":888.39,"endTime":892.96,"body":"children, who, for example,"},{"startTime":892.96,"endTime":896.21,"body":"strayed onto a railway line, or ventured"},{"startTime":896.21,"endTime":900.283,"body":"somewhere else where they"},{"startTime":896.21,"endTime":900.283,"body":"were not supposed to be."},{"startTime":901.99,"endTime":906.84,"body":"This was changed in the case"},{"startTime":901.99,"endTime":906.84,"body":"of British Railways Board"},{"startTime":906.84,"endTime":910.08,"body":"against Harrington, that's a 1972 case,"},{"startTime":910.08,"endTime":913.84,"body":"which decided that a"},{"startTime":910.08,"endTime":913.84,"body":"trespasser in Harrington,"},{"startTime":913.84,"endTime":916.72,"body":"this was a six year old"},{"startTime":913.84,"endTime":916.72,"body":"child who was injured"},{"startTime":916.72,"endTime":921.72,"body":"on a live rail, was owed"},{"startTime":916.72,"endTime":921.72,"body":"a limited duty of care,"},{"startTime":921.94,"endTime":923.91,"body":"and this was subsequently codified"},{"startTime":923.91,"endTime":928.483,"body":"by the Occupiers Liability Act 1984."},{"startTime":930.42,"endTime":934.37,"body":"Another tort that is"},{"startTime":930.42,"endTime":934.37,"body":"sometimes invoked to challenge"},{"startTime":934.37,"endTime":936.87,"body":"corporate power is nuisance."},{"startTime":936.87,"endTime":939.23,"body":"Nuisance involves interference"},{"startTime":939.23,"endTime":941.87,"body":"with another person's enjoyment of land."},{"startTime":941.87,"endTime":946.05,"body":"In some circumstances you"},{"startTime":941.87,"endTime":946.05,"body":"might be able to sue if noise,"},{"startTime":946.05,"endTime":949.5,"body":"smells, odors, or"},{"startTime":946.05,"endTime":949.5,"body":"pollution are interfering"},{"startTime":949.5,"endTime":952.16,"body":"with your enjoyment of your home."},{"startTime":952.16,"endTime":953.37,"body":"For instance, in the case"},{"startTime":953.37,"endTime":956.71,"body":"of Dobson against Thames"},{"startTime":953.37,"endTime":956.71,"body":"Water Utilities Limited"},{"startTime":956.71,"endTime":961.63,"body":"in 2011, the residents"},{"startTime":956.71,"endTime":961.63,"body":"were able to obtain damages"},{"startTime":961.63,"endTime":966.63,"body":"from nuisance and negligence,"},{"startTime":961.63,"endTime":966.63,"body":"where the negligent operation"},{"startTime":968.08,"endTime":971.92,"body":"of a sewage treatment"},{"startTime":968.08,"endTime":971.92,"body":"works had caused odors"},{"startTime":971.92,"endTime":974.313,"body":"that made their lives intolerable."},{"startTime":975.3,"endTime":979.37,"body":"But the tort of nuisance"},{"startTime":975.3,"endTime":979.37,"body":"is restricted in ways"},{"startTime":979.37,"endTime":983.163,"body":"which are profoundly classist."},{"startTime":984.77,"endTime":989.77,"body":"First of all, it's a classic"},{"startTime":984.77,"endTime":989.77,"body":"principle of nuisance"},{"startTime":990.31,"endTime":993.77,"body":"that what does or doesn't"},{"startTime":990.31,"endTime":993.77,"body":"constitute a nuisance depends"},{"startTime":993.77,"endTime":995.973,"body":"on the character of the area."},{"startTime":997.64,"endTime":1002.16,"body":"As a 19th century case put"},{"startTime":997.64,"endTime":1002.16,"body":"it, what would be a nuisance"},{"startTime":1002.16,"endTime":1005.93,"body":"in Belgrave Square"},{"startTime":1002.16,"endTime":1005.93,"body":"would not necessarily be"},{"startTime":1005.93,"endTime":1007.493,"body":"a nuisance in Bermondsey."},{"startTime":1010.58,"endTime":1013.751,"body":"At the time, Bermondsey was"},{"startTime":1013.751,"endTime":1017.3,"body":"very much a working class industrial area"},{"startTime":1017.3,"endTime":1021.27,"body":"in the East End, or Southeast"},{"startTime":1017.3,"endTime":1021.27,"body":"London, I should say,"},{"startTime":1021.27,"endTime":1025.57,"body":"whereas Belgrave Square"},{"startTime":1021.27,"endTime":1025.57,"body":"was still in a wealthy part"},{"startTime":1025.57,"endTime":1028.46,"body":"of central London."},{"startTime":1028.46,"endTime":1031.1,"body":"In other words, in English law,"},{"startTime":1031.1,"endTime":1034.724,"body":"how much protection"},{"startTime":1031.1,"endTime":1034.724,"body":"you deserve from noise,"},{"startTime":1034.724,"endTime":1039.42,"body":"odors, and pollution depends"},{"startTime":1034.724,"endTime":1039.42,"body":"on whether you are wealthy"},{"startTime":1039.42,"endTime":1043.203,"body":"and privileged enough to"},{"startTime":1039.42,"endTime":1043.203,"body":"live in an expensive area."},{"startTime":1044.51,"endTime":1048.42,"body":"And you can only bring a"},{"startTime":1044.51,"endTime":1048.42,"body":"claim in nuisance if you have"},{"startTime":1048.42,"endTime":1052.72,"body":"a proprietary interest in the"},{"startTime":1048.42,"endTime":1052.72,"body":"land affected by the nuisance,"},{"startTime":1052.72,"endTime":1057.053,"body":"for example, if you are the"},{"startTime":1052.72,"endTime":1057.053,"body":"landowner or the tenant."},{"startTime":1057.95,"endTime":1059.75,"body":"This was definitively established"},{"startTime":1059.75,"endTime":1063.49,"body":"in the House of Lords case of"},{"startTime":1059.75,"endTime":1063.49,"body":"Hunter against Canary Wharf,"},{"startTime":1063.49,"endTime":1066.76,"body":"which held that an adult child living"},{"startTime":1066.76,"endTime":1071.233,"body":"in her parents' home could"},{"startTime":1066.76,"endTime":1071.233,"body":"not sue for nuisance."},{"startTime":1073.42,"endTime":1077.14,"body":"Another type of tort claim you might bring"},{"startTime":1077.14,"endTime":1080.88,"body":"against a company arises"},{"startTime":1077.14,"endTime":1080.88,"body":"when you've been injured"},{"startTime":1080.88,"endTime":1085.04,"body":"through an employee's"},{"startTime":1080.88,"endTime":1085.04,"body":"misconduct, for example,"},{"startTime":1085.04,"endTime":1090.04,"body":"if an employee has assaulted"},{"startTime":1085.04,"endTime":1090.04,"body":"you, sexually harmed you,"},{"startTime":1090.28,"endTime":1092.113,"body":"or stolen your property."},{"startTime":1093.07,"endTime":1098.07,"body":"In this area of law, the key"},{"startTime":1093.07,"endTime":1098.07,"body":"concept is vicarious liability."},{"startTime":1099.23,"endTime":1104.23,"body":"What that means is that in"},{"startTime":1099.23,"endTime":1104.23,"body":"some, but not all circumstances,"},{"startTime":1104.53,"endTime":1108.72,"body":"the company may be strictly"},{"startTime":1104.53,"endTime":1108.72,"body":"liable for the torts,"},{"startTime":1108.72,"endTime":1112.26,"body":"civil wrongs, committed by the employee,"},{"startTime":1112.26,"endTime":1115.463,"body":"even though the company"},{"startTime":1112.26,"endTime":1115.463,"body":"itself was not at fault."},{"startTime":1116.51,"endTime":1119.78,"body":"This is very important,"},{"startTime":1116.51,"endTime":1119.78,"body":"because you are unlikely"},{"startTime":1119.78,"endTime":1122.79,"body":"to be able to recover substantial damages"},{"startTime":1122.79,"endTime":1125.24,"body":"from an individual employee,"},{"startTime":1125.24,"endTime":1129.74,"body":"but you are much more likely"},{"startTime":1125.24,"endTime":1129.74,"body":"to be able to recover damages"},{"startTime":1129.74,"endTime":1134.74,"body":"from a company, which"},{"startTime":1129.74,"endTime":1134.74,"body":"will have deeper pockets"},{"startTime":1135.18,"endTime":1138.093,"body":"and liability insurance."},{"startTime":1139.04,"endTime":1141.22,"body":"Historically, the boundaries"},{"startTime":1141.22,"endTime":1143.81,"body":"of vicarious liability"},{"startTime":1141.22,"endTime":1143.81,"body":"were limited to cases"},{"startTime":1143.81,"endTime":1148.81,"body":"where the wrongful act"},{"startTime":1143.81,"endTime":1148.81,"body":"committed by the employee was"},{"startTime":1149.38,"endTime":1154.02,"body":"either authorized by the"},{"startTime":1149.38,"endTime":1154.02,"body":"employer, or was a wrongful"},{"startTime":1154.02,"endTime":1157.2,"body":"and unauthorized mode of doing some act"},{"startTime":1157.2,"endTime":1160.44,"body":"which was authorized by the employer."},{"startTime":1160.44,"endTime":1163.95,"body":"This was known as the Salmond test,"},{"startTime":1163.95,"endTime":1168.95,"body":"since it came from a textbook"},{"startTime":1163.95,"endTime":1168.95,"body":"called Salmond's Law on Torts."},{"startTime":1171.17,"endTime":1172.57,"body":"In some circumstances,"},{"startTime":1172.57,"endTime":1177.57,"body":"an employee was said to"},{"startTime":1172.57,"endTime":1177.57,"body":"be on a frolic of his own,"},{"startTime":1179.38,"endTime":1183.48,"body":"and his actions were said"},{"startTime":1179.38,"endTime":1183.48,"body":"to fall outside the scope"},{"startTime":1183.48,"endTime":1184.843,"body":"of his employment."},{"startTime":1186.44,"endTime":1188.37,"body":"The scope of vicarious liability,"},{"startTime":1188.37,"endTime":1191.49,"body":"however, was significantly"},{"startTime":1188.37,"endTime":1191.49,"body":"widened in a case"},{"startTime":1191.49,"endTime":1195.03,"body":"called Lister and others"},{"startTime":1191.49,"endTime":1195.03,"body":"against Hesley Hall,"},{"startTime":1195.03,"endTime":1197.38,"body":"which established that"},{"startTime":1195.03,"endTime":1197.38,"body":"in some circumstances,"},{"startTime":1197.38,"endTime":1202.38,"body":"an employer can be liable for"},{"startTime":1197.38,"endTime":1202.38,"body":"an employee's sexual abuse"},{"startTime":1202.46,"endTime":1204.82,"body":"of children under their care,"},{"startTime":1204.82,"endTime":1209.0,"body":"even though this could not"},{"startTime":1204.82,"endTime":1209.0,"body":"be said to be a wrongful mode"},{"startTime":1209.0,"endTime":1213.133,"body":"of doing an act authorized"},{"startTime":1209.0,"endTime":1213.133,"body":"by the employer."},{"startTime":1214.04,"endTime":1217.55,"body":"The law has moved away from the strictness"},{"startTime":1217.55,"endTime":1220.283,"body":"of the Salmond test,"},{"startTime":1221.34,"endTime":1226.15,"body":"but the law of vicarious"},{"startTime":1221.34,"endTime":1226.15,"body":"liability continues to create"},{"startTime":1226.15,"endTime":1228.29,"body":"confusion and doubt."},{"startTime":1228.29,"endTime":1231.14,"body":"For example, in the Supreme Court case"},{"startTime":1231.14,"endTime":1235.769,"body":"of the various claimants"},{"startTime":1231.14,"endTime":1235.769,"body":"against WM Morrison Supermarkets"},{"startTime":1235.769,"endTime":1239.98,"body":"in 2020, the Supreme Court held that,"},{"startTime":1239.98,"endTime":1242.15,"body":"contrary to the decisions"},{"startTime":1239.98,"endTime":1242.15,"body":"of the High Court"},{"startTime":1242.15,"endTime":1245.37,"body":"and the Court of Appeal,"},{"startTime":1242.15,"endTime":1245.37,"body":"Morrison's was not"},{"startTime":1245.37,"endTime":1248.88,"body":"vicariously liable for an employee"},{"startTime":1248.88,"endTime":1252.45,"body":"who had deliberately leaked a large amount"},{"startTime":1252.45,"endTime":1257.45,"body":"of employee personal data in"},{"startTime":1252.45,"endTime":1257.45,"body":"pursuit of a personal vendetta."},{"startTime":1259.26,"endTime":1264.01,"body":"The decision, which in my"},{"startTime":1259.26,"endTime":1264.01,"body":"view was poorly expressed"},{"startTime":1264.01,"endTime":1268.83,"body":"in some respects, has thrown"},{"startTime":1264.01,"endTime":1268.83,"body":"previously settled principles"},{"startTime":1268.83,"endTime":1273.65,"body":"into confusion, and ultimately"},{"startTime":1268.83,"endTime":1273.65,"body":"increased the difficulties"},{"startTime":1273.65,"endTime":1277.527,"body":"faced by individuals"},{"startTime":1273.65,"endTime":1277.527,"body":"seeking adequate redress"},{"startTime":1277.527,"endTime":1280.153,"body":"for the wrongs done to them."},{"startTime":1281.89,"endTime":1286.89,"body":"Another field of law that often"},{"startTime":1281.89,"endTime":1286.89,"body":"involves David confronting"},{"startTime":1286.99,"endTime":1291.99,"body":"Goliath is in employment law,"},{"startTime":1286.99,"endTime":1291.99,"body":"where ordinary workers take on"},{"startTime":1294.61,"endTime":1297.84,"body":"employers with deep pockets."},{"startTime":1297.84,"endTime":1301.17,"body":"One important battleground"},{"startTime":1297.84,"endTime":1301.17,"body":"in employment law has been"},{"startTime":1301.17,"endTime":1303.22,"body":"the fight for justice for workers"},{"startTime":1303.22,"endTime":1306.14,"body":"in the so-called gig economy."},{"startTime":1306.14,"endTime":1309.13,"body":"Often, workers in the gig economy are"},{"startTime":1309.13,"endTime":1314.13,"body":"nominally self-employed, but"},{"startTime":1309.13,"endTime":1314.13,"body":"this is a reality in, sorry,"},{"startTime":1315.33,"endTime":1320.2,"body":"forgive me, that this in"},{"startTime":1315.33,"endTime":1320.2,"body":"reality is used as a device"},{"startTime":1320.2,"endTime":1323.33,"body":"to strip them of all legal"},{"startTime":1320.2,"endTime":1323.33,"body":"rights and protections"},{"startTime":1323.33,"endTime":1326.123,"body":"that come along with being an employee."},{"startTime":1327.55,"endTime":1329.81,"body":"There have been a couple"},{"startTime":1327.55,"endTime":1329.81,"body":"of very important cases"},{"startTime":1329.81,"endTime":1332.41,"body":"in which self-employed"},{"startTime":1329.81,"endTime":1332.41,"body":"workers have succeeded"},{"startTime":1332.41,"endTime":1337.41,"body":"in establishing that, although"},{"startTime":1332.41,"endTime":1337.41,"body":"they were not employees,"},{"startTime":1337.63,"endTime":1340.41,"body":"they were nonetheless"},{"startTime":1337.63,"endTime":1340.41,"body":"workers within the mean"},{"startTime":1340.41,"endTime":1343.263,"body":"of the Employment Rights Act 1996,"},{"startTime":1345.05,"endTime":1347.593,"body":"and therefore entitled"},{"startTime":1345.05,"endTime":1347.593,"body":"to certain protections."},{"startTime":1348.75,"endTime":1353.75,"body":"These cases are Pimlico"},{"startTime":1348.75,"endTime":1353.75,"body":"Plumbers against Smith,"},{"startTime":1354.23,"endTime":1358.765,"body":"brought by self-employed plumbers and Uber"},{"startTime":1358.765,"endTime":1363.765,"body":"against Aslam brought by Uber drivers."},{"startTime":1364.24,"endTime":1368.33,"body":"These are classic David"},{"startTime":1364.24,"endTime":1368.33,"body":"and Goliath stories,"},{"startTime":1368.33,"endTime":1372.63,"body":"where ordinary workers took"},{"startTime":1368.33,"endTime":1372.63,"body":"large corporations or companies"},{"startTime":1372.63,"endTime":1374.233,"body":"to the Supreme Court and won."},{"startTime":1375.28,"endTime":1379.69,"body":"Of course, neoliberal"},{"startTime":1375.28,"endTime":1379.69,"body":"politicians don't like"},{"startTime":1379.69,"endTime":1382.04,"body":"workers having power."},{"startTime":1382.04,"endTime":1387.04,"body":"In 2003, the David Cameron"},{"startTime":1382.04,"endTime":1387.04,"body":"government imposed onerous fees"},{"startTime":1387.72,"endTime":1391.66,"body":"for bringing claims in"},{"startTime":1387.72,"endTime":1391.66,"body":"the employment tribunals,"},{"startTime":1391.66,"endTime":1396.08,"body":"but in a landmark case"},{"startTime":1391.66,"endTime":1396.08,"body":"brought by Unison Trade Union,"},{"startTime":1396.08,"endTime":1399.008,"body":"cases Unison against Lord Chancellor 2017,"},{"startTime":1399.008,"endTime":1404.008,"body":"the Supreme Court held that"},{"startTime":1399.008,"endTime":1404.008,"body":"the relevant fees order was"},{"startTime":1404.93,"endTime":1409.06,"body":"unlawful because it"},{"startTime":1404.93,"endTime":1409.06,"body":"interfered unjustifiably"},{"startTime":1409.06,"endTime":1413.31,"body":"with the common law right"},{"startTime":1409.06,"endTime":1413.31,"body":"of access to justice,"},{"startTime":1413.31,"endTime":1415.613,"body":"and breached European Union law."},{"startTime":1416.72,"endTime":1418.58,"body":"This was one of the most important"},{"startTime":1418.58,"endTime":1422.4,"body":"and progressive judgements of the decade,"},{"startTime":1422.4,"endTime":1426.36,"body":"and it shows that what"},{"startTime":1422.4,"endTime":1426.36,"body":"ordinary people can achieve"},{"startTime":1426.36,"endTime":1430.353,"body":"when they join together,"},{"startTime":1426.36,"endTime":1430.353,"body":"particularly in trade unions."},{"startTime":1431.21,"endTime":1436.21,"body":"Similarly, the Quality Act"},{"startTime":1431.21,"endTime":1436.21,"body":"2010 allows ordinary people"},{"startTime":1436.82,"endTime":1440.68,"body":"to bring claims when they"},{"startTime":1436.82,"endTime":1440.68,"body":"are discriminated against,"},{"startTime":1440.68,"endTime":1442.3,"body":"victimized, or harassed"},{"startTime":1442.3,"endTime":1445.81,"body":"because of a protective characteristic,"},{"startTime":1445.81,"endTime":1447.41,"body":"whether by their employer,"},{"startTime":1447.41,"endTime":1451.23,"body":"a service provider, or public authority."},{"startTime":1451.23,"endTime":1452.87,"body":"This is another route"},{"startTime":1452.87,"endTime":1456.463,"body":"by which Davids can challenge Goliaths."},{"startTime":1458.45,"endTime":1461.83,"body":"Now, let's move away from private law,"},{"startTime":1461.83,"endTime":1463.893,"body":"and think about public law litigation."},{"startTime":1464.97,"endTime":1468.12,"body":"As we've seen, you can't"},{"startTime":1464.97,"endTime":1468.12,"body":"normally bring a claim"},{"startTime":1468.12,"endTime":1472.98,"body":"for judicial review"},{"startTime":1468.12,"endTime":1472.98,"body":"against a private company,"},{"startTime":1472.98,"endTime":1475.02,"body":"but sometimes a claim"},{"startTime":1475.02,"endTime":1477.888,"body":"for judicial review"},{"startTime":1475.02,"endTime":1477.888,"body":"might directly implicate"},{"startTime":1477.888,"endTime":1481.05,"body":"a company's interests."},{"startTime":1481.05,"endTime":1484.54,"body":"A very common example"},{"startTime":1481.05,"endTime":1484.54,"body":"is planning litigation."},{"startTime":1484.54,"endTime":1489.069,"body":"Suppose, for example, that your"},{"startTime":1484.54,"endTime":1489.069,"body":"local authority has approved"},{"startTime":1489.069,"endTime":1493.94,"body":"an environmentally damaging"},{"startTime":1489.069,"endTime":1493.94,"body":"project in your area,"},{"startTime":1493.94,"endTime":1497.53,"body":"and you oppose it because"},{"startTime":1493.94,"endTime":1497.53,"body":"of the damage it will cause"},{"startTime":1497.53,"endTime":1500.483,"body":"to the environment, and the"},{"startTime":1497.53,"endTime":1500.483,"body":"risk to local residents."},{"startTime":1501.99,"endTime":1505.7,"body":"You might challenge the local"},{"startTime":1501.99,"endTime":1505.7,"body":"planning authority's decision"},{"startTime":1505.7,"endTime":1507.691,"body":"by judicial review."},{"startTime":1507.691,"endTime":1509.66,"body":"In that case,"},{"startTime":1509.66,"endTime":1514.03,"body":"the company carrying out the"},{"startTime":1509.66,"endTime":1514.03,"body":"project won't be the defendant,"},{"startTime":1517.05,"endTime":1520.99,"body":"but will be an interested"},{"startTime":1517.05,"endTime":1520.99,"body":"party to litigation,"},{"startTime":1520.99,"endTime":1525.77,"body":"and it's likely to play a"},{"startTime":1520.99,"endTime":1525.77,"body":"major role in that litigation."},{"startTime":1525.77,"endTime":1530.16,"body":"For example, numerous ordinary people"},{"startTime":1530.16,"endTime":1533.96,"body":"and environmental NGOs"},{"startTime":1530.16,"endTime":1533.96,"body":"have courageously taken on"},{"startTime":1533.96,"endTime":1537.74,"body":"the British state over the"},{"startTime":1533.96,"endTime":1537.74,"body":"issue of planning approval"},{"startTime":1537.74,"endTime":1541.9,"body":"for fracking operations in cases"},{"startTime":1541.9,"endTime":1543.89,"body":"such as Friends of the Earth"},{"startTime":1543.89,"endTime":1548.51,"body":"against the North Yorkshire"},{"startTime":1543.89,"endTime":1548.51,"body":"County Council in 2016,"},{"startTime":1548.51,"endTime":1552.09,"body":"Preston New Road Action Group"},{"startTime":1548.51,"endTime":1552.09,"body":"against Secretary of State"},{"startTime":1552.09,"endTime":1555.75,"body":"for Communities and Local Government 2018."},{"startTime":1555.75,"endTime":1560.75,"body":"In both of those cases, they lost,"},{"startTime":1561.088,"endTime":1563.37,"body":"and the fracking interest won,"},{"startTime":1563.37,"endTime":1568.16,"body":"but the government ultimately"},{"startTime":1563.37,"endTime":1568.16,"body":"decided to put a moratorium"},{"startTime":1568.16,"endTime":1571.943,"body":"on approving further fracking operations."},{"startTime":1572.97,"endTime":1574.5,"body":"It's interesting how,"},{"startTime":1574.5,"endTime":1579.5,"body":"with the Ukrainian"},{"startTime":1574.5,"endTime":1579.5,"body":"crisis currently ongoing,"},{"startTime":1579.6,"endTime":1584.593,"body":"how that whole moratorium is"},{"startTime":1579.6,"endTime":1584.593,"body":"again coming under debate,"},{"startTime":1585.89,"endTime":1587.833,"body":"but that's an aside."},{"startTime":1590.15,"endTime":1594.26,"body":"More recently, in Finch"},{"startTime":1590.15,"endTime":1594.26,"body":"against Surrey County Council,"},{"startTime":1594.26,"endTime":1599.26,"body":"a case of 2022, a judicial"},{"startTime":1594.26,"endTime":1599.26,"body":"review challenge was brought"},{"startTime":1599.289,"endTime":1604.04,"body":"against the local authority"},{"startTime":1599.289,"endTime":1604.04,"body":"with the aim of establishing"},{"startTime":1604.04,"endTime":1609.04,"body":"when granting approval for"},{"startTime":1604.04,"endTime":1609.04,"body":"oil extraction operation,"},{"startTime":1609.49,"endTime":1612.9,"body":"the environmental impact"},{"startTime":1609.49,"endTime":1612.9,"body":"assessment should take into account"},{"startTime":1612.9,"endTime":1616.42,"body":"greenhouse gas emissions"},{"startTime":1612.9,"endTime":1616.42,"body":"that would be produced"},{"startTime":1616.42,"endTime":1621.053,"body":"by the eventual use of the oil as fuel."},{"startTime":1621.97,"endTime":1624.6,"body":"Again, the claimants did not win,"},{"startTime":1624.6,"endTime":1628.86,"body":"but these cases are good"},{"startTime":1624.6,"endTime":1628.86,"body":"examples of David confronting"},{"startTime":1628.86,"endTime":1631.91,"body":"Goliath through the planning system,"},{"startTime":1631.91,"endTime":1635.47,"body":"and seeking to protect us all"},{"startTime":1631.91,"endTime":1635.47,"body":"from the terrible consequences"},{"startTime":1635.47,"endTime":1639.89,"body":"of unchecked climate change."},{"startTime":1639.89,"endTime":1642.21,"body":"I want to pay particular"},{"startTime":1639.89,"endTime":1642.21,"body":"tribute to my colleague,"},{"startTime":1642.21,"endTime":1645.34,"body":"Marc Willers, QC, who has"},{"startTime":1642.21,"endTime":1645.34,"body":"acted for the claimants"},{"startTime":1645.34,"endTime":1646.773,"body":"in many of these cases."},{"startTime":1648.29,"endTime":1651.62,"body":"Similarly, human rights"},{"startTime":1648.29,"endTime":1651.62,"body":"litigation often implicates"},{"startTime":1651.62,"endTime":1654.84,"body":"the interests of private companies."},{"startTime":1654.84,"endTime":1659.84,"body":"For example, which we're going"},{"startTime":1654.84,"endTime":1659.84,"body":"to explore later, is the fight"},{"startTime":1660.06,"endTime":1662.5,"body":"of communities in the Caribbean"},{"startTime":1662.5,"endTime":1665.88,"body":"for constitutional"},{"startTime":1662.5,"endTime":1665.88,"body":"protection of land rights."},{"startTime":1665.88,"endTime":1668.64,"body":"That is a fight against the state,"},{"startTime":1668.64,"endTime":1672.42,"body":"but it is a fight in which"},{"startTime":1668.64,"endTime":1672.42,"body":"the interests and money"},{"startTime":1672.42,"endTime":1676.01,"body":"of private developers"},{"startTime":1672.42,"endTime":1676.01,"body":"are heavily implicated."},{"startTime":1676.01,"endTime":1679.13,"body":"Another example is the"},{"startTime":1676.01,"endTime":1679.13,"body":"human rights litigation"},{"startTime":1679.13,"endTime":1684.13,"body":"about climate change, such"},{"startTime":1679.13,"endTime":1684.13,"body":"as the famous Urgenda case"},{"startTime":1684.51,"endTime":1685.86,"body":"in the Netherlands,"},{"startTime":1685.86,"endTime":1689.61,"body":"in which the environmental"},{"startTime":1685.86,"endTime":1689.61,"body":"NGO succeeded in establishing"},{"startTime":1689.61,"endTime":1691.686,"body":"before the Netherland courts"},{"startTime":1691.686,"endTime":1695.01,"body":"that the Netherlands"},{"startTime":1691.686,"endTime":1695.01,"body":"government was in breach"},{"startTime":1695.01,"endTime":1695.87,"body":"of its obligations"},{"startTime":1695.87,"endTime":1698.17,"body":"under the European"},{"startTime":1695.87,"endTime":1698.17,"body":"Convention on Human Rights"},{"startTime":1698.17,"endTime":1701.71,"body":"by failing to adequately"},{"startTime":1698.17,"endTime":1701.71,"body":"address climate change."},{"startTime":1701.71,"endTime":1706.22,"body":"Again, this is litigation"},{"startTime":1701.71,"endTime":1706.22,"body":"against the state,"},{"startTime":1706.22,"endTime":1708.49,"body":"but it has massive implications"},{"startTime":1708.49,"endTime":1712.18,"body":"for private commercial interests."},{"startTime":1712.18,"endTime":1715.47,"body":"Finally, there's another type"},{"startTime":1715.47,"endTime":1720.47,"body":"of proceedings which doesn't"},{"startTime":1715.47,"endTime":1720.47,"body":"neatly fit in either public"},{"startTime":1720.9,"endTime":1724.633,"body":"or private law, the coroner's inquest."},{"startTime":1725.88,"endTime":1730.29,"body":"I've talked a lot about inquest"},{"startTime":1725.88,"endTime":1730.29,"body":"in my previous lectures."},{"startTime":1730.29,"endTime":1734.16,"body":"In effect, an inquest is"},{"startTime":1730.29,"endTime":1734.16,"body":"an inquisitorial proceeding"},{"startTime":1734.16,"endTime":1738.34,"body":"where the coroner, an independent"},{"startTime":1734.16,"endTime":1738.34,"body":"judge as it were, inquires"},{"startTime":1738.34,"endTime":1741.4,"body":"into the causes of a person's death."},{"startTime":1741.4,"endTime":1744.75,"body":"Although inquests are"},{"startTime":1741.4,"endTime":1744.75,"body":"officially non-adversarial,"},{"startTime":1744.75,"endTime":1748.51,"body":"in reality, they can be very adversarial,"},{"startTime":1748.51,"endTime":1751.89,"body":"particularly where powerful"},{"startTime":1748.51,"endTime":1751.89,"body":"institutions are implicated"},{"startTime":1751.89,"endTime":1754.93,"body":"in the death, and are"},{"startTime":1751.89,"endTime":1754.93,"body":"trying to protect themselves"},{"startTime":1754.93,"endTime":1756.133,"body":"from liability."},{"startTime":1758.25,"endTime":1761.16,"body":"We're now going to talk"},{"startTime":1758.25,"endTime":1761.16,"body":"about a couple of examples"},{"startTime":1761.16,"endTime":1766.16,"body":"of these David and Goliath"},{"startTime":1761.16,"endTime":1766.16,"body":"situations in my own career."},{"startTime":1766.87,"endTime":1771.87,"body":"I want to look at the Barbuda"},{"startTime":1766.87,"endTime":1771.87,"body":"litigation, and the inquest"},{"startTime":1773.22,"endTime":1778.22,"body":"into the deaths of Christi"},{"startTime":1773.22,"endTime":1778.22,"body":"and Bobby Shepherd."},{"startTime":1778.23,"endTime":1780.33,"body":"The two cases are very different."},{"startTime":1780.33,"endTime":1785.33,"body":"One is a story of a Caribbean"},{"startTime":1780.33,"endTime":1785.33,"body":"island community's fight"},{"startTime":1785.75,"endTime":1787.5,"body":"to protect their land."},{"startTime":1787.5,"endTime":1790.31,"body":"The other is a story of a family's fight"},{"startTime":1790.31,"endTime":1794.4,"body":"for both accountability"},{"startTime":1790.31,"endTime":1794.4,"body":"and fair compensation"},{"startTime":1794.4,"endTime":1797.704,"body":"after their children were"},{"startTime":1794.4,"endTime":1797.704,"body":"killed through the negligence"},{"startTime":1797.704,"endTime":1801.583,"body":"of a British travel"},{"startTime":1797.704,"endTime":1801.583,"body":"agency's third party hotel."},{"startTime":1802.98,"endTime":1807.25,"body":"But what they both have in common is this."},{"startTime":1807.25,"endTime":1812.25,"body":"They are both David"},{"startTime":1807.25,"endTime":1812.25,"body":"versus Goliath stories,"},{"startTime":1812.62,"endTime":1815.94,"body":"where courageous individuals have taken on"},{"startTime":1815.94,"endTime":1819.383,"body":"the might of corporate interests."},{"startTime":1822.62,"endTime":1826.483,"body":"The Barbuda litigation,"},{"startTime":1822.62,"endTime":1826.483,"body":"so let's start there."},{"startTime":1828.2,"endTime":1833.113,"body":"The story of Barbuda"},{"startTime":1828.2,"endTime":1833.113,"body":"is a story about land."},{"startTime":1834.96,"endTime":1839.96,"body":"In my experience, the commodification"},{"startTime":1840.11,"endTime":1845.11,"body":"of land could be described as a curse"},{"startTime":1845.19,"endTime":1846.883,"body":"of the Commonwealth Caribbean."},{"startTime":1847.9,"endTime":1851.763,"body":"As it is in so many other"},{"startTime":1847.9,"endTime":1851.763,"body":"places in this world,"},{"startTime":1852.65,"endTime":1856.85,"body":"the real estate industry"},{"startTime":1852.65,"endTime":1856.85,"body":"does not work in the interest"},{"startTime":1856.85,"endTime":1859.56,"body":"of ordinary Caribbean people."},{"startTime":1859.56,"endTime":1863.4,"body":"It works in the interests"},{"startTime":1859.56,"endTime":1863.4,"body":"of private developers"},{"startTime":1863.4,"endTime":1864.963,"body":"and wealthy expats."},{"startTime":1866.0,"endTime":1868.11,"body":"Although many Caribbean islands"},{"startTime":1868.11,"endTime":1871.35,"body":"and other parts of the"},{"startTime":1868.11,"endTime":1871.35,"body":"world have laws requiring"},{"startTime":1871.35,"endTime":1876.12,"body":"non-citizens to obtain"},{"startTime":1871.35,"endTime":1876.12,"body":"licenses from governments"},{"startTime":1876.12,"endTime":1881.12,"body":"in order to own land, these"},{"startTime":1876.12,"endTime":1881.12,"body":"laws do not always achieve"},{"startTime":1882.2,"endTime":1887.2,"body":"the objective of keeping land"},{"startTime":1882.2,"endTime":1887.2,"body":"in the hands of local people."},{"startTime":1887.42,"endTime":1892.42,"body":"Rather, they can simply create"},{"startTime":1887.42,"endTime":1892.42,"body":"a lucrative source of revenue"},{"startTime":1892.52,"endTime":1897.01,"body":"for governments and"},{"startTime":1892.52,"endTime":1897.01,"body":"lawyers, and unfortunately,"},{"startTime":1897.01,"endTime":1900.933,"body":"contribute, at times, to"},{"startTime":1897.01,"endTime":1900.933,"body":"corruption and nepotism."},{"startTime":1902.11,"endTime":1907.11,"body":"In short, as with almost every"},{"startTime":1902.11,"endTime":1907.11,"body":"aspect of the modern world,"},{"startTime":1908.07,"endTime":1911.54,"body":"and the Caribbean is not immune from this,"},{"startTime":1911.54,"endTime":1913.671,"body":"the part of the world"},{"startTime":1913.671,"endTime":1918.671,"body":"which is many a paradise"},{"startTime":1913.671,"endTime":1918.671,"body":"is steadily being wrecked"},{"startTime":1920.36,"endTime":1922.113,"body":"by corporate capitalism."},{"startTime":1923.24,"endTime":1927.69,"body":"The root of the problem"},{"startTime":1923.24,"endTime":1927.69,"body":"that is under capitalism,"},{"startTime":1927.69,"endTime":1932.363,"body":"land is a commodity to be bought and sold,"},{"startTime":1933.88,"endTime":1938.433,"body":"but there is one place"},{"startTime":1933.88,"endTime":1938.433,"body":"that is different, Barbuda."},{"startTime":1942.63,"endTime":1947.63,"body":"Barbuda is a beautiful island"},{"startTime":1942.63,"endTime":1947.63,"body":"in the eastern Caribbean."},{"startTime":1949.81,"endTime":1950.643,"body":"I've been there."},{"startTime":1951.63,"endTime":1956.01,"body":"It has a couple of thousand residents,"},{"startTime":1956.01,"endTime":1961.01,"body":"with a rich and varied natural"},{"startTime":1956.01,"endTime":1961.01,"body":"heritage, a unique culture."},{"startTime":1962.02,"endTime":1963.66,"body":"Compared to other Caribbean islands,"},{"startTime":1963.66,"endTime":1967.873,"body":"it is relatively unspoiled"},{"startTime":1963.66,"endTime":1967.873,"body":"by the tourist industry."},{"startTime":1969.13,"endTime":1972.85,"body":"It forms part of the state"},{"startTime":1969.13,"endTime":1972.85,"body":"of Antigua and Barbuda,"},{"startTime":1972.85,"endTime":1977.85,"body":"together with the much more"},{"startTime":1972.85,"endTime":1977.85,"body":"populous island of Antigua,"},{"startTime":1979.339,"endTime":1984.063,"body":"but the relationship has"},{"startTime":1979.339,"endTime":1984.063,"body":"not always been an easy one."},{"startTime":1986.38,"endTime":1991.1,"body":"Barbuda was once owned"},{"startTime":1986.38,"endTime":1991.1,"body":"by the Codrington family,"},{"startTime":1991.1,"endTime":1996.1,"body":"who were granted it in 1685, a"},{"startTime":1991.1,"endTime":1996.1,"body":"lease from the British crown."},{"startTime":1998.29,"endTime":2002.19,"body":"The Codrington family"},{"startTime":1998.29,"endTime":2002.19,"body":"brought enslaved people"},{"startTime":2002.19,"endTime":2005.0,"body":"from Africa to the island."},{"startTime":2005.0,"endTime":2010.0,"body":"The enslaved people on Barbuda"},{"startTime":2005.0,"endTime":2010.0,"body":"were emancipated in 1834,"},{"startTime":2010.32,"endTime":2013.56,"body":"but the Codrington family's"},{"startTime":2010.32,"endTime":2013.56,"body":"lease of the island continued"},{"startTime":2013.56,"endTime":2014.703,"body":"until 1898."},{"startTime":2016.76,"endTime":2021.76,"body":"Barbuda formally became a"},{"startTime":2016.76,"endTime":2021.76,"body":"dependency of Antigua in 1858,"},{"startTime":2023.741,"endTime":2026.699,"body":"and the laws of the colony"},{"startTime":2023.741,"endTime":2026.699,"body":"of Antigua were extended"},{"startTime":2026.699,"endTime":2028.453,"body":"to Barbuda."},{"startTime":2029.401,"endTime":2034.382,"body":"Now, the Barbudans"},{"startTime":2029.401,"endTime":2034.382,"body":"developed a traditional,"},{"startTime":2034.382,"endTime":2038.76,"body":"developed a tradition of"},{"startTime":2034.382,"endTime":2038.76,"body":"commonal land ownership,"},{"startTime":2038.76,"endTime":2041.423,"body":"in which all the land in Barbuda was held"},{"startTime":2041.423,"endTime":2046.423,"body":"in common by Barbudans, with"},{"startTime":2041.423,"endTime":2046.423,"body":"individual Barbudans having"},{"startTime":2046.6,"endTime":2049.49,"body":"the right to a plot of land."},{"startTime":2049.49,"endTime":2052.83,"body":"However, the formal legal status"},{"startTime":2052.83,"endTime":2057.83,"body":"of Barbudans' land tenure"},{"startTime":2052.83,"endTime":2057.83,"body":"was unclear for a long time."},{"startTime":2059.32,"endTime":2064.32,"body":"The Barbuda Ordinance 1904"},{"startTime":2059.32,"endTime":2064.32,"body":"declared that all land"},{"startTime":2065.26,"endTime":2068.55,"body":"in Barbuda was to be vested"},{"startTime":2065.26,"endTime":2068.55,"body":"in the crown, and declared"},{"startTime":2068.55,"endTime":2073.11,"body":"all inhabitants of Barbuda"},{"startTime":2068.55,"endTime":2073.11,"body":"to be tenants of the crown."},{"startTime":2073.11,"endTime":2076.57,"body":"Meanwhile, Antigua and Barbuda became part"},{"startTime":2076.57,"endTime":2081.26,"body":"of the West Indies"},{"startTime":2076.57,"endTime":2081.26,"body":"Federation from 1958 to 1962,"},{"startTime":2082.31,"endTime":2084.49,"body":"and then became an associated state"},{"startTime":2084.49,"endTime":2087.623,"body":"of the United Kingdom in 1967."},{"startTime":2088.47,"endTime":2090.657,"body":"It became fully independent,"},{"startTime":2090.657,"endTime":2095.373,"body":"a fully independent"},{"startTime":2090.657,"endTime":2095.373,"body":"Commonwealth country in 1981."},{"startTime":2096.299,"endTime":2101.299,"body":"However, in 1976, the Barbuda Council,"},{"startTime":2102.01,"endTime":2104.36,"body":"a democratic local government body"},{"startTime":2104.36,"endTime":2108.62,"body":"for Barbuda was set up, but the nature"},{"startTime":2108.62,"endTime":2111.91,"body":"of Barbudan land tenure remained a dispute"},{"startTime":2111.91,"endTime":2114.71,"body":"and controversial subject."},{"startTime":2114.71,"endTime":2118.34,"body":"The Eastern Caribbean Supreme"},{"startTime":2114.71,"endTime":2118.34,"body":"Court generally took the view"},{"startTime":2118.34,"endTime":2121.27,"body":"that land in Barbuda"},{"startTime":2118.34,"endTime":2121.27,"body":"was vested in the crown,"},{"startTime":2121.27,"endTime":2123.76,"body":"and that the Barbuda Council"},{"startTime":2121.27,"endTime":2123.76,"body":"did not have ownership"},{"startTime":2123.76,"endTime":2126.99,"body":"or control over the island's land."},{"startTime":2126.99,"endTime":2128.333,"body":"There was a real disconnect"},{"startTime":2128.333,"endTime":2133.05,"body":"between the Barbudan community's"},{"startTime":2128.333,"endTime":2133.05,"body":"traditional understanding"},{"startTime":2133.05,"endTime":2136.03,"body":"of its land rights on the one hand,"},{"startTime":2136.03,"endTime":2139.213,"body":"and the formal position"},{"startTime":2136.03,"endTime":2139.213,"body":"in the law on the other."},{"startTime":2140.417,"endTime":2145.417,"body":"Then in 2007, the Barbuda"},{"startTime":2140.417,"endTime":2145.417,"body":"Land Act was passed"},{"startTime":2145.9,"endTime":2149.34,"body":"by the Parliament of Antigua and Barbuda."},{"startTime":2149.34,"endTime":2154.34,"body":"The act put Barbudan commonal land rights"},{"startTime":2154.973,"endTime":2159.09,"body":"on a clear statutory"},{"startTime":2154.973,"endTime":2159.09,"body":"footing for the first time."},{"startTime":2159.09,"endTime":2161.55,"body":"Section three of the act"},{"startTime":2159.09,"endTime":2161.55,"body":"declared that all land"},{"startTime":2161.55,"endTime":2164.591,"body":"in Barbuda would be owned in common"},{"startTime":2164.591,"endTime":2167.3,"body":"by the people of Barbuda."},{"startTime":2167.3,"endTime":2170.9,"body":"It provided that the title to"},{"startTime":2167.3,"endTime":2170.9,"body":"all land in Barbuda would vest"},{"startTime":2170.9,"endTime":2175.013,"body":"in the crown on behalf"},{"startTime":2170.9,"endTime":2175.013,"body":"of the people of Barbuda."},{"startTime":2177.61,"endTime":2181.8,"body":"Section five prohibited the"},{"startTime":2177.61,"endTime":2181.8,"body":"sale of land in Barbuda."},{"startTime":2181.8,"endTime":2185.51,"body":"Section seven gave"},{"startTime":2181.8,"endTime":2185.51,"body":"Barbudans the right to grant"},{"startTime":2185.51,"endTime":2190.51,"body":"exclusive rights of occupation"},{"startTime":2185.51,"endTime":2190.51,"body":"over their own plots of land."},{"startTime":2190.58,"endTime":2194.06,"body":"Section 11 gave the Barbuda Council power"},{"startTime":2194.06,"endTime":2196.33,"body":"over the administration"},{"startTime":2194.06,"endTime":2196.33,"body":"and development of land"},{"startTime":2196.33,"endTime":2200.26,"body":"in Barbuda and the grant of leases."},{"startTime":2200.26,"endTime":2204.77,"body":"This was a progressive act which protected"},{"startTime":2204.77,"endTime":2208.49,"body":"the traditional land rights of Barbudans."},{"startTime":2208.49,"endTime":2213.06,"body":"It was, it meant that the local"},{"startTime":2208.49,"endTime":2213.06,"body":"community, not politicians,"},{"startTime":2213.06,"endTime":2217.083,"body":"not developers, were in the driving seat."},{"startTime":2220.82,"endTime":2224.84,"body":"Unfortunately, things"},{"startTime":2220.82,"endTime":2224.84,"body":"did not stay that way."},{"startTime":2224.84,"endTime":2229.43,"body":"There was a change of government in 2014,"},{"startTime":2229.43,"endTime":2233.942,"body":"with the Antigua Labor Party"},{"startTime":2229.43,"endTime":2233.942,"body":"under Gaston Browne defeating"},{"startTime":2233.942,"endTime":2238.942,"body":"the United Progressive"},{"startTime":2233.942,"endTime":2238.942,"body":"Party under Baldwin Spencer."},{"startTime":2240.06,"endTime":2245.06,"body":"In 2014, the new government"},{"startTime":2240.06,"endTime":2245.06,"body":"entered into a land deal"},{"startTime":2245.59,"endTime":2250.59,"body":"to lease land in Barbuda to a"},{"startTime":2245.59,"endTime":2250.59,"body":"company, Paradise Found LLC,"},{"startTime":2253.01,"endTime":2258.01,"body":"for tourism development, and"},{"startTime":2253.01,"endTime":2258.01,"body":"the Antigua parliament passed"},{"startTime":2258.09,"endTime":2262.56,"body":"an act, the Paradise"},{"startTime":2258.09,"endTime":2262.56,"body":"Found Project Act of 2015,"},{"startTime":2262.56,"endTime":2266.927,"body":"which disapplied the Barbuda Land Act 2007"},{"startTime":2268.16,"endTime":2272.29,"body":"in relation to the Paradise Found Project."},{"startTime":2272.29,"endTime":2276.66,"body":"The constitutionality of this"},{"startTime":2272.29,"endTime":2276.66,"body":"action was challenged in court"},{"startTime":2276.66,"endTime":2281.113,"body":"by two Barbudans, Mackenzie"},{"startTime":2276.66,"endTime":2281.113,"body":"Frank, and Trevor Walker."},{"startTime":2282.17,"endTime":2287.143,"body":"For clarity, I was not"},{"startTime":2282.17,"endTime":2287.143,"body":"involved in that litigation."},{"startTime":2290.92,"endTime":2295.92,"body":"Meanwhile, Hurricane"},{"startTime":2290.92,"endTime":2295.92,"body":"Irma devastated Barbuda"},{"startTime":2297.06,"endTime":2302.06,"body":"in September 2017, causing massive damage."},{"startTime":2303.42,"endTime":2306.265,"body":"Approximately 90% of the structures"},{"startTime":2306.265,"endTime":2311.265,"body":"in Barbuda were flattened by"},{"startTime":2306.265,"endTime":2311.265,"body":"this category five hurricane."},{"startTime":2312.52,"endTime":2316.33,"body":"Unfortunately, the Antiguan"},{"startTime":2312.52,"endTime":2316.33,"body":"government took the opportunity"},{"startTime":2316.33,"endTime":2321.33,"body":"to engage, some may say, in"},{"startTime":2316.33,"endTime":2321.33,"body":"some disaster capitalism."},{"startTime":2322.34,"endTime":2326.74,"body":"After the hurricane, the"},{"startTime":2322.34,"endTime":2326.74,"body":"government became the clear cut,"},{"startTime":2326.74,"endTime":2331.74,"body":"began clear cutting the Barbudan"},{"startTime":2326.74,"endTime":2331.74,"body":"forest without the consent,"},{"startTime":2332.2,"endTime":2335.21,"body":"it's been said, of the"},{"startTime":2332.2,"endTime":2335.21,"body":"Barbudan community to build"},{"startTime":2335.21,"endTime":2338.37,"body":"a new international airport."},{"startTime":2338.37,"endTime":2342.38,"body":"In July 2018, judicial review"},{"startTime":2338.37,"endTime":2342.38,"body":"proceedings were brought"},{"startTime":2342.38,"endTime":2346.087,"body":"on behalf of two"},{"startTime":2342.38,"endTime":2346.087,"body":"Barbudans, John Mussington"},{"startTime":2346.087,"endTime":2348.84,"body":"and Jacklyn Frank to challenge"},{"startTime":2348.84,"endTime":2351.54,"body":"the construction of the airport."},{"startTime":2351.54,"endTime":2356.54,"body":"I represented both Mr."},{"startTime":2351.54,"endTime":2356.54,"body":"Mussington and Ms. Frank."},{"startTime":2357.264,"endTime":2359.5,"body":"The airport construction"},{"startTime":2357.264,"endTime":2359.5,"body":"had been commenced"},{"startTime":2359.5,"endTime":2364.01,"body":"without obtaining the proper"},{"startTime":2359.5,"endTime":2364.01,"body":"planning approval, and without"},{"startTime":2364.01,"endTime":2369.01,"body":"an adequate environmental"},{"startTime":2364.01,"endTime":2369.01,"body":"impact assessment, or EIA."},{"startTime":2369.13,"endTime":2374.13,"body":"In fact, the EIA subsequently"},{"startTime":2369.13,"endTime":2374.13,"body":"conducted has never been made"},{"startTime":2375.24,"endTime":2380.24,"body":"available to us, the courts,"},{"startTime":2375.24,"endTime":2380.24,"body":"or indeed, the public."},{"startTime":2380.58,"endTime":2383.05,"body":"The airport construction was botched,"},{"startTime":2383.05,"endTime":2387.045,"body":"and caused significant damage"},{"startTime":2383.05,"endTime":2387.045,"body":"to the Barbudan ecosystem,"},{"startTime":2387.045,"endTime":2391.73,"body":"and the airport was being"},{"startTime":2387.045,"endTime":2391.73,"body":"built on cavernous limestone,"},{"startTime":2391.73,"endTime":2395.86,"body":"which posed a high risk"},{"startTime":2391.73,"endTime":2395.86,"body":"of sinkholes, a risk"},{"startTime":2395.86,"endTime":2400.86,"body":"of contaminating water supply"},{"startTime":2395.86,"endTime":2400.86,"body":"through stormwater runoff."},{"startTime":2401.41,"endTime":2405.81,"body":"There was no accountability,"},{"startTime":2401.41,"endTime":2405.81,"body":"no transparency,"},{"startTime":2405.81,"endTime":2410.48,"body":"and the litigants in that"},{"startTime":2405.81,"endTime":2410.48,"body":"action had to fight hard"},{"startTime":2410.48,"endTime":2413.093,"body":"for every scrap of information."},{"startTime":2414.82,"endTime":2419.72,"body":"Unfortunately, after a"},{"startTime":2414.82,"endTime":2419.72,"body":"long and arduous journey,"},{"startTime":2419.72,"endTime":2421.79,"body":"the claimants lost"},{"startTime":2421.79,"endTime":2426.78,"body":"before the Eastern Caribbean"},{"startTime":2421.79,"endTime":2426.78,"body":"Court of Appeal in 2021."},{"startTime":2428.499,"endTime":2432.28,"body":"I can't say too much about the"},{"startTime":2428.499,"endTime":2432.28,"body":"specifics of this litigation,"},{"startTime":2432.28,"endTime":2436.604,"body":"because it's currently under"},{"startTime":2432.28,"endTime":2436.604,"body":"appeal to the Privy Council."},{"startTime":2436.604,"endTime":2441.56,"body":"I hope to be able to say"},{"startTime":2436.604,"endTime":2441.56,"body":"more in a future lecture"},{"startTime":2441.56,"endTime":2444.793,"body":"when this litigation is finally resolved."},{"startTime":2448.04,"endTime":2453.04,"body":"In the meantime, things changed"},{"startTime":2448.04,"endTime":2453.04,"body":"for the worst yet again."},{"startTime":2453.92,"endTime":2458.59,"body":"The Barbuda Land Amendment"},{"startTime":2453.92,"endTime":2458.59,"body":"Act 2017 repealed"},{"startTime":2458.59,"endTime":2463.59,"body":"much of the 2007 Act, and"},{"startTime":2458.59,"endTime":2463.59,"body":"abolished the Barbudans' right"},{"startTime":2464.2,"endTime":2468.08,"body":"to land altogether,"},{"startTime":2464.2,"endTime":2468.08,"body":"returning them to the status"},{"startTime":2468.08,"endTime":2471.09,"body":"of mere tenants of the crown."},{"startTime":2471.09,"endTime":2475.75,"body":"It also allowed Barbudans"},{"startTime":2471.09,"endTime":2475.75,"body":"to buy freehold interests"},{"startTime":2475.75,"endTime":2479.64,"body":"in the land, inevitably opening up Barbuda"},{"startTime":2479.64,"endTime":2484.64,"body":"to future exploitation by"},{"startTime":2479.64,"endTime":2484.64,"body":"the real estate industry."},{"startTime":2485.8,"endTime":2490.8,"body":"And in 2020, Mackenzie"},{"startTime":2485.8,"endTime":2490.8,"body":"Frank and Trevor Walker lost"},{"startTime":2492.35,"endTime":2493.99,"body":"their constitutional challenge"},{"startTime":2495.547,"endTime":2497.04,"body":"before the Eastern"},{"startTime":2495.547,"endTime":2497.04,"body":"Caribbean Court of Appeal."},{"startTime":2497.04,"endTime":2500.86,"body":"Again, can't say too much about"},{"startTime":2497.04,"endTime":2500.86,"body":"the specifics of that case,"},{"startTime":2500.86,"endTime":2504.36,"body":"'cause it's currently under"},{"startTime":2500.86,"endTime":2504.36,"body":"appeal to the Privy Council."},{"startTime":2504.36,"endTime":2508.583,"body":"That hearing is scheduled"},{"startTime":2504.36,"endTime":2508.583,"body":"for May of this year."},{"startTime":2509.67,"endTime":2513.903,"body":"I'm telling this story"},{"startTime":2509.67,"endTime":2513.903,"body":"because it's important."},{"startTime":2514.89,"endTime":2516.243,"body":"It isn't heartwarming."},{"startTime":2517.09,"endTime":2520.95,"body":"It's not a feel good"},{"startTime":2517.09,"endTime":2520.95,"body":"David and Goliath story."},{"startTime":2520.95,"endTime":2525.23,"body":"It's a case where Goliath"},{"startTime":2520.95,"endTime":2525.23,"body":"has won, David has lost,"},{"startTime":2529.13,"endTime":2532.193,"body":"but that doesn't absolve"},{"startTime":2529.13,"endTime":2532.193,"body":"us from the responsibility"},{"startTime":2532.193,"endTime":2535.44,"body":"to keep fighting hard for justice"},{"startTime":2535.44,"endTime":2538.57,"body":"for the people of Barbuda,"},{"startTime":2535.44,"endTime":2538.57,"body":"and for other communities"},{"startTime":2538.57,"endTime":2541.57,"body":"around the world who are seeking to defend"},{"startTime":2541.57,"endTime":2544.503,"body":"their land from corporate capitalism."},{"startTime":2546.27,"endTime":2547.823,"body":"But there is a ray of hope."},{"startTime":2550.684,"endTime":2555.22,"body":"The Barbudans can take heart"},{"startTime":2550.684,"endTime":2555.22,"body":"from a successful fight"},{"startTime":2555.22,"endTime":2558.15,"body":"for justice in another"},{"startTime":2555.22,"endTime":2558.15,"body":"part of the Caribbean,"},{"startTime":2558.15,"endTime":2561.96,"body":"the Maya Land Rights Litigation in Belize."},{"startTime":2561.96,"endTime":2565.87,"body":"Much like the Barbudans, the"},{"startTime":2561.96,"endTime":2565.87,"body":"Mayan indigenous communities"},{"startTime":2565.87,"endTime":2569.81,"body":"of Belize traditionally"},{"startTime":2565.87,"endTime":2569.81,"body":"enjoyed commonal land rights,"},{"startTime":2569.81,"endTime":2572.197,"body":"which have frequently been"},{"startTime":2569.81,"endTime":2572.197,"body":"threatened by government"},{"startTime":2572.197,"endTime":2574.42,"body":"and private developers."},{"startTime":2574.42,"endTime":2575.673,"body":"And in the landmark judgment"},{"startTime":2575.673,"endTime":2580.64,"body":"of Cal against the Attorney"},{"startTime":2575.673,"endTime":2580.64,"body":"General of Belize in 2007,"},{"startTime":2580.64,"endTime":2582.7,"body":"the Mayans of Belize established"},{"startTime":2582.7,"endTime":2586.97,"body":"that their commonal land"},{"startTime":2582.7,"endTime":2586.97,"body":"rights were recognized by law."},{"startTime":2586.97,"endTime":2588.84,"body":"However, that didn't bring an end"},{"startTime":2588.84,"endTime":2591.83,"body":"to the government interference"},{"startTime":2588.84,"endTime":2591.83,"body":"of the Mayan lands."},{"startTime":2591.83,"endTime":2593.94,"body":"Eventually, the Mayans"},{"startTime":2591.83,"endTime":2593.94,"body":"had to take their case"},{"startTime":2593.94,"endTime":2598.94,"body":"to the Caribbean Court of"},{"startTime":2593.94,"endTime":2598.94,"body":"Justice, a supranational court"},{"startTime":2600.22,"endTime":2604.453,"body":"that's the highest court in"},{"startTime":2600.22,"endTime":2604.453,"body":"the Belizean judicial system."},{"startTime":2605.52,"endTime":2607.62,"body":"We're going to be talking"},{"startTime":2605.52,"endTime":2607.62,"body":"more about the role"},{"startTime":2608.527,"endTime":2611.58,"body":"of the Caribbean Court of"},{"startTime":2608.527,"endTime":2611.58,"body":"Justice in the next lecture."},{"startTime":2611.58,"endTime":2613.91,"body":"In a case called Maya Leaders Alliance"},{"startTime":2613.91,"endTime":2618.91,"body":"against the Attorney"},{"startTime":2613.91,"endTime":2618.91,"body":"General of Belize in 2016,"},{"startTime":2619.38,"endTime":2621.95,"body":"the government of Belize"},{"startTime":2619.38,"endTime":2621.95,"body":"ultimately accepted"},{"startTime":2621.95,"endTime":2623.61,"body":"before the Caribbean Court of Justice"},{"startTime":2623.61,"endTime":2626.54,"body":"that the Mayan land tenure"},{"startTime":2623.61,"endTime":2626.54,"body":"gave rights to collective"},{"startTime":2626.54,"endTime":2628.5,"body":"and individual property rights"},{"startTime":2628.5,"endTime":2632.11,"body":"that were protected by"},{"startTime":2628.5,"endTime":2632.11,"body":"the Belizean constitution."},{"startTime":2632.11,"endTime":2635.71,"body":"I believe the same"},{"startTime":2632.11,"endTime":2635.71,"body":"understanding ought to apply"},{"startTime":2635.71,"endTime":2639.14,"body":"to the Barbudan commonal land rights,"},{"startTime":2639.14,"endTime":2641.86,"body":"and we will keep fighting for recognition"},{"startTime":2641.86,"endTime":2643.85,"body":"of those rights in law."},{"startTime":2643.85,"endTime":2648.328,"body":"I hope that one day all over"},{"startTime":2643.85,"endTime":2648.328,"body":"the world, there will be"},{"startTime":2648.328,"endTime":2653.328,"body":"a decommodified and will be administered"},{"startTime":2654.78,"endTime":2658.487,"body":"and developed democratically"},{"startTime":2654.78,"endTime":2658.487,"body":"in the interest"},{"startTime":2658.487,"endTime":2660.632,"body":"of the whole community,"},{"startTime":2660.632,"endTime":2662.49,"body":"rather than just in private interests."},{"startTime":2662.49,"endTime":2666.33,"body":"That isn't a goal we can achieve"},{"startTime":2662.49,"endTime":2666.33,"body":"through litigation alone,"},{"startTime":2666.33,"endTime":2670.439,"body":"but we can fight in the"},{"startTime":2666.33,"endTime":2670.439,"body":"courts, and in the legislations"},{"startTime":2670.439,"endTime":2673.43,"body":"to preserve and protect"},{"startTime":2670.439,"endTime":2673.43,"body":"commonal land rights"},{"startTime":2673.43,"endTime":2674.713,"body":"where they do exist."},{"startTime":2679.18,"endTime":2681.44,"body":"Let me turn to the second"},{"startTime":2679.18,"endTime":2681.44,"body":"thing that I want to look at,"},{"startTime":2681.44,"endTime":2686.44,"body":"which is the Christi and Bobby Case."},{"startTime":2686.92,"endTime":2689.683,"body":"This is a very different"},{"startTime":2686.92,"endTime":2689.683,"body":"David and Goliath story."},{"startTime":2690.94,"endTime":2692.74,"body":"It's a story of Christi"},{"startTime":2690.94,"endTime":2692.74,"body":"and Bobby Shepherd,"},{"startTime":2692.74,"endTime":2694.41,"body":"or some of you might know it"},{"startTime":2694.41,"endTime":2698.49,"body":"as the Thomas Cook Corfu litigation."},{"startTime":2698.49,"endTime":2699.61,"body":"The facts are straightforward."},{"startTime":2699.61,"endTime":2701.833,"body":"They are these, and they're well known."},{"startTime":2702.716,"endTime":2706.05,"body":"Christi and Bobby Shepherd,"},{"startTime":2702.716,"endTime":2706.05,"body":"sister and brother died"},{"startTime":2706.05,"endTime":2710.737,"body":"when they were on half term"},{"startTime":2706.05,"endTime":2710.737,"body":"holiday in October 2006"},{"startTime":2710.737,"endTime":2713.495,"body":"with their father and his partner."},{"startTime":2713.495,"endTime":2718.495,"body":"Their holiday bungalow, which"},{"startTime":2713.495,"endTime":2718.495,"body":"had an adjoining outbuilding,"},{"startTime":2720.21,"endTime":2724.14,"body":"which was housed by a"},{"startTime":2720.21,"endTime":2724.14,"body":"gas hot water boiler,"},{"startTime":2724.14,"endTime":2727.23,"body":"this had been poorly"},{"startTime":2724.14,"endTime":2727.23,"body":"installed and maintained,"},{"startTime":2727.23,"endTime":2732.23,"body":"and what the coroner called"},{"startTime":2727.23,"endTime":2732.23,"body":"bodged and botched work,"},{"startTime":2732.24,"endTime":2734.15,"body":"and inadequate ventilation,"},{"startTime":2734.15,"endTime":2737.84,"body":"making an accident almost inevitable."},{"startTime":2737.84,"endTime":2739.82,"body":"Three days into the holiday,"},{"startTime":2739.82,"endTime":2742.03,"body":"the children started to feel unwell."},{"startTime":2742.03,"endTime":2743.87,"body":"On the night of their deaths,"},{"startTime":2743.87,"endTime":2745.34,"body":"Bobby was unsteady on his feet,"},{"startTime":2745.34,"endTime":2747.4,"body":"both children were"},{"startTime":2745.34,"endTime":2747.4,"body":"complaining of headaches,"},{"startTime":2747.4,"endTime":2748.78,"body":"and were vomiting."},{"startTime":2748.78,"endTime":2751.97,"body":"The next morning, the chamber"},{"startTime":2748.78,"endTime":2751.97,"body":"maid entered the bungalow"},{"startTime":2751.97,"endTime":2754.65,"body":"to do the cleaning, and"},{"startTime":2751.97,"endTime":2754.65,"body":"she found the bodies"},{"startTime":2754.65,"endTime":2758.48,"body":"of Christi and Bobby, their"},{"startTime":2754.65,"endTime":2758.48,"body":"father and his partner lying"},{"startTime":2758.48,"endTime":2761.87,"body":"nearby in a comatose state."},{"startTime":2761.87,"endTime":2764.33,"body":"They would, they were"},{"startTime":2761.87,"endTime":2764.33,"body":"all admitted to hospital,"},{"startTime":2764.33,"endTime":2768.82,"body":"where four days later, the"},{"startTime":2764.33,"endTime":2768.82,"body":"adults regained consciousness,"},{"startTime":2768.82,"endTime":2771.293,"body":"and learned that the"},{"startTime":2768.82,"endTime":2771.293,"body":"two children were dead."},{"startTime":2772.19,"endTime":2775.75,"body":"Christi and Bobby's mother"},{"startTime":2772.19,"endTime":2775.75,"body":"heard about her children's death"},{"startTime":2775.75,"endTime":2778.993,"body":"from a news report on the radio."},{"startTime":2780.47,"endTime":2784.33,"body":"A Greek court found that"},{"startTime":2780.47,"endTime":2784.33,"body":"members of the hotel staff"},{"startTime":2784.33,"endTime":2787.87,"body":"including the manager"},{"startTime":2784.33,"endTime":2787.87,"body":"guilty of manslaughter."},{"startTime":2787.87,"endTime":2791.99,"body":"Two holiday reps employed"},{"startTime":2787.87,"endTime":2791.99,"body":"by Thomas Cook were cleared."},{"startTime":2791.99,"endTime":2794.863,"body":"The West Yorkshire Police"},{"startTime":2791.99,"endTime":2794.863,"body":"also investigated the case,"},{"startTime":2795.78,"endTime":2798.24,"body":"and, but the Crown"},{"startTime":2795.78,"endTime":2798.24,"body":"Prosecution Service decided"},{"startTime":2798.24,"endTime":2801.38,"body":"there was insufficient"},{"startTime":2798.24,"endTime":2801.38,"body":"evidence to bring charges"},{"startTime":2801.38,"endTime":2804.02,"body":"against anyone in the company."},{"startTime":2804.02,"endTime":2807.04,"body":"At that time, Thomas Cook was"},{"startTime":2807.04,"endTime":2810.83,"body":"the biggest tour holiday"},{"startTime":2807.04,"endTime":2810.83,"body":"operator in Europe,"},{"startTime":2810.83,"endTime":2815.08,"body":"with an annual turnover of billions."},{"startTime":2815.08,"endTime":2817.69,"body":"But in the eight years"},{"startTime":2815.08,"endTime":2817.69,"body":"since the children died"},{"startTime":2817.69,"endTime":2822.69,"body":"in that bungalow in 2000,"},{"startTime":2817.69,"endTime":2822.69,"body":"sorry, bungalow 2011,"},{"startTime":2823.179,"endTime":2826.17,"body":"at one of their third party hotels,"},{"startTime":2826.17,"endTime":2831.17,"body":"the company treated this"},{"startTime":2826.17,"endTime":2831.17,"body":"bereaved family appallingly,"},{"startTime":2831.28,"endTime":2833.133,"body":"according to the parents."},{"startTime":2834.14,"endTime":2836.53,"body":"When the children died on holiday,"},{"startTime":2836.53,"endTime":2841.42,"body":"their bodies had to be flown"},{"startTime":2836.53,"endTime":2841.42,"body":"back to the UK, for example."},{"startTime":2841.42,"endTime":2843.601,"body":"Did Thomas Cook provide a private plane"},{"startTime":2843.601,"endTime":2847.17,"body":"for the distraught mother?"},{"startTime":2847.17,"endTime":2848.37,"body":"No."},{"startTime":2848.37,"endTime":2850.495,"body":"The bodies of the children came back"},{"startTime":2850.495,"endTime":2854.26,"body":"on the holiday package charter plane"},{"startTime":2854.26,"endTime":2858.88,"body":"that the couple flew in, along"},{"startTime":2854.26,"endTime":2858.88,"body":"with other holiday makers,"},{"startTime":2858.88,"endTime":2863.88,"body":"the last of the season's"},{"startTime":2858.88,"endTime":2863.88,"body":"flights at the end of October."},{"startTime":2864.81,"endTime":2866.89,"body":"Their mother, Sharon Wood,"},{"startTime":2866.89,"endTime":2869.718,"body":"saw the children's coffins being shunted"},{"startTime":2869.718,"endTime":2871.933,"body":"into the cargo hold."},{"startTime":2873.93,"endTime":2877.28,"body":"It had taken the family a long"},{"startTime":2873.93,"endTime":2877.28,"body":"time to get to the inquest."},{"startTime":2877.28,"endTime":2880.84,"body":"They'd gone to through the Greek system,"},{"startTime":2880.84,"endTime":2885.84,"body":"and received modest"},{"startTime":2880.84,"endTime":2885.84,"body":"compensation from the hotel."},{"startTime":2885.93,"endTime":2890.27,"body":"Then they had the West"},{"startTime":2885.93,"endTime":2890.27,"body":"Yorkshire Police investigation,"},{"startTime":2890.27,"endTime":2893.06,"body":"and the subsequent decision"},{"startTime":2890.27,"endTime":2893.06,"body":"of CPS not to prosecute"},{"startTime":2893.06,"endTime":2895.41,"body":"any individuals who"},{"startTime":2893.06,"endTime":2895.41,"body":"worked for Thomas Cook,"},{"startTime":2895.41,"endTime":2897.36,"body":"nor the company itself."},{"startTime":2897.36,"endTime":2900.14,"body":"Lastly, in the UK, they had to go"},{"startTime":2900.14,"endTime":2903.58,"body":"through the complex working"},{"startTime":2900.14,"endTime":2903.58,"body":"of the coronial system,"},{"startTime":2903.58,"endTime":2905.65,"body":"which had taken its time."},{"startTime":2905.65,"endTime":2909.09,"body":"There was a struggle to obtain funding."},{"startTime":2909.09,"endTime":2911.85,"body":"The coroner had ruled"},{"startTime":2909.09,"endTime":2911.85,"body":"that the case was not"},{"startTime":2911.85,"endTime":2914.63,"body":"an article two case that,"},{"startTime":2914.63,"endTime":2917.04,"body":"you'll know what article two is from one"},{"startTime":2917.04,"endTime":2918.47,"body":"of my previous lectures"},{"startTime":2918.47,"endTime":2921.99,"body":"under the European"},{"startTime":2918.47,"endTime":2921.99,"body":"Convention of Human Rights."},{"startTime":2921.99,"endTime":2924.47,"body":"It's a right to life"},{"startTime":2921.99,"endTime":2924.47,"body":"case, and you'll remember"},{"startTime":2924.47,"endTime":2926.23,"body":"that I've said in the beginning of this,"},{"startTime":2926.23,"endTime":2928.575,"body":"if you've got a private company,"},{"startTime":2928.575,"endTime":2932.393,"body":"the European Convention of"},{"startTime":2928.575,"endTime":2932.393,"body":"Human Rights does not apply."},{"startTime":2934.21,"endTime":2938.77,"body":"We didn't know whether we would"},{"startTime":2934.21,"endTime":2938.77,"body":"get funding for the inquest,"},{"startTime":2938.77,"endTime":2941.7,"body":"which was likely to last three weeks."},{"startTime":2941.7,"endTime":2946.6,"body":"In the end, the family did"},{"startTime":2941.7,"endTime":2946.6,"body":"secure legal aid fund funding"},{"startTime":2946.6,"endTime":2949.76,"body":"for the family after the"},{"startTime":2946.6,"endTime":2949.76,"body":"intervention of their MP,"},{"startTime":2949.76,"endTime":2953.16,"body":"Mary Cray, the Wakefield MP"},{"startTime":2953.16,"endTime":2957.671,"body":"during prime minister's"},{"startTime":2953.16,"endTime":2957.671,"body":"questions, and eventually,"},{"startTime":2957.671,"endTime":2960.04,"body":"after meeting with the then"},{"startTime":2957.671,"endTime":2960.04,"body":"Prime Minister David Cameron."},{"startTime":2960.04,"endTime":2963.42,"body":"It took the Legal Aid Minister at the time"},{"startTime":2963.42,"endTime":2966.823,"body":"to authorize legal aid representation."},{"startTime":2967.72,"endTime":2971.32,"body":"Herein lies the problem with the mentality"},{"startTime":2971.32,"endTime":2973.44,"body":"of the legal aid system."},{"startTime":2973.44,"endTime":2977.85,"body":"It takes the determination"},{"startTime":2973.44,"endTime":2977.85,"body":"and grit of a grieving family"},{"startTime":2977.85,"endTime":2980.57,"body":"to lobby their MPs, politicians,"},{"startTime":2980.57,"endTime":2984.69,"body":"and even the Prime Minister,"},{"startTime":2980.57,"endTime":2984.69,"body":"just to secure funding"},{"startTime":2984.69,"endTime":2987.43,"body":"so that they could be"},{"startTime":2984.69,"endTime":2987.43,"body":"put on an equal footing"},{"startTime":2987.43,"endTime":2991.077,"body":"with a Goliath like Thomas Cook,"},{"startTime":2991.077,"endTime":2995.21,"body":"and hardworking lawyers who keep it going."},{"startTime":2995.21,"endTime":2998.915,"body":"Families and legal aid"},{"startTime":2995.21,"endTime":2998.915,"body":"lawyers become so downtrodden"},{"startTime":2998.915,"endTime":3001.58,"body":"with one negative decision on legal aid"},{"startTime":3001.58,"endTime":3004.73,"body":"after another knocking"},{"startTime":3001.58,"endTime":3004.73,"body":"us back, that eventually,"},{"startTime":3004.73,"endTime":3008.871,"body":"when legal aid is secured,"},{"startTime":3004.73,"endTime":3008.871,"body":"we feel so grateful"},{"startTime":3008.871,"endTime":3012.93,"body":"for the modest crumbs of"},{"startTime":3008.871,"endTime":3012.93,"body":"funding that we are handed."},{"startTime":3012.93,"endTime":3014.34,"body":"There is no doubt in my mind"},{"startTime":3014.34,"endTime":3016.85,"body":"that the legal aid system is broken."},{"startTime":3016.85,"endTime":3017.683,"body":"I know this."},{"startTime":3017.683,"endTime":3022.08,"body":"I know for a fact that the two other QCs"},{"startTime":3022.08,"endTime":3024.437,"body":"who were instructed, one for the company,"},{"startTime":3024.437,"endTime":3029.36,"body":"and one for its employees, were paid"},{"startTime":3029.36,"endTime":3032.01,"body":"handsomely for their work."},{"startTime":3032.01,"endTime":3036.49,"body":"Now, that's not to begrudge"},{"startTime":3032.01,"endTime":3036.49,"body":"them their fees in the case,"},{"startTime":3036.49,"endTime":3041.04,"body":"but it's to illustrate"},{"startTime":3036.49,"endTime":3041.04,"body":"the inequality of arms."},{"startTime":3041.04,"endTime":3046.04,"body":"Whereas, families and their"},{"startTime":3041.04,"endTime":3046.04,"body":"lawyers have to beg for funding."},{"startTime":3048.86,"endTime":3050.33,"body":"When it's eventually received,"},{"startTime":3050.33,"endTime":3053.71,"body":"it's at the lower junior rates."},{"startTime":3053.71,"endTime":3055.28,"body":"There is no two ways about it."},{"startTime":3055.28,"endTime":3057.632,"body":"We do not have a fair system"},{"startTime":3057.632,"endTime":3061.14,"body":"of representation or enumeration."},{"startTime":3061.14,"endTime":3065.08,"body":"Money talks, and if you are legally aided,"},{"startTime":3065.08,"endTime":3067.45,"body":"and you wanted to instruct good lawyers,"},{"startTime":3067.45,"endTime":3069.223,"body":"well, that's just tough."},{"startTime":3070.26,"endTime":3073.96,"body":"It's a testament, I say, to"},{"startTime":3070.26,"endTime":3073.96,"body":"the publicly funded lawyers"},{"startTime":3073.96,"endTime":3077.96,"body":"who nevertheless take on these"},{"startTime":3073.96,"endTime":3077.96,"body":"cases, and fight just as hard"},{"startTime":3077.96,"endTime":3081.73,"body":"without a concern for proper remuneration."},{"startTime":3081.73,"endTime":3083.26,"body":"They take what they are given,"},{"startTime":3083.26,"endTime":3086.35,"body":"and oftentimes do not complain."},{"startTime":3086.35,"endTime":3087.68,"body":"Now, don't get me wrong."},{"startTime":3087.68,"endTime":3090.81,"body":"This isn't about lawyers complaining"},{"startTime":3090.81,"endTime":3092.35,"body":"about what they are paid."},{"startTime":3092.35,"endTime":3096.113,"body":"It's to illustrate the"},{"startTime":3092.35,"endTime":3096.113,"body":"unfairness of the system."},{"startTime":3097.41,"endTime":3099.893,"body":"You see, the system is not equal."},{"startTime":3102.62,"endTime":3107.62,"body":"Wakefield Coroners Court,"},{"startTime":3102.62,"endTime":3107.62,"body":"the inquest was held there."},{"startTime":3108.2,"endTime":3110.55,"body":"Sitting before Mr. David Hinchcliffe,"},{"startTime":3110.55,"endTime":3113.63,"body":"the senior coroner at the"},{"startTime":3110.55,"endTime":3113.63,"body":"time for West Yorkshire."},{"startTime":3113.63,"endTime":3115.892,"body":"Mr. Hinchcliffe accepted an application"},{"startTime":3115.892,"endTime":3118.98,"body":"that the case should be heard with a jury."},{"startTime":3118.98,"endTime":3121.65,"body":"He didn't have to call a jury, but he did."},{"startTime":3121.65,"endTime":3124.31,"body":"Many coroners would not have done so,"},{"startTime":3124.31,"endTime":3127.19,"body":"because this inevitably adds to the length"},{"startTime":3127.19,"endTime":3129.28,"body":"and the cost of a case."},{"startTime":3129.28,"endTime":3133.06,"body":"But in his ruling, Mr."},{"startTime":3129.28,"endTime":3133.06,"body":"Hinchcliffe said in strong terms"},{"startTime":3133.06,"endTime":3137.7,"body":"that if Christi and Bobby"},{"startTime":3133.06,"endTime":3137.7,"body":"had died on British soil,"},{"startTime":3137.7,"endTime":3141.95,"body":"they would've been entitled"},{"startTime":3137.7,"endTime":3141.95,"body":"to a jury as of right,"},{"startTime":3141.95,"endTime":3144.2,"body":"because the coroner's rules,"},{"startTime":3144.2,"endTime":3147.04,"body":"and the fact that their deaths were"},{"startTime":3147.04,"endTime":3150.5,"body":"suspected carbon monoxide poisoning."},{"startTime":3150.5,"endTime":3153.04,"body":"But because they died abroad, that right,"},{"startTime":3153.04,"endTime":3155.651,"body":"there was no automatic entitlement."},{"startTime":3155.651,"endTime":3158.54,"body":"He didn't want justice to be a lottery,"},{"startTime":3158.54,"endTime":3161.675,"body":"dependent on where British children die"},{"startTime":3161.675,"endTime":3165.56,"body":"in the care of a British company."},{"startTime":3165.56,"endTime":3168.5,"body":"It was a strong ruling,"},{"startTime":3165.56,"endTime":3168.5,"body":"and clearly sent a message"},{"startTime":3168.5,"endTime":3171.79,"body":"to all the interested persons"},{"startTime":3168.5,"endTime":3171.79,"body":"that this would've been,"},{"startTime":3171.79,"endTime":3175.24,"body":"and was, as such, an in depth inquiry,"},{"startTime":3175.24,"endTime":3176.623,"body":"and it certainly was."},{"startTime":3177.61,"endTime":3181.92,"body":"The jury was sworn, good Yorkshire people."},{"startTime":3181.92,"endTime":3186.235,"body":"Now, Thomas Cook did not make"},{"startTime":3181.92,"endTime":3186.235,"body":"matters easy on themselves"},{"startTime":3186.235,"endTime":3189.89,"body":"in defending their decisions"},{"startTime":3186.235,"endTime":3189.89,"body":"and actions at this inquest."},{"startTime":3189.89,"endTime":3193.58,"body":"Firstly, they didn't call"},{"startTime":3189.89,"endTime":3193.58,"body":"some of the key witnesses."},{"startTime":3193.58,"endTime":3197.28,"body":"The excuse was used that"},{"startTime":3193.58,"endTime":3197.28,"body":"the witnesses were abroad."},{"startTime":3197.28,"endTime":3200.12,"body":"Now, if a witness is"},{"startTime":3197.28,"endTime":3200.12,"body":"outside the jurisdiction,"},{"startTime":3200.12,"endTime":3203.88,"body":"a coroner cannot compel that"},{"startTime":3200.12,"endTime":3203.88,"body":"witness to give evidence,"},{"startTime":3203.88,"endTime":3208.67,"body":"however, what have we all been"},{"startTime":3203.88,"endTime":3208.67,"body":"doing in the last two years?"},{"startTime":3208.67,"endTime":3213.17,"body":"We've all been Zooming,"},{"startTime":3208.67,"endTime":3213.17,"body":"doing things by teams,"},{"startTime":3213.17,"endTime":3218.11,"body":"and let me tell you this,"},{"startTime":3213.17,"endTime":3218.11,"body":"Skype was around back then,"},{"startTime":3218.11,"endTime":3220.03,"body":"video conferencing was around back then."},{"startTime":3220.03,"endTime":3223.17,"body":"It would not have been"},{"startTime":3220.03,"endTime":3223.17,"body":"difficult for the company,"},{"startTime":3223.17,"endTime":3226.43,"body":"if it wanted to, to call those employees"},{"startTime":3226.43,"endTime":3230.36,"body":"to give their evidence"},{"startTime":3226.43,"endTime":3230.36,"body":"via video conferencing."},{"startTime":3230.36,"endTime":3233.323,"body":"Those facilities were around at the time."},{"startTime":3234.76,"endTime":3239.243,"body":"So those witnesses were not"},{"startTime":3234.76,"endTime":3239.243,"body":"compelled to give evidence."},{"startTime":3242.07,"endTime":3243.82,"body":"A jury would've been aware of that."},{"startTime":3245.61,"endTime":3248.26,"body":"Those witnesses in the UK"},{"startTime":3245.61,"endTime":3248.26,"body":"who were compelled to give"},{"startTime":3248.26,"endTime":3250.41,"body":"evidence decided to exercise"},{"startTime":3250.41,"endTime":3253.75,"body":"their right not to incriminate themselves."},{"startTime":3253.75,"endTime":3257.963,"body":"Now, I want to be clear,"},{"startTime":3253.75,"endTime":3257.963,"body":"that is their right,"},{"startTime":3258.97,"endTime":3263.53,"body":"but any experienced"},{"startTime":3258.97,"endTime":3263.53,"body":"advocate who knows this,"},{"startTime":3263.53,"endTime":3266.3,"body":"knows about the right to silence."},{"startTime":3266.3,"endTime":3268.833,"body":"It simply looks bad."},{"startTime":3269.81,"endTime":3272.847,"body":"There are many directions a"},{"startTime":3269.81,"endTime":3272.847,"body":"coroner can give to a jury"},{"startTime":3272.847,"endTime":3277.26,"body":"that it's a witness' right to"},{"startTime":3272.847,"endTime":3277.26,"body":"not incriminate themselves."},{"startTime":3277.26,"endTime":3278.91,"body":"It shouldn't be held against them."},{"startTime":3278.91,"endTime":3281.393,"body":"You shouldn't draw any"},{"startTime":3278.91,"endTime":3281.393,"body":"inferences from that,"},{"startTime":3282.29,"endTime":3284.23,"body":"but what's the reality?"},{"startTime":3284.23,"endTime":3285.363,"body":"What do you think?"},{"startTime":3287.97,"endTime":3291.62,"body":"It appears, rightly or wrongly,"},{"startTime":3291.62,"endTime":3295.053,"body":"that the witness may be"},{"startTime":3291.62,"endTime":3295.053,"body":"trying to hide something."},{"startTime":3296.41,"endTime":3299.65,"body":"Certainly, in my belief,"},{"startTime":3296.41,"endTime":3299.65,"body":"this jury was not happy"},{"startTime":3299.65,"endTime":3302.22,"body":"with Thomas Cook or its employees."},{"startTime":3302.22,"endTime":3305.09,"body":"I can say that, 'cause"},{"startTime":3302.22,"endTime":3305.09,"body":"I now know the result."},{"startTime":3305.09,"endTime":3307.51,"body":"They looked with disdain at"},{"startTime":3305.09,"endTime":3307.51,"body":"the witness after witness,"},{"startTime":3307.51,"endTime":3310.03,"body":"who was either silent, or"},{"startTime":3307.51,"endTime":3310.03,"body":"said they were not to blame"},{"startTime":3310.03,"endTime":3311.91,"body":"for the glaring mistakes or failures"},{"startTime":3311.91,"endTime":3316.61,"body":"which led to the third party"},{"startTime":3311.91,"endTime":3316.61,"body":"hotel having a dodgy boiler"},{"startTime":3316.61,"endTime":3320.72,"body":"and inadequate ventilation,"},{"startTime":3316.61,"endTime":3320.72,"body":"in short, the heating system"},{"startTime":3320.72,"endTime":3323.94,"body":"which anyone competent"},{"startTime":3320.72,"endTime":3323.94,"body":"would've should have stop"},{"startTime":3323.94,"endTime":3326.06,"body":"and inspected it would've condemned it"},{"startTime":3326.06,"endTime":3328.19,"body":"at the first opportunity."},{"startTime":3328.19,"endTime":3332.933,"body":"By the time the inquest"},{"startTime":3328.19,"endTime":3332.933,"body":"opened, a new chief executive,"},{"startTime":3332.933,"endTime":3337.933,"body":"Mr. Frankhauser, had to say to"},{"startTime":3332.933,"endTime":3337.933,"body":"Christi and Bobby's parents,"},{"startTime":3340.352,"endTime":3344.89,"body":"\"I feel so thoroughly, from"},{"startTime":3340.352,"endTime":3344.89,"body":"the deepest of my heart, sorry,"},{"startTime":3344.89,"endTime":3347.45,"body":"but there's no need to apologize,"},{"startTime":3347.45,"endTime":3350.93,"body":"because there was no"},{"startTime":3347.45,"endTime":3350.93,"body":"wrongdoing by Thomas Cook.\""},{"startTime":3350.93,"endTime":3354.33,"body":"He refused to apologize for the company."},{"startTime":3354.33,"endTime":3356.611,"body":"He refused to take the"},{"startTime":3354.33,"endTime":3356.611,"body":"opportunity to put it right"},{"startTime":3356.611,"endTime":3360.588,"body":"what was so obviously wrong."},{"startTime":3360.588,"endTime":3364.228,"body":"An apology would've cost him nothing."},{"startTime":3364.228,"endTime":3369.228,"body":"This, at times, is a"},{"startTime":3364.228,"endTime":3369.228,"body":"corporate mindset, deny, deny,"},{"startTime":3371.23,"endTime":3376.23,"body":"and not to apologize for fear"},{"startTime":3371.23,"endTime":3376.23,"body":"of the legal consequences."},{"startTime":3377.02,"endTime":3380.64,"body":"Now, I don't know whether"},{"startTime":3377.02,"endTime":3380.64,"body":"the bottom line was money,"},{"startTime":3380.64,"endTime":3382.28,"body":"or whether they were worried, perhaps,"},{"startTime":3382.28,"endTime":3386.97,"body":"that giving an apology might have thought"},{"startTime":3386.97,"endTime":3389.22,"body":"this is implying liability."},{"startTime":3389.22,"endTime":3390.78,"body":"In fact, that was not the case,"},{"startTime":3390.78,"endTime":3392.32,"body":"since the family had already settled"},{"startTime":3392.32,"endTime":3395.163,"body":"their case years earlier in Greece."},{"startTime":3396.16,"endTime":3398.73,"body":"But Thomas Cook did not handle the death"},{"startTime":3398.73,"endTime":3401.493,"body":"of these two young children well."},{"startTime":3402.43,"endTime":3406.31,"body":"When Mr. Frankhauser said he"},{"startTime":3402.43,"endTime":3406.31,"body":"had nothing to apologize for,"},{"startTime":3406.31,"endTime":3409.663,"body":"the jury looked at him with daggers."},{"startTime":3410.84,"endTime":3413.8,"body":"Although you can't have"},{"startTime":3410.84,"endTime":3413.8,"body":"a victory at an inquest,"},{"startTime":3413.8,"endTime":3417.22,"body":"because an inquest cannot be one or lost,"},{"startTime":3417.22,"endTime":3421.41,"body":"I knew at that moment"},{"startTime":3417.22,"endTime":3421.41,"body":"that this family had won."},{"startTime":3421.41,"endTime":3425.38,"body":"At the end of the inquest"},{"startTime":3421.41,"endTime":3425.38,"body":"on 13th of May 2015,"},{"startTime":3425.38,"endTime":3428.8,"body":"the jury came back with an"},{"startTime":3425.38,"endTime":3428.8,"body":"unlawful killing verdict."},{"startTime":3428.8,"endTime":3431.84,"body":"They said that Thomas"},{"startTime":3428.8,"endTime":3431.84,"body":"Cook had been negligent,"},{"startTime":3431.84,"endTime":3433.909,"body":"and had failed in their duty of care"},{"startTime":3433.909,"endTime":3438.909,"body":"to Bobby and Christi, and"},{"startTime":3433.909,"endTime":3438.909,"body":"to their grieving parents."},{"startTime":3439.27,"endTime":3440.48,"body":"Now, it should be noted"},{"startTime":3440.48,"endTime":3444.6,"body":"that negligence denotes"},{"startTime":3440.48,"endTime":3444.6,"body":"civil responsibility,"},{"startTime":3444.6,"endTime":3449.6,"body":"something that inquests"},{"startTime":3444.6,"endTime":3449.6,"body":"generally are not allowed to do,"},{"startTime":3449.88,"endTime":3453.25,"body":"but the coroner did not"},{"startTime":3449.88,"endTime":3453.25,"body":"amend the jury's conclusion,"},{"startTime":3453.25,"endTime":3455.38,"body":"and allowed it to stand."},{"startTime":3455.38,"endTime":3458.93,"body":"Now, Thomas Cook could"},{"startTime":3455.38,"endTime":3458.93,"body":"have tried to challenge"},{"startTime":3458.93,"endTime":3462.69,"body":"that jury's decision by"},{"startTime":3458.93,"endTime":3462.69,"body":"way of a judicial review,"},{"startTime":3462.69,"endTime":3464.94,"body":"and get parts of it struck out,"},{"startTime":3464.94,"endTime":3466.93,"body":"but what would that have done?"},{"startTime":3466.93,"endTime":3469.69,"body":"That would've prolonged the litigation,"},{"startTime":3469.69,"endTime":3473.02,"body":"and that would've led to more publicity,"},{"startTime":3473.02,"endTime":3476.02,"body":"none of which would've"},{"startTime":3473.02,"endTime":3476.02,"body":"been good for the company."},{"startTime":3476.02,"endTime":3477.14,"body":"At the end of the inquest,"},{"startTime":3477.14,"endTime":3478.953,"body":"I made a statement to national media"},{"startTime":3478.953,"endTime":3483.41,"body":"and reporters outside the court."},{"startTime":3483.41,"endTime":3486.2,"body":"At that moment, I felt angry by the way"},{"startTime":3486.2,"endTime":3488.537,"body":"the company had conducted"},{"startTime":3486.2,"endTime":3488.537,"body":"itself, and I said,"},{"startTime":3488.537,"endTime":3492.84,"body":"\"Thomas Cook should"},{"startTime":3488.537,"endTime":3492.84,"body":"hang its head in shame.\""},{"startTime":3492.84,"endTime":3494.9,"body":"The families of Christi"},{"startTime":3492.84,"endTime":3494.9,"body":"and Bobby had waited"},{"startTime":3494.9,"endTime":3496.92,"body":"nearly nine years for an apology."},{"startTime":3496.92,"endTime":3499.04,"body":"They are still waiting."},{"startTime":3499.04,"endTime":3501.43,"body":"In the days after the"},{"startTime":3499.04,"endTime":3501.43,"body":"hearing, there were calls"},{"startTime":3501.43,"endTime":3505.56,"body":"for the company to be"},{"startTime":3501.43,"endTime":3505.56,"body":"boycotted in social media."},{"startTime":3505.56,"endTime":3508.363,"body":"The Thomas Cook share"},{"startTime":3505.56,"endTime":3508.363,"body":"plot price plummeted."},{"startTime":3509.67,"endTime":3511.94,"body":"The following week after the verdict,"},{"startTime":3511.94,"endTime":3516.3,"body":"Mr. Frankhauser and Thomas"},{"startTime":3511.94,"endTime":3516.3,"body":"Cook agreed, finally,"},{"startTime":3516.3,"endTime":3518.85,"body":"to meet with the parents"},{"startTime":3516.3,"endTime":3518.85,"body":"of Christi and Bobby."},{"startTime":3518.85,"endTime":3520.67,"body":"Thomas Cook, through its CEO,"},{"startTime":3520.67,"endTime":3523.74,"body":"made a public apology,"},{"startTime":3520.67,"endTime":3523.74,"body":"met with the family."},{"startTime":3523.74,"endTime":3526.36,"body":"Finally, things were put right"},{"startTime":3526.36,"endTime":3529.053,"body":"with a financial gesture of goodwill."},{"startTime":3530.0,"endTime":3533.05,"body":"This ordinary family, with"},{"startTime":3530.0,"endTime":3533.05,"body":"courage and persistence,"},{"startTime":3533.05,"endTime":3536.24,"body":"had prevailed, and got"},{"startTime":3533.05,"endTime":3536.24,"body":"justice for their children,"},{"startTime":3536.24,"endTime":3539.223,"body":"even though nothing was"},{"startTime":3536.24,"endTime":3539.223,"body":"going to bring them back."},{"startTime":3540.59,"endTime":3542.42,"body":"So let me conclude."},{"startTime":3542.42,"endTime":3544.751,"body":"I want to wrap up this lecture"},{"startTime":3544.751,"endTime":3546.72,"body":"with some general"},{"startTime":3544.751,"endTime":3546.72,"body":"thoughts about litigation,"},{"startTime":3546.72,"endTime":3549.5,"body":"what it can achieve, and what it can't."},{"startTime":3549.5,"endTime":3552.89,"body":"Litigation generally changes the world."},{"startTime":3552.89,"endTime":3556.42,"body":"At its best, it can secure"},{"startTime":3552.89,"endTime":3556.42,"body":"justice, protect the powerless,"},{"startTime":3556.42,"endTime":3559.06,"body":"and challenge the powerful."},{"startTime":3559.06,"endTime":3562.167,"body":"I've spent a career"},{"startTime":3559.06,"endTime":3562.167,"body":"seeking to do just that."},{"startTime":3562.167,"endTime":3564.74,"body":"And in this lecture, we've"},{"startTime":3562.167,"endTime":3564.74,"body":"looked at some examples"},{"startTime":3564.74,"endTime":3567.79,"body":"of Davids taking on Goliaths in court."},{"startTime":3567.79,"endTime":3570.47,"body":"But we have to remember this,"},{"startTime":3570.47,"endTime":3574.28,"body":"litigation involves"},{"startTime":3570.47,"endTime":3574.28,"body":"operating in a court system"},{"startTime":3574.28,"endTime":3579.28,"body":"which is built by and for the powerful,"},{"startTime":3579.3,"endTime":3583.01,"body":"and frequently serves the"},{"startTime":3579.3,"endTime":3583.01,"body":"interests of the powerful."},{"startTime":3583.01,"endTime":3586.28,"body":"We also have to remember"},{"startTime":3583.01,"endTime":3586.28,"body":"that judges are human beings"},{"startTime":3586.28,"endTime":3588.02,"body":"with their own flaws, and assumptions,"},{"startTime":3588.02,"endTime":3590.76,"body":"and prejudices, like the rest of us."},{"startTime":3590.76,"endTime":3592.056,"body":"We have to remember, therefore,"},{"startTime":3592.056,"endTime":3596.283,"body":"that David won't always defeat Goliath."},{"startTime":3597.18,"endTime":3599.893,"body":"And we have to remember"},{"startTime":3597.18,"endTime":3599.893,"body":"that for every lawyer"},{"startTime":3599.893,"endTime":3603.28,"body":"who takes on Goliath in the courts,"},{"startTime":3603.28,"endTime":3606.74,"body":"there are many Davids,"},{"startTime":3603.28,"endTime":3606.74,"body":"people on the ground"},{"startTime":3606.74,"endTime":3609.16,"body":"who do the hard work"},{"startTime":3606.74,"endTime":3609.16,"body":"of activism, protests,"},{"startTime":3609.16,"endTime":3612.68,"body":"and resistance that move society forward."},{"startTime":3612.68,"endTime":3617.68,"body":"The courtroom can be seen"},{"startTime":3612.68,"endTime":3617.68,"body":"sometimes as a scene of progress,"},{"startTime":3618.374,"endTime":3623.374,"body":"but progress is ultimately"},{"startTime":3618.374,"endTime":3623.374,"body":"driven by ordinary people."},{"startTime":3624.03,"endTime":3628.39,"body":"I want to close with a quote,"},{"startTime":3624.03,"endTime":3628.39,"body":"which is often attributed"},{"startTime":3628.39,"endTime":3631.536,"body":"to the anthropologist Margaret Mead,"},{"startTime":3631.536,"endTime":3636.243,"body":"although that attribution is disputed."},{"startTime":3637.637,"endTime":3641.3,"body":"\"Never doubt that a small"},{"startTime":3637.637,"endTime":3641.3,"body":"group of thoughtful,"},{"startTime":3641.3,"endTime":3644.44,"body":"committed citizens can change the world."},{"startTime":3644.44,"endTime":3648.19,"body":"Indeed, it's the only"},{"startTime":3644.44,"endTime":3648.19,"body":"thing that ever has.\""},{"startTime":3648.19,"endTime":3649.023,"body":"Thank you."},{"startTime":3649.023,"endTime":3652.18,"body":"(audience applauding)"}]}