{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"startTime":0.32,"endTime":2.96,"body":"- It was Carl Sagan's idea,"},{"startTime":2.96,"endTime":5.07,"body":"changing Voyager 1's mission"},{"startTime":5.07,"endTime":7.91,"body":"from science to reportage,"},{"startTime":7.91,"endTime":8.963,"body":"if only briefly."},{"startTime":9.91,"endTime":12.49,"body":"The Voyager, which is here before launch,"},{"startTime":12.49,"endTime":14.563,"body":"was launched on September 5th, 1977,"},{"startTime":14.563,"endTime":16.8,"body":"a space probe that was destined"},{"startTime":16.8,"endTime":19.58,"body":"to set course for Jupiter and Saturn,"},{"startTime":19.58,"endTime":21.8,"body":"and observe the two gas giants,"},{"startTime":21.8,"endTime":22.67,"body":"and send back data"},{"startTime":22.67,"endTime":24.17,"body":"that have indeed revolutionized"},{"startTime":24.17,"endTime":26.713,"body":"our understanding of planetary physics."},{"startTime":27.8,"endTime":29.47,"body":"But once the job was done,"},{"startTime":29.47,"endTime":31.0,"body":"the scientific mission achieved,"},{"startTime":31.0,"endTime":33.49,"body":"this probe, the size of a small car,"},{"startTime":33.49,"endTime":35.79,"body":"was to keep going for as long as possible,"},{"startTime":35.79,"endTime":39.28,"body":"eventually getting lost"},{"startTime":35.79,"endTime":39.28,"body":"into interstellar space,"},{"startTime":39.28,"endTime":40.28,"body":"conserve power,"},{"startTime":40.28,"endTime":42.46,"body":"and keep in touch with us on Earth,"},{"startTime":42.46,"endTime":44.643,"body":"sending back whatever data it could."},{"startTime":46.01,"endTime":47.42,"body":"It is still doing so today,"},{"startTime":47.42,"endTime":48.98,"body":"more than 40 years after launch,"},{"startTime":48.98,"endTime":51.06,"body":"and it's reached the"},{"startTime":48.98,"endTime":51.06,"body":"end of the Solar System,"},{"startTime":51.06,"endTime":54.5,"body":"4 billion miles away from us,"},{"startTime":54.5,"endTime":55.7,"body":"past the orbit of Pluto."},{"startTime":57.17,"endTime":58.5,"body":"Onboard Voyager 1,"},{"startTime":58.5,"endTime":60.72,"body":"and its twin, Voyager 2,"},{"startTime":60.72,"endTime":64.45,"body":"a golden disc was a late"},{"startTime":60.72,"endTime":64.45,"body":"addition to the mission,"},{"startTime":64.45,"endTime":65.283,"body":"which you can see here"},{"startTime":65.283,"endTime":68.82,"body":"being prepared to be"},{"startTime":65.283,"endTime":68.82,"body":"mounted before launch."},{"startTime":68.82,"endTime":71.43,"body":"This was also Sagan's idea,"},{"startTime":71.43,"endTime":73.71,"body":"because he knew that"},{"startTime":71.43,"endTime":73.71,"body":"the probe was destined"},{"startTime":73.71,"endTime":74.7,"body":"to leave our solar system,"},{"startTime":74.7,"endTime":77.67,"body":"and that in about 40,000 years,"},{"startTime":77.67,"endTime":79.37,"body":"it will brush past another star"},{"startTime":79.37,"endTime":81.93,"body":"17 light years away from us."},{"startTime":81.93,"endTime":84.44,"body":"So he assembled a cross-disciplinary team"},{"startTime":84.44,"endTime":88.07,"body":"to put a cosmic postcard"},{"startTime":84.44,"endTime":88.07,"body":"on this golden disc,"},{"startTime":88.07,"endTime":89.41,"body":"an interstellar postcard"},{"startTime":89.41,"endTime":91.19,"body":"that could be understood, hopefully,"},{"startTime":91.19,"endTime":92.53,"body":"by any sentient being"},{"startTime":92.53,"endTime":95.223,"body":"that might one day pick up the Voyagers."},{"startTime":97.09,"endTime":99.18,"body":"On the cover of the golden disc,"},{"startTime":99.18,"endTime":101.5,"body":"a set of instructions are etched"},{"startTime":101.5,"endTime":105.49,"body":"and designed to withstand the"},{"startTime":101.5,"endTime":105.49,"body":"trials of deep space travel,"},{"startTime":105.49,"endTime":109.05,"body":"and the instructions tell 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surface"},{"startTime":129.13,"endTime":130.37,"body":"to act as a kind of clock"},{"startTime":130.37,"endTime":134.683,"body":"that will run down with a"},{"startTime":130.37,"endTime":134.683,"body":"half-life of 4.5 billion years."},{"startTime":135.89,"endTime":136.79,"body":"So the alien hand,"},{"startTime":136.79,"endTime":137.63,"body":"if it is a hand"},{"startTime":137.63,"endTime":140.84,"body":"that will potentially"},{"startTime":137.63,"endTime":140.84,"body":"one day remove the disc"},{"startTime":140.84,"endTime":143.2,"body":"from the encasement on"},{"startTime":140.84,"endTime":143.2,"body":"the side of Voyager,"},{"startTime":143.2,"endTime":144.09,"body":"will find behind it"},{"startTime":144.09,"endTime":146.17,"body":"the stylus that's needed to play it"},{"startTime":146.17,"endTime":147.74,"body":"and reproduce the contents,"},{"startTime":147.74,"endTime":149.41,"body":"as well as the test picture"},{"startTime":149.41,"endTime":150.86,"body":"that you can see etched on the surface,"},{"startTime":150.86,"endTime":153.153,"body":"will tell them whether"},{"startTime":150.86,"endTime":153.153,"body":"they've got it working right."},{"startTime":154.06,"endTime":156.41,"body":"And if they are successful,"},{"startTime":156.41,"endTime":160.04,"body":"one day, in one faraway"},{"startTime":156.41,"endTime":160.04,"body":"corner of the galaxy,"},{"startTime":160.04,"endTime":162.44,"body":"sounds and pictures of 1970s Earth"},{"startTime":162.44,"endTime":165.053,"body":"might rise to life once again,"},{"startTime":166.01,"endTime":167.6,"body":"the song of whales,"},{"startTime":167.6,"endTime":169.48,"body":"the sound of a mother kissing her baby,"},{"startTime":169.48,"endTime":171.94,"body":"Mozart's Queen of the Night aria,"},{"startTime":171.94,"endTime":173.27,"body":"the structure of DNA,"},{"startTime":173.27,"endTime":174.935,"body":"bushmen hunting,"},{"startTime":174.935,"endTime":175.98,"body":"a traffic jam in Thailand,"},{"startTime":175.98,"endTime":177.52,"body":"the Sydney Opera House,"},{"startTime":177.52,"endTime":181.357,"body":"a young woman eating grapes"},{"startTime":177.52,"endTime":181.357,"body":"in a supermarket aisle."},{"startTime":181.357,"endTime":182.27,"body":"It's impossible to imagine"},{"startTime":182.27,"endTime":183.103,"body":"what kind of impressions"},{"startTime":183.103,"endTime":185.68,"body":"these sounds and sights might make"},{"startTime":185.68,"endTime":186.8,"body":"on the sensory organs"},{"startTime":186.8,"endTime":189.5,"body":"of a life-form that we can"},{"startTime":186.8,"endTime":189.5,"body":"scarcely being to conceive."},{"startTime":190.97,"endTime":192.74,"body":"But Sagan's second momentous idea,"},{"startTime":192.74,"endTime":193.84,"body":"apart from the golden record,"},{"startTime":193.84,"endTime":196.32,"body":"was to use Voyager's unique vantage point"},{"startTime":196.32,"endTime":198.86,"body":"almost 4 billion miles away"},{"startTime":198.86,"endTime":201.32,"body":"to take this iconic picture,"},{"startTime":201.32,"endTime":204.56,"body":"a picture that is known"},{"startTime":201.32,"endTime":204.56,"body":"\"The Pale Blue Dot.\""},{"startTime":204.56,"endTime":208.79,"body":"Earth is the pixel floating"},{"startTime":204.56,"endTime":208.79,"body":"in this beam of light"},{"startTime":208.79,"endTime":211.06,"body":"in the blue circle in this picture,"},{"startTime":211.06,"endTime":213.1,"body":"seen from 4 billion miles away."},{"startTime":213.1,"endTime":216.56,"body":"And in the book of the same"},{"startTime":213.1,"endTime":216.56,"body":"title, \"The Pale Blue Dot,\""},{"startTime":216.56,"endTime":218.337,"body":"Carl Sagan wrote,"},{"startTime":218.337,"endTime":220.477,"body":"\"Look again at that dot."},{"startTime":220.477,"endTime":224.147,"body":"\"That's here. That's home. 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civilization,"},{"startTime":243.677,"endTime":246.437,"body":"\"every king and peasant,"},{"startTime":243.677,"endTime":246.437,"body":"every young couple in love,"},{"startTime":246.437,"endTime":248.357,"body":"\"every mother and father, hopeful child,"},{"startTime":248.357,"endTime":249.527,"body":"\"inventor and explorer,"},{"startTime":249.527,"endTime":251.727,"body":"\"every teacher of morals,"},{"startTime":249.527,"endTime":251.727,"body":"every corrupt politician,"},{"startTime":251.727,"endTime":253.667,"body":"\"every superstar, every supreme leader,"},{"startTime":253.667,"endTime":254.707,"body":"\"every saint and sinner"},{"startTime":254.707,"endTime":257.007,"body":"\"in the history of our"},{"startTime":254.707,"endTime":257.007,"body":"species lived there,"},{"startTime":257.007,"endTime":260.377,"body":"\"on a mote of dust"},{"startTime":257.007,"endTime":260.377,"body":"suspended in a sunbeam.\""},{"startTime":261.84,"endTime":264.35,"body":"Sagan must have known fully"},{"startTime":261.84,"endTime":264.35,"body":"well that the probability"},{"startTime":264.35,"endTime":266.17,"body":"that anyone will pick up the golden record"},{"startTime":266.17,"endTime":268.03,"body":"is vanishingly small,"},{"startTime":268.03,"endTime":270.18,"body":"so the messages on the golden record"},{"startTime":270.18,"endTime":273.93,"body":"were directed as much to a"},{"startTime":270.18,"endTime":273.93,"body":"potential alien civilization"},{"startTime":273.93,"endTime":277.02,"body":"as they were to a public"},{"startTime":273.93,"endTime":277.02,"body":"much closer to home,"},{"startTime":277.02,"endTime":279.313,"body":"us, the inhabitants of planet Earth."},{"startTime":280.163,"endTime":281.62,"body":"Sagan's heartfelt message"},{"startTime":281.62,"endTime":283.77,"body":"was that humanity needs to take good care"},{"startTime":283.77,"endTime":285.48,"body":"of our pale, blue dot,"},{"startTime":285.48,"endTime":288.69,"body":"the only place in the"},{"startTime":285.48,"endTime":288.69,"body":"Universe we can call home."},{"startTime":288.69,"endTime":290.52,"body":"Seen from 4 billion miles away,"},{"startTime":290.52,"endTime":293.11,"body":"the absurdity of humankind's"},{"startTime":290.52,"endTime":293.11,"body":"hatred for each other,"},{"startTime":293.11,"endTime":293.943,"body":"the blood spilled"},{"startTime":293.943,"endTime":297.63,"body":"to conquer a fraction of a pixel"},{"startTime":293.943,"endTime":297.63,"body":"floating in empty darkness,"},{"startTime":297.63,"endTime":300.55,"body":"the wrecking of the natural"},{"startTime":297.63,"endTime":300.55,"body":"world that supports us"},{"startTime":300.55,"endTime":302.713,"body":"appear in all their foolishness."},{"startTime":303.69,"endTime":305.18,"body":"He was also concerned"},{"startTime":305.18,"endTime":307.7,"body":"to existential threats to life on Earth"},{"startTime":307.7,"endTime":309.3,"body":"coming from 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Jupiter,"},{"startTime":529.45,"endTime":530.84,"body":"and they are the leftover debris"},{"startTime":530.84,"endTime":532.37,"body":"from the formation of the Solar System,"},{"startTime":532.37,"endTime":534.88,"body":"some 5 billion years ago."},{"startTime":534.88,"endTime":536.84,"body":"They can be ejected"},{"startTime":534.88,"endTime":536.84,"body":"from their stable orbits"},{"startTime":536.84,"endTime":538.28,"body":"by gravitational interactions,"},{"startTime":538.28,"endTime":540.93,"body":"and they can be hurled to planets,"},{"startTime":540.93,"endTime":542.75,"body":"like in this case."},{"startTime":542.75,"endTime":544.0,"body":"Fortunately for us,"},{"startTime":544.0,"endTime":545.31,"body":"large asteroids of the kind"},{"startTime":545.31,"endTime":548.07,"body":"that could cause wreckage to life on Earth"},{"startTime":548.07,"endTime":550.04,"body":"are much rare than smaller ones,"},{"startTime":550.04,"endTime":550.873,"body":"and in 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orbits"},{"startTime":572.87,"endTime":577.07,"body":"that approach the Earth"},{"startTime":577.07,"endTime":580.81,"body":"to fewer than 7.5 million kilometers."},{"startTime":580.81,"endTime":583.25,"body":"There are about 2,200 of them,"},{"startTime":583.25,"endTime":585.31,"body":"you see their orbits here"},{"startTime":585.31,"endTime":586.77,"body":"tracked currently by NASA,"},{"startTime":586.77,"endTime":588.0,"body":"in an effort to make sure"},{"startTime":588.0,"endTime":590.5,"body":"that they stay well away from our planet,"},{"startTime":590.5,"endTime":592.683,"body":"although of course if they"},{"startTime":590.5,"endTime":592.683,"body":"were to veer towards us,"},{"startTime":592.683,"endTime":595.163,"body":"then little can be done to stop them."},{"startTime":596.61,"endTime":598.41,"body":"The frequency of an asteroid strike"},{"startTime":598.41,"endTime":600.37,"body":"of the kind that could"},{"startTime":598.41,"endTime":600.37,"body":"be dangerous for life"},{"startTime":600.37,"endTime":603.433,"body":"is estimated to be once"},{"startTime":600.37,"endTime":603.433,"body":"every 200,000 years."},{"startTime":604.55,"endTime":605.47,"body":"There are other bodies, of course,"},{"startTime":605.47,"endTime":608.253,"body":"that visit our neighborhood"},{"startTime":605.47,"endTime":608.253,"body":"with regularity,"},{"startTime":609.57,"endTime":611.37,"body":"with a certain frequency,"},{"startTime":611.37,"endTime":613.42,"body":"like comets, for example,"},{"startTime":613.42,"endTime":615.64,"body":"nothing else but balls of ice and rock"},{"startTime":615.64,"endTime":619.09,"body":"that typically travel on"},{"startTime":615.64,"endTime":619.09,"body":"very elongated orbits."},{"startTime":619.09,"endTime":620.25,"body":"Halley's Comet, for example,"},{"startTime":620.25,"endTime":622.0,"body":"is a famous example"},{"startTime":622.0,"endTime":624.63,"body":"that faithfully returns every 76 years,"},{"startTime":624.63,"endTime":628.62,"body":"and if you missed it in 1986,"},{"startTime":628.62,"endTime":632.25,"body":"you've got another chance"},{"startTime":628.62,"endTime":632.25,"body":"in several decades,"},{"startTime":632.25,"endTime":633.75,"body":"I probably won't see it again."},{"startTime":636.27,"endTime":637.42,"body":"But in 1994,"},{"startTime":637.42,"endTime":639.97,"body":"we've been able to observe"},{"startTime":637.42,"endTime":639.97,"body":"something very spectacular,"},{"startTime":639.97,"endTime":644.52,"body":"the fall of the debris of"},{"startTime":639.97,"endTime":644.52,"body":"the comet Shoemaker-Levy 9,"},{"startTime":644.52,"endTime":645.96,"body":"which broke up"},{"startTime":645.96,"endTime":647.67,"body":"because of gravitational"},{"startTime":645.96,"endTime":647.67,"body":"interaction with Jupiter,"},{"startTime":647.67,"endTime":649.36,"body":"and eventually crashed onto the planet."},{"startTime":649.36,"endTime":651.03,"body":"Jupiter being much bigger than the Earth,"},{"startTime":651.03,"endTime":652.72,"body":"it's got a much bigger gravitational pull,"},{"startTime":652.72,"endTime":653.553,"body":"and so thankfully,"},{"startTime":653.553,"endTime":655.74,"body":"it acts as a kind of cosmic vacuum cleaner"},{"startTime":655.74,"endTime":658.89,"body":"sweeping up lots of comets,"},{"startTime":655.74,"endTime":658.89,"body":"and debris, and asteroids."},{"startTime":658.89,"endTime":660.967,"body":"And you can see in this picture,"},{"startTime":660.967,"endTime":664.3,"body":"the dot is the explosion,"},{"startTime":660.967,"endTime":664.3,"body":"or the hit, or the impact"},{"startTime":664.3,"endTime":665.86,"body":"of the comet fragments"},{"startTime":665.86,"endTime":667.52,"body":"onto the dark side of Jupiter,"},{"startTime":667.52,"endTime":670.923,"body":"with an estimated power of"},{"startTime":667.52,"endTime":670.923,"body":"300 million atomic bombs."},{"startTime":672.93,"endTime":674.33,"body":"So what about other threats"},{"startTime":674.33,"endTime":677.28,"body":"to the future of life on Earth from space?"},{"startTime":677.28,"endTime":678.96,"body":"Another longterm danger"},{"startTime":678.96,"endTime":681.19,"body":"actually comes from the"},{"startTime":678.96,"endTime":681.19,"body":"very source of energy"},{"startTime":681.19,"endTime":683.43,"body":"that enables us to live on our planet,"},{"startTime":683.43,"endTime":686.69,"body":"our very own star, the Sun."},{"startTime":686.69,"endTime":688.55,"body":"Nuclear fusion reactions"},{"startTime":688.55,"endTime":690.49,"body":"convert hydrogen into helium"},{"startTime":690.49,"endTime":691.61,"body":"in the core of the Sun,"},{"startTime":691.61,"endTime":695.11,"body":"and therefore are the"},{"startTime":691.61,"endTime":695.11,"body":"source of all the heat"},{"startTime":695.11,"endTime":697.81,"body":"that enable us to live in a habitable zone"},{"startTime":697.81,"endTime":699.103,"body":"on this beautiful planet."},{"startTime":700.49,"endTime":703.733,"body":"This is a very stable"},{"startTime":700.49,"endTime":703.733,"body":"phenomenon inside the Sun,"},{"startTime":703.733,"endTime":706.53,"body":"in fact the Sun today"},{"startTime":703.733,"endTime":706.53,"body":"is a middle-aged star,"},{"startTime":706.53,"endTime":708.03,"body":"having been burning hydrogen"},{"startTime":708.03,"endTime":710.8,"body":"for about 4.5 billion years,"},{"startTime":710.8,"endTime":713.21,"body":"and this is something"},{"startTime":710.8,"endTime":713.21,"body":"that's likely to continue"},{"startTime":713.21,"endTime":716.44,"body":"for the next 4 billion years or so."},{"startTime":716.44,"endTime":720.12,"body":"But as the hydrogen supply at"},{"startTime":716.44,"endTime":720.12,"body":"the core of the Sun dwindles,"},{"startTime":720.12,"endTime":722.01,"body":"other stars more massive than the Sun"},{"startTime":722.01,"endTime":725.22,"body":"would be able to switch to a"},{"startTime":722.01,"endTime":725.22,"body":"different supply of fusion,"},{"startTime":725.22,"endTime":726.84,"body":"namely helium."},{"startTime":726.84,"endTime":727.673,"body":"The Sun, however,"},{"startTime":727.673,"endTime":728.74,"body":"is not sufficiently massive"},{"startTime":728.74,"endTime":730.44,"body":"to ignite helium in its core,"},{"startTime":730.44,"endTime":734.1,"body":"and so the core will fill"},{"startTime":730.44,"endTime":734.1,"body":"up with inert helium,"},{"startTime":734.1,"endTime":737.78,"body":"hydrogen fusion will move"},{"startTime":734.1,"endTime":737.78,"body":"to a shell outside the core,"},{"startTime":737.78,"endTime":739.59,"body":"and as a result of that,"},{"startTime":739.59,"endTime":744.028,"body":"our star will blow up and expand,"},{"startTime":744.028,"endTime":747.46,"body":"and it will become,"},{"startTime":744.028,"endTime":747.46,"body":"eventually, a red giant."},{"startTime":747.46,"endTime":748.87,"body":"In 5 billion years,"},{"startTime":748.87,"endTime":751.38,"body":"the Sun will have expanded enough"},{"startTime":751.38,"endTime":754.34,"body":"so that its surface will"},{"startTime":751.38,"endTime":754.34,"body":"encompass the orbit of the Earth,"},{"startTime":754.34,"endTime":757.78,"body":"so our planet will"},{"startTime":754.34,"endTime":757.78,"body":"essentially be incinerated"},{"startTime":757.78,"endTime":759.4,"body":"in the process."},{"startTime":759.4,"endTime":760.4,"body":"However, well before that happens,"},{"startTime":760.4,"endTime":762.22,"body":"in 1 billion years,"},{"startTime":762.22,"endTime":765.15,"body":"the Sun's output will have"},{"startTime":762.22,"endTime":765.15,"body":"increased by about 10%,"},{"startTime":765.15,"endTime":767.16,"body":"so this increased"},{"startTime":765.15,"endTime":767.16,"body":"brightness and temperature"},{"startTime":767.16,"endTime":770.62,"body":"will make the water in"},{"startTime":767.16,"endTime":770.62,"body":"our oceans boil away,"},{"startTime":770.62,"endTime":773.42,"body":"so we've got about 1 billion years to go"},{"startTime":773.42,"endTime":774.453,"body":"before that happens."},{"startTime":775.32,"endTime":776.6,"body":"1 billion years?"},{"startTime":776.6,"endTime":777.69,"body":"There's nothing to worry about,"},{"startTime":777.69,"endTime":778.87,"body":"let's be honest about it."},{"startTime":778.87,"endTime":780.57,"body":"To put this in context,"},{"startTime":780.57,"endTime":781.72,"body":"a billion years ago,"},{"startTime":781.72,"endTime":783.13,"body":"where was life on Earth?"},{"startTime":783.13,"endTime":783.963,"body":"Life on Earth"},{"startTime":783.963,"endTime":786.763,"body":"was still in the form of"},{"startTime":783.963,"endTime":786.763,"body":"single-celled organisms."},{"startTime":787.69,"endTime":789.67,"body":"In fact, in much shorter time-spans,"},{"startTime":789.67,"endTime":793.32,"body":"a much more dangerous"},{"startTime":789.67,"endTime":793.32,"body":"potential development,"},{"startTime":793.32,"endTime":797.12,"body":"and a consequence of the"},{"startTime":793.32,"endTime":797.12,"body":"natural life of our Sun,"},{"startTime":797.12,"endTime":799.12,"body":"is actually solar storms,"},{"startTime":799.12,"endTime":802.1,"body":"solar storms that might"},{"startTime":799.12,"endTime":802.1,"body":"not threaten life on Earth,"},{"startTime":802.1,"endTime":804.35,"body":"but certainly might"},{"startTime":802.1,"endTime":804.35,"body":"threaten, and will threaten"},{"startTime":804.35,"endTime":807.75,"body":"our technological civilization."},{"startTime":807.75,"endTime":809.23,"body":"Solar storms are a consequence"},{"startTime":809.23,"endTime":812.07,"body":"of the reconfiguration of magnetic fields"},{"startTime":812.07,"endTime":815.3,"body":"on the surface of the Sun,"},{"startTime":815.3,"endTime":816.84,"body":"twisting and snapping"},{"startTime":816.84,"endTime":818.76,"body":"in correspondence to the sunspots,"},{"startTime":818.76,"endTime":820.05,"body":"the cooler, dark patches"},{"startTime":820.05,"endTime":824.33,"body":"that appear as dark spots"},{"startTime":820.05,"endTime":824.33,"body":"on the surface of the Sun."},{"startTime":824.33,"endTime":826.84,"body":"The magnetic energy that"},{"startTime":824.33,"endTime":826.84,"body":"is released in this process"},{"startTime":826.84,"endTime":828.74,"body":"is released in the form of heat, light,"},{"startTime":828.74,"endTime":831.02,"body":"and charged particles"},{"startTime":828.74,"endTime":831.02,"body":"that travel outwards,"},{"startTime":831.02,"endTime":833.63,"body":"and sometimes in the form of solar flares,"},{"startTime":833.63,"endTime":835.67,"body":"a massive eruption of plasma,"},{"startTime":835.67,"endTime":838.35,"body":"like the one that you see"},{"startTime":835.67,"endTime":838.35,"body":"depicted in this picture."},{"startTime":838.35,"endTime":840.398,"body":"So this very hot plasma can be heated up"},{"startTime":840.398,"endTime":844.55,"body":"to the inconceivable temperature"},{"startTime":840.398,"endTime":844.55,"body":"of 60 million Kelvin,"},{"startTime":844.55,"endTime":846.46,"body":"and travel outwards into space,"},{"startTime":846.46,"endTime":848.24,"body":"hitting whatever is on its way,"},{"startTime":848.24,"endTime":849.473,"body":"including our planet."},{"startTime":850.62,"endTime":852.7,"body":"So these kinds of solar storms,"},{"startTime":852.7,"endTime":854.62,"body":"fortunately for us,"},{"startTime":854.62,"endTime":856.04,"body":"we're protected from them"},{"startTime":856.04,"endTime":858.09,"body":"by the Earth's magnetic field,"},{"startTime":858.09,"endTime":861.97,"body":"so the most spectacular"},{"startTime":858.09,"endTime":861.97,"body":"consequence of these solar storms"},{"startTime":861.97,"endTime":864.36,"body":"is nothing else but the aurora borealis,"},{"startTime":864.36,"endTime":866.1,"body":"which gives us spectacular displays."},{"startTime":866.1,"endTime":868.53,"body":"And in fact, in 1859,"},{"startTime":868.53,"endTime":871.63,"body":"when the largest recorded"},{"startTime":868.53,"endTime":871.63,"body":"solar storm happened,"},{"startTime":871.63,"endTime":874.06,"body":"the aurora borealis, the northern lights,"},{"startTime":874.06,"endTime":875.933,"body":"were so spectacular and so massive"},{"startTime":875.933,"endTime":878.88,"body":"that it extended all the"},{"startTime":875.933,"endTime":878.88,"body":"way to the Caribbean,"},{"startTime":878.88,"endTime":881.19,"body":"where it's usually not visible."},{"startTime":881.19,"endTime":883.15,"body":"All that happened in 1859"},{"startTime":883.15,"endTime":885.89,"body":"was a massive disruption"},{"startTime":883.15,"endTime":885.89,"body":"of telegraph lines,"},{"startTime":885.89,"endTime":887.07,"body":"because that was essentially all there was"},{"startTime":887.07,"endTime":890.4,"body":"in terms of electrical"},{"startTime":887.07,"endTime":890.4,"body":"infrastructure at the time."},{"startTime":890.4,"endTime":892.45,"body":"But imagine what would happen today"},{"startTime":892.45,"endTime":895.8,"body":"if a solar storm of that"},{"startTime":892.45,"endTime":895.8,"body":"magnitude were to hit us,"},{"startTime":895.8,"endTime":900.21,"body":"dependent as our civilization"},{"startTime":895.8,"endTime":900.21,"body":"is on, you name it,"},{"startTime":900.21,"endTime":904.49,"body":"internet, GPS navigation"},{"startTime":900.21,"endTime":904.49,"body":"satellites, telecommunication,"},{"startTime":904.49,"endTime":907.35,"body":"electrical power lines could all be fried,"},{"startTime":907.35,"endTime":911.15,"body":"and that would not necessarily"},{"startTime":907.35,"endTime":911.15,"body":"be a threat to life itself,"},{"startTime":911.15,"endTime":915.34,"body":"it's clear that our entire"},{"startTime":911.15,"endTime":915.34,"body":"navigation, security,"},{"startTime":915.34,"endTime":918.22,"body":"economic, financial systems would go down"},{"startTime":918.22,"endTime":920.42,"body":"for lack of infrastructure,"},{"startTime":920.42,"endTime":921.55,"body":"and therefore, certainly,"},{"startTime":921.55,"endTime":923.14,"body":"our civilization could be threatened"},{"startTime":923.14,"endTime":925.683,"body":"by the anarchy and chaos that could ensue."},{"startTime":929.21,"endTime":931.21,"body":"Other stars have lives"},{"startTime":931.21,"endTime":933.653,"body":"that are more adventurous than the Sun,"},{"startTime":934.5,"endTime":936.23,"body":"rather than just swelling and cooling off,"},{"startTime":936.23,"endTime":938.25,"body":"eventually retiring from"},{"startTime":936.23,"endTime":938.25,"body":"active stellar 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nuclear road."},{"startTime":963.61,"endTime":965.85,"body":"They reach silicon,"},{"startTime":965.85,"endTime":967.8,"body":"and silicon can be fused into iron,"},{"startTime":967.8,"endTime":968.75,"body":"and when you get to iron,"},{"startTime":968.75,"endTime":969.583,"body":"that's the end,"},{"startTime":969.583,"endTime":972.24,"body":"because you cannot fuse the"},{"startTime":969.583,"endTime":972.24,"body":"iron into anything heavier"},{"startTime":972.24,"endTime":974.25,"body":"unless you supply energy,"},{"startTime":974.25,"endTime":975.71,"body":"so it becomes a losing game,"},{"startTime":975.71,"endTime":977.72,"body":"gravitational collapse wins out,"},{"startTime":977.72,"endTime":979.12,"body":"and the star implodes"},{"startTime":979.12,"endTime":984.12,"body":"in a collapse that gives"},{"startTime":979.12,"endTime":984.12,"body":"off a lot of energy"},{"startTime":984.15,"endTime":987.34,"body":"and is called a supernova explosion."},{"startTime":987.34,"endTime":990.39,"body":"This mighty explosion destroys the star,"},{"startTime":990.39,"endTime":992.01,"body":"and it explodes,"},{"startTime":992.01,"endTime":994.28,"body":"spewing out all of these heavy elements"},{"startTime":994.28,"endTime":998.13,"body":"that it has produced during its lifetime."},{"startTime":998.13,"endTime":999.47,"body":"And in fact, it has been suggested"},{"startTime":999.47,"endTime":1000.98,"body":"that in the past 10 million years,"},{"startTime":1000.98,"endTime":1002.41,"body":"two supernova explosions"},{"startTime":1002.41,"endTime":1004.11,"body":"might have been close enough to Earth"},{"startTime":1004.11,"endTime":1007.72,"body":"to alter the Earth's climate"},{"startTime":1004.11,"endTime":1007.72,"body":"with their influence."},{"startTime":1007.72,"endTime":1008.553,"body":"More recently,"},{"startTime":1008.553,"endTime":1010.22,"body":"the supernova that you see in"},{"startTime":1008.553,"endTime":1010.22,"body":"this picture in the center,"},{"startTime":1010.22,"endTime":1011.94,"body":"it's the bright dot"},{"startTime":1011.94,"endTime":1014.89,"body":"with the rings of gas expanding,"},{"startTime":1014.89,"endTime":1016.75,"body":"Supernova 1987A,"},{"startTime":1016.75,"endTime":1018.54,"body":"in the Large Magellanic Cloud,"},{"startTime":1018.54,"endTime":1019.66,"body":"was such an occurrence."},{"startTime":1019.66,"endTime":1021.84,"body":"There's also a second kind"},{"startTime":1019.66,"endTime":1021.84,"body":"of supernova explosion"},{"startTime":1021.84,"endTime":1022.7,"body":"called Type IA"},{"startTime":1022.7,"endTime":1024.423,"body":"that is of a different kind."},{"startTime":1025.27,"endTime":1026.18,"body":"Luckily for us,"},{"startTime":1026.18,"endTime":1030.04,"body":"1987A went off 168,000 light years away,"},{"startTime":1030.04,"endTime":1032.87,"body":"so by the time the energy,"},{"startTime":1030.04,"endTime":1032.87,"body":"and the light, and the X-rays"},{"startTime":1032.87,"endTime":1034.12,"body":"of the explosion reached us,"},{"startTime":1034.12,"endTime":1035.67,"body":"they were diluted by distance,"},{"startTime":1035.67,"endTime":1038.76,"body":"and it wasn't dangerous for us,"},{"startTime":1038.76,"endTime":1039.74,"body":"although it was very important"},{"startTime":1039.74,"endTime":1041.17,"body":"for astronomers and astrophysicists,"},{"startTime":1041.17,"endTime":1043.17,"body":"we learned a great deal"},{"startTime":1041.17,"endTime":1043.17,"body":"about neutrinos, for example,"},{"startTime":1043.17,"endTime":1044.17,"body":"from this explosion."},{"startTime":1045.17,"endTime":1048.44,"body":"But it's clear that a supernova"},{"startTime":1045.17,"endTime":1048.44,"body":"explosion of this kind"},{"startTime":1048.44,"endTime":1050.76,"body":"within 25 light years from Earth"},{"startTime":1050.76,"endTime":1052.81,"body":"would likely wipe out life"},{"startTime":1052.81,"endTime":1055.313,"body":"with its flux of X-rays and gamma rays."},{"startTime":1056.29,"endTime":1057.63,"body":"But luckily for us,"},{"startTime":1057.63,"endTime":1059.84,"body":"there are no stars that"},{"startTime":1057.63,"endTime":1059.84,"body":"are likely to go supernova"},{"startTime":1059.84,"endTime":1060.98,"body":"within that radius,"},{"startTime":1060.98,"endTime":1063.72,"body":"so the nearest candidate is Betelgeuse,"},{"startTime":1063.72,"endTime":1067.54,"body":"the star in the upper-left"},{"startTime":1063.72,"endTime":1067.54,"body":"corner of Orion,"},{"startTime":1067.54,"endTime":1069.82,"body":"the familiar winter constellation,"},{"startTime":1069.82,"endTime":1072.4,"body":"a red giant that you might"},{"startTime":1069.82,"endTime":1072.4,"body":"have heard from the news"},{"startTime":1072.4,"endTime":1074.28,"body":"caused some concern in 2019"},{"startTime":1074.28,"endTime":1076.07,"body":"because it was dimming,"},{"startTime":1076.07,"endTime":1078.18,"body":"it dimmed over the course of a few months"},{"startTime":1078.18,"endTime":1081.74,"body":"quite significantly from"},{"startTime":1078.18,"endTime":1081.74,"body":"its normal brightness,"},{"startTime":1081.74,"endTime":1084.76,"body":"and this is thought to be a consequence"},{"startTime":1084.76,"endTime":1087.14,"body":"of the convulsion of the end of life"},{"startTime":1087.14,"endTime":1090.18,"body":"that Betelgeuse is reaching."},{"startTime":1090.18,"endTime":1092.93,"body":"It's probably got another"},{"startTime":1090.18,"endTime":1092.93,"body":"100,000 years to go, or so,"},{"startTime":1092.93,"endTime":1094.597,"body":"so again, nothing to worry about."},{"startTime":1094.597,"endTime":1096.92,"body":"And when it does go bang,"},{"startTime":1096.92,"endTime":1099.07,"body":"there are 550 light years between us,"},{"startTime":1099.07,"endTime":1101.59,"body":"so that means that future astronomers,"},{"startTime":1101.59,"endTime":1102.84,"body":"if there are any,"},{"startTime":1102.84,"endTime":1105.44,"body":"might be treated to a great spectacle"},{"startTime":1105.44,"endTime":1106.62,"body":"without having to worry too much"},{"startTime":1106.62,"endTime":1109.83,"body":"about the danger for life on Earth."},{"startTime":1109.83,"endTime":1110.7,"body":"And we should really remember"},{"startTime":1110.7,"endTime":1111.6,"body":"that supernova explosions,"},{"startTime":1111.6,"endTime":1113.58,"body":"as dangerous as they might be,"},{"startTime":1113.58,"endTime":1114.87,"body":"they were absolutely crucial"},{"startTime":1114.87,"endTime":1117.59,"body":"in producing and then"},{"startTime":1114.87,"endTime":1117.59,"body":"spreading through the Universe"},{"startTime":1117.59,"endTime":1120.37,"body":"the heavy elements on which life is based."},{"startTime":1120.37,"endTime":1121.85,"body":"The violent death of supernovae"},{"startTime":1121.85,"endTime":1124.17,"body":"can be and is a source of destruction,"},{"startTime":1124.17,"endTime":1126.73,"body":"but it can also be a fountain of life,"},{"startTime":1126.73,"endTime":1128.34,"body":"literally providing the elements"},{"startTime":1128.34,"endTime":1132.23,"body":"of which planets, trees,"},{"startTime":1128.34,"endTime":1132.23,"body":"cats, cheese, humans,"},{"startTime":1132.23,"endTime":1133.18,"body":"everything is made."},{"startTime":1134.91,"endTime":1136.95,"body":"But there is something else out there"},{"startTime":1136.95,"endTime":1140.64,"body":"that might overrun us"},{"startTime":1136.95,"endTime":1140.64,"body":"with deadly consequences,"},{"startTime":1140.64,"endTime":1142.93,"body":"and do so in a way that"},{"startTime":1140.64,"endTime":1142.93,"body":"we would not even realize"},{"startTime":1142.93,"endTime":1144.06,"body":"until it's upon us"},{"startTime":1144.06,"endTime":1145.907,"body":"and too late to do anything about,"},{"startTime":1145.907,"endTime":1146.74,"body":"and quite frankly,"},{"startTime":1146.74,"endTime":1148.98,"body":"there is nothing to do about it."},{"startTime":1148.98,"endTime":1153.37,"body":"It has been called the ultimate"},{"startTime":1148.98,"endTime":1153.37,"body":"ecological catastrophe,"},{"startTime":1153.37,"endTime":1156.52,"body":"the possibility that empty space itself,"},{"startTime":1156.52,"endTime":1157.353,"body":"or more precisely,"},{"startTime":1157.353,"endTime":1160.73,"body":"what physicists call"},{"startTime":1157.353,"endTime":1160.73,"body":"the Higgs boson field,"},{"startTime":1160.73,"endTime":1161.95,"body":"and the vacuum,"},{"startTime":1161.95,"endTime":1164.7,"body":"might spontaneously change."},{"startTime":1164.7,"endTime":1166.47,"body":"You might think that what"},{"startTime":1164.7,"endTime":1166.47,"body":"you can't see can't hurt you,"},{"startTime":1166.47,"endTime":1169.45,"body":"and how dangerous can the"},{"startTime":1166.47,"endTime":1169.45,"body":"vacuum be, it's empty?"},{"startTime":1169.45,"endTime":1170.86,"body":"But actually,"},{"startTime":1170.86,"endTime":1171.89,"body":"well let's take a step back"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1174.1,"endTime":1176.92,"body":"a ball sitting on top of a hill"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1176.92,"endTime":1179.24,"body":"and two valleys either side,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1179.24,"endTime":1181.32,"body":"one deeper than the other."},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1181.32,"endTime":1184.03,"body":"It's clear that this situation,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1184.03,"endTime":1187.27,"body":"if the ball is finely poised"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1184.03,"endTime":1187.27,"body":"on the top of the hill,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1187.27,"endTime":1188.68,"body":"it is unstable,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1188.68,"endTime":1190.12,"body":"the lightest perturbation"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1190.12,"endTime":1193.05,"body":"will make the ball roll"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1190.12,"endTime":1193.05,"body":"down one of the two hills,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1193.05,"endTime":1194.8,"body":"and eventually, because of friction,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1194.8,"endTime":1197.91,"body":"it will end up just sitting at the bottom"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1197.91,"endTime":1202.01,"body":"of the valley that it"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1197.91,"endTime":1202.01,"body":"happens to roll into."},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1202.01,"endTime":1204.69,"body":"This situation, for a"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1202.01,"endTime":1204.69,"body":"classical object like a ball,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1204.69,"endTime":1206.23,"body":"is stable,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1206.23,"endTime":1207.88,"body":"the ball will just sit"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1206.23,"endTime":1207.88,"body":"there for all eternity,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1207.88,"endTime":1212.02,"body":"there is no way the ball can"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1207.88,"endTime":1212.02,"body":"go from the valley it sits in"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1212.02,"endTime":1212.98,"body":"to the deeper valley,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1212.98,"endTime":1214.86,"body":"where its stability would be improved."},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1214.86,"endTime":1217.09,"body":"If we could put the ball"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1214.86,"endTime":1217.09,"body":"in the other valley,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1217.09,"endTime":1219.2,"body":"in the deeper valley floor,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1219.2,"endTime":1220.9,"body":"it would improve its stability"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1220.9,"endTime":1221.992,"body":"because it would have"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1221.992,"endTime":1224.631,"body":"a lower gravitational potential energy."},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1224.631,"endTime":1225.464,"body":"But in order to do so,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1225.464,"endTime":1226.95,"body":"you have to supply kinetic"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1225.464,"endTime":1226.95,"body":"energy to the ball,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1226.95,"endTime":1228.04,"body":"you have to give it a kick"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1228.04,"endTime":1231.393,"body":"so that it overcomes the"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1228.04,"endTime":1231.393,"body":"barrier between the two valleys."},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1232.47,"endTime":1235.02,"body":"That's all very well"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1232.47,"endTime":1235.02,"body":"in macroscopic reality,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1235.02,"endTime":1236.75,"body":"but if we consider the quantum world,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1236.75,"endTime":1238.87,"body":"then things become a little bit weirder,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1238.87,"endTime":1242.1,"body":"in particular, the ball"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1238.87,"endTime":1242.1,"body":"sitting in that valley"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1242.1,"endTime":1243.083,"body":"is now metastable,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1243.083,"endTime":1244.66,"body":"it's not entirely stable,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1244.66,"endTime":1246.67,"body":"and there is a finite,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1244.66,"endTime":1246.67,"body":"non-zero probability"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1246.67,"endTime":1248.64,"body":"that it will be able to quantum tunnel,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1248.64,"endTime":1251.77,"body":"that is to say traverse the"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1248.64,"endTime":1251.77,"body":"barrier between the two valleys,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1251.77,"endTime":1254.88,"body":"and eventually end up in"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1251.77,"endTime":1254.88,"body":"the stable configuration"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1254.88,"endTime":1257.27,"body":"in the deeper valley on the other side."},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1257.27,"endTime":1260.15,"body":"So this classically"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1257.27,"endTime":1260.15,"body":"impossible quantum tunneling"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1260.15,"endTime":1262.47,"body":"is a familiar phenomenon"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1260.15,"endTime":1262.47,"body":"in quantum mechanics,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1262.47,"endTime":1263.76,"body":"it happens all the time,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1263.76,"endTime":1264.593,"body":"and in fact,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1264.593,"endTime":1266.75,"body":"it's responsible for,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1264.593,"endTime":1266.75,"body":"for example, alpha decay,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1266.75,"endTime":1269.713,"body":"which explains the"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1266.75,"endTime":1269.713,"body":"radioactivity of uranium-238."},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1271.27,"endTime":1273.1,"body":"So let's make another conceptual jump"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1273.1,"endTime":1275.66,"body":"from this picture, that's"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1273.1,"endTime":1275.66,"body":"already quite weird,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1275.66,"endTime":1277.93,"body":"and imagine this crest and valleys"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1277.93,"endTime":1280.85,"body":"to represent the Higgs potential,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1280.85,"endTime":1283.06,"body":"which describes the"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1280.85,"endTime":1283.06,"body":"quantum mechanical analog"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1283.06,"endTime":1284.04,"body":"of potential energy"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1284.04,"endTime":1285.91,"body":"for the Higgs boson field"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1285.91,"endTime":1288.38,"body":"which permeates the whole Universe."},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1288.38,"endTime":1289.213,"body":"The Higgs boson,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1289.213,"endTime":1290.19,"body":"you might have heard, and remember,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1290.19,"endTime":1291.48,"body":"was measured,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1291.48,"endTime":1293.72,"body":"its properties, and its"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1291.48,"endTime":1293.72,"body":"mass, and its existence"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1293.72,"endTime":1296.86,"body":"was discovered in 2012 at CERN,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1296.86,"endTime":1300.17,"body":"and it turns out that the"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1296.86,"endTime":1300.17,"body":"mass of the Higgs boson,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1300.17,"endTime":1302.04,"body":"and that of another elementary particle"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1302.04,"endTime":1303.39,"body":"called the top quark,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1303.39,"endTime":1304.4,"body":"have allowed to determine"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1304.4,"endTime":1306.55,"body":"the configuration of the Higgs field"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1306.55,"endTime":1309.09,"body":"in the entirety of the Universe,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1309.09,"endTime":1310.71,"body":"and what it has been discovered"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1310.71,"endTime":1312.29,"body":"is that the configuration of the field,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1312.29,"endTime":1315.37,"body":"which we can imagine as some"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1312.29,"endTime":1315.37,"body":"sort of invisible entity"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1315.37,"endTime":1317.37,"body":"permeating the entire Universe,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1317.37,"endTime":1320.39,"body":"is currently in its metastable state,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1320.39,"endTime":1321.57,"body":"it sits in a valley,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1321.57,"endTime":1323.31,"body":"but it's not the deepest valley,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1323.31,"endTime":1324.46,"body":"it's a valley,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1324.46,"endTime":1326.34,"body":"and potentially it"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1324.46,"endTime":1326.34,"body":"could go somewhere else,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1326.34,"endTime":1329.76,"body":"in a different valley with"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1326.34,"endTime":1329.76,"body":"a lower configuration,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1329.76,"endTime":1331.32,"body":"and therefore better stability,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1331.32,"endTime":1334.023,"body":"and there is a finite probability"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1331.32,"endTime":1334.023,"body":"that this might happen."},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1336.0,"endTime":1338.26,"body":"The Higgs field configuration"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1338.26,"endTime":1340.74,"body":"found itself in the"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1338.26,"endTime":1340.74,"body":"metastable configuration"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1340.74,"endTime":1342.5,"body":"13.8 billion years ago,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1342.5,"endTime":1345.13,"body":"when the Universe came"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1342.5,"endTime":1345.13,"body":"out of the Big Bang,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1345.13,"endTime":1348.15,"body":"and it has been sitting"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1345.13,"endTime":1348.15,"body":"pretty there ever since,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1348.15,"endTime":1350.55,"body":"but it could potentially quantum tunnel"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1350.55,"endTime":1353.22,"body":"to a lower energy configuration,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1353.22,"endTime":1354.74,"body":"into the true vacuum,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1354.74,"endTime":1358.72,"body":"so this metastable configuration"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1354.74,"endTime":1358.72,"body":"is called a false vacuum."},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1358.72,"endTime":1359.92,"body":"So if that were to happen,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1359.92,"endTime":1362.26,"body":"the Higgs field would reconfigure itself,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1362.26,"endTime":1363.65,"body":"end up in the deeper valley,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1363.65,"endTime":1366.23,"body":"and should that happen"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1363.65,"endTime":1366.23,"body":"anywhere in the Universe,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1366.23,"endTime":1367.67,"body":"the field reconfiguration"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1367.67,"endTime":1369.64,"body":"would propagate out in a spherical shell"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1369.64,"endTime":1371.05,"body":"almost at the speed of light,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1371.05,"endTime":1372.8,"body":"overrunning everything in its path."},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1373.64,"endTime":1374.81,"body":"So what would that look Like,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1374.81,"endTime":1377.11,"body":"this Higgs field reconfiguration"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1377.11,"endTime":1378.63,"body":"spreading through the Universe?"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1378.63,"endTime":1380.78,"body":"Well nobody really knows,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1380.78,"endTime":1383.01,"body":"but it is likely that the"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1380.78,"endTime":1383.01,"body":"physics inside the bubble"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1383.01,"endTime":1384.32,"body":"would be very, very different"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1384.32,"endTime":1386.31,"body":"from the physics outside the bubble,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1386.31,"endTime":1387.67,"body":"so we would be overrun"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1387.67,"endTime":1389.9,"body":"by a change of the laws of physics,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1389.9,"endTime":1391.763,"body":"meaning we would just be gone,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1393.35,"endTime":1394.7,"body":"at near the speed of light."},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1395.66,"endTime":1397.12,"body":"So from one moment to the next,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1397.12,"endTime":1397.953,"body":"you could be gone,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1397.953,"endTime":1399.34,"body":"there would be nothing to do about it,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1399.34,"endTime":1400.83,"body":"we would just be obliterated"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1400.83,"endTime":1403.263,"body":"with a backhand flick of the Higgs vacuum."},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1404.83,"endTime":1406.07,"body":"How worried should we be?"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1406.07,"endTime":1407.903,"body":"It's quite bad, frankly."},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1409.57,"endTime":1411.14,"body":"Well it's very, very difficult"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1411.14,"endTime":1414.38,"body":"to compute the lifetime"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1411.14,"endTime":1414.38,"body":"of this metastable state,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1414.38,"endTime":1415.72,"body":"the calculations are daunting,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1415.72,"endTime":1417.24,"body":"as you might imagine."},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1417.24,"endTime":1419.96,"body":"A group from Harvard estimates"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1417.24,"endTime":1419.96,"body":"the lifetime of the Universe"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1419.96,"endTime":1423.56,"body":"to be somewhere in the region"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1419.96,"endTime":1423.56,"body":"of 10 to the 161 years,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1423.56,"endTime":1427.11,"body":"so it's 10 followed by 161 zeroes."},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1427.11,"endTime":1429.49,"body":"By comparison, the lifetime"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1427.11,"endTime":1429.49,"body":"of the Universe to now,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1429.49,"endTime":1431.75,"body":"it's 10 to the 10 years,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1431.75,"endTime":1434.05,"body":"so much, much shorter."},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1434.05,"endTime":1435.98,"body":"Another calculation gives an estimate"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1435.98,"endTime":1438.94,"body":"in excess of 10 to the 600 years,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1438.94,"endTime":1439.773,"body":"so either way,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1439.773,"endTime":1441.55,"body":"the metastable state of the Higgs vacuum"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1441.55,"endTime":1443.0,"body":"seems to be pretty solid,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1443.0,"endTime":1445.673,"body":"so we shouldn't be too worried"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1443.0,"endTime":1445.673,"body":"about it, to be honest."},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1446.76,"endTime":1448.85,"body":"One can also take a"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1446.76,"endTime":1448.85,"body":"statistically minded approach"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1448.85,"endTime":1450.31,"body":"to this question,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1450.31,"endTime":1453.6,"body":"what are those dangers out"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1450.31,"endTime":1453.6,"body":"there statistically doing"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1453.6,"endTime":1456.91,"body":"in terms of what is the"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1453.6,"endTime":1456.91,"body":"probability of us being wiped out"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1456.91,"endTime":1458.56,"body":"by a cosmic catastrophe?"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1458.56,"endTime":1461.61,"body":"Cosmologist Max Tegmark and"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1458.56,"endTime":1461.61,"body":"philosopher Nick Bostrom"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1461.61,"endTime":1462.96,"body":"have noted that life,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1462.96,"endTime":1465.17,"body":"having survived for 4"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1462.96,"endTime":1465.17,"body":"billion years on Earth,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1465.17,"endTime":1467.68,"body":"cannot per se be used as an indication"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1467.68,"endTime":1471.67,"body":"of how rare cosmic doomsday events are,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1471.67,"endTime":1472.63,"body":"because if you think about it,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1472.63,"endTime":1476.03,"body":"the fact that we are here"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1472.63,"endTime":1476.03,"body":"asking that very same question"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1476.03,"endTime":1477.12,"body":"would necessarily mean"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1477.12,"endTime":1478.76,"body":"that we've been the lucky ones"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1478.76,"endTime":1480.7,"body":"who have escaped cosmic catastrophe,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1480.7,"endTime":1483.45,"body":"no matter how frequent"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1480.7,"endTime":1483.45,"body":"cosmic catastrophe is."},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1483.45,"endTime":1486.62,"body":"If we would have been befallen"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1483.45,"endTime":1486.62,"body":"by a cosmic doomsday event,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1486.62,"endTime":1489.04,"body":"we wouldn't be here to ask the question."},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1489.04,"endTime":1490.78,"body":"Instead, they consider"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1489.04,"endTime":1490.78,"body":"the rate of formation"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1490.78,"endTime":1493.02,"body":"of habitable planets in the Universe"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1493.02,"endTime":1494.12,"body":"as a function of time,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1494.12,"endTime":1496.85,"body":"and they noted that life has evolved"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1496.85,"endTime":1498.98,"body":"about 9 billion years after the Big Bang,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1498.98,"endTime":1501.67,"body":"they concluded that cosmic"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1498.98,"endTime":1501.67,"body":"sterilization events"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1501.67,"endTime":1504.92,"body":"strike at most once every billion years,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1504.92,"endTime":1507.67,"body":"with 99.9% confidence."},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1507.67,"endTime":1509.54,"body":"So they argue that this limit"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1509.54,"endTime":1512.03,"body":"encapsulates all of the natural dangers"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1512.03,"endTime":1512.93,"body":"to life in the Universe"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1512.93,"endTime":1515.25,"body":"except the anthropogenic ones,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1515.25,"endTime":1517.86,"body":"the ones that we create on our planet,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1517.86,"endTime":1518.693,"body":"to which, in a moment,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1518.693,"endTime":1519.89,"body":"we'll turn our attention."},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1520.87,"endTime":1522.67,"body":"So if Bostrom and Tegmark are right,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1522.67,"endTime":1525.9,"body":"then life sterilizing"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1522.67,"endTime":1525.9,"body":"events happen, on average,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1525.9,"endTime":1527.82,"body":"every billion years,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1527.82,"endTime":1528.653,"body":"so you may worry"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1528.653,"endTime":1531.27,"body":"that we might be already overdue"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1531.27,"endTime":1533.59,"body":"because we have dodged cosmic catastrophe"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1533.59,"endTime":1535.54,"body":"for over 5 billion years on Earth,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1535.54,"endTime":1538.68,"body":"and therefore we've been lucky already."},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1538.68,"endTime":1540.61,"body":"But the surprising statistical property"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1540.61,"endTime":1541.93,"body":"of the exponential distribution,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1541.93,"endTime":1542.99,"body":"which is the distribution"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1542.99,"endTime":1544.51,"body":"that controls the waiting time"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1544.51,"endTime":1546.87,"body":"between events that"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1544.51,"endTime":1546.87,"body":"happen at a constant rate,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1546.87,"endTime":1549.43,"body":"such as the ones that"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1546.87,"endTime":1549.43,"body":"we're talking about here,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1549.43,"endTime":1551.61,"body":"and that comes to our rescue."},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1551.61,"endTime":1553.47,"body":"Having waited for 4 billion years"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1553.47,"endTime":1555.45,"body":"for a cosmic sterilization"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1553.47,"endTime":1555.45,"body":"event to happen,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1555.45,"endTime":1557.22,"body":"and not having experienced one,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1557.22,"endTime":1558.96,"body":"luckily for us, yet,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1558.96,"endTime":1560.53,"body":"has no bearing on the amount of time"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1560.53,"endTime":1561.82,"body":"that we can expect to have to wait"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1561.82,"endTime":1564.4,"body":"for the next cosmic"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1561.82,"endTime":1564.4,"body":"sterilization event to happen,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1564.4,"endTime":1566.253,"body":"it is still 1 billion years,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1567.44,"endTime":1570.103,"body":"so we got lucky in that respect."},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1572.15,"endTime":1575.99,"body":"But the fact is that,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1575.99,"endTime":1579.42,"body":"in searching for the most"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1575.99,"endTime":1579.42,"body":"imminent and present danger"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1579.42,"endTime":1581.24,"body":"to life on Earth,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1581.24,"endTime":1582.26,"body":"we don't need, really,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1582.26,"endTime":1585.53,"body":"to invoke Newtonian orbits,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1582.26,"endTime":1585.53,"body":"stellar revolution physics,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1585.53,"endTime":1588.52,"body":"or the exotica of quantum field theory"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1588.52,"endTime":1590.973,"body":"to work out the Higgs vacuum stability,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1591.84,"endTime":1593.91,"body":"it is sufficient for each of us"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1593.91,"endTime":1596.79,"body":"to look around us in this room,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1596.79,"endTime":1599.44,"body":"or in the morning, in a mirror,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1599.44,"endTime":1602.31,"body":"because the most present"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1599.44,"endTime":1602.31,"body":"and palpable danger"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1602.31,"endTime":1604.36,"body":"to the future of life on Earth"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1604.36,"endTime":1606.09,"body":"is not out there,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1606.09,"endTime":1608.823,"body":"it's in here, it's us."},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1611.96,"endTime":1613.84,"body":"When we consider the"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1611.96,"endTime":1613.84,"body":"future of life on Earth,"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1613.84,"endTime":1615.92,"body":"we must first and"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1613.84,"endTime":1615.92,"body":"foremost ask the question"},{"speaker":"and consider this scenario","startTime":1615.92,"endTime":1616.753,"body":"that Jonas Salk,"},{"speaker":"the inventor of the polio vaccine, posed","startTime":1620.67,"endTime":1621.78,"body":"will future generations"},{"speaker":"the inventor of the polio vaccine, posed","startTime":1621.78,"endTime":1624.13,"body":"speak of the wisdom of their ancestors"},{"speaker":"the inventor of the polio vaccine, posed","startTime":1624.13,"endTime":1626.46,"body":"as we are inclined to speak of ours?"},{"speaker":"the inventor of the polio vaccine, posed","startTime":1626.46,"endTime":1628.993,"body":"Are we being good ancestors?"},{"speaker":"the inventor of the polio vaccine, posed","startTime":1630.85,"endTime":1631.84,"body":"Now at the beginning,"},{"speaker":"the inventor of the polio vaccine, posed","startTime":1631.84,"endTime":1633.76,"body":"the naked ape that we call Homo sapiens"},{"speaker":"the inventor of the polio vaccine, posed","startTime":1633.76,"endTime":1635.85,"body":"seemed harmless enough,"},{"speaker":"the inventor of the polio vaccine, posed","startTime":1635.85,"endTime":1638.29,"body":"the use of fire, stone, wooden tools"},{"speaker":"the inventor of the polio vaccine, posed","startTime":1638.29,"endTime":1640.14,"body":"helped our ancestors survive"},{"speaker":"the inventor of the polio vaccine, posed","startTime":1640.14,"endTime":1643.15,"body":"in a world that was full of"},{"speaker":"the inventor of the polio vaccine, posed","startTime":1640.14,"endTime":1643.15,"body":"better equipped predators,"},{"speaker":"the inventor of the polio vaccine, posed","startTime":1643.15,"endTime":1645.38,"body":"where food was a scarce resource,"},{"speaker":"the inventor of the polio vaccine, posed","startTime":1645.38,"endTime":1648.443,"body":"dangers aplenty, and"},{"speaker":"the inventor of the polio vaccine, posed","startTime":1645.38,"endTime":1648.443,"body":"life a constant struggle."},{"speaker":"the inventor of the polio vaccine, posed","startTime":1649.42,"endTime":1651.28,"body":"But then, 50,000 years ago,"},{"speaker":"the inventor of the polio vaccine, posed","startTime":1651.28,"endTime":1654.94,"body":"our most powerful weapon"},{"speaker":"the inventor of the polio vaccine, posed","startTime":1651.28,"endTime":1654.94,"body":"somehow came into existence,"},{"speaker":"the inventor of the polio vaccine, posed","startTime":1654.94,"endTime":1655.86,"body":"language,"},{"speaker":"the inventor of the polio vaccine, posed","startTime":1655.86,"endTime":1657.763,"body":"and with it, abstraction."},{"speaker":"the inventor of the polio vaccine, posed","startTime":1659.29,"endTime":1661.25,"body":"Now, the wheel of technological innovation"},{"speaker":"the inventor of the polio vaccine, posed","startTime":1661.25,"endTime":1663.01,"body":"began to spin in earnest."},{"speaker":"the inventor of the polio vaccine, posed","startTime":1663.01,"endTime":1665.07,"body":"In a short 10,000 years,"},{"speaker":"the inventor of the polio vaccine, posed","startTime":1665.07,"endTime":1668.74,"body":"the naked ape built cities"},{"speaker":"the inventor of the polio vaccine, posed","startTime":1665.07,"endTime":1668.74,"body":"that light up the night,"},{"speaker":"the inventor of the polio vaccine, posed","startTime":1668.74,"endTime":1671.19,"body":"space stations that circle the Earth,"},{"speaker":"the inventor of the polio vaccine, posed","startTime":1671.19,"endTime":1673.463,"body":"works of art that move the soul,"},{"speaker":"the inventor of the polio vaccine, posed","startTime":1674.37,"endTime":1676.93,"body":"we sent 12 of us to play golf on the Moon,"},{"speaker":"the inventor of the polio vaccine, posed","startTime":1676.93,"endTime":1679.743,"body":"and created weapons of"},{"speaker":"the inventor of the polio vaccine, posed","startTime":1676.93,"endTime":1679.743,"body":"unimaginable destructive power."},{"speaker":"the inventor of the polio vaccine, posed","startTime":1680.86,"endTime":1681.85,"body":"Yet this technology,"},{"speaker":"the inventor of the polio vaccine, posed","startTime":1681.85,"endTime":1683.62,"body":"that is often"},{"speaker":"the inventor of the polio vaccine, posed","startTime":1681.85,"endTime":1683.62,"body":"indistinguishable from magic,"},{"speaker":"the inventor of the polio vaccine, posed","startTime":1683.62,"endTime":1685.67,"body":"as A.C. Clarke once put it"},{"speaker":"the inventor of the polio vaccine, posed","startTime":1685.67,"endTime":1687.66,"body":"when describing futuristic tech,"},{"speaker":"the inventor of the polio vaccine, posed","startTime":1687.66,"endTime":1689.39,"body":"has somehow failed"},{"speaker":"the inventor of the polio vaccine, posed","startTime":1689.39,"endTime":1692.453,"body":"to be put to the work"},{"speaker":"the inventor of the polio vaccine, posed","startTime":1689.39,"endTime":1692.453,"body":"for the benefit of all."},{"speaker":"the inventor of the polio vaccine, posed","startTime":1693.48,"endTime":1695.51,"body":"Millions of people die of premature death"},{"speaker":"the inventor of the polio vaccine, posed","startTime":1695.51,"endTime":1697.09,"body":"due to obesity, heart attack,"},{"speaker":"the inventor of the polio vaccine, posed","startTime":1697.09,"endTime":1697.923,"body":"and other illnesses"},{"speaker":"the inventor of the polio vaccine, posed","startTime":1697.923,"endTime":1700.7,"body":"related to over-consumption"},{"speaker":"the inventor of the polio vaccine, posed","startTime":1697.923,"endTime":1700.7,"body":"of heavily processed food,"},{"speaker":"the inventor of the polio vaccine, posed","startTime":1700.7,"endTime":1703.893,"body":"while millions of others go"},{"speaker":"the inventor of the polio vaccine, posed","startTime":1700.7,"endTime":1703.893,"body":"hungry and are undernourished."},{"speaker":"the inventor of the polio vaccine, posed","startTime":1705.25,"endTime":1708.45,"body":"Income inequalities are"},{"speaker":"the inventor of the polio vaccine, posed","startTime":1705.25,"endTime":1708.45,"body":"higher than they've ever been,"},{"speaker":"the inventor of the polio vaccine, posed","startTime":1708.45,"endTime":1712.93,"body":"the richest 10% own 3/4 of all wealth,"},{"speaker":"the inventor of the polio vaccine, posed","startTime":1712.93,"endTime":1714.67,"body":"while the world's 10 richest men"},{"speaker":"the inventor of the polio vaccine, posed","startTime":1714.67,"endTime":1717.17,"body":"have seen their wealth"},{"speaker":"the inventor of the polio vaccine, posed","startTime":1714.67,"endTime":1717.17,"body":"double during the pandemic."},{"speaker":"the inventor of the polio vaccine, posed","startTime":1718.3,"endTime":1719.57,"body":"Mastering our own tech"},{"speaker":"the inventor of the polio vaccine, posed","startTime":1719.57,"endTime":1721.58,"body":"seems never to have been our forte,"},{"speaker":"the inventor of the polio vaccine, posed","startTime":1721.58,"endTime":1724.98,"body":"and making sure that the"},{"speaker":"the inventor of the polio vaccine, posed","startTime":1721.58,"endTime":1724.98,"body":"almost god-like powers"},{"speaker":"the inventor of the polio vaccine, posed","startTime":1724.98,"endTime":1726.6,"body":"that it confers on us,"},{"speaker":"the inventor of the polio vaccine, posed","startTime":1726.6,"endTime":1729.4,"body":"making sure that those"},{"speaker":"the inventor of the polio vaccine, posed","startTime":1726.6,"endTime":1729.4,"body":"serve all of humankind"},{"speaker":"the inventor of the polio vaccine, posed","startTime":1729.4,"endTime":1730.95,"body":"has never been our strong suit."},{"speaker":"the inventor of the polio vaccine, posed","startTime":1731.99,"endTime":1733.963,"body":"Let me quote you some words,"},{"speaker":"the inventor of the polio vaccine, posed","startTime":1734.99,"endTime":1737.0,"body":"the origin of which will"},{"speaker":"the inventor of the polio vaccine, posed","startTime":1734.99,"endTime":1737.0,"body":"become clear in a minute,"},{"speaker":"the inventor of the polio vaccine, posed","startTime":1737.0,"endTime":1738.61,"body":"but whose importance, I think,"},{"speaker":"the inventor of the polio vaccine, posed","startTime":1738.61,"endTime":1740.59,"body":"is ever more urgent today"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1743.667,"endTime":1745.287,"body":"\"What the inventive genius of mankind"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1745.287,"endTime":1747.547,"body":"\"has bestowed upon us"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1745.287,"endTime":1747.547,"body":"in the last 100 years"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1747.547,"endTime":1749.937,"body":"\"could have made human"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1747.547,"endTime":1749.937,"body":"life carefree and happy"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1749.937,"endTime":1752.627,"body":"\"if the development of the"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1749.937,"endTime":1752.627,"body":"organizing power of man"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1752.627,"endTime":1756.467,"body":"\"had been able to keep up"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1752.627,"endTime":1756.467,"body":"with his technical advances."},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1756.467,"endTime":1757.457,"body":"\"As it is,"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1757.457,"endTime":1759.957,"body":"\"the hardly bought"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1757.457,"endTime":1759.957,"body":"achievements of the machine age"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1759.957,"endTime":1761.587,"body":"\"in the hands of our generation"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1761.587,"endTime":1763.147,"body":"\"are as dangerous as a razor"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1763.147,"endTime":1765.967,"body":"\"in the hands of a three year-old child.\""},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1767.92,"endTime":1770.83,"body":"These words were written"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1767.92,"endTime":1770.83,"body":"by Albert Einstein in 1932,"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1770.83,"endTime":1774.04,"body":"ahead of the Disarmament Conference,"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1774.04,"endTime":1776.04,"body":"and they are even more urgent today"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1776.04,"endTime":1777.96,"body":"than they were when they were written."},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1777.96,"endTime":1778.94,"body":"Those words are words"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1778.94,"endTime":1780.97,"body":"that Einstein surely"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1778.94,"endTime":1780.97,"body":"pondered later in life"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1780.97,"endTime":1782.97,"body":"when the nuclear destruction"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1782.97,"endTime":1784.67,"body":"brought about in Hiroshima and Nagasaki"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1784.67,"endTime":1787.07,"body":"by the weapons that he"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1784.67,"endTime":1787.07,"body":"helped motivate to create"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1788.65,"endTime":1792.07,"body":"put a new urgency to the"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1788.65,"endTime":1792.07,"body":"problem of disarmament,"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1792.07,"endTime":1794.71,"body":"something that Einstein"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1792.07,"endTime":1794.71,"body":"clearly regretted bitterly"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1794.71,"endTime":1795.773,"body":"for his whole life."},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1797.07,"endTime":1797.903,"body":"In the meantime,"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1797.903,"endTime":1800.5,"body":"since Einstein wrote"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1797.903,"endTime":1800.5,"body":"these words 90 years ago,"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1800.5,"endTime":1801.74,"body":"our numbers have doubled,"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1801.74,"endTime":1804.71,"body":"there's about 9 billion"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1801.74,"endTime":1804.71,"body":"of us on the planet now,"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1804.71,"endTime":1806.58,"body":"and thanks to science and"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1804.71,"endTime":1806.58,"body":"technology, of course,"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1806.58,"endTime":1808.6,"body":"we have been able to"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1806.58,"endTime":1808.6,"body":"lengthen our lifespan,"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1808.6,"endTime":1811.54,"body":"wiped out diseases,"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1808.6,"endTime":1811.54,"body":"reduced infant mortality,"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1811.54,"endTime":1813.21,"body":"and for a minority of us,"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1813.21,"endTime":1814.61,"body":"we've created a world"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1814.61,"endTime":1817.2,"body":"where our almost every material whim"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1817.2,"endTime":1819.23,"body":"can be satisfied at will,"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1819.23,"endTime":1820.923,"body":"in a two hour delivery window."},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1822.49,"endTime":1823.71,"body":"In the words of a character"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1823.71,"endTime":1827.317,"body":"of Richard Powers' powerful"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1823.71,"endTime":1827.317,"body":"novel \"The Overstory,\""},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1827.317,"endTime":1830.217,"body":"\"We're cashing in a billion"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1827.317,"endTime":1830.217,"body":"years of planetary savings bonds"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1830.217,"endTime":1832.107,"body":"\"and blowing it on assorted bling,\""},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1833.24,"endTime":1838.24,"body":"but the price that we will"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1833.24,"endTime":1838.24,"body":"eventually pay is enormous."},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1838.24,"endTime":1841.17,"body":"40% of our world's land is now degraded"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1841.17,"endTime":1843.47,"body":"according to a recent UN report,"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1843.47,"endTime":1845.57,"body":"deforestation continues unabated,"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1845.57,"endTime":1847.94,"body":"destroying irreplaceable ancient forests,"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1847.94,"endTime":1849.16,"body":"while intensive farming"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1849.16,"endTime":1852.86,"body":"creates salinization,"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1849.16,"endTime":1852.86,"body":"soil exhaustion, erosion."},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1852.86,"endTime":1855.51,"body":"The havoc that the naked ape"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1852.86,"endTime":1855.51,"body":"is wreaking on the planet"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1855.51,"endTime":1857.99,"body":"is striking from space."},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1857.99,"endTime":1859.25,"body":"Our beautiful, blue planet"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1859.25,"endTime":1861.68,"body":"is scarred in ways that"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1859.25,"endTime":1861.68,"body":"would have been unimaginable"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1861.68,"endTime":1862.78,"body":"just a generation ago."},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1864.15,"endTime":1866.75,"body":"By clear-cutting thousand year-old forests"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1866.75,"endTime":1870.39,"body":"to make space for palm oil plantations"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1870.39,"endTime":1872.37,"body":"that will fail within a decade,"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1872.37,"endTime":1876.26,"body":"we are undercutting the very"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1872.37,"endTime":1876.26,"body":"basis of life on our planet."},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1876.26,"endTime":1877.27,"body":"On land,"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1877.27,"endTime":1880.68,"body":"we have tilted the balance"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1877.27,"endTime":1880.68,"body":"of animals to suit our needs,"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1880.68,"endTime":1884.82,"body":"we now have a staggering 10"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1880.68,"endTime":1884.82,"body":"to 1 preponderance in weight"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1884.82,"endTime":1887.803,"body":"from farm animals"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1884.82,"endTime":1887.803,"body":"compared to wild animals."},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1889.0,"endTime":1889.833,"body":"The oceans,"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1889.833,"endTime":1892.26,"body":"which once seemed to be"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1889.833,"endTime":1892.26,"body":"an inexhaustible resource,"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1892.26,"endTime":1893.093,"body":"are over-exploited,"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1893.093,"endTime":1894.51,"body":"90% of the fish stocks"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1894.51,"endTime":1897.073,"body":"are either depleted or fully exploited."},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1898.5,"endTime":1903.5,"body":"Flying insects have crashed"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1898.5,"endTime":1903.5,"body":"in the UK by 60% since 2004."},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1906.38,"endTime":1909.16,"body":"After the forests and the oceans,"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1909.16,"endTime":1910.03,"body":"we are now encroaching"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1910.03,"endTime":1914.133,"body":"in the last remaining"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1910.03,"endTime":1914.133,"body":"natural resource, space."},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1915.13,"endTime":1918.01,"body":"The uncontrolled proliferation"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1915.13,"endTime":1918.01,"body":"of low Earth orbit satellites"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1918.01,"endTime":1922.14,"body":"building up mega-constellations"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1918.01,"endTime":1922.14,"body":"of internet satellites"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1922.14,"endTime":1924.65,"body":"that aim at providing"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1922.14,"endTime":1924.65,"body":"internet connection globally"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1924.65,"endTime":1927.0,"body":"everywhere, at all times,"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1927.0,"endTime":1929.81,"body":"is creating a real overcrowding of space"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1929.81,"endTime":1932.06,"body":"in low Earth orbit, 250 kilometers up."},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1932.06,"endTime":1933.18,"body":"You see here a graph"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1933.18,"endTime":1935.33,"body":"of the number of tracked space debris,"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1935.33,"endTime":1937.6,"body":"which is increasing very, very fast,"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1937.6,"endTime":1940.18,"body":"as is the number of low Earth satellites."},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1940.18,"endTime":1943.19,"body":"The mega-constellations"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1940.18,"endTime":1943.19,"body":"that the new space race,"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1943.19,"endTime":1945.65,"body":"the commercial space race is building"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1945.65,"endTime":1948.23,"body":"are projected to increase"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1945.65,"endTime":1948.23,"body":"the number of satellites"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1948.23,"endTime":1952.313,"body":"from 6,000 today to about"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1948.23,"endTime":1952.313,"body":"100,000 in a decade."},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1953.254,"endTime":1955.3,"body":"100,000 low Earth orbit satellites"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1955.3,"endTime":1959.87,"body":"mean the manyfold increase"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1955.3,"endTime":1959.87,"body":"in the danger of collisions"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1959.87,"endTime":1961.08,"body":"between those satellites,"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1961.08,"endTime":1963.77,"body":"collisions that would fill"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1961.08,"endTime":1963.77,"body":"low Earth orbit with debris,"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1963.77,"endTime":1967.483,"body":"and would prevent future"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1963.77,"endTime":1967.483,"body":"generations access to space."},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1969.19,"endTime":1972.613,"body":"And it's not only a"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1969.19,"endTime":1972.613,"body":"matter of accessing space,"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1972.613,"endTime":1973.77,"body":"it's also a matter"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1973.77,"endTime":1978.77,"body":"of preventing seeing the beauty"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1973.77,"endTime":1978.77,"body":"of the Universe from Earth,"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1978.87,"endTime":1980.12,"body":"both for the astronomers,"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1980.12,"endTime":1983.13,"body":"whose ground-based data are being ruined"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1983.13,"endTime":1984.25,"body":"by passing satellites,"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1984.25,"endTime":1985.82,"body":"you see the streaks in this picture"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1985.82,"endTime":1988.09,"body":"have been left by one mega-constellation"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1988.09,"endTime":1991.67,"body":"passing in front of one of"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1988.09,"endTime":1991.67,"body":"the giant telescopes on Earth,"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1991.67,"endTime":1994.64,"body":"destroying up to 50% of astronomers' data,"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1994.64,"endTime":1998.45,"body":"and therefore preventing us"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1994.64,"endTime":1998.45,"body":"from seeing the Universe,"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1998.45,"endTime":2000.9,"body":"and seeing the distant"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":1998.45,"endTime":2000.9,"body":"galaxies, and studying it."},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":2001.83,"endTime":2003.39,"body":"But equally importantly,"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":2003.39,"endTime":2004.55,"body":"these mega-constellations"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":2004.55,"endTime":2007.403,"body":"are threatening our"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":2004.55,"endTime":2007.403,"body":"enjoyment of the night sky,"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":2008.29,"endTime":2009.473,"body":"the beauty of the night sky"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":2009.473,"endTime":2012.72,"body":"that has accompanied"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":2009.473,"endTime":2012.72,"body":"and guided civilization"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":2012.72,"endTime":2016.25,"body":"ever since humans looked up at the stars,"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":2016.25,"endTime":2018.95,"body":"and I will argue, in my upcoming book,"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":2018.95,"endTime":2020.167,"body":"that actually seeing the stars"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":2020.167,"endTime":2022.18,"body":"has been one of the driving forces"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":2022.18,"endTime":2025.103,"body":"of humankind's march through history."},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":2026.24,"endTime":2030.647,"body":"In 1849, Emerson sang the beauty"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":2026.24,"endTime":2030.647,"body":"of the night sky by saying,"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":2030.647,"endTime":2031.937,"body":"\"One might think the atmosphere"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":2031.937,"endTime":2033.807,"body":"\"was made transparent with this design,"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":2033.807,"endTime":2035.957,"body":"\"to give man, in the heavenly bodies,"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":2035.957,"endTime":2038.83,"body":"\"the perpetual presence of the sublime.\""},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":2038.83,"endTime":2040.42,"body":"This perpetual presence of the sublime"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":2040.42,"endTime":2041.9,"body":"is being taken away from us."},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":2041.9,"endTime":2045.27,"body":"By 2030, there will be"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":2041.9,"endTime":2045.27,"body":"more artificial satellites"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":2045.27,"endTime":2046.99,"body":"visible with the naked eye"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":2046.99,"endTime":2048.6,"body":"than real stars,"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":2048.6,"endTime":2051.47,"body":"we won't be able to experience"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":2048.6,"endTime":2051.47,"body":"the Universe anymore"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":2051.47,"endTime":2053.233,"body":"as our ancestors ever did,"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":2055.61,"endTime":2057.58,"body":"and therefore it is no surprise"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":2057.58,"endTime":2061.08,"body":"that astronomers and"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":2057.58,"endTime":2061.08,"body":"environmentalists are joining forces"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":2064.468,"endTime":2065.301,"body":"for making the case"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":2065.301,"endTime":2067.54,"body":"in what is being called"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":2065.301,"endTime":2067.54,"body":"space environmentalism."},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":2067.54,"endTime":2070.84,"body":"This is our last frontier of conservation,"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":2070.84,"endTime":2075.313,"body":"even space is in danger"},{"speaker":"than it was when they were written","startTime":2070.84,"endTime":2075.313,"body":"of being over-exploited."},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2078.24,"endTime":2080.86,"body":"passenger pigeons once"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2078.24,"endTime":2080.86,"body":"numbered in the billions"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2080.86,"endTime":2082.77,"body":"in the Eastern United States."},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2082.77,"endTime":2086.69,"body":"Those are slick, slender,"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2082.77,"endTime":2086.69,"body":"gregarious, migratory birds"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2086.69,"endTime":2089.05,"body":"that used to flock in huge numbers,"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2089.05,"endTime":2091.81,"body":"immense flocks that"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2089.05,"endTime":2091.81,"body":"darkened the sky for days"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2091.81,"endTime":2093.06,"body":"when they were migrating."},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2094.172,"endTime":2095.583,"body":"There was a colony in Wisconsin in 1871"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2095.583,"endTime":2098.82,"body":"that was measured to be 125 miles long"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2098.82,"endTime":2100.14,"body":"and eight miles wide,"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2100.14,"endTime":2101.6,"body":"can you imagine that?"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2101.6,"endTime":2104.05,"body":"They've been described"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2101.6,"endTime":2104.05,"body":"as a biological storm,"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2104.05,"endTime":2105.423,"body":"a feathered hurricane."},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2106.28,"endTime":2108.28,"body":"But in the late 1800s,"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2108.28,"endTime":2110.07,"body":"in the space of just a few decades,"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2110.07,"endTime":2111.84,"body":"they were exterminated,"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2111.84,"endTime":2113.87,"body":"as humans hunted them for flesh,"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2113.87,"endTime":2116.29,"body":"or even just as a pastime."},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2116.29,"endTime":2117.72,"body":"Nobody could ever imagine"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2117.72,"endTime":2119.06,"body":"that these enormous numbers"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2119.06,"endTime":2120.77,"body":"could ever dwindle to nothing,"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2120.77,"endTime":2122.573,"body":"until it was too late to save them."},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2123.82,"endTime":2125.46,"body":"The fate of the passenger pigeon"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2125.46,"endTime":2129.24,"body":"is now faced by up to 1 million"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2125.46,"endTime":2129.24,"body":"animal and plant species"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2129.24,"endTime":2130.073,"body":"all over the world,"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2130.073,"endTime":2133.21,"body":"driven to the brink by"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2130.073,"endTime":2133.21,"body":"habitat destruction, poaching,"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2133.21,"endTime":2135.01,"body":"climate change of course."},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2135.01,"endTime":2136.16,"body":"Our carbon-based economy"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2136.16,"endTime":2138.629,"body":"is rapidly increasing"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2136.16,"endTime":2138.629,"body":"the CO2 in the atmosphere"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2138.629,"endTime":2140.73,"body":"to the point that the seven past years"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2140.73,"endTime":2142.14,"body":"have been the hottest on record,"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2142.14,"endTime":2145.38,"body":"global temperatures are up"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2142.14,"endTime":2145.38,"body":"to one degree centigrade"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2145.38,"endTime":2148.37,"body":"above pre-industrial levels."},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2148.37,"endTime":2151.56,"body":"Glaciers are disappearing,"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2148.37,"endTime":2151.56,"body":"the permafrost is melting,"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2151.56,"endTime":2152.56,"body":"the ice cap is retreating,"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2152.56,"endTime":2153.68,"body":"the sea levels are rising,"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2153.68,"endTime":2157.04,"body":"our planet has entered an"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2153.68,"endTime":2157.04,"body":"out-of-equilibrium phase,"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2157.04,"endTime":2159.2,"body":"whose spiraling feedback loops"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2159.2,"endTime":2161.43,"body":"will endanger the lives and livelihoods"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2161.43,"endTime":2162.77,"body":"of billions of people"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2162.77,"endTime":2164.053,"body":"sooner than we think."},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2165.19,"endTime":2167.0,"body":"The passenger pigeon tragedy shows"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2167.0,"endTime":2169.63,"body":"that once life is kicked out of balance,"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2169.63,"endTime":2173.02,"body":"the abundance of life can"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2169.63,"endTime":2173.02,"body":"crash surprisingly quickly,"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2173.02,"endTime":2174.153,"body":"shockingly quickly."},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2175.476,"endTime":2178.8,"body":"In the words of the anthropologist"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2175.476,"endTime":2178.8,"body":"and poet Loren Eiseley,"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2178.8,"endTime":2181.527,"body":"we are, \"a vast black whirlpool,"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2181.527,"endTime":2182.887,"body":"\"spinning faster and faster,"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2182.887,"endTime":2185.507,"body":"\"consuming flesh, stones, soil, minerals,"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2185.507,"endTime":2188.717,"body":"\"sucking down the lightning,"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2185.507,"endTime":2188.717,"body":"wrenching power from the atom"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2188.717,"endTime":2190.297,"body":"\"until the ancient sounds of nature"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2190.297,"endTime":2191.637,"body":"\"are drowned in a cacophony"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2191.637,"endTime":2194.577,"body":"\"of something which is no longer nature.\""},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2196.69,"endTime":2199.943,"body":"How long can we tether on"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2196.69,"endTime":2199.943,"body":"the brink before the fall?"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2202.1,"endTime":2204.53,"body":"In the face of this human-induced danger"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2204.53,"endTime":2206.7,"body":"and existential threat to life on Earth,"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2206.7,"endTime":2208.19,"body":"some are arguing"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2208.19,"endTime":2211.57,"body":"that it's time for us"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2208.19,"endTime":2211.57,"body":"to flee to the stars,"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2211.57,"endTime":2214.54,"body":"to build a modern era Noah's Ark,"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2214.54,"endTime":2216.46,"body":"not out of wood on a mountaintop,"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2216.46,"endTime":2218.87,"body":"but out of steel, on top of a rocket,"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2218.87,"endTime":2222.49,"body":"and ensure the survival of the human race"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2222.49,"endTime":2224.24,"body":"by fleeing to the stars,"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2224.24,"endTime":2227.67,"body":"and therefore fleeing the"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2224.24,"endTime":2227.67,"body":"actual and metaphorical flood"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2227.67,"endTime":2228.503,"body":"that is coming."},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2229.46,"endTime":2230.293,"body":"The idea is not new,"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2230.293,"endTime":2232.24,"body":"and it was championed by"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2230.293,"endTime":2232.24,"body":"Carl Sagan himself, actually,"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2232.24,"endTime":2234.06,"body":"who saw it as an insurance policy"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2234.06,"endTime":2235.41,"body":"against the not unreasonable risk"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2235.41,"endTime":2238.58,"body":"that we might end up wiping ourselves out,"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2238.58,"endTime":2241.37,"body":"a danger that has never been"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2238.58,"endTime":2241.37,"body":"more sharply defined perhaps"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2241.37,"endTime":2242.75,"body":"than today,"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2242.75,"endTime":2245.393,"body":"when a horrendous rages"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2242.75,"endTime":2245.393,"body":"in Europe once again."},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2246.55,"endTime":2247.597,"body":"He wrote,"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2247.597,"endTime":2249.577,"body":"\"If our longterm survival is at stake,"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2249.577,"endTime":2251.547,"body":"\"we have a basic"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2249.577,"endTime":2251.547,"body":"responsibility to our species"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2251.547,"endTime":2253.587,"body":"\"to venture to other worlds.\""},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2255.07,"endTime":2256.33,"body":"Today's space barons,"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2256.33,"endTime":2259.2,"body":"the multi-billionaires"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2256.33,"endTime":2259.2,"body":"that are transforming space"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2259.2,"endTime":2261.11,"body":"into the final frontier of tourism,"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2261.11,"endTime":2262.7,"body":"have picked up Sagan's flag."},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2262.7,"endTime":2265.32,"body":"In fact, NASA's efforts to"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2262.7,"endTime":2265.32,"body":"take humans back to the Moon,"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2265.32,"endTime":2267.22,"body":"and hopefully the first woman to the Moon,"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2267.22,"endTime":2270.5,"body":"hinge on privately built rockets."},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2270.5,"endTime":2274.75,"body":"One of the much touted next"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2270.5,"endTime":2274.75,"body":"steps is a mission to Mars."},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2274.75,"endTime":2277.28,"body":"The date of such a mission"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2274.75,"endTime":2277.28,"body":"keeps slipping back,"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2277.28,"endTime":2279.293,"body":"maybe 2029, it's later now."},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2280.27,"endTime":2283.07,"body":"This is a much more ambitious"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2280.27,"endTime":2283.07,"body":"and technically difficult task"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2283.07,"endTime":2284.96,"body":"than taking people to the Moon,"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2284.96,"endTime":2286.01,"body":"don't get me wrong."},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2286.01,"endTime":2288.53,"body":"A trip to Mars might"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2286.01,"endTime":2288.53,"body":"take six to nine months,"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2288.53,"endTime":2292.13,"body":"for a roundtrip duration of"},{"speaker":"We have been here before","startTime":2288.53,"endTime":2292.13,"body":"a mission about two years."},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2295.39,"endTime":2297.66,"body":"prolonged exposure to cosmic rays,"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2297.66,"endTime":2299.75,"body":"the need to take sufficient"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2297.66,"endTime":2299.75,"body":"supplies along for the trip,"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2299.75,"endTime":2302.49,"body":"or else to produce them in situ on Mars,"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2302.49,"endTime":2304.44,"body":"the difficulty of landing"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2302.49,"endTime":2304.44,"body":"a large spacecraft"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2304.44,"endTime":2305.6,"body":"on this planet,"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2305.6,"endTime":2306.82,"body":"the psychological distress"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2306.82,"endTime":2311.52,"body":"of being in very confined"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2306.82,"endTime":2311.52,"body":"spaces for a long journey,"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2311.52,"endTime":2312.72,"body":"those are just the tip of the iceberg"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2312.72,"endTime":2314.033,"body":"of the challenges of a mission to Mars,"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2314.033,"endTime":2315.463,"body":"of a human mission to Mars."},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2316.58,"endTime":2318.57,"body":"Establishing a colony of Mars,"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2318.57,"endTime":2319.403,"body":"especially one"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2319.403,"endTime":2321.083,"body":"that can survive"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2319.403,"endTime":2321.083,"body":"independently from the Earth,"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2321.083,"endTime":2324.55,"body":"appears today an even"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2321.083,"endTime":2324.55,"body":"more tenuous prospect."},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2324.55,"endTime":2325.85,"body":"Consider that in 2021,"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2325.85,"endTime":2326.99,"body":"the International Space Station"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2326.99,"endTime":2329.97,"body":"required resupply about"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2326.99,"endTime":2329.97,"body":"every six to eight weeks,"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2329.97,"endTime":2333.69,"body":"and that is for a crew of"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2329.97,"endTime":2333.69,"body":"7, 250 kilometers away,"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2333.69,"endTime":2335.56,"body":"it's not for a colony of hundreds,"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2335.56,"endTime":2337.163,"body":"perhaps 100 million miles away."},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2338.33,"endTime":2340.11,"body":"Others claim that it"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2338.33,"endTime":2340.11,"body":"might not be necessary"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2340.11,"endTime":2342.21,"body":"to send our physical bodies there,"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2342.21,"endTime":2346.25,"body":"we might just be able to"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2342.21,"endTime":2346.25,"body":"jump over to the next step"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2346.25,"endTime":2347.36,"body":"in the evolution,"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2347.36,"endTime":2349.53,"body":"and send silicon-based simulacra,"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2349.53,"endTime":2351.24,"body":"perhaps some sort of AI"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2351.24,"endTime":2353.98,"body":"that will be better at"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2351.24,"endTime":2353.98,"body":"everything than we are,"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2353.98,"endTime":2354.868,"body":"and therefore"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2354.868,"endTime":2357.8,"body":"they would be better at"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2354.868,"endTime":2357.8,"body":"colonizing another planet as well."},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2357.8,"endTime":2358.89,"body":"So the next step of evolution"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2358.89,"endTime":2361.55,"body":"would be to shed our biological form"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2361.55,"endTime":2363.063,"body":"and live on in the cloud."},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2364.66,"endTime":2365.7,"body":"Given the current state of AI,"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2365.7,"endTime":2370.13,"body":"I doubt that this is very"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2365.7,"endTime":2370.13,"body":"feasible in our lifetimes,"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2370.13,"endTime":2374.26,"body":"and even if it could be realized,"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2374.26,"endTime":2377.41,"body":"these artificial lifeforms"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2374.26,"endTime":2377.41,"body":"that are supposed to replace us"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2377.41,"endTime":2379.61,"body":"would be fundamentally other."},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2379.61,"endTime":2381.28,"body":"Frankly, I doubt that the Neanderthals"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2381.28,"endTime":2384.18,"body":"would have pleased to be told"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2381.28,"endTime":2384.18,"body":"they were to be exterminated,"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2384.18,"endTime":2386.673,"body":"only for a superior species"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2384.18,"endTime":2386.673,"body":"to take their place."},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2388.52,"endTime":2390.71,"body":"And even if it were possible"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2388.52,"endTime":2390.71,"body":"to build Sagan's ark,"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2390.71,"endTime":2392.04,"body":"our technology, frankly,"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2392.04,"endTime":2393.54,"body":"is not today up to the task,"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2393.54,"endTime":2394.66,"body":"but even if it were possible,"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2394.66,"endTime":2398.76,"body":"there would be space for"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2394.66,"endTime":2398.76,"body":"only one species on it, us,"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2398.76,"endTime":2402.44,"body":"there would be no space for"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2398.76,"endTime":2402.44,"body":"whales, falcons, or butterflies,"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2402.44,"endTime":2404.06,"body":"no meadows full of bluebells,"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2404.06,"endTime":2405.93,"body":"no thousand year-old redwoods,"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2405.93,"endTime":2409.38,"body":"no coral reefs, no bees, no earthworms,"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2409.38,"endTime":2412.27,"body":"no sounds of crickets on"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2409.38,"endTime":2412.27,"body":"a warm summer evening."},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2412.27,"endTime":2413.103,"body":"For that matter,"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2413.103,"endTime":2415.33,"body":"there would be no warm summer evening,"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2415.33,"endTime":2416.92,"body":"Mars being a desert planet,"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2416.92,"endTime":2418.81,"body":"evenings are quite chilly,"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2418.81,"endTime":2422.25,"body":"it goes down from -14 degrees"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2418.81,"endTime":2422.25,"body":"on a hot day at the tropics"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2422.25,"endTime":2424.02,"body":"to -90 degrees at night,"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2424.02,"endTime":2425.07,"body":"so not very pleasant."},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2426.65,"endTime":2428.77,"body":"Escaping to another planet,"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2428.77,"endTime":2431.93,"body":"leaving an ecologically"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2428.77,"endTime":2431.93,"body":"compromised Earth behind"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2431.93,"endTime":2433.73,"body":"as an empty husk"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2433.73,"endTime":2435.36,"body":"would be the ultimate outcome"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2435.36,"endTime":2438.35,"body":"of what the philosopher of"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2435.36,"endTime":2438.35,"body":"technology Lewis Mumford called"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2438.35,"endTime":2440.18,"body":"the mega-machine,"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2440.18,"endTime":2442.29,"body":"the relentless focus"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2440.18,"endTime":2442.29,"body":"of Western civilization"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2442.29,"endTime":2445.52,"body":"on organizing and corralling"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2442.29,"endTime":2445.52,"body":"the entirety of human existence"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2445.52,"endTime":2448.32,"body":"into an ever more efficient,"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2445.52,"endTime":2448.32,"body":"ever more powerful,"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2448.32,"endTime":2449.54,"body":"and therefore more destructive,"},{"speaker":"The challenges are enormous","startTime":2449.54,"endTime":2451.473,"body":"mechanized order of the world."},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2454.79,"endTime":2456.047,"body":"man has become,"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2456.047,"endTime":2459.957,"body":"\"a space leaper more deadly"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2456.047,"endTime":2459.957,"body":"than the giant cats.\""},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2461.6,"endTime":2464.04,"body":"To Sagan's basic"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2461.6,"endTime":2464.04,"body":"responsibility to our species"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2464.04,"endTime":2465.41,"body":"to guarantee our own survival,"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2465.41,"endTime":2468.22,"body":"I would oppose the moral imperative"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2468.22,"endTime":2470.68,"body":"of our stewardship of the whole planet,"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2470.68,"endTime":2472.66,"body":"and its countless billions of lifeforms"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2472.66,"endTime":2476.09,"body":"that our reckless choices"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2472.66,"endTime":2476.09,"body":"have put in mortal danger."},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2476.09,"endTime":2480.61,"body":"How ironic that we should"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2476.09,"endTime":2480.61,"body":"launch ourselves into space,"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2480.61,"endTime":2482.14,"body":"venturing, at great effort,"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2482.14,"endTime":2487.12,"body":"to eke a living out of an"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2482.14,"endTime":2487.12,"body":"inhospitable, barren planet,"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2487.12,"endTime":2489.85,"body":"while at the same time"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2487.12,"endTime":2489.85,"body":"doubling down on our efforts"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2489.85,"endTime":2493.35,"body":"to wipe out all of lifeforms"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2493.35,"endTime":2495.673,"body":"from our own blue, beautiful home."},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2497.1,"endTime":2498.13,"body":"Writing in the '60s,"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2498.13,"endTime":2499.48,"body":"at the onset of the space age,"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2499.48,"endTime":2502.96,"body":"Mumford presciently described the pyramids"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2502.96,"endTime":2507.027,"body":"as \"the precise static equivalents"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2502.96,"endTime":2507.027,"body":"of our own space rockets."},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2507.027,"endTime":2509.617,"body":"\"Both are devices for securing,"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2509.617,"endTime":2511.267,"body":"\"at an extravagant cost,"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2511.267,"endTime":2514.107,"body":"\"a passage to heaven for the favored few.\""},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2515.73,"endTime":2517.41,"body":"That's a second ethical argument"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2517.41,"endTime":2521.24,"body":"for rejecting Sagan's ark"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2517.41,"endTime":2521.24,"body":"and its dash to the stars,"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2521.24,"endTime":2522.77,"body":"for it's only the favored few,"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2522.77,"endTime":2524.57,"body":"read, the richest few,"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2524.57,"endTime":2526.41,"body":"who could ever hope to gain passage"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2526.41,"endTime":2529.85,"body":"on those hypothetical"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2526.41,"endTime":2529.85,"body":"interplanetary lifeboats."},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2529.85,"endTime":2531.24,"body":"Indeed, those are the very same men"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2531.24,"endTime":2533.06,"body":"that are today building"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2531.24,"endTime":2533.06,"body":"the very same rockets"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2533.06,"endTime":2535.483,"body":"in which they take joyrides in space."},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2536.58,"endTime":2537.53,"body":"According to one of them,"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2537.53,"endTime":2540.17,"body":"about perhaps 50% of"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2537.53,"endTime":2540.17,"body":"Silicon Valley billionaires"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2540.17,"endTime":2542.39,"body":"are doomsday preppers,"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2542.39,"endTime":2544.6,"body":"those are people who"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2542.39,"endTime":2544.6,"body":"buy apocalypse insurance"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2544.6,"endTime":2546.34,"body":"in the form of well-stocked bunkers"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2546.34,"endTime":2548.01,"body":"in remote locations,"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2548.01,"endTime":2549.39,"body":"guarded by private militias,"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2549.39,"endTime":2552.29,"body":"and they have private planes to get there,"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2552.29,"endTime":2554.18,"body":"in case apocalypse strikes,"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2554.18,"endTime":2556.35,"body":"in the form of climate change,"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2556.35,"endTime":2560.57,"body":"a deadly virus, nuclear"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2556.35,"endTime":2560.57,"body":"war, or civil disorder,"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2560.57,"endTime":2562.71,"body":"perhaps precipitated by"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2560.57,"endTime":2562.71,"body":"the very mega-machines"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2562.71,"endTime":2564.853,"body":"that they have helped build."},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2565.89,"endTime":2567.43,"body":"They want to secure a way out"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2567.43,"endTime":2569.37,"body":"for themselves and their loved ones,"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2569.37,"endTime":2572.0,"body":"and if the whole planet is"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2569.37,"endTime":2572.0,"body":"burning due to climate change,"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2572.0,"endTime":2574.943,"body":"then space is the ultimate escape route."},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2576.09,"endTime":2577.87,"body":"Efforts to colonize the Solar System"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2577.87,"endTime":2579.53,"body":"to escape dangers on Earth"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2579.53,"endTime":2582.633,"body":"are both practically"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2579.53,"endTime":2582.633,"body":"and ethically misguided."},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2583.67,"endTime":2585.11,"body":"Insofar as Sagan's argument goes,"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2585.11,"endTime":2587.27,"body":"I would counter that when"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2585.11,"endTime":2587.27,"body":"your car starts skidding,"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2587.27,"endTime":2589.27,"body":"you're in an overtake"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2587.27,"endTime":2589.27,"body":"maneuver on the highway,"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2589.27,"endTime":2591.81,"body":"that's not the time to"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2589.27,"endTime":2591.81,"body":"reach out for your phone"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2591.81,"endTime":2593.74,"body":"and call your insurance broker,"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2593.74,"endTime":2595.34,"body":"it's the time to focus your efforts"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2595.34,"endTime":2598.2,"body":"on regaining control of the"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2595.34,"endTime":2598.2,"body":"vehicle before it's too late,"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2598.2,"endTime":2602.31,"body":"and stave off the worst"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2598.2,"endTime":2602.31,"body":"for all of its passengers."},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2602.31,"endTime":2603.143,"body":"In fact, ethically,"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2603.143,"endTime":2605.66,"body":"space colonization deflects"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2603.143,"endTime":2605.66,"body":"attention from the real issues"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2605.66,"endTime":2608.923,"body":"by offering a false hope of salvation."},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2611.92,"endTime":2613.49,"body":"If only we could get advice"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2613.49,"endTime":2616.66,"body":"by older, wiser civilizations out there,"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2616.66,"endTime":2618.72,"body":"or else if we could be spurred into acting"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2618.72,"endTime":2619.62,"body":"by witnessing,"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2619.62,"endTime":2622.83,"body":"thanks to our telescopes"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2619.62,"endTime":2622.83,"body":"and other instruments,"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2622.83,"endTime":2627.16,"body":"the cosmic demise of a civilization"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2622.83,"endTime":2627.16,"body":"elsewhere in the cosmos,"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2627.16,"endTime":2629.21,"body":"and witnessing their planetary catastrophe"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2629.21,"endTime":2631.17,"body":"might spur us into"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2629.21,"endTime":2631.17,"body":"actually doing something"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2631.17,"endTime":2633.45,"body":"about our own predicament."},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2633.45,"endTime":2636.21,"body":"We don't know of any other"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2633.45,"endTime":2636.21,"body":"lifeforms in the Universe yet,"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2636.21,"endTime":2639.59,"body":"although the last two decades"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2636.21,"endTime":2639.59,"body":"of observational advances"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2639.59,"endTime":2642.15,"body":"have seen mighty steps forward"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2642.15,"endTime":2643.89,"body":"in our ability to detect life"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2643.89,"endTime":2645.83,"body":"on planets orbiting other stars,"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2645.83,"endTime":2647.0,"body":"so-called exoplanets,"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2647.0,"endTime":2650.11,"body":"we now have a catalog of"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2647.0,"endTime":2650.11,"body":"several thousand of them,"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2650.11,"endTime":2653.17,"body":"of which many are potentially"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2650.11,"endTime":2653.17,"body":"in the habitable zone,"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2653.17,"endTime":2656.53,"body":"the zone that could support"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2653.17,"endTime":2656.53,"body":"biological lifeforms."},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2656.53,"endTime":2657.363,"body":"In fact,"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2657.363,"endTime":2659.75,"body":"we estimate that about 50%"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2657.363,"endTime":2659.75,"body":"of the planets in our galaxy"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2659.75,"endTime":2662.01,"body":"might have a planetary system,"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2662.01,"endTime":2664.93,"body":"and if only 1 in a 1,000 such systems"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2664.93,"endTime":2667.83,"body":"could potentially harbor lifeforms,"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2667.83,"endTime":2671.32,"body":"then this would make 150"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2667.83,"endTime":2671.32,"body":"million opportunities"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2671.32,"endTime":2674.983,"body":"for life to arise elsewhere"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2671.32,"endTime":2674.983,"body":"in the Milky Way alone."},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2676.32,"endTime":2678.44,"body":"The majority of those"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2676.32,"endTime":2678.44,"body":"potentially life-friendly planets"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2678.44,"endTime":2679.68,"body":"might be found, actually,"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2679.68,"endTime":2681.79,"body":"in close orbits around red dwarf stars,"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2681.79,"endTime":2683.77,"body":"very unlike the Sun."},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2683.77,"endTime":2686.52,"body":"The conditions there would"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2683.77,"endTime":2686.52,"body":"be very different from Earth,"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2686.52,"endTime":2688.52,"body":"you would have a planet orbiting a star"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2688.52,"endTime":2689.75,"body":"in a matter of days"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2689.75,"endTime":2690.89,"body":"rather than in a year,"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2690.89,"endTime":2692.79,"body":"and the proximity of planet and star"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2692.79,"endTime":2696.28,"body":"would mean that the planet"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2692.79,"endTime":2696.28,"body":"would always show the same face"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2696.28,"endTime":2697.113,"body":"to the star,"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2697.113,"endTime":2699.6,"body":"the orbital period and"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2697.113,"endTime":2699.6,"body":"the spin of the planet"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2699.6,"endTime":2700.93,"body":"are synchronized,"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2700.93,"endTime":2702.03,"body":"so you'd have a planet"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2703.07,"endTime":2705.38,"body":"where one half of the planet"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2703.07,"endTime":2705.38,"body":"is in permanent daylight,"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2705.38,"endTime":2706.68,"body":"potentially too hot,"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2706.68,"endTime":2708.35,"body":"one half of the planet"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2706.68,"endTime":2708.35,"body":"is in permanent darkness,"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2708.35,"endTime":2709.68,"body":"potentially too cold,"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2709.68,"endTime":2711.28,"body":"and the transition zone between the two"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2711.28,"endTime":2715.4,"body":"might offer the ideal"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2711.28,"endTime":2715.4,"body":"opportunity for life to arise,"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2715.4,"endTime":2718.36,"body":"and you would imagine this exotic place"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2718.36,"endTime":2719.79,"body":"with this giant red star"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2719.79,"endTime":2721.31,"body":"hovering just above the horizon,"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2721.31,"endTime":2722.97,"body":"in permanent twilight,"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2722.97,"endTime":2725.453,"body":"there wouldn't be"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2722.97,"endTime":2725.453,"body":"alternation of day and night."},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2726.29,"endTime":2727.123,"body":"There's no doubt that,"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2727.123,"endTime":2728.99,"body":"evolving in such a different environment,"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2728.99,"endTime":2731.33,"body":"life would take unsuspected turns,"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2731.33,"endTime":2733.03,"body":"the human experiment"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2733.03,"endTime":2735.7,"body":"is unlikely to be"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2733.03,"endTime":2735.7,"body":"replicated exactly the same,"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2735.7,"endTime":2738.41,"body":"or even in vaguely recognizable form,"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2738.41,"endTime":2740.893,"body":"anywhere else in the galaxy."},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2741.94,"endTime":2744.47,"body":"But perhaps the better question"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2744.47,"endTime":2748.64,"body":"is not to ask where the aliens might be,"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2748.64,"endTime":2751.68,"body":"but for how long do they thrive,"},{"speaker":"Eiseley's insight comes to mind","startTime":2751.68,"endTime":2753.663,"body":"and when do they arise."},{"speaker":"Consider the following","startTime":2755.453,"endTime":2756.31,"body":"if you compressed"},{"speaker":"Consider the following","startTime":2756.31,"endTime":2761.31,"body":"the entire history of life on our planet,"},{"speaker":"Consider the following","startTime":2761.49,"endTime":2762.4,"body":"4 billion years,"},{"speaker":"Consider the following","startTime":2762.4,"endTime":2764.48,"body":"in just 24 hours on a clock,"},{"speaker":"Consider the following","startTime":2764.48,"endTime":2765.853,"body":"from midnight to midnight,"},{"speaker":"Consider the following","startTime":2766.84,"endTime":2769.11,"body":"then multicellular lifeforms"},{"speaker":"Consider the following","startTime":2769.11,"endTime":2772.3,"body":"wouldn't appear until about"},{"speaker":"Consider the following","startTime":2769.11,"endTime":2772.3,"body":"half past eight in the evening"},{"speaker":"Consider the following","startTime":2772.3,"endTime":2773.63,"body":"on our planet,"},{"speaker":"Consider the following","startTime":2773.63,"endTime":2776.38,"body":"mammals at about 10 to 11,"},{"speaker":"Consider the following","startTime":2776.38,"endTime":2779.59,"body":"Neanderthals, nine minutes to midnight,"},{"speaker":"Consider the following","startTime":2779.59,"endTime":2783.23,"body":"humans, 25 seconds to midnight,"},{"speaker":"Consider the following","startTime":2783.23,"endTime":2785.75,"body":"manmade radio signals into the cosmos,"},{"speaker":"Consider the following","startTime":2785.75,"endTime":2789.33,"body":"5/100 of a second to midnight."},{"speaker":"Consider the following","startTime":2789.33,"endTime":2794.09,"body":"This is just a flash in"},{"speaker":"Consider the following","startTime":2789.33,"endTime":2794.09,"body":"the entire history of life."},{"speaker":"Consider the following","startTime":2794.09,"endTime":2797.05,"body":"And so if life exists"},{"speaker":"Consider the following","startTime":2794.09,"endTime":2797.05,"body":"elsewhere in the Universe,"},{"speaker":"Consider the following","startTime":2797.05,"endTime":2798.57,"body":"and it might be widespread,"},{"speaker":"Consider the following","startTime":2798.57,"endTime":2800.26,"body":"it might be that the kind of life"},{"speaker":"Consider the following","startTime":2800.26,"endTime":2802.89,"body":"that is able to send out radio signals,"},{"speaker":"Consider the following","startTime":2802.89,"endTime":2805.47,"body":"or is able to make itself"},{"speaker":"Consider the following","startTime":2802.89,"endTime":2805.47,"body":"recognizable from a distance,"},{"speaker":"Consider the following","startTime":2805.47,"endTime":2808.573,"body":"might not be all that widespread."},{"speaker":"Consider the following","startTime":2809.41,"endTime":2810.55,"body":"So there are two explanations"},{"speaker":"why we haven't heard from aliens yet","startTime":2813.09,"endTime":2814.03,"body":"the first,"},{"speaker":"why we haven't heard from aliens yet","startTime":2814.03,"endTime":2816.87,"body":"civilizations with interplanetary"},{"speaker":"why we haven't heard from aliens yet","startTime":2814.03,"endTime":2816.87,"body":"communication capabilities"},{"speaker":"why we haven't heard from aliens yet","startTime":2816.87,"endTime":2818.13,"body":"might be rare,"},{"speaker":"why we haven't heard from aliens yet","startTime":2818.13,"endTime":2819.411,"body":"after all, the Neanderthals,"},{"speaker":"why we haven't heard from aliens yet","startTime":2819.411,"endTime":2822.27,"body":"who definitely qualified"},{"speaker":"why we haven't heard from aliens yet","startTime":2819.411,"endTime":2822.27,"body":"as intelligent life,"},{"speaker":"why we haven't heard from aliens yet","startTime":2822.27,"endTime":2824.07,"body":"stuck around for a million years"},{"speaker":"why we haven't heard from aliens yet","startTime":2824.07,"endTime":2827.41,"body":"in what was described"},{"speaker":"why we haven't heard from aliens yet","startTime":2824.07,"endTime":2827.41,"body":"as technical monotony,"},{"speaker":"why we haven't heard from aliens yet","startTime":2827.41,"endTime":2829.593,"body":"they never evolved advanced technology,"},{"speaker":"why we haven't heard from aliens yet","startTime":2830.5,"endTime":2833.68,"body":"but the alternative is"},{"speaker":"why we haven't heard from aliens yet","startTime":2830.5,"endTime":2833.68,"body":"far more worrisome for us,"},{"speaker":"why we haven't heard from aliens yet","startTime":2833.68,"endTime":2837.05,"body":"it may be that civilizations"},{"speaker":"why we haven't heard from aliens yet","startTime":2833.68,"endTime":2837.05,"body":"that do develop mega-machines"},{"speaker":"why we haven't heard from aliens yet","startTime":2837.05,"endTime":2839.24,"body":"quickly flicker out of existence,"},{"speaker":"why we haven't heard from aliens yet","startTime":2839.24,"endTime":2842.68,"body":"snuffed out precisely when"},{"speaker":"why we haven't heard from aliens yet","startTime":2839.24,"endTime":2842.68,"body":"their technological power"},{"speaker":"why we haven't heard from aliens yet","startTime":2842.68,"endTime":2846.313,"body":"brings about the means of"},{"speaker":"why we haven't heard from aliens yet","startTime":2842.68,"endTime":2846.313,"body":"bringing about their own demise."},{"speaker":"why we haven't heard from aliens yet","startTime":2847.4,"endTime":2848.31,"body":"In this scenario,"},{"speaker":"why we haven't heard from aliens yet","startTime":2848.31,"endTime":2851.2,"body":"the deafening absence of"},{"speaker":"why we haven't heard from aliens yet","startTime":2848.31,"endTime":2851.2,"body":"signals from outer space"},{"speaker":"why we haven't heard from aliens yet","startTime":2851.2,"endTime":2853.61,"body":"might foreshadow the curtain of silence"},{"speaker":"why we haven't heard from aliens yet","startTime":2853.61,"endTime":2855.483,"body":"that might soon fall upon us."},{"speaker":"why we haven't heard from aliens yet","startTime":2858.25,"endTime":2860.54,"body":"Our survey of the"},{"speaker":"why we haven't heard from aliens yet","startTime":2858.25,"endTime":2860.54,"body":"conditions of life on Earth,"},{"speaker":"why we haven't heard from aliens yet","startTime":2860.54,"endTime":2863.64,"body":"and of the dangers that"},{"speaker":"why we haven't heard from aliens yet","startTime":2860.54,"endTime":2863.64,"body":"threaten it in the 21st century,"},{"speaker":"leads to an inescapable conclusion","startTime":2867.52,"endTime":2869.74,"body":"the future of life on our planet"},{"speaker":"leads to an inescapable conclusion","startTime":2869.74,"endTime":2872.65,"body":"will not be determined By"},{"speaker":"leads to an inescapable conclusion","startTime":2869.74,"endTime":2872.65,"body":"astrophysical phenomena"},{"speaker":"leads to an inescapable conclusion","startTime":2872.65,"endTime":2874.88,"body":"that have timescales of hundreds,"},{"speaker":"leads to an inescapable conclusion","startTime":2874.88,"endTime":2879.005,"body":"or thousands, or millions,"},{"speaker":"leads to an inescapable conclusion","startTime":2874.88,"endTime":2879.005,"body":"or even billions of years,"},{"speaker":"leads to an inescapable conclusion","startTime":2879.005,"endTime":2880.8,"body":"it will be determined by human decisions"},{"speaker":"leads to an inescapable conclusion","startTime":2880.8,"endTime":2883.623,"body":"that we will take in the"},{"speaker":"leads to an inescapable conclusion","startTime":2880.8,"endTime":2883.623,"body":"next few months and years."},{"speaker":"leads to an inescapable conclusion","startTime":2884.92,"endTime":2886.57,"body":"Can we avoid nuclear incineration"},{"speaker":"leads to an inescapable conclusion","startTime":2886.57,"endTime":2888.683,"body":"and a catastrophic ecological collapse?"},{"speaker":"leads to an inescapable conclusion","startTime":2889.683,"endTime":2891.33,"body":"The horrendous COVID"},{"speaker":"leads to an inescapable conclusion","startTime":2889.683,"endTime":2891.33,"body":"pandemic demonstrated,"},{"speaker":"leads to an inescapable conclusion","startTime":2891.33,"endTime":2892.163,"body":"if nothing else,"},{"speaker":"leads to an inescapable conclusion","startTime":2892.163,"endTime":2894.98,"body":"that we can make huge"},{"speaker":"leads to an inescapable conclusion","startTime":2892.163,"endTime":2894.98,"body":"changes to our way of life"},{"speaker":"leads to an inescapable conclusion","startTime":2894.98,"endTime":2898.55,"body":"when a present and palpable"},{"speaker":"leads to an inescapable conclusion","startTime":2894.98,"endTime":2898.55,"body":"danger focuses our minds."},{"speaker":"leads to an inescapable conclusion","startTime":2898.55,"endTime":2900.15,"body":"Individual and collective actions"},{"speaker":"leads to an inescapable conclusion","startTime":2900.15,"endTime":2903.141,"body":"can and do change the course of history,"},{"speaker":"leads to an inescapable conclusion","startTime":2903.141,"endTime":2904.14,"body":"it is up to us"},{"speaker":"leads to an inescapable conclusion","startTime":2904.14,"endTime":2906.49,"body":"to achieve the shift of perspective"},{"speaker":"leads to an inescapable conclusion","startTime":2906.49,"endTime":2908.76,"body":"that enables us to see humanity"},{"speaker":"leads to an inescapable conclusion","startTime":2908.76,"endTime":2911.1,"body":"as part of the whole ecosystem,"},{"speaker":"leads to an inescapable conclusion","startTime":2911.1,"endTime":2913.54,"body":"and to recognize the essential commonality"},{"speaker":"leads to an inescapable conclusion","startTime":2913.54,"endTime":2914.64,"body":"of our cosmic destiny."},{"speaker":"leads to an inescapable conclusion","startTime":2915.55,"endTime":2917.89,"body":"Perhaps space tourism might"},{"speaker":"leads to an inescapable conclusion","startTime":2915.55,"endTime":2917.89,"body":"end up having a good side,"},{"speaker":"leads to an inescapable conclusion","startTime":2917.89,"endTime":2919.45,"body":"seeing Earth from above,"},{"speaker":"leads to an inescapable conclusion","startTime":2919.45,"endTime":2921.81,"body":"delicately suspended in"},{"speaker":"leads to an inescapable conclusion","startTime":2919.45,"endTime":2921.81,"body":"the blackness of space,"},{"speaker":"leads to an inescapable conclusion","startTime":2921.81,"endTime":2925.0,"body":"brings home its fragile"},{"speaker":"leads to an inescapable conclusion","startTime":2921.81,"endTime":2925.0,"body":"beauty, so I'm told,"},{"speaker":"leads to an inescapable conclusion","startTime":2925.0,"endTime":2926.54,"body":"and has a profound existential impact,"},{"speaker":"leads to an inescapable conclusion","startTime":2926.54,"endTime":2928.25,"body":"certainly it has had a profound impact"},{"speaker":"leads to an inescapable conclusion","startTime":2928.25,"endTime":2930.69,"body":"on astronauts and space tourists alike,"},{"speaker":"leads to an inescapable conclusion","startTime":2930.69,"endTime":2934.05,"body":"among them some of the"},{"speaker":"leads to an inescapable conclusion","startTime":2930.69,"endTime":2934.05,"body":"most powerful men on Earth."},{"speaker":"leads to an inescapable conclusion","startTime":2934.05,"endTime":2936.42,"body":"Whether this will have"},{"speaker":"leads to an inescapable conclusion","startTime":2934.05,"endTime":2936.42,"body":"a long-lasting effect"},{"speaker":"leads to an inescapable conclusion","startTime":2936.42,"endTime":2938.28,"body":"on their individual and commercial choices"},{"speaker":"leads to an inescapable conclusion","startTime":2938.28,"endTime":2939.333,"body":"remains to be seen."},{"speaker":"leads to an inescapable conclusion","startTime":2941.92,"endTime":2944.17,"body":"While you've been following this lecture,"},{"speaker":"leads to an inescapable conclusion","startTime":2944.17,"endTime":2946.25,"body":"the Voyager 1 has silently traversed"},{"speaker":"leads to an inescapable conclusion","startTime":2946.25,"endTime":2949.94,"body":"another 60,000 kilometers"},{"speaker":"leads to an inescapable conclusion","startTime":2946.25,"endTime":2949.94,"body":"of almost empty darkness"},{"speaker":"leads to an inescapable conclusion","startTime":2949.94,"endTime":2952.25,"body":"in the outskirts of the Solar System,"},{"speaker":"leads to an inescapable conclusion","startTime":2952.25,"endTime":2954.44,"body":"edging towards the star Gliese 447,"},{"speaker":"leads to an inescapable conclusion","startTime":2954.44,"endTime":2956.87,"body":"which it will reach in 40,000 years,"},{"speaker":"leads to an inescapable conclusion","startTime":2956.87,"endTime":2958.273,"body":"17 light years away."},{"speaker":"leads to an inescapable conclusion","startTime":2959.58,"endTime":2961.12,"body":"The Voyager will roam the galaxy"},{"speaker":"leads to an inescapable conclusion","startTime":2961.12,"endTime":2963.18,"body":"for something close to eternity."},{"speaker":"leads to an inescapable conclusion","startTime":2963.18,"endTime":2965.39,"body":"The timescale for a collision with a star"},{"speaker":"leads to an inescapable conclusion","startTime":2965.39,"endTime":2967.753,"body":"is 10 million times the"},{"speaker":"leads to an inescapable conclusion","startTime":2965.39,"endTime":2967.753,"body":"age of the Universe."},{"speaker":"leads to an inescapable conclusion","startTime":2968.96,"endTime":2971.6,"body":"Among the sounds, pictures, and greetings"},{"speaker":"leads to an inescapable conclusion","startTime":2971.6,"endTime":2972.99,"body":"on the golden record"},{"speaker":"leads to an inescapable conclusion","startTime":2972.99,"endTime":2976.0,"body":"is a message by the then"},{"speaker":"leads to an inescapable conclusion","startTime":2972.99,"endTime":2976.0,"body":"US President, Jimmy Carter."},{"speaker":"leads to an inescapable conclusion","startTime":2976.0,"endTime":2976.96,"body":"Written in '77,"},{"speaker":"leads to an inescapable conclusion","startTime":2976.96,"endTime":2980.533,"body":"Carter's words ring with"},{"speaker":"leads to an inescapable conclusion","startTime":2976.96,"endTime":2980.533,"body":"even greater urgency today:"},{"speaker":"leads to an inescapable conclusion","startTime":2982.347,"endTime":2985.307,"body":"\"Of the 200 billion"},{"speaker":"leads to an inescapable conclusion","startTime":2982.347,"endTime":2985.307,"body":"stars in the Milky Way,"},{"speaker":"leads to an inescapable conclusion","startTime":2985.307,"endTime":2986.967,"body":"\"some, perhaps many,"},{"speaker":"leads to an inescapable conclusion","startTime":2986.967,"endTime":2990.403,"body":"\"may have inhabited planets"},{"speaker":"leads to an inescapable conclusion","startTime":2986.967,"endTime":2990.403,"body":"and space faring civilizations."},{"speaker":"leads to an inescapable conclusion","startTime":2991.477,"endTime":2993.577,"body":"\"If one such civilization"},{"speaker":"leads to an inescapable conclusion","startTime":2991.477,"endTime":2993.577,"body":"intercepts Voyager"},{"speaker":"leads to an inescapable conclusion","startTime":2993.577,"endTime":2996.727,"body":"\"and can understand"},{"speaker":"leads to an inescapable conclusion","startTime":2993.577,"endTime":2996.727,"body":"these recorded contents,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":2999.467,"endTime":3002.127,"body":"\"this is a present from"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":2999.467,"endTime":3002.127,"body":"a small, distant world,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3002.127,"endTime":3003.967,"body":"\"a token of our sounds, our science,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3003.967,"endTime":3007.357,"body":"\"our images, our music, our"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3003.967,"endTime":3007.357,"body":"thoughts, and our feelings."},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3007.357,"endTime":3011.097,"body":"\"We are attempting to survive our time"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3011.097,"endTime":3014.017,"body":"\"so we may live into yours."},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3014.017,"endTime":3014.987,"body":"\"We hope some day,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3014.987,"endTime":3016.737,"body":"\"having solved the problems we face,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3016.737,"endTime":3019.223,"body":"\"to join a community of"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3016.737,"endTime":3019.223,"body":"galactic civilizations."},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3020.107,"endTime":3021.717,"body":"\"This record represents our hope,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3021.717,"endTime":3023.667,"body":"\"and our determination, and our goodwill"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3023.667,"endTime":3026.107,"body":"\"in a vast and awesome universe.\""},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3027.15,"endTime":3029.74,"body":"Whether or not we believe"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3027.15,"endTime":3029.74,"body":"that we will one day join"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3029.74,"endTime":3032.18,"body":"a community of galactic civilizations,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3032.18,"endTime":3033.67,"body":"it is our urgent task"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3033.67,"endTime":3037.7,"body":"to halt the mindless"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3033.67,"endTime":3037.7,"body":"march of the mega-machine,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3037.7,"endTime":3039.86,"body":"to repurpose its planetary power"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3039.86,"endTime":3043.07,"body":"so that it may serve the"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3039.86,"endTime":3043.07,"body":"needs of all life on Earth,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3043.07,"endTime":3045.59,"body":"to fortify our hope and our determination"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3045.59,"endTime":3047.09,"body":"not merely to survive our time,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3047.09,"endTime":3048.91,"body":"but to create a new time,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3048.91,"endTime":3051.96,"body":"free of the dangers we are"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3048.91,"endTime":3051.96,"body":"inflicting upon our planet,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3051.96,"endTime":3053.093,"body":"and upon ourselves."},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3054.69,"endTime":3058.44,"body":"Should anybody come looking for"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3054.69,"endTime":3058.44,"body":"Earth in the distant future,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3058.44,"endTime":3061.973,"body":"guided by the 14 pulsars on"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3058.44,"endTime":3061.973,"body":"the golden record's cover,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3063.02,"endTime":3066.01,"body":"will they be disappointed"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3063.02,"endTime":3066.01,"body":"to find a dead planet,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3066.01,"endTime":3067.55,"body":"a cosmic tombstone"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3067.55,"endTime":3071.12,"body":"marking the failed promise"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3067.55,"endTime":3071.12,"body":"and the misguided hubris"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3071.12,"endTime":3072.523,"body":"of the naked ape,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3073.88,"endTime":3075.463,"body":"or will they marvel,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3076.5,"endTime":3078.17,"body":"from the orbit of Jupiter already,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3078.17,"endTime":3079.79,"body":"at our beautiful, blue dot,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3079.79,"endTime":3081.49,"body":"sparkling, delicate, and majestic"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3081.49,"endTime":3083.193,"body":"against the darkness of space?"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3084.1,"endTime":3085.69,"body":"Our actions today"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3085.69,"endTime":3089.29,"body":"will determine not whether"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3085.69,"endTime":3089.29,"body":"we can be good ancestors,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3089.29,"endTime":3091.863,"body":"but whether we may"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3089.29,"endTime":3091.863,"body":"become ancestors at all."},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3093.2,"endTime":3095.313,"body":"We cannot afford to fail."},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3096.4,"endTime":3097.476,"body":"Thank you."},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3097.476,"endTime":3100.476,"body":"(audience applauds)"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3105.027,"endTime":3106.627,"body":"- \"How important is it"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3106.627,"endTime":3111.077,"body":"\"to distinguish between the"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3106.627,"endTime":3111.077,"body":"end of the planet itself,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3111.077,"endTime":3113.277,"body":"\"as the Sun becomes red giant,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3113.277,"endTime":3115.547,"body":"\"and the end of the lifestyle"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3115.547,"endTime":3118.737,"body":"\"of a proportion of"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3115.547,"endTime":3118.737,"body":"its human inhabitants?\""},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3120.05,"endTime":3121.9,"body":"- Indeed, and in my talk,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3121.9,"endTime":3124.47,"body":"I've tried to speak to"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3121.9,"endTime":3124.47,"body":"both of those concerns,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3124.47,"endTime":3126.53,"body":"and I think the bigger concern, of course,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3126.53,"endTime":3129.16,"body":"is for the impact that we as humans have"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3129.16,"endTime":3133.563,"body":"on the entire biosphere of Earth."},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3135.94,"endTime":3140.61,"body":"You can imagine being so destructive"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3141.9,"endTime":3144.403,"body":"as to destroy the entirety"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3141.9,"endTime":3144.403,"body":"of life on the planet,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3144.403,"endTime":3145.97,"body":"that is not impossible,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3145.97,"endTime":3148.58,"body":"but you can also imagine"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3145.97,"endTime":3148.58,"body":"that a catastrophe"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3148.58,"endTime":3149.82,"body":"of the kind that I've described"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3149.82,"endTime":3151.64,"body":"could wipe out the large majority of life,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3151.64,"endTime":3153.74,"body":"but life would eventually recover"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3153.74,"endTime":3155.8,"body":"in the vast majority of scenarios."},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3155.8,"endTime":3157.94,"body":"So I think it is first and foremost"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3157.94,"endTime":3159.59,"body":"a question of deciding"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3159.59,"endTime":3161.42,"body":"we, as the human species,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3161.42,"endTime":3164.362,"body":"as the technologically dominant species,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3164.362,"endTime":3167.47,"body":"are we ready to revise our lifestyle"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3167.47,"endTime":3171.08,"body":"and our expectations of"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3167.47,"endTime":3171.08,"body":"what our lifestyle can be"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3171.08,"endTime":3172.46,"body":"in order to make space,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3172.46,"endTime":3173.97,"body":"first of all for our fellow humans"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3173.97,"endTime":3175.92,"body":"who do not enjoy our lifestyle currently,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3175.92,"endTime":3177.69,"body":"but also to make not just space,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3177.69,"endTime":3180.48,"body":"but to leave the space for"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3177.69,"endTime":3180.48,"body":"the biosphere at large,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3180.48,"endTime":3182.98,"body":"because the fact of the matter is"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3182.98,"endTime":3184.54,"body":"we are using resources"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3184.54,"endTime":3187.2,"body":"at a far higher rate than"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3184.54,"endTime":3187.2,"body":"the planet can afford,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3187.2,"endTime":3190.01,"body":"and these choices that we're making now,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3190.01,"endTime":3191.43,"body":"in just a few decades"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3191.43,"endTime":3195.21,"body":"will come back to haunt"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3191.43,"endTime":3195.21,"body":"us and our descendants."},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3195.21,"endTime":3197.37,"body":"We cannot afford to go on like this."},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3197.37,"endTime":3199.95,"body":"So doing what's right for the planet"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3199.95,"endTime":3201.76,"body":"is also doing what's right for humankind,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3201.76,"endTime":3202.593,"body":"I would say."},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3204.12,"endTime":3205.52,"body":"- [Questioner] To bounce back on that,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3205.52,"endTime":3206.72,"body":"would you say that, actually,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3206.72,"endTime":3209.87,"body":"we're more a danger to our"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3206.72,"endTime":3209.87,"body":"planet and everything around us"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3209.87,"endTime":3210.703,"body":"than ourselves?"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3210.703,"endTime":3212.2,"body":"Because, as you said,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3212.2,"endTime":3214.73,"body":"we're advancing technologically"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3212.2,"endTime":3214.73,"body":"very, very quickly,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3214.73,"endTime":3217.73,"body":"and actually, by the"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3214.73,"endTime":3217.73,"body":"way things are looking,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3217.73,"endTime":3219.35,"body":"we can counter our own effects,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3219.35,"endTime":3222.56,"body":"but we can't counter the"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3219.35,"endTime":3222.56,"body":"effects on everything else."},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3222.56,"endTime":3223.393,"body":"So would you say"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3223.393,"endTime":3225.6,"body":"that we're more a danger"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3223.393,"endTime":3225.6,"body":"to the planet itself"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3225.6,"endTime":3228.82,"body":"than we are to humankind, in that case?"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3228.82,"endTime":3230.96,"body":"- I think the two"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3228.82,"endTime":3230.96,"body":"questions are interlinked"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3230.96,"endTime":3232.45,"body":"precisely because we tend to see ourselves"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3232.45,"endTime":3235.83,"body":"as being insulated from"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3232.45,"endTime":3235.83,"body":"the natural environment"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3235.83,"endTime":3237.03,"body":"because of our technology,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3237.03,"endTime":3238.23,"body":"which, by and large,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3238.23,"endTime":3239.67,"body":"we live in a city like London,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3239.67,"endTime":3240.503,"body":"it's a great city,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3240.503,"endTime":3243.25,"body":"but it's completely"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3240.503,"endTime":3243.25,"body":"dependent on supplies, energy"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3243.25,"endTime":3245.21,"body":"from the wider environment, of course,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3245.21,"endTime":3247.55,"body":"and so we tend to see"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3245.21,"endTime":3247.55,"body":"ourselves as being insulated,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3247.55,"endTime":3249.99,"body":"but the pandemic certainly"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3247.55,"endTime":3249.99,"body":"has shown how everything,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3249.99,"endTime":3251.93,"body":"how interconnected and"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3249.99,"endTime":3251.93,"body":"interdependent it is,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3251.93,"endTime":3253.24,"body":"and the ultimate substratum"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3253.24,"endTime":3256.09,"body":"on which all of this"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3253.24,"endTime":3256.09,"body":"chain of dependency rests"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3256.09,"endTime":3257.71,"body":"is the biosphere,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3257.71,"endTime":3259.36,"body":"so wrecking the biosphere"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3259.36,"endTime":3263.15,"body":"is akin to sawing the very"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3259.36,"endTime":3263.15,"body":"bough we are sitting on,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3263.15,"endTime":3266.59,"body":"and the effects can"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3263.15,"endTime":3266.59,"body":"propagate shockingly quickly."},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3266.59,"endTime":3267.89,"body":"Think of what's happening"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3267.89,"endTime":3270.99,"body":"with the over-exploitation"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3267.89,"endTime":3270.99,"body":"of fisheries, for example,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3270.99,"endTime":3273.69,"body":"and the livelihoods of millions of people"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3273.69,"endTime":3275.15,"body":"are at stake through that."},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3275.15,"endTime":3279.75,"body":"So we're not an insulated"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3275.15,"endTime":3279.75,"body":"part from the environment,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3279.75,"endTime":3280.92,"body":"the environment is what supports us,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3280.92,"endTime":3284.1,"body":"and we've been exploiting"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3280.92,"endTime":3284.1,"body":"it at far too high a rate"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3284.1,"endTime":3285.35,"body":"for far too long already."},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3286.35,"endTime":3287.2,"body":"- [Questioner] Thank you."},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3287.2,"endTime":3289.27,"body":"At the beginning of your talk,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3289.27,"endTime":3294.27,"body":"you outlined possible global"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3289.27,"endTime":3294.27,"body":"destruction due to asteroids."},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3297.4,"endTime":3300.29,"body":"That sort of threat would seem minuscule"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3300.29,"endTime":3303.82,"body":"compared to our own behavior"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3303.82,"endTime":3305.97,"body":"in terms of environmental destruction"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3305.97,"endTime":3307.66,"body":"and nuclear conflagration."},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3307.66,"endTime":3308.493,"body":"Would you agree"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3308.493,"endTime":3313.493,"body":"that we've inflicted more"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3308.493,"endTime":3313.493,"body":"chance of destruction ourselves"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3313.63,"endTime":3317.58,"body":"than that from outside"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3313.63,"endTime":3317.58,"body":"astronomical sources?"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3317.58,"endTime":3318.67,"body":"- I think so, absolutely,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3318.67,"endTime":3319.87,"body":"I would agree with that."},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3320.96,"endTime":3323.02,"body":"I think the asteroid strike"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3323.02,"endTime":3325.67,"body":"is something easy to picture in your head,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3325.67,"endTime":3326.78,"body":"and there are many movies"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3326.78,"endTime":3329.163,"body":"that play along with"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3326.78,"endTime":3329.163,"body":"this disaster scenario,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3329.163,"endTime":3331.11,"body":"and so on, and so forth,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3331.11,"endTime":3332.23,"body":"and therefore it's something"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3332.23,"endTime":3333.42,"body":"that perhaps strikes our fantasy"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3333.42,"endTime":3335.51,"body":"as being more imminent, or more dangerous,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3335.51,"endTime":3337.81,"body":"or more risky than it actually is,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3337.81,"endTime":3341.11,"body":"while the chain of"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3337.81,"endTime":3341.11,"body":"relatively hidden reactions"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3341.11,"endTime":3342.11,"body":"that are happening"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3342.11,"endTime":3345.58,"body":"in terms of our destruction"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3342.11,"endTime":3345.58,"body":"of the Amazon Forest,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3345.58,"endTime":3347.48,"body":"and this has got a global"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3345.58,"endTime":3347.48,"body":"consequence on climate,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3347.48,"endTime":3349.29,"body":"it's something that plays out quickly"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3349.29,"endTime":3351.01,"body":"on the timescale on the planet,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3351.01,"endTime":3352.6,"body":"but relatively slowly"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3352.6,"endTime":3353.83,"body":"on the timescale of a lifetime,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3353.83,"endTime":3356.68,"body":"although we've seen accelerating changes"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3356.68,"endTime":3357.513,"body":"in our lifetime,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3357.513,"endTime":3358.77,"body":"certainly in a decade."},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3358.77,"endTime":3361.13,"body":"But you know, we've"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3358.77,"endTime":3361.13,"body":"got this very bad habit"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3361.13,"endTime":3362.97,"body":"of being very adaptable beings,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3362.97,"endTime":3365.26,"body":"so we see spring arrive"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3362.97,"endTime":3365.26,"body":"three weeks earlier"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3365.26,"endTime":3368.07,"body":"and we quickly forget that it"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3365.26,"endTime":3368.07,"body":"used to be three weeks later,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3368.07,"endTime":3370.51,"body":"it seems as if it has always been thus."},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3370.51,"endTime":3372.11,"body":"So we adapt quickly"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3372.11,"endTime":3375.833,"body":"on changes that are very, very"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3372.11,"endTime":3375.833,"body":"quick on a planetary scale,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3377.51,"endTime":3378.87,"body":"until a point comes"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3378.87,"endTime":3380.91,"body":"where this tipping point"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3378.87,"endTime":3380.91,"body":"is passed, effectively,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3380.91,"endTime":3382.56,"body":"and the cascade can no longer be ignored,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3382.56,"endTime":3384.211,"body":"but once we reach that point,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3384.211,"endTime":3385.98,"body":"it's too late to do much about it"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3385.98,"endTime":3388.883,"body":"because of the interconnectedness"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3385.98,"endTime":3388.883,"body":"of the planetary system."},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3390.02,"endTime":3394.03,"body":"But yes, I would definitely"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3390.02,"endTime":3394.03,"body":"be in agreement with you,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3394.03,"endTime":3398.9,"body":"we are the most dangerous"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3394.03,"endTime":3398.9,"body":"aspect of the risks"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3398.9,"endTime":3401.53,"body":"that our planet is facing today."},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3401.53,"endTime":3403.67,"body":"- [Questioner] If you play"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3401.53,"endTime":3403.67,"body":"out the worst-case scenario,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3403.67,"endTime":3405.3,"body":"as you spoke about,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3405.3,"endTime":3408.41,"body":"where we continue to exploit"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3405.3,"endTime":3408.41,"body":"the natural resources,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3408.41,"endTime":3412.1,"body":"and we see the eventual"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3408.41,"endTime":3412.1,"body":"downfall of the human race,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3412.1,"endTime":3414.54,"body":"do you foresee a future in which"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3414.54,"endTime":3417.58,"body":"we will also take down all"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3414.54,"endTime":3417.58,"body":"other living organisms,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3417.58,"endTime":3419.61,"body":"and mammals, with us,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3419.61,"endTime":3420.92,"body":"or do you see a future where,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3420.92,"endTime":3423.51,"body":"even if the human race goes extinct,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3423.51,"endTime":3427.283,"body":"other living organisms could"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3423.51,"endTime":3427.283,"body":"continue to thrive on Earth?"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3430.47,"endTime":3432.21,"body":"- In my mind, it seems to me"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3432.21,"endTime":3433.987,"body":"that the scenario in which"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3432.21,"endTime":3433.987,"body":"the human race goes extinct"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3433.987,"endTime":3436.14,"body":"is the one where all the other animals"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3436.14,"endTime":3437.16,"body":"will eventually recover,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3437.16,"endTime":3439.52,"body":"and life will recover,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3439.52,"endTime":3441.57,"body":"and perhaps take new"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3439.52,"endTime":3441.57,"body":"evolutionary directions"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3441.57,"endTime":3443.54,"body":"that we cannot begin to foresee."},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3443.54,"endTime":3444.373,"body":"More worrisome, perhaps,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3444.373,"endTime":3446.22,"body":"is the scenario where we hang onto things,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3446.22,"endTime":3449.01,"body":"and we keep mining the"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3446.22,"endTime":3449.01,"body":"Earth for all it's worth,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3449.01,"endTime":3450.57,"body":"until there is nothing left to mine,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3450.57,"endTime":3453.15,"body":"that is the real worrisome"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3450.57,"endTime":3453.15,"body":"scenario, I think."},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3453.15,"endTime":3454.85,"body":"I don't want the human race to go extinct,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3454.85,"endTime":3456.16,"body":"let me get this straight,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3456.16,"endTime":3457.12,"body":"I want us to thrive,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3457.12,"endTime":3459.22,"body":"I want us to, in Einstein's words,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3459.22,"endTime":3460.58,"body":"I want us to be able"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3460.58,"endTime":3463.19,"body":"to harness the power of"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3460.58,"endTime":3463.19,"body":"science and technology"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3465.21,"endTime":3466.47,"body":"for humankind's benefit,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3466.47,"endTime":3470.21,"body":"but humankind's benefit is too"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3466.47,"endTime":3470.21,"body":"narrowly defined presently,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3470.21,"endTime":3472.72,"body":"we need to encompass the"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3470.21,"endTime":3472.72,"body":"entirety of the biosphere"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3472.72,"endTime":3477.013,"body":"in order to work for the benefit"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3472.72,"endTime":3477.013,"body":"of the planet, effectively."},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3478.3,"endTime":3479.35,"body":"- Well ladies and gentlemen,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3479.35,"endTime":3482.06,"body":"I think that's all we've got time for,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3482.06,"endTime":3483.69,"body":"but as provost of the college,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3483.69,"endTime":3486.01,"body":"I'd just like to say two words of thanks"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3486.01,"endTime":3487.94,"body":"to Professor Trotta"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3487.94,"endTime":3492.94,"body":"for his amazing tenure as"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3487.94,"endTime":3492.94,"body":"visiting professor of cosmology"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3493.54,"endTime":3495.02,"body":"at the college."},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3495.02,"endTime":3498.04,"body":"In addition to his work"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3495.02,"endTime":3498.04,"body":"at Imperial College"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3498.04,"endTime":3502.06,"body":"and the School of Advanced"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3498.04,"endTime":3502.06,"body":"Studies in Trieste,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3502.06,"endTime":3503.55,"body":"I think we have all seen"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3503.55,"endTime":3508.17,"body":"how he is an extraordinarily"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3503.55,"endTime":3508.17,"body":"good science communicator."},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3508.17,"endTime":3510.57,"body":"And in fact, for his"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3508.17,"endTime":3510.57,"body":"public engagement work,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3510.57,"endTime":3515.57,"body":"he received the Annie"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3510.57,"endTime":3515.57,"body":"Maunder Medal in 2020"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3515.59,"endTime":3518.943,"body":"from the Royal Astronomical Society."},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3520.13,"endTime":3522.687,"body":"His award-winning first book,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3522.687,"endTime":3524.22,"body":"\"The Edge of the Sky,\""},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3524.22,"endTime":3529.07,"body":"uses only the 1,000 most"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3524.22,"endTime":3529.07,"body":"common words, I understand,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3529.07,"endTime":3530.45,"body":"in the English language"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3530.45,"endTime":3533.15,"body":"to recount the history of the Universe,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3533.15,"endTime":3533.983,"body":"and for this,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3533.983,"endTime":3538.72,"body":"Roberto was named as one of"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3533.983,"endTime":3538.72,"body":"the 100 global thinkers of 2014"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3538.72,"endTime":3541.84,"body":"by \"Foreign Policy\" magazine."},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3541.84,"endTime":3544.59,"body":"Some of you have been"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3541.84,"endTime":3544.59,"body":"following his lectures"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3544.59,"endTime":3547.76,"body":"over the last three years, since 2019."},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3547.76,"endTime":3550.49,"body":"His first series on cosmology"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3550.49,"endTime":3553.099,"body":"was called The Nature of Reality,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3553.099,"endTime":3556.26,"body":"which examined our understandings"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3556.26,"endTime":3559.0,"body":"of the fundamental reality of the cosmos,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3559.0,"endTime":3564.0,"body":"and delved into some of the"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3559.0,"endTime":3564.0,"body":"biggest questions in physics."},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3564.08,"endTime":3567.39,"body":"And this was followed"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3564.08,"endTime":3567.39,"body":"by his second series,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3567.39,"endTime":3569.89,"body":"The Unexpected Universe,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3569.89,"endTime":3571.32,"body":"where he explored"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3571.32,"endTime":3574.34,"body":"some of the most astonishing"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3571.32,"endTime":3574.34,"body":"aspects of the cosmos,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3574.34,"endTime":3578.08,"body":"from ghostly particles"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3574.34,"endTime":3578.08,"body":"to hidden harmonies,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3578.08,"endTime":3580.6,"body":"and explained how a new alliance"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3580.6,"endTime":3583.7,"body":"between human and artificial intelligence"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3583.7,"endTime":3588.7,"body":"can help answer fundamental"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3583.7,"endTime":3588.7,"body":"questions about the cosmos."},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3588.99,"endTime":3593.45,"body":"And this was followed"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3588.99,"endTime":3593.45,"body":"by his current series,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3593.45,"endTime":3595.62,"body":"The Frontiers of Knowledge,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3595.62,"endTime":3598.67,"body":"and this has examined"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3595.62,"endTime":3598.67,"body":"the enormous progress"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3598.67,"endTime":3600.9,"body":"in the exploration of the cosmos"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3600.9,"endTime":3603.48,"body":"and the questions this has generated,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3603.48,"endTime":3607.35,"body":"concluding today with this exploration"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3607.35,"endTime":3611.283,"body":"of the ultimate destiny of life on Earth."},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3612.355,"endTime":3617.355,"body":"Throughout his time as a Gresham"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3612.355,"endTime":3617.355,"body":"College visiting professor,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3617.44,"endTime":3620.65,"body":"he's brought his considerable knowledge"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3620.65,"endTime":3625.64,"body":"of very often extremely complex"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3620.65,"endTime":3625.64,"body":"concepts in astrophysics"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3625.64,"endTime":3626.87,"body":"to those of us,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3626.87,"endTime":3628.56,"body":"certainly speaking for myself,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3628.56,"endTime":3630.63,"body":"who are not great experts,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3630.63,"endTime":3634.54,"body":"and we are really grateful"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3630.63,"endTime":3634.54,"body":"to him for his work."},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3634.54,"endTime":3635.373,"body":"I really hope"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3635.373,"endTime":3637.84,"body":"we'll be able to invite him"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3635.373,"endTime":3637.84,"body":"back here in the future,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3637.84,"endTime":3639.25,"body":"but for now, Roberto,"},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3639.25,"endTime":3642.519,"body":"I'd like to thank you very much indeed."},{"speaker":"\"here is our message","startTime":3642.519,"endTime":3645.519,"body":"(audience applauds)"}]}