{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"startTime":0.73,"endTime":5.73,"body":"- In 1712, George Lewis"},{"startTime":0.73,"endTime":5.73,"body":"was a Welsh chaplain"},{"startTime":7.58,"endTime":10.84,"body":"working for the British East India Company"},{"startTime":10.84,"endTime":15.52,"body":"in the Port of Chennai,"},{"startTime":10.84,"endTime":15.52,"body":"then known as Madras"},{"startTime":15.52,"endTime":18.663,"body":"on India's Southwestern Coast."},{"startTime":20.11,"endTime":21.85,"body":"The job that the company had hired him"},{"startTime":21.85,"endTime":24.67,"body":"and a handful of other"},{"startTime":21.85,"endTime":24.67,"body":"Anglican chaplains for"},{"startTime":24.67,"endTime":27.54,"body":"was simply to provide religious services"},{"startTime":27.54,"endTime":29.62,"body":"to the company's expatriates"},{"startTime":29.62,"endTime":33.14,"body":"and perhaps also for their"},{"startTime":29.62,"endTime":33.14,"body":"illegitimate children."},{"startTime":33.14,"endTime":35.68,"body":"As perfectly decent"},{"startTime":33.14,"endTime":35.68,"body":"living for a clergyman,"},{"startTime":35.68,"endTime":38.3,"body":"definite opportunities to"},{"startTime":35.68,"endTime":38.3,"body":"make some money on the side"},{"startTime":38.3,"endTime":40.58,"body":"through trading in your own right,"},{"startTime":40.58,"endTime":45.24,"body":"but as spiritual"},{"startTime":40.58,"endTime":45.24,"body":"opportunities go unambitious"},{"startTime":45.24,"endTime":47.81,"body":"and every so often these men's consciences"},{"startTime":47.81,"endTime":49.473,"body":"had a way of stirring."},{"startTime":50.52,"endTime":52.16,"body":"In fact, in October 1712,"},{"startTime":52.16,"endTime":55.02,"body":"George Lewis was in a"},{"startTime":52.16,"endTime":55.02,"body":"state of some excitement."},{"startTime":55.02,"endTime":57.47,"body":"250 kilometers South of Madras"},{"startTime":57.47,"endTime":61.52,"body":"was a rather more modest"},{"startTime":57.47,"endTime":61.52,"body":"imperial foothold,"},{"startTime":61.52,"endTime":64.67,"body":"the Danish East India Company's settlement"},{"startTime":64.67,"endTime":67.743,"body":"in the town of Tranquebar"},{"startTime":64.67,"endTime":67.743,"body":"now called Tharangambadi."},{"startTime":69.25,"endTime":70.9,"body":"Over the previous six years,"},{"startTime":70.9,"endTime":73.54,"body":"two young Protestant ministers"},{"startTime":70.9,"endTime":73.54,"body":"had been working there,"},{"startTime":73.54,"endTime":76.65,"body":"not with the small"},{"startTime":73.54,"endTime":76.65,"body":"number of Danish expats,"},{"startTime":76.65,"endTime":79.09,"body":"but with the Tamil population"},{"startTime":79.09,"endTime":82.3,"body":"whom they hoped to convert to"},{"startTime":79.09,"endTime":82.3,"body":"their brand of Christianity"},{"startTime":82.3,"endTime":84.34,"body":"and George Lewis was impressed."},{"startTime":84.34,"endTime":85.99,"body":"He wrote to the Society"},{"startTime":85.99,"endTime":88.0,"body":"for the Promoting Christian Knowledge,"},{"startTime":88.0,"endTime":91.28,"body":"the SPCK a fledgling outfit in London"},{"startTime":91.28,"endTime":94.2,"body":"that had taken an interest"},{"startTime":91.28,"endTime":94.2,"body":"in what the Danes were doing."},{"startTime":94.2,"endTime":96.79,"body":"We'll be hearing more about the SPCK."},{"startTime":96.79,"endTime":99.03,"body":"And he said to them amongst other things,"},{"startTime":99.03,"endTime":103.07,"body":"the missionaries at Tranquebar"},{"startTime":99.03,"endTime":103.07,"body":"ought and must be encouraged."},{"startTime":103.07,"endTime":105.53,"body":"It is the first attempt the Protestants"},{"startTime":105.53,"endTime":108.15,"body":"have ever made in that kind."},{"startTime":108.15,"endTime":110.39,"body":"And then he used a biblical image"},{"startTime":110.39,"endTime":112.0,"body":"for nurturing and encouraging"},{"startTime":112.0,"endTime":114.36,"body":"something fragile and tentative said,"},{"startTime":114.36,"endTime":117.74,"body":"we must not put out the smoking flax."},{"startTime":117.74,"endTime":120.744,"body":"It would give our adversaries the Papist"},{"startTime":120.744,"endTime":125.73,"body":"who boast so much of their"},{"startTime":120.744,"endTime":125.73,"body":"Congregation de Propaganda Fide"},{"startTime":125.73,"endTime":128.223,"body":"too much cause to triumph over us."},{"startTime":130.04,"endTime":132.52,"body":"We're going to come back to"},{"startTime":130.04,"endTime":132.52,"body":"Southwestern India later on,"},{"startTime":132.52,"endTime":134.69,"body":"but for now I want you"},{"startTime":132.52,"endTime":134.69,"body":"to notice two things"},{"startTime":134.69,"endTime":136.163,"body":"about this comment."},{"startTime":137.0,"endTime":137.9,"body":"First of all,"},{"startTime":137.9,"endTime":140.97,"body":"the fact that Lewis immediately frames"},{"startTime":140.97,"endTime":142.13,"body":"this missionary effort"},{"startTime":142.13,"endTime":144.69,"body":"amongst an overwhelmingly Hindu population"},{"startTime":144.69,"endTime":146.16,"body":"as a spiritual struggle,"},{"startTime":146.16,"endTime":149.223,"body":"not with Hinduism, but with Catholicism."},{"startTime":150.18,"endTime":153.98,"body":"And second, his claim that"},{"startTime":150.18,"endTime":153.98,"body":"this is the first attempt"},{"startTime":153.98,"endTime":156.663,"body":"the Protestants have"},{"startTime":153.98,"endTime":156.663,"body":"ever made in this kind."},{"startTime":157.81,"endTime":160.11,"body":"As we'll see, that's not exactly true,"},{"startTime":160.11,"endTime":162.363,"body":"but it's not particularly surprising"},{"startTime":162.363,"endTime":164.67,"body":"that he would've thought so."},{"startTime":164.67,"endTime":166.0,"body":"And it's certainly true"},{"startTime":166.0,"endTime":169.95,"body":"that the beginnings of"},{"startTime":166.0,"endTime":169.95,"body":"Protestant Christianity in Asia"},{"startTime":169.95,"endTime":174.38,"body":"our subject this evening is"},{"startTime":169.95,"endTime":174.38,"body":"a slow and uncertain story."},{"startTime":174.38,"endTime":176.36,"body":"And it's one that's quite different"},{"startTime":176.36,"endTime":178.913,"body":"from the stories I've told"},{"startTime":176.36,"endTime":178.913,"body":"in this series so far."},{"startTime":180.17,"endTime":182.48,"body":"The missionary context we've looked at"},{"startTime":182.48,"endTime":184.93,"body":"in the previous lectures"},{"startTime":182.48,"endTime":184.93,"body":"amongst native Americans"},{"startTime":184.93,"endTime":189.883,"body":"and enslaved Africans were"},{"startTime":184.93,"endTime":189.883,"body":"defined by imperial power."},{"startTime":190.87,"endTime":193.59,"body":"They happened in contexts of conquest,"},{"startTime":193.59,"endTime":196.613,"body":"expansionist settlement enslavement."},{"startTime":197.65,"endTime":200.29,"body":"In Asia, the situation during our period"},{"startTime":200.29,"endTime":204.693,"body":"up to the late 18th"},{"startTime":200.29,"endTime":204.693,"body":"century was very different."},{"startTime":205.62,"endTime":208.2,"body":"There's certainly a European presence,"},{"startTime":208.2,"endTime":211.27,"body":"imperial presence in parts of Asia."},{"startTime":211.27,"endTime":213.71,"body":"There were even a few territories,"},{"startTime":213.71,"endTime":217.45,"body":"mostly islands or small coastal enclaves"},{"startTime":217.45,"endTime":219.46,"body":"that had been brought under partial"},{"startTime":219.46,"endTime":223.97,"body":"or complete military"},{"startTime":219.46,"endTime":223.97,"body":"control by European powers"},{"startTime":223.97,"endTime":226.063,"body":"though that control is always fragile,"},{"startTime":227.27,"endTime":232.27,"body":"but as yet, there was no"},{"startTime":227.27,"endTime":232.27,"body":"attempt at large scale conquest"},{"startTime":232.3,"endTime":236.03,"body":"and no attempt at all to"},{"startTime":232.3,"endTime":236.03,"body":"create settler colonies"},{"startTime":236.03,"endTime":238.85,"body":"of the kind being found in the Americas"},{"startTime":238.85,"endTime":240.043,"body":"or in Southern Africa."},{"startTime":240.93,"endTime":245.55,"body":"These weren't or they weren't"},{"startTime":240.93,"endTime":245.55,"body":"yet territorial empires."},{"startTime":245.55,"endTime":248.65,"body":"The Portuguese who were"},{"startTime":245.55,"endTime":248.65,"body":"the first Europeans"},{"startTime":248.65,"endTime":249.87,"body":"to establish a presence"},{"startTime":249.87,"endTime":252.17,"body":"in the Indian Ocean and in East Asia"},{"startTime":252.17,"endTime":256.57,"body":"established a series of"},{"startTime":252.17,"endTime":256.57,"body":"footholds in the 16th century."},{"startTime":256.57,"endTime":260.6,"body":"So Hormuz at the mouth"},{"startTime":256.57,"endTime":260.6,"body":"of the Persian Gulf,"},{"startTime":260.6,"endTime":265.6,"body":"Goa in Eastern India,"},{"startTime":260.6,"endTime":265.6,"body":"Malacca in modern Malaysia,"},{"startTime":266.66,"endTime":271.36,"body":"Macau on the South Coast"},{"startTime":266.66,"endTime":271.36,"body":"of China and others."},{"startTime":271.36,"endTime":274.06,"body":"And in each case, the"},{"startTime":271.36,"endTime":274.06,"body":"Portuguese fortified,"},{"startTime":274.06,"endTime":276.95,"body":"used military force, held territory,"},{"startTime":276.95,"endTime":280.39,"body":"but only as much as they"},{"startTime":276.95,"endTime":280.39,"body":"needed to secure and defend"},{"startTime":280.39,"endTime":282.923,"body":"what were essentially trading posts."},{"startTime":283.81,"endTime":286.74,"body":"And the reason that"},{"startTime":283.81,"endTime":286.74,"body":"enormously powerful states"},{"startTime":286.74,"endTime":288.21,"body":"like Safavid Persia"},{"startTime":288.21,"endTime":292.01,"body":"or the Mogul Empire in"},{"startTime":288.21,"endTime":292.01,"body":"India or Ming China,"},{"startTime":292.01,"endTime":293.05,"body":"the reason that they were willing"},{"startTime":293.05,"endTime":294.94,"body":"to let this kind of thing happen"},{"startTime":295.83,"endTime":298.31,"body":"is that the Portuguese weren't interested"},{"startTime":298.31,"endTime":302.62,"body":"in territorial conquest,"},{"startTime":298.31,"endTime":302.62,"body":"but in maritime trade."},{"startTime":302.62,"endTime":305.52,"body":"And that is a globally"},{"startTime":302.62,"endTime":305.52,"body":"commercial enterprise"},{"startTime":305.52,"endTime":307.43,"body":"that the great Asian states generally saw"},{"startTime":307.43,"endTime":309.36,"body":"as beneath their dignity."},{"startTime":309.36,"endTime":311.61,"body":"And they're perfectly"},{"startTime":309.36,"endTime":311.61,"body":"willing to outsource it"},{"startTime":311.61,"endTime":313.68,"body":"to these peculiar Europeans"},{"startTime":313.68,"endTime":316.623,"body":"with their agile and"},{"startTime":313.68,"endTime":316.623,"body":"heavily armed little ships."},{"startTime":317.92,"endTime":320.93,"body":"So the main rivals that"},{"startTime":317.92,"endTime":320.93,"body":"the Portuguese faced"},{"startTime":320.93,"endTime":325.93,"body":"for their dominance of the"},{"startTime":320.93,"endTime":325.93,"body":"lucrative intra Asian trade"},{"startTime":326.16,"endTime":328.55,"body":"were oddly enough not the"},{"startTime":326.16,"endTime":328.55,"body":"other great Asian powers,"},{"startTime":328.55,"endTime":330.143,"body":"but other Europeans."},{"startTime":331.06,"endTime":334.3,"body":"And it's a sign of how"},{"startTime":331.06,"endTime":334.3,"body":"commercial that all this was,"},{"startTime":334.3,"endTime":336.3,"body":"that those European rivals"},{"startTime":336.3,"endTime":339.57,"body":"all chose to pursue their Asian ambitions,"},{"startTime":339.57,"endTime":341.23,"body":"not through direct conquest"},{"startTime":341.23,"endTime":343.27,"body":"or settlement in the old fashioned way,"},{"startTime":343.27,"endTime":346.97,"body":"but through establishing"},{"startTime":343.27,"endTime":346.97,"body":"trading companies."},{"startTime":346.97,"endTime":349.69,"body":"We've already met the"},{"startTime":346.97,"endTime":349.69,"body":"British East India company."},{"startTime":349.69,"endTime":353.63,"body":"The oldest of those rivals to"},{"startTime":349.69,"endTime":353.63,"body":"Portugal established in 1600"},{"startTime":353.63,"endTime":355.59,"body":"English, not British at that point."},{"startTime":355.59,"endTime":358.27,"body":"We've also met the Danish company,"},{"startTime":358.27,"endTime":360.37,"body":"it's a comparative Titla"},{"startTime":360.37,"endTime":364.08,"body":"but the most powerful and"},{"startTime":360.37,"endTime":364.08,"body":"important for our whole period"},{"startTime":364.96,"endTime":367.62,"body":"was the Dutch East India Company,"},{"startTime":367.62,"endTime":370.32,"body":"the Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie"},{"startTime":370.32,"endTime":372.083,"body":"established in 1602."},{"startTime":373.21,"endTime":375.11,"body":"We might think that we live in an age"},{"startTime":375.11,"endTime":376.5,"body":"where multinational corporations"},{"startTime":376.5,"endTime":378.68,"body":"can be more powerful than states,"},{"startTime":378.68,"endTime":380.61,"body":"but these are companies"},{"startTime":380.61,"endTime":385.61,"body":"that make Amazon or Exxon look"},{"startTime":380.61,"endTime":385.61,"body":"lily-livered and squeamish."},{"startTime":387.36,"endTime":390.09,"body":"A better modern analogy might be"},{"startTime":390.09,"endTime":392.2,"body":"the Russian energy company, Gazprom"},{"startTime":392.2,"endTime":394.94,"body":"like a publicly traded company,"},{"startTime":394.94,"endTime":397.81,"body":"but one which is majority"},{"startTime":394.94,"endTime":397.81,"body":"owned by the Russian state"},{"startTime":397.81,"endTime":401.68,"body":"and is plainly both a highly"},{"startTime":397.81,"endTime":401.68,"body":"lucrative commercial enterprise"},{"startTime":401.68,"endTime":404.253,"body":"and an instrument of"},{"startTime":401.68,"endTime":404.253,"body":"Russian foreign policy."},{"startTime":405.92,"endTime":408.95,"body":"The Protestant maritime"},{"startTime":405.92,"endTime":408.95,"body":"powers in Northern Europe"},{"startTime":408.95,"endTime":411.23,"body":"in the years around 1600"},{"startTime":411.23,"endTime":414.64,"body":"were locked in a desperate"},{"startTime":411.23,"endTime":414.64,"body":"struggle for survival"},{"startTime":414.64,"endTime":417.893,"body":"with the joint monarchy"},{"startTime":414.64,"endTime":417.893,"body":"of Spain and Portugal."},{"startTime":418.94,"endTime":421.17,"body":"This empire of antichrist,"},{"startTime":421.17,"endTime":422.25,"body":"the Spanish Portuguese empire,"},{"startTime":422.25,"endTime":424.4,"body":"as the Protestants saw it"},{"startTime":424.4,"endTime":428.19,"body":"repeatedly tried to invade"},{"startTime":424.4,"endTime":428.19,"body":"England until the 1640s"},{"startTime":428.19,"endTime":432.17,"body":"is actively attempting to"},{"startTime":428.19,"endTime":432.17,"body":"reconquer the Dutch Republic."},{"startTime":432.17,"endTime":434.9,"body":"The Protestants know that"},{"startTime":432.17,"endTime":434.9,"body":"the financial lifeblood"},{"startTime":434.9,"endTime":437.38,"body":"of the Spanish and Portuguese empires"},{"startTime":437.38,"endTime":440.41,"body":"was their global reach,"},{"startTime":440.41,"endTime":443.06,"body":"the gold and silver from the Americas"},{"startTime":443.06,"endTime":445.45,"body":"and the staggeringly lucrative trade"},{"startTime":445.45,"endTime":448.13,"body":"in spices and other goods from Asia."},{"startTime":448.13,"endTime":452.62,"body":"And so disrupting that"},{"startTime":448.13,"endTime":452.62,"body":"trade as best they could"},{"startTime":452.62,"endTime":455.28,"body":"and seizing some of it for themselves"},{"startTime":455.28,"endTime":457.28,"body":"was a military necessity"},{"startTime":457.28,"endTime":459.693,"body":"as well as a commercial opportunity."},{"startTime":460.7,"endTime":465.56,"body":"So these companies they're"},{"startTime":460.7,"endTime":465.56,"body":"set up to be self financing,"},{"startTime":465.56,"endTime":468.52,"body":"self-governing they keep the"},{"startTime":465.56,"endTime":468.52,"body":"government and the publics"},{"startTime":468.52,"endTime":471.25,"body":"of their home countries at arm's length,"},{"startTime":471.25,"endTime":474.82,"body":"but they're also never just companies."},{"startTime":474.82,"endTime":476.123,"body":"They're weapons of war."},{"startTime":477.62,"endTime":479.85,"body":"In 1603, so this is the year"},{"startTime":479.85,"endTime":482.67,"body":"after the foundation of the"},{"startTime":479.85,"endTime":482.67,"body":"Dutch East India Company."},{"startTime":482.67,"endTime":485.46,"body":"Its Naval commander in the east,"},{"startTime":485.46,"endTime":487.02,"body":"again, you might not"},{"startTime":485.46,"endTime":487.02,"body":"think that's something"},{"startTime":487.02,"endTime":488.66,"body":"that a company would normally have."},{"startTime":488.66,"endTime":491.76,"body":"Its Naval commander in the"},{"startTime":488.66,"endTime":491.76,"body":"East Jacob van Heemskerck"},{"startTime":491.76,"endTime":494.65,"body":"wrote a triumphant report back"},{"startTime":491.76,"endTime":494.65,"body":"to the company's directors,"},{"startTime":494.65,"endTime":496.6,"body":"outlining his early victories."},{"startTime":496.6,"endTime":499.51,"body":"And he commented may"},{"startTime":496.6,"endTime":499.51,"body":"God's glory be exalted"},{"startTime":499.51,"endTime":502.88,"body":"amongst so many different"},{"startTime":499.51,"endTime":502.88,"body":"nations peoples and countries"},{"startTime":502.88,"endTime":506.44,"body":"by means of the true Protestant religion."},{"startTime":506.44,"endTime":510.5,"body":"Perhaps the Lord will use"},{"startTime":506.44,"endTime":510.5,"body":"a small despised country,"},{"startTime":510.5,"endTime":512.71,"body":"a nation, he means the"},{"startTime":510.5,"endTime":512.71,"body":"Netherlands of course,"},{"startTime":512.71,"endTime":514.923,"body":"to work his mighty miracles."},{"startTime":516.65,"endTime":519.53,"body":"Was the money making a means of defeating"},{"startTime":519.53,"endTime":521.69,"body":"the forces of antichrist"},{"startTime":521.69,"endTime":524.25,"body":"or was throttling the Portuguese empire"},{"startTime":524.25,"endTime":525.45,"body":"a means of making money?"},{"startTime":526.46,"endTime":528.71,"body":"That wasn't a question"},{"startTime":526.46,"endTime":528.71,"body":"they needed to answer."},{"startTime":529.56,"endTime":531.33,"body":"Though it won't surprise you to learn"},{"startTime":531.33,"endTime":534.46,"body":"that money making has"},{"startTime":531.33,"endTime":534.46,"body":"a momentum of its own"},{"startTime":534.46,"endTime":536.83,"body":"and that entities which were created"},{"startTime":536.83,"endTime":539.637,"body":"as mercantile means to political ends"},{"startTime":541.72,"endTime":544.943,"body":"slowly become more"},{"startTime":541.72,"endTime":544.943,"body":"straightforwardly commercial."},{"startTime":547.63,"endTime":550.3,"body":"Alongside this commercial rivalry"},{"startTime":550.3,"endTime":552.45,"body":"between the Catholic"},{"startTime":550.3,"endTime":552.45,"body":"and Protestant powers,"},{"startTime":552.45,"endTime":555.53,"body":"or maybe another one of the arenas"},{"startTime":555.53,"endTime":560.013,"body":"in which that rivalry was"},{"startTime":555.53,"endTime":560.013,"body":"fought is a missionary rivalry."},{"startTime":561.07,"endTime":564.11,"body":"The Portuguese used"},{"startTime":561.07,"endTime":564.11,"body":"their commercial empire"},{"startTime":564.11,"endTime":567.71,"body":"as a vector for Catholic missions."},{"startTime":567.71,"endTime":570.48,"body":"Goa in particular became a hub"},{"startTime":570.48,"endTime":574.07,"body":"priests quickly fanned out"},{"startTime":570.48,"endTime":574.07,"body":"across India from there."},{"startTime":574.07,"endTime":577.07,"body":"This is with the permission"},{"startTime":574.07,"endTime":577.07,"body":"and the support of Portugal"},{"startTime":577.07,"endTime":578.97,"body":"and of the other Catholic powers,"},{"startTime":578.97,"endTime":581.54,"body":"but behind it all stood the Papacy"},{"startTime":581.54,"endTime":584.05,"body":"whose own missionary headquarters,"},{"startTime":584.05,"endTime":585.95,"body":"the Congregation de Propaganda Fide"},{"startTime":585.95,"endTime":590.373,"body":"which George Lewis mentioned"},{"startTime":585.95,"endTime":590.373,"body":"was founded in 1622."},{"startTime":591.7,"endTime":593.69,"body":"There's a backhanded compliment"},{"startTime":593.69,"endTime":595.97,"body":"to this institution's effectiveness"},{"startTime":595.97,"endTime":597.73,"body":"in the meaning that Protestants"},{"startTime":597.73,"endTime":600.113,"body":"then gave to the word propaganda."},{"startTime":602.06,"endTime":605.49,"body":"Because the reality was that"},{"startTime":602.06,"endTime":605.49,"body":"while in commercial terms,"},{"startTime":605.49,"endTime":607.78,"body":"the Protestants might"},{"startTime":605.49,"endTime":607.78,"body":"be making some inroads,"},{"startTime":607.78,"endTime":610.533,"body":"in religious terms, they"},{"startTime":607.78,"endTime":610.533,"body":"are a long way behind."},{"startTime":611.92,"endTime":615.14,"body":"The first Protestants"},{"startTime":611.92,"endTime":615.14,"body":"that we know of in Asia"},{"startTime":615.14,"endTime":617.94,"body":"were in fact soldiers and Mariners"},{"startTime":617.94,"endTime":619.993,"body":"working for the Portuguese."},{"startTime":620.92,"endTime":624.12,"body":"In 1552, a group of so-called Lutherans"},{"startTime":624.12,"endTime":628.04,"body":"were detected by Portuguese"},{"startTime":624.12,"endTime":628.04,"body":"inquisitor on Hormuz."},{"startTime":628.04,"endTime":630.91,"body":"In the same year, a"},{"startTime":628.04,"endTime":630.91,"body":"Portuguese Jesuit in India"},{"startTime":630.91,"endTime":633.47,"body":"described meeting"},{"startTime":630.91,"endTime":633.47,"body":"Protestant English, Dutch,"},{"startTime":633.47,"endTime":637.16,"body":"and German soldiers in Portuguese service,"},{"startTime":637.16,"endTime":638.86,"body":"mercenaries would work for anyone."},{"startTime":639.85,"endTime":641.16,"body":"In the first half century"},{"startTime":641.16,"endTime":643.27,"body":"after a formal inquisition tribunal"},{"startTime":643.27,"endTime":645.76,"body":"was established at Goa in 1560,"},{"startTime":645.76,"endTime":650.12,"body":"they tried around 50 cases"},{"startTime":645.76,"endTime":650.12,"body":"of suspected Protestantism."},{"startTime":650.12,"endTime":653.09,"body":"Although that's a tiny sliver"},{"startTime":650.12,"endTime":653.09,"body":"of their overall business,"},{"startTime":653.09,"endTime":654.7,"body":"which is chiefly trying to police"},{"startTime":654.7,"endTime":657.023,"body":"the orthodoxy of their"},{"startTime":654.7,"endTime":657.023,"body":"new Indian converts."},{"startTime":659.01,"endTime":660.82,"body":"Protestants back in Europe are well aware"},{"startTime":660.82,"endTime":662.993,"body":"that a march is being stolen on them."},{"startTime":664.04,"endTime":666.41,"body":"When the Dutch East"},{"startTime":664.04,"endTime":666.41,"body":"India Company's charter"},{"startTime":666.41,"endTime":668.57,"body":"is renewed in 1622,"},{"startTime":668.57,"endTime":670.86,"body":"20 years after its original foundation,"},{"startTime":670.86,"endTime":673.19,"body":"the new charter includes"},{"startTime":670.86,"endTime":673.19,"body":"an explicit statement"},{"startTime":673.19,"endTime":674.3,"body":"that one of its purposes"},{"startTime":674.3,"endTime":677.573,"body":"is the preservation of"},{"startTime":674.3,"endTime":677.573,"body":"the public reformed faith."},{"startTime":678.54,"endTime":681.68,"body":"And the Dutch company and"},{"startTime":678.54,"endTime":681.68,"body":"the Dutch in particular"},{"startTime":681.68,"endTime":685.9,"body":"do see a missionary"},{"startTime":681.68,"endTime":685.9,"body":"dimension to their work,"},{"startTime":685.9,"endTime":688.35,"body":"but always within limits."},{"startTime":688.35,"endTime":691.38,"body":"In the spice islands of Indonesia,"},{"startTime":691.38,"endTime":693.55,"body":"when the Dutch established settlements"},{"startTime":693.55,"endTime":696.19,"body":"on islands that were under Muslim rule,"},{"startTime":696.19,"endTime":698.67,"body":"they readily adopted treaties"},{"startTime":698.67,"endTime":701.35,"body":"in which attempts to win converts"},{"startTime":701.35,"endTime":703.33,"body":"either from Islam to Christianity"},{"startTime":703.33,"endTime":706.083,"body":"or vice versa were strictly forbidden."},{"startTime":707.34,"endTime":709.55,"body":"And when Dutch preachers"},{"startTime":707.34,"endTime":709.55,"body":"complained about this,"},{"startTime":709.55,"endTime":711.233,"body":"they were ignored or silenced."},{"startTime":712.13,"endTime":716.75,"body":"The plainest maybe the most"},{"startTime":712.13,"endTime":716.75,"body":"notorious case of this is Japan,"},{"startTime":716.75,"endTime":719.25,"body":"where the association between Christianity"},{"startTime":719.25,"endTime":722.9,"body":"and foreign backed subversion"},{"startTime":719.25,"endTime":722.9,"body":"had become so strong"},{"startTime":722.9,"endTime":725.47,"body":"that by the 1620s,"},{"startTime":722.9,"endTime":725.47,"body":"Christianity was outlawed"},{"startTime":725.47,"endTime":726.98,"body":"and brutally suppressed,"},{"startTime":726.98,"endTime":728.73,"body":"and the whole Japanese empire"},{"startTime":728.73,"endTime":732.25,"body":"was closed to foreigners of any kind."},{"startTime":732.25,"endTime":735.453,"body":"Christianity in Japan, of"},{"startTime":732.25,"endTime":735.453,"body":"course, meaning Catholicism."},{"startTime":736.7,"endTime":739.39,"body":"So the only traders who"},{"startTime":736.7,"endTime":739.39,"body":"managed to negotiate"},{"startTime":739.39,"endTime":743.12,"body":"even a partial exemption to"},{"startTime":739.39,"endTime":743.12,"body":"this almost total closure"},{"startTime":743.12,"endTime":744.103,"body":"are the Dutch."},{"startTime":744.99,"endTime":746.83,"body":"In the 1630s, the Dutch were allowed"},{"startTime":746.83,"endTime":749.89,"body":"to establish a trading Depot"},{"startTime":746.83,"endTime":749.89,"body":"on the Island of Hirado"},{"startTime":749.89,"endTime":752.16,"body":"off the Coast of Nagasaki."},{"startTime":752.16,"endTime":753.73,"body":"One of the conditions were that"},{"startTime":753.73,"endTime":758.15,"body":"there'd be absolutely"},{"startTime":753.73,"endTime":758.15,"body":"no hint of Christianity"},{"startTime":758.15,"endTime":759.93,"body":"to their presence."},{"startTime":759.93,"endTime":762.32,"body":"Dutch churchmen vigorously protested"},{"startTime":762.32,"endTime":765.22,"body":"about this condition to no avail."},{"startTime":765.22,"endTime":769.04,"body":"Dutch ships were required to"},{"startTime":765.22,"endTime":769.04,"body":"seal their Bibles in caskets"},{"startTime":769.04,"endTime":772.16,"body":"for as long as they"},{"startTime":769.04,"endTime":772.16,"body":"were in Japanese waters."},{"startTime":772.16,"endTime":774.28,"body":"When the Dutch built a"},{"startTime":772.16,"endTime":774.28,"body":"warehouse on the island"},{"startTime":774.28,"endTime":776.16,"body":"and inscribed it with the date,"},{"startTime":776.16,"endTime":780.05,"body":"according to the Christian"},{"startTime":776.16,"endTime":780.05,"body":"calendar, Anno Domini 1640,"},{"startTime":780.05,"endTime":782.04,"body":"they were ordered to demolish"},{"startTime":782.04,"endTime":784.573,"body":"the entire warehouse and they did."},{"startTime":785.77,"endTime":789.13,"body":"A Swedish Lutheran soldier"},{"startTime":785.77,"endTime":789.13,"body":"who was in Dutch service"},{"startTime":789.13,"endTime":793.61,"body":"visited Japan on a trade"},{"startTime":789.13,"endTime":793.61,"body":"mission for them in 1651 to two."},{"startTime":793.61,"endTime":796.4,"body":"And he recorded that"},{"startTime":793.61,"endTime":796.4,"body":"when the ships arrive,"},{"startTime":796.4,"endTime":799.98,"body":"placards are nailed to"},{"startTime":796.4,"endTime":799.98,"body":"the great mast by diem."},{"startTime":799.98,"endTime":801.42,"body":"This is by the Dutch officials,"},{"startTime":801.42,"endTime":804.15,"body":"not by the Japanese"},{"startTime":801.42,"endTime":804.15,"body":"themselves who are doing this."},{"startTime":804.15,"endTime":807.27,"body":"Wherein all gestures"},{"startTime":804.15,"endTime":807.27,"body":"indicating Christianity"},{"startTime":807.27,"endTime":808.87,"body":"are openly forbidden"},{"startTime":808.87,"endTime":813.06,"body":"not to mention the name of"},{"startTime":808.87,"endTime":813.06,"body":"Christ on pain of death,"},{"startTime":813.06,"endTime":815.35,"body":"or to read prayers before sitting down at,"},{"startTime":815.35,"endTime":816.54,"body":"or when leaving the table"},{"startTime":816.54,"endTime":818.08,"body":"in the evening or in the morning."},{"startTime":818.08,"endTime":819.37,"body":"Truly in my time,"},{"startTime":819.37,"endTime":821.58,"body":"when I was there in their service,"},{"startTime":821.58,"endTime":824.66,"body":"we were forbidden to change"},{"startTime":821.58,"endTime":824.66,"body":"any of our clothes on Sunday"},{"startTime":824.66,"endTime":827.873,"body":"so that we wouldn't by this"},{"startTime":824.66,"endTime":827.873,"body":"means appear to be Christians."},{"startTime":830.073,"endTime":831.81,"body":"Willman was well aware"},{"startTime":831.81,"endTime":834.88,"body":"of the bloody persecution"},{"startTime":831.81,"endTime":834.88,"body":"of Christians in Japan"},{"startTime":834.88,"endTime":835.92,"body":"and he found it horrific,"},{"startTime":835.92,"endTime":839.91,"body":"even though all of the"},{"startTime":835.92,"endTime":839.91,"body":"victims were Catholics."},{"startTime":839.91,"endTime":842.88,"body":"And his conscience was clearly"},{"startTime":839.91,"endTime":842.88,"body":"troubled by these orders,"},{"startTime":842.88,"endTime":846.21,"body":"but he said, the Dutch for"},{"startTime":842.88,"endTime":846.21,"body":"the sake of money and profit"},{"startTime":846.21,"endTime":848.81,"body":"can well stand and abide by whatever rules"},{"startTime":848.81,"endTime":849.81,"body":"they might be given."},{"startTime":851.93,"endTime":854.073,"body":"But this isn't the whole story."},{"startTime":855.21,"endTime":858.84,"body":"The main reason that the Dutch"},{"startTime":855.21,"endTime":858.84,"body":"East India Company's charter"},{"startTime":858.84,"endTime":860.68,"body":"was revised in 1622,"},{"startTime":860.68,"endTime":863.41,"body":"it was that it was now doing"},{"startTime":860.68,"endTime":863.41,"body":"more than just trading,"},{"startTime":863.41,"endTime":865.96,"body":"it was acquiring territory."},{"startTime":865.96,"endTime":869.56,"body":"The Island of Ambon in modern Indonesia,"},{"startTime":869.56,"endTime":873.95,"body":"roughly halfway between"},{"startTime":869.56,"endTime":873.95,"body":"Sulawesi and New Guinea"},{"startTime":873.95,"endTime":876.07,"body":"is the first territory,"},{"startTime":876.07,"endTime":878.03,"body":"the Dutch East India Company"},{"startTime":878.03,"endTime":880.373,"body":"actually claims for itself, here it is,"},{"startTime":881.24,"endTime":883.2,"body":"having expelled the Portuguese."},{"startTime":883.2,"endTime":884.48,"body":"Ambon was at that time"},{"startTime":884.48,"endTime":887.8,"body":"the world's main producer of cloves."},{"startTime":887.8,"endTime":891.6,"body":"The Dutch in fact aspire to a"},{"startTime":887.8,"endTime":891.6,"body":"monopoly of clove production."},{"startTime":891.6,"endTime":893.57,"body":"In 1625, they conducted a raid"},{"startTime":893.57,"endTime":896.29,"body":"into the one part of the"},{"startTime":893.57,"endTime":896.29,"body":"island that they didn't control"},{"startTime":896.29,"endTime":898.79,"body":"burning some 65,000 trees"},{"startTime":898.79,"endTime":900.89,"body":"in an attempt to wipe out the competition."},{"startTime":902.06,"endTime":903.65,"body":"That's also an early sign"},{"startTime":903.65,"endTime":905.44,"body":"that this isn't just about economic war"},{"startTime":905.44,"endTime":906.73,"body":"with the Catholic powers"},{"startTime":906.73,"endTime":910.48,"body":"because they some early"},{"startTime":906.73,"endTime":910.48,"body":"executed 10 English sailors."},{"startTime":910.48,"endTime":913.19,"body":"This is an incident which"},{"startTime":910.48,"endTime":913.19,"body":"poisons diplomatic relations"},{"startTime":913.19,"endTime":915.98,"body":"between England and the"},{"startTime":913.19,"endTime":915.98,"body":"Netherlands for decades."},{"startTime":915.98,"endTime":918.74,"body":"Anyway, the Portuguese"},{"startTime":915.98,"endTime":918.74,"body":"had governed the island"},{"startTime":918.74,"endTime":920.61,"body":"for the best part of a century."},{"startTime":920.61,"endTime":923.763,"body":"And that included hosting"},{"startTime":920.61,"endTime":923.763,"body":"Catholic missionaries."},{"startTime":924.88,"endTime":927.02,"body":"Took a pretty conventional shape."},{"startTime":927.02,"endTime":929.8,"body":"You will read accounts of"},{"startTime":927.02,"endTime":929.8,"body":"Catholic missionaries of this era,"},{"startTime":929.8,"endTime":933.85,"body":"carrying out mass baptisms"},{"startTime":929.8,"endTime":933.85,"body":"almost indiscriminately"},{"startTime":933.85,"endTime":935.36,"body":"with no attempt to ensure"},{"startTime":935.36,"endTime":937.68,"body":"that the subject understood"},{"startTime":935.36,"endTime":937.68,"body":"what was happening."},{"startTime":937.68,"endTime":939.77,"body":"And that's an exaggeration,"},{"startTime":939.77,"endTime":942.86,"body":"but it's not completely baseless."},{"startTime":942.86,"endTime":945.24,"body":"Catholic missionaries"},{"startTime":942.86,"endTime":945.24,"body":"were usually prepared"},{"startTime":945.24,"endTime":948.46,"body":"to baptize anyone who was willing publicly"},{"startTime":948.46,"endTime":951.1,"body":"to associate themselves with"},{"startTime":948.46,"endTime":951.1,"body":"the God of the Portuguese"},{"startTime":951.1,"endTime":953.633,"body":"and to recite certain formally."},{"startTime":954.74,"endTime":958.23,"body":"After all baptism is a"},{"startTime":954.74,"endTime":958.23,"body":"profound, spiritual mystery,"},{"startTime":958.23,"endTime":960.5,"body":"no mortal fully understands it."},{"startTime":960.5,"endTime":963.18,"body":"So, how can you justify excluding people"},{"startTime":963.18,"endTime":965.56,"body":"from the saving grace of the sacrament"},{"startTime":965.56,"endTime":968.223,"body":"by sitting in judgment"},{"startTime":965.56,"endTime":968.223,"body":"over their understanding."},{"startTime":970.15,"endTime":972.67,"body":"Crucially Catholics, unlike Protestants"},{"startTime":972.67,"endTime":974.43,"body":"believed and believe"},{"startTime":974.43,"endTime":977.94,"body":"that baptism is an"},{"startTime":974.43,"endTime":977.94,"body":"effective means of grace,"},{"startTime":977.94,"endTime":979.66,"body":"not just an outward sign."},{"startTime":979.66,"endTime":981.88,"body":"It is a true spiritual washing"},{"startTime":981.88,"endTime":984.98,"body":"that changes the status"},{"startTime":981.88,"endTime":984.98,"body":"of a soul before God."},{"startTime":984.98,"endTime":989.323,"body":"So you shouldn't be miserly"},{"startTime":984.98,"endTime":989.323,"body":"in giving a gift like that."},{"startTime":990.6,"endTime":993.47,"body":"And so when the Dutch took Ambon in 1605,"},{"startTime":993.47,"endTime":994.43,"body":"they inherited a population"},{"startTime":994.43,"endTime":999.43,"body":"of some 16,000 self-identified"},{"startTime":994.43,"endTime":999.43,"body":"Catholic Christians."},{"startTime":999.47,"endTime":1001.91,"body":"And this is an awkward responsibility"},{"startTime":1001.91,"endTime":1004.023,"body":"that they are not at all prepared for."},{"startTime":1006.3,"endTime":1009.87,"body":"The company's instinct"},{"startTime":1006.3,"endTime":1009.87,"body":"is to try to reproduce"},{"startTime":1009.87,"endTime":1012.81,"body":"the religious settlement"},{"startTime":1009.87,"endTime":1012.81,"body":"of the Dutch Republic"},{"startTime":1012.81,"endTime":1014.473,"body":"on the Spice Islands."},{"startTime":1015.39,"endTime":1020.39,"body":"That meant a monopoly"},{"startTime":1015.39,"endTime":1020.39,"body":"of legal public worship"},{"startTime":1020.55,"endTime":1021.76,"body":"for the reform church"},{"startTime":1022.65,"endTime":1026.283,"body":"and toleration for the private"},{"startTime":1022.65,"endTime":1026.283,"body":"practice of other religions."},{"startTime":1027.16,"endTime":1030.04,"body":"The Dutch admiral who had captured Amboyna"},{"startTime":1030.04,"endTime":1032.78,"body":"who is of course a long way"},{"startTime":1030.04,"endTime":1032.78,"body":"from being any kind of clergyman"},{"startTime":1032.78,"endTime":1035.12,"body":"and is making this stuff"},{"startTime":1032.78,"endTime":1035.12,"body":"up as he goes along,"},{"startTime":1035.12,"endTime":1037.5,"body":"signs a treaty with the indigenous people,"},{"startTime":1037.5,"endTime":1040.09,"body":"stating that everyone"},{"startTime":1037.5,"endTime":1040.09,"body":"may live in that belief"},{"startTime":1040.09,"endTime":1041.55,"body":"that God puts in his heart"},{"startTime":1041.55,"endTime":1043.39,"body":"or that he believes to be holy,"},{"startTime":1043.39,"endTime":1045.21,"body":"but no one may molest another"},{"startTime":1045.21,"endTime":1047.513,"body":"or cause him trouble, very nice."},{"startTime":1048.39,"endTime":1050.99,"body":"Even some of the Portuguese"},{"startTime":1048.39,"endTime":1050.99,"body":"were allowed to stay"},{"startTime":1050.99,"endTime":1053.87,"body":"on the basis that they were"},{"startTime":1050.99,"endTime":1053.87,"body":"married to indigenous women,"},{"startTime":1053.87,"endTime":1057.83,"body":"but public monuments of"},{"startTime":1053.87,"endTime":1057.83,"body":"Catholicism had to go."},{"startTime":1057.83,"endTime":1060.04,"body":"Crucifixes, images of saints,"},{"startTime":1060.04,"endTime":1062.97,"body":"these things are blasphemous idolatries"},{"startTime":1062.97,"endTime":1065.5,"body":"as far as the Dutch are concerned."},{"startTime":1065.5,"endTime":1068.5,"body":"Three of the four churches"},{"startTime":1065.5,"endTime":1068.5,"body":"on the island were closed"},{"startTime":1068.5,"endTime":1070.68,"body":"and the fourth one was"},{"startTime":1068.5,"endTime":1070.68,"body":"in theory taken over"},{"startTime":1070.68,"endTime":1072.08,"body":"for Protestant worship."},{"startTime":1072.08,"endTime":1074.94,"body":"Trouble was the Dutch fleet"},{"startTime":1072.08,"endTime":1074.94,"body":"weren't prepared for that."},{"startTime":1074.94,"endTime":1076.45,"body":"It was 10 years before"},{"startTime":1076.45,"endTime":1079.18,"body":"even a single ordained Protestant minister"},{"startTime":1079.18,"endTime":1081.08,"body":"could be found for the island."},{"startTime":1081.08,"endTime":1082.39,"body":"Until then they had to make due"},{"startTime":1082.39,"endTime":1083.96,"body":"with an untrained layperson"},{"startTime":1083.96,"endTime":1086.99,"body":"who'd been licensed to"},{"startTime":1083.96,"endTime":1086.99,"body":"read services on board ship"},{"startTime":1086.99,"endTime":1089.59,"body":"and with some prayers read"},{"startTime":1086.99,"endTime":1089.59,"body":"by the company physician."},{"startTime":1090.93,"endTime":1095.15,"body":"Meanwhile, the Dutch were"},{"startTime":1090.93,"endTime":1095.15,"body":"aggressively asserting"},{"startTime":1095.15,"endTime":1097.18,"body":"their control over the island"},{"startTime":1097.18,"endTime":1100.19,"body":"and that included a forcible"},{"startTime":1097.18,"endTime":1100.19,"body":"monopoly on spice trading"},{"startTime":1100.19,"endTime":1102.033,"body":"and using forced labor."},{"startTime":1103.45,"endTime":1105.3,"body":"And the everyday behavior"},{"startTime":1105.3,"endTime":1107.99,"body":"of the Dutch traders and"},{"startTime":1105.3,"endTime":1107.99,"body":"soldiers who were of course,"},{"startTime":1107.99,"endTime":1110.223,"body":"an exclusively male community,"},{"startTime":1111.26,"endTime":1113.48,"body":"well, let's say that the"},{"startTime":1111.26,"endTime":1113.48,"body":"way these people behaved"},{"startTime":1113.48,"endTime":1116.52,"body":"wasn't calculated to burnish"},{"startTime":1113.48,"endTime":1116.52,"body":"Protestantisms reputation"},{"startTime":1116.52,"endTime":1118.243,"body":"for high moral standards."},{"startTime":1119.35,"endTime":1122.82,"body":"By contrast Islam was gaining"},{"startTime":1119.35,"endTime":1122.82,"body":"a foothold on the island,"},{"startTime":1122.82,"endTime":1126.06,"body":"as it was spreading east through"},{"startTime":1122.82,"endTime":1126.06,"body":"the Indonesian archipelago"},{"startTime":1126.06,"endTime":1127.65,"body":"and the Dutch pushed back."},{"startTime":1127.65,"endTime":1129.78,"body":"There are incidents of mosque burning,"},{"startTime":1129.78,"endTime":1132.91,"body":"of Muslims being forced to eat pork,"},{"startTime":1132.91,"endTime":1136.22,"body":"of Christian converts to"},{"startTime":1132.91,"endTime":1136.22,"body":"Islam being imprisoned."},{"startTime":1136.22,"endTime":1138.53,"body":"In the late 1610s,"},{"startTime":1136.22,"endTime":1138.53,"body":"there's a major rebellion"},{"startTime":1138.53,"endTime":1139.85,"body":"against Dutch rule on the island,"},{"startTime":1139.85,"endTime":1141.71,"body":"which is put down with some ferocity,"},{"startTime":1141.71,"endTime":1143.493,"body":"things are not going well."},{"startTime":1145.43,"endTime":1149.15,"body":"Protestant minister"},{"startTime":1145.43,"endTime":1149.15,"body":"finally arrives in 1615,"},{"startTime":1149.15,"endTime":1151.09,"body":"and this isn't a great success either."},{"startTime":1151.09,"endTime":1153.12,"body":"He tries to set up a school,"},{"startTime":1153.12,"endTime":1154.7,"body":"he does learn some Malay,"},{"startTime":1154.7,"endTime":1157.05,"body":"that's the lingua franca of the region,"},{"startTime":1157.05,"endTime":1161.1,"body":"but he made no secret of his"},{"startTime":1157.05,"endTime":1161.1,"body":"disdain for the Ambonese,"},{"startTime":1161.1,"endTime":1162.943,"body":"he called them dull witted and lazy."},{"startTime":1164.59,"endTime":1165.86,"body":"The real beginnings of a change"},{"startTime":1165.86,"endTime":1168.55,"body":"come with his successor,"},{"startTime":1165.86,"endTime":1168.55,"body":"Sebastian Danckaerts."},{"startTime":1168.55,"endTime":1169.7,"body":"He's a Protestant minister"},{"startTime":1169.7,"endTime":1172.44,"body":"with some years of far Eastern"},{"startTime":1169.7,"endTime":1172.44,"body":"experience under his belt"},{"startTime":1172.44,"endTime":1175.42,"body":"when he comes to Ambon in 1618."},{"startTime":1175.42,"endTime":1177.16,"body":"And this is how he assessed the situation"},{"startTime":1177.16,"endTime":1179.103,"body":"after two years on the island."},{"startTime":1180.21,"endTime":1182.79,"body":"These people here call"},{"startTime":1180.21,"endTime":1182.79,"body":"themselves Christians,"},{"startTime":1182.79,"endTime":1185.6,"body":"but still seek secretly the devil,"},{"startTime":1185.6,"endTime":1187.96,"body":"while they think that they"},{"startTime":1185.6,"endTime":1187.96,"body":"affirm their confession"},{"startTime":1187.96,"endTime":1188.89,"body":"by eating pork,"},{"startTime":1188.89,"endTime":1191.45,"body":"so showing themselves not to be Muslims."},{"startTime":1191.45,"endTime":1194.03,"body":"Many of them indeed come"},{"startTime":1191.45,"endTime":1194.03,"body":"to church on Sunday,"},{"startTime":1194.03,"endTime":1196.41,"body":"but this is more a matter of"},{"startTime":1194.03,"endTime":1196.41,"body":"compulsion than of conviction,"},{"startTime":1196.41,"endTime":1199.36,"body":"because they'll be fined a"},{"startTime":1196.41,"endTime":1199.36,"body":"quarter of a real if they don't."},{"startTime":1200.49,"endTime":1203.09,"body":"He guessed that maybe"},{"startTime":1200.49,"endTime":1203.09,"body":"one out of 50 of them"},{"startTime":1203.09,"endTime":1205.72,"body":"even knew what their Christian name was,"},{"startTime":1205.72,"endTime":1208.07,"body":"the name given to them"},{"startTime":1205.72,"endTime":1208.07,"body":"when they were baptized."},{"startTime":1209.27,"endTime":1211.07,"body":"Danckaerts redoubled the effort"},{"startTime":1211.07,"endTime":1213.11,"body":"to provide services in Malay"},{"startTime":1213.11,"endTime":1215.17,"body":"and crucially in 1619,"},{"startTime":1215.17,"endTime":1217.49,"body":"he persuaded the"},{"startTime":1215.17,"endTime":1217.49,"body":"company's governor general"},{"startTime":1217.49,"endTime":1221.72,"body":"to offer a handsome bribe"},{"startTime":1217.49,"endTime":1221.72,"body":"of a pound of rice per day"},{"startTime":1221.72,"endTime":1225.38,"body":"to every child who attended the school."},{"startTime":1225.38,"endTime":1226.513,"body":"This is not subtle."},{"startTime":1227.52,"endTime":1230.28,"body":"It seems to be the origin"},{"startTime":1227.52,"endTime":1230.28,"body":"of the term rice Christian,"},{"startTime":1230.28,"endTime":1232.13,"body":"which right through into the 20th century"},{"startTime":1232.13,"endTime":1234.0,"body":"is what Protestant missionaries in Asia"},{"startTime":1234.0,"endTime":1236.83,"body":"called people who affiliated"},{"startTime":1234.0,"endTime":1236.83,"body":"with mission churches"},{"startTime":1236.83,"endTime":1239.773,"body":"in the hope of receiving"},{"startTime":1236.83,"endTime":1239.773,"body":"handouts or other material help."},{"startTime":1240.93,"endTime":1243.81,"body":"But it worked sort of worked."},{"startTime":1243.81,"endTime":1245.75,"body":"The schools boomed,"},{"startTime":1245.75,"endTime":1248.84,"body":"they began to expand employing"},{"startTime":1245.75,"endTime":1248.84,"body":"local men as teachers"},{"startTime":1248.84,"endTime":1252.1,"body":"using the Malay catechistical texts"},{"startTime":1252.1,"endTime":1255.81,"body":"that Danckaerts and his"},{"startTime":1252.1,"endTime":1255.81,"body":"predecessor had produced."},{"startTime":1255.81,"endTime":1257.89,"body":"In 1620, they began moving out"},{"startTime":1257.89,"endTime":1260.88,"body":"into the countryside beyond Ambon town,"},{"startTime":1260.88,"endTime":1262.93,"body":"taking hand copied texts with them"},{"startTime":1262.93,"endTime":1266.51,"body":"in the absence of any"},{"startTime":1262.93,"endTime":1266.51,"body":"other books or equipment."},{"startTime":1266.51,"endTime":1270.17,"body":"By 1633, there are 32"},{"startTime":1266.51,"endTime":1270.17,"body":"schools on the island"},{"startTime":1270.17,"endTime":1273.75,"body":"with 1,200 pupils on their books."},{"startTime":1273.75,"endTime":1276.23,"body":"50 years later that"},{"startTime":1273.75,"endTime":1276.23,"body":"had grown to 46 schools"},{"startTime":1276.23,"endTime":1278.183,"body":"and 3,200 pupils."},{"startTime":1280.29,"endTime":1284.06,"body":"The Christianization of"},{"startTime":1280.29,"endTime":1284.06,"body":"the Eastern Malaykers"},{"startTime":1284.06,"endTime":1285.943,"body":"under Dutch rule is not pretty."},{"startTime":1286.9,"endTime":1289.96,"body":"Dutch control is enforced"},{"startTime":1286.9,"endTime":1289.96,"body":"with some ferocity"},{"startTime":1289.96,"endTime":1293.95,"body":"and some rebellions are subdued"},{"startTime":1289.96,"endTime":1293.95,"body":"with exemplary brutality."},{"startTime":1293.95,"endTime":1297.4,"body":"In some cases, entire"},{"startTime":1293.95,"endTime":1297.4,"body":"populations were deported."},{"startTime":1297.4,"endTime":1300.2,"body":"Notoriously on the Banda Islands,"},{"startTime":1300.2,"endTime":1301.64,"body":"the principle source of nutmeg,"},{"startTime":1301.64,"endTime":1303.98,"body":"they were large scale massacres."},{"startTime":1303.98,"endTime":1306.66,"body":"But the process ground on,"},{"startTime":1306.66,"endTime":1309.41,"body":"especially once the Dutch"},{"startTime":1306.66,"endTime":1309.41,"body":"realized by mid-century"},{"startTime":1309.41,"endTime":1310.9,"body":"that they were in a foot race"},{"startTime":1310.9,"endTime":1313.26,"body":"with the expanding Muslim"},{"startTime":1310.9,"endTime":1313.26,"body":"presence in the islands"},{"startTime":1313.26,"endTime":1314.9,"body":"and that affiliation to Protestantism"},{"startTime":1314.9,"endTime":1317.103,"body":"was a way of cementing company rule."},{"startTime":1318.02,"endTime":1321.223,"body":"On the larger neighboring island of Seram,"},{"startTime":1322.39,"endTime":1323.74,"body":"from the 1670s onwards"},{"startTime":1323.74,"endTime":1325.973,"body":"bribery is supplemented"},{"startTime":1323.74,"endTime":1325.973,"body":"with open pressure."},{"startTime":1326.86,"endTime":1328.63,"body":"In one village in South Seram"},{"startTime":1328.63,"endTime":1332.9,"body":"there's a mass baptism with"},{"startTime":1328.63,"endTime":1332.9,"body":"the Dutch governor present,"},{"startTime":1332.9,"endTime":1334.93,"body":"Protestants aren't supposed"},{"startTime":1332.9,"endTime":1334.93,"body":"to do this kind of thing,"},{"startTime":1334.93,"endTime":1336.73,"body":"but the company paid for two cows"},{"startTime":1336.73,"endTime":1339.45,"body":"and four and a half tons of"},{"startTime":1336.73,"endTime":1339.45,"body":"rice for the festivities."},{"startTime":1339.45,"endTime":1341.69,"body":"The governor presented"},{"startTime":1339.45,"endTime":1341.69,"body":"cloth to the converts"},{"startTime":1341.69,"endTime":1344.94,"body":"in order, it was said to"},{"startTime":1341.69,"endTime":1344.94,"body":"arouse honest jealousy"},{"startTime":1344.94,"endTime":1346.94,"body":"amongst the pagans living in the region."},{"startTime":1348.24,"endTime":1349.91,"body":"Meanwhile, the death"},{"startTime":1348.24,"endTime":1349.91,"body":"penalty was threatened"},{"startTime":1349.91,"endTime":1352.133,"body":"for venerating traditional"},{"startTime":1349.91,"endTime":1352.133,"body":"religious images."},{"startTime":1352.98,"endTime":1355.55,"body":"The result after a generation or two"},{"startTime":1355.55,"endTime":1358.69,"body":"in much of the archipelago was compliance"},{"startTime":1358.69,"endTime":1362.84,"body":"with what indigenous people"},{"startTime":1358.69,"endTime":1362.84,"body":"sometimes called Agama company,"},{"startTime":1362.84,"endTime":1364.523,"body":"the religion of the company."},{"startTime":1366.25,"endTime":1370.86,"body":"Now that makes it sound like"},{"startTime":1366.25,"endTime":1370.86,"body":"merely solemn compliance,"},{"startTime":1370.86,"endTime":1373.43,"body":"but that's not quite the story."},{"startTime":1373.43,"endTime":1375.73,"body":"In some parts of the"},{"startTime":1373.43,"endTime":1375.73,"body":"Indonesian archipelago,"},{"startTime":1375.73,"endTime":1376.88,"body":"such as Northern Sulawesi,"},{"startTime":1376.88,"endTime":1381.24,"body":"a real popular Protestantism"},{"startTime":1376.88,"endTime":1381.24,"body":"was eventually built."},{"startTime":1381.24,"endTime":1386.24,"body":"A more typical example"},{"startTime":1381.24,"endTime":1386.24,"body":"is the City of Batavia,"},{"startTime":1386.38,"endTime":1389.34,"body":"this is the predecessor of"},{"startTime":1386.38,"endTime":1389.34,"body":"the modern City of Jakarta,"},{"startTime":1389.34,"endTime":1392.24,"body":"which again was seized"},{"startTime":1389.34,"endTime":1392.24,"body":"from the Portuguese in 1619"},{"startTime":1392.24,"endTime":1393.68,"body":"and becomes the capital"},{"startTime":1393.68,"endTime":1395.73,"body":"of the Dutch East India Company's empire."},{"startTime":1396.76,"endTime":1400.12,"body":"A census of Batavia from 1679"},{"startTime":1400.12,"endTime":1402.74,"body":"gives us an idea of how this is working."},{"startTime":1402.74,"endTime":1404.61,"body":"At that date, the city's total population"},{"startTime":1404.61,"endTime":1406.453,"body":"is a little over 32,000."},{"startTime":1407.41,"endTime":1410.47,"body":"Just over 2,000 of those"},{"startTime":1407.41,"endTime":1410.47,"body":"are European expatriates,"},{"startTime":1410.47,"endTime":1412.87,"body":"so merchants, soldiers, company officials,"},{"startTime":1412.87,"endTime":1414.81,"body":"sometimes their families."},{"startTime":1414.81,"endTime":1419.81,"body":"Just over 16,000, so half of"},{"startTime":1414.81,"endTime":1419.81,"body":"the population are enslaved"},{"startTime":1419.99,"endTime":1422.37,"body":"and this group are very multiethnic."},{"startTime":1422.37,"endTime":1426.053,"body":"Portuguese is still the dominant"},{"startTime":1422.37,"endTime":1426.053,"body":"lingua franca amongst them."},{"startTime":1427.1,"endTime":1430.85,"body":"But the culture of slavery in"},{"startTime":1427.1,"endTime":1430.85,"body":"this region is very different"},{"startTime":1430.85,"endTime":1434.05,"body":"from that in the Caribbean"},{"startTime":1430.85,"endTime":1434.05,"body":"and the Americas."},{"startTime":1434.05,"endTime":1436.76,"body":"These are mostly household slaves"},{"startTime":1436.76,"endTime":1440.4,"body":"for both Europeans and"},{"startTime":1436.76,"endTime":1440.4,"body":"higher status Asians."},{"startTime":1440.4,"endTime":1444.16,"body":"And one of the accepted symbols"},{"startTime":1440.4,"endTime":1444.16,"body":"of status in this society"},{"startTime":1444.16,"endTime":1447.4,"body":"was the ostentatious freeing of slaves"},{"startTime":1447.4,"endTime":1449.68,"body":"after a period of service."},{"startTime":1449.68,"endTime":1451.81,"body":"And so alongside the enslaved population"},{"startTime":1451.81,"endTime":1453.47,"body":"is a substantial group,"},{"startTime":1453.47,"endTime":1455.38,"body":"a sixth of the population"},{"startTime":1455.38,"endTime":1458.85,"body":"who were so called Mardikers, freed people"},{"startTime":1458.85,"endTime":1462.26,"body":"that is former slaves or"},{"startTime":1458.85,"endTime":1462.26,"body":"descendants of former slaves,"},{"startTime":1462.26,"endTime":1464.743,"body":"mostly speakers of Portuguese Creole."},{"startTime":1465.87,"endTime":1467.63,"body":"And in Batavia by this date,"},{"startTime":1467.63,"endTime":1470.373,"body":"most of these people were Christians."},{"startTime":1471.67,"endTime":1473.41,"body":"Now, the majority of these Christians,"},{"startTime":1473.41,"endTime":1476.16,"body":"maybe two thirds of them"},{"startTime":1473.41,"endTime":1476.16,"body":"were still Catholics,"},{"startTime":1476.16,"endTime":1479.583,"body":"but there is a big and"},{"startTime":1476.16,"endTime":1479.583,"body":"growing Protestant minority."},{"startTime":1480.69,"endTime":1483.01,"body":"The Dutch reform church in Batavia"},{"startTime":1483.01,"endTime":1487.11,"body":"claimed a total of 500 members in 1658."},{"startTime":1487.11,"endTime":1489.05,"body":"That might not sound like much,"},{"startTime":1489.05,"endTime":1490.64,"body":"but the reform church"},{"startTime":1490.64,"endTime":1493.2,"body":"had a very different view of membership"},{"startTime":1493.2,"endTime":1494.43,"body":"than the Catholics did."},{"startTime":1494.43,"endTime":1495.68,"body":"Even back home in the Netherlands,"},{"startTime":1495.68,"endTime":1498.33,"body":"it was rare for more than"},{"startTime":1495.68,"endTime":1498.33,"body":"about 20% of the population"},{"startTime":1499.44,"endTime":1501.06,"body":"to be full church members"},{"startTime":1501.06,"endTime":1504.65,"body":"because full membership"},{"startTime":1501.06,"endTime":1504.65,"body":"is limited to adults"},{"startTime":1504.65,"endTime":1506.6,"body":"who have formally testified"},{"startTime":1506.6,"endTime":1510.17,"body":"to an appropriately sophisticated"},{"startTime":1506.6,"endTime":1510.17,"body":"understanding of the faith"},{"startTime":1510.17,"endTime":1512.65,"body":"and submitted themselves to"},{"startTime":1512.65,"endTime":1514.54,"body":"and have had their morals approved"},{"startTime":1514.54,"endTime":1518.33,"body":"by the church's disciplinary structures."},{"startTime":1518.33,"endTime":1520.51,"body":"The majority of church members"},{"startTime":1520.51,"endTime":1523.95,"body":"in almost everywhere we look were women."},{"startTime":1523.95,"endTime":1527.98,"body":"In Batavia that figures as high as 75%"},{"startTime":1527.98,"endTime":1529.68,"body":"of church members are women."},{"startTime":1529.68,"endTime":1532.85,"body":"Women found that having an institution"},{"startTime":1532.85,"endTime":1536.08,"body":"that could publicly vouch"},{"startTime":1532.85,"endTime":1536.08,"body":"for their moral standing"},{"startTime":1536.08,"endTime":1537.563,"body":"was particularly valuable."},{"startTime":1538.77,"endTime":1540.89,"body":"So, we might presume that for"},{"startTime":1538.77,"endTime":1540.89,"body":"every formal church member,"},{"startTime":1540.89,"endTime":1543.84,"body":"there were two or three more adherence"},{"startTime":1543.84,"endTime":1545.61,"body":"to the reformed faith."},{"startTime":1545.61,"endTime":1548.22,"body":"But as Mardikers, these freed people"},{"startTime":1548.22,"endTime":1549.67,"body":"were drawn into the reformed church,"},{"startTime":1549.67,"endTime":1552.36,"body":"that number of members began to shoot up."},{"startTime":1552.36,"endTime":1556.68,"body":"By 1674, there were 2,300"},{"startTime":1552.36,"endTime":1556.68,"body":"church members in Batavia,"},{"startTime":1556.68,"endTime":1558.65,"body":"by 1700 there were 5,000"},{"startTime":1559.76,"endTime":1561.71,"body":"and what drove this was the creation"},{"startTime":1561.71,"endTime":1565.72,"body":"of a new church office, the lay catechist."},{"startTime":1565.72,"endTime":1567.72,"body":"These men, all of them men,"},{"startTime":1567.72,"endTime":1569.82,"body":"all of them of Asian descent,"},{"startTime":1569.82,"endTime":1573.1,"body":"most of them are Mardikers themselves."},{"startTime":1573.1,"endTime":1576.73,"body":"They're each given a district"},{"startTime":1573.1,"endTime":1576.73,"body":"of the city to visit."},{"startTime":1576.73,"endTime":1580.1,"body":"By the mid 1660s, there"},{"startTime":1576.73,"endTime":1580.1,"body":"are 18 of these catechists,"},{"startTime":1580.1,"endTime":1582.92,"body":"by 1706 there are 34 of them."},{"startTime":1582.92,"endTime":1585.96,"body":"They report directly to"},{"startTime":1582.92,"endTime":1585.96,"body":"the ordained ministers"},{"startTime":1585.96,"endTime":1588.87,"body":"and they maintain the lists"},{"startTime":1588.87,"endTime":1591.29,"body":"of who is a church member and who isn't,"},{"startTime":1591.29,"endTime":1592.33,"body":"it's a full-time job."},{"startTime":1592.33,"endTime":1593.7,"body":"They're going from house to house,"},{"startTime":1593.7,"endTime":1595.07,"body":"providing Christian instruction"},{"startTime":1595.07,"endTime":1597.41,"body":"to church members and their families,"},{"startTime":1597.41,"endTime":1599.96,"body":"almost all of them in"},{"startTime":1597.41,"endTime":1599.96,"body":"Portuguese or in Malay"},{"startTime":1599.96,"endTime":1601.283,"body":"rather than in Dutch."},{"startTime":1602.29,"endTime":1604.5,"body":"The most tangible sign of this growth"},{"startTime":1604.5,"endTime":1606.883,"body":"is the erection of new church buildings."},{"startTime":1607.76,"endTime":1611.383,"body":"This one that was built in"},{"startTime":1607.76,"endTime":1611.383,"body":"1682 doesn't exist anymore,"},{"startTime":1612.36,"endTime":1614.62,"body":"but the Portuguese Buitenkerk"},{"startTime":1614.62,"endTime":1619.62,"body":"erected outside the town"},{"startTime":1614.62,"endTime":1619.62,"body":"walls in 1693 is still there,"},{"startTime":1619.76,"endTime":1622.993,"body":"it's the oldest extent"},{"startTime":1619.76,"endTime":1622.993,"body":"church building in Indonesia."},{"startTime":1625.53,"endTime":1627.9,"body":"There's a similar story"},{"startTime":1625.53,"endTime":1627.9,"body":"in another Dutch colony,"},{"startTime":1627.9,"endTime":1631.46,"body":"the island that we know as Sri Lanka"},{"startTime":1631.46,"endTime":1632.91,"body":"and which they called Ceylon."},{"startTime":1634.0,"endTime":1637.09,"body":"And again, the Dutch inherited"},{"startTime":1634.0,"endTime":1637.09,"body":"a mixed religious picture,"},{"startTime":1637.09,"endTime":1639.69,"body":"longstanding Buddhist"},{"startTime":1637.09,"endTime":1639.69,"body":"and Hindu populations"},{"startTime":1639.69,"endTime":1641.25,"body":"mixed with a substantial number"},{"startTime":1641.25,"endTime":1644.76,"body":"had converted to Catholicism"},{"startTime":1641.25,"endTime":1644.76,"body":"under Portuguese rule."},{"startTime":1644.76,"endTime":1647.25,"body":"And again, the process of"},{"startTime":1644.76,"endTime":1647.25,"body":"building a Protestant community"},{"startTime":1647.25,"endTime":1652.01,"body":"is slow and painful, but"},{"startTime":1647.25,"endTime":1652.01,"body":"it happened to some extent."},{"startTime":1652.01,"endTime":1653.46,"body":"Schools were founded,"},{"startTime":1653.46,"endTime":1655.37,"body":"attendance was required,"},{"startTime":1655.37,"endTime":1656.47,"body":"churches were built,"},{"startTime":1656.47,"endTime":1658.54,"body":"many of them like this one in Colombos"},{"startTime":1658.54,"endTime":1660.193,"body":"still standing and in use."},{"startTime":1661.49,"endTime":1662.72,"body":"During the 18th century,"},{"startTime":1662.72,"endTime":1666.01,"body":"a printing press was"},{"startTime":1662.72,"endTime":1666.01,"body":"established producing books"},{"startTime":1666.01,"endTime":1667.89,"body":"in Tamil and Sinhalese"},{"startTime":1667.89,"endTime":1672.19,"body":"for use in the schools"},{"startTime":1667.89,"endTime":1672.19,"body":"and in the churches."},{"startTime":1672.19,"endTime":1675.61,"body":"And in this case and also in this one,"},{"startTime":1675.61,"endTime":1677.44,"body":"you can see the imprint of the VOC"},{"startTime":1677.44,"endTime":1680.163,"body":"of the Dutch East India"},{"startTime":1677.44,"endTime":1680.163,"body":"Company on the title page."},{"startTime":1681.95,"endTime":1684.75,"body":"Seminaries were founded one"},{"startTime":1681.95,"endTime":1684.75,"body":"in Jaffna, one in Colombo,"},{"startTime":1684.75,"endTime":1685.93,"body":"which trained young men,"},{"startTime":1685.93,"endTime":1689.07,"body":"both for colonial administration"},{"startTime":1685.93,"endTime":1689.07,"body":"and for the ministry."},{"startTime":1689.07,"endTime":1691.33,"body":"At least a dozen local men"},{"startTime":1691.33,"endTime":1694.38,"body":"were fully ordained as ministers"},{"startTime":1691.33,"endTime":1694.38,"body":"during the 18th century."},{"startTime":1694.38,"endTime":1697.94,"body":"Some of them after further"},{"startTime":1694.38,"endTime":1697.94,"body":"training in the Netherlands."},{"startTime":1697.94,"endTime":1700.11,"body":"When the British seized"},{"startTime":1697.94,"endTime":1700.11,"body":"the island from the Dutch,"},{"startTime":1700.11,"endTime":1701.59,"body":"during the Napoleonic wars,"},{"startTime":1701.59,"endTime":1704.03,"body":"they counted the Protestant population"},{"startTime":1704.03,"endTime":1709.03,"body":"with slightly dubious"},{"startTime":1704.03,"endTime":1709.03,"body":"precision at 236,109 people,"},{"startTime":1709.26,"endTime":1711.57,"body":"something like a fifth of the population"},{"startTime":1711.57,"endTime":1714.32,"body":"of the Island's maritime provinces."},{"startTime":1714.32,"endTime":1715.37,"body":"And while the British thought that"},{"startTime":1715.37,"endTime":1718.67,"body":"the Protestant church was"},{"startTime":1715.37,"endTime":1718.67,"body":"scandalously understaffed,"},{"startTime":1718.67,"endTime":1720.94,"body":"they reckoned that the"},{"startTime":1718.67,"endTime":1720.94,"body":"educational system was sound"},{"startTime":1720.94,"endTime":1722.92,"body":"and they took it over wholesale."},{"startTime":1722.92,"endTime":1726.22,"body":"So Solan Sri Lanka shows"},{"startTime":1726.22,"endTime":1729.72,"body":"what the Protestant taught"},{"startTime":1726.22,"endTime":1729.72,"body":"us could do when given time"},{"startTime":1729.72,"endTime":1732.91,"body":"to match itself against the Catholic hair."},{"startTime":1732.91,"endTime":1733.92,"body":"They couldn't catch up"},{"startTime":1733.92,"endTime":1737.47,"body":"and we all know that in real"},{"startTime":1733.92,"endTime":1737.47,"body":"life tortoises don't win races,"},{"startTime":1737.47,"endTime":1740.7,"body":"but it could put on a"},{"startTime":1737.47,"endTime":1740.7,"body":"perfectly respectable showing"},{"startTime":1740.7,"endTime":1743.503,"body":"in applauding institutional sort of way."},{"startTime":1745.53,"endTime":1747.19,"body":"But for many Protestants,"},{"startTime":1747.19,"endTime":1750.5,"body":"this kind of grinding"},{"startTime":1747.19,"endTime":1750.5,"body":"limited church building"},{"startTime":1750.5,"endTime":1752.38,"body":"was deeply frustrating."},{"startTime":1752.38,"endTime":1755.99,"body":"This wasn't how the apostles"},{"startTime":1752.38,"endTime":1755.99,"body":"had set the world on fire,"},{"startTime":1755.99,"endTime":1759.23,"body":"luring or forcing children to schools,"},{"startTime":1759.23,"endTime":1762.4,"body":"drilling freed slaves to memorize texts,"},{"startTime":1762.4,"endTime":1764.71,"body":"hoping that over generations' habit"},{"startTime":1764.71,"endTime":1767.56,"body":"would harden into something like faith."},{"startTime":1767.56,"endTime":1769.223,"body":"Surely there's a better way."},{"startTime":1770.62,"endTime":1771.76,"body":"In the Dutch empire,"},{"startTime":1771.76,"endTime":1775.38,"body":"there was a surge of"},{"startTime":1771.76,"endTime":1775.38,"body":"optimism in the 1620s."},{"startTime":1775.38,"endTime":1777.92,"body":"Four chief's sons from Ambon"},{"startTime":1777.92,"endTime":1782.11,"body":"were sent to the Netherlands"},{"startTime":1777.92,"endTime":1782.11,"body":"for education in 1621."},{"startTime":1782.11,"endTime":1784.66,"body":"And in 1623, the year after"},{"startTime":1784.66,"endTime":1788.12,"body":"the Congregation de Propaganda"},{"startTime":1784.66,"endTime":1788.12,"body":"Fide was founded in Rome,"},{"startTime":1788.12,"endTime":1791.27,"body":"the Dutch minister, Sebastian Danckaerts,"},{"startTime":1791.27,"endTime":1792.46,"body":"who we met as the founder"},{"startTime":1792.46,"endTime":1794.29,"body":"of the school's program in Ambon,"},{"startTime":1794.29,"endTime":1795.64,"body":"he's now on a trip back home."},{"startTime":1795.64,"endTime":1797.98,"body":"He persuaded the East India company"},{"startTime":1797.98,"endTime":1802.19,"body":"to open a Collegium"},{"startTime":1797.98,"endTime":1802.19,"body":"Indicum an Indian college"},{"startTime":1802.19,"endTime":1806.163,"body":"to train ministers for"},{"startTime":1802.19,"endTime":1806.163,"body":"missionary work in the far east."},{"startTime":1807.01,"endTime":1809.93,"body":"Maybe a few highly skilled ministers"},{"startTime":1809.93,"endTime":1812.68,"body":"and some high status indigenous converts"},{"startTime":1812.68,"endTime":1816.373,"body":"might be the spark that"},{"startTime":1812.68,"endTime":1816.373,"body":"would set all Asia a light."},{"startTime":1819.01,"endTime":1820.14,"body":"But nine years later,"},{"startTime":1820.14,"endTime":1822.43,"body":"when the Ambonese youths were sent home,"},{"startTime":1822.43,"endTime":1825.07,"body":"at least the three of them who'd survived,"},{"startTime":1825.07,"endTime":1828.36,"body":"the island, this Protestant"},{"startTime":1825.07,"endTime":1828.36,"body":"minister was unimpressed."},{"startTime":1828.36,"endTime":1830.9,"body":"He said, it's lamentable that those people"},{"startTime":1830.9,"endTime":1833.24,"body":"who've cost the directors so much"},{"startTime":1833.24,"endTime":1836.06,"body":"aren't more thankful"},{"startTime":1833.24,"endTime":1836.06,"body":"for what they've enjoyed"},{"startTime":1836.06,"endTime":1838.02,"body":"because they've completely"},{"startTime":1836.06,"endTime":1838.02,"body":"forgotten their study"},{"startTime":1838.02,"endTime":1840.613,"body":"and shown no enthusiasm"},{"startTime":1838.02,"endTime":1840.613,"body":"for the Christian religion."},{"startTime":1842.24,"endTime":1845.0,"body":"The following year, the"},{"startTime":1842.24,"endTime":1845.0,"body":"Collegium Indicum was closed down"},{"startTime":1845.0,"endTime":1847.8,"body":"having produced no more than 12 students."},{"startTime":1847.8,"endTime":1850.26,"body":"College, it has to be said is a grand name"},{"startTime":1850.26,"endTime":1851.14,"body":"for an institution"},{"startTime":1851.14,"endTime":1853.46,"body":"which had only one dedicated professor"},{"startTime":1853.46,"endTime":1855.99,"body":"and had met in his house."},{"startTime":1855.99,"endTime":1857.94,"body":"The East India Company declared"},{"startTime":1857.94,"endTime":1860.48,"body":"that it now had as many"},{"startTime":1857.94,"endTime":1860.48,"body":"ministers as it could employ"},{"startTime":1860.48,"endTime":1863.47,"body":"and that there was no need for"},{"startTime":1860.48,"endTime":1863.47,"body":"a further recruitment stream."},{"startTime":1863.47,"endTime":1865.99,"body":"I'm not going to say that"},{"startTime":1863.47,"endTime":1865.99,"body":"the Collegium had no impact"},{"startTime":1865.99,"endTime":1867.69,"body":"because it does play a role"},{"startTime":1867.69,"endTime":1871.2,"body":"in one other truly remarkable"},{"startTime":1867.69,"endTime":1871.2,"body":"story from the Dutch empire,"},{"startTime":1871.2,"endTime":1872.33,"body":"which will be coming back to"},{"startTime":1872.33,"endTime":1874.58,"body":"in the final lecture of this series,"},{"startTime":1874.58,"endTime":1878.373,"body":"but an equivalent to Rome's"},{"startTime":1874.58,"endTime":1878.373,"body":"propaganda Fide, it was not."},{"startTime":1880.61,"endTime":1882.64,"body":"For most of the 17th century,"},{"startTime":1882.64,"endTime":1884.66,"body":"Protestants in Europe talked,"},{"startTime":1884.66,"endTime":1887.96,"body":"dreamt of taking their gospel to Asia,"},{"startTime":1887.96,"endTime":1890.59,"body":"but didn't do very much about it."},{"startTime":1890.59,"endTime":1893.23,"body":"Books were published,"},{"startTime":1890.59,"endTime":1893.23,"body":"sermons were preached,"},{"startTime":1893.23,"endTime":1896.01,"body":"but the great trading companies"},{"startTime":1893.23,"endTime":1896.01,"body":"knew how to run a tight ship"},{"startTime":1896.01,"endTime":1899.36,"body":"and they wouldn't permit"},{"startTime":1896.01,"endTime":1899.36,"body":"freelance religious enthusiasts"},{"startTime":1899.36,"endTime":1901.57,"body":"stirring up trouble."},{"startTime":1901.57,"endTime":1903.95,"body":"Even the Dutch East India"},{"startTime":1901.57,"endTime":1903.95,"body":"Company's own ministers"},{"startTime":1903.95,"endTime":1907.32,"body":"were liable to be"},{"startTime":1903.95,"endTime":1907.32,"body":"unceremoniously shipped home"},{"startTime":1907.32,"endTime":1909.723,"body":"if they clashed with"},{"startTime":1907.32,"endTime":1909.723,"body":"the company's governors."},{"startTime":1910.57,"endTime":1914.84,"body":"In so far as self starting"},{"startTime":1910.57,"endTime":1914.84,"body":"enthusiasts made any impact,"},{"startTime":1914.84,"endTime":1918.69,"body":"it was closer to home"},{"startTime":1914.84,"endTime":1918.69,"body":"in the Ottoman Empire,"},{"startTime":1918.69,"endTime":1921.6,"body":"the great Turkish ruled"},{"startTime":1918.69,"endTime":1921.6,"body":"empire that embraced"},{"startTime":1921.6,"endTime":1924.26,"body":"most of the Middle East and North Africa,"},{"startTime":1924.26,"endTime":1927.043,"body":"as well as a suave of Southeastern Europe."},{"startTime":1928.41,"endTime":1932.87,"body":"The most eye catching efforts"},{"startTime":1928.41,"endTime":1932.87,"body":"were those made by the Quakers"},{"startTime":1932.87,"endTime":1935.59,"body":"that radically egalitarian"},{"startTime":1932.87,"endTime":1935.59,"body":"Protestant movement"},{"startTime":1935.59,"endTime":1937.06,"body":"that sprang up in England"},{"startTime":1937.06,"endTime":1939.22,"body":"in the years after the civil war."},{"startTime":1939.22,"endTime":1941.78,"body":"The Quaker leader, George Fox fired off"},{"startTime":1941.78,"endTime":1945.61,"body":"a series of prophetic letters"},{"startTime":1941.78,"endTime":1945.61,"body":"to the Turkish Sultan,"},{"startTime":1945.61,"endTime":1948.4,"body":"to the Emperor of China and so forth"},{"startTime":1948.4,"endTime":1951.433,"body":"adjuring them to hearken to the"},{"startTime":1948.4,"endTime":1951.433,"body":"light of Christ within them."},{"startTime":1952.58,"endTime":1955.25,"body":"A number of Quakers set out"},{"startTime":1955.25,"endTime":1957.393,"body":"to deliver these messages in-person."},{"startTime":1958.38,"endTime":1960.55,"body":"As one Quaker historian puts it,"},{"startTime":1960.55,"endTime":1963.83,"body":"their mission was a service"},{"startTime":1960.55,"endTime":1963.83,"body":"abundant in persecution,"},{"startTime":1963.83,"endTime":1965.343,"body":"but barren in fruit."},{"startTime":1966.77,"endTime":1968.65,"body":"In 1661, for example,"},{"startTime":1968.65,"endTime":1971.76,"body":"two Quakers were inspired"},{"startTime":1968.65,"endTime":1971.76,"body":"to travel to the Turks,"},{"startTime":1971.76,"endTime":1973.81,"body":"ultimately hoping to go onto China"},{"startTime":1973.81,"endTime":1976.57,"body":"and they set out bearing"},{"startTime":1973.81,"endTime":1976.57,"body":"a sheath of these letters,"},{"startTime":1976.57,"endTime":1978.08,"body":"including at the end"},{"startTime":1978.08,"endTime":1981.01,"body":"a catchall one addressed"},{"startTime":1978.08,"endTime":1981.01,"body":"to all the nations"},{"startTime":1981.01,"endTime":1982.223,"body":"under the whole heavens."},{"startTime":1983.42,"endTime":1985.74,"body":"They made it as far as Alexandria,"},{"startTime":1985.74,"endTime":1988.66,"body":"where the horrified"},{"startTime":1985.74,"endTime":1988.66,"body":"English console reported"},{"startTime":1988.66,"endTime":1991.46,"body":"that they did throw about"},{"startTime":1988.66,"endTime":1991.46,"body":"pamphlets in the street"},{"startTime":1991.46,"endTime":1994.34,"body":"in Hebrew, Arabic, and Latin."},{"startTime":1994.34,"endTime":1997.21,"body":"The council managed to get"},{"startTime":1994.34,"endTime":1997.21,"body":"them released to his custody"},{"startTime":1997.21,"endTime":1998.41,"body":"and had them shipped home."},{"startTime":1998.41,"endTime":2000.093,"body":"It could have been much worse."},{"startTime":2001.3,"endTime":2003.56,"body":"Similar party were likewise intercepted"},{"startTime":2003.56,"endTime":2006.1,"body":"by the English council in Smyrna,"},{"startTime":2006.1,"endTime":2008.88,"body":"who wrote that we sufficiently"},{"startTime":2006.1,"endTime":2008.88,"body":"have had experience"},{"startTime":2008.88,"endTime":2011.54,"body":"of the carriage of that sort of people."},{"startTime":2011.54,"endTime":2013.41,"body":"And it is ridiculous and capable"},{"startTime":2013.41,"endTime":2015.193,"body":"to bring dishonor to our nation."},{"startTime":2017.04,"endTime":2019.96,"body":"Some others made it a little"},{"startTime":2017.04,"endTime":2019.96,"body":"bit further than that."},{"startTime":2019.96,"endTime":2022.25,"body":"One of the most remarkable stories though,"},{"startTime":2022.25,"endTime":2023.92,"body":"it's thinly documented"},{"startTime":2023.92,"endTime":2028.19,"body":"is that of the German Lutheran"},{"startTime":2023.92,"endTime":2028.19,"body":"preacher, Peter Heyling."},{"startTime":2028.19,"endTime":2029.92,"body":"This isn't about Asia exactly,"},{"startTime":2029.92,"endTime":2032.33,"body":"but I hope you'll agree"},{"startTime":2029.92,"endTime":2032.33,"body":"it's part of today's story."},{"startTime":2032.33,"endTime":2035.34,"body":"Heyling set out for Egypt in 1633"},{"startTime":2035.34,"endTime":2038.01,"body":"intending not to convert Muslims,"},{"startTime":2038.01,"endTime":2040.96,"body":"which conventional wisdom"},{"startTime":2038.01,"endTime":2040.96,"body":"held to be both impossible"},{"startTime":2040.96,"endTime":2043.33,"body":"and impossibly dangerous,"},{"startTime":2043.33,"endTime":2045.07,"body":"but to bring the Protestant gospel"},{"startTime":2045.07,"endTime":2048.053,"body":"to the ancient Christian"},{"startTime":2045.07,"endTime":2048.053,"body":"churches of the East."},{"startTime":2049.06,"endTime":2050.84,"body":"Heyling learnt Arabic,"},{"startTime":2050.84,"endTime":2052.64,"body":"managed to befriend senior figures"},{"startTime":2052.64,"endTime":2055.7,"body":"in both the Syrian Orthodox"},{"startTime":2052.64,"endTime":2055.7,"body":"and the Coptic churches,"},{"startTime":2055.7,"endTime":2058.853,"body":"and then an unexpected"},{"startTime":2055.7,"endTime":2058.853,"body":"chance came his way."},{"startTime":2059.69,"endTime":2063.53,"body":"The kingdom of Abyssinia or Ethiopia"},{"startTime":2063.53,"endTime":2065.64,"body":"that had been Christians"},{"startTime":2063.53,"endTime":2065.64,"body":"since ancient times,"},{"startTime":2065.64,"endTime":2067.96,"body":"this map rather exaggerates its size,"},{"startTime":2067.96,"endTime":2069.113,"body":"but it's considerable."},{"startTime":2070.36,"endTime":2071.39,"body":"Earlier in the century,"},{"startTime":2071.39,"endTime":2073.75,"body":"Roman Catholic missionaries had"},{"startTime":2071.39,"endTime":2073.75,"body":"established themselves there"},{"startTime":2073.75,"endTime":2076.34,"body":"to try to bring the"},{"startTime":2073.75,"endTime":2076.34,"body":"Ethiopian Orthodox Church"},{"startTime":2076.34,"endTime":2078.03,"body":"into communion with Rome."},{"startTime":2078.03,"endTime":2079.31,"body":"But in 1634,"},{"startTime":2079.31,"endTime":2081.92,"body":"a new Ethiopian emperor"},{"startTime":2079.31,"endTime":2081.92,"body":"comes to the throne"},{"startTime":2081.92,"endTime":2083.65,"body":"who breaks with the Catholics"},{"startTime":2083.65,"endTime":2085.96,"body":"and renews his ancient links"},{"startTime":2085.96,"endTime":2087.683,"body":"with the Coptic church in Egypt."},{"startTime":2088.73,"endTime":2092.223,"body":"Heyling sees his chance"},{"startTime":2088.73,"endTime":2092.223,"body":"and travels to Ethiopia."},{"startTime":2093.61,"endTime":2096.31,"body":"We don't know whether the"},{"startTime":2093.61,"endTime":2096.31,"body":"emperor would have proceeded"},{"startTime":2096.31,"endTime":2099.56,"body":"to expel or execute all"},{"startTime":2096.31,"endTime":2099.56,"body":"the Catholic missionaries"},{"startTime":2099.56,"endTime":2102.0,"body":"without Heyling influence."},{"startTime":2102.0,"endTime":2106.06,"body":"We do know that Heyling remained"},{"startTime":2102.0,"endTime":2106.06,"body":"in Ethiopia for 17 years."},{"startTime":2106.06,"endTime":2107.97,"body":"He married the emperor's daughter,"},{"startTime":2107.97,"endTime":2110.7,"body":"won a reputation for"},{"startTime":2107.97,"endTime":2110.7,"body":"studiousness and holiness"},{"startTime":2110.7,"endTime":2113.583,"body":"and translated the New"},{"startTime":2110.7,"endTime":2113.583,"body":"Testament into Amharic."},{"startTime":2114.9,"endTime":2117.29,"body":"But as so often in the"},{"startTime":2114.9,"endTime":2117.29,"body":"end, nothing came of it,"},{"startTime":2117.29,"endTime":2119.29,"body":"Heyling is killed in 1656"},{"startTime":2119.29,"endTime":2122.76,"body":"after a quarrel with a"},{"startTime":2119.29,"endTime":2122.76,"body":"Turkish governor in Sudan,"},{"startTime":2122.76,"endTime":2126.01,"body":"a Lutheran minister"},{"startTime":2122.76,"endTime":2126.01,"body":"who is sent to a system"},{"startTime":2126.01,"endTime":2129.18,"body":"rather embarrassingly converts"},{"startTime":2126.01,"endTime":2129.18,"body":"to Catholicism or root"},{"startTime":2130.26,"endTime":2132.563,"body":"and the whole mission fails."},{"startTime":2134.17,"endTime":2136.95,"body":"The hope that the way to the Middle East"},{"startTime":2136.95,"endTime":2141.2,"body":"might lie through the Eastern"},{"startTime":2136.95,"endTime":2141.2,"body":"and Oriental Orthodox churches"},{"startTime":2141.2,"endTime":2142.433,"body":"is a common one."},{"startTime":2143.46,"endTime":2145.84,"body":"Muslim rulers violently objected"},{"startTime":2145.84,"endTime":2148.61,"body":"to any Christian missionary"},{"startTime":2145.84,"endTime":2148.61,"body":"efforts aimed at themselves."},{"startTime":2148.61,"endTime":2151.6,"body":"Whereas Protestants thought"},{"startTime":2148.61,"endTime":2151.6,"body":"they might have better prospect"},{"startTime":2151.6,"endTime":2152.9,"body":"with the Eastern churches"},{"startTime":2152.9,"endTime":2155.313,"body":"who at least hated the"},{"startTime":2152.9,"endTime":2155.313,"body":"Pope as much as they did."},{"startTime":2156.18,"endTime":2158.97,"body":"And they reasoned that"},{"startTime":2156.18,"endTime":2158.97,"body":"if anyone stood a chance"},{"startTime":2158.97,"endTime":2161.72,"body":"of converting Muslims, it"},{"startTime":2158.97,"endTime":2161.72,"body":"wouldn't be foreigners,"},{"startTime":2161.72,"endTime":2165.193,"body":"but a reinvigorated"},{"startTime":2161.72,"endTime":2165.193,"body":"indigenous Christian Church."},{"startTime":2166.24,"endTime":2169.5,"body":"If there was an institutional"},{"startTime":2166.24,"endTime":2169.5,"body":"route to doing this,"},{"startTime":2169.5,"endTime":2172.69,"body":"again, it's the chartered"},{"startTime":2169.5,"endTime":2172.69,"body":"trading companies."},{"startTime":2172.69,"endTime":2175.66,"body":"The English Levant company traded"},{"startTime":2175.66,"endTime":2178.34,"body":"out of Aleppo in modern Syria,"},{"startTime":2178.34,"endTime":2180.68,"body":"a series of English,"},{"startTime":2178.34,"endTime":2180.68,"body":"Protestant chaplains there"},{"startTime":2180.68,"endTime":2184.943,"body":"made cautious contacts with"},{"startTime":2180.68,"endTime":2184.943,"body":"the Oriental Orthodox Churches."},{"startTime":2186.14,"endTime":2188.44,"body":"For enthusiasts back home,"},{"startTime":2188.44,"endTime":2192.59,"body":"the existence of the Aleppo"},{"startTime":2188.44,"endTime":2192.59,"body":"chaplaincy is an opportunity."},{"startTime":2192.59,"endTime":2195.3,"body":"And the way to exploit that opportunity,"},{"startTime":2195.3,"endTime":2198.883,"body":"it seemed obvious was"},{"startTime":2195.3,"endTime":2198.883,"body":"through distributing books."},{"startTime":2200.16,"endTime":2204.6,"body":"Robert Boyle, the brilliant"},{"startTime":2200.16,"endTime":2204.6,"body":"Irish Protestant chemist"},{"startTime":2204.6,"endTime":2207.24,"body":"was also a missionary enthusiast."},{"startTime":2207.24,"endTime":2211.82,"body":"And he was rich enough to"},{"startTime":2207.24,"endTime":2211.82,"body":"bankroll a 1660 Arabic edition"},{"startTime":2211.82,"endTime":2213.78,"body":"of the best selling tract"},{"startTime":2213.78,"endTime":2215.84,"body":"on the truth of the Christian religion"},{"startTime":2215.84,"endTime":2219.42,"body":"by the great Dutch"},{"startTime":2215.84,"endTime":2219.42,"body":"philosopher, Hugo Grotius."},{"startTime":2219.42,"endTime":2221.23,"body":"It was apparently distributed"},{"startTime":2221.23,"endTime":2222.78,"body":"by English merchants in Aleppo."},{"startTime":2224.0,"endTime":2228.05,"body":"Boyle also funded a Turkish"},{"startTime":2224.0,"endTime":2228.05,"body":"edition of the New Testament,"},{"startTime":2228.05,"endTime":2232.08,"body":"an Arabic edition of the"},{"startTime":2228.05,"endTime":2232.08,"body":"English book of common prayer"},{"startTime":2232.08,"endTime":2233.79,"body":"followed later in the century,"},{"startTime":2233.79,"endTime":2238.01,"body":"none of these projects"},{"startTime":2233.79,"endTime":2238.01,"body":"had any impact at all"},{"startTime":2238.01,"endTime":2239.093,"body":"that we can trace."},{"startTime":2240.46,"endTime":2242.44,"body":"If Catholic missionaries believe"},{"startTime":2242.44,"endTime":2245.25,"body":"that baptism had its own"},{"startTime":2242.44,"endTime":2245.25,"body":"intrinsic saving power"},{"startTime":2245.25,"endTime":2247.99,"body":"and should be administered"},{"startTime":2245.25,"endTime":2247.99,"body":"as freely as possible,"},{"startTime":2247.99,"endTime":2251.48,"body":"Protestant missionaries believe"},{"startTime":2247.99,"endTime":2251.48,"body":"the same thing about books"},{"startTime":2252.32,"endTime":2254.99,"body":"like those Quakers flinging books"},{"startTime":2254.99,"endTime":2256.92,"body":"into the street in Alexandria,"},{"startTime":2256.92,"endTime":2260.35,"body":"they knew that God's word was alive."},{"startTime":2260.35,"endTime":2263.58,"body":"If they merely scattered the seed abroad,"},{"startTime":2263.58,"endTime":2265.113,"body":"it would surely take root."},{"startTime":2267.58,"endTime":2270.66,"body":"In 1720, the SPCK,"},{"startTime":2270.66,"endTime":2272.94,"body":"the English publishing"},{"startTime":2270.66,"endTime":2272.94,"body":"and missionary society"},{"startTime":2272.94,"endTime":2274.38,"body":"I mentioned at the beginning"},{"startTime":2274.38,"endTime":2276.31,"body":"was approached with a new scheme"},{"startTime":2276.31,"endTime":2280.2,"body":"to print an Arabic New"},{"startTime":2276.31,"endTime":2280.2,"body":"Testament and Salter"},{"startTime":2280.2,"endTime":2281.74,"body":"with the apparent backing"},{"startTime":2281.74,"endTime":2285.22,"body":"of the Orthodox patriarch of Antioch."},{"startTime":2285.22,"endTime":2287.49,"body":"I say apparent because"},{"startTime":2285.22,"endTime":2287.49,"body":"it quickly became clear"},{"startTime":2287.49,"endTime":2289.88,"body":"that the patriarch had no"},{"startTime":2287.49,"endTime":2289.88,"body":"real interest in the project,"},{"startTime":2289.88,"endTime":2292.29,"body":"he just wanted allies"},{"startTime":2289.88,"endTime":2292.29,"body":"in his local intrigues"},{"startTime":2292.29,"endTime":2294.64,"body":"against Roman Catholic missionaries,"},{"startTime":2294.64,"endTime":2298.12,"body":"but the SPCK seized on the idea."},{"startTime":2298.12,"endTime":2300.39,"body":"Despite the lack of any coherent plan"},{"startTime":2300.39,"endTime":2301.82,"body":"for distributing the books"},{"startTime":2301.82,"endTime":2302.653,"body":"that would be produced"},{"startTime":2302.653,"endTime":2304.863,"body":"beyond sending them in bulk to Aleppo."},{"startTime":2305.94,"endTime":2308.86,"body":"The patriarch who"},{"startTime":2305.94,"endTime":2308.86,"body":"approached them died in 1724"},{"startTime":2308.86,"endTime":2311.73,"body":"and his successor doesn't"},{"startTime":2308.86,"endTime":2311.73,"body":"even pretend to be interested"},{"startTime":2311.73,"endTime":2314.23,"body":"in cooking up schemes"},{"startTime":2311.73,"endTime":2314.23,"body":"with English heretics,"},{"startTime":2314.23,"endTime":2317.62,"body":"but by now the SPCK"},{"startTime":2314.23,"endTime":2317.62,"body":"was hooked on the idea."},{"startTime":2317.62,"endTime":2320.03,"body":"They set out to raise in this pamphlet"},{"startTime":2320.03,"endTime":2323.81,"body":"an eye watering 2,400 pounds"},{"startTime":2323.81,"endTime":2327.8,"body":"in the hope of printing"},{"startTime":2323.81,"endTime":2327.8,"body":"8,000 copies of these books,"},{"startTime":2327.8,"endTime":2329.63,"body":"a sum which included paying to forge"},{"startTime":2329.63,"endTime":2331.64,"body":"a new set of Arabic type"},{"startTime":2331.64,"endTime":2335.52,"body":"and remarkably, they overshoot that mark."},{"startTime":2335.52,"endTime":2338.71,"body":"By 1737, there are a"},{"startTime":2335.52,"endTime":2338.71,"body":"series of these editions,"},{"startTime":2338.71,"endTime":2342.639,"body":"the SPCK has produced"},{"startTime":2338.71,"endTime":2342.639,"body":"over 6,000 Arabic Salters,"},{"startTime":2342.639,"endTime":2344.7,"body":"10,000 Arabic New testaments,"},{"startTime":2344.7,"endTime":2347.252,"body":"and 5,000 Arabic catechisms"},{"startTime":2347.252,"endTime":2349.41,"body":"at a total cost of some 3,000 pounds."},{"startTime":2349.41,"endTime":2352.47,"body":"This was by far the single"},{"startTime":2349.41,"endTime":2352.47,"body":"most expensive project"},{"startTime":2352.47,"endTime":2354.97,"body":"that the SPCK had ever undertaken."},{"startTime":2354.97,"endTime":2357.653,"body":"And almost no one wanted them."},{"startTime":2358.69,"endTime":2361.63,"body":"Hundreds were indeed sent"},{"startTime":2358.69,"endTime":2361.63,"body":"to Aleppo for distribution,"},{"startTime":2361.63,"endTime":2362.77,"body":"where to the best of our knowledge,"},{"startTime":2362.77,"endTime":2364.63,"body":"they sank without trace."},{"startTime":2364.63,"endTime":2367.33,"body":"Others were sent to SPCK correspondence"},{"startTime":2367.33,"endTime":2370.8,"body":"as far a field as Russia"},{"startTime":2367.33,"endTime":2370.8,"body":"or Persia or India,"},{"startTime":2370.8,"endTime":2372.77,"body":"where I think we can presume that demand"},{"startTime":2372.77,"endTime":2375.593,"body":"for Arabic language"},{"startTime":2372.77,"endTime":2375.593,"body":"Christian materials was weak,"},{"startTime":2376.62,"endTime":2378.56,"body":"but half a century later,"},{"startTime":2378.56,"endTime":2381.82,"body":"well over half of those new"},{"startTime":2378.56,"endTime":2381.82,"body":"testaments and catechisms"},{"startTime":2381.82,"endTime":2385.33,"body":"were still sitting in the"},{"startTime":2381.82,"endTime":2385.33,"body":"SPCK's warehouses in London,"},{"startTime":2385.33,"endTime":2388.28,"body":"awaiting anyone who might"},{"startTime":2385.33,"endTime":2388.28,"body":"be interested in them."},{"startTime":2388.28,"endTime":2391.2,"body":"Hundreds of copies from"},{"startTime":2388.28,"endTime":2391.2,"body":"that same print run"},{"startTime":2391.2,"endTime":2392.87,"body":"were being distributed by the British"},{"startTime":2392.87,"endTime":2394.953,"body":"and foreign Bible society in the 1820s."},{"startTime":2396.9,"endTime":2400.12,"body":"Protestant books were indeed"},{"startTime":2396.9,"endTime":2400.12,"body":"like Catholic baptisms."},{"startTime":2400.12,"endTime":2402.04,"body":"You could run up impressive numbers,"},{"startTime":2402.04,"endTime":2404.84,"body":"but that didn't mean you were"},{"startTime":2402.04,"endTime":2404.84,"body":"having the desired effect."},{"startTime":2406.63,"endTime":2408.99,"body":"So when George Lewis in Madras"},{"startTime":2408.99,"endTime":2412.453,"body":"said about those Protestant"},{"startTime":2408.99,"endTime":2412.453,"body":"missionaries in Tranquebar"},{"startTime":2412.453,"endTime":2414.73,"body":"that it is the first attempt"},{"startTime":2414.73,"endTime":2417.71,"body":"that the Protestants have"},{"startTime":2414.73,"endTime":2417.71,"body":"ever made in that kind."},{"startTime":2417.71,"endTime":2420.043,"body":"He was wrong, but you"},{"startTime":2417.71,"endTime":2420.043,"body":"can see what he meant,"},{"startTime":2421.04,"endTime":2424.1,"body":"because it does have to be said"},{"startTime":2421.04,"endTime":2424.1,"body":"that the Tranquebar mission"},{"startTime":2424.1,"endTime":2427.04,"body":"is a bit different from the"},{"startTime":2424.1,"endTime":2427.04,"body":"other ventures of the time"},{"startTime":2427.04,"endTime":2429.183,"body":"and maybe a sign of things to come."},{"startTime":2430.09,"endTime":2431.92,"body":"This is a difficult subject to discuss"},{"startTime":2431.92,"endTime":2434.36,"body":"because it's been very"},{"startTime":2431.92,"endTime":2434.36,"body":"heavily mythologized."},{"startTime":2434.36,"endTime":2436.18,"body":"And as Lewis's comment suggests"},{"startTime":2436.18,"endTime":2439.67,"body":"that methologization process"},{"startTime":2436.18,"endTime":2439.67,"body":"is happening in real time,"},{"startTime":2439.67,"endTime":2441.11,"body":"but scrape away the layers"},{"startTime":2441.11,"endTime":2444.543,"body":"and it's still clear something"},{"startTime":2441.11,"endTime":2444.543,"body":"pretty unusual was going on."},{"startTime":2445.86,"endTime":2449.32,"body":"Two things make this venture stand out."},{"startTime":2449.32,"endTime":2451.583,"body":"Vital combination of"},{"startTime":2449.32,"endTime":2451.583,"body":"structures and people."},{"startTime":2452.64,"endTime":2453.57,"body":"The missions based"},{"startTime":2453.57,"endTime":2456.15,"body":"in the Danish East India"},{"startTime":2453.57,"endTime":2456.15,"body":"Company's territory,"},{"startTime":2456.15,"endTime":2458.56,"body":"but it is not a company project."},{"startTime":2458.56,"endTime":2460.13,"body":"In fact, the company to begin with"},{"startTime":2460.13,"endTime":2462.22,"body":"is actively hostile to it."},{"startTime":2462.22,"endTime":2464.73,"body":"The lead missionary"},{"startTime":2462.22,"endTime":2464.73,"body":"Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg"},{"startTime":2464.73,"endTime":2467.05,"body":"is actually imprisoned"},{"startTime":2464.73,"endTime":2467.05,"body":"by the colonies governor"},{"startTime":2467.05,"endTime":2469.23,"body":"for a few months in 1709"},{"startTime":2469.23,"endTime":2472.51,"body":"after he tries to"},{"startTime":2469.23,"endTime":2472.51,"body":"intervene in a debt dispute"},{"startTime":2472.51,"endTime":2475.92,"body":"between a Tamil widow and"},{"startTime":2472.51,"endTime":2475.92,"body":"an employee of the company"},{"startTime":2475.92,"endTime":2477.233,"body":"on the widow's side."},{"startTime":2478.36,"endTime":2480.48,"body":"The imprisonment is uncomfortable for him,"},{"startTime":2480.48,"endTime":2482.52,"body":"but the episode hugely bolsters"},{"startTime":2482.52,"endTime":2484.62,"body":"his credibility with the Tamil population."},{"startTime":2485.66,"endTime":2488.22,"body":"The mission's sponsored"},{"startTime":2485.66,"endTime":2488.22,"body":"not by the company,"},{"startTime":2488.22,"endTime":2492.37,"body":"but by King Frederick"},{"startTime":2488.22,"endTime":2492.37,"body":"IV of Denmark himself."},{"startTime":2492.37,"endTime":2496.23,"body":"He's a convert to the"},{"startTime":2492.37,"endTime":2496.23,"body":"evangelical Lutheran movement"},{"startTime":2496.23,"endTime":2497.83,"body":"we call pietism"},{"startTime":2497.83,"endTime":2499.91,"body":"whose hallmark was bypassing"},{"startTime":2499.91,"endTime":2502.13,"body":"existing church and state structures"},{"startTime":2502.13,"endTime":2505.763,"body":"and taking its preaching"},{"startTime":2502.13,"endTime":2505.763,"body":"directly to the common people."},{"startTime":2506.62,"endTime":2508.81,"body":"This was the first opportunity"},{"startTime":2508.81,"endTime":2511.53,"body":"for pietist religion"},{"startTime":2508.81,"endTime":2511.53,"body":"to reach beyond Europe."},{"startTime":2511.53,"endTime":2513.76,"body":"And so when king Frederick"},{"startTime":2511.53,"endTime":2513.76,"body":"becomes involved,"},{"startTime":2513.76,"endTime":2515.43,"body":"this attracts the attention"},{"startTime":2515.43,"endTime":2518.43,"body":"of the University of Halle in Prussia,"},{"startTime":2518.43,"endTime":2520.95,"body":"the engine room of pietism"},{"startTime":2520.95,"endTime":2523.44,"body":"and of the formidable"},{"startTime":2520.95,"endTime":2523.44,"body":"religious entrepreneur"},{"startTime":2523.44,"endTime":2524.58,"body":"August Hermann Francke,"},{"startTime":2524.58,"endTime":2526.5,"body":"the professor of theology at Halle"},{"startTime":2526.5,"endTime":2529.233,"body":"who sits at the center"},{"startTime":2526.5,"endTime":2529.233,"body":"of pietism's networks."},{"startTime":2530.78,"endTime":2532.8,"body":"King Frederick provides"},{"startTime":2532.8,"endTime":2536.04,"body":"the official permission"},{"startTime":2532.8,"endTime":2536.04,"body":"to work in the colony,"},{"startTime":2536.04,"endTime":2539.0,"body":"overriding the East India"},{"startTime":2536.04,"endTime":2539.0,"body":"Company's objections."},{"startTime":2539.0,"endTime":2541.81,"body":"Halle provides the personnel."},{"startTime":2541.81,"endTime":2543.73,"body":"All of the missionaries who worked"},{"startTime":2543.73,"endTime":2546.34,"body":"in this Danish sponsored"},{"startTime":2543.73,"endTime":2546.34,"body":"mission throughout the century"},{"startTime":2546.34,"endTime":2548.393,"body":"are in fact German not Danish."},{"startTime":2549.59,"endTime":2552.65,"body":"And pretty soon a third"},{"startTime":2549.59,"endTime":2552.65,"body":"element enters the equation,"},{"startTime":2552.65,"endTime":2556.51,"body":"the English SPCK take an interest."},{"startTime":2556.51,"endTime":2558.7,"body":"Their instinct, of course,"},{"startTime":2556.51,"endTime":2558.7,"body":"because they're the SPCK"},{"startTime":2558.7,"endTime":2560.72,"body":"is to throw books at the problem."},{"startTime":2560.72,"endTime":2562.33,"body":"They pay to have a printing press"},{"startTime":2562.33,"endTime":2565.81,"body":"and especially made type"},{"startTime":2562.33,"endTime":2565.81,"body":"shipped out to Tranquebar"},{"startTime":2565.81,"endTime":2567.92,"body":"although logistically this is tricky,"},{"startTime":2567.92,"endTime":2569.75,"body":"it's in the middle of a war with France,"},{"startTime":2569.75,"endTime":2571.05,"body":"the ship gets attacked,"},{"startTime":2571.05,"endTime":2573.81,"body":"the press ends up being taken to Brazil,"},{"startTime":2573.81,"endTime":2575.61,"body":"it has to be ransomed."},{"startTime":2575.61,"endTime":2579.26,"body":"Eventually though the"},{"startTime":2575.61,"endTime":2579.26,"body":"printer dies on the way,"},{"startTime":2579.26,"endTime":2581.31,"body":"but the machine arrives,"},{"startTime":2581.31,"endTime":2582.887,"body":"they find somebody"},{"startTime":2581.31,"endTime":2582.887,"body":"who's able to operate it"},{"startTime":2582.887,"endTime":2584.89,"body":"and the missionaries are"},{"startTime":2582.887,"endTime":2584.89,"body":"eventually able to use it."},{"startTime":2584.89,"endTime":2589.38,"body":"They produce this Tamil"},{"startTime":2584.89,"endTime":2589.38,"body":"New Testament in 1715."},{"startTime":2589.38,"endTime":2590.5,"body":"We might question whether"},{"startTime":2590.5,"endTime":2593.75,"body":"this is the best use of the SPCK's funds,"},{"startTime":2593.75,"endTime":2597.63,"body":"but the SPCK also become the"},{"startTime":2593.75,"endTime":2597.63,"body":"main financial underwriters"},{"startTime":2597.63,"endTime":2598.88,"body":"of the whole mission."},{"startTime":2598.88,"endTime":2600.99,"body":"They pay for almost everything in the end"},{"startTime":2600.99,"endTime":2602.83,"body":"apart from the actual salaries"},{"startTime":2602.83,"endTime":2604.19,"body":"of the missionaries themselves"},{"startTime":2604.19,"endTime":2608.24,"body":"and crucially, they persuade"},{"startTime":2604.19,"endTime":2608.24,"body":"the British East India Company"},{"startTime":2608.24,"endTime":2610.07,"body":"to provide free passage"},{"startTime":2610.07,"endTime":2612.373,"body":"for the missionaries"},{"startTime":2610.07,"endTime":2612.373,"body":"and for their supplies."},{"startTime":2613.96,"endTime":2616.71,"body":"This unique three cornered,"},{"startTime":2616.71,"endTime":2619.58,"body":"Danish, German, English arrangement"},{"startTime":2619.58,"endTime":2623.77,"body":"proves remarkably stable and effective."},{"startTime":2623.77,"endTime":2626.95,"body":"All three parties bring"},{"startTime":2623.77,"endTime":2626.95,"body":"something different to the table."},{"startTime":2626.95,"endTime":2628.59,"body":"Official backing from the Danish,"},{"startTime":2628.59,"endTime":2630.87,"body":"a steady supply of"},{"startTime":2628.59,"endTime":2630.87,"body":"personnel from the Germans,"},{"startTime":2630.87,"endTime":2633.037,"body":"steady supply of cash from the English."},{"startTime":2633.037,"endTime":2636.06,"body":"And all three are able to"},{"startTime":2633.037,"endTime":2636.06,"body":"commit to keeping that up"},{"startTime":2636.06,"endTime":2638.05,"body":"over a period of decades."},{"startTime":2638.05,"endTime":2641.85,"body":"There are prickles in the"},{"startTime":2638.05,"endTime":2641.85,"body":"relationship at times,"},{"startTime":2641.85,"endTime":2643.41,"body":"Anglicans and Lutherans"},{"startTime":2643.41,"endTime":2645.41,"body":"weren't very different in their religion,"},{"startTime":2645.41,"endTime":2647.9,"body":"but there were certain"},{"startTime":2645.41,"endTime":2647.9,"body":"well known disagreements"},{"startTime":2647.9,"endTime":2650.11,"body":"and the missionaries"},{"startTime":2647.9,"endTime":2650.11,"body":"themselves are acutely aware"},{"startTime":2650.11,"endTime":2651.57,"body":"of the need to steer clear"},{"startTime":2651.57,"endTime":2654.893,"body":"of delicate liturgical"},{"startTime":2651.57,"endTime":2654.893,"body":"or jurisdictional issues."},{"startTime":2655.86,"endTime":2659.0,"body":"But this may even have been"},{"startTime":2655.86,"endTime":2659.0,"body":"the mission's strong point"},{"startTime":2659.0,"endTime":2660.69,"body":"because although it's sponsored"},{"startTime":2660.69,"endTime":2662.74,"body":"by three different institutions,"},{"startTime":2662.74,"endTime":2665.27,"body":"each representing a state church,"},{"startTime":2665.27,"endTime":2667.47,"body":"the balance means that it's never under"},{"startTime":2667.47,"endTime":2669.52,"body":"the control of any one of them,"},{"startTime":2669.52,"endTime":2671.07,"body":"much less of a trading company."},{"startTime":2672.16,"endTime":2673.83,"body":"For a sign of the difference,"},{"startTime":2673.83,"endTime":2677.32,"body":"look at what happens to"},{"startTime":2673.83,"endTime":2677.32,"body":"George Lewis's enthusiasm"},{"startTime":2677.32,"endTime":2680.0,"body":"where his attempt to get the"},{"startTime":2677.32,"endTime":2680.0,"body":"British East India company"},{"startTime":2680.0,"endTime":2682.7,"body":"to emulate what the Tranquebar"},{"startTime":2680.0,"endTime":2682.7,"body":"missionaries are doing."},{"startTime":2683.75,"endTime":2685.42,"body":"His successor at Madras"},{"startTime":2685.42,"endTime":2689.07,"body":"tries to copy the Tranquebar"},{"startTime":2685.42,"endTime":2689.07,"body":"example by founding a school"},{"startTime":2689.07,"endTime":2690.304,"body":"and that East India Company,"},{"startTime":2690.304,"endTime":2692.84,"body":"the British East India company"},{"startTime":2690.304,"endTime":2692.84,"body":"doesn't try to stop it,"},{"startTime":2692.84,"endTime":2696.19,"body":"but they do direct the project"},{"startTime":2692.84,"endTime":2696.19,"body":"in a particular direction."},{"startTime":2696.19,"endTime":2699.95,"body":"So the school that eventually"},{"startTime":2696.19,"endTime":2699.95,"body":"opens at Madras in 1716"},{"startTime":2699.95,"endTime":2702.2,"body":"is an English language school"},{"startTime":2702.2,"endTime":2704.81,"body":"and it is teaching the mixed race children"},{"startTime":2704.81,"endTime":2707.41,"body":"of irregular liaisons"},{"startTime":2704.81,"endTime":2707.41,"body":"between company staff"},{"startTime":2707.41,"endTime":2710.46,"body":"and soldiers and Tamil women."},{"startTime":2710.46,"endTime":2712.73,"body":"Now, plainly making some provision"},{"startTime":2712.73,"endTime":2715.72,"body":"for these unfortunate"},{"startTime":2712.73,"endTime":2715.72,"body":"people was worthwhile,"},{"startTime":2715.72,"endTime":2718.89,"body":"the missionaries at Tranquebar"},{"startTime":2715.72,"endTime":2718.89,"body":"had by then also set up"},{"startTime":2718.89,"endTime":2721.52,"body":"a small school offering"},{"startTime":2718.89,"endTime":2721.52,"body":"instruction in Danish"},{"startTime":2721.52,"endTime":2723.85,"body":"for the equivalent clientele there,"},{"startTime":2723.85,"endTime":2724.77,"body":"but in their case,"},{"startTime":2724.77,"endTime":2728.51,"body":"that's alongside for"},{"startTime":2724.77,"endTime":2728.51,"body":"rather larger institutions"},{"startTime":2728.51,"endTime":2732.19,"body":"offering tuition in Tamil or"},{"startTime":2728.51,"endTime":2732.19,"body":"in one case in Portuguese."},{"startTime":2732.19,"endTime":2735.62,"body":"Their focus was always and primarily"},{"startTime":2735.62,"endTime":2737.2,"body":"on the indigenous population,"},{"startTime":2737.2,"endTime":2740.483,"body":"which is something that in"},{"startTime":2737.2,"endTime":2740.483,"body":"Madras could not be done."},{"startTime":2742.76,"endTime":2745.04,"body":"Alongside its unique institutional basis,"},{"startTime":2745.04,"endTime":2747.82,"body":"the mission's other gift is its people."},{"startTime":2747.82,"endTime":2749.04,"body":"There is no getting around"},{"startTime":2749.04,"endTime":2750.8,"body":"the fact that Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg"},{"startTime":2750.8,"endTime":2753.55,"body":"is an exceptional figure."},{"startTime":2753.55,"endTime":2756.84,"body":"Reading his correspondence"},{"startTime":2753.55,"endTime":2756.84,"body":"is positively exhausting."},{"startTime":2756.84,"endTime":2759.28,"body":"He quickly decided that it was essential"},{"startTime":2759.28,"endTime":2761.39,"body":"that he and others master"},{"startTime":2759.28,"endTime":2761.39,"body":"the Tamil language,"},{"startTime":2761.39,"endTime":2763.74,"body":"he devoted himself almost full time"},{"startTime":2763.74,"endTime":2765.51,"body":"to language study for his first year."},{"startTime":2765.51,"endTime":2766.41,"body":"By the end of that year"},{"startTime":2766.41,"endTime":2769.04,"body":"had written his first sermon in Tamil."},{"startTime":2769.04,"endTime":2771.11,"body":"He compiled dictionaries,"},{"startTime":2771.11,"endTime":2773.24,"body":"made it his business to master"},{"startTime":2773.24,"endTime":2775.4,"body":"the daunting Tamil literary tradition."},{"startTime":2775.4,"endTime":2777.54,"body":"He employed poets to teach him,"},{"startTime":2777.54,"endTime":2780.06,"body":"he collected and copied huge numbers"},{"startTime":2780.06,"endTime":2782.95,"body":"of the palm leaf books used in the region."},{"startTime":2782.95,"endTime":2785.8,"body":"He'd acquired over 600 of"},{"startTime":2782.95,"endTime":2785.8,"body":"these in his first eight years."},{"startTime":2786.71,"endTime":2788.4,"body":"What makes this really remarkable"},{"startTime":2788.4,"endTime":2791.77,"body":"is his openness to Tamil culture."},{"startTime":2791.77,"endTime":2794.57,"body":"He wrote several detailed"},{"startTime":2791.77,"endTime":2794.57,"body":"ethnographic accounts"},{"startTime":2794.57,"endTime":2795.94,"body":"of Tamil culture and belief,"},{"startTime":2795.94,"endTime":2798.54,"body":"including a whole book"},{"startTime":2795.94,"endTime":2798.54,"body":"on South Indian religion,"},{"startTime":2798.54,"endTime":2800.57,"body":"which he wanted the university of Halle"},{"startTime":2800.57,"endTime":2802.28,"body":"to publish back in Germany,"},{"startTime":2802.28,"endTime":2805.17,"body":"but Halle refused arguing"},{"startTime":2802.28,"endTime":2805.17,"body":"that the missionaries"},{"startTime":2805.17,"endTime":2807.48,"body":"had been sent to stamp out heathenism,"},{"startTime":2807.48,"endTime":2808.683,"body":"not to publicize it."},{"startTime":2809.69,"endTime":2811.74,"body":"Ziegenbalg had by then come to a"},{"startTime":2811.74,"endTime":2814.42,"body":"rather subtler view of the matter."},{"startTime":2814.42,"endTime":2817.06,"body":"He quickly moves on from"},{"startTime":2814.42,"endTime":2817.06,"body":"his initial descriptions"},{"startTime":2817.06,"endTime":2819.54,"body":"in his letters of their"},{"startTime":2817.06,"endTime":2819.54,"body":"ridiculous theology"},{"startTime":2819.54,"endTime":2821.08,"body":"as useless trash,"},{"startTime":2821.08,"endTime":2822.56,"body":"admittedly, he used the same term"},{"startTime":2822.56,"endTime":2824.73,"body":"for Aristotelian philosophy."},{"startTime":2824.73,"endTime":2827.14,"body":"Instead, he discovered"},{"startTime":2824.73,"endTime":2827.14,"body":"that in Tamil writings,"},{"startTime":2827.14,"endTime":2829.48,"body":"as he said, one might discover things,"},{"startTime":2829.48,"endTime":2831.98,"body":"very fit to entertain the curiosity"},{"startTime":2831.98,"endTime":2834.48,"body":"of many a learned head in Europe."},{"startTime":2834.48,"endTime":2837.45,"body":"He called them a witty"},{"startTime":2834.48,"endTime":2837.45,"body":"and sagacious people"},{"startTime":2837.45,"endTime":2840.13,"body":"who lead a very quiet,"},{"startTime":2837.45,"endTime":2840.13,"body":"honest and virtuous life"},{"startTime":2840.13,"endTime":2842.833,"body":"by the mere influence of"},{"startTime":2840.13,"endTime":2842.833,"body":"their natural abilities."},{"startTime":2843.79,"endTime":2846.74,"body":"The principle obstacle to winning"},{"startTime":2843.79,"endTime":2846.74,"body":"them over to Christianity,"},{"startTime":2846.74,"endTime":2850.33,"body":"he quickly concluded was"},{"startTime":2846.74,"endTime":2850.33,"body":"the egregious moral example"},{"startTime":2850.33,"endTime":2852.83,"body":"of actual Christians in India."},{"startTime":2852.83,"endTime":2854.39,"body":"And he said about ensuring that"},{"startTime":2854.39,"endTime":2856.46,"body":"he and the other missionaries at least"},{"startTime":2856.46,"endTime":2857.763,"body":"offered a different model."},{"startTime":2859.11,"endTime":2861.63,"body":"The mood of his"},{"startTime":2859.11,"endTime":2861.63,"body":"correspondence is frustration"},{"startTime":2861.63,"endTime":2864.18,"body":"with how slowly things were progressing."},{"startTime":2864.18,"endTime":2867.1,"body":"But when you step back,"},{"startTime":2864.18,"endTime":2867.1,"body":"it's profoundly impressive."},{"startTime":2867.1,"endTime":2871.08,"body":"A stone church built"},{"startTime":2867.1,"endTime":2871.08,"body":"within the first year,"},{"startTime":2871.08,"endTime":2871.97,"body":"that's not there anymore,"},{"startTime":2871.97,"endTime":2874.88,"body":"this is the replacement"},{"startTime":2871.97,"endTime":2874.88,"body":"that was built in 1718,"},{"startTime":2874.88,"endTime":2877.26,"body":"it's still standing and in use."},{"startTime":2877.26,"endTime":2880.6,"body":"Crowds were too big for"},{"startTime":2877.26,"endTime":2880.6,"body":"the building attending"},{"startTime":2882.41,"endTime":2884.68,"body":"at his twice weekly sermons."},{"startTime":2884.68,"endTime":2888.18,"body":"There were five free schools established"},{"startTime":2888.18,"endTime":2889.36,"body":"within the first 10 years"},{"startTime":2889.36,"endTime":2891.82,"body":"with combined registration of about 100"},{"startTime":2891.82,"endTime":2894.58,"body":"split equally between girls and boys."},{"startTime":2894.58,"endTime":2897.44,"body":"Actual baptisms were slower because"},{"startTime":2897.44,"endTime":2899.24,"body":"as typical for Protestants Ziegenbalg"},{"startTime":2899.24,"endTime":2901.18,"body":"is punctilious about catechizing"},{"startTime":2901.18,"endTime":2903.08,"body":"and examining baptism candidates."},{"startTime":2903.08,"endTime":2905.06,"body":"He only admitted those of whose faith"},{"startTime":2905.06,"endTime":2906.39,"body":"he could be confident."},{"startTime":2906.39,"endTime":2908.88,"body":"But by the time of his death in 1719,"},{"startTime":2908.88,"endTime":2911.193,"body":"he'd baptized some 250 people."},{"startTime":2912.08,"endTime":2914.71,"body":"That doesn't of course"},{"startTime":2912.08,"endTime":2914.71,"body":"include Indian converts"},{"startTime":2914.71,"endTime":2917.34,"body":"from Catholicism who"},{"startTime":2914.71,"endTime":2917.34,"body":"didn't need to be baptized,"},{"startTime":2917.34,"endTime":2920.173,"body":"but who made up a substantial"},{"startTime":2917.34,"endTime":2920.173,"body":"part of his congregation."},{"startTime":2921.9,"endTime":2925.11,"body":"Now one missionary winning 250 converts"},{"startTime":2925.11,"endTime":2927.3,"body":"from a standing start in"},{"startTime":2925.11,"endTime":2927.3,"body":"some ways is impressive,"},{"startTime":2927.3,"endTime":2928.833,"body":"in others, it's trivial."},{"startTime":2929.96,"endTime":2932.03,"body":"And while some of Ziegenbalg successes"},{"startTime":2932.03,"endTime":2936.54,"body":"in the Danish Halle SCPK mission"},{"startTime":2932.03,"endTime":2936.54,"body":"in the rest of the century"},{"startTime":2936.54,"endTime":2938.84,"body":"we'll meet one of them in"},{"startTime":2936.54,"endTime":2938.84,"body":"particular in the next lecture,"},{"startTime":2938.84,"endTime":2941.32,"body":"some of them were able to"},{"startTime":2938.84,"endTime":2941.32,"body":"build in his achievements."},{"startTime":2941.32,"endTime":2944.533,"body":"It's also clear that those"},{"startTime":2941.32,"endTime":2944.533,"body":"achievements are limited."},{"startTime":2945.87,"endTime":2949.0,"body":"But what makes the"},{"startTime":2945.87,"endTime":2949.0,"body":"Tranquebar mission stand out"},{"startTime":2949.0,"endTime":2952.81,"body":"in our story and what's made Ziegenbalg"},{"startTime":2952.81,"endTime":2956.45,"body":"a widely respected figure in modern India"},{"startTime":2958.58,"endTime":2962.0,"body":"is that he'd found a way of"},{"startTime":2958.58,"endTime":2962.0,"body":"combining structures and people"},{"startTime":2962.0,"endTime":2963.98,"body":"to build a community over the long term"},{"startTime":2965.16,"endTime":2966.18,"body":"with the foundations"},{"startTime":2966.18,"endTime":2967.73,"body":"that he and his colleagues"},{"startTime":2966.18,"endTime":2967.73,"body":"lay underpinning"},{"startTime":2967.73,"endTime":2969.91,"body":"what happened over the following decades."},{"startTime":2969.91,"endTime":2974.84,"body":"That intricate tripartite"},{"startTime":2969.91,"endTime":2974.84,"body":"structure that was so valuable"},{"startTime":2974.84,"endTime":2978.193,"body":"was also one that was very"},{"startTime":2974.84,"endTime":2978.193,"body":"difficult to scale up or to copy."},{"startTime":2979.54,"endTime":2981.11,"body":"But the more serious problem that"},{"startTime":2981.11,"endTime":2983.3,"body":"the Indian mission faced"},{"startTime":2981.11,"endTime":2983.3,"body":"in the later 18th century"},{"startTime":2983.3,"endTime":2985.42,"body":"was that it couldn't keep another"},{"startTime":2985.42,"endTime":2989.163,"body":"formidably successful institution"},{"startTime":2985.42,"endTime":2989.163,"body":"at arm's length forever."},{"startTime":2990.01,"endTime":2992.84,"body":"I mean the growing territorial empire"},{"startTime":2992.84,"endTime":2994.54,"body":"of the British East India Company."},{"startTime":2995.6,"endTime":2998.44,"body":"In the final lecture of this series"},{"startTime":2998.44,"endTime":2999.82,"body":"at the beginning of June,"},{"startTime":2999.82,"endTime":3002.61,"body":"we will finally look"},{"startTime":2999.82,"endTime":3002.61,"body":"directly at the subject"},{"startTime":3002.61,"endTime":3005.52,"body":"that we have been"},{"startTime":3002.61,"endTime":3005.52,"body":"circling around all year,"},{"startTime":3005.52,"endTime":3008.65,"body":"the inescapable dangerous dance"},{"startTime":3008.65,"endTime":3011.33,"body":"between missionaries and empires."},{"startTime":3011.33,"endTime":3013.064,"body":"Thank you very much."},{"startTime":3013.064,"endTime":3015.62,"body":"(audience applauds)"},{"startTime":3015.62,"endTime":3017.76,"body":"- Given the significant number"},{"startTime":3017.76,"endTime":3020.78,"body":"of Anglo Indian Christians now,"},{"startTime":3020.78,"endTime":3023.5,"body":"how important was the conversion"},{"startTime":3023.5,"endTime":3027.513,"body":"of mixed race Christians"},{"startTime":3023.5,"endTime":3027.513,"body":"in India in this period?"},{"startTime":3028.91,"endTime":3033.74,"body":"- It's very important"},{"startTime":3028.91,"endTime":3033.74,"body":"and not just in India."},{"startTime":3033.74,"endTime":3037.093,"body":"In most of these settings,"},{"startTime":3038.98,"endTime":3043.7,"body":"the existence of a mixed race community"},{"startTime":3043.7,"endTime":3048.7,"body":"become one of the main entry"},{"startTime":3043.7,"endTime":3048.7,"body":"points for Christianity"},{"startTime":3050.17,"endTime":3051.98,"body":"and the same is true in the Catholic world"},{"startTime":3052.814,"endTime":3056.63,"body":"into indigenous cultures."},{"startTime":3056.63,"endTime":3058.65,"body":"I mean, maybe the place where you see that"},{"startTime":3058.65,"endTime":3062.07,"body":"most historically is in coastal Africa,"},{"startTime":3062.07,"endTime":3065.453,"body":"where you've got trading communities,"},{"startTime":3066.4,"endTime":3067.233,"body":"trading establishments,"},{"startTime":3067.233,"endTime":3069.31,"body":"often slave trading establishments,"},{"startTime":3069.31,"endTime":3074.31,"body":"where you have these groups"},{"startTime":3069.31,"endTime":3074.31,"body":"of mixed race populations"},{"startTime":3075.91,"endTime":3079.44,"body":"I'm afraid spring up around these outfits"},{"startTime":3079.44,"endTime":3080.957,"body":"over a generation or two."},{"startTime":3080.957,"endTime":3082.62,"body":"And it certainly happens"},{"startTime":3082.62,"endTime":3086.57,"body":"at a series of European establishments"},{"startTime":3088.97,"endTime":3091.683,"body":"along the Indian Coast."},{"startTime":3093.32,"endTime":3097.98,"body":"In the Indian situation"},{"startTime":3093.32,"endTime":3097.98,"body":"in particular where cast"},{"startTime":3097.98,"endTime":3101.97,"body":"is one of the major"},{"startTime":3097.98,"endTime":3101.97,"body":"issues for missionaries,"},{"startTime":3101.97,"endTime":3104.863,"body":"obviously conversion would"},{"startTime":3101.97,"endTime":3104.863,"body":"usually mean losing cast."},{"startTime":3106.87,"endTime":3111.48,"body":"The fact that these"},{"startTime":3106.87,"endTime":3111.48,"body":"folks are to some extent,"},{"startTime":3111.48,"endTime":3113.81,"body":"at least outside the cast system"},{"startTime":3113.81,"endTime":3117.87,"body":"makes it much easier"},{"startTime":3113.81,"endTime":3117.87,"body":"for them to be converted"},{"startTime":3117.87,"endTime":3121.2,"body":"and so they can become"},{"startTime":3117.87,"endTime":3121.2,"body":"a vector for not just,"},{"startTime":3121.2,"endTime":3125.05,"body":"you know, more obviously,"},{"startTime":3125.05,"endTime":3126.01,"body":"you know, more straightforwardly"},{"startTime":3126.01,"endTime":3128.01,"body":"part of the Christian world themselves."},{"startTime":3128.01,"endTime":3129.41,"body":"And it's a way that's also a way"},{"startTime":3129.41,"endTime":3132.023,"body":"of asserting status"},{"startTime":3129.41,"endTime":3132.023,"body":"within an imperial world,"},{"startTime":3133.05,"endTime":3137.54,"body":"but they can become a vector"},{"startTime":3133.05,"endTime":3137.54,"body":"for onward transmission,"},{"startTime":3137.54,"endTime":3139.0,"body":"so, yeah, very important."},{"startTime":3139.0,"endTime":3143.32,"body":"- Professor, you didn't mention Serampore"},{"startTime":3143.32,"endTime":3146.36,"body":"which was a Baptist thing."},{"startTime":3146.36,"endTime":3148.83,"body":"It was originally Danish,"},{"startTime":3148.83,"endTime":3152.497,"body":"and then it changed to the"},{"startTime":3148.83,"endTime":3152.497,"body":"Baptists who were active there."},{"startTime":3152.497,"endTime":3154.025,"body":"And the other thing is that"},{"startTime":3154.025,"endTime":3158.27,"body":"the hospital in Vellore,"},{"startTime":3158.27,"endTime":3160.04,"body":"was that started by Catholics,"},{"startTime":3160.04,"endTime":3164.937,"body":"or was that an Anglican"},{"startTime":3160.04,"endTime":3164.937,"body":"Protestant establishment"},{"startTime":3166.23,"endTime":3168.303,"body":"because they're very active still."},{"startTime":3169.254,"endTime":3173.24,"body":"- Indeed, I mean, there"},{"startTime":3169.254,"endTime":3173.24,"body":"is of course a great,"},{"startTime":3173.24,"endTime":3178.24,"body":"well, there are several"},{"startTime":3173.24,"endTime":3178.24,"body":"stages of the missionary surge"},{"startTime":3180.37,"endTime":3181.83,"body":"into various parts of India,"},{"startTime":3181.83,"endTime":3183.28,"body":"but especially in south India"},{"startTime":3185.08,"endTime":3188.71,"body":"from the early 19th century onwards."},{"startTime":3188.71,"endTime":3192.98,"body":"And I mean, the early"},{"startTime":3188.71,"endTime":3192.98,"body":"Baptist mission there"},{"startTime":3192.98,"endTime":3196.01,"body":"that William Carey becomes associated with"},{"startTime":3198.194,"endTime":3200.893,"body":"is maybe the best known of those."},{"startTime":3201.86,"endTime":3205.4,"body":"My excuse for not talking"},{"startTime":3201.86,"endTime":3205.4,"body":"about those is that lies,"},{"startTime":3205.4,"endTime":3206.93,"body":"you know, just chronologically beyond"},{"startTime":3206.93,"endTime":3209.82,"body":"the scope of the story"},{"startTime":3206.93,"endTime":3209.82,"body":"that I'm telling today"},{"startTime":3209.82,"endTime":3212.55,"body":"but it's tremendously rich."},{"startTime":3212.55,"endTime":3214.47,"body":"I'm afraid I can't tell you"},{"startTime":3214.47,"endTime":3217.26,"body":"whether that's a Catholic"},{"startTime":3214.47,"endTime":3217.26,"body":"or Anglican institution."},{"startTime":3217.26,"endTime":3218.77,"body":"It's a good question."},{"startTime":3218.77,"endTime":3221.31,"body":"- Thank you for really"},{"startTime":3218.77,"endTime":3221.31,"body":"interesting series of lectures."},{"startTime":3221.31,"endTime":3223.29,"body":"I was wondering, could"},{"startTime":3221.31,"endTime":3223.29,"body":"you talk more about,"},{"startTime":3223.29,"endTime":3226.36,"body":"particularly with regards"},{"startTime":3223.29,"endTime":3226.36,"body":"to Sri Lanka and South Asia."},{"startTime":3226.36,"endTime":3229.58,"body":"What is the social standing of the people"},{"startTime":3229.58,"endTime":3231.35,"body":"that the early missionaries"},{"startTime":3229.58,"endTime":3231.35,"body":"are trying to convert?"},{"startTime":3231.35,"endTime":3232.89,"body":"You talked about cast,"},{"startTime":3232.89,"endTime":3234.43,"body":"are they targeting everyone?"},{"startTime":3234.43,"endTime":3236.35,"body":"Are they targeting outcasts?"},{"startTime":3236.35,"endTime":3238.1,"body":"Are they targeting sort"},{"startTime":3236.35,"endTime":3238.1,"body":"of chiefs and kings"},{"startTime":3238.1,"endTime":3239.76,"body":"and hoping their followers convert?"},{"startTime":3239.76,"endTime":3241.04,"body":"What is the strategy there?"},{"startTime":3241.04,"endTime":3242.769,"body":"Is there a strategy?"},{"startTime":3242.769,"endTime":3243.602,"body":"Thank you."},{"startTime":3243.602,"endTime":3244.73,"body":"- Thank you, it's a really good question."},{"startTime":3244.73,"endTime":3247.3,"body":"And there are different answers"},{"startTime":3247.3,"endTime":3249.823,"body":"depending on where you are."},{"startTime":3251.561,"endTime":3256.561,"body":"And broadly speaking, the"},{"startTime":3251.561,"endTime":3256.561,"body":"Catholic approach had been"},{"startTime":3257.961,"endTime":3262.961,"body":"to work with outcast and"},{"startTime":3257.961,"endTime":3262.961,"body":"low cast populations,"},{"startTime":3264.17,"endTime":3267.473,"body":"where they can make a point"},{"startTime":3267.473,"endTime":3270.2,"body":"of emphasizing their"},{"startTime":3267.473,"endTime":3270.2,"body":"opposition to the cast system"},{"startTime":3270.2,"endTime":3274.57,"body":"and human, spiritual"},{"startTime":3270.2,"endTime":3274.57,"body":"equality and so forth,"},{"startTime":3274.57,"endTime":3279.161,"body":"which is going to"},{"startTime":3274.57,"endTime":3279.161,"body":"potentially have an appeal"},{"startTime":3279.161,"endTime":3280.6,"body":"to those populations."},{"startTime":3280.6,"endTime":3281.62,"body":"I mean, this has remained"},{"startTime":3281.62,"endTime":3283.37,"body":"a main state of Christian"},{"startTime":3281.62,"endTime":3283.37,"body":"missionary effort"},{"startTime":3283.37,"endTime":3285.423,"body":"in South Asia down to the present."},{"startTime":3288.11,"endTime":3292.31,"body":"And this is pretty much what"},{"startTime":3292.31,"endTime":3296.61,"body":"the Tranquebar missionaries"},{"startTime":3292.31,"endTime":3296.61,"body":"are also picking up."},{"startTime":3296.61,"endTime":3298.86,"body":"And this is partly cause"},{"startTime":3296.61,"endTime":3298.86,"body":"of direct competition"},{"startTime":3298.86,"endTime":3299.81,"body":"with the Catholics."},{"startTime":3299.81,"endTime":3303.49,"body":"And so once there's an effort"},{"startTime":3303.49,"endTime":3305.8,"body":"to reach that population by one side,"},{"startTime":3305.8,"endTime":3309.83,"body":"you know, Protestants are"},{"startTime":3305.8,"endTime":3309.83,"body":"keen to convert anybody,"},{"startTime":3309.83,"endTime":3311.812,"body":"but by they really, you know,"},{"startTime":3311.812,"endTime":3314.35,"body":"that emphasis on blocking the Catholics"},{"startTime":3314.35,"endTime":3317.853,"body":"and trying to convert"},{"startTime":3314.35,"endTime":3317.853,"body":"Catholics is a persistent one."},{"startTime":3318.71,"endTime":3323.18,"body":"The Dutch in Solan Sri Lanka"},{"startTime":3325.3,"endTime":3327.943,"body":"approached this a little differently."},{"startTime":3329.41,"endTime":3331.84,"body":"They're creating these"},{"startTime":3329.41,"endTime":3331.84,"body":"educational institutions"},{"startTime":3331.84,"endTime":3336.84,"body":"which they regard as compulsory"},{"startTime":3331.84,"endTime":3336.84,"body":"for the entire population."},{"startTime":3336.85,"endTime":3340.13,"body":"They're trying to create a public church"},{"startTime":3340.13,"endTime":3345.13,"body":"that ought to embrace the whole community"},{"startTime":3345.47,"endTime":3347.41,"body":"on the model of what's happening"},{"startTime":3347.41,"endTime":3349.2,"body":"of what they have back home."},{"startTime":3349.2,"endTime":3350.96,"body":"And of course, they never"},{"startTime":3349.2,"endTime":3350.96,"body":"get anywhere close to that,"},{"startTime":3350.96,"endTime":3353.86,"body":"but that frames the aspirations"},{"startTime":3353.86,"endTime":3357.53,"body":"and in particular, it"},{"startTime":3353.86,"endTime":3357.53,"body":"means that the schools"},{"startTime":3357.53,"endTime":3361.41,"body":"that they're creating their"},{"startTime":3357.53,"endTime":3361.41,"body":"insisting should be open to all"},{"startTime":3361.41,"endTime":3362.97,"body":"and that there are fines"},{"startTime":3362.97,"endTime":3366.36,"body":"for not sending your children to them."},{"startTime":3366.36,"endTime":3369.41,"body":"I mean, enforced very hit and miss,"},{"startTime":3369.41,"endTime":3371.81,"body":"but nevertheless the aspiration is there"},{"startTime":3371.81,"endTime":3374.89,"body":"and the seminaries as they call them"},{"startTime":3374.89,"endTime":3377.84,"body":"that I mentioned the two"},{"startTime":3374.89,"endTime":3377.84,"body":"institutions in Jaffna and Colombo"},{"startTime":3379.48,"endTime":3384.13,"body":"are as much about training"},{"startTime":3379.48,"endTime":3384.13,"body":"ambitious young men"},{"startTime":3384.13,"endTime":3386.15,"body":"to work in the colonial administration"},{"startTime":3386.15,"endTime":3389.21,"body":"as they are for training ministers."},{"startTime":3389.21,"endTime":3392.17,"body":"And so these are for high status roles"},{"startTime":3392.17,"endTime":3393.83,"body":"within Dutch governments."},{"startTime":3393.83,"endTime":3396.633,"body":"And so these tends to be more"},{"startTime":3396.633,"endTime":3401.633,"body":"for high cast individuals that those,"},{"startTime":3402.8,"endTime":3405.23,"body":"that the seminaries are"},{"startTime":3402.8,"endTime":3405.23,"body":"dominated by high cast folks."},{"startTime":3405.23,"endTime":3407.96,"body":"So, you've got two"},{"startTime":3405.23,"endTime":3407.96,"body":"different strategies there,"},{"startTime":3407.96,"endTime":3410.6,"body":"a kind of individually"},{"startTime":3407.96,"endTime":3410.6,"body":"focused missionary strategy,"},{"startTime":3410.6,"endTime":3412.81,"body":"which is trying to kind of scoop up"},{"startTime":3412.81,"endTime":3414.33,"body":"as many souls as you can,"},{"startTime":3414.33,"endTime":3417.49,"body":"or a more kind of"},{"startTime":3414.33,"endTime":3417.49,"body":"structural church building"},{"startTime":3417.49,"endTime":3420.26,"body":"top down approach that"},{"startTime":3417.49,"endTime":3420.26,"body":"the Dutch are taking."},{"startTime":3420.26,"endTime":3422.78,"body":"- In your second, I think"},{"startTime":3420.26,"endTime":3422.78,"body":"it's your second slide,"},{"startTime":3422.78,"endTime":3425.94,"body":"you put up a quotation"},{"startTime":3425.94,"endTime":3429.74,"body":"and there were errors"},{"startTime":3425.94,"endTime":3429.74,"body":"of punctuation in it."},{"startTime":3429.74,"endTime":3432.72,"body":"And I just wondered whether"},{"startTime":3429.74,"endTime":3432.72,"body":"the priests themselves"},{"startTime":3432.72,"endTime":3433.98,"body":"had much of an education."},{"startTime":3433.98,"endTime":3435.08,"body":"They said, missionaries here,"},{"startTime":3435.08,"endTime":3438.64,"body":"it's put in the generative"},{"startTime":3435.08,"endTime":3438.64,"body":"case it's not appropriate."},{"startTime":3438.64,"endTime":3443.49,"body":"And somewhere else that's"},{"startTime":3438.64,"endTime":3443.49,"body":"also the adversaries there"},{"startTime":3443.49,"endTime":3445.01,"body":"in the third line from the bottom,"},{"startTime":3445.01,"endTime":3447.37,"body":"again, that's not appropriate."},{"startTime":3447.37,"endTime":3449.73,"body":"So, I just wonder what"},{"startTime":3447.37,"endTime":3449.73,"body":"the educational background"},{"startTime":3449.73,"endTime":3451.4,"body":"was of the priests."},{"startTime":3451.4,"endTime":3452.81,"body":"- Oh, well, I'm going to spring"},{"startTime":3452.81,"endTime":3455.8,"body":"to the Reverend George"},{"startTime":3452.81,"endTime":3455.8,"body":"Lewis's defense here."},{"startTime":3455.8,"endTime":3460.55,"body":"It's 1712, norms of punctuation"},{"startTime":3460.55,"endTime":3464.92,"body":"were rather more free and"},{"startTime":3460.55,"endTime":3464.92,"body":"easy than we have them today."},{"startTime":3464.92,"endTime":3469.683,"body":"This was perfectly"},{"startTime":3464.92,"endTime":3469.683,"body":"normal use for the time,"},{"startTime":3469.683,"endTime":3471.554,"body":"in particular, you'll notice that"},{"startTime":3471.554,"endTime":3475.31,"body":"he's using it to where you've"},{"startTime":3471.554,"endTime":3475.31,"body":"got to wire the end of a word"},{"startTime":3475.31,"endTime":3478.035,"body":"to avoid having to"},{"startTime":3475.31,"endTime":3478.035,"body":"change the spelling to IE"},{"startTime":3478.035,"endTime":3479.573,"body":"as we normally would."},{"startTime":3480.65,"endTime":3483.54,"body":"So, I mean, conceivably,"},{"startTime":3480.65,"endTime":3483.54,"body":"it's a Welsh usage"},{"startTime":3483.54,"endTime":3485.35,"body":"because he's a Welsh,"},{"startTime":3485.35,"endTime":3487.629,"body":"but I mean, you see this"},{"startTime":3485.35,"endTime":3487.629,"body":"sort of thing quite often"},{"startTime":3487.629,"endTime":3490.67,"body":"in perfectly respectable"},{"startTime":3487.629,"endTime":3490.67,"body":"English writing of the day,"},{"startTime":3490.67,"endTime":3493.3,"body":"spelling and punctuation"},{"startTime":3490.67,"endTime":3493.3,"body":"hadn't quite settled down."},{"startTime":3493.3,"endTime":3495.62,"body":"So, there's a lot you"},{"startTime":3493.3,"endTime":3495.62,"body":"can criticize this for,"},{"startTime":3495.62,"endTime":3497.7,"body":"but I'll defend him on that point."},{"startTime":3497.7,"endTime":3500.77,"body":"- We'd like to thank you for"},{"startTime":3497.7,"endTime":3500.77,"body":"this lecture number five,"},{"startTime":3500.77,"endTime":3502.56,"body":"and we look forward to the culmination"},{"startTime":3502.56,"endTime":3505.17,"body":"of your series next"},{"startTime":3502.56,"endTime":3505.17,"body":"time, lecture number six."},{"startTime":3505.17,"endTime":3506.85,"body":"Thank you very much, indeed."},{"startTime":3506.85,"endTime":3509.065,"body":"(audience applauds)"}]}