{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"startTime":0.74,"endTime":5.24,"body":"- How many sopranos does it"},{"startTime":0.74,"endTime":5.24,"body":"take to change a light bulb?"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":5.24,"endTime":7.62,"body":"one to climb the ladder,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":7.62,"endTime":10.512,"body":"and four to shriek,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":7.62,"endTime":10.512,"body":"\"It's too high for her.\""},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":10.512,"endTime":12.03,"body":"(audience laughs)"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":12.03,"endTime":15.77,"body":"As with most musical jokes,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":12.03,"endTime":15.77,"body":"there's an in-joke here."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":15.77,"endTime":18.793,"body":"In this case, it's the stereotypical image"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":18.793,"endTime":21.16,"body":"that soprano singers are judged"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":21.16,"endTime":24.14,"body":"only by the quality of their high notes."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":24.14,"endTime":27.34,"body":"Think the Queen of the Night rage aria"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":27.34,"endTime":29.991,"body":"from Mozart's The Magic Flute."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":29.991,"endTime":33.32,"body":"(plays part of Der Hölle Rache by Mozart)"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":33.32,"endTime":35.103,"body":"It's that super-top F."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":36.07,"endTime":41.02,"body":"Or Gregorio Allegri's"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":36.07,"endTime":41.02,"body":"early 17th century setting"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":41.02,"endTime":44.763,"body":"of the Miserere, as arranged"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":41.02,"endTime":44.763,"body":"in the 20th century."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":45.718,"endTime":50.14,"body":"(playing part of Miserere by Allegri)"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":50.14,"endTime":53.683,"body":"That Ash Wednesday sound"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":50.14,"endTime":53.683,"body":"of that high C there."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":56.93,"endTime":60.64,"body":"I'm married to a soprano, so"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":56.93,"endTime":60.64,"body":"you can imagine how I feel"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":60.64,"endTime":64.13,"body":"about such sweeping"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":60.64,"endTime":64.13,"body":"generalizations, they're spot-on."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":64.13,"endTime":66.963,"body":"It is all about the"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":64.13,"endTime":66.963,"body":"high notes for sopranos."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":67.96,"endTime":72.96,"body":"Tenors, on the other hand,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":67.96,"endTime":72.96,"body":"are painted as self-centered."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":73.92,"endTime":77.14,"body":"How many tenors does it"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":73.92,"endTime":77.14,"body":"take to change a light bulb?"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":77.14,"endTime":78.96,"body":"Just one to hold the bulb,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":78.96,"endTime":81.975,"body":"while the rest of the"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":78.96,"endTime":81.975,"body":"world turns around him."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":81.975,"endTime":82.94,"body":"(audience laughs)"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":82.94,"endTime":86.11,"body":"In pop bands, it's the"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":82.94,"endTime":86.11,"body":"drummer who suffers,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":86.11,"endTime":90.31,"body":"hence the apocryphal story"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":86.11,"endTime":90.31,"body":"of John Lennon being asked"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":90.31,"endTime":93.54,"body":"if Ringo Starr was the"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":90.31,"endTime":93.54,"body":"best drummer in the world."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":93.54,"endTime":96.01,"body":"Lennon's fictitious response was that"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":96.01,"endTime":98.774,"body":"he isn't even the best"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":96.01,"endTime":98.774,"body":"drummer in The Beatles."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":98.774,"endTime":99.75,"body":"(audience laughs)"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":99.75,"endTime":102.66,"body":"The more sophisticated the musical joke,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":102.66,"endTime":106.21,"body":"the more technical its"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":102.66,"endTime":106.21,"body":"postulate is likely to be."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":106.21,"endTime":109.73,"body":"Viola players, for instance,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":106.21,"endTime":109.73,"body":"are frequently the butt"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":109.73,"endTime":112.023,"body":"of jokes within the classical community."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":112.92,"endTime":115.41,"body":"Most viola players begin as violinists,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":115.41,"endTime":118.894,"body":"and the move from violin to"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":115.41,"endTime":118.894,"body":"viola is formulaically presented"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":118.894,"endTime":121.66,"body":"as a demotion to an instrument"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":121.66,"endTime":124.809,"body":"that plays easier music"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":121.66,"endTime":124.809,"body":"within the orchestra."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":124.809,"endTime":128.68,"body":"The generalization here is"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":124.809,"endTime":128.68,"body":"that viola parts contain"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":128.68,"endTime":132.16,"body":"fewer notes than violin parts,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":128.68,"endTime":132.16,"body":"that they are less audible"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":132.16,"endTime":135.07,"body":"within an orchestral"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":132.16,"endTime":135.07,"body":"texture, and the notes"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":135.07,"endTime":138.0,"body":"that they do play don't"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":135.07,"endTime":138.0,"body":"have to be executed"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":138.0,"endTime":140.93,"body":"with the same speed and finesse."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":140.93,"endTime":143.38,"body":"So viola jokes can take the form"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":143.38,"endTime":146.56,"body":"of the straightforwardly dismissive."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":146.56,"endTime":150.05,"body":"In what way is a viola like a lawsuit?"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":150.05,"endTime":152.269,"body":"Everyone's happy when the case is closed."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":152.269,"endTime":153.58,"body":"(audience laughs)"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":153.58,"endTime":156.35,"body":"Some would mockingly ask"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":153.58,"endTime":156.35,"body":"why you'd bother to protect"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":156.35,"endTime":157.932,"body":"a viola within a case."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":157.932,"endTime":161.19,"body":"In a similar vein,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":157.932,"endTime":161.19,"body":"there's a viola variation"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":161.19,"endTime":164.12,"body":"on how can you tell when"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":161.19,"endTime":164.12,"body":"a politician is lying?"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":164.12,"endTime":165.49,"body":"Their lips move."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":165.49,"endTime":168.3,"body":"That's easily modified to how can you tell"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":168.3,"endTime":170.63,"body":"when a viola player is"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":168.3,"endTime":170.63,"body":"playing out of tune?"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":170.63,"endTime":171.713,"body":"Their bow moves."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":171.713,"endTime":173.51,"body":"(audience laughs)"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":173.51,"endTime":176.456,"body":"On a more subtle, though,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":173.51,"endTime":176.456,"body":"no less cruel note,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":176.456,"endTime":181.373,"body":"how do you get a viola"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":176.456,"endTime":181.373,"body":"player to play tremolando?"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":181.373,"endTime":185.53,"body":"Write a semi brief and mark it solo."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":185.53,"endTime":188.343,"body":"Now, this may need some explanation."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":189.58,"endTime":192.87,"body":"The stereotype here is the"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":189.58,"endTime":192.87,"body":"fact that viola players are"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":192.87,"endTime":196.2,"body":"incompetent, and consequently,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":192.87,"endTime":196.2,"body":"nervous about sticking"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":196.2,"endTime":198.413,"body":"their heads above the musical parapet."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":199.334,"endTime":202.1,"body":"Tremolando is the technique"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":199.334,"endTime":202.1,"body":"of so-called scrubbing"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":202.1,"endTime":204.943,"body":"the string with the bow,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":202.1,"endTime":204.943,"body":"literally quivering."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":207.53,"endTime":210.1,"body":"It's a much used string instrument effect,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":210.1,"endTime":212.481,"body":"which was popularized"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":210.1,"endTime":212.481,"body":"by the Manheim Orchestra"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":212.481,"endTime":215.61,"body":"in the early 18th"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":212.481,"endTime":215.61,"body":"century, and has been used"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":215.61,"endTime":217.6,"body":"widely ever since."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":217.6,"endTime":222.22,"body":"A semi brief, on the left,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":217.6,"endTime":222.22,"body":"is a note of long duration."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":222.22,"endTime":224.497,"body":"Ask for that note to be played as a solo,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":224.497,"endTime":226.976,"body":"and the hapless viola player is so nervous"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":226.976,"endTime":229.04,"body":"that they can't control their bow."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":229.04,"endTime":232.24,"body":"The result is bow shake, or tremolando."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":232.24,"endTime":235.4,"body":"Indeed, the implication is"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":232.24,"endTime":235.4,"body":"that the only way you can get"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":235.4,"endTime":237.55,"body":"a viola player to move their bow quickly"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":237.55,"endTime":241.493,"body":"across the string is to scare"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":237.55,"endTime":241.493,"body":"them into a reflex action."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":244.39,"endTime":248.33,"body":"Moving even further"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":244.39,"endTime":248.33,"body":"into the in-joke world,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":248.33,"endTime":251.33,"body":"what's the longest viola joke?"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":251.33,"endTime":253.223,"body":"Answer, Harold en Italie."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":253.223,"endTime":255.97,"body":"This is my favorite viola joke."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":255.97,"endTime":258.18,"body":"It could be told almost as well,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":258.18,"endTime":261.57,"body":"and in a less superior manner this way,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":261.57,"endTime":263.6,"body":"what is the longest viola joke?"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":263.6,"endTime":266.46,"body":"William Walton's viola concerto."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":266.46,"endTime":268.61,"body":"That makes the joke more obvious."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":268.61,"endTime":271.44,"body":"The concerto is a long"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":268.61,"endTime":271.44,"body":"piece of music requiring"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":271.44,"endTime":274.15,"body":"technical excellence of the soloist,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":274.15,"endTime":278.12,"body":"so a viola concerto is a long viola joke"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":278.12,"endTime":281.07,"body":"if you find the idea of a"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":278.12,"endTime":281.07,"body":"viola player being given"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":281.07,"endTime":283.92,"body":"a solo platform laughable."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":283.92,"endTime":287.59,"body":"The punchline Harold en"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":283.92,"endTime":287.59,"body":"Italie is niche and funny"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":287.59,"endTime":290.47,"body":"because you have to know"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":287.59,"endTime":290.47,"body":"that Harold en Italie is,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":290.47,"endTime":292.83,"body":"in all but name, a viola concerto composed"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":292.83,"endTime":296.403,"body":"by the early 19th century"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":292.83,"endTime":296.403,"body":"French composer Hector Berlioz."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":297.28,"endTime":300.08,"body":"As someone who switched"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":297.28,"endTime":300.08,"body":"from violin to viola"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":300.08,"endTime":302.64,"body":"many years ago for all the wrong reasons,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":302.64,"endTime":304.59,"body":"I find viola jokes funny."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":304.59,"endTime":306.233,"body":"I know my limitations."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":307.84,"endTime":309.88,"body":"Broadly speaking, our response"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":309.88,"endTime":312.0,"body":"to the above humor could be classified"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":312.0,"endTime":317.0,"body":"as laughter of recognition,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":312.0,"endTime":317.0,"body":"or laughter of superiority,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":317.65,"endTime":320.15,"body":"or laughter of the absurd."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":320.15,"endTime":323.34,"body":"In some cases, there's a"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":320.15,"endTime":323.34,"body":"combination of two of these,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":323.34,"endTime":325.703,"body":"perhaps even of all three."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":327.63,"endTime":330.523,"body":"Here's a musical trope"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":327.63,"endTime":330.523,"body":"that you'll recognize."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":333.374,"endTime":336.52,"body":"♪ Shave and a haircut, bay rum ♪"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":336.52,"endTime":338.83,"body":"Now, bay rum is a cologne developed"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":338.83,"endTime":341.77,"body":"in the early 19th"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":338.83,"endTime":341.77,"body":"century, and incidentally,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":341.77,"endTime":343.22,"body":"bay rum was sometimes drunk"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":343.22,"endTime":346.25,"body":"during prohibition in desperation."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":346.25,"endTime":349.89,"body":"This is known as the Shave"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":346.25,"endTime":349.89,"body":"and a Haircut Fanfare."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":349.89,"endTime":354.37,"body":"It was first published"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":349.89,"endTime":354.37,"body":"in Philadelphia in 1899,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":354.37,"endTime":356.49,"body":"and the song in which it appears is called"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":356.49,"endTime":358.82,"body":"At a Downtown Cakewalk."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":358.82,"endTime":362.78,"body":"Then the tune acquired new words."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":362.78,"endTime":365.22,"body":"By 1914, the comic value"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":365.22,"endTime":367.75,"body":"of the trope was clearly well understood"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":367.75,"endTime":370.893,"body":"when used in the song"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":367.75,"endTime":370.893,"body":"called Bum Diddley Um Bum."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":375.55,"endTime":378.728,"body":"Here are two further variations."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":378.728,"endTime":381.26,"body":"♪ Shave and a haircut, two bits ♪"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":381.26,"endTime":383.3,"body":"That's the United States version."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":383.3,"endTime":384.969,"body":"In the UK, the version was"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":384.969,"endTime":388.13,"body":"♪ Shave and the haircut, five bob ♪"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":388.13,"endTime":393.13,"body":"Now, in the US, two bits is"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":388.13,"endTime":393.13,"body":"a quarter, which is 25 cents."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":393.33,"endTime":398.33,"body":"In the UK, five bob was five"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":393.33,"endTime":398.33,"body":"shillings, which is 25 pence."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":398.33,"endTime":400.91,"body":"Don't use that to calculate"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":398.33,"endTime":400.91,"body":"the exchange rates"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":400.91,"endTime":402.602,"body":"for the early 20th century."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":402.602,"endTime":403.435,"body":"(audience laughs)"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":403.435,"endTime":404.73,"body":"That would give $1 to the pound,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":404.73,"endTime":406.913,"body":"whereas it was actually $5 to the pound."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":408.33,"endTime":412.768,"body":"In 1939, a song was"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":408.33,"endTime":412.768,"body":"published in New York called"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":412.768,"endTime":416.768,"body":"♪ Shave and a haircut, shampoo. ♪"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":418.35,"endTime":423.089,"body":"Then it was used as a cartoon sendoff,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":423.089,"endTime":426.7,"body":"♪ Shave and a haircut, that's it ♪"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":426.7,"endTime":431.29,"body":"And Leonard Bernstein used"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":426.7,"endTime":431.29,"body":"it in his 1957 Broadway show,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":431.29,"endTime":436.27,"body":"West Side Story at the end of"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":431.29,"endTime":436.27,"body":"the song, Gee, Officer Krupke."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":436.27,"endTime":439.44,"body":"Originally, the lyrics"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":436.27,"endTime":439.44,"body":"by Stephen Sondheim ended"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":439.44,"endTime":444.44,"body":"with the rather obvious, Gee,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":439.44,"endTime":444.44,"body":"Officer Krupke, F-word you,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":444.52,"endTime":447.34,"body":"but Columbia records censored that,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":447.34,"endTime":450.686,"body":"and Sondheim came up with the alternative,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":450.686,"endTime":453.186,"body":"Gee, Officer Krupke, krup you."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":454.28,"endTime":457.71,"body":"Sondheim later acknowledged"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":454.28,"endTime":457.71,"body":"that though he'd been upset"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":457.71,"endTime":459.64,"body":"at having to take the F word out,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":459.64,"endTime":461.84,"body":"its substitute had ended up being regarded"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":461.84,"endTime":464.53,"body":"as one of the great lines of the show,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":464.53,"endTime":468.318,"body":"a clear case of obscenity"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":464.53,"endTime":468.318,"body":"being the mother of invention."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":468.318,"endTime":470.43,"body":"(audience laughs)"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":470.43,"endTime":471.904,"body":"How about this?"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":471.904,"endTime":474.92,"body":"(plays the tune of Shave and a"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":471.904,"endTime":474.92,"body":"Haircut Fanfare discordantly)"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":474.92,"endTime":476.263,"body":"Is that funny?"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":476.263,"endTime":477.096,"body":"(audience laughs)"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":477.096,"endTime":480.622,"body":"Well, Mozart thought so."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":480.622,"endTime":483.223,"body":"(audience laughs)"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":483.223,"endTime":488.223,"body":"(music from Mozart's A"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":483.223,"endTime":488.223,"body":"Musical Joke playing)"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":502.87,"endTime":506.223,"body":"The very end of Mozart's A Musical Joke."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":507.71,"endTime":510.9,"body":"At the beginning of the 20th"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":507.71,"endTime":510.9,"body":"century, the American composer,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":510.9,"endTime":514.28,"body":"Charles Ives did a similar"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":510.9,"endTime":514.28,"body":"thing in the rewrite"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":514.28,"endTime":516.163,"body":"of the end of his Second Symphony."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":519.637,"endTime":524.637,"body":"(music from Ives's"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":519.637,"endTime":524.637,"body":"Second Symphony playing)"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":542.67,"endTime":546.99,"body":"The result is indeed absurdly"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":542.67,"endTime":546.99,"body":"funny, as is the point"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":546.99,"endTime":549.93,"body":"in the last movement of"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":546.99,"endTime":549.93,"body":"Haydn's 60th Symphony,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":549.93,"endTime":553.19,"body":"where the music stops,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":549.93,"endTime":553.19,"body":"the violins tune up,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":553.19,"endTime":556.84,"body":"and the music continues unabashed."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":556.84,"endTime":557.86,"body":"Here's the score."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":557.86,"endTime":560.55,"body":"You can see that this"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":557.86,"endTime":560.55,"body":"sixth movement begins,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":560.55,"endTime":562.47,"body":"normally, right in the"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":560.55,"endTime":562.47,"body":"middle of the page there,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":562.47,"endTime":564.11,"body":"you can see two bars rest,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":564.11,"endTime":567.2,"body":"and then the violins play first there"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":567.2,"endTime":571.25,"body":"as if they were tuning, play"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":567.2,"endTime":571.25,"body":"their two upper strings,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":571.25,"endTime":573.61,"body":"then the two middle"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":571.25,"endTime":573.61,"body":"strings, and there in green,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":573.61,"endTime":575.74,"body":"you see highlighted, they"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":573.61,"endTime":575.74,"body":"play their lowest strings,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":575.74,"endTime":579.88,"body":"and the effect to tune the"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":575.74,"endTime":579.88,"body":"lowest string until it's in tune."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":579.88,"endTime":581.98,"body":"Then as you can see at the bottom line,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":581.98,"endTime":584.4,"body":"couple more bars rest and on they continue"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":584.4,"endTime":585.75,"body":"as if nothing had happened."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":589.628,"endTime":594.545,"body":"(music from Haydn's 60th Symphony playing)"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":622.76,"endTime":626.97,"body":"Haydn's Surprise Symphony"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":622.76,"endTime":626.97,"body":"Number 94 is even better known."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":626.97,"endTime":629.86,"body":"It was composed for the"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":626.97,"endTime":629.86,"body":"first of Haydn's two visits"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":629.86,"endTime":633.49,"body":"to London in the early 1790s."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":633.49,"endTime":635.61,"body":"Its second movement starts quietly,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":635.61,"endTime":638.2,"body":"and after just enough time to lull"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":638.2,"endTime":641.89,"body":"its unsuspecting London"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":638.2,"endTime":641.89,"body":"audience into a full sense"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":641.89,"endTime":646.89,"body":"of security, a loud chord"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":641.89,"endTime":646.89,"body":"comes out of nowhere."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":646.979,"endTime":651.979,"body":"There, you can see the"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":646.979,"endTime":651.979,"body":"strings begin this movement."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":652.22,"endTime":656.4,"body":"They proceed to the bottom"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":652.22,"endTime":656.4,"body":"line, and then out of nowhere,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":656.4,"endTime":660.163,"body":"a very loud chord from the full orchestra."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":661.39,"endTime":663.287,"body":"Now, we perceive this as a joke,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":663.287,"endTime":665.84,"body":"but Haydn really intended it as something"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":665.84,"endTime":669.01,"body":"not so much funny as novel."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":669.01,"endTime":672.01,"body":"Haydn's student, Ignaz"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":669.01,"endTime":672.01,"body":"Pleyel, had given concerts"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":672.01,"endTime":676.01,"body":"in London a week earlier,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":672.01,"endTime":676.01,"body":"and by his own admission,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":676.01,"endTime":679.18,"body":"Haydn wanted not to be outdone by Pleyel,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":679.18,"endTime":681.03,"body":"so he thought he'd try something new."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":684.447,"endTime":689.447,"body":"(music from Haydn's"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":684.447,"endTime":689.447,"body":"Surprise Symphony playing)"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":723.49,"endTime":725.133,"body":"The London public loved it."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":726.75,"endTime":729.66,"body":"Two decades earlier, Haydn had even turned"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":729.66,"endTime":733.27,"body":"an employment grudge"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":729.66,"endTime":733.27,"body":"into a successful joke."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":733.27,"endTime":736.57,"body":"In the autumn of 1772, Haydn's musicians"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":736.57,"endTime":739.39,"body":"at the summer Palace of"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":736.57,"endTime":739.39,"body":"Esterháza had been working"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":739.39,"endTime":742.15,"body":"without a break for longer than expected,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":742.15,"endTime":744.31,"body":"and many of them were"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":742.15,"endTime":744.31,"body":"missing their families"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":744.31,"endTime":746.26,"body":"who were back in Eisenstadt."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":746.26,"endTime":749.02,"body":"Now, in the late 18th century,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":746.26,"endTime":749.02,"body":"the journey from Esterháza"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":749.02,"endTime":751.04,"body":"to Eisenstadt took a whole day,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":751.04,"endTime":752.793,"body":"so you couldn't just nip home."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":753.87,"endTime":756.95,"body":"Prince Esterházy was a"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":753.87,"endTime":756.95,"body":"relatively good employer,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":756.95,"endTime":758.74,"body":"and he in Haydn had a close"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":758.74,"endTime":760.864,"body":"and productive working relationship,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":760.864,"endTime":764.89,"body":"but the musicians were restless,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":760.864,"endTime":764.89,"body":"so Haydn wrote a symphony."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":764.89,"endTime":768.39,"body":"whose ending stated the"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":764.89,"endTime":768.39,"body":"contractual grievance"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":768.39,"endTime":769.493,"body":"of his orchestra."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":770.6,"endTime":773.363,"body":"Here are the last three"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":770.6,"endTime":773.363,"body":"pages of the symphony."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":774.66,"endTime":776.45,"body":"In the last movement of"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":774.66,"endTime":776.45,"body":"the symphony, one by one,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":776.45,"endTime":779.87,"body":"the players stopped playing,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":776.45,"endTime":779.87,"body":"snuffed out their candles,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":779.87,"endTime":782.42,"body":"and left the stage, first oboe,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":782.42,"endTime":785.06,"body":"then second horn, followed by bassoon."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":785.06,"endTime":787.52,"body":"Then as you can see on the score,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":787.52,"endTime":789.91,"body":"the remaining players"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":787.52,"endTime":789.91,"body":"were gradually instructed"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":789.91,"endTime":793.31,"body":"to leave (indistinct),"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":789.91,"endTime":793.31,"body":"the score says each time"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":793.31,"endTime":794.61,"body":"on the left hand page there,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":794.61,"endTime":799.61,"body":"second oboe and first horn,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":794.61,"endTime":799.61,"body":"blow out the candles, disappear."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":799.8,"endTime":802.63,"body":"Then the middle of the second page there,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":802.63,"endTime":805.33,"body":"the double bass goes, then at"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":802.63,"endTime":805.33,"body":"the bottom of the second page,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":805.33,"endTime":808.02,"body":"the cellos go, top of the right hand page,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":808.02,"endTime":810.78,"body":"the third and fourth"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":808.02,"endTime":810.78,"body":"violins leave, and lastly,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":810.78,"endTime":813.34,"body":"in the middle of the"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":810.78,"endTime":813.34,"body":"last page, the violas go."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":813.34,"endTime":816.47,"body":"That leaves just two violinists"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":813.34,"endTime":816.47,"body":"to finish the symphony,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":816.47,"endTime":818.833,"body":"one of whom would've been Haydn himself."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":820.17,"endTime":823.615,"body":"Prince Esterházy apparently"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":820.17,"endTime":823.615,"body":"understood the reference,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":823.615,"endTime":826.52,"body":"and he let the orchestra go on leave."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":826.52,"endTime":829.59,"body":"If only all employment disputes"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":826.52,"endTime":829.59,"body":"could be settled by using"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":829.59,"endTime":831.563,"body":"humor as a bargaining tool."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":834.4,"endTime":836.47,"body":"And now I'll get to the"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":834.4,"endTime":836.47,"body":"crux of humor and music,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":836.47,"endTime":841.01,"body":"Mozart's A Musical Joke of 1787."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":841.01,"endTime":844.623,"body":"Is it funny, and if so, in what way?"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":846.1,"endTime":849.91,"body":"Mozart was 31, old enough to"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":846.1,"endTime":849.91,"body":"know better, you might say,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":849.91,"endTime":853.05,"body":"but there were extenuating circumstances."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":853.05,"endTime":857.15,"body":"Mozart's father had died just"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":853.05,"endTime":857.15,"body":"two and a half weeks earlier,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":857.15,"endTime":860.05,"body":"so was this musical joke"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":857.15,"endTime":860.05,"body":"in some way, a tribute"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":860.05,"endTime":863.603,"body":"to his father, or was it"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":860.05,"endTime":863.603,"body":"a backlash composition?"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":865.26,"endTime":867.23,"body":"The controlling father had died,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":867.23,"endTime":869.523,"body":"so now Wolfgang could be his own man."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":870.751,"endTime":874.76,"body":"A Musical Joke is a"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":870.751,"endTime":874.76,"body":"divertimento, a diversion,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":874.76,"endTime":877.3,"body":"an amusement, but more than that,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":877.3,"endTime":880.588,"body":"it's actually a series"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":877.3,"endTime":880.588,"body":"of deliberate jokes."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":880.588,"endTime":882.92,"body":"I've already mentioned"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":880.588,"endTime":882.92,"body":"that the last three chords"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":882.92,"endTime":886.17,"body":"of the last movement,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":882.92,"endTime":886.17,"body":"which are absurdly funny,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":886.17,"endTime":890.42,"body":"crash, crash, crash are musical slapstick,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":890.42,"endTime":892.69,"body":"but the whole piece is"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":890.42,"endTime":892.69,"body":"not so much slapstick"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":892.69,"endTime":896.27,"body":"like its ending, but rather"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":892.69,"endTime":896.27,"body":"a satire of composers"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":896.27,"endTime":898.95,"body":"less able than Mozart, and let's face it,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":898.95,"endTime":903.043,"body":"most late 18th century composers"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":898.95,"endTime":903.043,"body":"were less able than Mozart."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":909.549,"endTime":914.549,"body":"(music from A Musical"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":909.549,"endTime":914.549,"body":"Joke by Mozart playing)"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":922.61,"endTime":923.931,"body":"It's actually very funny."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":923.931,"endTime":925.9,"body":"(audience laughs)"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":925.9,"endTime":928.247,"body":"It begins with three chords"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":925.9,"endTime":928.247,"body":"that are all the same,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":928.247,"endTime":930.09,"body":"(playing chords)"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":930.09,"endTime":931.16,"body":"fair enough."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":931.16,"endTime":933.84,"body":"In spite of its mundanity,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":931.16,"endTime":933.84,"body":"it's fairly obvious."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":933.84,"endTime":936.17,"body":"The first phrase constitutes"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":936.17,"endTime":939.288,"body":"a reasonable four bar antecedent."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":939.288,"endTime":943.705,"body":"(playing the part of A Musical Joke)"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":946.94,"endTime":949.55,"body":"So the consequent which follows should go"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":949.55,"endTime":951.317,"body":"something like this."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":951.317,"endTime":956.317,"body":"(playing a made up 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consequent,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":981.376,"endTime":985.709,"body":"(playing part of Piano Sonata in F)"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":986.77,"endTime":990.313,"body":"if A, then B, beautifully balanced."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":993.78,"endTime":996.58,"body":"But at the opening of A Musical Joke,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":996.58,"endTime":999.24,"body":"Mozart seemingly writes a four bar phrase"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":999.24,"endTime":1002.21,"body":"which he repeats to give"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":999.24,"endTime":1002.21,"body":"an eight bar phrase,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1002.21,"endTime":1003.848,"body":"so the antecedent."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1003.848,"endTime":1008.181,"body":"(playing part of Piano Sonata in F)"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1010.25,"endTime":1011.083,"body":"That's the antecedent,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1011.083,"endTime":1013.905,"body":"and then the consequent"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1011.083,"endTime":1013.905,"body":"is exactly the same."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1013.905,"endTime":1018.238,"body":"(playing part of Piano Sonata in F)"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1020.06,"endTime":1025.06,"body":"If A then A, except that"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1020.06,"endTime":1025.06,"body":"Mozart doesn't even do that."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1025.5,"endTime":1028.571,"body":"He does what he thinks an"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1025.5,"endTime":1028.571,"body":"incompetent composer might do"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1028.571,"endTime":1030.97,"body":"in trying to be clever."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1030.97,"endTime":1033.45,"body":"Mozart takes out the"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1030.97,"endTime":1033.45,"body":"repetition of the three chords"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1033.45,"endTime":1036.73,"body":"in the middle, and makes a pun, a bad 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result is a gauche,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1053.11,"endTime":1057.468,"body":"unbalanced seven bar phrase."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1057.468,"endTime":1061.801,"body":"(playing part of Piano Sonata in F)"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1068.96,"endTime":1069.81,"body":"If A, A."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1072.42,"endTime":1075.01,"body":"After an inept exposition,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1075.01,"endTime":1078.81,"body":"the beginning of the development"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1075.01,"endTime":1078.81,"body":"is hardly developmental."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1078.81,"endTime":1081.77,"body":"Here's the development"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1078.81,"endTime":1081.77,"body":"of Mozart's 40th Symphony"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1081.77,"endTime":1082.97,"body":"from the following year."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1084.293,"endTime":1089.293,"body":"(music from Mozart's"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1084.293,"endTime":1089.293,"body":"40th Symphony playing)"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1125.49,"endTime":1129.713,"body":"Fluid, inventive, imaginative,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1125.49,"endTime":1129.713,"body":"shifting, provocative,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1129.713,"endTime":1132.665,"body":"developmental on a number of levels."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1132.665,"endTime":1135.24,"body":"But at the beginning of"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1132.665,"endTime":1135.24,"body":"the development section"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1135.24,"endTime":1140.163,"body":"of A Musical Joke, the music"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1135.24,"endTime":1140.163,"body":"is anything but developmental."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1141.52,"endTime":1144.02,"body":"The chords hammer away,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1144.02,"endTime":1148.206,"body":"and then there's an abrupt"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1144.02,"endTime":1148.206,"body":"and unsatisfying key change."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1148.206,"endTime":1152.289,"body":"(playing part of A Musical Joke)"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1157.39,"endTime":1159.5,"body":"There's no feeling for drama,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1159.5,"endTime":1162.41,"body":"and the key change is"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1159.5,"endTime":1162.41,"body":"confusingly elliptical,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1162.41,"endTime":1163.963,"body":"rather than momentous."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1164.83,"endTime":1167.053,"body":"Perhaps the best gag of all"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1164.83,"endTime":1167.053,"body":"in this first movement is that"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1167.053,"endTime":1169.61,"body":"there's a repeat mark at its end"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1169.61,"endTime":1173.5,"body":"as per the 18th century convention"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1169.61,"endTime":1173.5,"body":"of this type of movement."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1173.5,"endTime":1175.28,"body":"Do we want to hear this section again?"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1175.28,"endTime":1177.764,"body":"No, of course not, but"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1175.28,"endTime":1177.764,"body":"we're going to anyway."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1177.764,"endTime":1179.89,"body":"(audience laughs)"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1179.89,"endTime":1184.42,"body":"Mozart was a stickler"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1179.89,"endTime":1184.42,"body":"for adhering to the rules"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1184.42,"endTime":1186.083,"body":"of harmony and counterpoint."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1186.083,"endTime":1190.19,"body":"The young English composer"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1186.083,"endTime":1190.19,"body":"Thomas Atwood spent two years"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1190.19,"endTime":1195.19,"body":"from 1785 to 1787 studying"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1190.19,"endTime":1195.19,"body":"composition with Mozart,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1195.48,"endTime":1197.76,"body":"and Atwood's exercises are peppered"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1197.76,"endTime":1199.46,"body":"with Mozart's corrections,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1199.46,"endTime":1202.53,"body":"and sometimes uncolloquial admonitions,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1202.53,"endTime":1205.873,"body":"you are an ass, be more"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1202.53,"endTime":1205.873,"body":"attention, et cetera."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1206.79,"endTime":1209.48,"body":"As Mozart's teaching of"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1206.79,"endTime":1209.48,"body":"Atwood drew to a close,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1209.48,"endTime":1211.903,"body":"Mozart wrote A Musical Joke."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1213.45,"endTime":1215.525,"body":"The minuet is a vehicle for all manner"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1215.525,"endTime":1219.89,"body":"of clumsy part writing of the"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1215.525,"endTime":1219.89,"body":"sort that Mozart had witnessed"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1219.89,"endTime":1222.63,"body":"in his pupil's submissions."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1222.63,"endTime":1226.21,"body":"Most cruelly of all, Mozart"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1222.63,"endTime":1226.21,"body":"writes a fugue-like section"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1226.21,"endTime":1229.09,"body":"in the last movement, where"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1226.21,"endTime":1229.09,"body":"the fugue is perfunctory"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1229.09,"endTime":1231.85,"body":"and incompetent, and is based on a fugue"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1231.85,"endTime":1234.77,"body":"that Atwood himself submitted to Mozart"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1234.77,"endTime":1238.62,"body":"on the 13th of August, 1786."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1238.62,"endTime":1241.64,"body":"It's one thing to criticize"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1238.62,"endTime":1241.64,"body":"and correct your pupil's work."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1241.64,"endTime":1243.56,"body":"It's quite another to serve it up"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1243.56,"endTime":1245.993,"body":"for all and sundry to laugh at."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1247.7,"endTime":1250.62,"body":"And here is a picture"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1247.7,"endTime":1250.62,"body":"of those sketchbooks."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1250.62,"endTime":1251.99,"body":"This is Mozart's submission."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1251.99,"endTime":1256.99,"body":"These is the Mozart, the"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1251.99,"endTime":1256.99,"body":"exercise books that Atwood wrote"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1257.287,"endTime":1259.37,"body":"in his exercises for Mozart,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1259.37,"endTime":1262.793,"body":"and here is this student fugue."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1264.284,"endTime":1267.784,"body":"(playing student's fugue)"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1282.788,"endTime":1283.74,"body":"I don't think it's too bad, actually."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1283.74,"endTime":1285.587,"body":"It's clearly a student work,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1285.587,"endTime":1288.16,"body":"but I don't think it's actually too bad."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1288.16,"endTime":1291.723,"body":"But here's how it ends up"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1288.16,"endTime":1291.723,"body":"in Mozart's A Musical Joke."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1296.151,"endTime":1300.234,"body":"(part of A Musical Joke playing)"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1317.71,"endTime":1321.22,"body":"One of the most successful"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1317.71,"endTime":1321.22,"body":"moments in A Musical Joke occurs"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1321.22,"endTime":1324.59,"body":"when the two horn parts are"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1321.22,"endTime":1324.59,"body":"heard playing wrong notes"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1324.59,"endTime":1326.88,"body":"compared to the strings."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1326.88,"endTime":1330.49,"body":"It's funny in and of"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1326.88,"endTime":1330.49,"body":"itself in an absurd way,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1330.49,"endTime":1333.95,"body":"but these horn parts offer"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1330.49,"endTime":1333.95,"body":"the most involved in-joke"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1333.95,"endTime":1335.183,"body":"in the whole piece."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1335.183,"endTime":1337.58,"body":"It's to do with the way"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1335.183,"endTime":1337.58,"body":"that the horn was played"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1337.58,"endTime":1341.113,"body":"in Mozart's day, without"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1337.58,"endTime":1341.113,"body":"the help of modern valves."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1342.04,"endTime":1344.65,"body":"To play certain notes, you"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1342.04,"endTime":1344.65,"body":"need to alter the length"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1344.65,"endTime":1346.07,"body":"of the resonating tube,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1346.07,"endTime":1349.86,"body":"hence these different"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1346.07,"endTime":1349.86,"body":"sized crooks, and also,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1349.86,"endTime":1352.56,"body":"by placing a hand within"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1349.86,"endTime":1352.56,"body":"the bell of the instrument,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1352.56,"endTime":1355.35,"body":"the pitch of a note could be changed."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1355.35,"endTime":1358.45,"body":"Mozart's joke is that one"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1355.35,"endTime":1358.45,"body":"horn player interprets"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1358.45,"endTime":1362.62,"body":"a passage one way, while the"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1358.45,"endTime":1362.62,"body":"other interprets it another."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1362.62,"endTime":1365.75,"body":"The result is a harmonic"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1362.62,"endTime":1365.75,"body":"mess, at which point,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1365.75,"endTime":1368.63,"body":"the two hornists realize"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1365.75,"endTime":1368.63,"body":"that something has gone awry,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1368.63,"endTime":1370.327,"body":"and both correct their hand position"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1370.327,"endTime":1372.39,"body":"to what the other was doing."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1372.39,"endTime":1375.22,"body":"The result is another harmonic mess."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1375.22,"endTime":1377.293,"body":"Two wrongs don't make a right."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1378.37,"endTime":1382.23,"body":"So what we are to assume that"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1378.37,"endTime":1382.23,"body":"the horn players were looking"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1382.23,"endTime":1384.404,"body":"at and what they were meant to play."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1384.404,"endTime":1389.071,"body":"(playing a corrected part of the piece)"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1390.89,"endTime":1391.88,"body":"But what actually, when they get"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1391.88,"endTime":1394.07,"body":"their hand positions mixed up comes out."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1394.07,"endTime":1398.153,"body":"(playing part of A Musical Joke)"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1402.96,"endTime":1404.2,"body":"That's actually quite a good joke,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1404.2,"endTime":1406.75,"body":"because it works on two levels,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1406.75,"endTime":1410.35,"body":"the uninitiated hear a"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1406.75,"endTime":1410.35,"body":"very obvious harmonic mess,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1410.35,"endTime":1412.9,"body":"whereas officionados"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1410.35,"endTime":1412.9,"body":"of the natural horn are"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1412.9,"endTime":1414.927,"body":"in technical in-joke heaven."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1414.927,"endTime":1416.38,"body":"(audience laughs)"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1416.38,"endTime":1419.47,"body":"However, hornists will"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1416.38,"endTime":1419.47,"body":"laugh less at the point"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1419.47,"endTime":1422.373,"body":"where the horns are given"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1419.47,"endTime":1422.373,"body":"ludicrous lip trills."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1424.48,"endTime":1428.9,"body":"Mozart's own father in"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1424.48,"endTime":1428.9,"body":"his treatise had noted"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1428.9,"endTime":1431.26,"body":"the absurdity of horn trills"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1431.26,"endTime":1434.004,"body":"in A Treatise on the"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1431.26,"endTime":1434.004,"body":"Fundamental Principals"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1434.004,"endTime":1437.488,"body":"of Violin Playing, which"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1434.004,"endTime":1437.488,"body":"he published in 1756,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1437.488,"endTime":1441.59,"body":"the year in which Wolfgang"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1437.488,"endTime":1441.59,"body":"was born, as it happens."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1441.59,"endTime":1444.522,"body":"And Leopold Mozart, Mozart's father says"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1444.522,"endTime":1446.38,"body":"don't use horn trills."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1446.38,"endTime":1447.423,"body":"They sound stupid."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1449.522,"endTime":1453.605,"body":"(part of A Musical Joke playing)"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1464.12,"endTime":1467.24,"body":"Note, this is not a dig at horn players,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1467.24,"endTime":1469.97,"body":"but at composers who ask horn players"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1469.97,"endTime":1472.083,"body":"to do inappropriate things."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1476.2,"endTime":1477.76,"body":"The third movement sets the leader"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1477.76,"endTime":1480.08,"body":"of the orchestra up for failure."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1480.08,"endTime":1483.773,"body":"Mozart is lampooning the"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1480.08,"endTime":1483.773,"body":"small town musical wannabe."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1484.62,"endTime":1486.44,"body":"At the cadenza, the point where the leader"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1486.44,"endTime":1490.49,"body":"of the orchestra gets to"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1486.44,"endTime":1490.49,"body":"display his violinistic skills,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1490.49,"endTime":1493.01,"body":"the hapless violinist meanders"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1490.49,"endTime":1493.01,"body":"around his fingerboard"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1493.01,"endTime":1495.4,"body":"without any real point."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1495.4,"endTime":1497.433,"body":"The violinist himself appears impressed"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1497.433,"endTime":1500.02,"body":"with his improvisatory skills,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1500.02,"endTime":1502.4,"body":"although he's on his own in this regard."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1502.4,"endTime":1505.02,"body":"Scales, arpeggios, trills, leaps,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1505.02,"endTime":1507.5,"body":"and contrasting dynamics are all part"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1507.5,"endTime":1510.05,"body":"of this wannabe musician's armory,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1510.05,"endTime":1513.24,"body":"but their use is stilted,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1510.05,"endTime":1513.24,"body":"and the individual elements,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1513.24,"endTime":1515.52,"body":"although admissible in themselves,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1515.52,"endTime":1518.823,"body":"don't form a coherent musical narrative."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1519.8,"endTime":1523.23,"body":"And in this cadenza, the"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1519.8,"endTime":1523.23,"body":"poor fellow really bites off"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1523.23,"endTime":1524.55,"body":"more than he can chew,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1524.55,"endTime":1527.19,"body":"and ends up getting musically"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1524.55,"endTime":1527.19,"body":"lost as he he climbs"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1527.19,"endTime":1529.11,"body":"into the musical stratosphere,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1529.11,"endTime":1532.65,"body":"whereupon he tries to salvage"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1529.11,"endTime":1532.65,"body":"the situation by plucking"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1532.65,"endTime":1535.717,"body":"his lowest string for effect."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1535.717,"endTime":1538.73,"body":"\"I'm in trouble, but I've"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1535.717,"endTime":1538.73,"body":"only used my bow so far."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1538.73,"endTime":1541.32,"body":"I'll use pizzicato,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1538.73,"endTime":1541.32,"body":"that will impress them,\""},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1541.32,"endTime":1542.85,"body":"you can see that at"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1541.32,"endTime":1542.85,"body":"the bottom right there,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1542.85,"endTime":1545.733,"body":"just a single pizzicato"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1542.85,"endTime":1545.733,"body":"note on his lowest string,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1545.733,"endTime":1547.0,"body":"\"and with a bit of luck,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1547.0,"endTime":1550.22,"body":"they'll forget about that"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1547.0,"endTime":1550.22,"body":"inappropriate whole tone scale,\""},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1550.22,"endTime":1552.57,"body":"which I've underlined in"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1550.22,"endTime":1552.57,"body":"yellow just before it,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1553.48,"endTime":1557.07,"body":"after which our solo violinist"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1553.48,"endTime":1557.07,"body":"alights on the wrong trill,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1557.07,"endTime":1559.302,"body":"but is mercifully rescued by the orchestra"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1559.302,"endTime":1562.93,"body":"who bring the movement to a"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1559.302,"endTime":1562.93,"body":"close in order to put everyone"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1562.93,"endTime":1565.097,"body":"out of the violinist's misery."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1568.638,"endTime":1572.721,"body":"(part of A Musical Joke playing)"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1644.15,"endTime":1647.962,"body":"And now the technical bit."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1647.962,"endTime":1651.29,"body":"If you can't follow it, then"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1647.962,"endTime":1651.29,"body":"please just ignore this bit,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1651.29,"endTime":1654.163,"body":"but it is important to"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1651.29,"endTime":1654.163,"body":"show what Mozart is doing."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1655.68,"endTime":1657.964,"body":"Mozart deliberately"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1655.68,"endTime":1657.964,"body":"throughout the piece involves"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1657.964,"endTime":1661.563,"body":"moments of bad counterpoint."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1662.67,"endTime":1664.97,"body":"As I say, he'd just been teaching"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1664.97,"endTime":1666.8,"body":"his English student Atwood for two years"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1666.8,"endTime":1670.27,"body":"several times a week, so"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1666.8,"endTime":1670.27,"body":"he was really in the groove"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1670.27,"endTime":1672.21,"body":"where it came to correcting work."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1672.21,"endTime":1674.763,"body":"So it must have been quite"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1672.21,"endTime":1674.763,"body":"fun for him to actually write"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1674.763,"endTime":1678.313,"body":"the sort of thing that he'd"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1674.763,"endTime":1678.313,"body":"been correcting for two years."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1679.34,"endTime":1681.7,"body":"And so here are just some things."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1681.7,"endTime":1682.533,"body":"I mean, you can tell"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1682.533,"endTime":1685.218,"body":"that I teach harmony"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1682.533,"endTime":1685.218,"body":"counterpoint, can't you?"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1685.218,"endTime":1686.051,"body":"This, I love this."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1686.051,"endTime":1689.01,"body":"Anyway, top left here,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1689.01,"endTime":1691.54,"body":"here's a clear instance"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1689.01,"endTime":1691.54,"body":"of parallel octaves."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1691.54,"endTime":1692.55,"body":"This gets the red pen."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1692.55,"endTime":1696.37,"body":"So I've extracted the first violin part,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1696.37,"endTime":1699.423,"body":"and the viola and cello parts,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1696.37,"endTime":1699.423,"body":"and what we have here is"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1699.423,"endTime":1701.68,"body":"(plays the part of the music)"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1701.68,"endTime":1703.153,"body":"which is a big no-no."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1703.153,"endTime":1705.17,"body":"(plays part of the music)"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1705.17,"endTime":1706.777,"body":"You have these parallel octaves"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1706.777,"endTime":1708.97,"body":"(plays musical octaves)"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1708.97,"endTime":1710.24,"body":"between the top and bottom parts."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1710.24,"endTime":1712.34,"body":"The whole point's about"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1710.24,"endTime":1712.34,"body":"counterpoint is it's meant"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1712.34,"endTime":1715.4,"body":"to respect the independence"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1712.34,"endTime":1715.4,"body":"of part movements,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1715.4,"endTime":1718.06,"body":"and if you have things"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1715.4,"endTime":1718.06,"body":"where strong consonances"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1718.06,"endTime":1721.2,"body":"like octaves are heard in"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1718.06,"endTime":1721.2,"body":"parallel between parts,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1721.2,"endTime":1723.13,"body":"it ruins the independence of the line,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1723.13,"endTime":1725.11,"body":"and this is the basis of counterpoint,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1725.11,"endTime":1726.735,"body":"and here it is writ large,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1726.735,"endTime":1729.582,"body":"(playing part of music)"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1729.582,"endTime":1730.415,"body":"and you can hear that."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1730.415,"endTime":1731.248,"body":"(repeats part of music)"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1731.248,"endTime":1732.081,"body":"If you look at the right hand example,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1732.081,"endTime":1734.904,"body":"this is peppered with lots"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1732.081,"endTime":1734.904,"body":"of different thoughts."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1734.904,"endTime":1736.73,"body":"So looking there, first of all,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1736.73,"endTime":1738.2,"body":"there's some parallel sevenths"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1738.2,"endTime":1741.667,"body":"between the first violin and the viola."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1741.667,"endTime":1744.34,"body":"(plays part of music)"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1744.34,"endTime":1745.944,"body":"Here's the parallel sevenths,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1745.944,"endTime":1748.31,"body":"(plays part of music)"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1748.31,"endTime":1750.845,"body":"that sound there, those"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1748.31,"endTime":1750.845,"body":"parallel sevenths is ugly."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1750.845,"endTime":1753.08,"body":"(plays part of music)"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1753.08,"endTime":1755.13,"body":"And then to the right of"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1753.08,"endTime":1755.13,"body":"that parallel sevenths,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1755.13,"endTime":1758.624,"body":"at the same point between the"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1755.13,"endTime":1758.624,"body":"second violin and the cello."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1758.624,"endTime":1761.07,"body":"(plays part of music)"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1761.07,"endTime":1762.162,"body":"There they are."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1762.162,"endTime":1764.864,"body":"(repeats part of music)"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1764.864,"endTime":1767.71,"body":"Those ugly parallel"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1764.864,"endTime":1767.71,"body":"sevenths, and it goes on."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1767.71,"endTime":1770.65,"body":"If you look where I've extracted"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1767.71,"endTime":1770.65,"body":"it at the top of that page,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1770.65,"endTime":1772.77,"body":"there's a so-called exposed octave,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1772.77,"endTime":1776.125,"body":"but here between the first"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1772.77,"endTime":1776.125,"body":"fiddle and the cello."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1776.125,"endTime":1778.984,"body":"(plays part of music)"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1778.984,"endTime":1780.641,"body":"An exposed octave is"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1778.984,"endTime":1780.641,"body":"where the top part leaps"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1780.641,"endTime":1785.62,"body":"to some kind of strong"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1780.641,"endTime":1785.62,"body":"consonant, in this case an octave"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1785.62,"endTime":1788.056,"body":"in the same direction that"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1785.62,"endTime":1788.056,"body":"the bottom part moves."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1788.056,"endTime":1791.223,"body":"(plays part of music)"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1792.104,"endTime":1794.11,"body":"And that bumps again, bad counterpoint."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1794.11,"endTime":1796.73,"body":"And then also at this"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1794.11,"endTime":1796.73,"body":"section parallel ninths"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1796.73,"endTime":1798.961,"body":"between the first violin in and the cello."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1798.961,"endTime":1801.167,"body":"(plays part of music)"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1801.167,"endTime":1804.383,"body":"(repeats same)"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1801.167,"endTime":1804.383,"body":"And they are parallel ninths."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1811.89,"endTime":1813.8,"body":"The opening of the final movement"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1813.8,"endTime":1816.58,"body":"of Mozart's A Musical Joke"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1813.8,"endTime":1816.58,"body":"was for many years used"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1816.58,"endTime":1819.105,"body":"by BBC television as the signature tune"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1819.105,"endTime":1821.74,"body":"to the Horse of the Year Show."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1821.74,"endTime":1825.345,"body":"Mozart was lampooning"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1821.74,"endTime":1825.345,"body":"composers who couldn't write"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1825.345,"endTime":1829.253,"body":"balanced phrases or control"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1825.345,"endTime":1829.253,"body":"their changes of key."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1832.642,"endTime":1836.725,"body":"(part of A Musical Joke playing)"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1863.48,"endTime":1866.2,"body":"A joke to late 18th century audiences,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1866.2,"endTime":1868.621,"body":"this quirky and unpredictable music was"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1868.621,"endTime":1870.94,"body":"an appropriate musical introduction"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1870.94,"endTime":1873.36,"body":"to the Horse of the Year"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1870.94,"endTime":1873.36,"body":"Show, which often featured"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1873.36,"endTime":1877.495,"body":"quirky and unpredictable"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1873.36,"endTime":1877.495,"body":"movements of its equine stars."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1877.495,"endTime":1880.66,"body":"Technically speaking, the"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1877.495,"endTime":1880.66,"body":"music itself is clumsy,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1880.66,"endTime":1883.01,"body":"mechanical, and repetitious."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1883.01,"endTime":1886.25,"body":"That's the joke, or rather the satire."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1886.25,"endTime":1889.06,"body":"There's also a viola joke"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1886.25,"endTime":1889.06,"body":"in the last movement,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1889.06,"endTime":1890.62,"body":"where the violists begin late,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1890.62,"endTime":1892.73,"body":"and are heard trying to catch up."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1892.73,"endTime":1894.49,"body":"Mozart himself was a viola player,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1894.49,"endTime":1897.37,"body":"so this part of the piece"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1894.49,"endTime":1897.37,"body":"could be seen as something"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1897.37,"endTime":1901.48,"body":"of a self parody, but"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1897.37,"endTime":1901.48,"body":"it's too little, too late."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1901.48,"endTime":1904.05,"body":"Mozart's A Musical Joke"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1901.48,"endTime":1904.05,"body":"is a at best snide,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1904.05,"endTime":1905.383,"body":"and at worst cruel."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1907.23,"endTime":1911.22,"body":"Exaggeration, incongruity,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1907.23,"endTime":1911.22,"body":"and parody merged together"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1911.22,"endTime":1915.18,"body":"to create a vicious combination"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1911.22,"endTime":1915.18,"body":"of laughter of superiority,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1915.18,"endTime":1918.09,"body":"recognition, and of the absurd,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1918.09,"endTime":1920.97,"body":"and all the laughter is at the expense"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1920.97,"endTime":1922.423,"body":"of the second rate musician."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1924.21,"endTime":1927.65,"body":"There's no scherzo movement"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1924.21,"endTime":1927.65,"body":"in Mozart's A Musical Joke."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1927.65,"endTime":1929.23,"body":"It's unnecessary because each"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1929.23,"endTime":1933.163,"body":"of the four movements is in"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1929.23,"endTime":1933.163,"body":"itself a scherzo, a joke."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1935.24,"endTime":1937.46,"body":"The scherzo emerged in the vocal music"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1937.46,"endTime":1940.62,"body":"of the Italian innovator"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1937.46,"endTime":1940.62,"body":"Claudio Monteverdi"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1940.62,"endTime":1944.44,"body":"in two collections of Scherzi"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1940.62,"endTime":1944.44,"body":"Musicali, musical jokes,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1944.44,"endTime":1949.44,"body":"which were published in"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1944.44,"endTime":1949.44,"body":"1607 and 1632 respectively."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1949.86,"endTime":1953.59,"body":"These scherzos, scherzi"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1949.86,"endTime":1953.59,"body":"are more in the nature"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1953.59,"endTime":1957.313,"body":"of lighthearted music"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1953.59,"endTime":1957.313,"body":"rather than actual jokes."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1958.15,"endTime":1960.58,"body":"In the same manner, the"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1958.15,"endTime":1960.58,"body":"scherzo began to be used"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1960.58,"endTime":1963.399,"body":"in the classical era as"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1960.58,"endTime":1963.399,"body":"a substitute for minuets"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1963.399,"endTime":1966.023,"body":"within string quartets and symphonies."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1966.91,"endTime":1969.73,"body":"All six of Haydn's Opus 33 Quartets"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1969.73,"endTime":1973.01,"body":"of 1781 include a scherzo."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1973.01,"endTime":1976.853,"body":"Indeed, the set of six is"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1973.01,"endTime":1976.853,"body":"sometimes known as li scherzi."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1977.87,"endTime":1979.45,"body":"One of the Opus 33 Quartets,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1979.45,"endTime":1983.153,"body":"number two is actually known as The Joke."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1983.153,"endTime":1988.153,"body":"Here's why, the way that"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1983.153,"endTime":1988.153,"body":"it ends is the joke."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1988.4,"endTime":1991.913,"body":"So here's the whole of"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1988.4,"endTime":1991.913,"body":"the quirky last page."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":1994.914,"endTime":1999.831,"body":"(part of Haydn's Opus 33 Quartets playing)"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2043.11,"endTime":2045.295,"body":"Is that a universally understood joke?"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2045.295,"endTime":2048.223,"body":"Not, I'd suggest, in all cultures."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2049.452,"endTime":2053.29,"body":"There are a few universals"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2049.452,"endTime":2053.29,"body":"in terms of musical humor."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2053.29,"endTime":2055.46,"body":"Context is everything."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2055.46,"endTime":2058.951,"body":"Musical jokes are culture-specific."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2058.951,"endTime":2060.96,"body":"A humorous style might be for instance,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2060.96,"endTime":2063.53,"body":"the musical backdrop to a French farce,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2063.53,"endTime":2067.28,"body":"as in the stop start party"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2063.53,"endTime":2067.28,"body":"mania of the final movement"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2067.28,"endTime":2071.351,"body":"of Jacques Ibert's 1929"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2067.28,"endTime":2071.351,"body":"Divertissement, diversion,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2071.351,"endTime":2075.543,"body":"first piano slapstick,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2071.351,"endTime":2075.543,"body":"then it's party time."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2079.034,"endTime":2083.784,"body":"(part of Ibert's Divertissement playing)"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2103.96,"endTime":2108.37,"body":"This is clearly lighthearted,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2103.96,"endTime":2108.37,"body":"humorous, farcical music."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2108.37,"endTime":2111.27,"body":"The police whistle adds to"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2108.37,"endTime":2111.27,"body":"the comedy of the moment,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2111.27,"endTime":2115.187,"body":"and the circus ride music is"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2111.27,"endTime":2115.187,"body":"all part of the jocular mayhem."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2117.631,"endTime":2122.381,"body":"(part of Ibert's Divertissement playing)"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2173.609,"endTime":2176.59,"body":"Wa, wa, wa, it has to be descending."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2176.59,"endTime":2178.19,"body":"It's just not as funny going up."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2179.04,"endTime":2181.93,"body":"But these musical antiques are rooted"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2181.93,"endTime":2185.77,"body":"in specifically Western"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2181.93,"endTime":2185.77,"body":"culture, apart, I would suggest,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2185.77,"endTime":2187.42,"body":"from the use of the whistle."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2187.42,"endTime":2188.568,"body":"In certain musical cultures,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2188.568,"endTime":2191.54,"body":"that might be the one"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2188.568,"endTime":2191.54,"body":"sound that's familiar,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2191.54,"endTime":2194.96,"body":"although probably not considered"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2191.54,"endTime":2194.96,"body":"worthy of classification"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2194.96,"endTime":2196.263,"body":"as a musical instrument."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2197.4,"endTime":2200.44,"body":"It's also possible for a"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2197.4,"endTime":2200.44,"body":"musical gesture to be taken"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2200.44,"endTime":2204.27,"body":"from one context and reused"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2200.44,"endTime":2204.27,"body":"in another, for instance,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2204.27,"endTime":2208.33,"body":"scary music reused for humorous purposes."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2208.33,"endTime":2211.32,"body":"Here's a cue from the"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2208.33,"endTime":2211.32,"body":"1946 film, The Killers"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2211.32,"endTime":2214.04,"body":"starring Burt Lancaster and Ava Gardner."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2214.04,"endTime":2216.3,"body":"The screenplay is by Ernest Hemingway,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2216.3,"endTime":2219.95,"body":"based on his own short"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2216.3,"endTime":2219.95,"body":"story of 20 years earlier."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2219.95,"endTime":2222.73,"body":"The music is by Miklós Rózsa."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2222.73,"endTime":2226.713,"body":"The cue is labeled Danger"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2222.73,"endTime":2226.713,"body":"Ahead, and you will know it."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2228.663,"endTime":2231.913,"body":"(playing Danger Ahead)"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2235.0,"endTime":2236.58,"body":"The Danger Ahead cue is used"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2236.58,"endTime":2241.11,"body":"in the 1950s TV, film, and"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2236.58,"endTime":2241.11,"body":"radio police drama series"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2241.11,"endTime":2244.013,"body":"set in Los Angeles, Dragnet."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2245.306,"endTime":2248.556,"body":"(playing Danger Ahead)"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2250.22,"endTime":2252.193,"body":"The story you're about to see is true."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2253.69,"endTime":2255.604,"body":"The Danger Ahead cue is used"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2255.604,"endTime":2259.52,"body":"within the National Hockey"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2255.604,"endTime":2259.52,"body":"League in North America."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2259.52,"endTime":2261.409,"body":"Some venues use it when there's a penalty"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2261.409,"endTime":2265.27,"body":"against the home team, danger ahead."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2265.27,"endTime":2267.944,"body":"Inevitably perhaps, Danger"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2265.27,"endTime":2267.944,"body":"Ahead has degenerated"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2267.944,"endTime":2270.97,"body":"into the portrayal of mock fear,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2270.97,"endTime":2273.963,"body":"pantomime danger rather"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2270.97,"endTime":2273.963,"body":"than actual danger."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2276.7,"endTime":2279.81,"body":"Music is integral to cartoon,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2279.81,"endTime":2283.75,"body":"and was used from the early 1920s onwards."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2283.75,"endTime":2287.3,"body":"Cartoon music came of age in"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2283.75,"endTime":2287.3,"body":"Disney's Silly Symphony series,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2287.3,"endTime":2292.3,"body":"75 musical short films"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2287.3,"endTime":2292.3,"body":"drawn between 1929 and 1939."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2294.93,"endTime":2299.09,"body":"A year later in 1940,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2294.93,"endTime":2299.09,"body":"Scott Bradley's scores"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2299.09,"endTime":2302.87,"body":"for Tom and Jerry utilized"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2299.09,"endTime":2302.87,"body":"a heavily signposted system"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2302.87,"endTime":2307.083,"body":"of light motifs to support the"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2302.87,"endTime":2307.083,"body":"colorful cat and mouse drama."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2308.02,"endTime":2312.81,"body":"A celebrated one is MGM's"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2308.02,"endTime":2312.81,"body":"the Cat Concerto of 1946."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2312.81,"endTime":2314.902,"body":"It's a seven and a half minute cartoon"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2314.902,"endTime":2319.12,"body":"which uses Liszt's Hungarian"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2314.902,"endTime":2319.12,"body":"Rapsody Number Two."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2319.12,"endTime":2323.29,"body":"Tom is the cat in concert"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2319.12,"endTime":2323.29,"body":"attire playing the piano."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2323.29,"endTime":2325.933,"body":"Jerry the mouse is"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2323.29,"endTime":2325.933,"body":"living inside the piano."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2327.53,"endTime":2331.11,"body":"Scott Bradley arranged Liszt's"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2327.53,"endTime":2331.11,"body":"Rapsody for the cartoon,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2331.11,"endTime":2334.42,"body":"with the twist that he arranged"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2331.11,"endTime":2334.42,"body":"it for two pianists to play,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2334.42,"endTime":2338.08,"body":"himself and John Crown,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2334.42,"endTime":2338.08,"body":"one piano, four hands,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2338.08,"endTime":2340.14,"body":"so that it sounded even more difficult"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2340.14,"endTime":2342.26,"body":"than Liszt's original."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2342.26,"endTime":2345.24,"body":"The humor is partly in"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2342.26,"endTime":2345.24,"body":"using a serious pillar"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2345.24,"endTime":2347.88,"body":"of the European cannon in a cartoon,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2347.88,"endTime":2351.36,"body":"and partly the more obvious"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2347.88,"endTime":2351.36,"body":"humor that it's awkward"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2351.36,"endTime":2354.18,"body":"to control a difficult mouse"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2351.36,"endTime":2354.18,"body":"while you're trying to play"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2354.18,"endTime":2355.8,"body":"the music of Franz Liszt."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2355.8,"endTime":2358.399,"body":"(audience laughs)"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2358.399,"endTime":2363.399,"body":"(part of Liszt's Rhapsody"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2358.399,"endTime":2363.399,"body":"Number Two playing)"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2391.94,"endTime":2396.83,"body":"Scott Bradley's cartoon arrangement"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2396.83,"endTime":2400.78,"body":"of Franz Liszt's Second Rapsody,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2400.78,"endTime":2403.733,"body":"and the Cat Concerto won an Academy Award."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2406.88,"endTime":2409.03,"body":"And while we're on the subject of cats,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2409.03,"endTime":2411.41,"body":"there are two cats on a steep roof,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2411.41,"endTime":2413.86,"body":"which cat slides off first?"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2413.86,"endTime":2415.74,"body":"The one with the lowest mew."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2415.74,"endTime":2418.77,"body":"Now, if you know that the"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2415.74,"endTime":2418.77,"body":"Greek letter Mu stands"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2418.77,"endTime":2421.74,"body":"for the coefficient of"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2418.77,"endTime":2421.74,"body":"friction, then it's funny."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2421.74,"endTime":2424.34,"body":"The point is that it's"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2421.74,"endTime":2424.34,"body":"not just musical jokes"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2424.34,"endTime":2427.91,"body":"whose humor is guardedly in-house."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2427.91,"endTime":2431.97,"body":"Jokes can be a way into"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2427.91,"endTime":2431.97,"body":"any technical subject."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2431.97,"endTime":2434.523,"body":"My own father, for instance, found his way"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2434.523,"endTime":2436.46,"body":"into becoming an opera lover"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2436.46,"endTime":2439.93,"body":"via the Marx Brothers"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2436.46,"endTime":2439.93,"body":"film A Night at the Opera."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2439.93,"endTime":2442.84,"body":"My father's teenage logic"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2439.93,"endTime":2442.84,"body":"was such that if it was worth"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2442.84,"endTime":2444.95,"body":"the Marx Brothers sending up opera,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2444.95,"endTime":2447.05,"body":"then there must be something in it."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2447.05,"endTime":2449.593,"body":"And music was very important"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2447.05,"endTime":2449.593,"body":"to the Marx Brothers."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2450.62,"endTime":2454.1,"body":"Harpo was seen playing the harp"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2450.62,"endTime":2454.1,"body":"from which his name derived,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2454.1,"endTime":2457.25,"body":"and Chico, who was a"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2454.1,"endTime":2457.25,"body":"largely self-taught pianist,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2457.25,"endTime":2459.16,"body":"made he his unusual style of playing"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2459.16,"endTime":2461.323,"body":"an integral part of his routine."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2462.3,"endTime":2464.83,"body":"Musical humor in the Marx"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2462.3,"endTime":2464.83,"body":"Brothers is dependent"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2464.83,"endTime":2468.29,"body":"on exaggeration and incongruity."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2468.29,"endTime":2470.39,"body":"The physical gestures are overdone,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2470.39,"endTime":2473.29,"body":"and it's the frequently"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2470.39,"endTime":2473.29,"body":"incongruous context"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2473.29,"endTime":2475.913,"body":"of the musical scenes"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2473.29,"endTime":2475.913,"body":"that makes them funny."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2477.71,"endTime":2479.99,"body":"And I wonder how many sales of the"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2479.99,"endTime":2482.56,"body":"Grieg Piano Concerto were as a result"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2482.56,"endTime":2485.77,"body":"of the Morecambe and Wise"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2482.56,"endTime":2485.77,"body":"Christmas Show five decades ago,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2485.77,"endTime":2488.68,"body":"where André Previn, pianist"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2485.77,"endTime":2488.68,"body":"and then principal conductor"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2488.68,"endTime":2492.557,"body":"of the London Symphony Orchestra"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2488.68,"endTime":2492.557,"body":"agreed to be lampooned."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2492.557,"endTime":2494.44,"body":"\"I'm playing all the right notes,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2494.44,"endTime":2497.1,"body":"not necessarily in the right order,\""},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2497.1,"endTime":2499.16,"body":"Eric Morecambe observed having made a stab"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2499.16,"endTime":2501.98,"body":"at the first movement's primary"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2499.16,"endTime":2501.98,"body":"theme with his right hand,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2501.98,"endTime":2504.03,"body":"and having literally made a fist"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2504.03,"endTime":2506.71,"body":"of an oompah accompaniment with his left."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2506.71,"endTime":2509.75,"body":"It's a profound musical"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2506.71,"endTime":2509.75,"body":"statement in some respects."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2509.75,"endTime":2513.58,"body":"The 88 keys of piano are"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2509.75,"endTime":2513.58,"body":"indeed enough to play all"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2513.58,"endTime":2516.87,"body":"of common practice music, but"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2513.58,"endTime":2516.87,"body":"you do have to know the order"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2516.87,"endTime":2518.953,"body":"and combinations in which to play them."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2520.05,"endTime":2522.91,"body":"And then there was Monte"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2520.05,"endTime":2522.91,"body":"Python's simplistic attitude"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2522.91,"endTime":2525.48,"body":"towards the technique"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2522.91,"endTime":2525.48,"body":"of playing the flute."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2525.48,"endTime":2529.425,"body":"In how to do it, John Cleese"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2525.48,"endTime":2529.425,"body":"explains you blow there,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2529.425,"endTime":2531.993,"body":"and you move your"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2529.425,"endTime":2531.993,"body":"fingers up and down here."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2533.63,"endTime":2536.13,"body":"To return to the Shave"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2533.63,"endTime":2536.13,"body":"and Haircut Fanfare,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2536.13,"endTime":2538.284,"body":"which I was speaking about at the start,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2538.284,"endTime":2540.94,"body":"when stripped of its tune,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2540.94,"endTime":2543.9,"body":"presented as a rhythm, and simplified,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2543.9,"endTime":2548.622,"body":"it becomes a lighthearted call"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2543.9,"endTime":2548.622,"body":"and response entrance quest."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2548.622,"endTime":2552.33,"body":"(knocking and clapping"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2548.622,"endTime":2552.33,"body":"call and response rhythm)"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2552.33,"endTime":2556.1,"body":"This also has a serious"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2552.33,"endTime":2556.1,"body":"side in that certain people"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2556.1,"endTime":2559.83,"body":"from certain cultures will be"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2556.1,"endTime":2559.83,"body":"able to provide the response,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2559.83,"endTime":2563.35,"body":"and those from outside"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2559.83,"endTime":2563.35,"body":"those cultures may not."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2563.35,"endTime":2566.83,"body":"Shave and a Haircut seemingly"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2563.35,"endTime":2566.83,"body":"became a shibboleth."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2566.83,"endTime":2570.57,"body":"It's said that US prisoners"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2566.83,"endTime":2570.57,"body":"of war in Vietnam would use"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2570.57,"endTime":2573.33,"body":"the Shave and a Haircut"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2570.57,"endTime":2573.33,"body":"call to ascertain whether"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2573.33,"endTime":2577.46,"body":"a new prisoner in an adjoining"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2573.33,"endTime":2577.46,"body":"cell was indeed American."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2577.46,"endTime":2580.053,"body":"Comedy can indeed be a serious business."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2581.08,"endTime":2582.91,"body":"And as I've also observed,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2582.91,"endTime":2587.59,"body":"musical humor can be self"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2582.91,"endTime":2587.59,"body":"deprecatory, for instance,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2587.59,"endTime":2591.18,"body":"the portrayal of altos"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2587.59,"endTime":2591.18,"body":"as second class sopranos,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2591.18,"endTime":2594.68,"body":"or viola players as"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2591.18,"endTime":2594.68,"body":"second class violinists,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2594.68,"endTime":2598.96,"body":"or kit drummers as unmusical,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2594.68,"endTime":2598.96,"body":"because they don't play tunes,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2598.96,"endTime":2601.29,"body":"and conductors as superfluous,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2601.29,"endTime":2604.75,"body":"because they don't make any"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2601.29,"endTime":2604.75,"body":"sonic contribution at all,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2604.75,"endTime":2606.1,"body":"or at least they shouldn't."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2607.12,"endTime":2611.96,"body":"Mind you, pianists don't"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2607.12,"endTime":2611.96,"body":"ordinarily hum along to themselves"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2611.96,"endTime":2615.63,"body":"when playing Bach, but the"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2611.96,"endTime":2615.63,"body":"legendary Canadian pianist,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2615.63,"endTime":2617.74,"body":"Glen Gould frequently did so"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2617.74,"endTime":2620.62,"body":"on his iconic gramophone recordings."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2620.62,"endTime":2623.72,"body":"To those of us who admire"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2620.62,"endTime":2623.72,"body":"and revere Gould's pianism,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2623.72,"endTime":2628.0,"body":"this humming is part and"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2623.72,"endTime":2628.0,"body":"parcel of Gould's presentation."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2628.0,"endTime":2629.543,"body":"To others, it's just funny."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2630.74,"endTime":2633.662,"body":"In what I've said, I haven't"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2630.74,"endTime":2633.662,"body":"focused on the difference"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2633.662,"endTime":2638.662,"body":"between humor and wit,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2633.662,"endTime":2638.662,"body":"and there is a difference."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2638.95,"endTime":2642.923,"body":"Wit requires intelligence"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2638.95,"endTime":2642.923,"body":"and sharpness of mind."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2642.923,"endTime":2647.333,"body":"Wit is intellectual, and"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2642.923,"endTime":2647.333,"body":"wit may not always be funny."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2648.26,"endTime":2651.33,"body":"Humor is the quality of being amusing."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2651.33,"endTime":2653.844,"body":"A good joke should provoke laughter."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2653.844,"endTime":2658.08,"body":"Much music is witty"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2653.844,"endTime":2658.08,"body":"without being humorous,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2658.08,"endTime":2662.25,"body":"and it strikes me that musical"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2658.08,"endTime":2662.25,"body":"wit is integral, visceral,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2662.25,"endTime":2666.24,"body":"whereas musical humor tends"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2662.25,"endTime":2666.24,"body":"towards the superficial,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2666.24,"endTime":2669.51,"body":"not superficial in terms of"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2666.24,"endTime":2669.51,"body":"the musical technique needed"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2669.51,"endTime":2674.33,"body":"to portray humor, but"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2669.51,"endTime":2674.33,"body":"superficial in terms of its aim"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2674.33,"endTime":2675.513,"body":"to provoke laughter."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2676.55,"endTime":2679.95,"body":"Haydn seems to me a"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2676.55,"endTime":2679.95,"body":"successful musical humorist,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2679.95,"endTime":2681.87,"body":"and a sympathetic one."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2681.87,"endTime":2684.85,"body":"His musical jokes tend"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2681.87,"endTime":2684.85,"body":"towards the innovative,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2684.85,"endTime":2687.66,"body":"the attention-seeking in"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2684.85,"endTime":2687.66,"body":"the nicest possible way,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2687.66,"endTime":2689.46,"body":"and the culturally absurd."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2689.46,"endTime":2691.24,"body":"They never perverse."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2691.24,"endTime":2694.94,"body":"Haydn is laughing with you,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2691.24,"endTime":2694.94,"body":"and is enjoying your reaction"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2694.94,"endTime":2697.28,"body":"to what he's composed."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2697.28,"endTime":2700.54,"body":"Mozart's humor, again, it"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2697.28,"endTime":2700.54,"body":"seems to me, is more likely"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2700.54,"endTime":2703.53,"body":"to take the form of poking fun at others,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2703.53,"endTime":2705.13,"body":"rather than trying to innovate,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2705.13,"endTime":2707.573,"body":"or to find the humor in universals."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2709.37,"endTime":2712.51,"body":"I'm now looking back over this"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2709.37,"endTime":2712.51,"body":"series of Music and Emotion,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2712.51,"endTime":2716.11,"body":"or music in abstract, as"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2712.51,"endTime":2716.11,"body":"it was originally devised."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2716.11,"endTime":2718.77,"body":"The previous three lectures,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2716.11,"endTime":2718.77,"body":"Music and Nostalgia,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2718.77,"endTime":2721.83,"body":"Carols and Nostalgia, and"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2718.77,"endTime":2721.83,"body":"Music and Love mentioned"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2721.83,"endTime":2725.27,"body":"the effect of the so-called"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2721.83,"endTime":2725.27,"body":"reminiscence bump."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2725.27,"endTime":2728.83,"body":"The reminiscence bump is the"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2725.27,"endTime":2728.83,"body":"tendency for people over 40"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2728.83,"endTime":2732.48,"body":"to have increased or enhanced"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2728.83,"endTime":2732.48,"body":"recollection of events"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2732.48,"endTime":2736.78,"body":"that occurred during"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2732.48,"endTime":2736.78,"body":"adolescence and early adulthood."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2736.78,"endTime":2739.99,"body":"It was identified and named"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2736.78,"endTime":2739.99,"body":"by Professor Alan Parkin"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2739.99,"endTime":2744.0,"body":"of the University of Sussex in 1996."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2744.0,"endTime":2746.01,"body":"Running with this in 2018,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2746.01,"endTime":2749.64,"body":"the American journalist Seth"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2746.01,"endTime":2749.64,"body":"Stephens-Davidowitz analyzed"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2749.64,"endTime":2752.49,"body":"data from Spotify, and"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2749.64,"endTime":2752.49,"body":"published his findings"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2752.49,"endTime":2754.82,"body":"in the New York Times."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2754.82,"endTime":2758.15,"body":"Stephens-Davidowitz"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2754.82,"endTime":2758.15,"body":"worked out that you have"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2758.15,"endTime":2761.24,"body":"particular affinity for"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2758.15,"endTime":2761.24,"body":"songs that were released"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2761.24,"endTime":2765.87,"body":"when you were 11 to 14 for a"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2761.24,"endTime":2765.87,"body":"girl, and 13 to 16 for a boy."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2765.87,"endTime":2769.53,"body":"Indeed, on average, your"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2765.87,"endTime":2769.53,"body":"favorite song is likely to be one"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2769.53,"endTime":2771.9,"body":"that you raved about when"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2769.53,"endTime":2771.9,"body":"you were 13 years old"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2771.9,"endTime":2775.203,"body":"if you're female, and 14"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2771.9,"endTime":2775.203,"body":"years old if you're male."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2776.11,"endTime":2778.96,"body":"Having initially been a little"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2776.11,"endTime":2778.96,"body":"skeptical about this claim,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2778.96,"endTime":2781.24,"body":"I found that my favorite"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2778.96,"endTime":2781.24,"body":"albums do indeed date"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2781.24,"endTime":2784.78,"body":"from when I was 14, and"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2781.24,"endTime":2784.78,"body":"some of my favorite pieces"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2784.78,"endTime":2787.87,"body":"of classical music and"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2784.78,"endTime":2787.87,"body":"eclectic mix were played"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2787.87,"endTime":2791.48,"body":"at the BBC Proms in 1975 to which festival"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2791.48,"endTime":2795.75,"body":"my 14 year old ears were"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2791.48,"endTime":2795.75,"body":"glued by means of the radio."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2795.75,"endTime":2799.13,"body":"And so my eclectic taste"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2795.75,"endTime":2799.13,"body":"in classical music hails"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2799.13,"endTime":2801.46,"body":"not so much from my own open mind,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2801.46,"endTime":2804.539,"body":"but more from Proms controller"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2801.46,"endTime":2804.539,"body":"Robert Ponsonby to expand"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2804.539,"endTime":2808.061,"body":"my adolescent mind by devising programs"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2808.061,"endTime":2810.89,"body":"for what has subsequently been described"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2810.89,"endTime":2814.723,"body":"as the world's largest and"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2810.89,"endTime":2814.723,"body":"most democratic music festival."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2815.75,"endTime":2819.28,"body":"My musical taste, like my"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2815.75,"endTime":2819.28,"body":"sense of humor, is controlled"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2819.28,"endTime":2823.95,"body":"and nurtured by my circumstances"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2819.28,"endTime":2823.95,"body":"and those around me,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2823.95,"endTime":2826.693,"body":"every bit as much as from within."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2827.72,"endTime":2830.96,"body":"And so to finish, a joke"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2827.72,"endTime":2830.96,"body":"about myself, or rather,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2830.96,"endTime":2834.52,"body":"a joke about conductors,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2830.96,"endTime":2834.52,"body":"of which I am one,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2834.52,"endTime":2836.486,"body":"and it typifies what many performers feel"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2836.486,"endTime":2838.543,"body":"about many conductors."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2839.4,"endTime":2842.51,"body":"How many conductors does it"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2839.4,"endTime":2842.51,"body":"take to change a light bulb?"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2842.51,"endTime":2844.561,"body":"Nobody knows, 'cause nobody's watching."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2844.561,"endTime":2846.651,"body":"(audience laughs)"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2846.651,"endTime":2848.067,"body":"Thank you, thank you."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2848.067,"endTime":2851.82,"body":"(audience clapping)"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2851.82,"endTime":2852.87,"body":"- [Audience Member] I was just wondering"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2852.87,"endTime":2856.23,"body":"why you suppose the line"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2852.87,"endTime":2856.23,"body":"that descends is funny,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2856.23,"endTime":2859.03,"body":"but if you play the exact"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2856.23,"endTime":2859.03,"body":"same thing going up, it's not."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2859.03,"endTime":2863.0,"body":"Is it because it's universally"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2859.03,"endTime":2863.0,"body":"uplifting when we ascend?"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2863.0,"endTime":2864.34,"body":"- I mean, I've been thinking about that."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2864.34,"endTime":2866.89,"body":"I genuine when you don't know,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2864.34,"endTime":2866.89,"body":"and I suspect you're right."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2866.89,"endTime":2869.54,"body":"It's just that things going down,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2869.54,"endTime":2871.67,"body":"everything going, stuff"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2869.54,"endTime":2871.67,"body":"going down the tubes,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2871.67,"endTime":2872.81,"body":"you know, that's funny, isn't it?"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2872.81,"endTime":2874.14,"body":"Somehow, you're right."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2874.14,"endTime":2876.897,"body":"If it goes up, it's not"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2874.14,"endTime":2876.897,"body":"funny in the same way."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2876.897,"endTime":2879.12,"body":"You know, what goes up must come down."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2879.12,"endTime":2880.5,"body":"That's the sort of implication."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2880.5,"endTime":2882.047,"body":"Yeah, I've been thinking about that,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2882.047,"endTime":2883.12,"body":"but I've tried it."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2883.12,"endTime":2885.5,"body":"I've also sort of tried fabricating things"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2885.5,"endTime":2887.38,"body":"where that kind of phrase goes."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2887.38,"endTime":2889.97,"body":"It's just not, it's a bit silly, really."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2889.97,"endTime":2890.83,"body":"I mean, I'm not suggesting"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2890.83,"endTime":2892.52,"body":"that it coming down is anything but silly,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2892.52,"endTime":2894.55,"body":"but I think it's as simple as that."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2894.55,"endTime":2898.62,"body":"It's just we associate"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2894.55,"endTime":2898.62,"body":"going down with things being"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2898.62,"endTime":2900.15,"body":"sort of not quite right."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2900.15,"endTime":2901.65,"body":"And if things are going"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2900.15,"endTime":2901.65,"body":"up, that's optimistic."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2901.65,"endTime":2903.87,"body":"Well, that's not as funny, is it?"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2903.87,"endTime":2906.85,"body":"(indistinct comment from audience)"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2906.85,"endTime":2911.51,"body":"Well maybe it is, but"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2906.85,"endTime":2911.51,"body":"maybe the sort of wawa mute"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2911.51,"endTime":2914.01,"body":"on the trombone, maybe"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2911.51,"endTime":2914.01,"body":"that's not so universal."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2914.01,"endTime":2915.44,"body":"I don't know."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2915.44,"endTime":2917.709,"body":"But yeah, maybe so,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2915.44,"endTime":2917.709,"body":"maybe things going down"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2917.709,"endTime":2921.2,"body":"in a musical context are funny."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2921.2,"endTime":2922.91,"body":"That certainly makes me laugh."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2922.91,"endTime":2925.71,"body":"I mean, it made a few of"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2922.91,"endTime":2925.71,"body":"you laugh here as well."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2925.71,"endTime":2927.12,"body":"If it went up, it wouldn't."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2927.12,"endTime":2929.04,"body":"That's all I know."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2929.04,"endTime":2930.991,"body":"- You didn't mention Hoffnung,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2930.991,"endTime":2934.48,"body":"and the way that you listen"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2930.991,"endTime":2934.48,"body":"to a piece of music you know,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2934.48,"endTime":2936.988,"body":"and suddenly it becomes"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2934.48,"endTime":2936.988,"body":"something completely different,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2936.988,"endTime":2939.67,"body":"and that seems funny."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2939.67,"endTime":2943.25,"body":"- Yeah, no Hoffnung was utterly brilliant."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2943.25,"endTime":2945.724,"body":"But again, I mean, a"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2943.25,"endTime":2945.724,"body":"number of people are not,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2945.724,"endTime":2948.47,"body":"do not find Hoffnung funny,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2948.47,"endTime":2951.21,"body":"and because a lot of them are in jokes,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2951.21,"endTime":2953.828,"body":"you have to know the pieces"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2951.21,"endTime":2953.828,"body":"or at least the genre"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2953.828,"endTime":2956.87,"body":"that he was lampooning, and"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2953.828,"endTime":2956.87,"body":"you need to know it quite well."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2956.87,"endTime":2959.94,"body":"And with all the musical"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2956.87,"endTime":2959.94,"body":"humor, if you know the piece,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2959.94,"endTime":2961.96,"body":"and if you know the genre"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2959.94,"endTime":2961.96,"body":"really well, then yes,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2961.96,"endTime":2964.846,"body":"they're very funny, and"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2961.96,"endTime":2964.846,"body":"they take quite a lot of,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2964.846,"endTime":2966.84,"body":"they take quite a lot of working out."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2966.84,"endTime":2967.857,"body":"If you don't know the piece,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2967.857,"endTime":2969.989,"body":"and you don't know what"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2967.857,"endTime":2969.989,"body":"they're lampooning,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2969.989,"endTime":2973.31,"body":"it's just all a bit puzzling."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2973.31,"endTime":2976.288,"body":"I'm thinking in particular about when"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2976.288,"endTime":2979.26,"body":"the Walton Belshazzar's"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2976.288,"endTime":2979.26,"body":"Feast moment, you know,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2979.26,"endTime":2982.53,"body":"that they get the huge choir"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2979.26,"endTime":2982.53,"body":"on, and they just sing,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2982.53,"endTime":2983.66,"body":"you know, an extract from,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2983.66,"endTime":2986.65,"body":"they just shout the word"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2983.66,"endTime":2986.65,"body":"slain, and then go off."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2986.65,"endTime":2988.66,"body":"I mean, if you know"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2986.65,"endTime":2988.66,"body":"your Belshazzar's Feast,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2988.66,"endTime":2990.3,"body":"that's very, very funny, but I can imagine"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2990.3,"endTime":2991.467,"body":"people watch that and go,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2991.467,"endTime":2993.5,"body":"\"Well, that's just a load"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2991.467,"endTime":2993.5,"body":"of people shouting one word."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2993.5,"endTime":2994.333,"body":"Why is that funny?\""},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2994.333,"endTime":2997.248,"body":"I mean, yeah, we know it's, but sort of,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2997.248,"endTime":2999.91,"body":"and as I think I probably"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2997.248,"endTime":2999.91,"body":"proved at some point,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2999.91,"endTime":3002.46,"body":"the more you have to"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":2999.91,"endTime":3002.46,"body":"explain a musical joke,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3002.46,"endTime":3004.34,"body":"the less funny it becomes."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3004.34,"endTime":3006.61,"body":"So really it's sort of"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3004.34,"endTime":3006.61,"body":"preaching to the converter."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3006.61,"endTime":3009.55,"body":"Well, as most, as I say, like"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3006.61,"endTime":3009.55,"body":"the coefficient to friction,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3009.55,"endTime":3011.726,"body":"cat joke, that's also"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3009.55,"endTime":3011.726,"body":"very funny to physicists,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3011.726,"endTime":3014.19,"body":"and the rest of us go, \"Yeah, yeah."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3014.19,"endTime":3016.445,"body":"Curve into friction, funny."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3016.445,"endTime":3018.204,"body":"Cat, yeah."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3018.204,"endTime":3019.037,"body":"Mu.\""},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3021.52,"endTime":3024.13,"body":"- [Audience Member] I"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3021.52,"endTime":3024.13,"body":"first heard the music"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3024.13,"endTime":3026.48,"body":"from the Scott Bradley cartoon"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3026.48,"endTime":3028.66,"body":"in Who Framed Roger Rabbit,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3028.66,"endTime":3030.83,"body":"and I presume that was"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3028.66,"endTime":3030.83,"body":"a great tribute to it."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3030.83,"endTime":3032.371,"body":"- Yes."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3032.371,"endTime":3033.36,"body":"- [Audience Member] Though"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3032.371,"endTime":3033.36,"body":"it was different animals?"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3033.36,"endTime":3036.876,"body":"- Yeah, absolutely, and"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3033.36,"endTime":3036.876,"body":"there'd been many, exactly."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3036.876,"endTime":3038.59,"body":"And there've been many"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3036.876,"endTime":3038.59,"body":"tributes subsequently."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3038.59,"endTime":3041.0,"body":"It's very Scott Bradley,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3041.0,"endTime":3044.87,"body":"extraordinarily sort of"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3041.0,"endTime":3044.87,"body":"influential musician, funny enough."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3044.87,"endTime":3047.68,"body":"I mean, you know, great cartoon music,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3047.68,"endTime":3049.52,"body":"and arranged music for"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3047.68,"endTime":3049.52,"body":"cartoons, but actually,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3049.52,"endTime":3051.77,"body":"the way in which that's affected the way"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3051.77,"endTime":3054.97,"body":"in which other music is written"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3051.77,"endTime":3054.97,"body":"is extraordinary, actually,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3054.97,"endTime":3056.52,"body":"and other film music as well,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3056.52,"endTime":3057.887,"body":"but actually other classical music."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3057.887,"endTime":3060.35,"body":"And I think that's an"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3057.887,"endTime":3060.35,"body":"important point to make is that"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3060.35,"endTime":3061.94,"body":"actually, Hollywood in general,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3061.94,"endTime":3062.773,"body":"the things that have happened"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3062.773,"endTime":3065.0,"body":"in Hollywood have really"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3062.773,"endTime":3065.0,"body":"affected classical music,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3065.0,"endTime":3069.58,"body":"and vice versa, so yeah, absolutely,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3069.58,"endTime":3070.75,"body":"a tribute, yeah."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3070.75,"endTime":3072.24,"body":"- Yes, please."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3072.24,"endTime":3075.48,"body":"- [Audience Member] Is there"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3072.24,"endTime":3075.48,"body":"not another category of humor"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3075.48,"endTime":3078.97,"body":"which is a sort of gentle humor?"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3078.97,"endTime":3081.56,"body":"I'm looking down on people."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3081.56,"endTime":3084.33,"body":"I'm thinking, not like the musical joke,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3084.33,"endTime":3089.33,"body":"but things like the scherzo"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3084.33,"endTime":3089.33,"body":"of Beethoven's Sixth Symphony,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3089.81,"endTime":3094.225,"body":"where the town band are"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3089.81,"endTime":3094.225,"body":"playing and there's one bit"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3094.225,"endTime":3095.66,"body":"which is desperately trying to catch up,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3095.66,"endTime":3098.189,"body":"and I think there's a piece by Hindemith,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3098.189,"endTime":3102.84,"body":"which is the village"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3098.189,"endTime":3102.84,"body":"orchestra playing by the well,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3102.84,"endTime":3105.95,"body":"and it's just, it's like rude mechanicals,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3105.95,"endTime":3108.54,"body":"desperately trying to play,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3105.95,"endTime":3108.54,"body":"and I wonder whether that's,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3108.54,"endTime":3110.28,"body":"is that satire, or is that humor,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3110.28,"endTime":3113.35,"body":"or is that sort of"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3110.28,"endTime":3113.35,"body":"condescending in some way?"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3113.35,"endTime":3114.297,"body":"- Well, it is a bit condescending,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3114.297,"endTime":3116.12,"body":"and it actually happens quite a lot,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3116.12,"endTime":3118.91,"body":"the use of the sort of the"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3116.12,"endTime":3118.91,"body":"town band kind of thing."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3118.91,"endTime":3120.3,"body":"I mean, sometimes it's a tribute,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3120.3,"endTime":3121.75,"body":"and I think when Charles Ives does it,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3121.75,"endTime":3124.326,"body":"I think his Three Places in New England,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3124.326,"endTime":3126.66,"body":"I think that's actually genuinely meant,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3126.66,"endTime":3129.35,"body":"and it's really sort of,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3126.66,"endTime":3129.35,"body":"it's a real visceral love"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3129.35,"endTime":3131.618,"body":"of his heritage, and"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3129.35,"endTime":3131.618,"body":"all the musical things"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3131.618,"endTime":3133.22,"body":"that go to make that up."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3133.22,"endTime":3134.98,"body":"But I think in some"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3133.22,"endTime":3134.98,"body":"composers you're right,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3134.98,"endTime":3138.08,"body":"it is a little bit laughter"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3134.98,"endTime":3138.08,"body":"of superiority and look,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3138.08,"endTime":3139.36,"body":"and in the same way that I think"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3139.36,"endTime":3142.75,"body":"Mozart's entire A Musical"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3139.36,"endTime":3142.75,"body":"Joke is exactly that,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3142.75,"endTime":3145.5,"body":"it's very superior, and it's very clever,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3145.5,"endTime":3146.63,"body":"but it's also very cruel."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3146.63,"endTime":3148.61,"body":"And I think a lot of the"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3146.63,"endTime":3148.61,"body":"use of town, as you say,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3148.61,"endTime":3150.77,"body":"rude mechanicals, that's"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3148.61,"endTime":3150.77,"body":"the sort of thing."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3150.77,"endTime":3152.56,"body":"I mean, here I'm writing wonderful music,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3152.56,"endTime":3153.393,"body":"and they're over there."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3153.393,"endTime":3155.877,"body":"So just, they're just using"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3153.393,"endTime":3155.877,"body":"their ears, and they're doing."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3155.877,"endTime":3157.74,"body":"There are those of us"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3155.877,"endTime":3157.74,"body":"that would love to have"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3157.74,"endTime":3161.87,"body":"the aural skills of fake"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3157.74,"endTime":3161.87,"body":"musicians, or of town musicians."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3161.87,"endTime":3163.02,"body":"I just don't have them."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3163.02,"endTime":3165.48,"body":"I was in awe of people"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3163.02,"endTime":3165.48,"body":"that don't use the dots,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3165.48,"endTime":3167.347,"body":"and they always go, \"Oh,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3165.48,"endTime":3167.347,"body":"you can read anything.\""},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3167.347,"endTime":3169.61,"body":"I go, \"Well, A, I can, but"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3167.347,"endTime":3169.61,"body":"B, I'd much rather have"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3169.61,"endTime":3171.21,"body":"your skills where I can remember it"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3171.21,"endTime":3173.16,"body":"all here, and be able to make it up.\""},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3173.16,"endTime":3174.61,"body":"Improvisation is not something I can do."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3174.61,"endTime":3176.52,"body":"So I think you have to be careful"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3176.52,"endTime":3178.584,"body":"about when you are supposedly looking down"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3178.584,"endTime":3179.81,"body":"on that kind of thing,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3179.81,"endTime":3182.44,"body":"but I think some composers"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3179.81,"endTime":3182.44,"body":"have, yeah, absolutely."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3182.44,"endTime":3184.03,"body":"Obviously, I wouldn't have approve that,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3184.03,"endTime":3185.33,"body":"and nor would I find it particularly,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3185.33,"endTime":3187.117,"body":"I don't want to sound"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3185.33,"endTime":3187.117,"body":"sort of prudish about it,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3187.117,"endTime":3190.41,"body":"but that source of joke"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3187.117,"endTime":3190.41,"body":"doesn't really work for me."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3190.41,"endTime":3192.87,"body":"I don't mind the involved jokes of Mozart,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3192.87,"endTime":3194.57,"body":"except that when he's doing this stuff"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3194.57,"endTime":3196.16,"body":"about bad counterpoint,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3196.16,"endTime":3199.291,"body":"it's his pupil that he's referencing."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3199.291,"endTime":3201.785,"body":"- [Audience Member] Depends"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3199.291,"endTime":3201.785,"body":"on how good you yourself are"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3201.785,"endTime":3204.952,"body":"in order to, Mozart had to justify it."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3206.01,"endTime":3209.78,"body":"- Yeah, I mean, who else,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3206.01,"endTime":3209.78,"body":"when Mozart's alive,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3209.78,"endTime":3211.073,"body":"when he is writing A Musical Joke,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3211.073,"endTime":3213.24,"body":"yeah, who else would"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3211.073,"endTime":3213.24,"body":"be allowed to do that?"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3213.24,"endTime":3214.98,"body":"Well, Haydn and a very young Beethoven."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3214.98,"endTime":3216.7,"body":"I mean, they're the people, I guess,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3216.7,"endTime":3218.12,"body":"that would be on that level."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3218.12,"endTime":3221.009,"body":"The rest of us, yeah, he's"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3218.12,"endTime":3221.009,"body":"going to lampoon what we do."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3221.009,"endTime":3225.017,"body":"And what I'm never quite"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3221.009,"endTime":3225.017,"body":"sure is quite how much"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3225.017,"endTime":3228.448,"body":"the 18th century audience"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3225.017,"endTime":3228.448,"body":"would've appreciated,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3228.448,"endTime":3231.47,"body":"and how much the actual"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3228.448,"endTime":3231.47,"body":"players themselves would've"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3231.47,"endTime":3234.37,"body":"appreciated about the joke,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3231.47,"endTime":3234.37,"body":"certainly some bits, obviously,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3234.37,"endTime":3235.727,"body":"but what about the rest of it?"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3235.727,"endTime":3236.56,"body":"Well, he'd have had to sit down and say,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3236.56,"endTime":3237.92,"body":"\"What I was doing here, you see,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3237.92,"endTime":3240.09,"body":"what the essence of the comedy here.\""},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3240.09,"endTime":3241.573,"body":"When you have to do that, you've lost."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3241.573,"endTime":3244.25,"body":"- [Audience Member] Who was the"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3241.573,"endTime":3244.25,"body":"audience for a musical show?"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3244.25,"endTime":3247.3,"body":"Was it played in a concert?"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3247.3,"endTime":3248.95,"body":"- Yeah, yeah, absolutely."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3248.95,"endTime":3252.18,"body":"It was offered up as divertissement,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3252.18,"endTime":3254.5,"body":"as a diversion, yeah, absolutely."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3254.5,"endTime":3256.707,"body":"People would've listened"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3254.5,"endTime":3256.707,"body":"to it for the first time,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3256.707,"endTime":3260.76,"body":"and presumably would've"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3256.707,"endTime":3260.76,"body":"been either getting it,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3260.76,"endTime":3262.1,"body":"or struggling to get it, I don't know."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3262.1,"endTime":3263.428,"body":"History, sadly, doesn't relate"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3263.428,"endTime":3266.96,"body":"what the first performance led to,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3266.96,"endTime":3268.98,"body":"but I imagine puzzlement in some cases,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3268.98,"endTime":3271.11,"body":"and I imagine also in some cases,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3271.11,"endTime":3274.508,"body":"people probably pretending"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3271.11,"endTime":3274.508,"body":"to get to the joke."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3274.508,"endTime":3276.45,"body":"Some of them are obvious."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3276.45,"endTime":3279.65,"body":"We know the end's very obvious,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3276.45,"endTime":3279.65,"body":"and the pluck, the cadenza."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3279.65,"endTime":3281.71,"body":"Those are obviously"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3279.65,"endTime":3281.71,"body":"enough, but the rest of it,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3281.71,"endTime":3284.189,"body":"the business of balanced"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3281.71,"endTime":3284.189,"body":"phrases, and making jokes"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3284.189,"endTime":3289.189,"body":"about sort of modulations"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3284.189,"endTime":3289.189,"body":"and key changes, not so much."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3289.299,"endTime":3291.062,"body":"- [Audience Member] I"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3289.299,"endTime":3291.062,"body":"couldn't even tell that."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3291.062,"endTime":3293.353,"body":"(audience laughs)"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3293.353,"endTime":3296.233,"body":"- You can go home, listen to"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3293.353,"endTime":3296.233,"body":"it, and laugh your socks off."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3297.51,"endTime":3299.06,"body":"- Are there any more questions?"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3300.4,"endTime":3301.28,"body":"Great, well look,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3301.28,"endTime":3304.28,"body":"thank you very much for"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3301.28,"endTime":3304.28,"body":"a tremendous lecture."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3304.28,"endTime":3309.09,"body":"I mean, this, sadly, is"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3304.28,"endTime":3309.09,"body":"Professor Summerly's last lecture"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3309.09,"endTime":3311.82,"body":"as a visiting professor"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3309.09,"endTime":3311.82,"body":"of the History of Music"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3311.82,"endTime":3315.21,"body":"at Gresham College, and I just"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3311.82,"endTime":3315.21,"body":"wanted just to say a very,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3315.21,"endTime":3319.77,"body":"very few words to thank"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3315.21,"endTime":3319.77,"body":"him for what he has done"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3319.77,"endTime":3323.92,"body":"over the last, it's actually"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3319.77,"endTime":3323.92,"body":"more than the last three years,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3323.92,"endTime":3326.26,"body":"because Professor Summerly started"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3326.26,"endTime":3329.77,"body":"with his annual Christmas Carols lecture,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3329.77,"endTime":3333.68,"body":"which started in 2014,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3329.77,"endTime":3333.68,"body":"and it was only 2019"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3333.68,"endTime":3335.54,"body":"when he became a visiting professor,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3335.54,"endTime":3340.54,"body":"and in that period, he's"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3335.54,"endTime":3340.54,"body":"delivered three amazing series."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3341.082,"endTime":3343.85,"body":"The first one was called Making Music,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3343.85,"endTime":3347.929,"body":"in which he looked at the"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3343.85,"endTime":3347.929,"body":"way that music was created,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3347.929,"endTime":3351.03,"body":"focusing on beginnings and endings,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3351.03,"endTime":3354.75,"body":"and exploring some"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3351.03,"endTime":3354.75,"body":"famously incomplete works"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3354.75,"endTime":3358.21,"body":"from Bach, Mozart, and Schubert."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3358.21,"endTime":3362.67,"body":"And that was followed the"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3358.21,"endTime":3362.67,"body":"second year with his series"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3362.67,"endTime":3367.67,"body":"on 100 Years of BBC Radio, and"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3362.67,"endTime":3367.67,"body":"this is really fascinating,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3367.95,"endTime":3370.7,"body":"because he took us through"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3367.95,"endTime":3370.7,"body":"a timeline of the history"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3370.7,"endTime":3375.5,"body":"of BBC radio music, examining"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3370.7,"endTime":3375.5,"body":"how it actually shaped"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3375.5,"endTime":3378.96,"body":"musical taste over the period,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3378.96,"endTime":3382.2,"body":"right way from the beginning"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3378.96,"endTime":3382.2,"body":"to the digital age."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3382.2,"endTime":3385.35,"body":"And then finally and triumphantly,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3385.35,"endTime":3388.98,"body":"this third series of Music and Emotion"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3388.98,"endTime":3392.19,"body":"from Barked the Beatles,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3392.19,"endTime":3396.54,"body":"he's shown us how music at"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3392.19,"endTime":3396.54,"body":"its best acts on our hearts"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3396.54,"endTime":3399.993,"body":"and minds, humor, love and nostalgia."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3400.851,"endTime":3404.503,"body":"And I would say that throughout"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3400.851,"endTime":3404.503,"body":"all three of these series,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3404.503,"endTime":3408.32,"body":"Professor Summerly's brought"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3404.503,"endTime":3408.32,"body":"together his knowledge"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3408.32,"endTime":3411.17,"body":"of history with his incredible knowledge"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3411.17,"endTime":3413.63,"body":"of the technicalities of music."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3413.63,"endTime":3417.57,"body":"Playing us the piano"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3417.57,"endTime":3420.34,"body":"here this evening has"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3417.57,"endTime":3420.34,"body":"just demonstrated that."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3420.34,"endTime":3423.71,"body":"So we are so grateful to you"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3420.34,"endTime":3423.71,"body":"for everything you have done."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3423.71,"endTime":3427.23,"body":"We really hope we can lure you"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3423.71,"endTime":3427.23,"body":"back in the future to give us"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3427.23,"endTime":3429.12,"body":"the odd lecture, but in the meantime,"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3429.12,"endTime":3430.88,"body":"I'd like everyone to join with me"},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3430.88,"endTime":3432.739,"body":"to thank him very, very much, thank you."},{"speaker":"Five","startTime":3432.739,"endTime":3435.739,"body":"(audience clapping)"}]}