{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"startTime":0.07,"endTime":1.13,"body":"- Great, excellent."},{"startTime":1.13,"endTime":2.55,"body":"This is my last in the series,"},{"startTime":2.55,"endTime":4.72,"body":"so I'm really looking forward to it."},{"startTime":4.72,"endTime":7.02,"body":"What we're want to talk"},{"startTime":4.72,"endTime":7.02,"body":"about today is something"},{"startTime":8.17,"endTime":11.72,"body":"called abstinence or"},{"startTime":8.17,"endTime":11.72,"body":"celibacy, and celibacy."},{"startTime":11.72,"endTime":13.24,"body":"So what I want to look"},{"startTime":11.72,"endTime":13.24,"body":"at, what I really want,"},{"startTime":13.24,"endTime":15.3,"body":"the main questions are going to be,"},{"startTime":15.3,"endTime":18.273,"body":"well, is sex a good thing?"},{"startTime":19.32,"endTime":21.58,"body":"Is celibacy dangerous?"},{"startTime":21.58,"endTime":26.58,"body":"And how can we understand the"},{"startTime":21.58,"endTime":26.58,"body":"explosive violence of incels,"},{"startTime":27.48,"endTime":30.02,"body":"that is young men primarily,"},{"startTime":30.02,"endTime":34.19,"body":"whose involuntary celibacy"},{"startTime":30.02,"endTime":34.19,"body":"drives them to abuse"},{"startTime":34.19,"endTime":37.81,"body":"and occasionally kill other people,"},{"startTime":37.81,"endTime":40.37,"body":"people they resent for engaging in sex."},{"startTime":40.37,"endTime":43.4,"body":"And what about attempts"},{"startTime":40.37,"endTime":43.4,"body":"to persuade young men"},{"startTime":43.4,"endTime":46.96,"body":"and women to be voluntarily celibate?"},{"startTime":46.96,"endTime":48.97,"body":"Finally, I want to end with asking,"},{"startTime":48.97,"endTime":52.5,"body":"well, what can asexuality"},{"startTime":52.5,"endTime":53.47,"body":"tell us"},{"startTime":55.45,"endTime":58.91,"body":"about debates about sexuality?"},{"startTime":58.91,"endTime":59.743,"body":"In other words,"},{"startTime":59.743,"endTime":63.12,"body":"what can not having"},{"startTime":59.743,"endTime":63.12,"body":"experiencing sexual desire,"},{"startTime":63.12,"endTime":65.81,"body":"tell us about experiencing desire?"},{"startTime":65.81,"endTime":67.03,"body":"These are just some of the questions"},{"startTime":67.03,"endTime":69.55,"body":"I'm going to be asking in this"},{"startTime":67.03,"endTime":69.55,"body":"lecture and they contribute to,"},{"startTime":69.55,"endTime":71.97,"body":"but they also grow on themes"},{"startTime":71.97,"endTime":76.97,"body":"that have animated the entire"},{"startTime":71.97,"endTime":76.97,"body":"series here at Gresham on sex,"},{"startTime":77.23,"endTime":79.272,"body":"including of course for those,"},{"startTime":79.272,"endTime":82.61,"body":"I see some of you have"},{"startTime":79.272,"endTime":82.61,"body":"come to nearly all of them,"},{"startTime":82.61,"endTime":87.54,"body":"including questions of pleasure,"},{"startTime":82.61,"endTime":87.54,"body":"perversion, pornography,"},{"startTime":87.54,"endTime":92.13,"body":"as well as sex work and"},{"startTime":87.54,"endTime":92.13,"body":"heterosexist monogamy."},{"startTime":92.13,"endTime":94.23,"body":"They're all online, so if"},{"startTime":92.13,"endTime":94.23,"body":"you missed any of them,"},{"startTime":94.23,"endTime":95.76,"body":"you can catch them."},{"startTime":95.76,"endTime":96.68,"body":"In all of my talks,"},{"startTime":96.68,"endTime":101.33,"body":"I've focused on erotic"},{"startTime":96.68,"endTime":101.33,"body":"fantasies and obsessions,"},{"startTime":101.33,"endTime":104.44,"body":"love and violence and confrontations"},{"startTime":104.44,"endTime":108.37,"body":"between historians, political commentators"},{"startTime":108.37,"endTime":110.7,"body":"and social theorists,"},{"startTime":110.7,"endTime":115.52,"body":"some of whom are also"},{"startTime":110.7,"endTime":115.52,"body":"feminists and social activists."},{"startTime":115.52,"endTime":118.31,"body":"The final lecture of"},{"startTime":115.52,"endTime":118.31,"body":"this series, therefore,"},{"startTime":118.31,"endTime":119.98,"body":"I'm going to pull, try to,"},{"startTime":119.98,"endTime":122.49,"body":"pull these different themes together."},{"startTime":122.49,"endTime":126.04,"body":"I've been talking a lot in"},{"startTime":122.49,"endTime":126.04,"body":"this series about bad sex,"},{"startTime":126.04,"endTime":129.23,"body":"about good sex, about heteronormativity,"},{"startTime":129.23,"endTime":131.653,"body":"and about compulsory heterosexuality."},{"startTime":134.357,"endTime":135.5,"body":"So what I want to ask today is,"},{"startTime":135.5,"endTime":139.46,"body":"well, what about compulsory sexuality?"},{"startTime":139.46,"endTime":142.14,"body":"In the messy collision between bodies,"},{"startTime":142.14,"endTime":147.14,"body":"politics and cultures, have"},{"startTime":142.14,"endTime":147.14,"body":"I ended up reproducing,"},{"startTime":147.81,"endTime":152.63,"body":"the very problematic"},{"startTime":147.81,"endTime":152.63,"body":"liberationist discourse"},{"startTime":152.63,"endTime":155.56,"body":"that I have been critiquing?"},{"startTime":155.56,"endTime":158.41,"body":"I believe that exploring"},{"startTime":155.56,"endTime":158.41,"body":"the modern history"},{"startTime":158.41,"endTime":160.13,"body":"of abstinence and celibacy,"},{"startTime":160.13,"endTime":163.36,"body":"and of course they are very,"},{"startTime":160.13,"endTime":163.36,"body":"very, very different things,"},{"startTime":163.36,"endTime":165.62,"body":"provides some clues."},{"startTime":165.62,"endTime":168.93,"body":"Abstinence, celibacy are not merely"},{"startTime":168.93,"endTime":173.07,"body":"the sort of abandonment of erotic speech,"},{"startTime":173.07,"endTime":176.153,"body":"sight, touch, taste, scent."},{"startTime":177.07,"endTime":181.15,"body":"They don't simply forswear the tumescence"},{"startTime":181.15,"endTime":184.61,"body":"and detumescence of genitals."},{"startTime":184.61,"endTime":186.5,"body":"They do not even require"},{"startTime":186.5,"endTime":191.5,"body":"a rather much more prosaic"},{"startTime":186.5,"endTime":191.5,"body":"repudiation of reproduction,"},{"startTime":191.5,"endTime":194.57,"body":"rather abstinence and celibacy shed light"},{"startTime":195.738,"endTime":200.738,"body":"on the single most reckless"},{"startTime":195.738,"endTime":200.738,"body":"error in my series of lectures,"},{"startTime":201.32,"endTime":204.13,"body":"that is my underlying assumption,"},{"startTime":204.13,"endTime":208.37,"body":"that sex is a very good thing."},{"startTime":208.37,"endTime":211.5,"body":"Now I'm going to start by"},{"startTime":208.37,"endTime":211.5,"body":"observing the many ways"},{"startTime":211.5,"endTime":214.67,"body":"that celibacy, especially"},{"startTime":211.5,"endTime":214.67,"body":"when practice by men,"},{"startTime":214.67,"endTime":216.21,"body":"has been seen as risky."},{"startTime":216.21,"endTime":220.4,"body":"Enforced celibacy, whether this"},{"startTime":216.21,"endTime":220.4,"body":"is due to economic hardship,"},{"startTime":220.4,"endTime":223.35,"body":"incarceration, religious vocation,"},{"startTime":223.35,"endTime":226.96,"body":"perceived unattractiveness,"},{"startTime":223.35,"endTime":226.96,"body":"has been harmful"},{"startTime":226.96,"endTime":230.31,"body":"and then going to turn to a"},{"startTime":226.96,"endTime":230.31,"body":"couple of historical moments"},{"startTime":230.31,"endTime":234.26,"body":"that deliberately sought"},{"startTime":230.31,"endTime":234.26,"body":"to encourage celibacy."},{"startTime":234.26,"endTime":236.61,"body":"The first of these movements was inspired"},{"startTime":236.61,"endTime":240.693,"body":"by certain feminist 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repress"},{"startTime":261.43,"endTime":265.0,"body":"their sexual yearnings"},{"startTime":265.0,"endTime":266.88,"body":"through practicing abstinence"},{"startTime":266.88,"endTime":271.47,"body":"prior to a monogamous"},{"startTime":266.88,"endTime":271.47,"body":"heterosexist marriage."},{"startTime":271.47,"endTime":273.1,"body":"Rather than empowerment,"},{"startTime":273.1,"endTime":276.29,"body":"I will be arguing the"},{"startTime":273.1,"endTime":276.29,"body":"main victims of these,"},{"startTime":276.29,"endTime":280.82,"body":"this education were poor"},{"startTime":276.29,"endTime":280.82,"body":"black and brown girls."},{"startTime":280.82,"endTime":282.93,"body":"The lecture's going to"},{"startTime":280.82,"endTime":282.93,"body":"conclude by turning to people"},{"startTime":282.93,"endTime":286.36,"body":"who don't experience"},{"startTime":282.93,"endTime":286.36,"body":"sexual desire or urges."},{"startTime":286.36,"endTime":290.84,"body":"They have excited medical"},{"startTime":286.36,"endTime":290.84,"body":"and psychiatric attention"},{"startTime":290.84,"endTime":292.32,"body":"from the 19th century,"},{"startTime":292.32,"endTime":294.72,"body":"and I'm going to give brief"},{"startTime":292.32,"endTime":294.72,"body":"potted history of that."},{"startTime":294.72,"endTime":297.34,"body":"But basically from the 1970's,"},{"startTime":297.34,"endTime":302.32,"body":"they began naming themselves as asexuals."},{"startTime":302.32,"endTime":305.2,"body":"I want to suggest that their"},{"startTime":302.32,"endTime":305.2,"body":"attempts to create worlds"},{"startTime":305.2,"endTime":308.49,"body":"that go beyond compulsory sexuality,"},{"startTime":308.49,"endTime":310.57,"body":"as opposed to the more"},{"startTime":308.49,"endTime":310.57,"body":"commonly referenced,"},{"startTime":310.57,"endTime":312.4,"body":"compulsory heterosexuality,"},{"startTime":312.4,"endTime":313.54,"body":"offer new ways of 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lectures,"},{"startTime":340.81,"endTime":342.71,"body":"and I can see quite a few of you here,"},{"startTime":343.69,"endTime":346.01,"body":"and I have to say the series of lectures"},{"startTime":346.01,"endTime":347.48,"body":"actually work best as a whole,"},{"startTime":347.48,"endTime":349.81,"body":"rather than discreet reflections."},{"startTime":349.81,"endTime":352.014,"body":"You will have already, though,"},{"startTime":352.014,"endTime":354.43,"body":"heard me citing Maurice Merleau-Ponty's"},{"startTime":354.43,"endTime":357.69,"body":"famous argument in the"},{"startTime":354.43,"endTime":357.69,"body":"\"Phenomenology of Perception\""},{"startTime":357.69,"endTime":362.69,"body":"that we don't have bodies, we are bodies."},{"startTime":362.73,"endTime":363.76,"body":"In these lectures,"},{"startTime":363.76,"endTime":368.72,"body":"I seek to point out that our"},{"startTime":363.76,"endTime":368.72,"body":"bodies are never ours alone."},{"startTime":368.72,"endTime":371.97,"body":"So first a whirlwind tour through history."},{"startTime":371.97,"endTime":373.51,"body":"In the modern period,"},{"startTime":373.51,"endTime":376.78,"body":"celibacy has been thought to be the cause"},{"startTime":376.78,"endTime":378.92,"body":"of many social evils."},{"startTime":378.92,"endTime":381.07,"body":"In the 19th and early 20th centuries,"},{"startTime":381.07,"endTime":385.01,"body":"although celibate"},{"startTime":381.07,"endTime":385.01,"body":"spinsters were caricatured"},{"startTime":385.01,"endTime":387.32,"body":"as wizened hysterics"},{"startTime":387.32,"endTime":390.11,"body":"or compulsive animal lovers,"},{"startTime":390.11,"endTime":393.18,"body":"blocking the sexual urges of men"},{"startTime":393.18,"endTime":396.57,"body":"has been regarded as much"},{"startTime":393.18,"endTime":396.57,"body":"more dangerous to society"},{"startTime":396.57,"endTime":400.84,"body":"at large if denied a sexual outlet."},{"startTime":400.84,"endTime":405.26,"body":"The unstoppable tsunami"},{"startTime":400.84,"endTime":405.26,"body":"of male sexual biology"},{"startTime":405.26,"endTime":407.52,"body":"could wreck havoc."},{"startTime":407.52,"endTime":410.06,"body":"For example, in the mid 19th century,"},{"startTime":410.06,"endTime":411.63,"body":"mid 19th century Britain,"},{"startTime":411.63,"endTime":415.1,"body":"when it was feared that many"},{"startTime":411.63,"endTime":415.1,"body":"middle class men were being,"},{"startTime":415.1,"endTime":416.55,"body":"listen to the language here,"},{"startTime":416.55,"endTime":420.43,"body":"priced out of the marriage market."},{"startTime":420.43,"endTime":422.98,"body":"Metaphors are important."},{"startTime":422.98,"endTime":427.015,"body":"There were moral panics about"},{"startTime":422.98,"endTime":427.015,"body":"what this meant in terms"},{"startTime":427.015,"endTime":428.83,"body":"of female sexual exploitation,"},{"startTime":428.83,"endTime":431.55,"body":"denied the comforts of the marital bed"},{"startTime":431.55,"endTime":433.63,"body":"and as we heard on the lecture,"},{"startTime":433.63,"endTime":435.52,"body":"last lecture on monogamy,"},{"startTime":435.52,"endTime":439.04,"body":"denied the sexual servitude of wives"},{"startTime":439.04,"endTime":442.01,"body":"whose bodies were the"},{"startTime":439.04,"endTime":442.01,"body":"property of their husbands."},{"startTime":442.01,"endTime":445.01,"body":"It was feared that these"},{"startTime":442.01,"endTime":445.01,"body":"men would turn to women"},{"startTime":445.01,"endTime":448.78,"body":"who were called prostitutes,"},{"startTime":445.01,"endTime":448.78,"body":"sex workers, okay."},{"startTime":448.78,"endTime":451.14,"body":"From the 1950's,"},{"startTime":451.14,"endTime":456.14,"body":"although dramatically"},{"startTime":451.14,"endTime":456.14,"body":"escalating from the 1970s,"},{"startTime":456.55,"endTime":459.91,"body":"the enforced celibacy of men in prisons"},{"startTime":459.91,"endTime":464.91,"body":"was identified as, increasingly"},{"startTime":459.91,"endTime":464.91,"body":"identified as dangerous."},{"startTime":465.3,"endTime":467.29,"body":"Now, as we saw in a previous lecture,"},{"startTime":467.29,"endTime":470.97,"body":"for married people outside of prison,"},{"startTime":470.97,"endTime":473.81,"body":"the right to engage in"},{"startTime":470.97,"endTime":473.81,"body":"sexual intercourse in private"},{"startTime":473.81,"endTime":477.59,"body":"was considered essential"},{"startTime":473.81,"endTime":477.59,"body":"to a marital relationship,"},{"startTime":477.59,"endTime":481.71,"body":"to the extent that a husband"},{"startTime":477.59,"endTime":481.71,"body":"could recover damages"},{"startTime":481.71,"endTime":484.54,"body":"in tort law from another man,"},{"startTime":484.54,"endTime":487.853,"body":"a man who had intercourse,"},{"startTime":484.54,"endTime":487.853,"body":"sexual intercourse with his wife."},{"startTime":488.97,"endTime":490.36,"body":"But what about prisoners?"},{"startTime":490.36,"endTime":492.23,"body":"And this became a really heated topic"},{"startTime":492.23,"endTime":494.44,"body":"from the 70's, 1970's."},{"startTime":494.44,"endTime":497.51,"body":"For prison reformers denying men,"},{"startTime":497.51,"endTime":501.22,"body":"their innate need for sexual"},{"startTime":497.51,"endTime":501.22,"body":"intercourse with a member"},{"startTime":501.22,"endTime":503.49,"body":"of the opposite sex was a form"},{"startTime":503.49,"endTime":507.96,"body":"of cruel and unusual"},{"startTime":503.49,"endTime":507.96,"body":"punishment, like torture."},{"startTime":507.96,"endTime":511.87,"body":"So called conjugal"},{"startTime":507.96,"endTime":511.87,"body":"visitation rights were framed"},{"startTime":511.87,"endTime":516.87,"body":"as essential if society was"},{"startTime":511.87,"endTime":516.87,"body":"to prevent even greater harms."},{"startTime":517.9,"endTime":520.24,"body":"Was their enforced celibacy,"},{"startTime":520.24,"endTime":522.88,"body":"the enforced celibacy"},{"startTime":520.24,"endTime":522.88,"body":"of convicted criminals,"},{"startTime":522.88,"endTime":527.88,"body":"really a deterrent to committing"},{"startTime":522.88,"endTime":527.88,"body":"crime, or was it in fact,"},{"startTime":527.97,"endTime":531.94,"body":"a major factor inhibiting rehabilitation?"},{"startTime":531.94,"endTime":534.21,"body":"Might conjugal visitation rights"},{"startTime":534.21,"endTime":537.39,"body":"be an incentive to good behavior"},{"startTime":537.39,"endTime":541.53,"body":"or even a solution to"},{"startTime":537.39,"endTime":541.53,"body":"testosterone driven aggression"},{"startTime":543.72,"endTime":547.13,"body":"and of course, homosexuality"},{"startTime":543.72,"endTime":547.13,"body":"within prisons."},{"startTime":547.13,"endTime":548.98,"body":"1948, article entitled,"},{"startTime":548.98,"endTime":551.25,"body":"this is one of the early"},{"startTime":548.98,"endTime":551.25,"body":"articles on in the field"},{"startTime":551.25,"endTime":554.09,"body":"entitled sex life in"},{"startTime":551.25,"endTime":554.09,"body":"prisons by the really,"},{"startTime":554.09,"endTime":557.46,"body":"really famous psychiatrist,"},{"startTime":554.09,"endTime":557.46,"body":"Benjamin Katman."},{"startTime":557.46,"endTime":560.55,"body":"He believed that the prison"},{"startTime":557.46,"endTime":560.55,"body":"environment was chiefly"},{"startTime":560.55,"endTime":563.42,"body":"responsible for sexual neurosis."},{"startTime":563.42,"endTime":568.42,"body":"He worried that by constantly"},{"startTime":563.42,"endTime":568.42,"body":"forcing regression to lower"},{"startTime":568.68,"endTime":573.68,"body":"levels of sexual adaptation,"},{"startTime":568.68,"endTime":573.68,"body":"that is to say masturbation,"},{"startTime":573.88,"endTime":578.65,"body":"the original facultative"},{"startTime":573.88,"endTime":578.65,"body":"character of such sexual acts"},{"startTime":578.65,"endTime":583.37,"body":"would become a compulsory obligatory form."},{"startTime":583.37,"endTime":586.78,"body":"He warned that if these"},{"startTime":583.37,"endTime":586.78,"body":"masturbation and homosexual"},{"startTime":586.78,"endTime":590.65,"body":"practices continue for any"},{"startTime":586.78,"endTime":590.65,"body":"length of time, they grow."},{"startTime":590.65,"endTime":595.14,"body":"So that even once a person"},{"startTime":590.65,"endTime":595.14,"body":"is released from confinement,"},{"startTime":595.14,"endTime":598.22,"body":"he finds himself unable to return"},{"startTime":598.22,"endTime":601.079,"body":"to normal sexual activities."},{"startTime":601.079,"endTime":602.95,"body":"Clerical celibacy,"},{"startTime":602.95,"endTime":606.38,"body":"this is another area which"},{"startTime":602.95,"endTime":606.38,"body":"has been viewed as responsible"},{"startTime":606.38,"endTime":609.78,"body":"for great sex crimes and harms to society."},{"startTime":609.78,"endTime":611.87,"body":"And this is not actually"},{"startTime":609.78,"endTime":611.87,"body":"a modern phenomenon,"},{"startTime":611.87,"endTime":613.842,"body":"unlike the other thing,"},{"startTime":613.842,"endTime":615.492,"body":"other issues I was talking about."},{"startTime":616.448,"endTime":619.24,"body":"Celibacy or perfect and"},{"startTime":616.448,"endTime":619.24,"body":"perpetual continence"},{"startTime":619.24,"endTime":621.13,"body":"was not imposed on women Catholic"},{"startTime":621.13,"endTime":622.86,"body":"priests until the fourth century."},{"startTime":622.86,"endTime":626.45,"body":"And even then, it was"},{"startTime":622.86,"endTime":626.45,"body":"blamed for what was called"},{"startTime":626.45,"endTime":631.03,"body":"crimes of passion by which"},{"startTime":626.45,"endTime":631.03,"body":"they mean homosexuality."},{"startTime":631.03,"endTime":634.68,"body":"But it really is from the"},{"startTime":631.03,"endTime":634.68,"body":"1960's that these fears"},{"startTime":634.68,"endTime":637.35,"body":"took on a new meaning,"},{"startTime":637.35,"endTime":639.67,"body":"with sex increasingly being seen"},{"startTime":639.67,"endTime":642.93,"body":"through a psychoanalytic lens."},{"startTime":642.93,"endTime":646.79,"body":"So psychoanalysts,"},{"startTime":642.93,"endTime":646.79,"body":"psychosocial commentators,"},{"startTime":646.79,"endTime":650.64,"body":"seeing sex as necessary for healthy,"},{"startTime":650.64,"endTime":654.29,"body":"psychological development"},{"startTime":650.64,"endTime":654.29,"body":"and the full development"},{"startTime":654.29,"endTime":656.58,"body":"of personnel personhood."},{"startTime":656.58,"endTime":657.67,"body":"As a result,"},{"startTime":657.67,"endTime":661.84,"body":"priests immeasurably more than nuns"},{"startTime":661.84,"endTime":666.363,"body":"were viewed as emotionally"},{"startTime":661.84,"endTime":666.363,"body":"undeveloped or underdeveloped."},{"startTime":667.78,"endTime":672.16,"body":"The so-called immaturity of"},{"startTime":667.78,"endTime":672.16,"body":"men who espoused a spiritual"},{"startTime":672.16,"endTime":676.54,"body":"calling was linked to"},{"startTime":672.16,"endTime":676.54,"body":"revelations about ubiquitous"},{"startTime":676.54,"endTime":679.83,"body":"institutional child sexual abuse."},{"startTime":679.83,"endTime":682.75,"body":"Worse, that abuse was taking place"},{"startTime":683.899,"endTime":687.193,"body":"with tired acquiescence of"},{"startTime":683.899,"endTime":687.193,"body":"the religious hierarchy."},{"startTime":688.09,"endTime":689.79,"body":"Even more recently,"},{"startTime":689.79,"endTime":694.49,"body":"enforced celibacy has"},{"startTime":689.79,"endTime":694.49,"body":"become part of a movement."},{"startTime":694.49,"endTime":699.49,"body":"And this movement is incels"},{"startTime":694.49,"endTime":699.49,"body":"or involuntary celibates."},{"startTime":700.14,"endTime":705.14,"body":"These are primarily young men"},{"startTime":700.14,"endTime":705.14,"body":"furious about being excluded"},{"startTime":705.3,"endTime":709.06,"body":"from romantic and sexual"},{"startTime":705.3,"endTime":709.06,"body":"relations with women,"},{"startTime":709.06,"endTime":710.24,"body":"perhaps surprisingly,"},{"startTime":710.24,"endTime":711.86,"body":"well, at least I was surprised,"},{"startTime":711.86,"endTime":715.9,"body":"this movement wasn't"},{"startTime":711.86,"endTime":715.9,"body":"inaugurated by frustrated men."},{"startTime":715.9,"endTime":718.78,"body":"In fact, the term was coined in 1993,"},{"startTime":718.78,"endTime":721.66,"body":"when a Canadian woman calling herself,"},{"startTime":721.66,"endTime":726.66,"body":"Alana, launched the Involuntary"},{"startTime":721.66,"endTime":726.66,"body":"Celibacy Project Online."},{"startTime":727.64,"endTime":728.66,"body":"Four years later,"},{"startTime":728.66,"endTime":731.63,"body":"she introduced a mailing"},{"startTime":728.66,"endTime":731.63,"body":"list for people interested"},{"startTime":731.63,"endTime":735.41,"body":"in addressing the problems"},{"startTime":731.63,"endTime":735.41,"body":"associated with not being"},{"startTime":735.41,"endTime":738.91,"body":"in a romantic or sexual relationship."},{"startTime":738.91,"endTime":743.91,"body":"By the time she discontinued"},{"startTime":738.91,"endTime":743.91,"body":"her website in 2000,"},{"startTime":744.55,"endTime":747.35,"body":"her benign self-help movement"},{"startTime":747.35,"endTime":752.35,"body":"had been annexed by angry"},{"startTime":747.35,"endTime":752.35,"body":"young heterosexual white men,"},{"startTime":752.62,"endTime":755.82,"body":"who claimed that their"},{"startTime":752.62,"endTime":755.82,"body":"physical unattractiveness"},{"startTime":755.82,"endTime":759.86,"body":"and relative financial"},{"startTime":755.82,"endTime":759.86,"body":"impoverishment meant that they were"},{"startTime":759.86,"endTime":761.68,"body":"being spurned by women"},{"startTime":763.225,"endTime":766.203,"body":"and in public sort of ways of thinking,"},{"startTime":767.14,"endTime":770.714,"body":"incels came to public"},{"startTime":767.14,"endTime":770.714,"body":"awareness by the multiple"},{"startTime":770.714,"endTime":773.693,"body":"murders carried out by men"},{"startTime":770.714,"endTime":773.693,"body":"such as Elliot Rodger, 2014,"},{"startTime":775.46,"endTime":777.683,"body":"Chris Harper Mercer, 2015,"},{"startTime":778.821,"endTime":781.41,"body":"and Alek Minassian, 2018."},{"startTime":781.41,"endTime":785.48,"body":"Now I have to state here that"},{"startTime":781.41,"endTime":785.48,"body":"most self-identified incels"},{"startTime":785.48,"endTime":788.4,"body":"are not violent in this way,"},{"startTime":788.4,"endTime":792.09,"body":"but they flourish in highly misogynistic"},{"startTime":792.09,"endTime":794.85,"body":"and homophobic manospheres."},{"startTime":794.85,"endTime":797.92,"body":"Although they are incredibly diverse,"},{"startTime":797.92,"endTime":802.86,"body":"they share this entitlement"},{"startTime":797.92,"endTime":802.86,"body":"of men's entitlement"},{"startTime":802.86,"endTime":804.65,"body":"to women's bodies."},{"startTime":804.65,"endTime":805.483,"body":"They're great enemy,"},{"startTime":805.483,"endTime":808.18,"body":"no surprise here, for any of"},{"startTime":805.483,"endTime":808.18,"body":"us, is of course feminism."},{"startTime":808.18,"endTime":811.45,"body":"They argue that by encouraging"},{"startTime":808.18,"endTime":811.45,"body":"women's self-esteem,"},{"startTime":811.45,"endTime":815.81,"body":"increasing their independence,"},{"startTime":811.45,"endTime":815.81,"body":"affirming sexual autonomy,"},{"startTime":815.81,"endTime":819.92,"body":"feminism has stripped men of authority."},{"startTime":819.92,"endTime":822.0,"body":"To add to the insult,"},{"startTime":822.0,"endTime":823.79,"body":"some men, they acknowledge,"},{"startTime":823.79,"endTime":827.76,"body":"do achieve their rightful destiny."},{"startTime":827.76,"endTime":831.52,"body":"These are alpha males known as Chad's"},{"startTime":831.52,"endTime":834.84,"body":"who have sex with what they call Stacy's."},{"startTime":834.84,"endTime":838.05,"body":"That is allegedly stupid promiscuous women"},{"startTime":838.05,"endTime":839.923,"body":"who reject beta males."},{"startTime":840.76,"endTime":845.4,"body":"Incels drawn concepts"},{"startTime":840.76,"endTime":845.4,"body":"taken from the 1999 film,"},{"startTime":845.4,"endTime":848.018,"body":"The Matrix, those of"},{"startTime":845.4,"endTime":848.018,"body":"you who have seen this,"},{"startTime":848.018,"endTime":852.15,"body":"there is this famous scene"},{"startTime":848.018,"endTime":852.15,"body":"when Neo is offered two pills,"},{"startTime":852.15,"endTime":854.793,"body":"a blue one, which will"},{"startTime":852.15,"endTime":854.793,"body":"allow him to be happy,"},{"startTime":855.98,"endTime":858.37,"body":"but ignorant of the real world,"},{"startTime":858.37,"endTime":861.57,"body":"a red one that reveals truth."},{"startTime":861.57,"endTime":865.32,"body":"Incels say that they are red pilled."},{"startTime":865.32,"endTime":867.27,"body":"That is, they have been enlightened"},{"startTime":867.27,"endTime":870.54,"body":"to the reality of gendered relations."},{"startTime":870.54,"endTime":872.87,"body":"Those who are black pilled,"},{"startTime":872.87,"endTime":875.5,"body":"that's taking it one step further,"},{"startTime":875.5,"endTime":879.66,"body":"accept inceldom as a permanent status."},{"startTime":879.66,"endTime":883.09,"body":"For them, in their words, it's over."},{"startTime":883.09,"endTime":884.053,"body":"It never began."},{"startTime":885.02,"endTime":887.42,"body":"Amongst other many other pills,"},{"startTime":887.42,"endTime":891.42,"body":"there is the rape pill taken"},{"startTime":887.42,"endTime":891.42,"body":"by rape cels who believe"},{"startTime":891.42,"endTime":894.27,"body":"that because women are easily swayed"},{"startTime":894.27,"endTime":897.71,"body":"by declarations of love by Chad's,"},{"startTime":897.71,"endTime":899.46,"body":"rape cels have a right to use force."},{"startTime":899.46,"endTime":902.04,"body":"So misogyny, in other words,"},{"startTime":902.04,"endTime":904.45,"body":"positive is a legitimate response"},{"startTime":904.45,"endTime":907.24,"body":"to being emasculated by women."},{"startTime":907.24,"endTime":909.76,"body":"Now, members of"},{"startTime":907.24,"endTime":909.76,"body":"involuntary celibate groups"},{"startTime":909.76,"endTime":912.53,"body":"see themselves as disempowered."},{"startTime":912.53,"endTime":916.63,"body":"Their communities are"},{"startTime":912.53,"endTime":916.63,"body":"plagued with depression,"},{"startTime":916.63,"endTime":920.44,"body":"violent ideation and suicide."},{"startTime":920.44,"endTime":925.44,"body":"But in modern times, there have"},{"startTime":920.44,"endTime":925.44,"body":"also been powerful moments,"},{"startTime":926.45,"endTime":928.14,"body":"powerful movements, sorry,"},{"startTime":928.14,"endTime":932.38,"body":"promoting sexual abstinence as a good,"},{"startTime":932.38,"endTime":934.76,"body":"at least before marriage."},{"startTime":934.76,"endTime":936.03,"body":"Most famous one here"},{"startTime":936.03,"endTime":940.21,"body":"is the abstinence movements in the 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turned"},{"startTime":967.53,"endTime":971.2,"body":"to changing the content"},{"startTime":971.2,"endTime":973.83,"body":"of sex education in schools"},{"startTime":974.75,"endTime":977.58,"body":"to emphasize abstinence only."},{"startTime":977.58,"endTime":979.32,"body":"Phyllis Schlafly"},{"startTime":979.32,"endTime":981.08,"body":"the anti-equal rights amendment"},{"startTime":981.08,"endTime":983.78,"body":"activists and founder in 1972"},{"startTime":983.78,"endTime":987.22,"body":"of the Eagle Forum was a leading voice"},{"startTime":987.22,"endTime":991.43,"body":"in the early years of the"},{"startTime":987.22,"endTime":991.43,"body":"abstinence only sex education."},{"startTime":991.43,"endTime":995.74,"body":"She believed that the major"},{"startTime":991.43,"endTime":995.74,"body":"goal of near all sex education"},{"startTime":995.74,"endTime":997.97,"body":"curricular being taught in the schools"},{"startTime":997.97,"endTime":1001.1,"body":"is to teach 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shred"},{"startTime":1026.74,"endTime":1029.783,"body":"the girls of their natural modesty."},{"startTime":1030.9,"endTime":1032.98,"body":"Okay, although led by groups,"},{"startTime":1032.98,"endTime":1037.15,"body":"such as the Eagle Forum,"},{"startTime":1032.98,"endTime":1037.15,"body":"Concerned Women for America,"},{"startTime":1037.15,"endTime":1040.12,"body":"American Family Association,"},{"startTime":1037.15,"endTime":1040.12,"body":"Focus on family,"},{"startTime":1040.12,"endTime":1041.9,"body":"Traditional Values Coalition,"},{"startTime":1041.9,"endTime":1044.64,"body":"Citizens for Excellence and Education."},{"startTime":1044.64,"endTime":1048.047,"body":"Abstinence only sex education"},{"startTime":1044.64,"endTime":1048.047,"body":"has been supported at federal"},{"startTime":1048.047,"endTime":1052.34,"body":"as well as state levels and"},{"startTime":1048.047,"endTime":1052.34,"body":"the most influential bits"},{"startTime":1052.34,"endTime":1056.838,"body":"of information here, of"},{"startTime":1052.34,"endTime":1056.838,"body":"information, of legislation,"},{"startTime":1056.838,"endTime":1060.26,"body":"here were the Personal"},{"startTime":1056.838,"endTime":1060.26,"body":"Responsibility and Work Opportunity"},{"startTime":1060.26,"endTime":1063.61,"body":"Reconciliation Act 1996."},{"startTime":1063.61,"endTime":1068.61,"body":"Title five gave $250 million"},{"startTime":1063.61,"endTime":1068.61,"body":"for absent only education."},{"startTime":1069.71,"endTime":1072.16,"body":"The Adolescent Family Life Act"},{"startTime":1072.16,"endTime":1075.14,"body":"and the Department of"},{"startTime":1072.16,"endTime":1075.14,"body":"Health and Human Services"},{"startTime":1075.14,"endTime":1078.45,"body":"Special Projects of Regional"},{"startTime":1075.14,"endTime":1078.45,"body":"and National Significance."},{"startTime":1078.45,"endTime":1080.4,"body":"So what we get, the"},{"startTime":1078.45,"endTime":1080.4,"body":"real important 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outside"},{"startTime":1109.03,"endTime":1112.77,"body":"of monogamous marriage"},{"startTime":1112.77,"endTime":1117.27,"body":"are enumerated in great,"},{"startTime":1112.77,"endTime":1117.27,"body":"great, great length,"},{"startTime":1117.27,"endTime":1122.21,"body":"including social, economic,"},{"startTime":1117.27,"endTime":1122.21,"body":"psychological health problems."},{"startTime":1122.21,"endTime":1125.07,"body":"Even kissing, even touching"},{"startTime":1125.07,"endTime":1127.82,"body":"are prescribed largely because they will"},{"startTime":1127.82,"endTime":1132.82,"body":"inevitably lead to what"},{"startTime":1127.82,"endTime":1132.82,"body":"they call full intercourse."},{"startTime":1134.15,"endTime":1137.76,"body":"Contraception is taught in"},{"startTime":1134.15,"endTime":1137.76,"body":"the context of unreliability."},{"startTime":1137.76,"endTime":1140.87,"body":"In other words, they teach that"},{"startTime":1137.76,"endTime":1140.87,"body":"one in three condoms break."},{"startTime":1140.87,"endTime":1142.23,"body":"It's a lie."},{"startTime":1142.23,"endTime":1145.65,"body":"Girls and women are told"},{"startTime":1142.23,"endTime":1145.65,"body":"that they should fear sex,"},{"startTime":1145.65,"endTime":1147.28,"body":"recognize that boys and men"},{"startTime":1147.28,"endTime":1149.29,"body":"are incapable of controlling their"},{"startTime":1149.29,"endTime":1152.49,"body":"genitals and that marriage"},{"startTime":1152.49,"endTime":1154.48,"body":"and accept that marriage is their"},{"startTime":1154.48,"endTime":1159.44,"body":"only haven from sexual"},{"startTime":1154.48,"endTime":1159.44,"body":"victimization and rape."},{"startTime":1159.44,"endTime":1164.35,"body":"Girls and women are held"},{"startTime":1159.44,"endTime":1164.35,"body":"responsible for male sexual urges,"},{"startTime":1164.35,"endTime":1168.19,"body":"being told to watch what you wear."},{"startTime":1168.19,"endTime":1172.22,"body":"If you don't aim to"},{"startTime":1168.19,"endTime":1172.22,"body":"please don't aim to tease."},{"startTime":1172.22,"endTime":1173.59,"body":"They have all these lovely, witty things."},{"startTime":1173.59,"endTime":1175.36,"body":"I really love them actually."},{"startTime":1175.36,"endTime":1178.28,"body":"They also are taught"},{"startTime":1175.36,"endTime":1178.28,"body":"that because they, women,"},{"startTime":1178.28,"endTime":1181.42,"body":"because they generally"},{"startTime":1178.28,"endTime":1181.42,"body":"become aroused, less easily."},{"startTime":1181.42,"endTime":1184.53,"body":"Females are in a good"},{"startTime":1181.42,"endTime":1184.53,"body":"position to help young men"},{"startTime":1184.53,"endTime":1186.62,"body":"learn balance and relationships"},{"startTime":1186.62,"endTime":1189.67,"body":"by keeping intimacy in perspective."},{"startTime":1189.67,"endTime":1191.85,"body":"And they frequently actually"},{"startTime":1189.67,"endTime":1191.85,"body":"really 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game"},{"startTime":1244.18,"endTime":1246.16,"body":"of Russian roulette."},{"startTime":1246.16,"endTime":1250.09,"body":"Every time you have sex, it's"},{"startTime":1246.16,"endTime":1250.09,"body":"like pulling the trigger."},{"startTime":1250.09,"endTime":1253.3,"body":"The only difference is"},{"startTime":1250.09,"endTime":1253.3,"body":"in Russian roulette,"},{"startTime":1253.3,"endTime":1257.0,"body":"you only have one in six"},{"startTime":1253.3,"endTime":1257.0,"body":"chances of getting killed."},{"startTime":1257.0,"endTime":1259.99,"body":"So in other words, having"},{"startTime":1257.0,"endTime":1259.99,"body":"sex is more dangerous."},{"startTime":1259.99,"endTime":1263.23,"body":"Sex outside of wedlock is scary."},{"startTime":1263.23,"endTime":1264.43,"body":"It's lethal."},{"startTime":1264.43,"endTime":1267.39,"body":"Virginity followed by"},{"startTime":1264.43,"endTime":1267.39,"body":"heterosexual monogamous marriage,"},{"startTime":1267.39,"endTime":1269.13,"body":"the solution."},{"startTime":1269.13,"endTime":1270.01,"body":"It's really a very,"},{"startTime":1270.01,"endTime":1273.27,"body":"very highly lucrative commercial movement,"},{"startTime":1273.27,"endTime":1277.27,"body":"selling t-shirts, rings,"},{"startTime":1273.27,"endTime":1277.27,"body":"temporary tattoos."},{"startTime":1277.27,"endTime":1278.433,"body":"I'm worth waiting for."},{"startTime":1279.61,"endTime":1284.17,"body":"And hosting glamorous purity"},{"startTime":1279.61,"endTime":1284.17,"body":"balls and music concerts."},{"startTime":1284.17,"endTime":1287.73,"body":"Young women are encouraged"},{"startTime":1284.17,"endTime":1287.73,"body":"to take virginity pledges,"},{"startTime":1287.73,"endTime":1291.4,"body":"which typically involve"},{"startTime":1287.73,"endTime":1291.4,"body":"being given a virginity ring"},{"startTime":1291.4,"endTime":1292.73,"body":"by their father."},{"startTime":1292.73,"endTime":1294.7,"body":"In effect, they marry their father"},{"startTime":1294.7,"endTime":1297.94,"body":"who then gives them"},{"startTime":1294.7,"endTime":1297.94,"body":"away on their marriage,"},{"startTime":1297.94,"endTime":1300.12,"body":"on their real marriage day."},{"startTime":1300.12,"endTime":1304.6,"body":"Such activities have become"},{"startTime":1300.12,"endTime":1304.6,"body":"mainstream due to the popularity"},{"startTime":1304.6,"endTime":1308.87,"body":"of organizations like True Love Waits,"},{"startTime":1308.87,"endTime":1312.74,"body":"The Silver Ring Thing and"},{"startTime":1308.87,"endTime":1312.74,"body":"promotion by celebrities,"},{"startTime":1312.74,"endTime":1314.443,"body":"such as Selena Gomez."},{"startTime":1315.719,"endTime":1317.21,"body":"In 2013,"},{"startTime":1317.21,"endTime":1320.52,"body":"one in every eight American girls"},{"startTime":1320.52,"endTime":1325.12,"body":"and young women had taken"},{"startTime":1320.52,"endTime":1325.12,"body":"a pledge of abstinence."},{"startTime":1325.12,"endTime":1327.54,"body":"So the question one"},{"startTime":1325.12,"endTime":1327.54,"body":"wants to ask you is then,"},{"startTime":1327.54,"endTime":1330.093,"body":"well, what is driving the sexually"},{"startTime":1330.093,"endTime":1333.33,"body":"repressive abstinence movements."},{"startTime":1333.33,"endTime":1338.33,"body":"Proponents tie sex"},{"startTime":1333.33,"endTime":1338.33,"body":"education to social issues,"},{"startTime":1338.44,"endTime":1341.94,"body":"such as single moms as a leading cause"},{"startTime":1341.94,"endTime":1345.14,"body":"of poverty and welfarism."},{"startTime":1345.14,"endTime":1349.36,"body":"Much of the rhetoric hints at"},{"startTime":1345.14,"endTime":1349.36,"body":"the need to control allegedly"},{"startTime":1349.36,"endTime":1350.823,"body":"hypersexual,"},{"startTime":1352.15,"endTime":1353.93,"body":"BME teens,"},{"startTime":1353.93,"endTime":1356.92,"body":"ensuring they don't"},{"startTime":1353.93,"endTime":1356.92,"body":"become welfare dependents"},{"startTime":1356.92,"endTime":1359.79,"body":"and female headed households."},{"startTime":1359.79,"endTime":1364.18,"body":"The purity of white"},{"startTime":1359.79,"endTime":1364.18,"body":"adolescents needs protecting."},{"startTime":1364.18,"endTime":1366.04,"body":"This is what a really interesting study"},{"startTime":1366.04,"endTime":1368.04,"body":"done by Jessica Fields,"},{"startTime":1368.04,"endTime":1370.82,"body":"an ethnographic study of sex education"},{"startTime":1370.82,"endTime":1374.17,"body":"in the North Carolina school system,"},{"startTime":1374.17,"endTime":1378.09,"body":"she found that advocates of"},{"startTime":1374.17,"endTime":1378.09,"body":"abstinence only sex education"},{"startTime":1378.09,"endTime":1382.14,"body":"believed that their curricula"},{"startTime":1378.09,"endTime":1382.14,"body":"would protect innocent"},{"startTime":1382.14,"endTime":1386.0,"body":"children from other's"},{"startTime":1382.14,"endTime":1386.0,"body":"corrupting influence."},{"startTime":1386.0,"endTime":1388.82,"body":"Racialized language and images suggested"},{"startTime":1388.82,"endTime":1393.21,"body":"that these others were poor"},{"startTime":1388.82,"endTime":1393.21,"body":"African American girls."},{"startTime":1393.21,"endTime":1397.71,"body":"The rhetoric forestalls"},{"startTime":1393.21,"endTime":1397.71,"body":"concern about boys and men's"},{"startTime":1397.71,"endTime":1402.71,"body":"sexualities aligns the"},{"startTime":1397.71,"endTime":1402.71,"body":"specificities of African American"},{"startTime":1402.84,"endTime":1407.69,"body":"women's and girls sexual"},{"startTime":1402.84,"endTime":1407.69,"body":"lives and fails to recognize"},{"startTime":1407.69,"endTime":1412.69,"body":"African American girls and"},{"startTime":1407.69,"endTime":1412.69,"body":"women as simultaneously sexual,"},{"startTime":1413.06,"endTime":1416.84,"body":"struggling and worthy of protection."},{"startTime":1416.84,"endTime":1420.49,"body":"A leading proponent could"},{"startTime":1416.84,"endTime":1420.49,"body":"even be heard defending"},{"startTime":1420.49,"endTime":1425.21,"body":"the programs on the grounds"},{"startTime":1420.49,"endTime":1425.21,"body":"that the black community"},{"startTime":1425.21,"endTime":1428.64,"body":"is not going to learn"},{"startTime":1425.21,"endTime":1428.64,"body":"to punch the time clock"},{"startTime":1428.64,"endTime":1431.42,"body":"and to be there on time and produce"},{"startTime":1431.42,"endTime":1434.53,"body":"a day's work if they can't even control"},{"startTime":1434.53,"endTime":1439.28,"body":"their own emotions in the"},{"startTime":1434.53,"endTime":1439.28,"body":"important area of sexuality."},{"startTime":1439.28,"endTime":1440.784,"body":"So in other words,"},{"startTime":1440.784,"endTime":1441.617,"body":"this is sexual repression"},{"startTime":1441.617,"endTime":1443.65,"body":"and the name of capitalist production,"},{"startTime":1443.65,"endTime":1447.47,"body":"classes, exploitation and racism."},{"startTime":1447.47,"endTime":1452.47,"body":"Abstinence only programs have"},{"startTime":1447.47,"endTime":1452.47,"body":"been widely supported despite"},{"startTime":1452.66,"endTime":1455.41,"body":"abundant research demonstrating"},{"startTime":1456.294,"endTime":1457.97,"body":"that they not only don't succeed"},{"startTime":1457.97,"endTime":1461.71,"body":"in convincing young"},{"startTime":1457.97,"endTime":1461.71,"body":"people not to have sex,"},{"startTime":1461.71,"endTime":1463.82,"body":"but actually increase levels"},{"startTime":1463.82,"endTime":1465.81,"body":"of sexually transmitted infections,"},{"startTime":1465.81,"endTime":1470.07,"body":"including HIV/AIDS and"},{"startTime":1465.81,"endTime":1470.07,"body":"pre marital pregnancies"},{"startTime":1470.07,"endTime":1473.5,"body":"due to the propagation of misinformation."},{"startTime":1473.5,"endTime":1477.21,"body":"A congressional investigation"},{"startTime":1473.5,"endTime":1477.21,"body":"into the content of these"},{"startTime":1477.21,"endTime":1481.66,"body":"programs revealed that 80%"},{"startTime":1477.21,"endTime":1481.66,"body":"use factually incorrect"},{"startTime":1481.66,"endTime":1484.56,"body":"curriculum or teach distorted information"},{"startTime":1484.56,"endTime":1487.0,"body":"about reproductive health."},{"startTime":1487.0,"endTime":1490.95,"body":"Young women who take these"},{"startTime":1487.0,"endTime":1490.95,"body":"pledges actually engage"},{"startTime":1490.95,"endTime":1495.15,"body":"in more risky sexual behaviors,"},{"startTime":1495.15,"endTime":1499.41,"body":"including unprotected"},{"startTime":1495.15,"endTime":1499.41,"body":"fellatio and anal sex."},{"startTime":1499.41,"endTime":1503.08,"body":"The us leads the industrial"},{"startTime":1499.41,"endTime":1503.08,"body":"world in teen pregnancies"},{"startTime":1503.08,"endTime":1506.78,"body":"and sexually transmitted infection rates."},{"startTime":1506.78,"endTime":1510.08,"body":"Crucially, abstinence"},{"startTime":1506.78,"endTime":1510.08,"body":"only programs discriminate"},{"startTime":1510.08,"endTime":1514.473,"body":"against girls, young women"},{"startTime":1510.08,"endTime":1514.473,"body":"and marginalized LGBTQ youth."},{"startTime":1515.7,"endTime":1518.78,"body":"It is ironic and Freudcodian"},{"startTime":1518.78,"endTime":1521.97,"body":"to see that the attempted repression"},{"startTime":1521.97,"endTime":1524.39,"body":"of youth sexuality has led"},{"startTime":1524.39,"endTime":1529.39,"body":"to a obsessive proliferation"},{"startTime":1524.39,"endTime":1529.39,"body":"of discourse about sex."},{"startTime":1530.55,"endTime":1533.72,"body":"So this obviously is a disheartening"},{"startTime":1533.72,"endTime":1534.91,"body":"view of human sexuality,"},{"startTime":1534.91,"endTime":1537.95,"body":"as something to be feared,"},{"startTime":1534.91,"endTime":1537.95,"body":"constrained, repressed,"},{"startTime":1537.95,"endTime":1542.77,"body":"but there have been other"},{"startTime":1537.95,"endTime":1542.77,"body":"movements that have celebrated"},{"startTime":1542.77,"endTime":1547.55,"body":"celibacy as empowering,"},{"startTime":1542.77,"endTime":1547.55,"body":"especially for women."},{"startTime":1547.55,"endTime":1549.19,"body":"As we saw the last lecture,"},{"startTime":1549.19,"endTime":1551.94,"body":"monogamy, heteronormative marriage,"},{"startTime":1551.94,"endTime":1554.61,"body":"has been regarded as"},{"startTime":1551.94,"endTime":1554.61,"body":"central to the creation"},{"startTime":1554.61,"endTime":1558.13,"body":"and the stability of the liberal state,"},{"startTime":1558.13,"endTime":1563.13,"body":"private property, gender"},{"startTime":1558.13,"endTime":1563.13,"body":"hierarchies and capitalism."},{"startTime":1563.59,"endTime":1568.59,"body":"This powerful mix has been"},{"startTime":1563.59,"endTime":1568.59,"body":"resisted by voluntary celibacy"},{"startTime":1568.76,"endTime":1573.59,"body":"movements in 19th and"},{"startTime":1568.76,"endTime":1573.59,"body":"early 20th century America."},{"startTime":1573.59,"endTime":1577.747,"body":"These include the Shakers, the Koreshans"},{"startTime":1577.747,"endTime":1578.81,"body":"and the Sanctificationists,"},{"startTime":1578.81,"endTime":1582.18,"body":"later known as Women's Commonwealth."},{"startTime":1582.18,"endTime":1585.95,"body":"These groups contended that"},{"startTime":1582.18,"endTime":1585.95,"body":"the family was an exploitative"},{"startTime":1585.95,"endTime":1588.91,"body":"institution that harmed its members."},{"startTime":1588.91,"endTime":1591.09,"body":"Indeed sexual desire itself"},{"startTime":1591.09,"endTime":1594.71,"body":"was damaging to full human flourishing."},{"startTime":1594.71,"endTime":1598.14,"body":"Instead of base physical lusts,"},{"startTime":1598.14,"endTime":1602.02,"body":"members of these groups"},{"startTime":1598.14,"endTime":1602.02,"body":"sought spiritual communion"},{"startTime":1602.02,"endTime":1603.54,"body":"that would herald in a kind"},{"startTime":1603.54,"endTime":1608.54,"body":"of heaven on earth based"},{"startTime":1603.54,"endTime":1608.54,"body":"on cooperation, equality,"},{"startTime":1608.66,"endTime":1610.05,"body":"and peace."},{"startTime":1610.05,"endTime":1613.44,"body":"They jettisoned husbands and"},{"startTime":1610.05,"endTime":1613.44,"body":"wives for brothers and sisters,"},{"startTime":1613.44,"endTime":1616.79,"body":"living in harmony and transcendent love."},{"startTime":1616.79,"endTime":1619.61,"body":"Their communal system of production"},{"startTime":1619.61,"endTime":1623.15,"body":"and distribution benefited all members."},{"startTime":1623.15,"endTime":1628.15,"body":"But the gains for girls and"},{"startTime":1623.15,"endTime":1628.15,"body":"women were particularly stark"},{"startTime":1628.8,"endTime":1633.8,"body":"since women were freed from"},{"startTime":1628.8,"endTime":1633.8,"body":"the demands of childbearing"},{"startTime":1633.97,"endTime":1638.55,"body":"child rearing, economic"},{"startTime":1633.97,"endTime":1638.55,"body":"dependency on men folk."},{"startTime":1638.55,"endTime":1639.383,"body":"In other words,"},{"startTime":1639.383,"endTime":1642.82,"body":"celibacy as the kind of royal road"},{"startTime":1642.82,"endTime":1644.713,"body":"to female autonomy."},{"startTime":1645.56,"endTime":1647.81,"body":"From the 1960's, again,"},{"startTime":1647.81,"endTime":1652.15,"body":"another section or the"},{"startTime":1647.81,"endTime":1652.15,"body":"so-called second wave feminism"},{"startTime":1652.15,"endTime":1656.9,"body":"also identified celibacy"},{"startTime":1652.15,"endTime":1656.9,"body":"as potentially liberating."},{"startTime":1656.9,"endTime":1659.44,"body":"Radical feminist groups began to advocate"},{"startTime":1660.652,"endTime":1664.294,"body":"political asexuality as a response"},{"startTime":1664.294,"endTime":1666.94,"body":"to compulsory heterosexuality."},{"startTime":1666.94,"endTime":1669.42,"body":"And there's many of these"},{"startTime":1666.94,"endTime":1669.42,"body":"groups, the most famous one,"},{"startTime":1669.42,"endTime":1672.95,"body":"I think was probably Cell 16,"},{"startTime":1672.95,"endTime":1675.77,"body":"radical feminist group based in Boston."},{"startTime":1675.77,"endTime":1677.51,"body":"Between 1968 and 73,"},{"startTime":1677.51,"endTime":1680.298,"body":"they advocated feminist heterosexual"},{"startTime":1680.298,"endTime":1683.69,"body":"as opposed to lesbian separatism."},{"startTime":1683.69,"endTime":1688.69,"body":"As Dana Densmore contended"},{"startTime":1683.69,"endTime":1688.69,"body":"in her own celibacy article,"},{"startTime":1689.557,"endTime":1694.557,"body":"\"One hangup to liberation"},{"startTime":1689.557,"endTime":1694.557,"body":"is a supposed need for sex."},{"startTime":1694.573,"endTime":1695.8,"body":"It's something that must be refuted,"},{"startTime":1695.8,"endTime":1697.923,"body":"coped with, demystified,"},{"startTime":1699.79,"endTime":1703.05,"body":"or the cause of female"},{"startTime":1699.79,"endTime":1703.05,"body":"liberation is doomed."},{"startTime":1703.05,"endTime":1706.15,"body":"The gorillas don't screw,"},{"startTime":1703.05,"endTime":1706.15,"body":"they eat when they can,"},{"startTime":1706.15,"endTime":1707.45,"body":"but they don't screw."},{"startTime":1707.45,"endTime":1710.099,"body":"They have important things to do,"},{"startTime":1710.099,"endTime":1711.77,"body":"things that require all their energy."},{"startTime":1711.77,"endTime":1713.55,"body":"For such feminists,"},{"startTime":1713.55,"endTime":1718.2,"body":"sexual liberation was judged"},{"startTime":1713.55,"endTime":1718.2,"body":"to be just another way"},{"startTime":1718.2,"endTime":1721.43,"body":"that men were seeking to oppress women."},{"startTime":1721.43,"endTime":1722.69,"body":"Consequently,"},{"startTime":1722.69,"endTime":1726.08,"body":"denying men access to women's body"},{"startTime":1726.08,"endTime":1730.12,"body":"was the most radical"},{"startTime":1726.08,"endTime":1730.12,"body":"feminist act,\" they believe."},{"startTime":1730.12,"endTime":1732.16,"body":"Because it attacked the heart"},{"startTime":1732.16,"endTime":1736.19,"body":"or more pointedly, the"},{"startTime":1732.16,"endTime":1736.19,"body":"prick of patriarchy."},{"startTime":1736.19,"endTime":1739.54,"body":"Their critique of"},{"startTime":1736.19,"endTime":1739.54,"body":"compulsory heterosexuality,"},{"startTime":1739.54,"endTime":1741.74,"body":"which was taken up much"},{"startTime":1739.54,"endTime":1741.74,"body":"more vigorously of course,"},{"startTime":1741.74,"endTime":1744.203,"body":"by lesbian movements of the time,"},{"startTime":1744.203,"endTime":1746.73,"body":"of course not, a shown of abstinence"},{"startTime":1746.73,"endTime":1749.89,"body":"took a non-political and arguably"},{"startTime":1750.96,"endTime":1754.7,"body":"antisexual turn from the 1970's."},{"startTime":1754.7,"endTime":1758.0,"body":"Rather than compulsory heterosexuality,"},{"startTime":1758.0,"endTime":1761.91,"body":"self-identified asexuals began commenting"},{"startTime":1761.91,"endTime":1764.73,"body":"on compulsory sexuality."},{"startTime":1764.73,"endTime":1767.9,"body":"Asexuals claim, not to experience"},{"startTime":1770.127,"endTime":1772.67,"body":"desexual desire or attractions."},{"startTime":1772.67,"endTime":1775.46,"body":"The term interestingly had been coined"},{"startTime":1776.343,"endTime":1779.51,"body":"by Myra T. Johnson in her 1977,"},{"startTime":1779.51,"endTime":1784.27,"body":"article entitled \"Asexual"},{"startTime":1779.51,"endTime":1784.27,"body":"and Auto Erotic Women:"},{"startTime":1784.27,"endTime":1786.51,"body":"Two Invisible Challenges."},{"startTime":1786.51,"endTime":1790.86,"body":"For her, asexuals were"},{"startTime":1786.51,"endTime":1790.86,"body":"people who despite their"},{"startTime":1790.86,"endTime":1793.49,"body":"physical or emotional condition,"},{"startTime":1793.49,"endTime":1797.4,"body":"sexual history and relational"},{"startTime":1793.49,"endTime":1797.4,"body":"status or ideological"},{"startTime":1797.4,"endTime":1802.4,"body":"orientation, choose not to"},{"startTime":1797.4,"endTime":1802.4,"body":"engage in sexual activity."},{"startTime":1802.88,"endTime":1807.46,"body":"The most widely estimated"},{"startTime":1802.88,"endTime":1807.46,"body":"estimations of the proportion"},{"startTime":1807.46,"endTime":1809.74,"body":"of people who were asexual"},{"startTime":1809.74,"endTime":1814.74,"body":"was calculated by Anthony Bogaert in 2004,"},{"startTime":1814.93,"endTime":1815.853,"body":"on his work,"},{"startTime":1819.4,"endTime":1822.35,"body":"It was a national probability sample"},{"startTime":1822.35,"endTime":1824.65,"body":"of around 18,000 British residents."},{"startTime":1824.65,"endTime":1827.81,"body":"And he concluded that"},{"startTime":1824.65,"endTime":1827.81,"body":"about 1% of the population,"},{"startTime":1827.81,"endTime":1830.593,"body":"the British population were asexual."},{"startTime":1832.06,"endTime":1832.95,"body":"And crucially,"},{"startTime":1832.95,"endTime":1835.56,"body":"he is really, really important article."},{"startTime":1835.56,"endTime":1839.04,"body":"He argued that unlike"},{"startTime":1835.56,"endTime":1839.04,"body":"celibacy, which is a choice,"},{"startTime":1839.04,"endTime":1844.04,"body":"asexuality is a unique sexual orientation."},{"startTime":1844.09,"endTime":1845.55,"body":"As we'll see shortly,"},{"startTime":1845.55,"endTime":1850.52,"body":"this notion that asexual"},{"startTime":1845.55,"endTime":1850.52,"body":"asexuality is sexual"},{"startTime":1850.52,"endTime":1852.06,"body":"has been questioned,"},{"startTime":1852.06,"endTime":1855.333,"body":"as has the idea that it is an orientation."},{"startTime":1856.928,"endTime":1860.24,"body":"The compulsory nature of"},{"startTime":1856.928,"endTime":1860.24,"body":"sexuality is starkly exposed,"},{"startTime":1860.24,"endTime":1862.49,"body":"by the way it has been pathologized"},{"startTime":1862.49,"endTime":1866.3,"body":"within psychiatric and"},{"startTime":1862.49,"endTime":1866.3,"body":"sexological literatures,"},{"startTime":1866.3,"endTime":1869.12,"body":"from the late 19th century onwards."},{"startTime":1869.12,"endTime":1870.81,"body":"Now those of you have been"},{"startTime":1869.12,"endTime":1870.81,"body":"following my lectures."},{"startTime":1870.81,"endTime":1873.89,"body":"You'll already be familiar"},{"startTime":1870.81,"endTime":1873.89,"body":"with that famous text"},{"startTime":1873.89,"endTime":1875.54,"body":"that I've used in so many of them"},{"startTime":1876.566,"endTime":1878.88,"body":"and that is \"Psychopathia Sexualis\""},{"startTime":1878.88,"endTime":1881.18,"body":"by Richard Von Krafft Ebing."},{"startTime":1881.18,"endTime":1883.94,"body":"It'll come as no surprise"},{"startTime":1881.18,"endTime":1883.94,"body":"to any of you, therefore,"},{"startTime":1883.94,"endTime":1887.92,"body":"to hear that this obsessive"},{"startTime":1883.94,"endTime":1887.92,"body":"categorizer, you know,"},{"startTime":1887.92,"endTime":1889.713,"body":"he named sadism,"},{"startTime":1891.13,"endTime":1892.11,"body":"homosexuality,"},{"startTime":1892.11,"endTime":1895.4,"body":"many other sexual"},{"startTime":1892.11,"endTime":1895.4,"body":"orientations and pathologies."},{"startTime":1895.4,"endTime":1896.48,"body":"He also, of course,"},{"startTime":1896.48,"endTime":1900.499,"body":"unsurprisingly identified"},{"startTime":1896.48,"endTime":1900.499,"body":"a disorder that he called"},{"startTime":1900.499,"endTime":1902.166,"body":"anesthesia sexualis."},{"startTime":1903.317,"endTime":1905.42,"body":"Krafft Ebing defined it as an absence"},{"startTime":1905.42,"endTime":1906.72,"body":"of sexual instinct"},{"startTime":1908.007,"endTime":1911.69,"body":"in which all organic impulses"},{"startTime":1908.007,"endTime":1911.69,"body":"arising in the sexual organs,"},{"startTime":1911.69,"endTime":1915.45,"body":"as well as all concepts"},{"startTime":1911.69,"endTime":1915.45,"body":"and visual auditory"},{"startTime":1915.45,"endTime":1917.84,"body":"and all factories sense impressions"},{"startTime":1917.84,"endTime":1921.58,"body":"failed to excite the individual sexually."},{"startTime":1921.58,"endTime":1926.01,"body":"Krafft Ebing believes"},{"startTime":1921.58,"endTime":1926.01,"body":"that anesthesia sexualis"},{"startTime":1926.01,"endTime":1929.92,"body":"was due to cerebral disturbances,"},{"startTime":1929.92,"endTime":1932.49,"body":"states of psychical degeneration"},{"startTime":1932.49,"endTime":1937.14,"body":"and even anatomical signs of degeneration."},{"startTime":1937.14,"endTime":1940.18,"body":"Its causes could be"},{"startTime":1937.14,"endTime":1940.18,"body":"organic and functional,"},{"startTime":1940.18,"endTime":1944.16,"body":"psychic and somatic,"},{"startTime":1940.18,"endTime":1944.16,"body":"central and peripheral."},{"startTime":1944.16,"endTime":1947.0,"body":"Now in the late 1940's and 1950's,"},{"startTime":1947.0,"endTime":1951.42,"body":"sexologist Alfred Kinsey"},{"startTime":1947.0,"endTime":1951.42,"body":"toned down Krafft Ebing's"},{"startTime":1951.42,"endTime":1954.393,"body":"harsh judgment of"},{"startTime":1951.42,"endTime":1954.393,"body":"calling them degenerates."},{"startTime":1955.489,"endTime":1959.03,"body":"C. Kinsey's state scale"},{"startTime":1955.489,"endTime":1959.03,"body":"of male sexual behavior,"},{"startTime":1959.03,"endTime":1963.34,"body":"what it did was it ranked"},{"startTime":1959.03,"endTime":1963.34,"body":"sexual orientation from zero,"},{"startTime":1963.34,"endTime":1967.67,"body":"meaning a hundred percent"},{"startTime":1963.34,"endTime":1967.67,"body":"heterosexual to six,"},{"startTime":1967.67,"endTime":1970.21,"body":"meaning a hundred percent homosexual,"},{"startTime":1970.21,"endTime":1972.38,"body":"because there's no place on the scale"},{"startTime":1973.412,"endTime":1976.92,"body":"for those with no socio sexual response."},{"startTime":1976.92,"endTime":1981.46,"body":"Kinsey added a category"},{"startTime":1976.92,"endTime":1981.46,"body":"he called simply x."},{"startTime":1981.46,"endTime":1984.57,"body":"Later, when Kinsey and his co-authors"},{"startTime":1984.57,"endTime":1987.87,"body":"turned to female sexual responses,"},{"startTime":1987.87,"endTime":1992.59,"body":"they added a note saying"},{"startTime":1987.87,"endTime":1992.59,"body":"that after early adolescence,"},{"startTime":1992.59,"endTime":1995.93,"body":"there are very few males"},{"startTime":1992.59,"endTime":1995.93,"body":"in this classification,"},{"startTime":1995.93,"endTime":1998.52,"body":"but a goodly number of females"},{"startTime":1998.52,"endTime":2001.33,"body":"experienced no sexual response."},{"startTime":2001.33,"endTime":2005.49,"body":"Indeed, he estimated"},{"startTime":2001.33,"endTime":2005.49,"body":"that between 14% and 19%"},{"startTime":2005.49,"endTime":2008.243,"body":"of unmarried women were asexual."},{"startTime":2009.31,"endTime":2011.09,"body":"From the 1970's,"},{"startTime":2011.09,"endTime":2016.09,"body":"asexuality became embedded"},{"startTime":2011.09,"endTime":2016.09,"body":"within medical manuals"},{"startTime":2016.96,"endTime":2020.34,"body":"as a desire disorder."},{"startTime":2020.34,"endTime":2024.6,"body":"Most notably the 1980"},{"startTime":2020.34,"endTime":2024.6,"body":"addition of the diagnostic"},{"startTime":2024.6,"endTime":2026.62,"body":"and statistical manual, DSM,"},{"startTime":2026.62,"endTime":2031.03,"body":"the so-called Bible of the"},{"startTime":2026.62,"endTime":2031.03,"body":"American Psychiatric Association,"},{"startTime":2031.03,"endTime":2033.41,"body":"but used, you know, worldwide,"},{"startTime":2033.41,"endTime":2035.43,"body":"included for the first time"},{"startTime":2035.43,"endTime":2039.16,"body":"inhibited sexual desire disorder,"},{"startTime":2039.16,"endTime":2041.73,"body":"inhibited sexual desire disorder,"},{"startTime":2041.73,"endTime":2044.25,"body":"which was changed in 1987"},{"startTime":2045.66,"endTime":2049.123,"body":"to hypoactive sexual desire disorder."},{"startTime":2049.96,"endTime":2052.11,"body":"I think the language is"},{"startTime":2049.96,"endTime":2052.11,"body":"really, really interesting."},{"startTime":2052.11,"endTime":2052.943,"body":"So what you've got,"},{"startTime":2052.943,"endTime":2055.13,"body":"you've got to shift away from a language"},{"startTime":2055.13,"endTime":2058.9,"body":"that's coming from the"},{"startTime":2055.13,"endTime":2058.9,"body":"psychodynamic concepts"},{"startTime":2058.9,"endTime":2062.17,"body":"of inhibition to a term signaling"},{"startTime":2062.17,"endTime":2066.243,"body":"simply deviation from"},{"startTime":2062.17,"endTime":2066.243,"body":"the norm, hypoactive."},{"startTime":2067.83,"endTime":2069.683,"body":"People suffering from HSDD,"},{"startTime":2070.667,"endTime":2074.12,"body":"\"persistently, or currently are possessed,"},{"startTime":2074.12,"endTime":2076.46,"body":"persistently or recurringly deficient,"},{"startTime":2076.46,"endTime":2080.3,"body":"or absent sexual dynamic and"},{"startTime":2076.46,"endTime":2080.3,"body":"desire for sexual activity,\""},{"startTime":2080.3,"endTime":2084.57,"body":"according to the 1994"},{"startTime":2080.3,"endTime":2084.57,"body":"version and to be diagnosed,"},{"startTime":2084.57,"endTime":2087.42,"body":"had to be accompanied with distress"},{"startTime":2087.42,"endTime":2090.85,"body":"or interpersonal difficulty."},{"startTime":2090.85,"endTime":2092.343,"body":"In the most recent,"},{"startTime":2093.996,"endTime":2096.6,"body":"DSM that's DSM five,"},{"startTime":2096.6,"endTime":2099.54,"body":"the diagnosis has been gendered,"},{"startTime":2099.54,"endTime":2102.06,"body":"which I think is really,"},{"startTime":2099.54,"endTime":2102.06,"body":"really interesting."},{"startTime":2102.06,"endTime":2104.643,"body":"So from the latest edition,"},{"startTime":2106.07,"endTime":2110.06,"body":"distinction is made between"},{"startTime":2106.07,"endTime":2110.06,"body":"female sexual interests,"},{"startTime":2110.06,"endTime":2111.92,"body":"stroke, arousal disorder,"},{"startTime":2111.92,"endTime":2116.69,"body":"and male hypoactive"},{"startTime":2111.92,"endTime":2116.69,"body":"sexual desire disorder."},{"startTime":2116.69,"endTime":2118.43,"body":"According to the manual,"},{"startTime":2118.43,"endTime":2121.53,"body":"if a lifelong lack of sexual desire"},{"startTime":2121.53,"endTime":2125.28,"body":"is better explained by"},{"startTime":2121.53,"endTime":2125.28,"body":"one's self-identification"},{"startTime":2125.28,"endTime":2127.32,"body":"as an asexual,"},{"startTime":2127.32,"endTime":2131.7,"body":"then a diagnosis of female"},{"startTime":2127.32,"endTime":2131.7,"body":"sexual interest stroke arousal"},{"startTime":2131.7,"endTime":2134.103,"body":"disorder should not be made."},{"startTime":2134.94,"endTime":2139.15,"body":"If a man's low desire is"},{"startTime":2134.94,"endTime":2139.15,"body":"explained by self-identification"},{"startTime":2139.15,"endTime":2140.72,"body":"as an asexual,"},{"startTime":2140.72,"endTime":2143.82,"body":"then a diagnosis of male hypoactive sexual"},{"startTime":2143.82,"endTime":2146.78,"body":"desire disorder is not made."},{"startTime":2146.78,"endTime":2149.12,"body":"Now it's a subtle"},{"startTime":2146.78,"endTime":2149.12,"body":"distinction, but a really,"},{"startTime":2149.12,"endTime":2150.15,"body":"really important one."},{"startTime":2150.15,"endTime":2151.13,"body":"So in other words,"},{"startTime":2151.13,"endTime":2152.983,"body":"to warrant a diagnosis,"},{"startTime":2153.919,"endTime":2158.09,"body":"a woman's lack of sexual"},{"startTime":2153.919,"endTime":2158.09,"body":"desire has to be lifelong"},{"startTime":2158.96,"endTime":2163.96,"body":"while men only need low, not a"},{"startTime":2158.96,"endTime":2163.96,"body":"total lack, of sexual desire."},{"startTime":2164.42,"endTime":2165.29,"body":"So in other words,"},{"startTime":2165.29,"endTime":2168.97,"body":"the point here is a classic"},{"startTime":2165.29,"endTime":2168.97,"body":"example of the social"},{"startTime":2168.97,"endTime":2171.8,"body":"construction of sex"},{"startTime":2168.97,"endTime":2171.8,"body":"bodies with sexual desire,"},{"startTime":2171.8,"endTime":2174.963,"body":"more integral to males than females."},{"startTime":2175.97,"endTime":2180.97,"body":"The pathologization of"},{"startTime":2175.97,"endTime":2180.97,"body":"asexuality has consequences."},{"startTime":2182.71,"endTime":2183.543,"body":"Okay?"},{"startTime":2183.543,"endTime":2187.52,"body":"Because sexuality is seen as"},{"startTime":2183.543,"endTime":2187.52,"body":"a good inner relationship,"},{"startTime":2187.52,"endTime":2190.14,"body":"it's necessary to make"},{"startTime":2187.52,"endTime":2190.14,"body":"the other person happy"},{"startTime":2190.14,"endTime":2192.23,"body":"and to express intimacy."},{"startTime":2192.23,"endTime":2197.143,"body":"The stigma of not desiring"},{"startTime":2192.23,"endTime":2197.143,"body":"can lead to unwanted,"},{"startTime":2198.07,"endTime":2201.41,"body":"but consensual sexual intercourse."},{"startTime":2201.41,"endTime":2202.243,"body":"In other words,"},{"startTime":2202.243,"endTime":2205.53,"body":"asexuals may engage in"},{"startTime":2202.243,"endTime":2205.53,"body":"sexual intercourse with their"},{"startTime":2205.53,"endTime":2208.78,"body":"partners in order to please them."},{"startTime":2208.78,"endTime":2213.21,"body":"This form of compulsory"},{"startTime":2208.78,"endTime":2213.21,"body":"sexuality has effects for people"},{"startTime":2213.21,"endTime":2217.8,"body":"who do possess sexual urges as well."},{"startTime":2217.8,"endTime":2222.67,"body":"Around 65% of women and 40%"},{"startTime":2217.8,"endTime":2222.67,"body":"of men admit that they have"},{"startTime":2222.67,"endTime":2227.67,"body":"engaged in consensual, but unwanted sex."},{"startTime":2228.02,"endTime":2229.81,"body":"The fact that many sexual,"},{"startTime":2229.81,"endTime":2233.14,"body":"as well as asexual people engage,"},{"startTime":2233.14,"endTime":2236.63,"body":"in sex purely to please someone,"},{"startTime":2236.63,"endTime":2238.9,"body":"it says a great deal about the importance"},{"startTime":2238.9,"endTime":2242.29,"body":"placed on sexual activity"},{"startTime":2238.9,"endTime":2242.29,"body":"in a relationship."},{"startTime":2242.29,"endTime":2243.123,"body":"In other words,"},{"startTime":2244.438,"endTime":2246.26,"body":"this is kind of like"},{"startTime":2244.438,"endTime":2246.26,"body":"the cultural scaffolding"},{"startTime":2246.26,"endTime":2248.8,"body":"of a rape culture."},{"startTime":2248.8,"endTime":2249.78,"body":"For asexuals,"},{"startTime":2249.78,"endTime":2253.38,"body":"the pathologization of people"},{"startTime":2249.78,"endTime":2253.38,"body":"without sexual attraction"},{"startTime":2253.38,"endTime":2255.203,"body":"has been used to legitimate,"},{"startTime":2256.2,"endTime":2258.71,"body":"legitimate corrective therapies."},{"startTime":2258.71,"endTime":2263.55,"body":"It contributes to the further"},{"startTime":2258.71,"endTime":2263.55,"body":"extension of big pharma,"},{"startTime":2263.55,"endTime":2265.6,"body":"to treat such disorders."},{"startTime":2265.6,"endTime":2267.5,"body":"Indeed, female sexual dysfunction,"},{"startTime":2267.5,"endTime":2270.78,"body":"FSD, in its broader sense has been one"},{"startTime":2270.78,"endTime":2272.51,"body":"of the pharmaceuticals industry's"},{"startTime":2272.51,"endTime":2275.54,"body":"most flourishing fields of expansion."},{"startTime":2275.54,"endTime":2278.07,"body":"Just one example of this,"},{"startTime":2278.07,"endTime":2281.09,"body":"if we look at the declaration"},{"startTime":2278.07,"endTime":2281.09,"body":"of interests logged"},{"startTime":2281.09,"endTime":2283.275,"body":"during the annual conference"},{"startTime":2283.275,"endTime":2285.17,"body":"on continuing medical education,"},{"startTime":2285.17,"endTime":2287.25,"body":"which has been hosted"},{"startTime":2285.17,"endTime":2287.25,"body":"at Boston's University"},{"startTime":2287.25,"endTime":2291.22,"body":"School of Medicine since 1999,"},{"startTime":2291.22,"endTime":2295.997,"body":"and is widely considered"},{"startTime":2291.22,"endTime":2295.997,"body":"to be the main conference"},{"startTime":2296.99,"endTime":2299.42,"body":"for people working on FSD,"},{"startTime":2299.42,"endTime":2302.38,"body":"Female Sexual Desire disorders."},{"startTime":2302.38,"endTime":2304.47,"body":"At the conference in 2000,"},{"startTime":2304.47,"endTime":2308.19,"body":"over half of the speakers,"},{"startTime":2304.47,"endTime":2308.19,"body":"over half of the speakers,"},{"startTime":2308.19,"endTime":2312.543,"body":"disclosed a link with one or"},{"startTime":2308.19,"endTime":2312.543,"body":"more pharmaceutical company."},{"startTime":2314.666,"endTime":2318.04,"body":"Of the high profile grand master speakers,"},{"startTime":2318.04,"endTime":2321.44,"body":"88% are declared a link."},{"startTime":2321.44,"endTime":2323.22,"body":"There are also direct links"},{"startTime":2324.086,"endTime":2328.55,"body":"between the diagnosis of female"},{"startTime":2324.086,"endTime":2328.55,"body":"hyposexual desire disorder"},{"startTime":2329.421,"endTime":2331.6,"body":"and psychopharmacological literature."},{"startTime":2331.6,"endTime":2335.3,"body":"One of the main treatments is Flibanserin,"},{"startTime":2335.3,"endTime":2337.953,"body":"originally a drug used"},{"startTime":2335.3,"endTime":2337.953,"body":"to treat depression,"},{"startTime":2339.421,"endTime":2340.254,"body":"but from 2006,"},{"startTime":2340.254,"endTime":2345.09,"body":"aggressively marketed"},{"startTime":2340.254,"endTime":2345.09,"body":"by Boehringer Ingelheim"},{"startTime":2345.09,"endTime":2350.09,"body":"to treat female hypo"},{"startTime":2345.09,"endTime":2350.09,"body":"sexual desired disorder."},{"startTime":2350.12,"endTime":2354.22,"body":"They based part of their"},{"startTime":2350.12,"endTime":2354.22,"body":"marketing campaign on research"},{"startTime":2354.22,"endTime":2357.94,"body":"by scholars who reported"},{"startTime":2354.22,"endTime":2357.94,"body":"to show that nearly 40%"},{"startTime":2357.94,"endTime":2361.361,"body":"of a cross section of over 31"},{"startTime":2361.361,"endTime":2365.32,"body":"and a half thousand women experience,"},{"startTime":2365.32,"endTime":2368.4,"body":"low sex desire."},{"startTime":2368.4,"endTime":2371.54,"body":"As Anne Marie Bergthold, shows, however,"},{"startTime":2371.54,"endTime":2375.7,"body":"the problem is that Boehringer Ingelheim"},{"startTime":2375.7,"endTime":2377.958,"body":"employed the authors."},{"startTime":2377.958,"endTime":2382.1,"body":"In Bergthold words, \"bolstered by science,"},{"startTime":2382.1,"endTime":2385.25,"body":"that the pharmaceutical"},{"startTime":2382.1,"endTime":2385.25,"body":"industry itself has funded"},{"startTime":2385.25,"endTime":2389.56,"body":"and organized, Boehringer"},{"startTime":2385.25,"endTime":2389.56,"body":"Ingelheim set forth"},{"startTime":2389.56,"endTime":2392.08,"body":"on an awareness campaign to highlight"},{"startTime":2393.241,"endTime":2397.553,"body":"the frequency under diagnosis"},{"startTime":2393.241,"endTime":2397.553,"body":"and consequences of FHSDD."},{"startTime":2399.61,"endTime":2402.07,"body":"This makes the industry's"},{"startTime":2399.61,"endTime":2402.07,"body":"support of the work,"},{"startTime":2402.07,"endTime":2405.76,"body":"a logical step in their"},{"startTime":2402.07,"endTime":2405.76,"body":"commercial strategy."},{"startTime":2405.76,"endTime":2408.09,"body":"Now, warning here, this is not to fall"},{"startTime":2408.09,"endTime":2409.49,"body":"into the trap"},{"startTime":2410.95,"endTime":2412.96,"body":"of making a simplistic link between"},{"startTime":2412.96,"endTime":2416.73,"body":"the pharmaceutical industry and"},{"startTime":2412.96,"endTime":2416.73,"body":"the invention of a disorder."},{"startTime":2416.73,"endTime":2418.52,"body":"As Bergthold explains,"},{"startTime":2418.52,"endTime":2421.45,"body":"the industry cannot"},{"startTime":2418.52,"endTime":2421.45,"body":"conjure a classification"},{"startTime":2421.45,"endTime":2422.83,"body":"out of thin air."},{"startTime":2422.83,"endTime":2427.05,"body":"A particular social context"},{"startTime":2422.83,"endTime":2427.05,"body":"must provide the backdrop"},{"startTime":2427.05,"endTime":2430.72,"body":"for the disease branding"},{"startTime":2427.05,"endTime":2430.72,"body":"that Boehringer Ingelheim"},{"startTime":2430.72,"endTime":2434.14,"body":"is undertaking with FHSDD."},{"startTime":2434.14,"endTime":2435.26,"body":"In this case,"},{"startTime":2435.26,"endTime":2439.75,"body":"the old age angst over women's sexuality"},{"startTime":2439.75,"endTime":2443.173,"body":"overlaid by the"},{"startTime":2439.75,"endTime":2443.173,"body":"commodification of sexuality."},{"startTime":2444.436,"endTime":2447.55,"body":"Pathologization has had"},{"startTime":2444.436,"endTime":2447.55,"body":"a devastating impact"},{"startTime":2447.55,"endTime":2449.8,"body":"on many asexuals."},{"startTime":2449.8,"endTime":2452.88,"body":"For example, the authors"},{"startTime":2449.8,"endTime":2452.88,"body":"of an article entitled"},{"startTime":2453.88,"endTime":2456.0,"body":"Intergroup Bias Towards Group X,"},{"startTime":2456.0,"endTime":2460.18,"body":"that's the X category in Kinsey's scale,"},{"startTime":2460.18,"endTime":2462.17,"body":"found significant evidence"},{"startTime":2462.17,"endTime":2466.09,"body":"that heterosexuals dehumanize,"},{"startTime":2462.17,"endTime":2466.09,"body":"avoided and discriminated"},{"startTime":2466.09,"endTime":2469.76,"body":"against asexuals even more than they did"},{"startTime":2469.76,"endTime":2472.91,"body":"against homosexuals and bisexuals."},{"startTime":2472.91,"endTime":2474.36,"body":"In many parts of the U.S.,"},{"startTime":2474.36,"endTime":2475.83,"body":"most parts of the U.S.,"},{"startTime":2475.83,"endTime":2478.48,"body":"asexuals cannot marry because marriage"},{"startTime":2478.48,"endTime":2481.33,"body":"requires sexual consummation."},{"startTime":2481.33,"endTime":2485.0,"body":"Asexuals are bombarded with"},{"startTime":2481.33,"endTime":2485.0,"body":"assumptions that they are"},{"startTime":2485.0,"endTime":2489.13,"body":"abnormal from the vast"},{"startTime":2485.0,"endTime":2489.13,"body":"numbers of advertisements"},{"startTime":2489.13,"endTime":2492.39,"body":"that sell products premised"},{"startTime":2489.13,"endTime":2492.39,"body":"on sexual attraction,"},{"startTime":2492.39,"endTime":2495.88,"body":"to popular culture that lauds sexiness."},{"startTime":2495.88,"endTime":2499.74,"body":"Kristina Gupta, a leading"},{"startTime":2495.88,"endTime":2499.74,"body":"proponent of asexuality."},{"startTime":2499.74,"endTime":2501.07,"body":"Please read her stuff."},{"startTime":2501.07,"endTime":2503.31,"body":"There's some really interesting things."},{"startTime":2503.31,"endTime":2506.46,"body":"You can find what she's written"},{"startTime":2506.46,"endTime":2507.54,"body":"in the bibliography of my talk."},{"startTime":2507.54,"endTime":2510.9,"body":"Anyway, she complains"},{"startTime":2507.54,"endTime":2510.9,"body":"that asexual individuals"},{"startTime":2510.9,"endTime":2513.96,"body":"are often denied epistemic authority"},{"startTime":2513.96,"endTime":2516.9,"body":"in regards to their own asexuality."},{"startTime":2516.9,"endTime":2520.05,"body":"It's often assumed that"},{"startTime":2516.9,"endTime":2520.05,"body":"asexuals are underdeveloped."},{"startTime":2520.05,"endTime":2521.49,"body":"Have sluggish hormones."},{"startTime":2521.49,"endTime":2524.15,"body":"Have suffered some trauma in the past."},{"startTime":2524.15,"endTime":2527.35,"body":"If male, more feminine, less virile."},{"startTime":2527.35,"endTime":2528.37,"body":"If female,"},{"startTime":2528.37,"endTime":2531.01,"body":"perhaps they simply haven't"},{"startTime":2528.37,"endTime":2531.01,"body":"met the right person"},{"startTime":2531.01,"endTime":2532.99,"body":"or are late bloomers."},{"startTime":2532.99,"endTime":2535.36,"body":"They are less than fully human."},{"startTime":2535.36,"endTime":2537.13,"body":"When interviewing David Jay,"},{"startTime":2537.13,"endTime":2540.23,"body":"the founder of an online"},{"startTime":2537.13,"endTime":2540.23,"body":"community for asexuals,"},{"startTime":2540.23,"endTime":2544.11,"body":"pro-sex columnist, Dan"},{"startTime":2540.23,"endTime":2544.11,"body":"Savage made this explicit."},{"startTime":2544.11,"endTime":2545.907,"body":"According to Savage,"},{"startTime":2545.907,"endTime":2547.2,"body":"\"When you date,"},{"startTime":2547.2,"endTime":2549.53,"body":"the assumption for 99% of humanity"},{"startTime":2549.53,"endTime":2551.02,"body":"is that you are out there dating"},{"startTime":2551.02,"endTime":2552.33,"body":"and looking for a mate."},{"startTime":2552.33,"endTime":2555.78,"body":"In part, because you want to"},{"startTime":2552.33,"endTime":2555.78,"body":"well, mate, and if you aren't,"},{"startTime":2555.78,"endTime":2559.04,"body":"you have an obligation to"},{"startTime":2555.78,"endTime":2559.04,"body":"disclose that you aren't."},{"startTime":2559.04,"endTime":2561.052,"body":"If you're presenting yourself"},{"startTime":2561.052,"endTime":2563.53,"body":"as a carbon based light form, a vertebra,"},{"startTime":2563.53,"endTime":2566.48,"body":"and you are allowing people"},{"startTime":2563.53,"endTime":2566.48,"body":"to assume you are a vertebrae,"},{"startTime":2566.48,"endTime":2568.64,"body":"because almost all humans are,"},{"startTime":2568.64,"endTime":2570.71,"body":"you have an obligation to disclose"},{"startTime":2570.71,"endTime":2572.94,"body":"that you're actually a jellyfish.\""},{"startTime":2572.94,"endTime":2577.64,"body":"It's revealing, I think, fellow"},{"startTime":2572.94,"endTime":2577.64,"body":"centric view of humanity."},{"startTime":2577.64,"endTime":2579.32,"body":"Firstly, humans are male."},{"startTime":2579.32,"endTime":2580.53,"body":"They are real."},{"startTime":2580.53,"endTime":2583.1,"body":"Men are phallic vertebras,"},{"startTime":2583.1,"endTime":2587.2,"body":"while those who lack sexual"},{"startTime":2583.1,"endTime":2587.2,"body":"desire are soft jellyfish."},{"startTime":2587.2,"endTime":2589.34,"body":"To be normal is to be sexual."},{"startTime":2589.34,"endTime":2591.683,"body":"Heterosexual or LGBTQ."},{"startTime":2592.7,"endTime":2594.53,"body":"Viewing celibacy as a lack"},{"startTime":2594.53,"endTime":2597.05,"body":"has the fact of privileging sexuality"},{"startTime":2597.05,"endTime":2598.74,"body":"as an unquestioned good."},{"startTime":2598.74,"endTime":2602.56,"body":"And any distress that"},{"startTime":2598.74,"endTime":2602.56,"body":"an asexual might feel"},{"startTime":2602.56,"endTime":2604.53,"body":"is actually more likely to be due"},{"startTime":2604.53,"endTime":2607.44,"body":"to being stigmatized and pathologized"},{"startTime":2607.44,"endTime":2610.25,"body":"rather than about anything innately wrong"},{"startTime":2610.25,"endTime":2613.47,"body":"about not feeling sexual desire."},{"startTime":2613.47,"endTime":2617.35,"body":"Asexuals have united to fight"},{"startTime":2613.47,"endTime":2617.35,"body":"against the stereotyping."},{"startTime":2617.35,"endTime":2620.1,"body":"One of the themes of my"},{"startTime":2617.35,"endTime":2620.1,"body":"entire series of lectures"},{"startTime":2620.1,"endTime":2624.32,"body":"has been the individualizing"},{"startTime":2620.1,"endTime":2624.32,"body":"regimes of science,"},{"startTime":2624.32,"endTime":2626.96,"body":"particularly psychiatry in adjudicating"},{"startTime":2626.96,"endTime":2630.533,"body":"the normal from the abnormal,"},{"startTime":2630.533,"endTime":2634.42,"body":"the latter becoming less"},{"startTime":2630.533,"endTime":2634.42,"body":"a matter, as time goes on,"},{"startTime":2634.42,"endTime":2638.31,"body":"less a matter of moral"},{"startTime":2634.42,"endTime":2638.31,"body":"danger and more a matter"},{"startTime":2640.355,"endTime":2641.55,"body":"of dysfunction"},{"startTime":2641.55,"endTime":2642.773,"body":"of the individual."},{"startTime":2646.515,"endTime":2649.06,"body":"When asexuals began mobilizing,"},{"startTime":2649.06,"endTime":2652.71,"body":"they moved these debates from danger"},{"startTime":2652.71,"endTime":2656.46,"body":"and dysfunction to identity."},{"startTime":2656.46,"endTime":2659.375,"body":"Although the first of"},{"startTime":2656.46,"endTime":2659.375,"body":"such groups were probably"},{"startTime":2659.375,"endTime":2664.24,"body":"the Group Haven for the Human"},{"startTime":2659.375,"endTime":2664.24,"body":"Amoeba, GHHA, created in 2000."},{"startTime":2664.24,"endTime":2666.72,"body":"The most prominent is"},{"startTime":2664.24,"endTime":2666.72,"body":"the asexual visibility"},{"startTime":2666.72,"endTime":2669.41,"body":"and education network followed by groups,"},{"startTime":2669.41,"endTime":2671.68,"body":"such as the Official Asexual Society"},{"startTime":2671.68,"endTime":2675.06,"body":"and the Official Non Libedoism Society."},{"startTime":2675.06,"endTime":2677.43,"body":"They welcome a range of"},{"startTime":2675.06,"endTime":2677.43,"body":"sexual identifications,"},{"startTime":2677.43,"endTime":2680.98,"body":"including gray asexuals and demi sexuals,"},{"startTime":2680.98,"endTime":2685.69,"body":"who con who experience"},{"startTime":2680.98,"endTime":2685.69,"body":"context based attraction."},{"startTime":2685.69,"endTime":2687.81,"body":"Many refer to themselves as ACE."},{"startTime":2687.81,"endTime":2688.643,"body":"Now I think,"},{"startTime":2688.643,"endTime":2689.92,"body":"why am I talking about this?"},{"startTime":2689.92,"endTime":2693.1,"body":"I think asexuals provide a way of asking"},{"startTime":2693.1,"endTime":2695.74,"body":"what I think are some really"},{"startTime":2693.1,"endTime":2695.74,"body":"interesting questions,"},{"startTime":2695.74,"endTime":2697.423,"body":"including what is sex?"},{"startTime":2698.957,"endTime":2703.77,"body":"Is asexuality a sexuality, our sexuality?"},{"startTime":2703.77,"endTime":2705.98,"body":"Is it an identity,"},{"startTime":2705.98,"endTime":2708.28,"body":"like lesbian, gay, queer"},{"startTime":2708.28,"endTime":2713.28,"body":"or is adding a to LGBTQ essentialist."},{"startTime":2713.36,"endTime":2717.59,"body":"Is it simply another example"},{"startTime":2713.36,"endTime":2717.59,"body":"of compulsory sexuality?"},{"startTime":2717.59,"endTime":2722.37,"body":"Increasingly think as such as"},{"startTime":2717.59,"endTime":2722.37,"body":"C.J. DeLuzio Chasin and Gupta"},{"startTime":2722.37,"endTime":2726.31,"body":"argue that while there"},{"startTime":2722.37,"endTime":2726.31,"body":"maybe short term benefits"},{"startTime":2728.442,"endTime":2732.15,"body":"in employing a sexual"},{"startTime":2728.442,"endTime":2732.15,"body":"orientation discourse,"},{"startTime":2732.15,"endTime":2735.863,"body":"most notably, because it helps"},{"startTime":2732.15,"endTime":2735.863,"body":"mobilize against prejudice,"},{"startTime":2737.179,"endTime":2740.07,"body":"the benefits are outweighed"},{"startTime":2737.179,"endTime":2740.07,"body":"by a number of risks."},{"startTime":2740.07,"endTime":2744.01,"body":"These include showing up the"},{"startTime":2740.07,"endTime":2744.01,"body":"idea that heterosexuality"},{"startTime":2744.01,"endTime":2747.8,"body":"is the norm from which other"},{"startTime":2744.01,"endTime":2747.8,"body":"identities are marginal,"},{"startTime":2747.8,"endTime":2752.71,"body":"contributing to the belief that"},{"startTime":2747.8,"endTime":2752.71,"body":"sexuality itself is normal,"},{"startTime":2752.71,"endTime":2757.13,"body":"disallowing asexual ways"},{"startTime":2752.71,"endTime":2757.13,"body":"of achieving intimacy,"},{"startTime":2757.13,"endTime":2761.19,"body":"as Gupta put it, \"Rather than"},{"startTime":2757.13,"endTime":2761.19,"body":"being a sexual orientation,"},{"startTime":2761.19,"endTime":2765.12,"body":"asexuality is a political movement"},{"startTime":2765.12,"endTime":2767.75,"body":"or an opposition to the norm."},{"startTime":2767.75,"endTime":2771.81,"body":"It is both a way of being in"},{"startTime":2767.75,"endTime":2771.81,"body":"the world and a preference"},{"startTime":2771.81,"endTime":2775.58,"body":"for a particular form of intimate reality."},{"startTime":2775.58,"endTime":2779.56,"body":"In other words, asexuality is not a lack,"},{"startTime":2779.56,"endTime":2783.8,"body":"but a positive and different"},{"startTime":2779.56,"endTime":2783.8,"body":"way of being in the world."},{"startTime":2783.8,"endTime":2787.95,"body":"This is what I think analysis"},{"startTime":2783.8,"endTime":2787.95,"body":"of asexuality can contribute"},{"startTime":2787.95,"endTime":2790.38,"body":"to the history of sexuality."},{"startTime":2790.38,"endTime":2793.87,"body":"It enlarges on feminist Adrienne Rich's"},{"startTime":2793.87,"endTime":2796.58,"body":"critique of compulsory heterosexuality"},{"startTime":2796.58,"endTime":2800.08,"body":"or Judith Butlers heterosexual matrix."},{"startTime":2800.08,"endTime":2802.94,"body":"It points out that societies in the west"},{"startTime":2802.94,"endTime":2807.02,"body":"a court in a coital imperative."},{"startTime":2807.02,"endTime":2810.75,"body":"Stephen Seaman calls this the new tyranny"},{"startTime":2810.75,"endTime":2812.88,"body":"of orgasmic pleasure."},{"startTime":2812.88,"endTime":2816.37,"body":"Indeed Carly June Solonkosky"},{"startTime":2816.37,"endTime":2819.72,"body":"and Megan Milks insist that sexuality,"},{"startTime":2819.72,"endTime":2822.21,"body":"asexuality is a feminist practice"},{"startTime":2822.21,"endTime":2823.85,"body":"that radically challenges,"},{"startTime":2823.85,"endTime":2826.223,"body":"the prevailing sex normative culture."},{"startTime":2827.505,"endTime":2828.58,"body":"As Randy Gressgård argues"},{"startTime":2828.58,"endTime":2830.107,"body":"in an article entitled,"},{"startTime":2830.107,"endTime":2834.173,"body":"\"Asexuality from Pathology"},{"startTime":2830.107,"endTime":2834.173,"body":"to Identity and Beyond."},{"startTime":2835.13,"endTime":2840.13,"body":"Asexuality is queer because it"},{"startTime":2835.13,"endTime":2840.13,"body":"rejects compulsory sexuality,"},{"startTime":2840.17,"endTime":2844.23,"body":"insisting that intimacy,"},{"startTime":2840.17,"endTime":2844.23,"body":"community, resistance"},{"startTime":2844.23,"endTime":2847.65,"body":"have other sources than the sex body."},{"startTime":2847.65,"endTime":2848.563,"body":"In this way,"},{"startTime":2850.09,"endTime":2851.43,"body":"asexuals"},{"startTime":2851.43,"endTime":2852.6,"body":"trouble"},{"startTime":2852.6,"endTime":2855.11,"body":"my pro-sex position"},{"startTime":2855.11,"endTime":2858.43,"body":"by undermining that pro sex stroke,"},{"startTime":2858.43,"endTime":2863.22,"body":"anti-sex divide and"},{"startTime":2858.43,"endTime":2863.22,"body":"suggesting alternative ways"},{"startTime":2863.22,"endTime":2865.133,"body":"of bodying forth."},{"startTime":2866.14,"endTime":2867.7,"body":"To conclude,"},{"startTime":2867.7,"endTime":2871.39,"body":"through practices of enthusiastic consent,"},{"startTime":2871.39,"endTime":2875.4,"body":"passive acquiescence, active denial,"},{"startTime":2875.4,"endTime":2878.37,"body":"people are recognized within positions,"},{"startTime":2878.37,"endTime":2880.673,"body":"within relations of power."},{"startTime":2882.0,"endTime":2884.66,"body":"Sexual identities are viewed as central"},{"startTime":2884.66,"endTime":2886.46,"body":"to modern identities."},{"startTime":2886.46,"endTime":2890.94,"body":"And while these identities"},{"startTime":2886.46,"endTime":2890.94,"body":"can be fluid and contextual,"},{"startTime":2890.94,"endTime":2893.91,"body":"they remain integral to being human."},{"startTime":2893.91,"endTime":2895.48,"body":"Throughout these lectures,"},{"startTime":2895.48,"endTime":2898.46,"body":"I've observed that there is a real risk"},{"startTime":2898.46,"endTime":2902.81,"body":"of abstracting sex from global capitalism,"},{"startTime":2902.81,"endTime":2905.62,"body":"which regulates movements of capital,"},{"startTime":2905.62,"endTime":2908.66,"body":"financial and human sex work,"},{"startTime":2908.66,"endTime":2911.93,"body":"at individual, community"},{"startTime":2908.66,"endTime":2911.93,"body":"and population levels,"},{"startTime":2911.93,"endTime":2916.15,"body":"benefiting certain groups"},{"startTime":2911.93,"endTime":2916.15,"body":"at the expense of others."},{"startTime":2916.15,"endTime":2918.1,"body":"I've been explicit I think,"},{"startTime":2918.1,"endTime":2922.16,"body":"about these risks in each"},{"startTime":2918.1,"endTime":2922.16,"body":"lecture of this series."},{"startTime":2922.16,"endTime":2925.52,"body":"However, in my series of lectures,"},{"startTime":2925.52,"endTime":2930.52,"body":"I have also often juxtaposed"},{"startTime":2925.52,"endTime":2930.52,"body":"anti-sex movements"},{"startTime":2930.55,"endTime":2933.12,"body":"in its many forms, the anti porn,"},{"startTime":2933.12,"endTime":2936.48,"body":"the anti-sex work, with pro-sex,"},{"startTime":2936.48,"endTime":2937.96,"body":"pro-sex ones,"},{"startTime":2937.96,"endTime":2941.71,"body":"celebrating the full range of"},{"startTime":2937.96,"endTime":2941.71,"body":"diverse pleasures and desires,"},{"startTime":2941.71,"endTime":2944.283,"body":"showing a clear bias towards the latter."},{"startTime":2945.13,"endTime":2949.17,"body":"Both the pro and anti-sex"},{"startTime":2945.13,"endTime":2949.17,"body":"camps are making normative"},{"startTime":2949.17,"endTime":2952.58,"body":"assertions about what"},{"startTime":2949.17,"endTime":2952.58,"body":"acts involving genitals"},{"startTime":2952.58,"endTime":2955.163,"body":"are progressive and therefore good,"},{"startTime":2956.21,"endTime":2959.52,"body":"but both are based on a flawed view"},{"startTime":2959.52,"endTime":2962.62,"body":"of sex as somehow liberating."},{"startTime":2962.62,"endTime":2966.64,"body":"For the anti porn stroke,"},{"startTime":2962.62,"endTime":2966.64,"body":"radical feminists, liberation,"},{"startTime":2966.64,"endTime":2968.64,"body":"well, it could be achieved through sex."},{"startTime":2968.64,"endTime":2971.13,"body":"You just had to purge sex or patriarchy"},{"startTime":2971.13,"endTime":2973.89,"body":"and its masculinist aspects."},{"startTime":2973.89,"endTime":2977.14,"body":"As we've seen in many"},{"startTime":2973.89,"endTime":2977.14,"body":"lectures in this series,"},{"startTime":2977.14,"endTime":2981.0,"body":"this has often led to"},{"startTime":2977.14,"endTime":2981.0,"body":"really uneasy coalitions"},{"startTime":2981.0,"endTime":2984.35,"body":"between feminists and"},{"startTime":2981.0,"endTime":2984.35,"body":"conservative movements"},{"startTime":2984.35,"endTime":2986.51,"body":"with damaging consequences in terms"},{"startTime":2986.51,"endTime":2989.54,"body":"of fostering fears of intimacy"},{"startTime":2989.54,"endTime":2994.14,"body":"and encouraging solutions"},{"startTime":2989.54,"endTime":2994.14,"body":"based on a caster state"},{"startTime":2994.14,"endTime":2995.37,"body":"prison."},{"startTime":2995.37,"endTime":2997.1,"body":"They are steeped through and through"},{"startTime":2997.1,"endTime":2998.86,"body":"with racist, classicist"},{"startTime":2998.86,"endTime":3002.003,"body":"and other harmful ideologies."},{"startTime":3003.978,"endTime":3006.28,"body":"But the sex positive view that suggests"},{"startTime":3007.124,"endTime":3010.36,"body":"that we can as Pat Calafinio,"},{"startTime":3010.36,"endTime":3011.3,"body":"memorably put it,"},{"startTime":3011.3,"endTime":3016.15,"body":"that we can fuck our way to"},{"startTime":3011.3,"endTime":3016.15,"body":"freedom is also problematic."},{"startTime":3016.15,"endTime":3018.02,"body":"At the very least,"},{"startTime":3018.02,"endTime":3023.02,"body":"it ends up admitting the"},{"startTime":3018.02,"endTime":3023.02,"body":"power of compulsory sexuality."},{"startTime":3023.02,"endTime":3027.23,"body":"It assumes that sexual"},{"startTime":3023.02,"endTime":3027.23,"body":"subjectivities are central to modern"},{"startTime":3027.23,"endTime":3029.74,"body":"subjectivity or modern selfhood."},{"startTime":3029.74,"endTime":3034.74,"body":"It can omit to critique"},{"startTime":3029.74,"endTime":3034.74,"body":"historical contexts and politics"},{"startTime":3035.28,"endTime":3039.32,"body":"as something beyond that personal."},{"startTime":3039.32,"endTime":3042.87,"body":"It invites the risk of refiguring,"},{"startTime":3042.87,"endTime":3046.64,"body":"the risk of refiguring self transformation"},{"startTime":3046.64,"endTime":3050.0,"body":"as social transformation,"},{"startTime":3050.0,"endTime":3053.02,"body":"by making the personal"},{"startTime":3050.0,"endTime":3053.02,"body":"into something political."},{"startTime":3053.02,"endTime":3053.853,"body":"In other words,"},{"startTime":3053.853,"endTime":3057.25,"body":"what we do or do not do in bed"},{"startTime":3053.853,"endTime":3057.25,"body":"as liberating or oppressive,"},{"startTime":3057.25,"endTime":3061.83,"body":"a world of structural"},{"startTime":3057.25,"endTime":3061.83,"body":"harms are left unmoved,"},{"startTime":3061.83,"endTime":3063.6,"body":"is left unmoved."},{"startTime":3063.6,"endTime":3067.96,"body":"I do believe that"},{"startTime":3063.6,"endTime":3067.96,"body":"sexuality can be subversive"},{"startTime":3067.96,"endTime":3071.533,"body":"and serve the needs of social justice,"},{"startTime":3072.834,"endTime":3076.54,"body":"but the politics of erotic"},{"startTime":3072.834,"endTime":3076.54,"body":"resistance in whatever form"},{"startTime":3076.54,"endTime":3081.54,"body":"is wholly inadequate to"},{"startTime":3076.54,"endTime":3081.54,"body":"changing our material worlds."},{"startTime":3081.71,"endTime":3086.27,"body":"In other words, queerness is not enough."},{"startTime":3086.27,"endTime":3087.103,"body":"Thank you."},{"startTime":3088.455,"endTime":3091.455,"body":"(audience applause)"},{"startTime":3095.769,"endTime":3096.971,"body":"- Well, profess Burke, thank you"},{"startTime":3096.971,"endTime":3098.609,"body":"for really interesting lecture."},{"startTime":3098.609,"endTime":3101.41,"body":"I'm going to present a couple of questions"},{"startTime":3101.41,"endTime":3102.75,"body":"from the online audience"},{"startTime":3102.75,"endTime":3105.04,"body":"and then I'll open it up"},{"startTime":3102.75,"endTime":3105.04,"body":"to our in-person audience."},{"startTime":3105.04,"endTime":3106.373,"body":"So marshal your questions."},{"startTime":3108.5,"endTime":3112.35,"body":"The first one is, asexuals"},{"startTime":3108.5,"endTime":3112.35,"body":"may have sex for many reasons,"},{"startTime":3112.35,"endTime":3114.03,"body":"not just to please a partner,"},{"startTime":3114.03,"endTime":3117.7,"body":"for example, romantic"},{"startTime":3114.03,"endTime":3117.7,"body":"attraction, intimacy,"},{"startTime":3117.7,"endTime":3119.52,"body":"pleasure or procreation,"},{"startTime":3119.52,"endTime":3123.46,"body":"according to the 2016"},{"startTime":3119.52,"endTime":3123.46,"body":"ACE Community Survey."},{"startTime":3123.46,"endTime":3126.44,"body":"What is lost from"},{"startTime":3123.46,"endTime":3126.44,"body":"discussions about asexuality"},{"startTime":3126.44,"endTime":3128.91,"body":"when it is discussed as"},{"startTime":3126.44,"endTime":3128.91,"body":"a monolithic experience"},{"startTime":3128.91,"endTime":3131.06,"body":"surrounding not experiencing"},{"startTime":3131.06,"endTime":3133.62,"body":"sexual desire/not wanting sex"},{"startTime":3133.62,"endTime":3135.67,"body":"when this isn't always the case?"},{"startTime":3135.67,"endTime":3136.503,"body":"- Yeah."},{"startTime":3136.503,"endTime":3137.91,"body":"Absolute fantastic question."},{"startTime":3137.91,"endTime":3139.143,"body":"Okay, firstly,"},{"startTime":3140.01,"endTime":3141.31,"body":"asexuals are an,"},{"startTime":3141.31,"endTime":3144.69,"body":"have always been an"},{"startTime":3141.31,"endTime":3144.69,"body":"extremely diverse movement,"},{"startTime":3144.69,"endTime":3145.64,"body":"if it's a movement,"},{"startTime":3147.67,"endTime":3149.01,"body":"but a group of people, okay?"},{"startTime":3149.01,"endTime":3150.817,"body":"Who self identify as ACE's."},{"startTime":3150.817,"endTime":3152.95,"body":"And that's been there right"},{"startTime":3150.817,"endTime":3152.95,"body":"from the very beginning,"},{"startTime":3152.95,"endTime":3154.15,"body":"right from the early 70's,"},{"startTime":3154.15,"endTime":3157.173,"body":"when the they named themselves as that."},{"startTime":3158.337,"endTime":3159.67,"body":"And that is,"},{"startTime":3159.67,"endTime":3163.48,"body":"and that is one of the"},{"startTime":3159.67,"endTime":3163.48,"body":"reasons why ACE communities,"},{"startTime":3163.48,"endTime":3166.76,"body":"whether online or in person"},{"startTime":3163.48,"endTime":3166.76,"body":"are constantly fracturing"},{"startTime":3166.76,"endTime":3168.34,"body":"and splitting and dividing"},{"startTime":3168.34,"endTime":3170.11,"body":"and all of that precisely for,"},{"startTime":3170.11,"endTime":3172.44,"body":"for that reason over"},{"startTime":3170.11,"endTime":3172.44,"body":"these ideological things."},{"startTime":3172.44,"endTime":3177.44,"body":"What I was trying to do here"},{"startTime":3172.44,"endTime":3177.44,"body":"is to show what the ideology"},{"startTime":3177.5,"endTime":3181.736,"body":"and the reasoning and"},{"startTime":3177.5,"endTime":3181.736,"body":"rationale was for the creation"},{"startTime":3181.736,"endTime":3185.2,"body":"of self-identified asexuals"},{"startTime":3181.736,"endTime":3185.2,"body":"in those early periods."},{"startTime":3185.2,"endTime":3188.05,"body":"Now in, and I actually only go up to"},{"startTime":3189.0,"endTime":3190.33,"body":"the early 2000's."},{"startTime":3190.33,"endTime":3194.23,"body":"I mean, what has happened in"},{"startTime":3190.33,"endTime":3194.23,"body":"more recent decades, in fact,"},{"startTime":3194.23,"endTime":3195.48,"body":"in the recent decade"},{"startTime":3198.874,"endTime":3202.24,"body":"is the rejection of some"},{"startTime":3198.874,"endTime":3202.24,"body":"of those really early ideas"},{"startTime":3202.24,"endTime":3205.86,"body":"and definitions of people like Bogaert"},{"startTime":3205.86,"endTime":3206.78,"body":"who I was speaking to here,"},{"startTime":3206.78,"endTime":3209.853,"body":"who's one of the big names in those,"},{"startTime":3209.853,"endTime":3212.37,"body":"in the early written things, at least,"},{"startTime":3212.37,"endTime":3216.56,"body":"whereas what you get post"},{"startTime":3212.37,"endTime":3216.56,"body":"2016 and even more recently"},{"startTime":3216.56,"endTime":3219.97,"body":"than that is you get a"},{"startTime":3216.56,"endTime":3219.97,"body":"much more affirmative"},{"startTime":3221.68,"endTime":3225.47,"body":"position by self proclaimed ACE's."},{"startTime":3225.47,"endTime":3228.89,"body":"and those who are trying"},{"startTime":3225.47,"endTime":3228.89,"body":"to find what asexuality is"},{"startTime":3228.89,"endTime":3230.25,"body":"and being much more explicit"},{"startTime":3230.25,"endTime":3233.28,"body":"about just how diverse that can be."},{"startTime":3233.28,"endTime":3235.52,"body":"So I think, I mean, I'm an historian."},{"startTime":3235.52,"endTime":3237.679,"body":"So the important thing for me"},{"startTime":3235.52,"endTime":3237.679,"body":"is actually tracing through"},{"startTime":3237.679,"endTime":3242.35,"body":"those changes and what the"},{"startTime":3237.679,"endTime":3242.35,"body":"changes in the definition"},{"startTime":3242.35,"endTime":3245.16,"body":"of self-identified asexuals tells us"},{"startTime":3246.061,"endTime":3247.31,"body":"about changes in sexuality"},{"startTime":3247.31,"endTime":3250.49,"body":"and ideas about sexuality"},{"startTime":3247.31,"endTime":3250.49,"body":"in the modern world."},{"startTime":3250.49,"endTime":3253.83,"body":"So it is from the 1970s' to"},{"startTime":3250.49,"endTime":3253.83,"body":"the present but undergoes"},{"startTime":3253.83,"endTime":3256.28,"body":"dramatic shifts and has"},{"startTime":3253.83,"endTime":3256.28,"body":"always been very diverse."},{"startTime":3257.632,"endTime":3258.61,"body":"- On the advent for"},{"startTime":3257.632,"endTime":3258.61,"body":"this on Gresham College,"},{"startTime":3258.61,"endTime":3262.14,"body":"it was mentioned that in America,"},{"startTime":3262.14,"endTime":3266.073,"body":"there was a movement against"},{"startTime":3262.14,"endTime":3266.073,"body":"sexual education in school."},{"startTime":3267.811,"endTime":3268.644,"body":"And in spite of the data,"},{"startTime":3268.644,"endTime":3272.73,"body":"which showed that this had a"},{"startTime":3268.644,"endTime":3272.73,"body":"negative effect on pregnancy,"},{"startTime":3272.73,"endTime":3274.53,"body":"and when this data was presented,"},{"startTime":3274.53,"endTime":3276.61,"body":"was there a counterargument of the people"},{"startTime":3276.61,"endTime":3279.61,"body":"who are against sexual"},{"startTime":3276.61,"endTime":3279.61,"body":"education in school?"},{"startTime":3279.61,"endTime":3282.85,"body":"And was there objection only to"},{"startTime":3284.7,"endTime":3285.94,"body":"birth control being taught,"},{"startTime":3285.94,"endTime":3290.94,"body":"or was it also about the"},{"startTime":3285.94,"endTime":3290.94,"body":"mechanics of the sexual education"},{"startTime":3291.53,"endTime":3292.88,"body":"such as the menstrual cycle"},{"startTime":3294.445,"endTime":3295.41,"body":"and the hormones which are produced"},{"startTime":3295.41,"endTime":3297.93,"body":"to control the menstrual menstrual cycle?"},{"startTime":3297.93,"endTime":3299.693,"body":"- Yeah, great question."},{"startTime":3301.67,"endTime":3305.3,"body":"Absence only based sex"},{"startTime":3301.67,"endTime":3305.3,"body":"education in these schools"},{"startTime":3305.3,"endTime":3306.65,"body":"and I've, for my sins,"},{"startTime":3306.65,"endTime":3310.48,"body":"I spent today 10 days"},{"startTime":3306.65,"endTime":3310.48,"body":"reading these manuals."},{"startTime":3310.48,"endTime":3314.12,"body":"I mean, they do look at a large range"},{"startTime":3316.77,"endTime":3317.603,"body":"of aspects of sex,"},{"startTime":3317.603,"endTime":3322.19,"body":"including menstrual cycles,"},{"startTime":3317.603,"endTime":3322.19,"body":"including just the biology,"},{"startTime":3322.19,"endTime":3324.17,"body":"the bio, you know, you know,"},{"startTime":3324.17,"endTime":3327.023,"body":"what the insides look like"},{"startTime":3324.17,"endTime":3327.023,"body":"and all that sort of stuff."},{"startTime":3327.86,"endTime":3329.23,"body":"So that is there."},{"startTime":3329.23,"endTime":3331.2,"body":"What is interesting"},{"startTime":3332.979,"endTime":3336.35,"body":"is the way that so much of it is skewed"},{"startTime":3336.35,"endTime":3341.35,"body":"towards a particular version"},{"startTime":3336.35,"endTime":3341.35,"body":"of what is the good sex life,"},{"startTime":3341.87,"endTime":3343.55,"body":"which is the, you know,"},{"startTime":3343.55,"endTime":3347.43,"body":"within marriage, missionary position."},{"startTime":3347.43,"endTime":3351.46,"body":"They do say that experimentation"},{"startTime":3347.43,"endTime":3351.46,"body":"within marriage is fine,"},{"startTime":3351.46,"endTime":3356.46,"body":"but that can't include things"},{"startTime":3351.46,"endTime":3356.46,"body":"like with another partner"},{"startTime":3356.53,"endTime":3360.54,"body":"or anal sex or fellatio"},{"startTime":3356.53,"endTime":3360.54,"body":"or anything like that."},{"startTime":3360.54,"endTime":3362.42,"body":"So really, really impressive."},{"startTime":3362.42,"endTime":3366.55,"body":"The birth control issue is"},{"startTime":3362.42,"endTime":3366.55,"body":"central to a lot of this."},{"startTime":3366.55,"endTime":3368.7,"body":"So it is saying that"},{"startTime":3371.193,"endTime":3373.19,"body":"teaching young children and young people,"},{"startTime":3373.19,"endTime":3376.87,"body":"that they don't have to have"},{"startTime":3373.19,"endTime":3376.87,"body":"the consequences of sexual"},{"startTime":3376.87,"endTime":3380.12,"body":"intercourse because they"},{"startTime":3376.87,"endTime":3380.12,"body":"can use birth control."},{"startTime":3380.12,"endTime":3381.08,"body":"They see that as one,"},{"startTime":3381.08,"endTime":3384.0,"body":"as an extremely pernicious doctrine"},{"startTime":3384.0,"endTime":3388.84,"body":"that they are fighting against,"},{"startTime":3384.0,"endTime":3388.84,"body":"but it's not only about"},{"startTime":3393.61,"endTime":3394.66,"body":"preventing"},{"startTime":3396.03,"endTime":3397.37,"body":"births outside of wedlock"},{"startTime":3397.37,"endTime":3398.27,"body":"and those sorts of things."},{"startTime":3398.27,"endTime":3401.38,"body":"It's also, particularly"},{"startTime":3398.27,"endTime":3401.38,"body":"in the early years,"},{"startTime":3401.38,"endTime":3403.2,"body":"I'm talking about 70's,"},{"startTime":3403.2,"endTime":3406.73,"body":"it's also about that this"},{"startTime":3403.2,"endTime":3406.73,"body":"is a movement that birth,"},{"startTime":3406.73,"endTime":3410.65,"body":"that sex education is taught"},{"startTime":3406.73,"endTime":3410.65,"body":"in schools is liberal."},{"startTime":3410.65,"endTime":3414.08,"body":"It's pro homosexual,"},{"startTime":3410.65,"endTime":3414.08,"body":"it's pro masturbation,"},{"startTime":3414.08,"endTime":3418.993,"body":"it's pro all these things"},{"startTime":3414.08,"endTime":3418.993,"body":"that they regard as wrong."},{"startTime":3421.959,"endTime":3424.878,"body":"So what I find really"},{"startTime":3421.959,"endTime":3424.878,"body":"interesting about this"},{"startTime":3424.878,"endTime":3426.67,"body":"is that when Obama came into power"},{"startTime":3426.67,"endTime":3430.24,"body":"and he basically took"},{"startTime":3426.67,"endTime":3430.24,"body":"away most of the money,"},{"startTime":3430.24,"endTime":3433.2,"body":"nearly all of the money that"},{"startTime":3430.24,"endTime":3433.2,"body":"was being given at federal"},{"startTime":3433.2,"endTime":3437.44,"body":"level for this kind of"},{"startTime":3433.2,"endTime":3437.44,"body":"education, actually it was,"},{"startTime":3437.44,"endTime":3441.96,"body":"it continued to be"},{"startTime":3437.44,"endTime":3441.96,"body":"supported at state level."},{"startTime":3441.96,"endTime":3445.14,"body":"So there continued to"},{"startTime":3441.96,"endTime":3445.14,"body":"be that support for it,"},{"startTime":3445.14,"endTime":3448.01,"body":"which is why there was a decline"},{"startTime":3445.14,"endTime":3448.01,"body":"in this kind of education,"},{"startTime":3448.01,"endTime":3450.113,"body":"but not in eradication of it."},{"startTime":3451.08,"endTime":3454.87,"body":"- A very fascinating lecture."},{"startTime":3454.87,"endTime":3457.43,"body":"There's a huge debate going"},{"startTime":3454.87,"endTime":3457.43,"body":"on in the United States"},{"startTime":3457.43,"endTime":3458.88,"body":"at the moment about abortion."},{"startTime":3459.915,"endTime":3460.748,"body":"- Yeah."},{"startTime":3463.248,"endTime":3464.72,"body":"- [Man] And, you know, and I,"},{"startTime":3464.72,"endTime":3467.48,"body":"I don't know what sort"},{"startTime":3464.72,"endTime":3467.48,"body":"of position you take,"},{"startTime":3467.48,"endTime":3468.573,"body":"on this question,"},{"startTime":3469.552,"endTime":3470.906,"body":"but there's also another thing"},{"startTime":3470.906,"endTime":3473.29,"body":"that amongst the world religions,"},{"startTime":3473.29,"endTime":3478.163,"body":"Hinduism tends to be"},{"startTime":3473.29,"endTime":3478.163,"body":"much more open about sex"},{"startTime":3479.1,"endTime":3483.67,"body":"because there are depiction"},{"startTime":3479.1,"endTime":3483.67,"body":"of sculptures and, but the,"},{"startTime":3483.67,"endTime":3487.33,"body":"most of the other religions"},{"startTime":3483.67,"endTime":3487.33,"body":"tend to be, you know,"},{"startTime":3487.33,"endTime":3488.71,"body":"the opposite of that."},{"startTime":3488.71,"endTime":3492.26,"body":"Maybe you can sort of"},{"startTime":3488.71,"endTime":3492.26,"body":"say something about that."},{"startTime":3492.26,"endTime":3493.85,"body":"- Yeah, thank thanks very much."},{"startTime":3493.85,"endTime":3495.98,"body":"I mean, I don't work on"},{"startTime":3493.85,"endTime":3495.98,"body":"those other religions,"},{"startTime":3495.98,"endTime":3500.96,"body":"so it would be invidious of"},{"startTime":3495.98,"endTime":3500.96,"body":"me to pretend that I could,"},{"startTime":3500.96,"endTime":3503.407,"body":"you know, talk about them"},{"startTime":3500.96,"endTime":3503.407,"body":"in great detail, in fact,"},{"startTime":3503.407,"endTime":3507.12,"body":"in any detail because"},{"startTime":3503.407,"endTime":3507.12,"body":"that's not my field at all,"},{"startTime":3507.12,"endTime":3509.56,"body":"but I do think it is"},{"startTime":3507.12,"endTime":3509.56,"body":"important to acknowledge"},{"startTime":3509.56,"endTime":3513.299,"body":"that there are these alternative"},{"startTime":3509.56,"endTime":3513.299,"body":"ways of thinking about"},{"startTime":3513.299,"endTime":3514.83,"body":"religious ways of thinking about sex."},{"startTime":3514.83,"endTime":3516.67,"body":"And there's also, of course,"},{"startTime":3516.67,"endTime":3518.41,"body":"even within the, you know,"},{"startTime":3518.41,"endTime":3522.07,"body":"the British and American"},{"startTime":3518.41,"endTime":3522.07,"body":"scene that I'm talking about,"},{"startTime":3522.07,"endTime":3524.69,"body":"some of these feminist groups that I'm,"},{"startTime":3524.69,"endTime":3528.55,"body":"that I referred to are"},{"startTime":3524.69,"endTime":3528.55,"body":"actually religious groups,"},{"startTime":3528.55,"endTime":3530.22,"body":"Christian religious groups,"},{"startTime":3530.22,"endTime":3534.343,"body":"who are taking different"},{"startTime":3530.22,"endTime":3534.343,"body":"viewpoints on these things,"},{"startTime":3536.103,"endTime":3537.84,"body":"but I'm sure you can guess what my line"},{"startTime":3537.84,"endTime":3540.49,"body":"is on the abortion debates"},{"startTime":3537.84,"endTime":3540.49,"body":"in America right now."},{"startTime":3540.49,"endTime":3543.85,"body":"It doesn't take much to"},{"startTime":3540.49,"endTime":3543.85,"body":"guess what my line would be."},{"startTime":3543.85,"endTime":3547.4,"body":"I mean, I think we are at"},{"startTime":3543.85,"endTime":3547.4,"body":"a very dangerous period"},{"startTime":3547.4,"endTime":3550.75,"body":"of history for women and"},{"startTime":3547.4,"endTime":3550.75,"body":"girls where discrimination"},{"startTime":3550.75,"endTime":3552.45,"body":"at the very fundamental"},{"startTime":3552.45,"endTime":3555.22,"body":"level of full functioning,"},{"startTime":3552.45,"endTime":3555.22,"body":"full flourishing,"},{"startTime":3555.22,"endTime":3557.68,"body":"I should say is being, is at risk,"},{"startTime":3557.68,"endTime":3560.78,"body":"at very, very serious risk in a way that,"},{"startTime":3560.78,"endTime":3563.353,"body":"that I find really very, very abhorrent."},{"startTime":3565.276,"endTime":3568.33,"body":"- You spoke about people having sex"},{"startTime":3568.33,"endTime":3570.79,"body":"in order to please a partner,"},{"startTime":3570.79,"endTime":3573.063,"body":"was consensual, but not wanted."},{"startTime":3573.99,"endTime":3577.25,"body":"Can you say anything about"},{"startTime":3573.99,"endTime":3577.25,"body":"enforced to abstinence"},{"startTime":3577.25,"endTime":3580.2,"body":"where a partner refuses"},{"startTime":3577.25,"endTime":3580.2,"body":"to have intercourse?"},{"startTime":3580.2,"endTime":3582.55,"body":"How does that fit in with this?"},{"startTime":3582.55,"endTime":3583.383,"body":"- Yeah,"},{"startTime":3585.08,"endTime":3587.11,"body":"I'm going to take that"},{"startTime":3585.08,"endTime":3587.11,"body":"as an historical question"},{"startTime":3587.11,"endTime":3589.73,"body":"rather than talking"},{"startTime":3587.11,"endTime":3589.73,"body":"about it in the present."},{"startTime":3589.73,"endTime":3591.23,"body":"That is,"},{"startTime":3591.23,"endTime":3593.83,"body":"that came up slightly in my"},{"startTime":3591.23,"endTime":3593.83,"body":"last lecture on monogamy,"},{"startTime":3593.83,"endTime":3597.13,"body":"because it came up there"},{"startTime":3593.83,"endTime":3597.13,"body":"in a forced to abstinence."},{"startTime":3597.13,"endTime":3598.11,"body":"What do you do"},{"startTime":3599.482,"endTime":3602.38,"body":"if your husband won't"},{"startTime":3599.482,"endTime":3602.38,"body":"have sexual intercourse"},{"startTime":3602.38,"endTime":3606.22,"body":"with you and what rights"},{"startTime":3602.38,"endTime":3606.22,"body":"do you have as a wife"},{"startTime":3606.22,"endTime":3610.71,"body":"or what rights does a husband"},{"startTime":3606.22,"endTime":3610.71,"body":"have over his wife's body."},{"startTime":3610.71,"endTime":3613.31,"body":"And those debates actually have been,"},{"startTime":3613.31,"endTime":3616.52,"body":"central to a lot of legal decisions"},{"startTime":3616.52,"endTime":3617.97,"body":"about whether"},{"startTime":3620.06,"endTime":3622.34,"body":"a court can enforce,"},{"startTime":3622.34,"endTime":3624.41,"body":"can force a woman to"},{"startTime":3622.34,"endTime":3624.41,"body":"have sexual intercourse"},{"startTime":3624.41,"endTime":3626.023,"body":"with her husband or vice versa."},{"startTime":3626.97,"endTime":3628.96,"body":"You know, her rights to children,"},{"startTime":3628.96,"endTime":3631.31,"body":"his rights to sexual intimacy."},{"startTime":3631.31,"endTime":3634.48,"body":"These have been big debates"},{"startTime":3631.31,"endTime":3634.48,"body":"in the 18th and 19th"},{"startTime":3634.48,"endTime":3637.03,"body":"and early 20th, early 20th centuries."},{"startTime":3637.03,"endTime":3639.55,"body":"And they continued to be debated"},{"startTime":3639.55,"endTime":3641.75,"body":"in psychiatric literatures today,"},{"startTime":3641.75,"endTime":3644.77,"body":"which is why this whole"},{"startTime":3641.75,"endTime":3644.77,"body":"pharmaceutical literature"},{"startTime":3644.77,"endTime":3647.41,"body":"is all about, well, what do you do"},{"startTime":3647.41,"endTime":3648.72,"body":"if your partner doesn't want?"},{"startTime":3648.72,"endTime":3650.07,"body":"Is there a way, you know,"},{"startTime":3650.07,"endTime":3653.09,"body":"I'm thinking about the lecture I gave on,"},{"startTime":3653.09,"endTime":3655.53,"body":"on sexual pleasure, the"},{"startTime":3653.09,"endTime":3655.53,"body":"first lecture, you know,"},{"startTime":3655.53,"endTime":3660.01,"body":"about Viagra, about chemical,"},{"startTime":3655.53,"endTime":3660.01,"body":"about these other ways,"},{"startTime":3660.01,"endTime":3665.01,"body":"pharmaceutical ways, as well"},{"startTime":3660.01,"endTime":3665.01,"body":"as the whole huge industry"},{"startTime":3665.18,"endTime":3669.68,"body":"of marriage counseling,"},{"startTime":3665.18,"endTime":3669.68,"body":"you know, which are this,"},{"startTime":3669.68,"endTime":3672.96,"body":"these are debates that really"},{"startTime":3669.68,"endTime":3672.96,"body":"consume those industries"},{"startTime":3672.96,"endTime":3674.73,"body":"to a large degree."},{"startTime":3674.73,"endTime":3675.63,"body":"- Okay, I'm sorry."},{"startTime":3675.63,"endTime":3678.68,"body":"I'm afraid that's all we have time for."},{"startTime":3678.68,"endTime":3680.76,"body":"This is the last in this series,"},{"startTime":3680.76,"endTime":3682.2,"body":"and I see that on your slide,"},{"startTime":3682.2,"endTime":3684.11,"body":"you're speaking about your next series,"},{"startTime":3684.11,"endTime":3686.92,"body":"which is on the cultural"},{"startTime":3684.11,"endTime":3686.92,"body":"history of diseases,"},{"startTime":3686.92,"endTime":3689.83,"body":"which the next program"},{"startTime":3689.83,"endTime":3692.53,"body":"that Gresham comes out with,"},{"startTime":3692.53,"endTime":3694.89,"body":"we'll have full details of that series."},{"startTime":3694.89,"endTime":3696.4,"body":"So please do join us again"},{"startTime":3696.4,"endTime":3697.76,"body":"and thank you for coming this evening"},{"startTime":3697.76,"endTime":3699.32,"body":"and thank you, professor Burke."},{"startTime":3699.32,"endTime":3700.434,"body":"Thanks."},{"startTime":3700.434,"endTime":3702.684,"body":"(applause)"}]}