{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"startTime":0.12,"endTime":1.54,"body":"- Dear friends."},{"startTime":1.54,"endTime":5.013,"body":"Welcome to the last lecture"},{"startTime":1.54,"endTime":5.013,"body":"of Music Under Stalin."},{"startTime":6.12,"endTime":11.12,"body":"Today, the topic is the"},{"startTime":6.12,"endTime":11.12,"body":"year 1948 in Soviet music."},{"startTime":11.37,"endTime":14.233,"body":"What's the significance of year 1948?"},{"startTime":15.12,"endTime":18.06,"body":"You might remember the"},{"startTime":15.12,"endTime":18.06,"body":"book by George Orwell,"},{"startTime":18.06,"endTime":19.8,"body":"which is called \"1984\"."},{"startTime":19.8,"endTime":24.1,"body":"And you might remember that"},{"startTime":19.8,"endTime":24.1,"body":"it was written in 1948."},{"startTime":24.1,"endTime":28.07,"body":"So this dystopia came to him in his dreams"},{"startTime":28.07,"endTime":30.873,"body":"in that year of 1948."},{"startTime":31.75,"endTime":36.683,"body":"And perhaps the events that"},{"startTime":31.75,"endTime":36.683,"body":"I'm going to talk about today,"},{"startTime":37.571,"endTime":42.571,"body":"also contributed yeah,"},{"startTime":37.571,"endTime":42.571,"body":"to 1984 in some way,"},{"startTime":45.89,"endTime":50.063,"body":"it was a very widely"},{"startTime":45.89,"endTime":50.063,"body":"publicized musical debacle."},{"startTime":50.92,"endTime":53.43,"body":"One of the journalists who was president"},{"startTime":53.43,"endTime":55.89,"body":"in Moscow in 1948,"},{"startTime":53.43,"endTime":55.89,"body":"immediately wrote a book"},{"startTime":55.89,"endTime":59.37,"body":"which is called \"Musical"},{"startTime":55.89,"endTime":59.37,"body":"Uproar in Moscow\"."},{"startTime":59.37,"endTime":62.32,"body":"And it became known all around the world"},{"startTime":62.32,"endTime":66.343,"body":"what was happening to music"},{"startTime":62.32,"endTime":66.343,"body":"in this communist country,"},{"startTime":67.43,"endTime":70.72,"body":"and that even split the Western left,"},{"startTime":70.72,"endTime":73.51,"body":"the Western artistic left"},{"startTime":70.72,"endTime":73.51,"body":"because some of them,"},{"startTime":73.51,"endTime":75.43,"body":"thought that Stalin was"},{"startTime":73.51,"endTime":75.43,"body":"doing the right thing."},{"startTime":75.43,"endTime":77.34,"body":"And other people just couldn't understand"},{"startTime":77.34,"endTime":78.51,"body":"how people like"},{"startTime":78.51,"endTime":80.54,"body":"Shostakovich and Prokofiev"},{"startTime":80.54,"endTime":83.69,"body":"could be denounced in this way."},{"startTime":83.69,"endTime":85.54,"body":"But today we're not going to talk"},{"startTime":85.54,"endTime":87.9,"body":"about the international dimension so much,"},{"startTime":87.9,"endTime":91.79,"body":"but going to talk about"},{"startTime":87.9,"endTime":91.79,"body":"what was happening in detail"},{"startTime":92.63,"endTime":97.313,"body":"in those first months of"},{"startTime":92.63,"endTime":97.313,"body":"1948 in the Soviet Union."},{"startTime":98.8,"endTime":103.1,"body":"So the main players, the"},{"startTime":98.8,"endTime":103.1,"body":"players at the top are Stalin,"},{"startTime":103.1,"endTime":108.1,"body":"and Andrei Zhdanov, Andrei"},{"startTime":103.1,"endTime":108.1,"body":"Zhdanov was someone who became,"},{"startTime":108.44,"endTime":112.77,"body":"he was positioned now after"},{"startTime":108.44,"endTime":112.77,"body":"the war in charge of ideology."},{"startTime":112.77,"endTime":115.48,"body":"Yeah, so he his official position"},{"startTime":115.48,"endTime":118.821,"body":"was head of the Department"},{"startTime":115.48,"endTime":118.821,"body":"for Agitation and Propaganda"},{"startTime":118.821,"endTime":122.67,"body":"of the central committee"},{"startTime":118.821,"endTime":122.67,"body":"of the communist party."},{"startTime":122.67,"endTime":124.77,"body":"Yeah, so he was a party chief"},{"startTime":124.77,"endTime":129.77,"body":"responsible for ideology,"},{"startTime":124.77,"endTime":129.77,"body":"and the debacle in music"},{"startTime":130.443,"endTime":133.3,"body":"didn't lead the way."},{"startTime":133.3,"endTime":136.8,"body":"From 1946, there was"},{"startTime":133.3,"endTime":136.8,"body":"already this hardening"},{"startTime":136.8,"endTime":138.38,"body":"of the ideological climate,"},{"startTime":138.38,"endTime":142.06,"body":"very much against the"},{"startTime":138.38,"endTime":142.06,"body":"expectations that people had,"},{"startTime":142.06,"endTime":145.59,"body":"because as you might remember"},{"startTime":142.06,"endTime":145.59,"body":"during the war, actually,"},{"startTime":145.59,"endTime":147.94,"body":"the climate became slightly softer"},{"startTime":147.94,"endTime":151.95,"body":"in terms of what was allowed in the arts."},{"startTime":151.95,"endTime":156.11,"body":"And there was a lot of cosmopolitanism"},{"startTime":156.11,"endTime":158.27,"body":"because we were together with the allies."},{"startTime":158.27,"endTime":163.27,"body":"There was a lot of international"},{"startTime":158.27,"endTime":163.27,"body":"relations being enjoyed"},{"startTime":163.84,"endTime":167.15,"body":"and suddenly all of that came to an end"},{"startTime":167.15,"endTime":168.66,"body":"in a very unexpected way."},{"startTime":168.66,"endTime":173.66,"body":"So first there was poetry"},{"startTime":168.66,"endTime":173.66,"body":"and literature in 1946,"},{"startTime":173.79,"endTime":178.79,"body":"including denunciation of, then theater."},{"startTime":178.97,"endTime":182.123,"body":"And then finally in 1948 came music."},{"startTime":183.74,"endTime":188.74,"body":"So it was a very strange"},{"startTime":183.74,"endTime":188.74,"body":"excuse to start this campaign."},{"startTime":190.13,"endTime":193.157,"body":"It was an opera which is"},{"startTime":190.13,"endTime":193.157,"body":"called \"The Great Friendship\"."},{"startTime":194.11,"endTime":198.64,"body":"The opera was written by a"},{"startTime":194.11,"endTime":198.64,"body":"composer called Vano Muradeli"},{"startTime":198.64,"endTime":201.48,"body":"and the party resolution"},{"startTime":198.64,"endTime":201.48,"body":"that eventually came out"},{"startTime":201.48,"endTime":203.19,"body":"of all of that on the 10th of February,"},{"startTime":203.19,"endTime":208.09,"body":"1948 was called about The"},{"startTime":203.19,"endTime":208.09,"body":"Great Friendship by Muradeli."},{"startTime":208.09,"endTime":210.543,"body":"But in fact, it was just an excuse."},{"startTime":212.36,"endTime":214.893,"body":"What was this opera, The Great Friendship,"},{"startTime":216.1,"endTime":218.84,"body":"what was the reason"},{"startTime":216.1,"endTime":218.84,"body":"for it being denounced?"},{"startTime":218.84,"endTime":221.01,"body":"And again, we cannot believe what we see."},{"startTime":221.01,"endTime":223.233,"body":"We cannot believe what we hear."},{"startTime":224.39,"endTime":228.52,"body":"The opera, which had another name also,"},{"startTime":228.52,"endTime":231.07,"body":"which is called The"},{"startTime":228.52,"endTime":231.07,"body":"Extraordinary Commissar,"},{"startTime":231.07,"endTime":234.38,"body":"was actually inspired"},{"startTime":231.07,"endTime":234.38,"body":"by the real life story"},{"startTime":234.38,"endTime":235.87,"body":"of Sergo Ordzhonikidze,"},{"startTime":235.87,"endTime":240.14,"body":"who was a Bolshevik and a friend"},{"startTime":235.87,"endTime":240.14,"body":"of Stalin, as you can see,"},{"startTime":240.14,"endTime":244.98,"body":"who took charge of the"},{"startTime":240.14,"endTime":244.98,"body":"expansion of the Soviet power"},{"startTime":244.98,"endTime":247.28,"body":"to the caucuses, yeah."},{"startTime":247.28,"endTime":248.703,"body":"So during the Civil War,"},{"startTime":249.882,"endTime":250.715,"body":"he was absolutely very important"},{"startTime":250.715,"endTime":253.37,"body":"in all these trans Caucasian republics"},{"startTime":253.37,"endTime":255.843,"body":"as bringing Bolshevisms there."},{"startTime":257.28,"endTime":262.28,"body":"And Muradeli, who was himself"},{"startTime":257.28,"endTime":262.28,"body":"from the same town as Stalin."},{"startTime":263.77,"endTime":265.49,"body":"Yeah, he was from Gore"},{"startTime":265.49,"endTime":268.63,"body":"and was trying to identify because of that"},{"startTime":268.63,"endTime":271.06,"body":"as a Georgian, although"},{"startTime":268.63,"endTime":271.06,"body":"actually he wasn't Georgian,"},{"startTime":271.06,"endTime":273.1,"body":"he was ethnically Armenian,"},{"startTime":273.1,"endTime":276.13,"body":"but he changed his name even"},{"startTime":273.1,"endTime":276.13,"body":"yeah, to be more Georgian."},{"startTime":276.13,"endTime":276.97,"body":"And he thought,"},{"startTime":276.97,"endTime":279.63,"body":"if I choose this plot"},{"startTime":276.97,"endTime":279.63,"body":"about the establishment"},{"startTime":279.63,"endTime":282.53,"body":"of Soviet power in the caucuses,"},{"startTime":282.53,"endTime":284.08,"body":"Stalin is bound to like it."},{"startTime":284.08,"endTime":286.853,"body":"And everyone thought that too, yeah."},{"startTime":287.699,"endTime":289.62,"body":"So it was dedicated to"},{"startTime":287.699,"endTime":289.62,"body":"the 30th anniversary"},{"startTime":289.62,"endTime":291.37,"body":"of the Great October Revolution."},{"startTime":291.37,"endTime":295.33,"body":"It was produced a great"},{"startTime":291.37,"endTime":295.33,"body":"expense in many opera houses"},{"startTime":295.33,"endTime":296.23,"body":"at the same time."},{"startTime":296.23,"endTime":298.91,"body":"So it was a very, very safe bet,"},{"startTime":298.91,"endTime":303.32,"body":"but you should never try to"},{"startTime":298.91,"endTime":303.32,"body":"second guess the dictator,"},{"startTime":303.32,"endTime":307.2,"body":"because actually Stalin"},{"startTime":303.32,"endTime":307.2,"body":"secretly hated Ordzhonikidze,"},{"startTime":307.2,"endTime":309.0,"body":"not many people knew about that."},{"startTime":309.0,"endTime":312.67,"body":"Ordzhonikidze actually"},{"startTime":309.0,"endTime":312.67,"body":"committed suicide in 1937,"},{"startTime":312.67,"endTime":315.27,"body":"just before he was about to be arrested."},{"startTime":315.27,"endTime":317.99,"body":"His brother was already arrested."},{"startTime":317.99,"endTime":319.81,"body":"So during the purges,"},{"startTime":319.81,"endTime":322.68,"body":"but because he managed to commit suicide"},{"startTime":322.68,"endTime":323.9,"body":"before he was arrested, yeah."},{"startTime":323.9,"endTime":327.34,"body":"He was buried with great"},{"startTime":323.9,"endTime":327.34,"body":"pomp, and nobody knew"},{"startTime":327.34,"endTime":328.88,"body":"about this private story."},{"startTime":328.88,"endTime":332.62,"body":"So probably the most important"},{"startTime":328.88,"endTime":332.62,"body":"thing that annoyed Stalin"},{"startTime":332.62,"endTime":336.91,"body":"about this opera was the plot,"},{"startTime":332.62,"endTime":336.91,"body":"but he couldn't say this."},{"startTime":336.91,"endTime":341.225,"body":"Yeah, so instead he started talking"},{"startTime":341.225,"endTime":344.8,"body":"about the music and that"},{"startTime":341.225,"endTime":344.8,"body":"he disliked the music,"},{"startTime":344.8,"endTime":349.8,"body":"that the music was chaotic and so on."},{"startTime":350.49,"endTime":351.323,"body":"Yeah."},{"startTime":353.045,"endTime":358.045,"body":"So this is the actual long"},{"startTime":353.045,"endTime":358.045,"body":"resolution published in Prabda."},{"startTime":358.21,"endTime":360.89,"body":"And this is what was said"},{"startTime":358.21,"endTime":360.89,"body":"about the music, yes."},{"startTime":360.89,"endTime":364.3,"body":"That the principle fault of"},{"startTime":360.89,"endTime":364.3,"body":"this opera lie in the music,"},{"startTime":364.3,"endTime":366.41,"body":"which is inexpressive and impoverished,"},{"startTime":366.41,"endTime":369.18,"body":"does not contain a single memorable aria,"},{"startTime":369.18,"endTime":373.35,"body":"chaotic, inharmonious, constructed"},{"startTime":369.18,"endTime":373.35,"body":"largely from dissonances."},{"startTime":373.35,"endTime":375.51,"body":"And sonorities that offend the ear."},{"startTime":375.51,"endTime":378.52,"body":"So it was basically a"},{"startTime":375.51,"endTime":378.52,"body":"rehashing of the criticisms"},{"startTime":378.52,"endTime":380.37,"body":"that were experienced by Shostakovich"},{"startTime":380.37,"endTime":384.49,"body":"and the other formalists in 1936."},{"startTime":384.49,"endTime":386.77,"body":"Now let us have a listen."},{"startTime":386.77,"endTime":389.65,"body":"And whether you would"},{"startTime":386.77,"endTime":389.65,"body":"agree with this assessment,"},{"startTime":389.65,"endTime":394.113,"body":"so this is one of the"},{"startTime":389.65,"endTime":394.113,"body":"numbers and the opera."},{"startTime":394.113,"endTime":396.696,"body":"(gentle music)"},{"startTime":427.27,"endTime":430.98,"body":"Yeah, so the Russian"},{"startTime":427.27,"endTime":430.98,"body":"orientalist music, yeah."},{"startTime":430.98,"endTime":435.82,"body":"With this Eastern coloring,"},{"startTime":430.98,"endTime":435.82,"body":"very, very melodic and nice."},{"startTime":435.82,"endTime":439.15,"body":"Another thing that the resolution"},{"startTime":435.82,"endTime":439.15,"body":"said is that the composer"},{"startTime":439.15,"endTime":442.43,"body":"failed to draw upon the"},{"startTime":439.15,"endTime":442.43,"body":"riches of folk melody,"},{"startTime":442.43,"endTime":444.75,"body":"the song and dance tunes"},{"startTime":442.43,"endTime":444.75,"body":"that are to be found"},{"startTime":444.75,"endTime":448.04,"body":"in such abundance among"},{"startTime":444.75,"endTime":448.04,"body":"the peoples of the USSR."},{"startTime":448.04,"endTime":452.25,"body":"And there was a rumor that"},{"startTime":448.04,"endTime":452.25,"body":"Stalin particularly disliked"},{"startTime":452.25,"endTime":453.37,"body":"one of the dancers,"},{"startTime":453.37,"endTime":455.853,"body":"which was the Lisgenka because"},{"startTime":453.37,"endTime":455.853,"body":"it wasn't the Lisgenka,"},{"startTime":455.853,"endTime":457.813,"body":"that he was familiar with."},{"startTime":457.813,"endTime":460.37,"body":"That the composer"},{"startTime":457.813,"endTime":460.37,"body":"actually had the tumerity"},{"startTime":460.37,"endTime":462.18,"body":"to write his own Lisgenka."},{"startTime":462.18,"endTime":463.123,"body":"So let's hear it."},{"startTime":464.486,"endTime":467.069,"body":"(upbeat music)"},{"startTime":500.694,"endTime":503.28,"body":"And so on, yeah, I think"},{"startTime":500.694,"endTime":503.28,"body":"it's still very tuneful,"},{"startTime":503.28,"endTime":508.0,"body":"it has a few funny chords,"},{"startTime":503.28,"endTime":508.0,"body":"but it's still very tuneful."},{"startTime":508.0,"endTime":511.513,"body":"So when this opera was"},{"startTime":508.0,"endTime":511.513,"body":"proclaimed formalist,"},{"startTime":512.59,"endTime":514.66,"body":"really people didn't know what to do."},{"startTime":514.66,"endTime":516.33,"body":"Composers were completely confused"},{"startTime":516.33,"endTime":517.63,"body":"because if this is formalist,"},{"startTime":517.63,"endTime":519.99,"body":"like what is left for us to do?"},{"startTime":519.99,"endTime":521.993,"body":"How can we deal with these criticisms?"},{"startTime":523.26,"endTime":526.42,"body":"So if we talk about"},{"startTime":523.26,"endTime":526.42,"body":"the real reasons, yeah."},{"startTime":526.42,"endTime":528.21,"body":"The reasons behind the scenes"},{"startTime":528.21,"endTime":532.597,"body":"of why this 1948 resolution happened,"},{"startTime":532.597,"endTime":536.219,"body":"there are a few of them"},{"startTime":532.597,"endTime":536.219,"body":"yeah, on different levels."},{"startTime":536.219,"endTime":539.07,"body":"So one of them was this ideological trend,"},{"startTime":539.07,"endTime":542.1,"body":"which was anti-Western, anti cosmopolitan,"},{"startTime":542.1,"endTime":545.02,"body":"instigated by Stalin and"},{"startTime":542.1,"endTime":545.02,"body":"Zhdanov of after the war."},{"startTime":545.02,"endTime":547.8,"body":"And just was the way to kind of get rid"},{"startTime":547.8,"endTime":550.217,"body":"of all the associations with the allies"},{"startTime":550.217,"endTime":553.11,"body":"that were pursued during the war, yeah."},{"startTime":553.11,"endTime":556.9,"body":"And now again, go for"},{"startTime":553.11,"endTime":556.9,"body":"isolation, the iron curtain,"},{"startTime":556.9,"endTime":559.04,"body":"this was just before the Cold War"},{"startTime":559.04,"endTime":560.493,"body":"actually officially started."},{"startTime":561.974,"endTime":564.27,"body":"Zhdanov also had a personal disdain"},{"startTime":564.27,"endTime":566.72,"body":"towards everything that"},{"startTime":564.27,"endTime":566.72,"body":"was remotely modernist."},{"startTime":566.72,"endTime":570.145,"body":"He was a fan of Russian classical music"},{"startTime":570.145,"endTime":573.98,"body":"and Western classics, the 19th century."},{"startTime":573.98,"endTime":578.13,"body":"And he didn't really"},{"startTime":573.98,"endTime":578.13,"body":"think that being original"},{"startTime":578.13,"endTime":580.513,"body":"in the modernist way was in any way good."},{"startTime":581.55,"endTime":584.48,"body":"There was also an administrative reason,"},{"startTime":584.48,"endTime":589.46,"body":"a power struggle reason because"},{"startTime":584.48,"endTime":589.46,"body":"Zhdanov wanted to get rid"},{"startTime":589.46,"endTime":591.64,"body":"of some people while"},{"startTime":589.46,"endTime":591.64,"body":"this was all happening."},{"startTime":591.64,"endTime":594.39,"body":"For example, of the Minister of Culture,"},{"startTime":594.39,"endTime":597.0,"body":"who was quite a powerful figure."},{"startTime":597.0,"endTime":599.9,"body":"So now that he got rid of"},{"startTime":597.0,"endTime":599.9,"body":"him at that point, yeah."},{"startTime":599.9,"endTime":604.13,"body":"The party now controls the arts directly"},{"startTime":604.13,"endTime":609.13,"body":"without the mediation of"},{"startTime":604.13,"endTime":609.13,"body":"the state organizations,"},{"startTime":609.37,"endTime":610.553,"body":"such as ministries."},{"startTime":611.42,"endTime":613.12,"body":"Then there was of course"},{"startTime":611.42,"endTime":613.12,"body":"the power struggle"},{"startTime":613.12,"endTime":614.32,"body":"in the composers union,"},{"startTime":614.32,"endTime":616.649,"body":"because there are always people"},{"startTime":616.649,"endTime":618.05,"body":"who would benefit from such an affair."},{"startTime":618.05,"endTime":619.385,"body":"Yeah."},{"startTime":619.385,"endTime":621.24,"body":"So there were composers who"},{"startTime":619.385,"endTime":621.24,"body":"were previously overlooked."},{"startTime":621.24,"endTime":624.1,"body":"They thought that"},{"startTime":621.24,"endTime":624.1,"body":"Prokofiev and Shostakovich"},{"startTime":624.1,"endTime":626.58,"body":"were getting too many"},{"startTime":624.1,"endTime":626.58,"body":"commissions that their friends"},{"startTime":626.58,"endTime":631.18,"body":"which was the kind of material base"},{"startTime":631.18,"endTime":633.323,"body":"of the union of composers,"},{"startTime":633.323,"endTime":635.41,"body":"we're giving them too much"},{"startTime":633.323,"endTime":635.41,"body":"money and so on, yeah."},{"startTime":635.41,"endTime":639.11,"body":"So they also wanted a piece of that pie."},{"startTime":639.11,"endTime":641.55,"body":"And then there was a"},{"startTime":639.11,"endTime":641.55,"body":"sincere aesthetic dislike"},{"startTime":641.55,"endTime":643.39,"body":"again of modernism among composers"},{"startTime":643.39,"endTime":645.681,"body":"of a more traditional bent."},{"startTime":645.681,"endTime":646.94,"body":"So some of them wrote letters"},{"startTime":646.94,"endTime":648.27,"body":"in support of the resolution"},{"startTime":648.27,"endTime":652.393,"body":"just because they really believed in that."},{"startTime":654.14,"endTime":658.033,"body":"So what were the offending"},{"startTime":654.14,"endTime":658.033,"body":"works that were chosen?"},{"startTime":659.03,"endTime":662.69,"body":"So various works were quoted."},{"startTime":662.69,"endTime":664.55,"body":"Of course, Shostakovich's Symphony"},{"startTime":664.55,"endTime":666.83,"body":"is starting from the eighth."},{"startTime":666.83,"endTime":669.67,"body":"Yeah, we're already experiencing"},{"startTime":666.83,"endTime":669.67,"body":"various difficulties,"},{"startTime":669.67,"endTime":671.21,"body":"number eight, number nine."},{"startTime":671.21,"endTime":675.003,"body":"So he was under criticism"},{"startTime":671.21,"endTime":675.003,"body":"from around 1943."},{"startTime":676.7,"endTime":679.9,"body":"Sorry Prokofiev's Sixth"},{"startTime":676.7,"endTime":679.9,"body":"Symphony was also seen"},{"startTime":679.9,"endTime":682.93,"body":"as more gloomy and kind"},{"startTime":679.9,"endTime":682.93,"body":"of more expressionist"},{"startTime":682.93,"endTime":683.93,"body":"than his fifth."},{"startTime":683.93,"endTime":687.493,"body":"So he was also found to"},{"startTime":683.93,"endTime":687.493,"body":"be on the wrong route."},{"startTime":688.51,"endTime":691.81,"body":"I wanted to show as an"},{"startTime":688.51,"endTime":691.81,"body":"example, one offending piece,"},{"startTime":691.81,"endTime":694.6,"body":"which is slightly different."},{"startTime":694.6,"endTime":698.23,"body":"It's a Cantata by Nikolai Myaskovsky"},{"startTime":698.23,"endTime":700.337,"body":"which is called \"Kremlin by Night\"."},{"startTime":701.75,"endTime":704.18,"body":"It is based on a poem,"},{"startTime":704.18,"endTime":707.04,"body":"which was printed in official newspapers"},{"startTime":707.04,"endTime":709.22,"body":"and then reprinted in various anthologies."},{"startTime":709.22,"endTime":712.08,"body":"So it was a completely safe poem to use."},{"startTime":712.08,"endTime":716.36,"body":"It portrayed Stalin working in"},{"startTime":712.08,"endTime":716.36,"body":"his office during the night."},{"startTime":716.36,"endTime":718.72,"body":"This was kind of a legend"},{"startTime":716.36,"endTime":718.72,"body":"or maybe the truth."},{"startTime":718.72,"endTime":721.53,"body":"You can see this poster from 1940, yeah."},{"startTime":721.53,"endTime":723.78,"body":"That shows him doing that."},{"startTime":723.78,"endTime":728.02,"body":"And it was all set up as a"},{"startTime":723.78,"endTime":728.02,"body":"kind of fairy tale or a legend."},{"startTime":728.02,"endTime":732.03,"body":"And at some point, when"},{"startTime":728.02,"endTime":732.03,"body":"the dawn is breaking,"},{"startTime":732.03,"endTime":737.03,"body":"history, dressed as an"},{"startTime":732.03,"endTime":737.03,"body":"old lady with keys, yeah."},{"startTime":737.29,"endTime":741.33,"body":"Jangling the keys, finds"},{"startTime":737.29,"endTime":741.33,"body":"him there and says,"},{"startTime":741.33,"endTime":744.44,"body":"you've been working too hard,"},{"startTime":741.33,"endTime":744.44,"body":"go and have a rest, yeah."},{"startTime":744.44,"endTime":748.48,"body":"So a funny, kind of very"},{"startTime":744.44,"endTime":748.48,"body":"unusual presentation"},{"startTime":748.48,"endTime":751.84,"body":"of Stalin without any pomp, very lyrical."},{"startTime":751.84,"endTime":755.78,"body":"And I have no idea why Myaskovsky"},{"startTime":751.84,"endTime":755.78,"body":"actually chose this poem."},{"startTime":755.78,"endTime":758.15,"body":"I cannot read into his mind."},{"startTime":758.15,"endTime":760.45,"body":"The poem is not very good,"},{"startTime":760.45,"endTime":762.56,"body":"but maybe because it"},{"startTime":760.45,"endTime":762.56,"body":"was something different,"},{"startTime":762.56,"endTime":765.9,"body":"maybe because it allowed"},{"startTime":762.56,"endTime":765.9,"body":"him an opportunity"},{"startTime":765.9,"endTime":767.37,"body":"to write something"},{"startTime":767.37,"endTime":771.59,"body":"that was not kind of officially"},{"startTime":767.37,"endTime":771.59,"body":"vulgar and loud and yeah,"},{"startTime":771.59,"endTime":773.823,"body":"and pompous and rather was lyrical."},{"startTime":774.83,"endTime":779.83,"body":"So he wrote this Cantata and"},{"startTime":774.83,"endTime":779.83,"body":"let us hear a little bit of it."},{"startTime":780.08,"endTime":782.05,"body":"The moment when history comes"},{"startTime":782.05,"endTime":785.361,"body":"and sort of basically"},{"startTime":782.05,"endTime":785.361,"body":"sings a lullaby to him."},{"startTime":785.361,"endTime":789.278,"body":"(singing in foreign language)"},{"startTime":846.35,"endTime":850.41,"body":"And immediately as it"},{"startTime":846.35,"endTime":850.41,"body":"was performed in 1947,"},{"startTime":850.41,"endTime":852.913,"body":"the criticism came out"},{"startTime":850.41,"endTime":852.913,"body":"that it was mystical."},{"startTime":853.92,"endTime":855.4,"body":"Despite the text,"},{"startTime":855.4,"endTime":858.17,"body":"was criticized despite"},{"startTime":855.4,"endTime":858.17,"body":"having been approved before,"},{"startTime":858.17,"endTime":860.23,"body":"because the text is one"},{"startTime":858.17,"endTime":860.23,"body":"thing when it's printed,"},{"startTime":860.23,"endTime":862.49,"body":"it's another thing when"},{"startTime":860.23,"endTime":862.49,"body":"it's sung from the stage,"},{"startTime":862.49,"endTime":864.93,"body":"it has more impact."},{"startTime":864.93,"endTime":867.517,"body":"So that was another offending work."},{"startTime":867.517,"endTime":871.21,"body":"Khachaturian's Symphony poem."},{"startTime":871.21,"endTime":873.036,"body":"Yeah, or his Third Symphony,"},{"startTime":873.036,"endTime":877.29,"body":"which was criticized for"},{"startTime":873.036,"endTime":877.29,"body":"being kind of extravagant"},{"startTime":877.29,"endTime":879.57,"body":"and in this very strange style"},{"startTime":879.57,"endTime":883.99,"body":"that really Khachaturian dared to break"},{"startTime":883.99,"endTime":887.52,"body":"out of his national style"},{"startTime":883.99,"endTime":887.52,"body":"and do something else."},{"startTime":887.52,"endTime":892.47,"body":"I mean, he can still hear the"},{"startTime":887.52,"endTime":892.47,"body":"basics of his style there,"},{"startTime":892.47,"endTime":894.25,"body":"but it sounds very different."},{"startTime":894.25,"endTime":895.53,"body":"It's very unusual symphony,"},{"startTime":895.53,"endTime":898.55,"body":"which has an organ in"},{"startTime":895.53,"endTime":898.55,"body":"it, and lots of trumpets,"},{"startTime":898.55,"endTime":902.49,"body":"I think up to 17 or something"},{"startTime":898.55,"endTime":902.49,"body":"if I'm not mistaken."},{"startTime":902.49,"endTime":905.793,"body":"Yeah, and it creates this"},{"startTime":902.49,"endTime":905.793,"body":"very overwhelming sound."},{"startTime":906.966,"endTime":909.549,"body":"(upbeat music)"},{"startTime":965.32,"endTime":966.53,"body":"So you can hear, yeah."},{"startTime":966.53,"endTime":968.44,"body":"That it's unusual and the symphony"},{"startTime":968.44,"endTime":971.25,"body":"to have this organ solo"},{"startTime":968.44,"endTime":971.25,"body":"and to have all these notes"},{"startTime":971.25,"endTime":974.15,"body":"being added by new trumpets adding."},{"startTime":974.15,"endTime":977.22,"body":"Yeah, so you have a cord"},{"startTime":974.15,"endTime":977.22,"body":"for many, many notes."},{"startTime":977.22,"endTime":981.063,"body":"Yeah, many of them, many"},{"startTime":977.22,"endTime":981.063,"body":"more than should be allowed."},{"startTime":982.02,"endTime":985.74,"body":"So eventually we ended"},{"startTime":982.02,"endTime":985.74,"body":"up in the Resolution"},{"startTime":985.74,"endTime":988.03,"body":"with six named formalists."},{"startTime":988.03,"endTime":989.5,"body":"Yeah, the seventh was Muradeli,"},{"startTime":989.5,"endTime":991.47,"body":"but Muradeli was very clever."},{"startTime":991.47,"endTime":995.08,"body":"And he immediately"},{"startTime":991.47,"endTime":995.08,"body":"said, it's not my fault."},{"startTime":995.08,"endTime":997.79,"body":"It's professors of the conservator"},{"startTime":997.79,"endTime":999.48,"body":"who told me to write in this way."},{"startTime":999.48,"endTime":1002.44,"body":"I always wanted to write"},{"startTime":999.48,"endTime":1002.44,"body":"healthy, melodic music."},{"startTime":1002.44,"endTime":1005.43,"body":"Yeah, so he actually managed"},{"startTime":1002.44,"endTime":1005.43,"body":"to escape very quickly."},{"startTime":1005.43,"endTime":1008.4,"body":"And it was these people who"},{"startTime":1005.43,"endTime":1008.4,"body":"were named in the Resolution."},{"startTime":1008.4,"endTime":1011.34,"body":"This is the order in"},{"startTime":1008.4,"endTime":1011.34,"body":"which they were named."},{"startTime":1011.34,"endTime":1013.32,"body":"Yes, which was not alphabetical."},{"startTime":1013.32,"endTime":1016.76,"body":"So you can assume that Shostakovich"},{"startTime":1013.32,"endTime":1016.76,"body":"was the worst offender."},{"startTime":1016.76,"endTime":1019.54,"body":"Yeah, and Myaskovsky"},{"startTime":1016.76,"endTime":1019.54,"body":"was the least offender."},{"startTime":1019.54,"endTime":1021.88,"body":"There was some of them"},{"startTime":1019.54,"endTime":1021.88,"body":"like Popov for example,"},{"startTime":1021.88,"endTime":1026.08,"body":"who was, probably his name"},{"startTime":1021.88,"endTime":1026.08,"body":"was plugged out of thin air"},{"startTime":1026.08,"endTime":1028.09,"body":"because he was supposed to replace,"},{"startTime":1028.09,"endTime":1030.73,"body":"who managed to save"},{"startTime":1028.09,"endTime":1030.73,"body":"himself at the last moment"},{"startTime":1030.73,"endTime":1032.8,"body":"owing to his connections."},{"startTime":1032.8,"endTime":1035.38,"body":"Yeah, because to be named"},{"startTime":1032.8,"endTime":1035.38,"body":"in such a resolution"},{"startTime":1035.38,"endTime":1038.71,"body":"was obviously a very, very bad thing"},{"startTime":1038.71,"endTime":1042.7,"body":"because this is how they're named."},{"startTime":1042.7,"endTime":1045.99,"body":"Yeah, the trend has found"},{"startTime":1042.7,"endTime":1045.99,"body":"its fullest expression"},{"startTime":1045.99,"endTime":1047.79,"body":"of the work of these composers"},{"startTime":1047.79,"endTime":1050.04,"body":"whose music displays most strikingly"},{"startTime":1050.04,"endTime":1054.83,"body":"formalist perversions and"},{"startTime":1050.04,"endTime":1054.83,"body":"undemocratic tendencies."},{"startTime":1054.83,"endTime":1058.277,"body":"Now it's music that reflects"},{"startTime":1054.83,"endTime":1058.277,"body":"the dementia of Bolshe culture"},{"startTime":1058.277,"endTime":1062.44,"body":"was a complete negation of"},{"startTime":1058.277,"endTime":1062.44,"body":"musical art at dead end."},{"startTime":1062.44,"endTime":1066.43,"body":"Very, very strong, much"},{"startTime":1062.44,"endTime":1066.43,"body":"stronger actually than in 1936."},{"startTime":1066.43,"endTime":1070.17,"body":"Yeah, so you take six best"},{"startTime":1066.43,"endTime":1070.17,"body":"composers of the country"},{"startTime":1071.394,"endTime":1073.27,"body":"and say these things about them."},{"startTime":1073.27,"endTime":1075.2,"body":"And of course, then"},{"startTime":1073.27,"endTime":1075.2,"body":"administrative measures"},{"startTime":1075.2,"endTime":1078.66,"body":"followed three days"},{"startTime":1075.2,"endTime":1078.66,"body":"later, there was a ban."},{"startTime":1078.66,"endTime":1082.02,"body":"This is only part of the list"},{"startTime":1078.66,"endTime":1082.02,"body":"of the works they would ban"},{"startTime":1082.02,"endTime":1084.49,"body":"for performance, only"},{"startTime":1082.02,"endTime":1084.49,"body":"Shostakovich and Prokofiev"},{"startTime":1085.79,"endTime":1086.7,"body":"here to save time."},{"startTime":1086.7,"endTime":1089.49,"body":"But you can see that"},{"startTime":1086.7,"endTime":1089.49,"body":"it's not only those works"},{"startTime":1089.49,"endTime":1092.5,"body":"that were identified in the"},{"startTime":1089.49,"endTime":1092.5,"body":"process of the campaign,"},{"startTime":1092.5,"endTime":1095.2,"body":"but also earlier works"},{"startTime":1092.5,"endTime":1095.2,"body":"by the same composer."},{"startTime":1095.2,"endTime":1097.51,"body":"Such as even Aphorisms by Shostakovich,"},{"startTime":1097.51,"endTime":1098.71,"body":"works from the twenties."},{"startTime":1099.71,"endTime":1101.7,"body":"Piano Sonata Number Eight by Prokofiev"},{"startTime":1101.7,"endTime":1104.12,"body":"which actually won a Stalin prize."},{"startTime":1104.12,"endTime":1106.88,"body":"Yeah, so completely, yeah."},{"startTime":1106.88,"endTime":1110.22,"body":"And you can see that"},{"startTime":1106.88,"endTime":1110.22,"body":"concert organizers of course"},{"startTime":1110.22,"endTime":1114.162,"body":"always wanted on to the"},{"startTime":1110.22,"endTime":1114.162,"body":"air on the side of caution."},{"startTime":1114.162,"endTime":1116.45,"body":"So they would not perform"},{"startTime":1114.162,"endTime":1116.45,"body":"any works by these people."},{"startTime":1116.45,"endTime":1119.493,"body":"Yeah, so you can imagine"},{"startTime":1116.45,"endTime":1119.493,"body":"what situation arose."},{"startTime":1122.71,"endTime":1124.67,"body":"So who benefited from it?"},{"startTime":1124.67,"endTime":1126.94,"body":"Who were the people who"},{"startTime":1124.67,"endTime":1126.94,"body":"were the beneficiaries?"},{"startTime":1126.94,"endTime":1128.573,"body":"Well, some of them are here."},{"startTime":1128.573,"endTime":1130.9,"body":"We might recognize them, yeah."},{"startTime":1130.9,"endTime":1135.9,"body":"So on the right is, who was"},{"startTime":1130.9,"endTime":1135.9,"body":"appointed General Secretary"},{"startTime":1136.584,"endTime":1138.7,"body":"of the Union Composers and then remained"},{"startTime":1138.7,"endTime":1142.47,"body":"in this position more than 40 years."},{"startTime":1142.47,"endTime":1144.493,"body":"Until the Soviet Union collapsed."},{"startTime":1145.42,"endTime":1149.75,"body":"And he was a composer of"},{"startTime":1145.42,"endTime":1149.75,"body":"a more democratic outlook"},{"startTime":1149.75,"endTime":1152.53,"body":"so to speak, democratic,"},{"startTime":1149.75,"endTime":1152.53,"body":"more melodic outlook."},{"startTime":1152.53,"endTime":1156.24,"body":"Although he could write"},{"startTime":1152.53,"endTime":1156.24,"body":"in his early works,"},{"startTime":1156.24,"endTime":1159.2,"body":"lovely kind of modernist touches in it."},{"startTime":1159.2,"endTime":1162.43,"body":"But then he decided that"},{"startTime":1159.2,"endTime":1162.43,"body":"wasn't a prudent thing to do."},{"startTime":1162.43,"endTime":1164.13,"body":"So he changed his style."},{"startTime":1164.13,"endTime":1165.88,"body":"Next to him is Valentin Levashov,"},{"startTime":1165.88,"endTime":1169.65,"body":"who was the main conductor"},{"startTime":1169.65,"endTime":1171.56,"body":"of the Pyatnitsky Choir the folk choir."},{"startTime":1171.56,"endTime":1174.989,"body":"So his folk style songs also got promoted."},{"startTime":1174.989,"endTime":1179.989,"body":"was more sort of heavier,"},{"startTime":1174.989,"endTime":1179.989,"body":"more serious composer,"},{"startTime":1181.48,"endTime":1185.22,"body":"but he was a very old fashioned, yeah."},{"startTime":1185.22,"endTime":1186.41,"body":"And very classical."},{"startTime":1186.41,"endTime":1189.0,"body":"His music was almost"},{"startTime":1186.41,"endTime":1189.0,"body":"sometimes indistinguishable"},{"startTime":1190.15,"endTime":1193.04,"body":"from, again, somebody from the mighty"},{"startTime":1193.04,"endTime":1194.683,"body":"in the 19th century."},{"startTime":1196.231,"endTime":1201.231,"body":"I always look in at things like awards."},{"startTime":1202.52,"endTime":1204.73,"body":"Yeah, because I wrote a"},{"startTime":1202.52,"endTime":1204.73,"body":"book in the Stalin Prizes."},{"startTime":1204.73,"endTime":1207.62,"body":"So let's see what happened in 1948."},{"startTime":1207.62,"endTime":1212.09,"body":"What works could they award"},{"startTime":1207.62,"endTime":1212.09,"body":"if the list of nominations"},{"startTime":1212.09,"endTime":1214.65,"body":"was suddenly completely emptied, yeah."},{"startTime":1214.65,"endTime":1216.22,"body":"Who are you going to award?"},{"startTime":1216.22,"endTime":1218.21,"body":"So they really had to dig very deep"},{"startTime":1218.21,"endTime":1222.45,"body":"and they found a quartet"},{"startTime":1218.21,"endTime":1222.45,"body":"by Reinhold, Glière,"},{"startTime":1222.45,"endTime":1224.75,"body":"who was one of these"},{"startTime":1222.45,"endTime":1224.75,"body":"conservative composers."},{"startTime":1224.75,"endTime":1227.26,"body":"And it was a quartet from 1943."},{"startTime":1227.26,"endTime":1230.25,"body":"So strictly speaking, actually"},{"startTime":1227.26,"endTime":1230.25,"body":"not eligible for the award,"},{"startTime":1230.25,"endTime":1232.17,"body":"but there was nothing"},{"startTime":1230.25,"endTime":1232.17,"body":"else they could pick."},{"startTime":1232.17,"endTime":1235.25,"body":"And there were no symphonies"},{"startTime":1232.17,"endTime":1235.25,"body":"that they could find,"},{"startTime":1235.25,"endTime":1237.58,"body":"because there was such a fear, yeah,"},{"startTime":1237.58,"endTime":1240.03,"body":"of awarding something"},{"startTime":1237.58,"endTime":1240.03,"body":"that was too difficult,"},{"startTime":1240.03,"endTime":1241.83,"body":"too intellectual."},{"startTime":1241.83,"endTime":1245.29,"body":"So let's hear, it's a lovely quartet."},{"startTime":1245.29,"endTime":1247.84,"body":"And it starts very clearly with a song."},{"startTime":1247.84,"endTime":1249.96,"body":"I don't know whether it's a"},{"startTime":1247.84,"endTime":1249.96,"body":"folk song or a popular song."},{"startTime":1249.96,"endTime":1252.513,"body":"It even sounds like a Soviet song."},{"startTime":1253.726,"endTime":1256.309,"body":"(gentle music)"},{"startTime":1308.947,"endTime":1312.34,"body":"It's so lovely music, got an award,"},{"startTime":1312.34,"endTime":1313.74,"body":"but there were also people"},{"startTime":1313.74,"endTime":1318.13,"body":"who nobody had heard before about,"},{"startTime":1318.13,"endTime":1321.08,"body":"the names that were"},{"startTime":1318.13,"endTime":1321.08,"body":"misspelled in the press"},{"startTime":1321.08,"endTime":1323.15,"body":"because people were"},{"startTime":1321.08,"endTime":1323.15,"body":"not familiar with them."},{"startTime":1323.15,"endTime":1325.96,"body":"So one of the people"},{"startTime":1323.15,"endTime":1325.96,"body":"who got the top award,"},{"startTime":1325.96,"endTime":1327.66,"body":"he has a 100,000 rubles,"},{"startTime":1327.66,"endTime":1331.5,"body":"huge amount of money"},{"startTime":1327.66,"endTime":1331.5,"body":"was Juozas Tallat-Kelpsa"},{"startTime":1331.5,"endTime":1333.3,"body":"from Lithuania."},{"startTime":1333.3,"endTime":1337.56,"body":"And that of course was a very"},{"startTime":1333.3,"endTime":1337.56,"body":"shrewd political move too."},{"startTime":1337.56,"endTime":1340.58,"body":"Yeah, because Lithuania"},{"startTime":1337.56,"endTime":1340.58,"body":"joined the Soviet Union,"},{"startTime":1340.58,"endTime":1344.18,"body":"joined, was of annexed before the war"},{"startTime":1344.18,"endTime":1349.18,"body":"and then was readmitted"},{"startTime":1344.18,"endTime":1349.18,"body":"when the war was won, yeah."},{"startTime":1349.2,"endTime":1353.883,"body":"In 1944 and Tallat-Kelpsa"},{"startTime":1349.2,"endTime":1353.883,"body":"had kind of Russian,"},{"startTime":1355.9,"endTime":1358.13,"body":"background in Russian educational system,"},{"startTime":1358.13,"endTime":1362.69,"body":"he was actually studied in"},{"startTime":1358.13,"endTime":1362.69,"body":"Petersburg earlier on, yeah."},{"startTime":1362.69,"endTime":1365.197,"body":"He was already not a young composer"},{"startTime":1365.197,"endTime":1367.61,"body":"and he wrote a Stalin Contata"},{"startTime":1367.61,"endTime":1370.34,"body":"based on a poem by Salomeja Neris."},{"startTime":1370.34,"endTime":1375.34,"body":"And that was a Lithuanian"},{"startTime":1370.34,"endTime":1375.34,"body":"female poet who actually read it"},{"startTime":1376.25,"endTime":1378.65,"body":"at the Congress, at the moment, yeah,"},{"startTime":1378.65,"endTime":1381.14,"body":"when Lithuania joined the Soviet Union"},{"startTime":1381.14,"endTime":1384.97,"body":"and that was the event in"},{"startTime":1381.14,"endTime":1384.97,"body":"memorialized in the stamp, yeah."},{"startTime":1384.97,"endTime":1388.77,"body":"So it was a very political piece."},{"startTime":1388.77,"endTime":1392.113,"body":"So I don't have recording of it."},{"startTime":1393.419,"endTime":1394.599,"body":"But I've looked at it, you know,"},{"startTime":1394.599,"endTime":1397.013,"body":"it's a professionally made piece."},{"startTime":1398.08,"endTime":1400.7,"body":"The interesting thing which Lithuanians"},{"startTime":1400.7,"endTime":1403.47,"body":"have been telling me about"},{"startTime":1400.7,"endTime":1403.47,"body":"is that Tallat-Kelpsa"},{"startTime":1403.47,"endTime":1406.47,"body":"didn't live to enjoy the"},{"startTime":1403.47,"endTime":1406.47,"body":"fruit of his success."},{"startTime":1406.47,"endTime":1408.412,"body":"He literally dropped dead"},{"startTime":1408.412,"endTime":1410.94,"body":"during the rehearsal of this Contata."},{"startTime":1410.94,"endTime":1414.46,"body":"So you can imagine sort of"},{"startTime":1410.94,"endTime":1414.46,"body":"the people who didn't support"},{"startTime":1414.46,"endTime":1417.13,"body":"this collaboration of"},{"startTime":1414.46,"endTime":1417.13,"body":"Litanian intelligence"},{"startTime":1419.0,"endTime":1422.0,"body":"with Soviet regime kind of rejoiced,"},{"startTime":1422.0,"endTime":1423.593,"body":"and felt that he was punished,"},{"startTime":1425.21,"endTime":1426.41,"body":"but there were other people"},{"startTime":1426.41,"endTime":1431.081,"body":"like another Lithuanian"},{"startTime":1426.41,"endTime":1431.081,"body":"composer, Balys Dvarionas,"},{"startTime":1431.081,"endTime":1433.57,"body":"who was young and very energetic,"},{"startTime":1433.57,"endTime":1437.223,"body":"and he wrote this fantastic"},{"startTime":1433.57,"endTime":1437.223,"body":"Virtioso Concerto,"},{"startTime":1438.2,"endTime":1440.263,"body":"which they discovered in 1948,"},{"startTime":1440.263,"endTime":1443.38,"body":"that also got a high award."},{"startTime":1443.38,"endTime":1447.5,"body":"And I will play you a"},{"startTime":1443.38,"endTime":1447.5,"body":"little bit the finale,"},{"startTime":1447.5,"endTime":1449.04,"body":"and you will recognize that,"},{"startTime":1449.04,"endTime":1451.28,"body":"some of it sounds maybe"},{"startTime":1449.04,"endTime":1451.28,"body":"a bit like Tchaikovsky's"},{"startTime":1451.28,"endTime":1454.696,"body":"violin concerto, or just as"},{"startTime":1451.28,"endTime":1454.696,"body":"Khachaturian's violin concerto,"},{"startTime":1454.696,"endTime":1459.29,"body":"just based on kind of folk"},{"startTime":1454.696,"endTime":1459.29,"body":"tunes from different folk."},{"startTime":1459.29,"endTime":1461.03,"body":"But there was a moment, there was a moment"},{"startTime":1461.03,"endTime":1462.53,"body":"which sounds a bit funny there,"},{"startTime":1462.53,"endTime":1464.78,"body":"kind of parallel fifths there"},{"startTime":1464.78,"endTime":1465.7,"body":"or naked fifths,"},{"startTime":1465.7,"endTime":1467.4,"body":"which sounds a bit more modernist."},{"startTime":1468.976,"endTime":1473.19,"body":"And that particular place"},{"startTime":1468.976,"endTime":1473.19,"body":"was actually commented on,"},{"startTime":1473.19,"endTime":1474.9,"body":"there was a fight among composers"},{"startTime":1474.9,"endTime":1476.95,"body":"whether we should allow this to happen,"},{"startTime":1476.95,"endTime":1480.904,"body":"this formalist bit in there,"},{"startTime":1476.95,"endTime":1480.904,"body":"so listen out for that."},{"startTime":1480.904,"endTime":1483.571,"body":"(upbeat music)"},{"startTime":1540.117,"endTime":1541.63,"body":"So some very good pieces were awarded."},{"startTime":1541.63,"endTime":1544.24,"body":"Yeah, but they were all quite conventional"},{"startTime":1544.24,"endTime":1546.913,"body":"and had to be very life affirming,"},{"startTime":1547.87,"endTime":1550.24,"body":"but there was also an extension, yeah,"},{"startTime":1550.24,"endTime":1552.89,"body":"of these awards towards pieces"},{"startTime":1552.89,"endTime":1556.79,"body":"that we might think of,"},{"startTime":1552.89,"endTime":1556.79,"body":"towards more middle brow,"},{"startTime":1556.79,"endTime":1558.36,"body":"low brow range."},{"startTime":1558.36,"endTime":1560.27,"body":"Yeah, so not intellectualist."},{"startTime":1560.27,"endTime":1562.46,"body":"But the opposite of that, for example,"},{"startTime":1562.46,"endTime":1564.58,"body":"pieces for Folk Instruments Orchestra,"},{"startTime":1564.58,"endTime":1566.32,"body":"which was a very Stalinist thing,"},{"startTime":1566.32,"endTime":1569.21,"body":"very much part of the Soviet culture,"},{"startTime":1569.21,"endTime":1571.6,"body":"they tried to Institute"},{"startTime":1569.21,"endTime":1571.6,"body":"orchestras like that"},{"startTime":1571.6,"endTime":1574.63,"body":"in every single Republic"},{"startTime":1571.6,"endTime":1574.63,"body":"of the Soviet union."},{"startTime":1574.63,"endTime":1578.057,"body":"So this is a work that"},{"startTime":1574.63,"endTime":1578.057,"body":"was awarded also in 1949,"},{"startTime":1578.057,"endTime":1580.287,"body":"\"Russian Fantasy\" by Budashkin."},{"startTime":1582.453,"endTime":1585.036,"body":"(gentle music)"},{"startTime":1613.029,"endTime":1617.39,"body":"And even going further,"},{"startTime":1617.39,"endTime":1620.03,"body":"something that wasn't done"},{"startTime":1617.39,"endTime":1620.03,"body":"very much in the first years"},{"startTime":1620.03,"endTime":1623.35,"body":"of those awards, popular songs."},{"startTime":1623.35,"endTime":1627.34,"body":"Yeah, a composer like Boris"},{"startTime":1623.35,"endTime":1627.34,"body":"Mokrousov for example,"},{"startTime":1627.34,"endTime":1629.98,"body":"which really creates very much the sound"},{"startTime":1629.98,"endTime":1632.083,"body":"of this late Stalinist years,"},{"startTime":1633.124,"endTime":1634.75,"body":"to such an extent that it actually,"},{"startTime":1634.75,"endTime":1637.47,"body":"as I recently found out, penetrated places"},{"startTime":1637.47,"endTime":1640.143,"body":"like north Korean opera,"},{"startTime":1641.043,"endTime":1643.023,"body":"this sound of late Stalinist years,"},{"startTime":1643.023,"endTime":1647.477,"body":"that that can actually be"},{"startTime":1643.023,"endTime":1647.477,"body":"heard in some of those pieces."},{"startTime":1649.442,"endTime":1653.275,"body":"(singing in foreign language)"},{"startTime":1690.81,"endTime":1692.86,"body":"Interesting that a lot of"},{"startTime":1690.81,"endTime":1692.86,"body":"these songs are very lyrical"},{"startTime":1692.86,"endTime":1695.49,"body":"because now that yeah, the fight was over."},{"startTime":1695.49,"endTime":1698.31,"body":"They victorious in the war."},{"startTime":1698.31,"endTime":1700.1,"body":"They've built already socialism, yeah."},{"startTime":1700.1,"endTime":1702.75,"body":"So there was no conflict,"},{"startTime":1700.1,"endTime":1702.75,"body":"there was a period,"},{"startTime":1702.75,"endTime":1704.88,"body":"yeah, when you couldn't really"},{"startTime":1702.75,"endTime":1704.88,"body":"talk about any conflict,"},{"startTime":1704.88,"endTime":1706.85,"body":"there was lack of conflict."},{"startTime":1706.85,"endTime":1709.75,"body":"So you could just write"},{"startTime":1706.85,"endTime":1709.75,"body":"these lovely lyrical songs,"},{"startTime":1709.75,"endTime":1713.11,"body":"very melodic, interesting that himself"},{"startTime":1713.11,"endTime":1716.05,"body":"actually didn't get very good awards"},{"startTime":1716.05,"endTime":1718.54,"body":"because I think the hatred"},{"startTime":1716.05,"endTime":1718.54,"body":"for him was so great"},{"startTime":1718.54,"endTime":1722.19,"body":"among his peers, that"},{"startTime":1718.54,"endTime":1722.19,"body":"didn't allow that to happen."},{"startTime":1722.19,"endTime":1724.44,"body":"But nevertheless, he was"},{"startTime":1722.19,"endTime":1724.44,"body":"a very powerful figure."},{"startTime":1724.44,"endTime":1727.133,"body":"And certainly there was this new situation"},{"startTime":1727.133,"endTime":1727.966,"body":"on all these composers."},{"startTime":1727.966,"endTime":1729.39,"body":"Such as Shostakovich and Prokofiev,"},{"startTime":1729.39,"endTime":1731.793,"body":"were directly answerable to him."},{"startTime":1733.08,"endTime":1738.07,"body":"So it was under his"},{"startTime":1733.08,"endTime":1738.07,"body":"command that repentance"},{"startTime":1738.07,"endTime":1740.75,"body":"and comebacks were allowed to happen."},{"startTime":1740.75,"endTime":1745.75,"body":"I love this photograph"},{"startTime":1740.75,"endTime":1745.75,"body":"of Prokofiev and his wife"},{"startTime":1746.23,"endTime":1748.16,"body":"sitting in the first Congress"},{"startTime":1748.16,"endTime":1751.62,"body":"of the Union of some"},{"startTime":1748.16,"endTime":1751.62,"body":"Soviet composers in 1948,"},{"startTime":1751.62,"endTime":1754.78,"body":"just a few weeks after the Resolution."},{"startTime":1754.78,"endTime":1759.78,"body":"Yeah and he looks incredibly kind of,"},{"startTime":1760.08,"endTime":1763.04,"body":"what is going on, I think."},{"startTime":1763.04,"endTime":1768.04,"body":"And poor Prokofiev, who"},{"startTime":1763.04,"endTime":1768.04,"body":"hadn't been as seasoned"},{"startTime":1768.92,"endTime":1773.92,"body":"in this experiencing"},{"startTime":1768.92,"endTime":1773.92,"body":"denunciation as Shostakovich was,"},{"startTime":1774.25,"endTime":1777.48,"body":"really took it very badly"},{"startTime":1774.25,"endTime":1777.48,"body":"and like Shostakovich,"},{"startTime":1777.48,"endTime":1779.5,"body":"he had to issue a response."},{"startTime":1779.5,"endTime":1780.57,"body":"This time, yeah."},{"startTime":1780.57,"endTime":1784.48,"body":"Actual letter where he had to repent"},{"startTime":1784.48,"endTime":1786.87,"body":"and said that he attempted"},{"startTime":1784.48,"endTime":1786.87,"body":"to liberate himself"},{"startTime":1786.87,"endTime":1788.73,"body":"from formalist elements,"},{"startTime":1788.73,"endTime":1793.73,"body":"but succeeded to only some"},{"startTime":1788.73,"endTime":1793.73,"body":"extent, not completely."},{"startTime":1794.17,"endTime":1797.393,"body":"Yeah, so there was this"},{"startTime":1794.17,"endTime":1797.393,"body":"ritual humiliation,"},{"startTime":1799.124,"endTime":1801.49,"body":"but then a very interesting thing happened"},{"startTime":1801.49,"endTime":1806.49,"body":"that the harshest period"},{"startTime":1801.49,"endTime":1806.49,"body":"of the 1948, 49 debacle,"},{"startTime":1808.65,"endTime":1813.19,"body":"didn't actually last that"},{"startTime":1808.65,"endTime":1813.19,"body":"long because Zhdanov died,"},{"startTime":1813.19,"endTime":1816.123,"body":"Zhdanov died in August,"},{"startTime":1813.19,"endTime":1816.123,"body":"1948 and then principle,"},{"startTime":1817.59,"endTime":1819.49,"body":"it could have ended there,"},{"startTime":1819.49,"endTime":1823.03,"body":"because Stalin wasn't"},{"startTime":1819.49,"endTime":1823.03,"body":"interested that much anymore"},{"startTime":1823.03,"endTime":1825.21,"body":"in perpetuating this, but this time,"},{"startTime":1825.21,"endTime":1829.929,"body":"it was and the peers who"},{"startTime":1825.21,"endTime":1829.929,"body":"already got a bit of that pie"},{"startTime":1829.929,"endTime":1830.762,"body":"who wanted to prolong this"},{"startTime":1830.762,"endTime":1833.22,"body":"and enjoy humiliating composers"},{"startTime":1833.22,"endTime":1835.77,"body":"like Shostakovich and Prokofiev."},{"startTime":1835.77,"endTime":1839.49,"body":"But it wasn't so easy, and"},{"startTime":1835.77,"endTime":1839.49,"body":"the band that I showed you."},{"startTime":1839.49,"endTime":1844.49,"body":"Yeah, the list of works was"},{"startTime":1839.49,"endTime":1844.49,"body":"overturned in the spring of 1949"},{"startTime":1844.61,"endTime":1848.08,"body":"already because Shostakovich"},{"startTime":1844.61,"endTime":1848.08,"body":"was required, yeah,"},{"startTime":1848.08,"endTime":1851.07,"body":"by Stalin to go and represent the country"},{"startTime":1851.07,"endTime":1853.2,"body":"in the United States"},{"startTime":1853.2,"endTime":1856.4,"body":"at the so-called World"},{"startTime":1853.2,"endTime":1856.4,"body":"Conference for Peace."},{"startTime":1856.4,"endTime":1860.02,"body":"Yeah, so this is what he had to withstand."},{"startTime":1860.02,"endTime":1862.29,"body":"He again looks like"},{"startTime":1860.02,"endTime":1862.29,"body":"rabbit in the headlights."},{"startTime":1862.29,"endTime":1864.75,"body":"Yeah, and there were protests,"},{"startTime":1864.75,"endTime":1867.24,"body":"Shostakovich jump out of the window."},{"startTime":1867.24,"endTime":1869.793,"body":"He was in a very difficult situation."},{"startTime":1871.24,"endTime":1876.24,"body":"When this was offered to"},{"startTime":1871.24,"endTime":1876.24,"body":"him by Stalin's secretary"},{"startTime":1876.256,"endTime":1878.39,"body":"on the telephone, he had"},{"startTime":1876.256,"endTime":1878.39,"body":"the presence of mind to say,"},{"startTime":1878.39,"endTime":1879.74,"body":"well, how am I going to go"},{"startTime":1879.74,"endTime":1884.18,"body":"if my music is not actually"},{"startTime":1879.74,"endTime":1884.18,"body":"performed in this Soviet Union?"},{"startTime":1884.18,"endTime":1886.49,"body":"And Stalin apparently said, well, how come"},{"startTime":1886.49,"endTime":1889.01,"body":"we've never heard of such a thing?"},{"startTime":1889.01,"endTime":1892.003,"body":"And the band was immediately overturned,"},{"startTime":1894.35,"endTime":1897.61,"body":"so comebacks were happening slowly"},{"startTime":1897.61,"endTime":1900.14,"body":"because composers had to"},{"startTime":1897.61,"endTime":1900.14,"body":"show their willingness"},{"startTime":1900.14,"endTime":1903.44,"body":"to reform their musical style."},{"startTime":1903.44,"endTime":1905.41,"body":"And well let's start with Shostakovich."},{"startTime":1905.41,"endTime":1910.41,"body":"Shostakovich in that year,"},{"startTime":1905.41,"endTime":1910.41,"body":"1949, wrote two pieces,"},{"startTime":1910.95,"endTime":1914.9,"body":"which were basically dedicated"},{"startTime":1910.95,"endTime":1914.9,"body":"to Stalin's 70th birthday,"},{"startTime":1914.9,"endTime":1916.77,"body":"which you can see celebrated here,"},{"startTime":1916.77,"endTime":1921.37,"body":"this huge painting yeah,"},{"startTime":1916.77,"endTime":1921.37,"body":"created for this many of them."},{"startTime":1921.37,"endTime":1924.79,"body":"So it was a huge occasion and Shostakovich"},{"startTime":1924.79,"endTime":1927.81,"body":"did thing that he had never done before."},{"startTime":1927.81,"endTime":1930.65,"body":"So one of these pieces was a film score"},{"startTime":1930.65,"endTime":1932.77,"body":"for the Fall of Berlin."},{"startTime":1932.77,"endTime":1935.88,"body":"It's again, a kind of"},{"startTime":1932.77,"endTime":1935.88,"body":"imagined ending to the war"},{"startTime":1935.88,"endTime":1937.82,"body":"where Stalin flies to Berlin."},{"startTime":1937.82,"endTime":1939.07,"body":"He never did."},{"startTime":1939.07,"endTime":1941.23,"body":"But nevertheless, in this film he does"},{"startTime":1941.23,"endTime":1944.013,"body":"and Stalin apparently quite like this."},{"startTime":1945.54,"endTime":1950.18,"body":"And you can hear when all this going on,"},{"startTime":1950.18,"endTime":1952.3,"body":"the chorus written by Shostakovich,"},{"startTime":1952.3,"endTime":1956.6,"body":"in the style of kind of"},{"startTime":1952.3,"endTime":1956.6,"body":"Russian 19th century glory,"},{"startTime":1956.6,"endTime":1958.43,"body":"opera, chorus to."},{"startTime":1958.43,"endTime":1960.773,"body":"Yeah, so it's exactly the same style."},{"startTime":1961.617,"endTime":1965.45,"body":"(singing in foreign language)"},{"startTime":1992.557,"endTime":1995.307,"body":"(plane whirring)"},{"startTime":2027.14,"endTime":2029.42,"body":"So he particularly like"},{"startTime":2027.14,"endTime":2029.42,"body":"that actor because yeah,"},{"startTime":2029.42,"endTime":2032.303,"body":"he was even more handsome"},{"startTime":2029.42,"endTime":2032.303,"body":"than Stalin himself."},{"startTime":2033.24,"endTime":2036.87,"body":"So, and the second work was his Oratorial,"},{"startTime":2036.87,"endTime":2039.14,"body":"which also had that chorus"},{"startTime":2036.87,"endTime":2039.14,"body":"in and it was called"},{"startTime":2039.14,"endTime":2043.255,"body":"Song of the Forests, and"},{"startTime":2039.14,"endTime":2043.255,"body":"it was directly responding"},{"startTime":2043.255,"endTime":2045.77,"body":"to Stalin's reforestation plan, yeah."},{"startTime":2045.77,"endTime":2047.51,"body":"You can see the poster about it, yeah."},{"startTime":2047.51,"endTime":2051.549,"body":"When he's trying to kind"},{"startTime":2047.51,"endTime":2051.549,"body":"of plant all the forests"},{"startTime":2051.549,"endTime":2052.92,"body":"that were, destroyed during the war."},{"startTime":2052.92,"endTime":2054.76,"body":"And to write this piece,"},{"startTime":2054.76,"endTime":2059.76,"body":"Shostakovich basically denied"},{"startTime":2054.76,"endTime":2059.76,"body":"himself almost any idioms"},{"startTime":2060.11,"endTime":2061.81,"body":"that Shostakovich was known for, yeah."},{"startTime":2061.81,"endTime":2064.13,"body":"So it almost doesn't"},{"startTime":2061.81,"endTime":2064.13,"body":"sound like Shostakovich,"},{"startTime":2064.13,"endTime":2067.12,"body":"maybe that lovely,"},{"startTime":2064.13,"endTime":2067.12,"body":"peaceful children's choir"},{"startTime":2067.12,"endTime":2068.62,"body":"that everyone knows,"},{"startTime":2068.62,"endTime":2071.6,"body":"and that apparently is"},{"startTime":2068.62,"endTime":2071.6,"body":"incredibly popular in Japan"},{"startTime":2071.6,"endTime":2074.665,"body":"maybe is an exception."},{"startTime":2074.665,"endTime":2078.498,"body":"(singing in foreign language)"},{"startTime":2108.581,"endTime":2110.09,"body":"They're singing it in Russian."},{"startTime":2110.09,"endTime":2112.72,"body":"Apparently it's really,"},{"startTime":2110.09,"endTime":2112.72,"body":"really, there's a history to it"},{"startTime":2112.72,"endTime":2115.07,"body":"of why it is particularly"},{"startTime":2112.72,"endTime":2115.07,"body":"popular in Japan."},{"startTime":2115.07,"endTime":2118.36,"body":"But anyway, it was also very"},{"startTime":2115.07,"endTime":2118.36,"body":"popular with Soviet children."},{"startTime":2118.36,"endTime":2120.933,"body":"My father sang it, my"},{"startTime":2118.36,"endTime":2120.933,"body":"father sang it to me,"},{"startTime":2121.878,"endTime":2124.107,"body":"so everyone knew that,"},{"startTime":2121.878,"endTime":2124.107,"body":"that became a real hit."},{"startTime":2125.3,"endTime":2128.48,"body":"And Prokofiev, who had much more trouble"},{"startTime":2128.48,"endTime":2131.51,"body":"because he had a further setback"},{"startTime":2131.51,"endTime":2134.807,"body":"when he was trying to produce"},{"startTime":2131.51,"endTime":2134.807,"body":"a socialist realist opera,"},{"startTime":2134.807,"endTime":2138.5,"body":"\"Story of Real Man\" in 1948 later on,"},{"startTime":2138.5,"endTime":2142.29,"body":"and was denounced the second time for it."},{"startTime":2142.29,"endTime":2144.25,"body":"So it was very difficult"},{"startTime":2142.29,"endTime":2144.25,"body":"for him to come back,"},{"startTime":2144.25,"endTime":2147.17,"body":"especially that he was not at all well,"},{"startTime":2147.17,"endTime":2150.25,"body":"so he produced a kind of imitation"},{"startTime":2150.25,"endTime":2151.393,"body":"of that Shostakovich,"},{"startTime":2152.78,"endTime":2156.26,"body":"also has a children's chorus"},{"startTime":2152.78,"endTime":2156.26,"body":"on, even a child soloist,"},{"startTime":2156.26,"endTime":2157.67,"body":"which is very interesting,"},{"startTime":2157.67,"endTime":2159.5,"body":"and it's called On Guard For Peace."},{"startTime":2159.5,"endTime":2162.58,"body":"And really a lot of Prokofiev's friends"},{"startTime":2162.58,"endTime":2163.95,"body":"were trying to help him,"},{"startTime":2163.95,"endTime":2168.603,"body":"giving him advice on how"},{"startTime":2163.95,"endTime":2168.603,"body":"to really sort of get"},{"startTime":2168.603,"endTime":2169.66,"body":"the tone right."},{"startTime":2169.66,"endTime":2173.98,"body":"And again, how to kind of"},{"startTime":2169.66,"endTime":2173.98,"body":"remove most of Prokofiev idioms"},{"startTime":2175.36,"endTime":2176.94,"body":"from this piece."},{"startTime":2176.94,"endTime":2178.41,"body":"The interesting thing about it,"},{"startTime":2178.41,"endTime":2180.94,"body":"I'm going to play it"},{"startTime":2178.41,"endTime":2180.94,"body":"again, it became a hit"},{"startTime":2180.94,"endTime":2184.79,"body":"and we sang it at school,"},{"startTime":2180.94,"endTime":2184.79,"body":"but it's a recording"},{"startTime":2184.79,"endTime":2188.071,"body":"from that time to which someone put"},{"startTime":2188.071,"endTime":2191.15,"body":"also contemporaneous images,"},{"startTime":2191.15,"endTime":2195.15,"body":"but posted it online just a few weeks ago."},{"startTime":2195.15,"endTime":2199.44,"body":"So it acquired new meaning,"},{"startTime":2199.44,"endTime":2204.44,"body":"yeah, during the war, after"},{"startTime":2199.44,"endTime":2204.44,"body":"Russian invasion of Ukraine,"},{"startTime":2204.53,"endTime":2208.69,"body":"all words, all phrases that"},{"startTime":2204.53,"endTime":2208.69,"body":"contain the word peace,"},{"startTime":2208.69,"endTime":2210.32,"body":"yeah, become outlawed."},{"startTime":2210.32,"endTime":2212.1,"body":"So this is one of them."},{"startTime":2212.1,"endTime":2216.19,"body":"Yeah, so the text is that"},{"startTime":2212.1,"endTime":2216.19,"body":"every school children,"},{"startTime":2216.19,"endTime":2219.67,"body":"every school child is"},{"startTime":2216.19,"endTime":2219.67,"body":"writing on the blackboard"},{"startTime":2219.67,"endTime":2222.563,"body":"and in their notebooks, we don't need war."},{"startTime":2223.661,"endTime":2226.244,"body":"(gentle music)"},{"startTime":2238.103,"endTime":2241.936,"body":"(singing in foreign language)"},{"startTime":2291.23,"endTime":2293.7,"body":"Yeah, and again, what is Prokofievian"},{"startTime":2293.7,"endTime":2295.47,"body":"about that lovely song,"},{"startTime":2295.47,"endTime":2298.733,"body":"maybe one chord somewhere."},{"startTime":2299.8,"endTime":2303.86,"body":"So nevertheless, these composers"},{"startTime":2303.86,"endTime":2307.04,"body":"did get gradually accepted"},{"startTime":2303.86,"endTime":2307.04,"body":"back into the fold,"},{"startTime":2307.04,"endTime":2308.86,"body":"even though the stress of those years"},{"startTime":2308.86,"endTime":2311.479,"body":"certainly had an effect on them."},{"startTime":2311.479,"endTime":2315.41,"body":"Shebalin for example, had"},{"startTime":2311.479,"endTime":2315.41,"body":"had a series of strokes."},{"startTime":2315.41,"endTime":2318.69,"body":"Khachaturian had health, heart trouble,"},{"startTime":2318.69,"endTime":2322.47,"body":"Myaskovsky died of cancer very soon."},{"startTime":2322.47,"endTime":2327.47,"body":"Prokofiev also had strokes"},{"startTime":2322.47,"endTime":2327.47,"body":"and was in very bad health."},{"startTime":2330.55,"endTime":2335.55,"body":"So they really kind of had"},{"startTime":2330.55,"endTime":2335.55,"body":"trouble surviving that period."},{"startTime":2336.25,"endTime":2337.51,"body":"And during that period,"},{"startTime":2337.51,"endTime":2339.69,"body":"we have a new phenomenon arising yeah."},{"startTime":2339.69,"endTime":2341.89,"body":"Arising from the desk drawer."},{"startTime":2341.89,"endTime":2346.7,"body":"Yeah, so waiting already,"},{"startTime":2341.89,"endTime":2346.7,"body":"thinking that times might change."},{"startTime":2346.7,"endTime":2348.86,"body":"Yeah, like we are now hoping"},{"startTime":2348.86,"endTime":2351.68,"body":"and waiting for something"},{"startTime":2348.86,"endTime":2351.68,"body":"in Russia to change,"},{"startTime":2351.68,"endTime":2353.9,"body":"we're just hoping for a miracle."},{"startTime":2353.9,"endTime":2356.96,"body":"So this is what Shostakovich"},{"startTime":2356.96,"endTime":2359.96,"body":"was thinking as he was"},{"startTime":2356.96,"endTime":2359.96,"body":"creating various works"},{"startTime":2359.96,"endTime":2363.07,"body":"and not releasing them publicly, yeah."},{"startTime":2363.07,"endTime":2366.25,"body":"So for example, his Quartets"},{"startTime":2363.07,"endTime":2366.25,"body":"number four and five,"},{"startTime":2366.25,"endTime":2370.67,"body":"his Violin Concerto were"},{"startTime":2366.25,"endTime":2370.67,"body":"written during that period."},{"startTime":2370.67,"endTime":2374.74,"body":"But didn't get premiered say until 1955."},{"startTime":2374.74,"endTime":2377.24,"body":"So, well after Stalin's death."},{"startTime":2377.24,"endTime":2379.1,"body":"And this little sheet"},{"startTime":2379.1,"endTime":2383.36,"body":"is actually his sketch for a Lampoon"},{"startTime":2383.36,"endTime":2385.56,"body":"of the 1948 debacle."},{"startTime":2385.56,"endTime":2388.81,"body":"Yeah, which is called"},{"startTime":2385.56,"endTime":2388.81,"body":"The Anti-Formalist Rayok."},{"startTime":2388.81,"endTime":2392.05,"body":"I hope that you, you"},{"startTime":2388.81,"endTime":2392.05,"body":"can explore that piece,"},{"startTime":2392.05,"endTime":2393.053,"body":"at your leisure."},{"startTime":2394.073,"endTime":2397.54,"body":"I'll just mention that this"},{"startTime":2394.073,"endTime":2397.54,"body":"was not written in 1948."},{"startTime":2397.54,"endTime":2400.041,"body":"It was too dangerous to"},{"startTime":2397.54,"endTime":2400.041,"body":"commit anything like that"},{"startTime":2400.041,"endTime":2402.11,"body":"to paper at that time."},{"startTime":2402.11,"endTime":2405.06,"body":"So that actually arises"},{"startTime":2402.11,"endTime":2405.06,"body":"from 10 years later"},{"startTime":2405.06,"endTime":2409.22,"body":"when that resolution"},{"startTime":2405.06,"endTime":2409.22,"body":"was finally overturned."},{"startTime":2409.22,"endTime":2410.46,"body":"Kind of officially withdrawn,"},{"startTime":2410.46,"endTime":2413.33,"body":"but it took 10 years, but nevertheless,"},{"startTime":2413.33,"endTime":2415.74,"body":"talking about pieces"},{"startTime":2413.33,"endTime":2415.74,"body":"written for The Drawer,"},{"startTime":2415.74,"endTime":2418.51,"body":"I would like to play a"},{"startTime":2415.74,"endTime":2418.51,"body":"piece by Galina Ustvolskaya"},{"startTime":2418.51,"endTime":2420.63,"body":"who was Shostakovich's student,"},{"startTime":2420.63,"endTime":2424.461,"body":"but also such an unusual,"},{"startTime":2420.63,"endTime":2424.461,"body":"original, powerful composer"},{"startTime":2424.461,"endTime":2427.79,"body":"that she actually possibly"},{"startTime":2424.461,"endTime":2427.79,"body":"influenced Shostakovich"},{"startTime":2427.79,"endTime":2430.84,"body":"much more than he did her."},{"startTime":2430.84,"endTime":2434.36,"body":"And I always thought"},{"startTime":2430.84,"endTime":2434.36,"body":"when I heard this piece"},{"startTime":2434.36,"endTime":2436.52,"body":"for the first time, it's her Octet,"},{"startTime":2436.52,"endTime":2440.41,"body":"one of the eight instruments"},{"startTime":2436.52,"endTime":2440.41,"body":"is actually the Timpani,"},{"startTime":2440.41,"endTime":2442.71,"body":"a very unusual piece."},{"startTime":2442.71,"endTime":2446.41,"body":"And you think 1950, could this"},{"startTime":2442.71,"endTime":2446.41,"body":"have been written on 1950?"},{"startTime":2446.41,"endTime":2449.31,"body":"It just doesn't sound at"},{"startTime":2446.41,"endTime":2449.31,"body":"all like a 1950 piece."},{"startTime":2449.31,"endTime":2450.66,"body":"I even thought that it was,"},{"startTime":2451.66,"endTime":2454.26,"body":"she might have changed the dates later,"},{"startTime":2454.26,"endTime":2457.51,"body":"but actually, Shostakovich quotes her trio"},{"startTime":2457.51,"endTime":2459.39,"body":"in his fifth quartet at that time."},{"startTime":2459.39,"endTime":2461.12,"body":"So the piece did exist,"},{"startTime":2461.12,"endTime":2464.24,"body":"this pieces didn't get"},{"startTime":2461.12,"endTime":2464.24,"body":"premier until much later,"},{"startTime":2464.24,"endTime":2466.18,"body":"late sixties and seventies."},{"startTime":2466.18,"endTime":2467.013,"body":"So let's hear."},{"startTime":2468.017,"endTime":2470.6,"body":"(upbeat music)"},{"startTime":2510.44,"endTime":2513.233,"body":"Finally Stalin died in 1953."},{"startTime":2514.437,"endTime":2517.61,"body":"And after showing him of all"},{"startTime":2514.437,"endTime":2517.61,"body":"these images of him alive,"},{"startTime":2517.61,"endTime":2521.18,"body":"I really wanted to show you this,"},{"startTime":2521.18,"endTime":2523.7,"body":"but can you think of any piece of music"},{"startTime":2523.7,"endTime":2525.003,"body":"that commemorates Stalin,"},{"startTime":2526.32,"endTime":2528.34,"body":"written on Stalin's death?"},{"startTime":2528.34,"endTime":2531.523,"body":"Well, if you do know a piece"},{"startTime":2528.34,"endTime":2531.523,"body":"like that, please write to me."},{"startTime":2532.72,"endTime":2534.55,"body":"I'll be happy to know."},{"startTime":2534.55,"endTime":2538.22,"body":"I've heard about one such piece."},{"startTime":2538.22,"endTime":2540.92,"body":"I decided not to pursue it"},{"startTime":2538.22,"endTime":2540.92,"body":"because I thought, well,"},{"startTime":2540.92,"endTime":2544.22,"body":"if I find it, do I really"},{"startTime":2540.92,"endTime":2544.22,"body":"want it to be on earth?"},{"startTime":2544.22,"endTime":2548.86,"body":"So why were there no pieces"},{"startTime":2544.22,"endTime":2548.86,"body":"made public for Stalin's death?"},{"startTime":2548.86,"endTime":2552.93,"body":"Because two weeks later, there"},{"startTime":2548.86,"endTime":2552.93,"body":"was already a secret order"},{"startTime":2552.93,"endTime":2554.92,"body":"throughout the ranks of the intelligence."},{"startTime":2554.92,"endTime":2557.37,"body":"We do not glorify Stalin anymore."},{"startTime":2557.37,"endTime":2560.49,"body":"It took two weeks and"},{"startTime":2557.37,"endTime":2560.49,"body":"the whole big country"},{"startTime":2560.49,"endTime":2562.04,"body":"changes its mind, yeah."},{"startTime":2562.04,"endTime":2566.09,"body":"Only two weeks before that,"},{"startTime":2562.04,"endTime":2566.09,"body":"they were all tearful, marching,"},{"startTime":2566.09,"endTime":2568.73,"body":"millions were marching"},{"startTime":2566.09,"endTime":2568.73,"body":"to Stalin's funeral."},{"startTime":2568.73,"endTime":2572.85,"body":"There was a huge stamped in"},{"startTime":2568.73,"endTime":2572.85,"body":"which lots of people died."},{"startTime":2572.85,"endTime":2575.22,"body":"Two weeks later, people were afraid"},{"startTime":2575.22,"endTime":2578.43,"body":"to say his name and to say"},{"startTime":2575.22,"endTime":2578.43,"body":"anything good about him."},{"startTime":2578.43,"endTime":2580.303,"body":"So things can change very quickly."},{"startTime":2583.26,"endTime":2588.26,"body":"But some composers of course"},{"startTime":2583.26,"endTime":2588.26,"body":"didn't manage to survive him."},{"startTime":2588.43,"endTime":2591.29,"body":"And this is why our musical part today"},{"startTime":2591.29,"endTime":2594.8,"body":"will be again from Prokofiev."},{"startTime":2594.8,"endTime":2597.73,"body":"I'll tell you about it in a moment."},{"startTime":2597.73,"endTime":2599.92,"body":"And just for a few minutes,"},{"startTime":2599.92,"endTime":2603.29,"body":"I wanted to take time"},{"startTime":2599.92,"endTime":2603.29,"body":"to draw some conclusions"},{"startTime":2603.29,"endTime":2604.29,"body":"from the whole course,"},{"startTime":2604.29,"endTime":2606.97,"body":"because if those of you who"},{"startTime":2604.29,"endTime":2606.97,"body":"came to the first lecture,"},{"startTime":2606.97,"endTime":2609.75,"body":"you might remember that"},{"startTime":2606.97,"endTime":2609.75,"body":"I started with the idea"},{"startTime":2609.75,"endTime":2612.99,"body":"that we're going to talk"},{"startTime":2609.75,"endTime":2612.99,"body":"about this horrible time."},{"startTime":2612.99,"endTime":2615.45,"body":"And yet we love so much of this music"},{"startTime":2615.45,"endTime":2617.12,"body":"that was written during this time."},{"startTime":2617.12,"endTime":2619.19,"body":"And how can we solve this conundrum?"},{"startTime":2619.19,"endTime":2620.823,"body":"How can we explain it?"},{"startTime":2622.04,"endTime":2625.86,"body":"So without being able to explain it fully,"},{"startTime":2625.86,"endTime":2629.593,"body":"I would like to draw your"},{"startTime":2625.86,"endTime":2629.593,"body":"attention to a few things."},{"startTime":2630.48,"endTime":2634.29,"body":"Yeah, so first of all,"},{"startTime":2630.48,"endTime":2634.29,"body":"why did all these pieces,"},{"startTime":2634.29,"endTime":2637.04,"body":"why were they able to appear at that time?"},{"startTime":2637.04,"endTime":2637.873,"body":"Well, first of all,"},{"startTime":2637.873,"endTime":2640.81,"body":"there was huge investment"},{"startTime":2637.873,"endTime":2640.81,"body":"in music as high art, yeah."},{"startTime":2640.81,"endTime":2644.573,"body":"There were orchestras created,"},{"startTime":2640.81,"endTime":2644.573,"body":"they were opera houses built,"},{"startTime":2645.78,"endTime":2647.896,"body":"composers were well paid."},{"startTime":2647.896,"endTime":2649.99,"body":"There was talent scouting."},{"startTime":2649.99,"endTime":2652.56,"body":"There was music education developed"},{"startTime":2652.56,"endTime":2654.48,"body":"in all the kind of little places,"},{"startTime":2654.48,"endTime":2655.823,"body":"not just in Moscow and."},{"startTime":2656.89,"endTime":2659.58,"body":"Yeah, so there was this"},{"startTime":2656.89,"endTime":2659.58,"body":"infrastructure built yeah,"},{"startTime":2659.58,"endTime":2663.24,"body":"for music to exist as high"},{"startTime":2659.58,"endTime":2663.24,"body":"art and to be prestigious"},{"startTime":2663.24,"endTime":2665.413,"body":"and to be highly, highly subsidized."},{"startTime":2666.49,"endTime":2669.93,"body":"Then there was unusually,"},{"startTime":2666.49,"endTime":2669.93,"body":"counterintuitively,"},{"startTime":2669.93,"endTime":2672.01,"body":"the concept of individual creator,"},{"startTime":2672.01,"endTime":2675.76,"body":"even genius was very much alive and well,"},{"startTime":2675.76,"endTime":2677.92,"body":"it was very different"},{"startTime":2675.76,"endTime":2677.92,"body":"from the communist China,"},{"startTime":2677.92,"endTime":2681.75,"body":"which yeah, then tried to"},{"startTime":2677.92,"endTime":2681.75,"body":"erase authorship altogether"},{"startTime":2682.653,"endTime":2685.403,"body":"and wouldn't even put names"},{"startTime":2682.653,"endTime":2685.403,"body":"of composers on the scores."},{"startTime":2686.55,"endTime":2689.29,"body":"This change happened in"},{"startTime":2686.55,"endTime":2689.29,"body":"the early thirties, yeah."},{"startTime":2689.29,"endTime":2691.843,"body":"That it was like an American dream, yeah."},{"startTime":2692.809,"endTime":2695.66,"body":"Everyone in the Soviet Union"},{"startTime":2692.809,"endTime":2695.66,"body":"could aspire to something."},{"startTime":2695.66,"endTime":2697.733,"body":"Yeah, and if they work well,"},{"startTime":2699.018,"endTime":2699.851,"body":"if they distinguish"},{"startTime":2699.018,"endTime":2699.851,"body":"themselves in some way,"},{"startTime":2699.851,"endTime":2702.36,"body":"they could get higher"},{"startTime":2699.851,"endTime":2702.36,"body":"salaries and lots of prestige."},{"startTime":2702.36,"endTime":2703.534,"body":"Yeah."},{"startTime":2703.534,"endTime":2707.33,"body":"So there was this hierarchy"},{"startTime":2703.534,"endTime":2707.33,"body":"created, which also helped"},{"startTime":2707.33,"endTime":2708.96,"body":"composers to compete with each other"},{"startTime":2708.96,"endTime":2711.823,"body":"to aspire to good life basically."},{"startTime":2713.19,"endTime":2715.39,"body":"And they were helped and supported,"},{"startTime":2715.39,"endTime":2718.0,"body":"despite everything that"},{"startTime":2715.39,"endTime":2718.0,"body":"I've discussed here."},{"startTime":2718.0,"endTime":2720.6,"body":"And it seems that all these"},{"startTime":2718.0,"endTime":2720.6,"body":"professional communities"},{"startTime":2721.67,"endTime":2723.58,"body":"that existed, the unions,"},{"startTime":2723.58,"endTime":2725.967,"body":"the artistic unions were just"},{"startTime":2723.58,"endTime":2725.967,"body":"basically snake pits, yeah."},{"startTime":2725.967,"endTime":2728.04,"body":"And they were trying"},{"startTime":2725.967,"endTime":2728.04,"body":"to destroy each other,"},{"startTime":2728.04,"endTime":2730.81,"body":"but nevertheless, these"},{"startTime":2728.04,"endTime":2730.81,"body":"communities did exist."},{"startTime":2730.81,"endTime":2732.66,"body":"They still had agency, yeah."},{"startTime":2732.66,"endTime":2735.66,"body":"They still had their say,"},{"startTime":2732.66,"endTime":2735.66,"body":"they still defended very often"},{"startTime":2735.66,"endTime":2737.69,"body":"what was good, what"},{"startTime":2735.66,"endTime":2737.69,"body":"was aesthetically good."},{"startTime":2737.69,"endTime":2739.71,"body":"Not just ideologically good."},{"startTime":2739.71,"endTime":2744.47,"body":"And to a great extent,"},{"startTime":2739.71,"endTime":2744.47,"body":"composers were validated"},{"startTime":2744.47,"endTime":2746.963,"body":"and supported by these communities."},{"startTime":2748.12,"endTime":2750.96,"body":"Then this issue of art"},{"startTime":2748.12,"endTime":2750.96,"body":"belongs to the people."},{"startTime":2750.96,"endTime":2754.13,"body":"I think this wasn't just"},{"startTime":2750.96,"endTime":2754.13,"body":"a slogan and I think it,"},{"startTime":2754.13,"endTime":2755.78,"body":"this propaganda really rubbed off"},{"startTime":2755.78,"endTime":2758.29,"body":"both on the creators and on the audiences"},{"startTime":2758.29,"endTime":2761.38,"body":"because the creators really were pushed"},{"startTime":2761.38,"endTime":2763.35,"body":"by all these ideologic restrictions"},{"startTime":2763.35,"endTime":2766.11,"body":"to write music that was"},{"startTime":2763.35,"endTime":2766.11,"body":"for the people, yeah."},{"startTime":2766.11,"endTime":2768.43,"body":"Which was accessible, which had melodies,"},{"startTime":2768.43,"endTime":2771.35,"body":"which had emotional journeys, narratives,"},{"startTime":2771.35,"endTime":2775.54,"body":"which was kind of exciting and involving."},{"startTime":2775.54,"endTime":2776.853,"body":"And so on, melodic,"},{"startTime":2777.778,"endTime":2780.263,"body":"we've heard some of these pieces today."},{"startTime":2781.2,"endTime":2782.3,"body":"And on the other hand,"},{"startTime":2782.3,"endTime":2787.3,"body":"the audiences also thought"},{"startTime":2782.3,"endTime":2787.3,"body":"that this music was for them."},{"startTime":2788.63,"endTime":2790.19,"body":"It is a very different situation."},{"startTime":2790.19,"endTime":2791.97,"body":"I always compare this with Britain"},{"startTime":2791.97,"endTime":2793.94,"body":"when I arrived here and I realized"},{"startTime":2793.94,"endTime":2797.19,"body":"I couldn't afford any concert"},{"startTime":2793.94,"endTime":2797.19,"body":"or opera ticket suddenly."},{"startTime":2797.19,"endTime":2800.09,"body":"Yeah, I realized why we have this idea"},{"startTime":2800.09,"endTime":2803.23,"body":"that high art belongs to the"},{"startTime":2800.09,"endTime":2803.23,"body":"elite, it's for the rich."},{"startTime":2803.23,"endTime":2805.68,"body":"And a lot of people would"},{"startTime":2803.23,"endTime":2805.68,"body":"just say, this is not for me."},{"startTime":2805.68,"endTime":2806.93,"body":"Opera is not for me."},{"startTime":2806.93,"endTime":2808.65,"body":"Concert hall is not for me."},{"startTime":2808.65,"endTime":2811.203,"body":"It wasn't like that, people"},{"startTime":2808.65,"endTime":2811.203,"body":"really believed yeah,"},{"startTime":2811.203,"endTime":2814.72,"body":"that they could go to a"},{"startTime":2811.203,"endTime":2814.72,"body":"concert for almost nothing."},{"startTime":2814.72,"endTime":2818.83,"body":"Yeah, and if they didn't have"},{"startTime":2814.72,"endTime":2818.83,"body":"even that small fair to pay,"},{"startTime":2818.83,"endTime":2820.64,"body":"they would listen to the radio, yeah."},{"startTime":2820.64,"endTime":2823.68,"body":"So they really believe"},{"startTime":2820.64,"endTime":2823.68,"body":"that if they wished,"},{"startTime":2823.68,"endTime":2826.19,"body":"this high art could be theirs,"},{"startTime":2826.19,"endTime":2829.513,"body":"it was theirs legitimately, so to speak."},{"startTime":2830.35,"endTime":2833.24,"body":"And finally, yeah, while"},{"startTime":2830.35,"endTime":2833.24,"body":"we talk about this music,"},{"startTime":2833.24,"endTime":2836.54,"body":"there was this promotion"},{"startTime":2833.24,"endTime":2836.54,"body":"of music without the text,"},{"startTime":2836.54,"endTime":2839.93,"body":"you notice that how Stalin"},{"startTime":2836.54,"endTime":2839.93,"body":"pounced on operas yeah."},{"startTime":2839.93,"endTime":2841.2,"body":"Where there was text,"},{"startTime":2841.2,"endTime":2843.7,"body":"but he didn't actually"},{"startTime":2841.2,"endTime":2843.7,"body":"matter with the symphonies."},{"startTime":2843.7,"endTime":2845.5,"body":"Yeah, because it was much harder."},{"startTime":2845.5,"endTime":2848.93,"body":"So there was a space of freedom."},{"startTime":2848.93,"endTime":2851.18,"body":"The space of obscurity, where the messages"},{"startTime":2851.18,"endTime":2854.38,"body":"were somehow muted, vague, mutable."},{"startTime":2854.38,"endTime":2857.86,"body":"Yeah, sometimes mixed messages and people,"},{"startTime":2857.86,"endTime":2859.76,"body":"while listening to this music,"},{"startTime":2859.76,"endTime":2862.13,"body":"could exercise their imagination."},{"startTime":2862.13,"endTime":2866.61,"body":"And it was possibly one of the"},{"startTime":2862.13,"endTime":2866.61,"body":"very least regimented spaces"},{"startTime":2866.61,"endTime":2868.163,"body":"in their lives, yeah."},{"startTime":2868.163,"endTime":2871.87,"body":"The world that you create in your head"},{"startTime":2871.87,"endTime":2874.16,"body":"as you listen to a piece of such music."},{"startTime":2874.16,"endTime":2876.122,"body":"And I think for these reasons,"},{"startTime":2876.122,"endTime":2880.1,"body":"we have those pieces that we still admire."},{"startTime":2880.1,"endTime":2882.41,"body":"And for us here in the"},{"startTime":2880.1,"endTime":2882.41,"body":"west, and now speaking"},{"startTime":2882.41,"endTime":2885.957,"body":"as a member of the audience"},{"startTime":2885.957,"endTime":2888.898,"body":"who loves this music and"},{"startTime":2885.957,"endTime":2888.898,"body":"who is living in the west,"},{"startTime":2888.898,"endTime":2892.91,"body":"we are attracted also, yeah,"},{"startTime":2892.91,"endTime":2895.57,"body":"just like people in the Soviet Union were,"},{"startTime":2895.57,"endTime":2899.61,"body":"by music which is melodic,"},{"startTime":2895.57,"endTime":2899.61,"body":"emotional, exciting,"},{"startTime":2899.61,"endTime":2903.06,"body":"but it also comes from"},{"startTime":2899.61,"endTime":2903.06,"body":"these very dark places,"},{"startTime":2903.06,"endTime":2906.24,"body":"it comes from interesting"},{"startTime":2903.06,"endTime":2906.24,"body":"times so to speak,"},{"startTime":2906.24,"endTime":2908.649,"body":"it comes with very interesting biographies"},{"startTime":2908.649,"endTime":2911.75,"body":"and sometimes dramatic"},{"startTime":2908.649,"endTime":2911.75,"body":"and tragic biographies"},{"startTime":2911.75,"endTime":2913.3,"body":"attached to them."},{"startTime":2913.3,"endTime":2915.74,"body":"And I think when we"},{"startTime":2913.3,"endTime":2915.74,"body":"listen to these pieces,"},{"startTime":2915.74,"endTime":2920.08,"body":"we are trying to kind of expand"},{"startTime":2915.74,"endTime":2920.08,"body":"our experience vicariously"},{"startTime":2920.08,"endTime":2923.09,"body":"and experience things we will, thankfully,"},{"startTime":2923.09,"endTime":2926.85,"body":"hopefully we'll never"},{"startTime":2923.09,"endTime":2926.85,"body":"experience ourselves."},{"startTime":2926.85,"endTime":2930.09,"body":"And I think we believe perhaps"},{"startTime":2926.85,"endTime":2930.09,"body":"it's a mistakened belief,"},{"startTime":2930.09,"endTime":2933.413,"body":"that somehow it increases"},{"startTime":2930.09,"endTime":2933.413,"body":"our capacity for empathy."},{"startTime":2934.64,"endTime":2937.81,"body":"And we start thinking, you know,"},{"startTime":2937.81,"endTime":2939.959,"body":"what happens when lovely music,"},{"startTime":2939.959,"endTime":2944.1,"body":"beautiful music can be tinged by evil."},{"startTime":2944.1,"endTime":2945.78,"body":"We start thinking of these things."},{"startTime":2945.78,"endTime":2948.24,"body":"And I think for this reason,"},{"startTime":2948.24,"endTime":2952.52,"body":"we are still attracted to these works."},{"startTime":2952.52,"endTime":2954.679,"body":"One of them, we are going to hear now"},{"startTime":2954.679,"endTime":2958.89,"body":"with our lovely performers,"},{"startTime":2954.679,"endTime":2958.89,"body":"Laura Van Der Heijden"},{"startTime":2958.89,"endTime":2960.72,"body":"and Petr Limonov."},{"startTime":2960.72,"endTime":2964.32,"body":"Who are going to play Prokofiev"},{"startTime":2960.72,"endTime":2964.32,"body":"Sonata for Cello and Piano."},{"startTime":2964.32,"endTime":2968.35,"body":"It was written in 1949 in"},{"startTime":2964.32,"endTime":2968.35,"body":"the very, very dark times."},{"startTime":2968.35,"endTime":2971.49,"body":"Yeah, when Prokofiev's"},{"startTime":2968.35,"endTime":2971.49,"body":"music wasn't performed,"},{"startTime":2971.49,"endTime":2974.63,"body":"his first wife was in the labor camp."},{"startTime":2974.63,"endTime":2976.51,"body":"His health was shattered."},{"startTime":2976.51,"endTime":2979.273,"body":"And yet there was a real sunlight,"},{"startTime":2980.856,"endTime":2983.77,"body":"a cellist came in one day and said,"},{"startTime":2983.77,"endTime":2986.77,"body":"why don't you write some"},{"startTime":2983.77,"endTime":2986.77,"body":"pieces for the cello?"},{"startTime":2986.77,"endTime":2988.71,"body":"So this is what happens,"},{"startTime":2988.71,"endTime":2991.51,"body":"completely fearlessly, in defiance"},{"startTime":2991.51,"endTime":2995.17,"body":"of all the bans and all"},{"startTime":2991.51,"endTime":2995.17,"body":"the disfavors, yeah."},{"startTime":2995.17,"endTime":2997.29,"body":"He started bringing these pieces"},{"startTime":2998.539,"endTime":2999.45,"body":"out of Prokofiev one by one."},{"startTime":2999.45,"endTime":3002.2,"body":"And I think we're going"},{"startTime":2999.45,"endTime":3002.2,"body":"to play the whole thing."},{"startTime":3002.2,"endTime":3005.91,"body":"It's about 23, 24 minutes,"},{"startTime":3002.2,"endTime":3005.91,"body":"in three movements."},{"startTime":3005.91,"endTime":3010.15,"body":"And I think it's a wonderful"},{"startTime":3005.91,"endTime":3010.15,"body":"piece to end our course on"},{"startTime":3010.15,"endTime":3012.91,"body":"because it has something effortful in it."},{"startTime":3012.91,"endTime":3015.48,"body":"It's a low voice, it's the cello."},{"startTime":3015.48,"endTime":3017.85,"body":"Yeah, which is sounds"},{"startTime":3015.48,"endTime":3017.85,"body":"from the very beginning"},{"startTime":3017.85,"endTime":3019.5,"body":"in the very low register."},{"startTime":3019.5,"endTime":3021.702,"body":"There is nothing glib about"},{"startTime":3019.5,"endTime":3021.702,"body":"this music, nothing complacent."},{"startTime":3021.702,"endTime":3024.2,"body":"It's a piece of resistance,"},{"startTime":3024.2,"endTime":3027.15,"body":"really a piece of"},{"startTime":3024.2,"endTime":3027.15,"body":"resistance of a human spirit"},{"startTime":3027.15,"endTime":3030.81,"body":"in the face of all these atrocious things"},{"startTime":3030.81,"endTime":3035.32,"body":"that were going on"},{"startTime":3030.81,"endTime":3035.32,"body":"around them at the time."},{"startTime":3035.32,"endTime":3037.66,"body":"So let us welcome our performers,"},{"startTime":3037.66,"endTime":3039.953,"body":"Laura Van Der Heijden and Petr Limonov."},{"startTime":3041.02,"endTime":3042.603,"body":"Give them a round of applause."},{"startTime":3042.603,"endTime":3045.603,"body":"(audience clapping)"},{"startTime":3066.342,"endTime":3068.925,"body":"(gentle music)"},{"startTime":3768.592,"endTime":3771.175,"body":"(upbeat music)"},{"startTime":4072.545,"endTime":4075.128,"body":"(gentle music)"},{"startTime":4529.066,"endTime":4532.066,"body":"(audience clapping)"}]}