{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"startTime":0.18,"endTime":3.386,"body":"- So, this is going to be"},{"startTime":0.18,"endTime":3.386,"body":"my last Gresham Lecture"},{"startTime":3.386,"endTime":6.48,"body":"as the Frank Jackson"},{"startTime":3.386,"endTime":6.48,"body":"Professor of the Environment."},{"startTime":6.48,"endTime":8.21,"body":"So for those of you who stayed the course,"},{"startTime":8.21,"endTime":11.9,"body":"it's been a four-year"},{"startTime":8.21,"endTime":11.9,"body":"course for 23 lectures."},{"startTime":11.9,"endTime":13.29,"body":"This is the last one."},{"startTime":13.29,"endTime":15.98,"body":"But what I've been able"},{"startTime":13.29,"endTime":15.98,"body":"to do is use the lectures,"},{"startTime":15.98,"endTime":18.96,"body":"I think, to build a story"},{"startTime":15.98,"endTime":18.96,"body":"and over the last year,"},{"startTime":18.96,"endTime":21.15,"body":"I think, bring it together into something"},{"startTime":21.15,"endTime":23.22,"body":"that I'm calling natural prosperity."},{"startTime":23.22,"endTime":25.45,"body":"So it's been a huge privilege"},{"startTime":23.22,"endTime":25.45,"body":"to be able to do that,"},{"startTime":25.45,"endTime":27.73,"body":"to have this moment"},{"startTime":25.45,"endTime":27.73,"body":"again and again and again"},{"startTime":27.73,"endTime":32.471,"body":"to revisit ideas and see"},{"startTime":27.73,"endTime":32.471,"body":"how they all come together."},{"startTime":32.471,"endTime":34.87,"body":"I don't know whether it can"},{"startTime":32.471,"endTime":34.87,"body":"be considered a philosophy"},{"startTime":34.87,"endTime":36.712,"body":"or a series yet, we'll have to see."},{"startTime":36.712,"endTime":38.7,"body":"Time will tell."},{"startTime":38.7,"endTime":42.93,"body":"But what I have tried to"},{"startTime":38.7,"endTime":42.93,"body":"do is to finalize ideas"},{"startTime":42.93,"endTime":46.75,"body":"and crystallize them into"},{"startTime":42.93,"endTime":46.75,"body":"some kind of succinct thesis"},{"startTime":46.75,"endTime":49.34,"body":"that for me feels right."},{"startTime":49.34,"endTime":53.01,"body":"And the more people I speak"},{"startTime":49.34,"endTime":53.01,"body":"to and talk to about it,"},{"startTime":53.01,"endTime":55.82,"body":"I think it resonates with a lot of people."},{"startTime":55.82,"endTime":60.07,"body":"So what I'm seeing it more"},{"startTime":55.82,"endTime":60.07,"body":"as is a sort of motivation."},{"startTime":60.07,"endTime":61.07,"body":"Let me think of it like that."},{"startTime":61.07,"endTime":65.44,"body":"A motivation of how we"},{"startTime":61.07,"endTime":65.44,"body":"can survive, maybe thrive"},{"startTime":65.44,"endTime":68.22,"body":"on the future of this very,"},{"startTime":65.44,"endTime":68.22,"body":"very changeable planet."},{"startTime":68.22,"endTime":70.19,"body":"And that's what I'm going"},{"startTime":68.22,"endTime":70.19,"body":"to try and do tonight"},{"startTime":70.19,"endTime":74.07,"body":"is sort of do a quick rapid"},{"startTime":70.19,"endTime":74.07,"body":"tour of some of the highlights,"},{"startTime":74.07,"endTime":76.533,"body":"I hope, and see how we"},{"startTime":74.07,"endTime":76.533,"body":"can piece it together."},{"startTime":77.614,"endTime":80.17,"body":"So I'm going to look at it"},{"startTime":77.614,"endTime":80.17,"body":"through the lens of humans"},{"startTime":80.17,"endTime":83.37,"body":"and nature, try and bring"},{"startTime":80.17,"endTime":83.37,"body":"them together sometimes."},{"startTime":83.37,"endTime":87.32,"body":"I'm going to spend a bit of"},{"startTime":83.37,"endTime":87.32,"body":"time on words and ontology,"},{"startTime":87.32,"endTime":90.05,"body":"ideas about how they come together"},{"startTime":90.05,"endTime":93.22,"body":"and how they resonate with"},{"startTime":90.05,"endTime":93.22,"body":"young people particularly"},{"startTime":93.22,"endTime":97.56,"body":"as well as older people, in"},{"startTime":93.22,"endTime":97.56,"body":"the idea that we want to try"},{"startTime":97.56,"endTime":101.59,"body":"and create what social action"},{"startTime":97.56,"endTime":101.59,"body":"practitioners think about,"},{"startTime":101.59,"endTime":103.93,"body":"which is you have to act to change."},{"startTime":103.93,"endTime":105.62,"body":"You have to feel the change."},{"startTime":105.62,"endTime":107.603,"body":"You can't just think the change."},{"startTime":108.53,"endTime":111.3,"body":"So by the way, there's"},{"startTime":108.53,"endTime":111.3,"body":"a deliberate mistake."},{"startTime":111.3,"endTime":114.42,"body":"And anyone who gets"},{"startTime":111.3,"endTime":114.42,"body":"that deliberate mistake"},{"startTime":114.42,"endTime":116.0,"body":"is going to get a copy of the book."},{"startTime":116.0,"endTime":118.26,"body":"That's my big incentive"},{"startTime":116.0,"endTime":118.26,"body":"to finish the book,"},{"startTime":118.26,"endTime":120.83,"body":"and I give you a free"},{"startTime":118.26,"endTime":120.83,"body":"copy, I promise you that."},{"startTime":120.83,"endTime":123.881,"body":"So when you write in to"},{"startTime":120.83,"endTime":123.881,"body":"say, I spotted the mistake,"},{"startTime":123.881,"endTime":126.0,"body":"then I'll be very happy to do that."},{"startTime":126.0,"endTime":128.56,"body":"And if more than one"},{"startTime":126.0,"endTime":128.56,"body":"person spots the mistake,"},{"startTime":128.56,"endTime":131.06,"body":"then I'll have to give out"},{"startTime":128.56,"endTime":131.06,"body":"more copies, I can see."},{"startTime":132.23,"endTime":135.01,"body":"So let's just step back a little bit"},{"startTime":135.01,"endTime":137.41,"body":"and think about where I began,"},{"startTime":137.41,"endTime":139.883,"body":"which was talking about"},{"startTime":137.41,"endTime":139.883,"body":"visions of prosperity."},{"startTime":140.9,"endTime":142.97,"body":"And in a sense, what I was trying to do"},{"startTime":142.97,"endTime":147.55,"body":"was to find the language"},{"startTime":142.97,"endTime":147.55,"body":"that would motivate people,"},{"startTime":147.55,"endTime":150.54,"body":"get them to really think"},{"startTime":147.55,"endTime":150.54,"body":"about how they could act"},{"startTime":150.54,"endTime":153.227,"body":"in the best interests of both humanity"},{"startTime":153.227,"endTime":156.03,"body":"and the planet's ecosystems."},{"startTime":156.03,"endTime":160.32,"body":"And in a way, that became the"},{"startTime":156.03,"endTime":160.32,"body":"reason for natural prosperity."},{"startTime":160.32,"endTime":163.66,"body":"Because in a sense, if"},{"startTime":160.32,"endTime":163.66,"body":"you go back to Galileo"},{"startTime":163.66,"endTime":165.69,"body":"and you think about"},{"startTime":163.66,"endTime":165.69,"body":"the tenets that he had,"},{"startTime":165.69,"endTime":169.49,"body":"the reasoning, sort of"},{"startTime":165.69,"endTime":169.49,"body":"explanations about nature"},{"startTime":169.49,"endTime":171.69,"body":"and then put that together"},{"startTime":169.49,"endTime":171.69,"body":"with a conceptual model"},{"startTime":171.69,"endTime":174.822,"body":"of prosperity, that's what"},{"startTime":171.69,"endTime":174.822,"body":"I really felt was needed."},{"startTime":174.822,"endTime":177.074,"body":"It's very easy to get carried away"},{"startTime":177.074,"endTime":179.195,"body":"in the sort of economic terms."},{"startTime":179.195,"endTime":182.5,"body":"And it's very easy to get"},{"startTime":179.195,"endTime":182.5,"body":"swept up in the ideas of,"},{"startTime":182.5,"endTime":186.13,"body":"you know, GDP being good for us and so on."},{"startTime":186.13,"endTime":187.13,"body":"But at the same time,"},{"startTime":187.13,"endTime":190.04,"body":"nobody is speaking on"},{"startTime":187.13,"endTime":190.04,"body":"behalf of planet Earth."},{"startTime":190.04,"endTime":192.36,"body":"No one is speaking on"},{"startTime":190.04,"endTime":192.36,"body":"behalf of communities"},{"startTime":192.36,"endTime":194.35,"body":"who aren't even playing in the same field."},{"startTime":194.35,"endTime":196.273,"body":"I mean, they're just not doing GDP."},{"startTime":197.23,"endTime":199.67,"body":"So what I have done over the years is work"},{"startTime":199.67,"endTime":202.267,"body":"with lots of communities and ask them,"},{"startTime":202.267,"endTime":205.32,"body":"\"Well, what does prosperity mean to you?"},{"startTime":205.32,"endTime":209.963,"body":"And the two pictures"},{"startTime":205.32,"endTime":209.963,"body":"on the left are images"},{"startTime":209.963,"endTime":213.594,"body":"put together by communities from Kenya,"},{"startTime":213.594,"endTime":215.721,"body":"two tribal communities."},{"startTime":215.721,"endTime":218.95,"body":"Completely different words"},{"startTime":215.721,"endTime":218.95,"body":"in their own language,"},{"startTime":218.95,"endTime":221.81,"body":"but the elements of"},{"startTime":218.95,"endTime":221.81,"body":"prosperity were the same."},{"startTime":221.81,"endTime":225.64,"body":"So community, leadership,"},{"startTime":225.64,"endTime":229.06,"body":"the environment, education and so forth."},{"startTime":229.06,"endTime":230.93,"body":"So all the same kind of ideas,"},{"startTime":230.93,"endTime":234.29,"body":"but in their mind put"},{"startTime":230.93,"endTime":234.29,"body":"together in a different way."},{"startTime":234.29,"endTime":238.69,"body":"A calabash where milk is the"},{"startTime":234.29,"endTime":238.69,"body":"sort of driver of that economy"},{"startTime":238.69,"endTime":243.186,"body":"and that way of living, and"},{"startTime":238.69,"endTime":243.186,"body":"the warrior status, the shield"},{"startTime":243.186,"endTime":246.84,"body":"and the way in which warriors"},{"startTime":243.186,"endTime":246.84,"body":"think from the Maasai."},{"startTime":246.84,"endTime":251.84,"body":"And then just looking at"},{"startTime":246.84,"endTime":251.84,"body":"people in the city and so on,"},{"startTime":252.69,"endTime":255.61,"body":"ideas of prosperity like, I need this."},{"startTime":255.61,"endTime":258.431,"body":"I need all this money. I need to have it."},{"startTime":258.431,"endTime":262.21,"body":"In contrast with people who"},{"startTime":258.431,"endTime":262.21,"body":"are very much at the other end"},{"startTime":262.21,"endTime":264.622,"body":"where they still consider"},{"startTime":262.21,"endTime":264.622,"body":"they have prosperity,"},{"startTime":264.622,"endTime":266.76,"body":"but they're talking about"},{"startTime":264.622,"endTime":266.76,"body":"getting the groceries."},{"startTime":266.76,"endTime":269.47,"body":"They're actually literally"},{"startTime":266.76,"endTime":269.47,"body":"talking about the day-to-day,"},{"startTime":269.47,"endTime":273.68,"body":"and they feel, in a sense,"},{"startTime":269.47,"endTime":273.68,"body":"prosperous when they make the end"},{"startTime":273.68,"endTime":277.4,"body":"of the day with the children"},{"startTime":273.68,"endTime":277.4,"body":"in bed and everybody fed."},{"startTime":277.4,"endTime":280.165,"body":"I mean, it's a completely"},{"startTime":277.4,"endTime":280.165,"body":"different sort of set apart."},{"startTime":280.165,"endTime":282.45,"body":"And then people who think about prosperity"},{"startTime":282.45,"endTime":284.01,"body":"more as a social good,"},{"startTime":284.01,"endTime":285.68,"body":"the way that we can create communities"},{"startTime":285.68,"endTime":286.83,"body":"sort of coming together."},{"startTime":286.83,"endTime":289.279,"body":"Cooperative cafes, opening up spaces."},{"startTime":289.279,"endTime":293.69,"body":"That, for a group of"},{"startTime":289.279,"endTime":293.69,"body":"people, means prosperity."},{"startTime":293.69,"endTime":295.36,"body":"And then in the minds of many governments,"},{"startTime":295.36,"endTime":297.223,"body":"but even the ones thinking in a green way,"},{"startTime":297.223,"endTime":301.42,"body":"this sort of landscape of"},{"startTime":297.223,"endTime":301.42,"body":"interventions of renewable energy"},{"startTime":301.42,"endTime":304.42,"body":"and people doing things in"},{"startTime":301.42,"endTime":304.42,"body":"the environment and so on."},{"startTime":304.42,"endTime":307.203,"body":"A sort of rather happy,"},{"startTime":304.42,"endTime":307.203,"body":"happy land picture."},{"startTime":308.21,"endTime":311.97,"body":"So it's imperative, in fact,"},{"startTime":308.21,"endTime":311.97,"body":"that we capture those words"},{"startTime":311.97,"endTime":315.9,"body":"because if you think about"},{"startTime":311.97,"endTime":315.9,"body":"people like Elinor Ostrom who,"},{"startTime":315.9,"endTime":317.42,"body":"she won the Nobel Prize,"},{"startTime":317.42,"endTime":320.71,"body":"talking about how we look"},{"startTime":317.42,"endTime":320.71,"body":"after natural resources"},{"startTime":320.71,"endTime":324.77,"body":"and you combine that with a"},{"startTime":320.71,"endTime":324.77,"body":"lot of the things that people"},{"startTime":324.77,"endTime":328.293,"body":"in the political side of"},{"startTime":324.77,"endTime":328.293,"body":"things are looking at, realism."},{"startTime":329.15,"endTime":333.69,"body":"They really have a sense"},{"startTime":329.15,"endTime":333.69,"body":"in the political world of,"},{"startTime":333.69,"endTime":335.51,"body":"and you you'll hear this, the neoliberals,"},{"startTime":335.51,"endTime":339.68,"body":"the neocons and so on that"},{"startTime":335.51,"endTime":339.68,"body":"life is as you see it,"},{"startTime":339.68,"endTime":343.117,"body":"and meaning is exactly"},{"startTime":339.68,"endTime":343.117,"body":"what is in front of you."},{"startTime":343.117,"endTime":346.83,"body":"But of course, what Ostrom"},{"startTime":343.117,"endTime":346.83,"body":"and others were thinking about"},{"startTime":346.83,"endTime":350.82,"body":"was this community mentality where yes,"},{"startTime":350.82,"endTime":352.29,"body":"resources were in front of you,"},{"startTime":352.29,"endTime":353.72,"body":"but you didn't over-exploit them,"},{"startTime":353.72,"endTime":356.852,"body":"but you didn't do it because"},{"startTime":353.72,"endTime":356.852,"body":"of the community around you."},{"startTime":356.852,"endTime":358.41,"body":"And I think in a sense,"},{"startTime":358.41,"endTime":361.97,"body":"that's what I want to explore"},{"startTime":358.41,"endTime":361.97,"body":"with natural prosperity."},{"startTime":361.97,"endTime":366.51,"body":"It's not about rationalism"},{"startTime":361.97,"endTime":366.51,"body":"or liberal or neoliberals,"},{"startTime":366.51,"endTime":369.2,"body":"people using sort of game"},{"startTime":366.51,"endTime":369.2,"body":"theoretic approaches,"},{"startTime":369.2,"endTime":371.37,"body":"winners and utility models."},{"startTime":371.37,"endTime":374.17,"body":"In fact, my experience of"},{"startTime":371.37,"endTime":374.17,"body":"working all over the world"},{"startTime":374.17,"endTime":376.25,"body":"with different peoples is that,"},{"startTime":376.25,"endTime":379.61,"body":"in fact, it's mostly about exchange."},{"startTime":379.61,"endTime":380.72,"body":"It's about barters."},{"startTime":380.72,"endTime":382.3,"body":"It's about how you make a deal"},{"startTime":382.3,"endTime":384.85,"body":"with others in your local community."},{"startTime":384.85,"endTime":386.71,"body":"And how do you capture that?"},{"startTime":386.71,"endTime":389.615,"body":"Well, you capture it"},{"startTime":386.71,"endTime":389.615,"body":"often in the life lived."},{"startTime":389.615,"endTime":393.04,"body":"So you'll have people"},{"startTime":389.615,"endTime":393.04,"body":"who feel passionately"},{"startTime":393.04,"endTime":396.65,"body":"about biodiversity, thinking"},{"startTime":393.04,"endTime":396.65,"body":"about the intrinsic value"},{"startTime":396.65,"endTime":401.46,"body":"of biodiversity beautifully"},{"startTime":396.65,"endTime":401.46,"body":"captured in the UN Convention."},{"startTime":401.46,"endTime":404.08,"body":"And these words resonate with many"},{"startTime":404.08,"endTime":407.23,"body":"about the diversity, the aesthetics."},{"startTime":407.23,"endTime":410.464,"body":"We read sometimes about"},{"startTime":407.23,"endTime":410.464,"body":"people being crushed"},{"startTime":410.464,"endTime":413.14,"body":"when they see an iconic animal"},{"startTime":413.14,"endTime":416.35,"body":"like a seal with plastic around its neck"},{"startTime":417.25,"endTime":419.7,"body":"because in a sense that's jarring."},{"startTime":419.7,"endTime":422.45,"body":"It's a personal impact."},{"startTime":422.45,"endTime":425.09,"body":"It's not just an animal out in the wild."},{"startTime":425.09,"endTime":427.82,"body":"So there are groups of"},{"startTime":425.09,"endTime":427.82,"body":"people who are completely"},{"startTime":427.82,"endTime":431.12,"body":"and utterly immersed in"},{"startTime":427.82,"endTime":431.12,"body":"the meaning of biodiversity"},{"startTime":431.12,"endTime":433.763,"body":"as part of their sense of prosperity."},{"startTime":434.92,"endTime":437.38,"body":"There are others who have"},{"startTime":434.92,"endTime":437.38,"body":"come to the conclusion"},{"startTime":437.38,"endTime":440.24,"body":"that there is no separate economic logic"},{"startTime":440.24,"endTime":441.83,"body":"when it comes to nature."},{"startTime":441.83,"endTime":443.63,"body":"It should be a continuum."},{"startTime":443.63,"endTime":445.65,"body":"That if nature is functioning,"},{"startTime":445.65,"endTime":448.58,"body":"actually we don't need to"},{"startTime":445.65,"endTime":448.58,"body":"sort of carve off economy"},{"startTime":448.58,"endTime":451.69,"body":"and make some elaborate set of equations"},{"startTime":451.69,"endTime":454.78,"body":"because it should all"},{"startTime":451.69,"endTime":454.78,"body":"essentially be a continuum,"},{"startTime":454.78,"endTime":459.02,"body":"and I firmly believe in"},{"startTime":454.78,"endTime":459.02,"body":"that particular concept,"},{"startTime":459.02,"endTime":461.41,"body":"but there's also a sense of prosperity"},{"startTime":461.41,"endTime":464.5,"body":"being cut off for future generations."},{"startTime":464.5,"endTime":466.09,"body":"And so, you know, you look at people"},{"startTime":466.09,"endTime":468.043,"body":"who are influencing the future."},{"startTime":468.043,"endTime":470.33,"body":"David Attenborough is an obvious one,"},{"startTime":470.33,"endTime":472.55,"body":"but people who've written books for years"},{"startTime":472.55,"endTime":476.01,"body":"have come with stories that"},{"startTime":472.55,"endTime":476.01,"body":"have genuinely affected"},{"startTime":476.01,"endTime":479.44,"body":"a particular generation's"},{"startTime":476.01,"endTime":479.44,"body":"attitude towards animals,"},{"startTime":479.44,"endTime":482.593,"body":"towards the planet, and"},{"startTime":479.44,"endTime":482.593,"body":"really changed that thinking."},{"startTime":483.5,"endTime":486.97,"body":"So what we're talking"},{"startTime":483.5,"endTime":486.97,"body":"about is not monetary."},{"startTime":486.97,"endTime":491.41,"body":"It's an emotional"},{"startTime":486.97,"endTime":491.41,"body":"connection to planet Earth,"},{"startTime":491.41,"endTime":494.862,"body":"and that's not easy to"},{"startTime":491.41,"endTime":494.862,"body":"capture in equations."},{"startTime":494.862,"endTime":498.81,"body":"It's not easy to capture"},{"startTime":494.862,"endTime":498.81,"body":"in a scientific paper,"},{"startTime":498.81,"endTime":501.149,"body":"although several have tried."},{"startTime":501.149,"endTime":502.53,"body":"There's a whole group of people"},{"startTime":502.53,"endTime":506.05,"body":"who've tried to bring natural"},{"startTime":502.53,"endTime":506.05,"body":"prosperity, so to speak,"},{"startTime":506.05,"endTime":509.65,"body":"into the asset ledgers of countries."},{"startTime":509.65,"endTime":512.67,"body":"So we have an enormous"},{"startTime":509.65,"endTime":512.67,"body":"effort at the moment"},{"startTime":512.67,"endTime":515.01,"body":"talking about accounting structures."},{"startTime":515.01,"endTime":517.73,"body":"And I spoke a lot about"},{"startTime":515.01,"endTime":517.73,"body":"that in one or two lectures,"},{"startTime":517.73,"endTime":522.38,"body":"which was to say, if you"},{"startTime":517.73,"endTime":522.38,"body":"can measure it, it matters."},{"startTime":522.38,"endTime":524.42,"body":"There's a lot of people that say that,"},{"startTime":524.42,"endTime":526.06,"body":"but the more I sort of deal"},{"startTime":526.06,"endTime":528.93,"body":"with the real world and the natural world,"},{"startTime":528.93,"endTime":531.73,"body":"there are lots of things"},{"startTime":528.93,"endTime":531.73,"body":"that you cannot measure."},{"startTime":531.73,"endTime":535.58,"body":"The fact that a river"},{"startTime":531.73,"endTime":535.58,"body":"flows and is ephemeral"},{"startTime":535.58,"endTime":537.938,"body":"in sometimes of the"},{"startTime":535.58,"endTime":537.938,"body":"year and not in others,"},{"startTime":537.938,"endTime":541.53,"body":"is far more powerful than actually looking"},{"startTime":541.53,"endTime":543.58,"body":"at how many gallons or"},{"startTime":541.53,"endTime":543.58,"body":"how many liters of water"},{"startTime":543.58,"endTime":545.43,"body":"is actually flowing in that river."},{"startTime":545.43,"endTime":547.397,"body":"Its presence in the landscape"},{"startTime":547.397,"endTime":550.46,"body":"is far more important sometimes"},{"startTime":550.46,"endTime":553.42,"body":"than simply the quantity"},{"startTime":550.46,"endTime":553.42,"body":"of water flowing down it,"},{"startTime":553.42,"endTime":555.97,"body":"although that is also important."},{"startTime":555.97,"endTime":559.003,"body":"So thinking about nature"},{"startTime":555.97,"endTime":559.003,"body":"and natural philosophy,"},{"startTime":559.003,"endTime":561.713,"body":"generally speaking, has"},{"startTime":559.003,"endTime":561.713,"body":"always led us down to,"},{"startTime":561.713,"endTime":563.557,"body":"you've got to count things."},{"startTime":563.557,"endTime":565.28,"body":"And what I'm saying is,"},{"startTime":565.28,"endTime":568.08,"body":"there's a lot more to the planet Earth"},{"startTime":568.08,"endTime":570.9,"body":"than the things that we see as humans."},{"startTime":570.9,"endTime":572.463,"body":"There's a lot more going on."},{"startTime":574.8,"endTime":577.561,"body":"We also know that a lot"},{"startTime":574.8,"endTime":577.561,"body":"of the market failures"},{"startTime":577.561,"endTime":581.36,"body":"that have tried to combine"},{"startTime":577.561,"endTime":581.36,"body":"resources with people"},{"startTime":581.36,"endTime":583.27,"body":"have simply been a failure."},{"startTime":583.27,"endTime":587.18,"body":"And so really in a way to"},{"startTime":583.27,"endTime":587.18,"body":"understand what matters"},{"startTime":587.18,"endTime":589.74,"body":"is to understand both human frailties"},{"startTime":589.74,"endTime":591.81,"body":"and how markets have essentially"},{"startTime":591.81,"endTime":595.61,"body":"sometimes driven us"},{"startTime":591.81,"endTime":595.61,"body":"towards those failures."},{"startTime":595.61,"endTime":598.76,"body":"Prince Charles said,"},{"startTime":595.61,"endTime":598.76,"body":"\"Prosperity is about tackling"},{"startTime":598.76,"endTime":600.75,"body":"the impact of consumerism,"},{"startTime":600.75,"endTime":604.109,"body":"which currently depends upon"},{"startTime":600.75,"endTime":604.109,"body":"the unfettered exploitation"},{"startTime":604.109,"endTime":607.12,"body":"of the extraordinary bounty of nature"},{"startTime":607.12,"endTime":610.48,"body":"and the limits that we"},{"startTime":607.12,"endTime":610.48,"body":"have failed to respect.\""},{"startTime":610.48,"endTime":612.43,"body":"And he's right in so many ways,"},{"startTime":612.43,"endTime":614.72,"body":"but in this particular one, he's right"},{"startTime":614.72,"endTime":619.04,"body":"because recognizing the"},{"startTime":614.72,"endTime":619.04,"body":"extraordinary bounty of nature"},{"startTime":619.04,"endTime":620.12,"body":"doesn't necessarily mean"},{"startTime":620.12,"endTime":623.29,"body":"that we're going to constrain"},{"startTime":620.12,"endTime":623.29,"body":"and restrain ourselves."},{"startTime":623.29,"endTime":625.84,"body":"And so obviously if you are on the edge,"},{"startTime":625.84,"endTime":629.58,"body":"if you're right out on the"},{"startTime":625.84,"endTime":629.58,"body":"limits of where, you know,"},{"startTime":629.58,"endTime":631.46,"body":"people are actually just surviving,"},{"startTime":631.46,"endTime":633.27,"body":"they're certainly not thriving,"},{"startTime":633.27,"endTime":636.32,"body":"then you don't have that"},{"startTime":633.27,"endTime":636.32,"body":"sense of extraordinary bounty"},{"startTime":636.32,"endTime":638.77,"body":"of nature in terms of humans."},{"startTime":638.77,"endTime":640.19,"body":"But I've spoken to many people"},{"startTime":640.19,"endTime":643.461,"body":"who are living in extreme conditions,"},{"startTime":643.461,"endTime":646.35,"body":"whether in the Northern part of Kenya,"},{"startTime":646.35,"endTime":648.14,"body":"up in Greenland where I've just been,"},{"startTime":648.14,"endTime":652.44,"body":"just really trying to make out enough"},{"startTime":652.44,"endTime":655.89,"body":"in terms of being able to"},{"startTime":652.44,"endTime":655.89,"body":"feed yourself and so on."},{"startTime":655.89,"endTime":660.25,"body":"But again, they don't see"},{"startTime":655.89,"endTime":660.25,"body":"themselves as being poor."},{"startTime":660.25,"endTime":662.908,"body":"They don't see themselves"},{"startTime":660.25,"endTime":662.908,"body":"as having a frugal life."},{"startTime":662.908,"endTime":665.31,"body":"They can appreciate the bounty of nature"},{"startTime":665.31,"endTime":669.14,"body":"and they can carve out"},{"startTime":665.31,"endTime":669.14,"body":"a life on that basis."},{"startTime":669.14,"endTime":673.323,"body":"But when we come into sort"},{"startTime":669.14,"endTime":673.323,"body":"of the mainstream of society,"},{"startTime":674.52,"endTime":677.47,"body":"what I feel that sometimes we've"},{"startTime":674.52,"endTime":677.47,"body":"lost is that sense of honor"},{"startTime":677.47,"endTime":681.46,"body":"and personal dignity"},{"startTime":677.47,"endTime":681.46,"body":"which connects to others,"},{"startTime":681.46,"endTime":684.58,"body":"which allows the sort of"},{"startTime":681.46,"endTime":684.58,"body":"natural prosperity to grow."},{"startTime":684.58,"endTime":686.96,"body":"And if you go to a lot"},{"startTime":684.58,"endTime":686.96,"body":"of indigenous groups,"},{"startTime":686.96,"endTime":688.95,"body":"you see that alive and well."},{"startTime":688.95,"endTime":691.44,"body":"Here's some wonderful Maori women,"},{"startTime":691.44,"endTime":695.99,"body":"and they speak passionately"},{"startTime":691.44,"endTime":695.99,"body":"about the congruity of nature"},{"startTime":695.99,"endTime":699.95,"body":"and of prosperity and of"},{"startTime":695.99,"endTime":699.95,"body":"wellbeing, but it's all tied up"},{"startTime":699.95,"endTime":703.323,"body":"with the idea of honor"},{"startTime":699.95,"endTime":703.323,"body":"and personal dignity."},{"startTime":705.67,"endTime":708.57,"body":"If you were to take"},{"startTime":705.67,"endTime":708.57,"body":"them onto the textbooks"},{"startTime":708.57,"endTime":712.01,"body":"of the World Bank, they"},{"startTime":708.57,"endTime":712.01,"body":"would absolutely fall"},{"startTime":712.01,"endTime":714.0,"body":"into the category of poor,"},{"startTime":714.0,"endTime":716.35,"body":"as far as the World Bank's definition is."},{"startTime":716.35,"endTime":719.763,"body":"They would certainly be in the"},{"startTime":716.35,"endTime":719.763,"body":"income inequality category."},{"startTime":720.79,"endTime":724.55,"body":"But in fact, if you"},{"startTime":720.79,"endTime":724.55,"body":"think about even today,"},{"startTime":724.55,"endTime":727.23,"body":"many of the studies that are coming out"},{"startTime":727.23,"endTime":730.95,"body":"on national economic"},{"startTime":727.23,"endTime":730.95,"body":"productivity, employment,"},{"startTime":730.95,"endTime":735.28,"body":"household income, it's"},{"startTime":730.95,"endTime":735.28,"body":"very clear that even today"},{"startTime":735.28,"endTime":738.41,"body":"with the state of inflation,"},{"startTime":735.28,"endTime":738.41,"body":"everything else in the UK"},{"startTime":738.41,"endTime":741.958,"body":"and everywhere else, that"},{"startTime":738.41,"endTime":741.958,"body":"if you stop for a moment"},{"startTime":741.958,"endTime":746.67,"body":"and ask people what state"},{"startTime":741.958,"endTime":746.67,"body":"of mind are they in,"},{"startTime":746.67,"endTime":748.46,"body":"many people will still say"},{"startTime":748.46,"endTime":751.493,"body":"that they have happiness"},{"startTime":748.46,"endTime":751.493,"body":"and life satisfaction."},{"startTime":751.493,"endTime":755.7,"body":"So they may be struggling,"},{"startTime":751.493,"endTime":755.7,"body":"but at their core,"},{"startTime":755.7,"endTime":758.12,"body":"people still have that"},{"startTime":755.7,"endTime":758.12,"body":"sense of life satisfaction."},{"startTime":758.12,"endTime":760.432,"body":"And it's because they've"},{"startTime":758.12,"endTime":760.432,"body":"been able to hold onto"},{"startTime":760.432,"endTime":764.09,"body":"a lot of these other issues"},{"startTime":760.432,"endTime":764.09,"body":"around honor and dignity"},{"startTime":764.09,"endTime":766.79,"body":"and an understanding of the"},{"startTime":764.09,"endTime":766.79,"body":"natural world around them."},{"startTime":767.66,"endTime":772.4,"body":"So valuing and valuing"},{"startTime":767.66,"endTime":772.4,"body":"nature and valuing the planet"},{"startTime":772.4,"endTime":774.24,"body":"comes from a purpose."},{"startTime":774.24,"endTime":777.69,"body":"It comes from striving,"},{"startTime":774.24,"endTime":777.69,"body":"striving to achieve something,"},{"startTime":777.69,"endTime":781.9,"body":"maybe striving to live in a frugal way."},{"startTime":781.9,"endTime":784.55,"body":"Not having a big, for"},{"startTime":781.9,"endTime":784.55,"body":"example, carbon footprint"},{"startTime":784.55,"endTime":787.01,"body":"or maybe just simply"},{"startTime":784.55,"endTime":787.01,"body":"doing something simple"},{"startTime":787.01,"endTime":789.06,"body":"like eating local food,"},{"startTime":789.06,"endTime":793.23,"body":"not traveling so far by car and so on."},{"startTime":793.23,"endTime":796.43,"body":"So valuing and that"},{"startTime":793.23,"endTime":796.43,"body":"purpose are at the core,"},{"startTime":796.43,"endTime":799.02,"body":"I think, of natural prosperity."},{"startTime":799.02,"endTime":800.814,"body":"And the other things that are there"},{"startTime":800.814,"endTime":803.47,"body":"have words like, as I mentioned, dignity,"},{"startTime":803.47,"endTime":805.89,"body":"where everyone has enough"},{"startTime":803.47,"endTime":805.89,"body":"to live in comfort,"},{"startTime":805.89,"endTime":807.58,"body":"safety, and happiness."},{"startTime":807.58,"endTime":810.69,"body":"Nature, nature's restored. It's safe."},{"startTime":810.69,"endTime":813.56,"body":"It's a safe world for us to live."},{"startTime":813.56,"endTime":816.64,"body":"Connection, this is another"},{"startTime":813.56,"endTime":816.64,"body":"very strong word that comes out"},{"startTime":816.64,"endTime":819.42,"body":"when we interview people about prosperity."},{"startTime":819.42,"endTime":820.99,"body":"So a sense of belonging"},{"startTime":820.99,"endTime":824.09,"body":"and institutions that"},{"startTime":820.99,"endTime":824.09,"body":"serve the common good,"},{"startTime":824.09,"endTime":826.09,"body":"don't simply serve the elites."},{"startTime":826.09,"endTime":829.233,"body":"Fairness, which is justice"},{"startTime":826.09,"endTime":829.233,"body":"in all its dimensions,"},{"startTime":829.233,"endTime":832.35,"body":"right at the heart of the economic system,"},{"startTime":832.35,"endTime":834.95,"body":"so to speak, so that the gap"},{"startTime":834.95,"endTime":837.07,"body":"between the rich and the poor is reduced."},{"startTime":837.07,"endTime":838.34,"body":"And then participation,"},{"startTime":838.34,"endTime":840.81,"body":"probably one of the"},{"startTime":838.34,"endTime":840.81,"body":"most fundamental things"},{"startTime":840.81,"endTime":843.64,"body":"that I believe needs to be there which is,"},{"startTime":843.64,"endTime":846.83,"body":"so it's people, citizens actively engaged"},{"startTime":846.83,"endTime":850.117,"body":"in their communities, in"},{"startTime":846.83,"endTime":850.117,"body":"locally-rooted economies."},{"startTime":850.117,"endTime":853.075,"body":"And self-determination, in other words,"},{"startTime":853.075,"endTime":856.604,"body":"not just accepting the rules"},{"startTime":853.075,"endTime":856.604,"body":"that someone else brings in,"},{"startTime":856.604,"endTime":860.393,"body":"but actually making decisions"},{"startTime":856.604,"endTime":860.393,"body":"around how they want to live."},{"startTime":861.94,"endTime":863.77,"body":"It's really fascinating."},{"startTime":863.77,"endTime":868.31,"body":"I was in a community in"},{"startTime":863.77,"endTime":868.31,"body":"Iceland called Cittaslow."},{"startTime":868.31,"endTime":872.83,"body":"Djupivogur is a little"},{"startTime":868.31,"endTime":872.83,"body":"community on the east coast,"},{"startTime":872.83,"endTime":877.83,"body":"a fishing village now going"},{"startTime":872.83,"endTime":877.83,"body":"from 100 people to 400 people"},{"startTime":879.105,"endTime":882.21,"body":"because they decided to adopt"},{"startTime":879.105,"endTime":882.21,"body":"something called Cittaslow,"},{"startTime":882.21,"endTime":884.22,"body":"which as some of you may"},{"startTime":882.21,"endTime":884.22,"body":"know, is the Italian movement,"},{"startTime":884.22,"endTime":886.67,"body":"the slow food movement."},{"startTime":886.67,"endTime":890.67,"body":"What started out as slow"},{"startTime":886.67,"endTime":890.67,"body":"food has become slow living."},{"startTime":890.67,"endTime":893.58,"body":"And it's quite interesting"},{"startTime":890.67,"endTime":893.58,"body":"how it's sort of transforming"},{"startTime":893.58,"endTime":895.84,"body":"the way that people see themselves."},{"startTime":895.84,"endTime":896.93,"body":"And as a result of it,"},{"startTime":896.93,"endTime":900.16,"body":"unlike all the other parts of Iceland,"},{"startTime":900.16,"endTime":904.01,"body":"young people and families"},{"startTime":900.16,"endTime":904.01,"body":"are moving there."},{"startTime":904.01,"endTime":905.62,"body":"They're moving there because they see"},{"startTime":905.62,"endTime":907.72,"body":"that this is a genuine alternative."},{"startTime":907.72,"endTime":910.077,"body":"It's not just something"},{"startTime":907.72,"endTime":910.077,"body":"that's going to pass by."},{"startTime":910.077,"endTime":912.82,"body":"So I spent some time understanding"},{"startTime":912.82,"endTime":915.1,"body":"where they thought this was all going."},{"startTime":915.1,"endTime":919.01,"body":"And they said that they had"},{"startTime":915.1,"endTime":919.01,"body":"read about natural prosperity."},{"startTime":919.01,"endTime":923.46,"body":"And I was talking genuinely,"},{"startTime":919.01,"endTime":923.46,"body":"and the older generation,"},{"startTime":923.46,"endTime":925.95,"body":"some of the rather curmudgeonly ladies,"},{"startTime":925.95,"endTime":930.09,"body":"I have to say, (laughs)"},{"startTime":925.95,"endTime":930.09,"body":"were absolutely amazingly"},{"startTime":930.09,"endTime":935.09,"body":"locked in to this idea that"},{"startTime":930.09,"endTime":935.09,"body":"they had had so many skills"},{"startTime":935.54,"endTime":938.32,"body":"and so many ideas that were congruent"},{"startTime":938.32,"endTime":940.17,"body":"with what I'm talking about."},{"startTime":940.17,"endTime":942.51,"body":"And so did all these young people."},{"startTime":942.51,"endTime":944.18,"body":"The problem seemed to be"},{"startTime":944.18,"endTime":946.42,"body":"in the sort of generation"},{"startTime":944.18,"endTime":946.42,"body":"in the middle who,"},{"startTime":946.42,"endTime":948.34,"body":"if you know anything"},{"startTime":946.42,"endTime":948.34,"body":"about Icelandic history,"},{"startTime":948.34,"endTime":950.9,"body":"had lived through the"},{"startTime":948.34,"endTime":950.9,"body":"collapse of the economy"},{"startTime":950.9,"endTime":955.13,"body":"and clawed their way out and"},{"startTime":950.9,"endTime":955.13,"body":"now saw that having the car"},{"startTime":955.13,"endTime":958.97,"body":"and many, many other things"},{"startTime":955.13,"endTime":958.97,"body":"was the sign of great success."},{"startTime":958.97,"endTime":961.18,"body":"But the young generation,"},{"startTime":958.97,"endTime":961.18,"body":"the older generation"},{"startTime":961.18,"endTime":964.4,"body":"were going in the other"},{"startTime":961.18,"endTime":964.4,"body":"direction completely."},{"startTime":964.4,"endTime":967.53,"body":"And so we talked about,"},{"startTime":964.4,"endTime":967.53,"body":"what was the difference?"},{"startTime":967.53,"endTime":970.306,"body":"Why is this community growing?"},{"startTime":970.306,"endTime":973.72,"body":"And so they went through a whole list."},{"startTime":973.72,"endTime":976.16,"body":"And I'll just tell you what they said."},{"startTime":976.16,"endTime":980.75,"body":"They talked about valuing"},{"startTime":976.16,"endTime":980.75,"body":"the community institutions."},{"startTime":980.75,"endTime":982.053,"body":"So the local mayor,"},{"startTime":983.35,"endTime":986.87,"body":"the school teacher who was"},{"startTime":983.35,"endTime":986.87,"body":"also the music teacher,"},{"startTime":986.87,"endTime":991.24,"body":"the sense that people had"},{"startTime":986.87,"endTime":991.24,"body":"facilitated discussions"},{"startTime":991.24,"endTime":993.77,"body":"on where the future of"},{"startTime":991.24,"endTime":993.77,"body":"this community was going."},{"startTime":993.77,"endTime":998.04,"body":"Training, so basically"},{"startTime":993.77,"endTime":998.04,"body":"education training about nature"},{"startTime":998.04,"endTime":1000.92,"body":"and about all the things"},{"startTime":998.04,"endTime":1000.92,"body":"that they could do together."},{"startTime":1000.92,"endTime":1003.27,"body":"Being able to ask very powerful questions"},{"startTime":1003.27,"endTime":1005.27,"body":"of their political leaders,"},{"startTime":1005.27,"endTime":1009.36,"body":"allowing people to express"},{"startTime":1005.27,"endTime":1009.36,"body":"themselves through images"},{"startTime":1009.36,"endTime":1012.04,"body":"and stories, not always"},{"startTime":1009.36,"endTime":1012.04,"body":"in a very intellectual way"},{"startTime":1012.04,"endTime":1013.663,"body":"or by singing and so on."},{"startTime":1014.58,"endTime":1017.609,"body":"Thinking about the long term"},{"startTime":1014.58,"endTime":1017.609,"body":"as well as the short term,"},{"startTime":1017.609,"endTime":1021.446,"body":"encouraging a lot of"},{"startTime":1017.609,"endTime":1021.446,"body":"reflection, self-reflection."},{"startTime":1021.446,"endTime":1025.86,"body":"Always asking why and follow-up questions"},{"startTime":1025.86,"endTime":1029.143,"body":"and coming back always to the"},{"startTime":1025.86,"endTime":1029.143,"body":"core values of the community."},{"startTime":1030.075,"endTime":1032.95,"body":"Is it successful? Yes, it is."},{"startTime":1032.95,"endTime":1036.233,"body":"But not as successful as"},{"startTime":1032.95,"endTime":1036.233,"body":"the community down the road"},{"startTime":1036.233,"endTime":1039.76,"body":"who took a stand against a fish factory,"},{"startTime":1039.76,"endTime":1044.21,"body":"opening up a polystyrene"},{"startTime":1039.76,"endTime":1044.21,"body":"box factory to send the fish"},{"startTime":1044.21,"endTime":1045.85,"body":"that they catch to Reykjavik"},{"startTime":1045.85,"endTime":1048.613,"body":"because the airline said"},{"startTime":1045.85,"endTime":1048.613,"body":"they had to have it."},{"startTime":1050.02,"endTime":1052.12,"body":"And so they're looking over the fence"},{"startTime":1052.12,"endTime":1053.88,"body":"and they're saying, \"What is it?\""},{"startTime":1053.88,"endTime":1056.55,"body":"And it was because the village up the road"},{"startTime":1056.55,"endTime":1059.13,"body":"is valuing the environment"},{"startTime":1059.13,"endTime":1061.07,"body":"and they don't want to have polystyrene"},{"startTime":1061.07,"endTime":1062.12,"body":"flowing all over the place"},{"startTime":1062.12,"endTime":1063.928,"body":"and getting into the marine environment."},{"startTime":1063.928,"endTime":1066.33,"body":"And so there's been this interplay then"},{"startTime":1066.33,"endTime":1068.75,"body":"between the two communities"},{"startTime":1066.33,"endTime":1068.75,"body":"and it's leading"},{"startTime":1068.75,"endTime":1073.33,"body":"to a very, very rich"},{"startTime":1068.75,"endTime":1073.33,"body":"discussion asking questions."},{"startTime":1073.33,"endTime":1075.07,"body":"Why, why, why?"},{"startTime":1075.07,"endTime":1076.59,"body":"And I think as a result of it,"},{"startTime":1076.59,"endTime":1080.38,"body":"the factory will now produce"},{"startTime":1076.59,"endTime":1080.38,"body":"polystyrene made out of algae"},{"startTime":1080.38,"endTime":1082.65,"body":"so that'll be a very good step forward."},{"startTime":1082.65,"endTime":1083.811,"body":"So asking questions"},{"startTime":1083.811,"endTime":1087.343,"body":"and really sort of"},{"startTime":1083.811,"endTime":1087.343,"body":"challenging is very important."},{"startTime":1088.64,"endTime":1092.713,"body":"So if we think about living a"},{"startTime":1088.64,"endTime":1092.713,"body":"sort of locally abundant life,"},{"startTime":1092.713,"endTime":1094.79,"body":"we also need to measure that"},{"startTime":1094.79,"endTime":1099.29,"body":"against a globally frugal"},{"startTime":1094.79,"endTime":1099.29,"body":"society because otherwise"},{"startTime":1099.29,"endTime":1102.44,"body":"we are just going to carry on"},{"startTime":1099.29,"endTime":1102.44,"body":"in the same way that we have."},{"startTime":1102.44,"endTime":1104.13,"body":"And that's exactly why we are where we are"},{"startTime":1104.13,"endTime":1106.43,"body":"with climate change, with waste,"},{"startTime":1106.43,"endTime":1108.03,"body":"with consumption and so forth."},{"startTime":1108.03,"endTime":1108.96,"body":"There is no doubt"},{"startTime":1108.96,"endTime":1112.33,"body":"that we're on a hiding"},{"startTime":1108.96,"endTime":1112.33,"body":"to nowhere with this one."},{"startTime":1112.33,"endTime":1113.58,"body":"And living in this way,"},{"startTime":1113.58,"endTime":1116.103,"body":"living locally abundant"},{"startTime":1113.58,"endTime":1116.103,"body":"is a state of mind."},{"startTime":1117.47,"endTime":1120.68,"body":"Essentially, humans need a"},{"startTime":1117.47,"endTime":1120.68,"body":"certain number of calories"},{"startTime":1120.68,"endTime":1122.33,"body":"delivered in a certain way."},{"startTime":1122.33,"endTime":1124.6,"body":"You need to feel safe and"},{"startTime":1122.33,"endTime":1124.6,"body":"all those other things"},{"startTime":1124.6,"endTime":1128.39,"body":"that the communities nicely"},{"startTime":1124.6,"endTime":1128.39,"body":"identified as prosperity."},{"startTime":1128.39,"endTime":1130.87,"body":"And it literally is a case"},{"startTime":1130.87,"endTime":1133.81,"body":"of social norms becoming the practice."},{"startTime":1133.81,"endTime":1136.17,"body":"So if people do it, if"},{"startTime":1133.81,"endTime":1136.17,"body":"your neighbor does it,"},{"startTime":1136.17,"endTime":1140.37,"body":"we see again and again and again"},{"startTime":1136.17,"endTime":1140.37,"body":"that actually you can move."},{"startTime":1140.37,"endTime":1142.87,"body":"You can move communities"},{"startTime":1140.37,"endTime":1142.87,"body":"in this direction."},{"startTime":1142.87,"endTime":1144.16,"body":"So the problem of course,"},{"startTime":1144.16,"endTime":1147.57,"body":"is that if you talk about"},{"startTime":1144.16,"endTime":1147.57,"body":"a globally frugal society,"},{"startTime":1147.57,"endTime":1148.853,"body":"it doesn't sound very appealing"},{"startTime":1148.853,"endTime":1151.533,"body":"so we have to think of"},{"startTime":1148.853,"endTime":1151.533,"body":"nicer words than that."},{"startTime":1153.19,"endTime":1158.19,"body":"But as we kind of go forward"},{"startTime":1153.19,"endTime":1158.19,"body":"into the world in the future,"},{"startTime":1158.24,"endTime":1160.077,"body":"there is a fundamental problem."},{"startTime":1160.077,"endTime":1162.56,"body":"And it's about how we make decisions"},{"startTime":1162.56,"endTime":1164.33,"body":"in a very uncertain world."},{"startTime":1164.33,"endTime":1166.93,"body":"And if there was ever a time"},{"startTime":1164.33,"endTime":1166.93,"body":"to think about uncertainty,"},{"startTime":1166.93,"endTime":1170.63,"body":"it's absolutely now with COVID"},{"startTime":1166.93,"endTime":1170.63,"body":"and various other things."},{"startTime":1170.63,"endTime":1173.09,"body":"But I want to just focus"},{"startTime":1170.63,"endTime":1173.09,"body":"on a very early lecture"},{"startTime":1173.09,"endTime":1175.876,"body":"that I gave which was about malnutrition."},{"startTime":1175.876,"endTime":1178.16,"body":"And four years down the line,"},{"startTime":1178.16,"endTime":1181.515,"body":"I've been watching and keeping"},{"startTime":1178.16,"endTime":1181.515,"body":"track of some of the things"},{"startTime":1181.515,"endTime":1184.212,"body":"that I was talking about at that time."},{"startTime":1184.212,"endTime":1186.191,"body":"So what we know is"},{"startTime":1186.191,"endTime":1190.0,"body":"to make people move in"},{"startTime":1186.191,"endTime":1190.0,"body":"a certain direction,"},{"startTime":1190.0,"endTime":1193.67,"body":"they're making basically"},{"startTime":1190.0,"endTime":1193.67,"body":"deliberative processes happen"},{"startTime":1193.67,"endTime":1197.2,"body":"in their head and in"},{"startTime":1193.67,"endTime":1197.2,"body":"their body and so forth."},{"startTime":1197.2,"endTime":1199.45,"body":"But what we know is that when environments"},{"startTime":1199.45,"endTime":1201.46,"body":"and the world gets uncertain,"},{"startTime":1201.46,"endTime":1203.783,"body":"it's quite difficult to get"},{"startTime":1201.46,"endTime":1203.783,"body":"people to take the time out"},{"startTime":1203.783,"endTime":1207.913,"body":"to make those kinds of deliberative"},{"startTime":1203.783,"endTime":1207.913,"body":"ideas come to the fore."},{"startTime":1208.96,"endTime":1212.65,"body":"But what many of you may not"},{"startTime":1208.96,"endTime":1212.65,"body":"know is it's all in your head."},{"startTime":1212.65,"endTime":1214.68,"body":"It's in this place"},{"startTime":1212.65,"endTime":1214.68,"body":"called the basal ganglia."},{"startTime":1214.68,"endTime":1216.05,"body":"That's where it's all happening, right?"},{"startTime":1216.05,"endTime":1217.34,"body":"And we need to protect that."},{"startTime":1217.34,"endTime":1221.254,"body":"And if you read about bees,"},{"startTime":1217.34,"endTime":1221.254,"body":"particularly worker bees,"},{"startTime":1221.254,"endTime":1225.21,"body":"buried in our ancient"},{"startTime":1221.254,"endTime":1225.21,"body":"mid-brain this set of neurons,"},{"startTime":1225.21,"endTime":1228.55,"body":"the basal ganglia is"},{"startTime":1225.21,"endTime":1228.55,"body":"what releases dopamine,"},{"startTime":1228.55,"endTime":1231.006,"body":"which basically influences our behavior."},{"startTime":1231.006,"endTime":1233.66,"body":"And this is where you also learn"},{"startTime":1233.66,"endTime":1237.18,"body":"about temporal difference"},{"startTime":1233.66,"endTime":1237.18,"body":"learning and gratification."},{"startTime":1237.18,"endTime":1239.02,"body":"So the idea, of course,"},{"startTime":1239.02,"endTime":1241.371,"body":"is that everything is going along nicely"},{"startTime":1241.371,"endTime":1244.18,"body":"and the temporal difference"},{"startTime":1241.371,"endTime":1244.18,"body":"learning explores,"},{"startTime":1244.18,"endTime":1245.76,"body":"discovers, you make decisions."},{"startTime":1245.76,"endTime":1246.987,"body":"Ooh, that was good."},{"startTime":1246.987,"endTime":1248.32,"body":"Ooh, I'll do that again. Ooh, I like that."},{"startTime":1248.32,"endTime":1250.1,"body":"And then you create your internal values."},{"startTime":1250.1,"endTime":1253.27,"body":"It's deep, deep, deep inside"},{"startTime":1250.1,"endTime":1253.27,"body":"you. It's very difficult."},{"startTime":1253.27,"endTime":1256.104,"body":"And it's why consumerism is so addictive."},{"startTime":1256.104,"endTime":1260.3,"body":"That feel-good factor as you"},{"startTime":1256.104,"endTime":1260.3,"body":"take the shirt off the shelf,"},{"startTime":1260.3,"endTime":1263.1,"body":"even though it might have"},{"startTime":1260.3,"endTime":1263.1,"body":"been a spontaneous decision."},{"startTime":1263.1,"endTime":1266.06,"body":"98% of your choices in"},{"startTime":1263.1,"endTime":1266.06,"body":"the shop are spontaneous"},{"startTime":1266.06,"endTime":1267.93,"body":"whether you'd like to admit it or not."},{"startTime":1267.93,"endTime":1270.171,"body":"Forget the shopping list."},{"startTime":1270.171,"endTime":1272.111,"body":"It's a bit of discipline"},{"startTime":1270.171,"endTime":1272.111,"body":"that may not work."},{"startTime":1272.111,"endTime":1275.66,"body":"So as you take the shirt"},{"startTime":1272.111,"endTime":1275.66,"body":"off, oh, this is great."},{"startTime":1275.66,"endTime":1279.127,"body":"The dopamine starts"},{"startTime":1275.66,"endTime":1279.127,"body":"flowing and off you go."},{"startTime":1279.127,"endTime":1282.65,"body":"Addiction number 10, you"},{"startTime":1279.127,"endTime":1282.65,"body":"know. It's just, it's there."},{"startTime":1282.65,"endTime":1284.53,"body":"There's also people who talk about"},{"startTime":1284.53,"endTime":1289.53,"body":"when they make a gut feeling"},{"startTime":1284.53,"endTime":1289.53,"body":"otherwise known as a guess."},{"startTime":1289.62,"endTime":1291.95,"body":"Okay, you turn on your own dopamine."},{"startTime":1291.95,"endTime":1294.27,"body":"When you say, \"Oh, I've got"},{"startTime":1291.95,"endTime":1294.27,"body":"a gut feeling about that,\""},{"startTime":1294.27,"endTime":1296.04,"body":"this is you turning on your own"},{"startTime":1296.04,"endTime":1299.327,"body":"kind of self entrainment, all right."},{"startTime":1299.327,"endTime":1301.35,"body":"So that's all well and good,"},{"startTime":1301.35,"endTime":1302.99,"body":"though it's not really"},{"startTime":1301.35,"endTime":1302.99,"body":"because of addictions,"},{"startTime":1302.99,"endTime":1304.71,"body":"but there's another bit of the brain,"},{"startTime":1304.71,"endTime":1306.9,"body":"which they think there's a feedback to."},{"startTime":1306.9,"endTime":1308.983,"body":"And that's the hippocampus."},{"startTime":1306.9,"endTime":1308.983,"body":"And that's the one I want"},{"startTime":1308.983,"endTime":1311.04,"body":"to just show you in these pictures."},{"startTime":1311.04,"endTime":1312.87,"body":"Those of you who may have"},{"startTime":1311.04,"endTime":1312.87,"body":"come to that lecture,"},{"startTime":1312.87,"endTime":1315.95,"body":"I talked a lot about malnutrition."},{"startTime":1315.95,"endTime":1318.54,"body":"And in many parts of the world,"},{"startTime":1318.54,"endTime":1321.5,"body":"but in Africa where I"},{"startTime":1318.54,"endTime":1321.5,"body":"am, you see two types."},{"startTime":1321.5,"endTime":1324.085,"body":"You see kwashiorkor, which is at the top."},{"startTime":1324.085,"endTime":1326.467,"body":"And well, essentially these two,"},{"startTime":1326.467,"endTime":1327.49,"body":"I won't go into the details of them,"},{"startTime":1327.49,"endTime":1331.12,"body":"but effectively children look on the top"},{"startTime":1331.12,"endTime":1332.82,"body":"as if they're quite healthy."},{"startTime":1332.82,"endTime":1334.823,"body":"They've got slightly swollen bellies,"},{"startTime":1335.95,"endTime":1340.95,"body":"but effectively inside their"},{"startTime":1335.95,"endTime":1340.95,"body":"organs are melting down."},{"startTime":1341.41,"endTime":1343.93,"body":"But the little boy here"},{"startTime":1341.41,"endTime":1343.93,"body":"who reminds me so much"},{"startTime":1343.93,"endTime":1344.98,"body":"of a little boy in my village."},{"startTime":1344.98,"endTime":1348.214,"body":"He's just a spitting image"},{"startTime":1344.98,"endTime":1348.214,"body":"of him. He's not so skinny."},{"startTime":1348.214,"endTime":1352.617,"body":"He is absolutely as thin as"},{"startTime":1348.214,"endTime":1352.617,"body":"anything, but give him food"},{"startTime":1352.617,"endTime":1356.1,"body":"and his whole metabolism"},{"startTime":1352.617,"endTime":1356.1,"body":"just takes off again"},{"startTime":1356.1,"endTime":1358.91,"body":"and very quickly reestablishes."},{"startTime":1358.91,"endTime":1362.04,"body":"The challenge is that"},{"startTime":1358.91,"endTime":1362.04,"body":"the children at the top"},{"startTime":1362.04,"endTime":1363.18,"body":"and the children at the bottom,"},{"startTime":1363.18,"endTime":1365.392,"body":"if they're starved in"},{"startTime":1363.18,"endTime":1365.392,"body":"the first 1,000 days,"},{"startTime":1365.392,"endTime":1369.89,"body":"their hippocampus doesn't"},{"startTime":1365.392,"endTime":1369.89,"body":"start to develop properly."},{"startTime":1369.89,"endTime":1372.81,"body":"And what happens with the"},{"startTime":1369.89,"endTime":1372.81,"body":"hippocampus later in life"},{"startTime":1372.81,"endTime":1376.36,"body":"is it's where your"},{"startTime":1372.81,"endTime":1376.36,"body":"executive powers are sited."},{"startTime":1376.36,"endTime":1378.36,"body":"So why do we care about executive powers?"},{"startTime":1378.36,"endTime":1382.58,"body":"Well, these are the ones"},{"startTime":1378.36,"endTime":1382.58,"body":"that talk about social pain,"},{"startTime":1382.58,"endTime":1387.29,"body":"about virtue, about your"},{"startTime":1382.58,"endTime":1387.29,"body":"reaction to things that happen,"},{"startTime":1387.29,"endTime":1388.771,"body":"shocks to the system."},{"startTime":1388.771,"endTime":1392.123,"body":"So imagine now you're in a crowd,"},{"startTime":1393.52,"endTime":1396.02,"body":"and in that crowd are"},{"startTime":1393.52,"endTime":1396.02,"body":"a lot of people who are"},{"startTime":1396.02,"endTime":1400.06,"body":"or who were malnourished"},{"startTime":1396.02,"endTime":1400.06,"body":"in that first 1,000 days."},{"startTime":1400.06,"endTime":1403.35,"body":"And suddenly someone fires a gun."},{"startTime":1403.35,"endTime":1406.45,"body":"Maybe it's the election"},{"startTime":1403.35,"endTime":1406.45,"body":"crowd. Something is happening."},{"startTime":1406.45,"endTime":1407.36,"body":"There are people there."},{"startTime":1407.36,"endTime":1410.093,"body":"It's quite agitated and"},{"startTime":1407.36,"endTime":1410.093,"body":"someone fires a gun."},{"startTime":1411.26,"endTime":1415.63,"body":"The young people whose brains"},{"startTime":1411.26,"endTime":1415.63,"body":"did not develop well in terms"},{"startTime":1415.63,"endTime":1418.49,"body":"of executive powers and decision making"},{"startTime":1418.49,"endTime":1423.23,"body":"because of this period in their"},{"startTime":1418.49,"endTime":1423.23,"body":"lives will react violently"},{"startTime":1423.23,"endTime":1425.93,"body":"because they don't have the"},{"startTime":1423.23,"endTime":1425.93,"body":"self-restraint, not their fault,"},{"startTime":1425.93,"endTime":1428.17,"body":"but they just simply"},{"startTime":1425.93,"endTime":1428.17,"body":"don't have the mechanism"},{"startTime":1428.17,"endTime":1430.24,"body":"of self-restraint."},{"startTime":1430.24,"endTime":1432.57,"body":"And so that's why treating malnutrition"},{"startTime":1432.57,"endTime":1436.07,"body":"is a deadly serious thing"},{"startTime":1432.57,"endTime":1436.07,"body":"because it's not about"},{"startTime":1436.07,"endTime":1439.29,"body":"just the time that you"},{"startTime":1436.07,"endTime":1439.29,"body":"help children to survive."},{"startTime":1439.29,"endTime":1441.128,"body":"It's about the long-term effect."},{"startTime":1441.128,"endTime":1443.7,"body":"Now we have a lot of immigration,"},{"startTime":1443.7,"endTime":1446.61,"body":"a lot of mass movement, people"},{"startTime":1443.7,"endTime":1446.61,"body":"moving around the world,"},{"startTime":1446.61,"endTime":1449.087,"body":"and this is not to be"},{"startTime":1446.61,"endTime":1449.087,"body":"prejudiced, but it's just to say,"},{"startTime":1449.087,"endTime":1452.5,"body":"we should be extremely"},{"startTime":1449.087,"endTime":1452.5,"body":"understanding of young people"},{"startTime":1452.5,"endTime":1455.06,"body":"who have come from very, very poor"},{"startTime":1455.06,"endTime":1457.173,"body":"and potentially malnourished households"},{"startTime":1457.173,"endTime":1459.43,"body":"because they may not be able"},{"startTime":1459.43,"endTime":1463.31,"body":"to have the same"},{"startTime":1459.43,"endTime":1463.31,"body":"decision-making capabilities"},{"startTime":1463.31,"endTime":1467.527,"body":"as others who've been well"},{"startTime":1463.31,"endTime":1467.527,"body":"fed in those first 1,000 days."},{"startTime":1467.527,"endTime":1470.76,"body":"Another thing, of course,"},{"startTime":1467.527,"endTime":1470.76,"body":"is that it constrains growth"},{"startTime":1470.76,"endTime":1471.593,"body":"and many other things."},{"startTime":1471.593,"endTime":1473.58,"body":"And in fact, in my own"},{"startTime":1471.593,"endTime":1473.58,"body":"village, I can tell the people"},{"startTime":1473.58,"endTime":1476.73,"body":"who lived in that early"},{"startTime":1473.58,"endTime":1476.73,"body":"period of their life"},{"startTime":1476.73,"endTime":1479.8,"body":"through a massive period of malnutrition,"},{"startTime":1479.8,"endTime":1481.38,"body":"starvation, and famine."},{"startTime":1481.38,"endTime":1482.92,"body":"They just didn't grow as large."},{"startTime":1482.92,"endTime":1487.29,"body":"So you literally can create"},{"startTime":1482.92,"endTime":1487.29,"body":"the timing of these big events."},{"startTime":1487.29,"endTime":1490.486,"body":"So without food, people change,"},{"startTime":1490.486,"endTime":1493.433,"body":"and sometimes they change"},{"startTime":1490.486,"endTime":1493.433,"body":"for the rest of their lives."},{"startTime":1494.41,"endTime":1495.9,"body":"So that's really important."},{"startTime":1495.9,"endTime":1498.66,"body":"And that also is important when it comes"},{"startTime":1498.66,"endTime":1501.376,"body":"to our kind of memories and how we respond"},{"startTime":1501.376,"endTime":1505.31,"body":"because as we are then"},{"startTime":1501.376,"endTime":1505.31,"body":"confronted again and again"},{"startTime":1505.31,"endTime":1508.04,"body":"by different things, whether it is COVID,"},{"startTime":1508.04,"endTime":1513.04,"body":"whether it is warfare, of"},{"startTime":1508.04,"endTime":1513.04,"body":"course, but many other things,"},{"startTime":1513.414,"endTime":1517.863,"body":"what we know is that when"},{"startTime":1513.414,"endTime":1517.863,"body":"unknowns combine exponentially,"},{"startTime":1517.863,"endTime":1521.86,"body":"our attention and working memory,"},{"startTime":1521.86,"endTime":1523.28,"body":"which normally can enable us"},{"startTime":1523.28,"endTime":1526.64,"body":"to focus on one problem"},{"startTime":1523.28,"endTime":1526.64,"body":"at a time just fail."},{"startTime":1526.64,"endTime":1531.393,"body":"We cannot manage to think about"},{"startTime":1526.64,"endTime":1531.393,"body":"too many issues and problems"},{"startTime":1531.393,"endTime":1534.258,"body":"that are serious at one time."},{"startTime":1534.258,"endTime":1535.79,"body":"And you'll hear this."},{"startTime":1535.79,"endTime":1537.92,"body":"You'll hear this, not just"},{"startTime":1535.79,"endTime":1537.92,"body":"from the long COVID cases,"},{"startTime":1537.92,"endTime":1541.077,"body":"but you'll hear it recently"},{"startTime":1537.92,"endTime":1541.077,"body":"many people saying,"},{"startTime":1541.077,"endTime":1542.96,"body":"\"You know, I wake up at"},{"startTime":1541.077,"endTime":1542.96,"body":"night. I listen to the radio,"},{"startTime":1542.96,"endTime":1545.18,"body":"I'm listening to what's"},{"startTime":1542.96,"endTime":1545.18,"body":"happening in Ukraine."},{"startTime":1545.18,"endTime":1547.85,"body":"And then I'm listening to"},{"startTime":1545.18,"endTime":1547.85,"body":"the failures of the food."},{"startTime":1547.85,"endTime":1550.7,"body":"And then I'm listening to this"},{"startTime":1547.85,"endTime":1550.7,"body":"and I literally can't cope."},{"startTime":1550.7,"endTime":1553.36,"body":"I cannot manage all of that at one time.\""},{"startTime":1553.36,"endTime":1555.244,"body":"And that's because our executive systems,"},{"startTime":1555.244,"endTime":1557.82,"body":"our executive decision making systems"},{"startTime":1557.82,"endTime":1559.74,"body":"and all the other things that go around it"},{"startTime":1559.74,"endTime":1561.93,"body":"just simply can't manage."},{"startTime":1561.93,"endTime":1564.69,"body":"And that's where education"},{"startTime":1561.93,"endTime":1564.69,"body":"is absolutely vital"},{"startTime":1564.69,"endTime":1568.11,"body":"because what education systems do"},{"startTime":1568.11,"endTime":1571.74,"body":"is they help us to increase"},{"startTime":1568.11,"endTime":1571.74,"body":"our memory capacity,"},{"startTime":1571.74,"endTime":1574.27,"body":"but they also help us to put things"},{"startTime":1574.27,"endTime":1577.8,"body":"into a range of situations,"},{"startTime":1574.27,"endTime":1577.8,"body":"sort of understanding"},{"startTime":1577.8,"endTime":1582.179,"body":"where uncertainty sits in"},{"startTime":1577.8,"endTime":1582.179,"body":"that set of situations."},{"startTime":1582.179,"endTime":1586.39,"body":"And the reason this is important"},{"startTime":1582.179,"endTime":1586.39,"body":"is because as you imagine"},{"startTime":1586.39,"endTime":1589.15,"body":"all these different"},{"startTime":1586.39,"endTime":1589.15,"body":"things that are happening,"},{"startTime":1589.15,"endTime":1592.03,"body":"we're trying to create an opportunity"},{"startTime":1592.03,"endTime":1594.398,"body":"for people to imagine a future."},{"startTime":1594.398,"endTime":1595.78,"body":"And this might be a future"},{"startTime":1595.78,"endTime":1598.037,"body":"where we've got climate"},{"startTime":1595.78,"endTime":1598.037,"body":"change under control,"},{"startTime":1598.037,"endTime":1600.38,"body":"and that's going to take something"},{"startTime":1600.38,"endTime":1602.8,"body":"between complacency and urgency."},{"startTime":1602.8,"endTime":1605.62,"body":"You have to sort of"},{"startTime":1602.8,"endTime":1605.62,"body":"bring two things together"},{"startTime":1605.62,"endTime":1607.41,"body":"to look for that system change,"},{"startTime":1607.41,"endTime":1609.67,"body":"the system change in behaviors."},{"startTime":1609.67,"endTime":1614.67,"body":"So whether it's climate change"},{"startTime":1609.67,"endTime":1614.67,"body":"or antimicrobial resistance"},{"startTime":1614.788,"endTime":1617.66,"body":"or what we're going to do with droughts,"},{"startTime":1617.66,"endTime":1620.161,"body":"what we're going to do"},{"startTime":1617.66,"endTime":1620.161,"body":"with nano materials,"},{"startTime":1620.161,"endTime":1622.356,"body":"everything is coming at us."},{"startTime":1622.356,"endTime":1624.27,"body":"And every one of them"},{"startTime":1624.27,"endTime":1628.13,"body":"could instigate a period"},{"startTime":1624.27,"endTime":1628.13,"body":"of complacency or urgency."},{"startTime":1628.13,"endTime":1631.63,"body":"And if you sit back and you"},{"startTime":1628.13,"endTime":1631.63,"body":"look at the social media,"},{"startTime":1631.63,"endTime":1634.36,"body":"you look at how people are communicating,"},{"startTime":1634.36,"endTime":1637.7,"body":"genuinely, people don't join the dots,"},{"startTime":1637.7,"endTime":1639.47,"body":"particularly in the press and elsewhere"},{"startTime":1639.47,"endTime":1642.49,"body":"because if you joined"},{"startTime":1639.47,"endTime":1642.49,"body":"all the dots together,"},{"startTime":1642.49,"endTime":1646.309,"body":"I mean, it's a very, very,"},{"startTime":1642.49,"endTime":1646.309,"body":"very bad read, quite honestly."},{"startTime":1646.309,"endTime":1648.78,"body":"So one of the things that one has to do"},{"startTime":1648.78,"endTime":1651.57,"body":"is to flip that on its head,"},{"startTime":1651.57,"endTime":1654.14,"body":"still create the connections between it,"},{"startTime":1654.14,"endTime":1657.04,"body":"but show how by fixing one piece,"},{"startTime":1657.04,"endTime":1659.6,"body":"you can create benefits in all the others."},{"startTime":1659.6,"endTime":1662.9,"body":"So instead of it being a"},{"startTime":1659.6,"endTime":1662.9,"body":"cascade down, it's a cascade up."},{"startTime":1662.9,"endTime":1665.723,"body":"And that's where we sort of need to be."},{"startTime":1669.05,"endTime":1671.07,"body":"And this is about the"},{"startTime":1669.05,"endTime":1671.07,"body":"growing planetary awareness"},{"startTime":1671.07,"endTime":1673.211,"body":"because you read about the plastics"},{"startTime":1673.211,"endTime":1676.503,"body":"and so many things that"},{"startTime":1673.211,"endTime":1676.503,"body":"are affecting our bodies."},{"startTime":1677.65,"endTime":1680.95,"body":"In the end, we cannot"},{"startTime":1677.65,"endTime":1680.95,"body":"transcend our biology."},{"startTime":1680.95,"endTime":1682.48,"body":"I mean, that's it. We are humans."},{"startTime":1682.48,"endTime":1684.59,"body":"We have a physical body."},{"startTime":1684.59,"endTime":1686.206,"body":"And with that in mind,"},{"startTime":1686.206,"endTime":1688.94,"body":"you need to pay attention"},{"startTime":1686.206,"endTime":1688.94,"body":"to certain points."},{"startTime":1688.94,"endTime":1690.16,"body":"So I spent quite a lot of time"},{"startTime":1690.16,"endTime":1693.1,"body":"at the beginning of the"},{"startTime":1690.16,"endTime":1693.1,"body":"series about chemicals"},{"startTime":1693.1,"endTime":1695.086,"body":"and hazardous chemicals and waste"},{"startTime":1695.086,"endTime":1698.09,"body":"and how we're sort of"},{"startTime":1695.086,"endTime":1698.09,"body":"building up inside our bodies"},{"startTime":1698.09,"endTime":1699.763,"body":"a whole burden of that."},{"startTime":1700.645,"endTime":1702.81,"body":"And even though we're very clever,"},{"startTime":1702.81,"endTime":1706.04,"body":"unfortunately our bodies"},{"startTime":1702.81,"endTime":1706.04,"body":"are what they are."},{"startTime":1706.04,"endTime":1711.0,"body":"We are furless, slightly"},{"startTime":1706.04,"endTime":1711.0,"body":"fat bipedal primates."},{"startTime":1711.0,"endTime":1715.51,"body":"We crave salt, sugar, fat, starch"},{"startTime":1715.51,"endTime":1718.62,"body":"even though we're actually"},{"startTime":1715.51,"endTime":1718.62,"body":"adapted to eating many things,"},{"startTime":1718.62,"endTime":1720.9,"body":"fibrous fruits and vegetables and nuts"},{"startTime":1720.9,"endTime":1723.034,"body":"and seeds and meat and so on."},{"startTime":1723.034,"endTime":1726.679,"body":"And ironically, although"},{"startTime":1723.034,"endTime":1726.679,"body":"many of you may not think it,"},{"startTime":1726.679,"endTime":1730.233,"body":"we actually have bodies of endurance."},{"startTime":1730.233,"endTime":1733.56,"body":"If you were put to it,"},{"startTime":1730.233,"endTime":1733.56,"body":"I guarantee all of you"},{"startTime":1733.56,"endTime":1737.46,"body":"could walk many miles,"},{"startTime":1733.56,"endTime":1737.46,"body":"many kilometers in a day."},{"startTime":1737.46,"endTime":1740.47,"body":"You can climb and you can"},{"startTime":1737.46,"endTime":1740.47,"body":"dig and you can carry."},{"startTime":1740.47,"endTime":1745.47,"body":"So you have many of the"},{"startTime":1740.47,"endTime":1745.47,"body":"attributes of elite athletes."},{"startTime":1745.65,"endTime":1748.64,"body":"The only problem is that"},{"startTime":1745.65,"endTime":1748.64,"body":"we tend to live indoors."},{"startTime":1748.64,"endTime":1751.51,"body":"And when we do, we get all these diseases"},{"startTime":1751.51,"endTime":1754.17,"body":"of affluence put upon us, right?"},{"startTime":1754.17,"endTime":1758.15,"body":"Because we've got novelty,"},{"startTime":1754.17,"endTime":1758.15,"body":"we've got disuse of things,"},{"startTime":1758.15,"endTime":1760.85,"body":"we get a kind of pernicious"},{"startTime":1758.15,"endTime":1760.85,"body":"feedback in our bodies,"},{"startTime":1760.85,"endTime":1762.61,"body":"and that's a pernicious feedback"},{"startTime":1762.61,"endTime":1765.06,"body":"between culture and biology."},{"startTime":1765.06,"endTime":1768.84,"body":"So it's a sort of intricate"},{"startTime":1765.06,"endTime":1768.84,"body":"dance between cultural signals,"},{"startTime":1768.84,"endTime":1769.673,"body":"the biology of our body"},{"startTime":1769.673,"endTime":1772.21,"body":"and all those cravings and its addictions."},{"startTime":1772.21,"endTime":1774.43,"body":"Remember the dopamine deep in our brain"},{"startTime":1774.43,"endTime":1776.31,"body":"saying, \"More, more, more, more, more.\""},{"startTime":1776.31,"endTime":1779.15,"body":"So you're having to literally fight hard"},{"startTime":1779.15,"endTime":1781.553,"body":"if you want to break that feedback loop."},{"startTime":1783.48,"endTime":1788.48,"body":"In the past, we were molded"},{"startTime":1783.48,"endTime":1788.48,"body":"by nature, no doubt about it."},{"startTime":1788.77,"endTime":1791.08,"body":"And in fact, given the"},{"startTime":1788.77,"endTime":1791.08,"body":"extreme uncertainties"},{"startTime":1791.08,"endTime":1794.26,"body":"in many parts of the world,"},{"startTime":1791.08,"endTime":1794.26,"body":"it's just as well we were"},{"startTime":1794.26,"endTime":1797.58,"body":"because we actually were"},{"startTime":1794.26,"endTime":1797.58,"body":"able to endure huge changes,"},{"startTime":1797.58,"endTime":1800.17,"body":"including climate and that."},{"startTime":1800.17,"endTime":1802.55,"body":"So the challenge that"},{"startTime":1800.17,"endTime":1802.55,"body":"we have is that we think"},{"startTime":1802.55,"endTime":1805.139,"body":"that cultural innovation"},{"startTime":1802.55,"endTime":1805.139,"body":"will take us a long way,"},{"startTime":1805.139,"endTime":1808.913,"body":"but actually danger surrounds all of us."},{"startTime":1808.913,"endTime":1811.91,"body":"Hazardous chemicals, tobacco, sugar,"},{"startTime":1811.91,"endTime":1813.429,"body":"many, many other things."},{"startTime":1813.429,"endTime":1816.72,"body":"The challenge, of course, is that we value"},{"startTime":1816.72,"endTime":1819.02,"body":"and we habitually value costs and benefits"},{"startTime":1819.02,"endTime":1822.53,"body":"more highly in the near"},{"startTime":1819.02,"endTime":1822.53,"body":"term than in the long term."},{"startTime":1822.53,"endTime":1824.95,"body":"So I'll just have one more chocolate bar."},{"startTime":1824.95,"endTime":1826.56,"body":"I'll just have that, you know,"},{"startTime":1826.56,"endTime":1828.13,"body":"ooh, I'll just have a drink now"},{"startTime":1828.13,"endTime":1830.43,"body":"and then I'll stop next week, you know?"},{"startTime":1830.43,"endTime":1833.13,"body":"So it's all a case of just the short term,"},{"startTime":1833.13,"endTime":1834.68,"body":"I'll just have that little kick."},{"startTime":1834.68,"endTime":1835.763,"body":"It's great, you know?"},{"startTime":1837.15,"endTime":1839.67,"body":"But if you start to put it all together"},{"startTime":1839.67,"endTime":1842.041,"body":"and you think about it as"},{"startTime":1839.67,"endTime":1842.041,"body":"a sort of an assemblage"},{"startTime":1842.041,"endTime":1844.461,"body":"of these norms and reactions"},{"startTime":1844.461,"endTime":1847.36,"body":"to, let's say, tackle climate change,"},{"startTime":1847.36,"endTime":1850.52,"body":"then taking public"},{"startTime":1847.36,"endTime":1850.52,"body":"transport, sharing cars,"},{"startTime":1850.52,"endTime":1852.8,"body":"purchasing E-vehicles and all of that"},{"startTime":1852.8,"endTime":1855.07,"body":"we're seeing is beginning"},{"startTime":1852.8,"endTime":1855.07,"body":"to shift the dial."},{"startTime":1855.07,"endTime":1856.73,"body":"So it's not just one thing."},{"startTime":1856.73,"endTime":1860.22,"body":"It's connecting the things"},{"startTime":1856.73,"endTime":1860.22,"body":"so that all the small pieces,"},{"startTime":1860.22,"endTime":1862.58,"body":"all the small changes that break the link"},{"startTime":1862.58,"endTime":1866.49,"body":"between our addictions are"},{"startTime":1862.58,"endTime":1866.49,"body":"really what we're looking for."},{"startTime":1866.49,"endTime":1868.45,"body":"We're looking for that connectivity."},{"startTime":1868.45,"endTime":1872.38,"body":"So I gave a lot of time,"},{"startTime":1868.45,"endTime":1872.38,"body":"about three or four lectures,"},{"startTime":1872.38,"endTime":1874.961,"body":"about the connections,"},{"startTime":1872.38,"endTime":1874.961,"body":"connections between humans,"},{"startTime":1874.961,"endTime":1878.41,"body":"between nature and our"},{"startTime":1874.961,"endTime":1878.41,"body":"societies and culture"},{"startTime":1878.41,"endTime":1880.493,"body":"around how we use resources."},{"startTime":1881.36,"endTime":1882.71,"body":"And it's about our relationship,"},{"startTime":1882.71,"endTime":1884.224,"body":"to be quite honest with that."},{"startTime":1884.224,"endTime":1886.75,"body":"There is a sense undermining"},{"startTime":1884.224,"endTime":1886.75,"body":"us though, unfortunately,"},{"startTime":1886.75,"endTime":1891.75,"body":"because anything that's easy"},{"startTime":1886.75,"endTime":1891.75,"body":"and comfortable is good for us."},{"startTime":1891.85,"endTime":1895.42,"body":"Shoes, for example. You"},{"startTime":1891.85,"endTime":1895.42,"body":"know, we all wear shoes."},{"startTime":1895.42,"endTime":1897.02,"body":"Well, not everybody wears shoes."},{"startTime":1897.02,"endTime":1900.14,"body":"And when you stop wearing"},{"startTime":1897.02,"endTime":1900.14,"body":"shoes for a lot of the time,"},{"startTime":1900.14,"endTime":1902.22,"body":"your whole body actually improves."},{"startTime":1902.22,"endTime":1903.88,"body":"You have good posture,"},{"startTime":1903.88,"endTime":1907.42,"body":"you walk in a different way and so on."},{"startTime":1907.42,"endTime":1909.29,"body":"Easy access to the wrong kinds of foods,"},{"startTime":1909.29,"endTime":1912.08,"body":"medicines to stop a headache or cold,"},{"startTime":1912.08,"endTime":1914.256,"body":"the heating and the cooling of our houses,"},{"startTime":1914.256,"endTime":1916.26,"body":"the clothes that fit, taking the lift."},{"startTime":1916.26,"endTime":1918.13,"body":"I mean, it's endless all the things"},{"startTime":1918.13,"endTime":1921.4,"body":"that we can build into our"},{"startTime":1918.13,"endTime":1921.4,"body":"lives to make them easier."},{"startTime":1921.4,"endTime":1922.87,"body":"But the problem is that comfort"},{"startTime":1922.87,"endTime":1924.775,"body":"overrides our better judgment"},{"startTime":1924.775,"endTime":1929.07,"body":"so it leads to a lot of"},{"startTime":1924.775,"endTime":1929.07,"body":"wastage and mismatches."},{"startTime":1929.07,"endTime":1932.39,"body":"We end up having to wear glasses,"},{"startTime":1929.07,"endTime":1932.39,"body":"or because we sit so long,"},{"startTime":1932.39,"endTime":1934.362,"body":"a lot of people have"},{"startTime":1932.39,"endTime":1934.362,"body":"to have spinal surgery"},{"startTime":1934.362,"endTime":1937.43,"body":"or they might have to"},{"startTime":1934.362,"endTime":1937.43,"body":"wear orthotics and so on."},{"startTime":1937.43,"endTime":1942.3,"body":"So that ease in the short"},{"startTime":1937.43,"endTime":1942.3,"body":"term fails to take account"},{"startTime":1942.3,"endTime":1944.62,"body":"of what the long term will look like."},{"startTime":1944.62,"endTime":1946.36,"body":"Those of us who are towards"},{"startTime":1944.62,"endTime":1946.36,"body":"the end of our lives"},{"startTime":1946.36,"endTime":1948.19,"body":"realize that we should have"},{"startTime":1946.36,"endTime":1948.19,"body":"done things differently"},{"startTime":1948.19,"endTime":1949.64,"body":"at the beginning, but anyway."},{"startTime":1951.01,"endTime":1955.0,"body":"But there's a whole raft of"},{"startTime":1951.01,"endTime":1955.0,"body":"things that we should consider,"},{"startTime":1955.0,"endTime":1957.158,"body":"but none more important,"},{"startTime":1955.0,"endTime":1957.158,"body":"I think, than food."},{"startTime":1957.158,"endTime":1958.58,"body":"So let's just spend a bit of time."},{"startTime":1958.58,"endTime":1960.91,"body":"I talked quite a lot"},{"startTime":1958.58,"endTime":1960.91,"body":"about food in the lectures"},{"startTime":1960.91,"endTime":1962.882,"body":"because in a way it's so fundamental,"},{"startTime":1962.882,"endTime":1964.62,"body":"it's absolutely fundamental."},{"startTime":1964.62,"endTime":1969.62,"body":"So in the archeological"},{"startTime":1964.62,"endTime":1969.62,"body":"literature and in research,"},{"startTime":1970.033,"endTime":1973.41,"body":"a lot of time has been"},{"startTime":1970.033,"endTime":1973.41,"body":"put to early farmers"},{"startTime":1973.41,"endTime":1976.78,"body":"and how probably it really"},{"startTime":1973.41,"endTime":1976.78,"body":"was good for everybody."},{"startTime":1976.78,"endTime":1979.87,"body":"And I'm sure that it"},{"startTime":1976.78,"endTime":1979.87,"body":"definitely initially benefited"},{"startTime":1979.87,"endTime":1981.94,"body":"because you gave new access to food"},{"startTime":1981.94,"endTime":1984.88,"body":"for the early humans and so on."},{"startTime":1984.88,"endTime":1988.223,"body":"But if you look at humans,"},{"startTime":1984.88,"endTime":1988.223,"body":"and I'm looking here to,"},{"startTime":1989.31,"endTime":1990.88,"body":"I'm looking here to my leader"},{"startTime":1990.88,"endTime":1992.64,"body":"to say whether he believes this or not,"},{"startTime":1992.64,"endTime":1996.745,"body":"but essentially humans"},{"startTime":1992.64,"endTime":1996.745,"body":"shrank because over millennia"},{"startTime":1996.745,"endTime":2000.81,"body":"as agriculture intensified,"},{"startTime":1996.745,"endTime":2000.81,"body":"people produce more food,"},{"startTime":2000.81,"endTime":2002.713,"body":"energy available to each child was,"},{"startTime":2005.1,"endTime":2006.6,"body":"sorry, they produced food,"},{"startTime":2006.6,"endTime":2008.91,"body":"but unfortunately everyone"},{"startTime":2006.6,"endTime":2008.91,"body":"started to live longer"},{"startTime":2008.91,"endTime":2010.76,"body":"so then the amount of food diminished."},{"startTime":2010.76,"endTime":2012.64,"body":"So there was this sort of tension"},{"startTime":2012.64,"endTime":2014.453,"body":"between producing enough food"},{"startTime":2014.453,"endTime":2016.376,"body":"but then there were more people to feed."},{"startTime":2016.376,"endTime":2020.96,"body":"And so they were really then"},{"startTime":2016.376,"endTime":2020.96,"body":"faced with fighting infections"},{"startTime":2020.96,"endTime":2022.45,"body":"because now they're more together."},{"startTime":2022.45,"endTime":2024.34,"body":"There was starvation when crops failed"},{"startTime":2024.34,"endTime":2026.01,"body":"and they didn't have alternatives,"},{"startTime":2026.01,"endTime":2027.63,"body":"working long hours in the fields,"},{"startTime":2027.63,"endTime":2030.494,"body":"sort of endless description of why farming"},{"startTime":2030.494,"endTime":2033.442,"body":"as it was undertaken"},{"startTime":2030.494,"endTime":2033.442,"body":"by millions of the time"},{"startTime":2033.442,"endTime":2036.34,"body":"was not so good in the long run."},{"startTime":2036.34,"endTime":2039.13,"body":"But it also led, and this"},{"startTime":2036.34,"endTime":2039.13,"body":"is what I was interested in,"},{"startTime":2039.13,"endTime":2041.24,"body":"to the spread of certain genes"},{"startTime":2041.24,"endTime":2043.548,"body":"and certain diseases and so forth."},{"startTime":2043.548,"endTime":2046.04,"body":"So where are we today?"},{"startTime":2046.04,"endTime":2046.95,"body":"Well, we've come to rely"},{"startTime":2046.95,"endTime":2050.093,"body":"on just a very few staple"},{"startTime":2046.95,"endTime":2050.093,"body":"crops, staple foods."},{"startTime":2051.18,"endTime":2053.19,"body":"They don't have necessarily"},{"startTime":2053.19,"endTime":2056.06,"body":"the right nutritional"},{"startTime":2053.19,"endTime":2056.06,"body":"diversity or quality."},{"startTime":2056.06,"endTime":2059.62,"body":"We end up with people having"},{"startTime":2056.06,"endTime":2059.62,"body":"a shortage of vitamin B."},{"startTime":2059.62,"endTime":2060.78,"body":"They get pellagra."},{"startTime":2060.78,"endTime":2063.59,"body":"There's many, many diseases"},{"startTime":2060.78,"endTime":2063.59,"body":"associated with food."},{"startTime":2063.59,"endTime":2064.59,"body":"We have aflatoxin,"},{"startTime":2064.59,"endTime":2066.78,"body":"which is spreading"},{"startTime":2064.59,"endTime":2066.78,"body":"because of climate change."},{"startTime":2066.78,"endTime":2070.36,"body":"This is a very, very"},{"startTime":2066.78,"endTime":2070.36,"body":"sort of toxic organism"},{"startTime":2070.36,"endTime":2073.17,"body":"that has got into some"},{"startTime":2070.36,"endTime":2073.17,"body":"of the supply chains"},{"startTime":2073.17,"endTime":2074.61,"body":"because of the way we collect"},{"startTime":2074.61,"endTime":2076.82,"body":"because of climate change and so on."},{"startTime":2076.82,"endTime":2079.512,"body":"We also have plants that"},{"startTime":2076.82,"endTime":2079.512,"body":"are reacting to climate"},{"startTime":2079.512,"endTime":2081.76,"body":"and producing poisons of their own."},{"startTime":2081.76,"endTime":2083.717,"body":"So there's a toxicity associated"},{"startTime":2083.717,"endTime":2087.11,"body":"with the stress mechanism"},{"startTime":2083.717,"endTime":2087.11,"body":"in certain plants."},{"startTime":2087.11,"endTime":2091.5,"body":"So our plant world, our"},{"startTime":2087.11,"endTime":2091.5,"body":"food world is changing."},{"startTime":2091.5,"endTime":2092.56,"body":"So what can we do?"},{"startTime":2092.56,"endTime":2096.12,"body":"Well, we have 80 plant species"},{"startTime":2096.12,"endTime":2099.74,"body":"that are absolutely essential to us."},{"startTime":2099.74,"endTime":2102.39,"body":"And I'm including barley and"},{"startTime":2099.74,"endTime":2102.39,"body":"maize and millet and sorghum"},{"startTime":2102.39,"endTime":2105.19,"body":"and soybean and sudangrass and wheat."},{"startTime":2105.19,"endTime":2109.03,"body":"They all have this"},{"startTime":2105.19,"endTime":2109.03,"body":"mechanism which they turn on"},{"startTime":2109.03,"endTime":2111.193,"body":"to protect themselves from overheating."},{"startTime":2112.48,"endTime":2113.85,"body":"Most people don't know this."},{"startTime":2113.85,"endTime":2117.14,"body":"And so especially in poor"},{"startTime":2113.85,"endTime":2117.14,"body":"countries, people particularly now"},{"startTime":2117.14,"endTime":2118.705,"body":"are reaching out for other crops"},{"startTime":2118.705,"endTime":2121.95,"body":"to replace the wheat"},{"startTime":2118.705,"endTime":2121.95,"body":"that is too expensive."},{"startTime":2121.95,"endTime":2125.22,"body":"And so there is a danger"},{"startTime":2121.95,"endTime":2125.22,"body":"that as we turn to crops"},{"startTime":2125.22,"endTime":2128.17,"body":"that are just not crops"},{"startTime":2125.22,"endTime":2128.17,"body":"yet but they're growing,"},{"startTime":2128.17,"endTime":2129.96,"body":"but these plants have been out in the wild"},{"startTime":2129.96,"endTime":2132.69,"body":"for quite some time and they're adapting"},{"startTime":2132.69,"endTime":2134.64,"body":"and they're actually climate tolerant."},{"startTime":2134.64,"endTime":2137.49,"body":"They're climate tolerant,"},{"startTime":2134.64,"endTime":2137.49,"body":"but they're actually toxic"},{"startTime":2137.49,"endTime":2139.787,"body":"to humans and to cattle and livestock."},{"startTime":2139.787,"endTime":2143.155,"body":"So we've kind of brought"},{"startTime":2139.787,"endTime":2143.155,"body":"ourselves culturally"},{"startTime":2143.155,"endTime":2147.3,"body":"to a very important"},{"startTime":2143.155,"endTime":2147.3,"body":"crossroad where if you live"},{"startTime":2147.3,"endTime":2149.95,"body":"in a lot of societies"},{"startTime":2147.3,"endTime":2149.95,"body":"and you are dependent"},{"startTime":2149.95,"endTime":2152.04,"body":"on the kind of farming"},{"startTime":2149.95,"endTime":2152.04,"body":"on the right-hand side,"},{"startTime":2152.04,"endTime":2154.95,"body":"which is to deliver cheap"},{"startTime":2152.04,"endTime":2154.95,"body":"food as quickly as possible"},{"startTime":2154.95,"endTime":2156.803,"body":"to as many parts of the world."},{"startTime":2156.803,"endTime":2158.85,"body":"And you need to seriously think"},{"startTime":2158.85,"endTime":2160.67,"body":"about maybe the left-hand side,"},{"startTime":2160.67,"endTime":2162.63,"body":"which is more regenerative farming"},{"startTime":2162.63,"endTime":2166.6,"body":"where you think about the"},{"startTime":2162.63,"endTime":2166.6,"body":"plants themselves being stressed"},{"startTime":2166.6,"endTime":2167.94,"body":"and trying to remove that stress"},{"startTime":2167.94,"endTime":2169.719,"body":"and growing things in a different way,"},{"startTime":2169.719,"endTime":2172.57,"body":"then you get a huge number of benefits."},{"startTime":2172.57,"endTime":2173.95,"body":"You get pollination,"},{"startTime":2173.95,"endTime":2177.16,"body":"you get different kinds"},{"startTime":2173.95,"endTime":2177.16,"body":"of livestock benefits."},{"startTime":2177.16,"endTime":2179.3,"body":"They're much healthier."},{"startTime":2177.16,"endTime":2179.3,"body":"They don't fart as much."},{"startTime":2179.3,"endTime":2180.89,"body":"Not as much methane and so on."},{"startTime":2180.89,"endTime":2183.628,"body":"So huge benefits for this kind of shift."},{"startTime":2183.628,"endTime":2188.628,"body":"So essentially when you change"},{"startTime":2183.628,"endTime":2188.628,"body":"wholesale your understanding"},{"startTime":2189.26,"endTime":2193.96,"body":"of nature and our place in"},{"startTime":2189.26,"endTime":2193.96,"body":"it, you get a lot of benefits."},{"startTime":2193.96,"endTime":2194.93,"body":"And I think in a way,"},{"startTime":2194.93,"endTime":2197.34,"body":"that's what the sort of natural philosophy"},{"startTime":2197.34,"endTime":2198.81,"body":"and natural prosperity is all about"},{"startTime":2198.81,"endTime":2202.15,"body":"is understanding well"},{"startTime":2198.81,"endTime":2202.15,"body":"enough the connectivity"},{"startTime":2202.15,"endTime":2205.56,"body":"within the planet and our"},{"startTime":2202.15,"endTime":2205.56,"body":"role and our place in that,"},{"startTime":2205.56,"endTime":2209.37,"body":"that will enable us to actually"},{"startTime":2205.56,"endTime":2209.37,"body":"live a locally abundant"},{"startTime":2209.37,"endTime":2212.77,"body":"but globally frugal world"},{"startTime":2209.37,"endTime":2212.77,"body":"because we will not be shipping"},{"startTime":2212.77,"endTime":2215.12,"body":"so many of these commodities around."},{"startTime":2215.12,"endTime":2216.856,"body":"It's beginning to happen already."},{"startTime":2216.856,"endTime":2219.91,"body":"And we have a conversion factor"},{"startTime":2219.91,"endTime":2224.51,"body":"towards regenerative farming"},{"startTime":2219.91,"endTime":2224.51,"body":"at about six or 7% per year."},{"startTime":2224.51,"endTime":2226.915,"body":"That is a phenomenal movement."},{"startTime":2226.915,"endTime":2231.915,"body":"So it's, I think in a sense,"},{"startTime":2226.915,"endTime":2231.915,"body":"farmers were taken to the edge."},{"startTime":2232.31,"endTime":2233.737,"body":"Places like Australia,"},{"startTime":2233.737,"endTime":2236.69,"body":"most of it is being declared"},{"startTime":2233.737,"endTime":2236.69,"body":"almost unlivable now."},{"startTime":2236.69,"endTime":2238.84,"body":"And many farmers are literally at the edge"},{"startTime":2238.84,"endTime":2242.358,"body":"and deciding whether they're"},{"startTime":2238.84,"endTime":2242.358,"body":"going to be in business next year."},{"startTime":2242.358,"endTime":2245.97,"body":"But if they get a green loan"},{"startTime":2242.358,"endTime":2245.97,"body":"and they can convert their land"},{"startTime":2245.97,"endTime":2249.69,"body":"towards regenerative farming,"},{"startTime":2245.97,"endTime":2249.69,"body":"which means no till and so on,"},{"startTime":2249.69,"endTime":2251.94,"body":"it will cost them money,"},{"startTime":2249.69,"endTime":2251.94,"body":"but it means their families"},{"startTime":2251.94,"endTime":2253.61,"body":"will stay in business and"},{"startTime":2251.94,"endTime":2253.61,"body":"they will still be able"},{"startTime":2253.61,"endTime":2256.56,"body":"to produce food for many decades to come."},{"startTime":2256.56,"endTime":2257.77,"body":"But their demand for water,"},{"startTime":2257.77,"endTime":2260.32,"body":"their demand for land will"},{"startTime":2257.77,"endTime":2260.32,"body":"be completely different."},{"startTime":2261.29,"endTime":2264.85,"body":"So the benefits of"},{"startTime":2261.29,"endTime":2264.85,"body":"rethinking our relationship,"},{"startTime":2264.85,"endTime":2267.33,"body":"even with food, is really important."},{"startTime":2267.33,"endTime":2270.52,"body":"So if you buy oat milk, for example,"},{"startTime":2270.52,"endTime":2273.333,"body":"a lot of people have gone"},{"startTime":2270.52,"endTime":2273.333,"body":"to plant-based proteins."},{"startTime":2274.23,"endTime":2275.9,"body":"That's fantastic, but be careful"},{"startTime":2275.9,"endTime":2279.61,"body":"where you get your oats from"},{"startTime":2275.9,"endTime":2279.61,"body":"because you want to be sure"},{"startTime":2279.61,"endTime":2281.34,"body":"that the way that the oats are grown,"},{"startTime":2281.34,"endTime":2284.23,"body":"the way that these plant-based"},{"startTime":2281.34,"endTime":2284.23,"body":"proteins are coming up"},{"startTime":2284.23,"endTime":2286.12,"body":"are not distorting, in a sense,"},{"startTime":2286.12,"endTime":2289.77,"body":"the natural ecosystems or"},{"startTime":2286.12,"endTime":2289.77,"body":"the regenerative processes."},{"startTime":2289.77,"endTime":2292.76,"body":"Anyway, I feel very"},{"startTime":2289.77,"endTime":2292.76,"body":"optimistic about the way"},{"startTime":2292.76,"endTime":2296.99,"body":"we can deliver food to the whole"},{"startTime":2292.76,"endTime":2296.99,"body":"population on planet Earth,"},{"startTime":2296.99,"endTime":2298.44,"body":"but it's probably not going to be"},{"startTime":2298.44,"endTime":2301.113,"body":"in the volumes that you've had before."},{"startTime":2302.21,"endTime":2307.21,"body":"So how can we kind of move"},{"startTime":2302.21,"endTime":2307.21,"body":"the dial towards the direction"},{"startTime":2307.62,"endTime":2312.56,"body":"where the connectedness, the"},{"startTime":2307.62,"endTime":2312.56,"body":"linkage, the being together"},{"startTime":2312.56,"endTime":2314.82,"body":"and the health that you"},{"startTime":2312.56,"endTime":2314.82,"body":"can get from the benefits"},{"startTime":2314.82,"endTime":2317.156,"body":"of being close to nature become the norm"},{"startTime":2317.156,"endTime":2322.156,"body":"as opposed to some unusual activity."},{"startTime":2322.35,"endTime":2325.27,"body":"And I think COVID was the"},{"startTime":2322.35,"endTime":2325.27,"body":"really the turning point"},{"startTime":2325.27,"endTime":2326.5,"body":"for many, many people."},{"startTime":2326.5,"endTime":2330.13,"body":"So here is a population in"},{"startTime":2326.5,"endTime":2330.13,"body":"Greenland that I've worked with"},{"startTime":2330.13,"endTime":2333.468,"body":"for a long time who during"},{"startTime":2330.13,"endTime":2333.468,"body":"COVID, quite frankly,"},{"startTime":2333.468,"endTime":2336.25,"body":"had a great time because"},{"startTime":2333.468,"endTime":2336.25,"body":"they were connected"},{"startTime":2336.25,"endTime":2337.52,"body":"to the rest of the world"},{"startTime":2337.52,"endTime":2340.31,"body":"in the same way the rest of the"},{"startTime":2337.52,"endTime":2340.31,"body":"world was having to connect."},{"startTime":2340.31,"endTime":2344.08,"body":"And there was just like normal life,"},{"startTime":2344.08,"endTime":2346.53,"body":"which was in an extreme environment,"},{"startTime":2346.53,"endTime":2349.231,"body":"a highly intensive community."},{"startTime":2349.231,"endTime":2353.67,"body":"And with still, hopefully"},{"startTime":2349.231,"endTime":2353.67,"body":"for some time to be,"},{"startTime":2353.67,"endTime":2356.43,"body":"access to local resources, local food."},{"startTime":2356.43,"endTime":2358.101,"body":"That didn't go away in COVID."},{"startTime":2358.101,"endTime":2361.24,"body":"And so essentially I'm not"},{"startTime":2358.101,"endTime":2361.24,"body":"saying it was no difference,"},{"startTime":2361.24,"endTime":2363.772,"body":"but what was the difference"},{"startTime":2361.24,"endTime":2363.772,"body":"was that they felt connected"},{"startTime":2363.772,"endTime":2367.71,"body":"to more people, but for them,"},{"startTime":2367.71,"endTime":2370.259,"body":"they became in many conversations"},{"startTime":2370.259,"endTime":2374.32,"body":"a kind of example of human resilience."},{"startTime":2374.32,"endTime":2376.64,"body":"Previously, and this"},{"startTime":2374.32,"endTime":2376.64,"body":"is them reporting back,"},{"startTime":2376.64,"endTime":2377.83,"body":"they were always thought of people"},{"startTime":2377.83,"endTime":2381.91,"body":"who were slightly the victims"},{"startTime":2377.83,"endTime":2381.91,"body":"living out on the edge,"},{"startTime":2381.91,"endTime":2383.73,"body":"disconnected from everyone."},{"startTime":2383.73,"endTime":2385.81,"body":"But what they demonstrated"},{"startTime":2383.73,"endTime":2385.81,"body":"is that by being"},{"startTime":2385.81,"endTime":2389.557,"body":"in a kind of massive green"},{"startTime":2385.81,"endTime":2389.557,"body":"space, that their health"},{"startTime":2389.557,"endTime":2393.994,"body":"and their health outcomes"},{"startTime":2389.557,"endTime":2393.994,"body":"were much, much higher"},{"startTime":2393.994,"endTime":2396.08,"body":"in terms of better health"},{"startTime":2396.08,"endTime":2399.429,"body":"than most of the rest of"},{"startTime":2396.08,"endTime":2399.429,"body":"the population of the world"},{"startTime":2399.429,"endTime":2403.03,"body":"because they didn't"},{"startTime":2399.429,"endTime":2403.03,"body":"manage to keep COVID out."},{"startTime":2403.03,"endTime":2404.981,"body":"They had COVID. It came in."},{"startTime":2404.981,"endTime":2408.89,"body":"But they sort of managed it in such a way"},{"startTime":2408.89,"endTime":2411.55,"body":"that nobody died at all."},{"startTime":2411.55,"endTime":2414.82,"body":"They did have one or two"},{"startTime":2411.55,"endTime":2414.82,"body":"really quite ill people,"},{"startTime":2414.82,"endTime":2419.35,"body":"but the community as a whole"},{"startTime":2414.82,"endTime":2419.35,"body":"essentially dealt with it"},{"startTime":2419.35,"endTime":2421.54,"body":"and were there in full attention."},{"startTime":2421.54,"endTime":2424.346,"body":"They obviously had"},{"startTime":2421.54,"endTime":2424.346,"body":"medical attention as well."},{"startTime":2424.346,"endTime":2427.597,"body":"But afterwards talking to"},{"startTime":2424.346,"endTime":2427.597,"body":"some of the individuals,"},{"startTime":2427.597,"endTime":2430.017,"body":"they reported back that it was like,"},{"startTime":2430.017,"endTime":2431.41,"body":"\"Well, we couldn't afford to die"},{"startTime":2431.41,"endTime":2434.66,"body":"because we are part of the"},{"startTime":2431.41,"endTime":2434.66,"body":"community and our time will come."},{"startTime":2434.66,"endTime":2436.721,"body":"And when it is that time, we will.\""},{"startTime":2436.721,"endTime":2439.786,"body":"But this is a community,"},{"startTime":2436.721,"endTime":2439.786,"body":"when people get very old,"},{"startTime":2439.786,"endTime":2442.27,"body":"they still decide whether"},{"startTime":2442.27,"endTime":2444.03,"body":"they'll be a burden to the community."},{"startTime":2444.03,"endTime":2445.74,"body":"And if they do decide that,"},{"startTime":2445.74,"endTime":2448.34,"body":"there is a long slippery slope of rock"},{"startTime":2448.34,"endTime":2450.97,"body":"that goes down to the Arctic Ocean,"},{"startTime":2450.97,"endTime":2452.953,"body":"and one night they will walk out"},{"startTime":2452.953,"endTime":2455.32,"body":"and they'll walk down the rock"},{"startTime":2455.32,"endTime":2459.107,"body":"and give themselves up to the environment."},{"startTime":2459.107,"endTime":2464.107,"body":"So it's a very selfless way"},{"startTime":2459.107,"endTime":2464.107,"body":"of living, but they do it"},{"startTime":2464.37,"endTime":2467.49,"body":"because it's a way to keep"},{"startTime":2464.37,"endTime":2467.49,"body":"the community together"},{"startTime":2467.49,"endTime":2471.35,"body":"and not to essentially"},{"startTime":2467.49,"endTime":2471.35,"body":"drag down the community."},{"startTime":2471.35,"endTime":2473.82,"body":"So if you ever want to see what it's like"},{"startTime":2473.82,"endTime":2475.83,"body":"to live on the edge, it's"},{"startTime":2473.82,"endTime":2475.83,"body":"very, very worthwhile"},{"startTime":2475.83,"endTime":2477.593,"body":"going up to Greenland."},{"startTime":2478.63,"endTime":2482.023,"body":"But it shows you how"},{"startTime":2478.63,"endTime":2482.023,"body":"resilient humans can be."},{"startTime":2483.04,"endTime":2484.74,"body":"So a lot of the analysis I've done"},{"startTime":2485.64,"endTime":2487.61,"body":"to look at natural prosperity"},{"startTime":2487.61,"endTime":2490.438,"body":"has been around the kinds"},{"startTime":2487.61,"endTime":2490.438,"body":"of physical activity,"},{"startTime":2490.438,"endTime":2493.4,"body":"the sort of way in which people live"},{"startTime":2493.4,"endTime":2498.4,"body":"and what bit of the basal"},{"startTime":2493.4,"endTime":2498.4,"body":"ganglia is being turned on"},{"startTime":2498.673,"endTime":2502.57,"body":"when individuals who live in"},{"startTime":2498.673,"endTime":2502.57,"body":"this spectacular environment"},{"startTime":2503.41,"endTime":2505.12,"body":"go out, and that's why"},{"startTime":2503.41,"endTime":2505.12,"body":"they don't do very well"},{"startTime":2505.12,"endTime":2508.01,"body":"when they come into places"},{"startTime":2505.12,"endTime":2508.01,"body":"like Copenhagen, into cities."},{"startTime":2508.01,"endTime":2510.994,"body":"And every indigenous"},{"startTime":2508.01,"endTime":2510.994,"body":"group that you talk to"},{"startTime":2510.994,"endTime":2513.177,"body":"and even people who live"},{"startTime":2510.994,"endTime":2513.177,"body":"in rural environments,"},{"startTime":2513.177,"endTime":2516.46,"body":"they actually don't do very"},{"startTime":2513.177,"endTime":2516.46,"body":"well in urban environments."},{"startTime":2516.46,"endTime":2518.43,"body":"They can't connect. You"},{"startTime":2516.46,"endTime":2518.43,"body":"know, where's the grass?"},{"startTime":2518.43,"endTime":2520.01,"body":"Where are the animals? And so on."},{"startTime":2520.01,"endTime":2521.66,"body":"And that sounds very banal,"},{"startTime":2521.66,"endTime":2525.57,"body":"but if you've been connected"},{"startTime":2521.66,"endTime":2525.57,"body":"to nature all of your life,"},{"startTime":2525.57,"endTime":2527.12,"body":"then it's like you've cut off an arm."},{"startTime":2527.12,"endTime":2529.96,"body":"You've cut off your dopamine."},{"startTime":2529.96,"endTime":2532.32,"body":"You literally have taken that away."},{"startTime":2532.32,"endTime":2535.0,"body":"So can we effectively turn the dial"},{"startTime":2535.0,"endTime":2537.708,"body":"for people who do live"},{"startTime":2535.0,"endTime":2537.708,"body":"in urban environments?"},{"startTime":2537.708,"endTime":2542.49,"body":"So in Essex, we're trying"},{"startTime":2537.708,"endTime":2542.49,"body":"through the Climate Commission"},{"startTime":2542.49,"endTime":2546.65,"body":"to ensure that every single"},{"startTime":2542.49,"endTime":2546.65,"body":"person who's living in Essex"},{"startTime":2546.65,"endTime":2549.16,"body":"is no more than 500 meters away,"},{"startTime":2549.16,"endTime":2552.6,"body":"500 meters away from a green space"},{"startTime":2552.6,"endTime":2556.053,"body":"where you can essentially"},{"startTime":2552.6,"endTime":2556.053,"body":"relax and enjoy nature."},{"startTime":2557.73,"endTime":2560.052,"body":"100% of the people surveyed"},{"startTime":2560.052,"endTime":2563.56,"body":"across the county said, \"Yes, please."},{"startTime":2563.56,"endTime":2566.18,"body":"Close the road, do whatever, use money."},{"startTime":2566.18,"endTime":2569.93,"body":"We need that kind of contact"},{"startTime":2566.18,"endTime":2569.93,"body":"inside the urban environment.\""},{"startTime":2569.93,"endTime":2573.22,"body":"So there's a sort of longing"},{"startTime":2569.93,"endTime":2573.22,"body":"that's coming from people"},{"startTime":2573.22,"endTime":2576.33,"body":"to be connected and to talk"},{"startTime":2573.22,"endTime":2576.33,"body":"about the meaning of life,"},{"startTime":2576.33,"endTime":2580.453,"body":"this balance of work and"},{"startTime":2576.33,"endTime":2580.453,"body":"play and so on, a continuum."},{"startTime":2581.51,"endTime":2584.267,"body":"Remember the community up in Iceland?"},{"startTime":2584.267,"endTime":2586.973,"body":"Four days work, three days play."},{"startTime":2588.32,"endTime":2590.55,"body":"It seems completely natural there."},{"startTime":2590.55,"endTime":2592.24,"body":"It may not be always the same four days."},{"startTime":2592.24,"endTime":2596.2,"body":"It might be mixed around."},{"startTime":2592.24,"endTime":2596.2,"body":"Even the fishermen themselves."},{"startTime":2596.2,"endTime":2598.85,"body":"So it's a conscious decision"},{"startTime":2596.2,"endTime":2598.85,"body":"that we need more time"},{"startTime":2598.85,"endTime":2602.2,"body":"with our children, with our"},{"startTime":2598.85,"endTime":2602.2,"body":"community to be together,"},{"startTime":2602.2,"endTime":2604.91,"body":"to be out in the wild and so on."},{"startTime":2604.91,"endTime":2607.67,"body":"And we'll accommodate the restructuring"},{"startTime":2607.67,"endTime":2608.76,"body":"of the economy locally"},{"startTime":2608.76,"endTime":2611.31,"body":"and we'll accommodate with"},{"startTime":2608.76,"endTime":2611.31,"body":"less money and so forth."},{"startTime":2612.35,"endTime":2614.514,"body":"So the short-term and"},{"startTime":2612.35,"endTime":2614.514,"body":"the long-term benefits"},{"startTime":2614.514,"endTime":2617.788,"body":"of recognizing what nature brings us"},{"startTime":2617.788,"endTime":2622.788,"body":"means that it fundamentally"},{"startTime":2617.788,"endTime":2622.788,"body":"alters not only your brain"},{"startTime":2622.79,"endTime":2624.88,"body":"and the way you think about"},{"startTime":2622.79,"endTime":2624.88,"body":"the world, but it fundamentally"},{"startTime":2624.88,"endTime":2627.73,"body":"can alter your physiology and how you are."},{"startTime":2627.73,"endTime":2631.83,"body":"So thinking about redesigning"},{"startTime":2627.73,"endTime":2631.83,"body":"the world, so to speak,"},{"startTime":2631.83,"endTime":2634.95,"body":"comes back to the very end of"},{"startTime":2631.83,"endTime":2634.95,"body":"what I want to leave you with."},{"startTime":2634.95,"endTime":2639.3,"body":"So for me, natural"},{"startTime":2634.95,"endTime":2639.3,"body":"prosperity is about a shift"},{"startTime":2639.3,"endTime":2643.263,"body":"in the way we think from"},{"startTime":2639.3,"endTime":2643.263,"body":"policies to daily action,"},{"startTime":2644.12,"endTime":2647.55,"body":"from the way we conceive of"},{"startTime":2644.12,"endTime":2647.55,"body":"society, but more importantly,"},{"startTime":2647.55,"endTime":2651.21,"body":"the way that we bring nature"},{"startTime":2647.55,"endTime":2651.21,"body":"into our daily thinking"},{"startTime":2651.21,"endTime":2654.82,"body":"so that the collective wellbeing"},{"startTime":2651.21,"endTime":2654.82,"body":"and the planetary health"},{"startTime":2654.82,"endTime":2658.28,"body":"are just literally one, and"},{"startTime":2654.82,"endTime":2658.28,"body":"it's not airy-fairy thinking."},{"startTime":2658.28,"endTime":2660.76,"body":"I have to say that in the last few years,"},{"startTime":2660.76,"endTime":2664.24,"body":"there's been a phenomenal"},{"startTime":2660.76,"endTime":2664.24,"body":"shift in serious thinking."},{"startTime":2664.24,"endTime":2666.63,"body":"And I talked a little bit"},{"startTime":2664.24,"endTime":2666.63,"body":"about impact investors"},{"startTime":2666.63,"endTime":2669.76,"body":"wanting to invest in ecosystem services,"},{"startTime":2669.76,"endTime":2671.32,"body":"payment for ecosystem services,"},{"startTime":2671.32,"endTime":2673.31,"body":"the carbon markets and so on."},{"startTime":2673.31,"endTime":2677.04,"body":"So I actually do think"},{"startTime":2673.31,"endTime":2677.04,"body":"without being cynical at all"},{"startTime":2677.04,"endTime":2678.54,"body":"that the shift is happening."},{"startTime":2678.54,"endTime":2679.373,"body":"Now, whether you want to call it"},{"startTime":2679.373,"endTime":2681.38,"body":"natural prosperity or not doesn't matter."},{"startTime":2681.38,"endTime":2684.373,"body":"The point is that the"},{"startTime":2681.38,"endTime":2684.373,"body":"movement is on its way."},{"startTime":2685.33,"endTime":2688.25,"body":"And so it means bringing"},{"startTime":2685.33,"endTime":2688.25,"body":"all the actors in."},{"startTime":2688.25,"endTime":2691.33,"body":"I mean, whether they're"},{"startTime":2688.25,"endTime":2691.33,"body":"politicians, whoever."},{"startTime":2691.33,"endTime":2692.7,"body":"And there's a series of goals"},{"startTime":2692.7,"endTime":2693.743,"body":"in trying to redesign our world"},{"startTime":2693.743,"endTime":2696.36,"body":"There's no doubt you can't"},{"startTime":2693.743,"endTime":2696.36,"body":"just simply stand up one day"},{"startTime":2696.36,"endTime":2698.56,"body":"and say, \"We're going to"},{"startTime":2696.36,"endTime":2698.56,"body":"have natural prosperity.\""},{"startTime":2698.56,"endTime":2700.657,"body":"So I try to be very, very practical."},{"startTime":2700.657,"endTime":2703.58,"body":"And so you have to sort of"},{"startTime":2700.657,"endTime":2703.58,"body":"redesign the human world"},{"startTime":2703.58,"endTime":2706.02,"body":"to be able to design the bigger picture."},{"startTime":2706.02,"endTime":2708.563,"body":"And so you have to think"},{"startTime":2706.02,"endTime":2708.563,"body":"about participatory"},{"startTime":2708.563,"endTime":2712.96,"body":"and holistic principles,"},{"startTime":2708.563,"endTime":2712.96,"body":"being goal-orientated"},{"startTime":2712.96,"endTime":2716.6,"body":"where the economy is not a"},{"startTime":2712.96,"endTime":2716.6,"body":"means to an end in itself."},{"startTime":2716.6,"endTime":2719.83,"body":"It's actually a way of"},{"startTime":2716.6,"endTime":2719.83,"body":"promoting human prosperity."},{"startTime":2719.83,"endTime":2722.048,"body":"Participation, and co-creation."},{"startTime":2722.048,"endTime":2724.91,"body":"People need to really be serious about it"},{"startTime":2724.91,"endTime":2727.16,"body":"and politicians and others"},{"startTime":2724.91,"endTime":2727.16,"body":"need to be serious about it,"},{"startTime":2727.16,"endTime":2729.81,"body":"but then citizens need"},{"startTime":2727.16,"endTime":2729.81,"body":"to meaningfully engage."},{"startTime":2729.81,"endTime":2732.63,"body":"They can't just simply wait"},{"startTime":2729.81,"endTime":2732.63,"body":"for someone else to do it."},{"startTime":2732.63,"endTime":2734.83,"body":"It has to be context appropriate."},{"startTime":2734.83,"endTime":2736.47,"body":"There isn't one size fits all."},{"startTime":2736.47,"endTime":2739.11,"body":"If you're in Greenland,"},{"startTime":2736.47,"endTime":2739.11,"body":"one thing will be the case."},{"startTime":2739.11,"endTime":2741.504,"body":"If you're here in London,"},{"startTime":2739.11,"endTime":2741.504,"body":"there'll be another story."},{"startTime":2741.504,"endTime":2743.51,"body":"And it depends what age you are"},{"startTime":2743.51,"endTime":2745.78,"body":"whether it's relevant"},{"startTime":2743.51,"endTime":2745.78,"body":"to what you're doing."},{"startTime":2745.78,"endTime":2748.9,"body":"But one thing is sure,"},{"startTime":2745.78,"endTime":2748.9,"body":"it has to be iterative."},{"startTime":2748.9,"endTime":2751.35,"body":"It's only by doing things"},{"startTime":2748.9,"endTime":2751.35,"body":"again and again and again"},{"startTime":2751.35,"endTime":2753.79,"body":"that you'll break the habits of the past"},{"startTime":2753.79,"endTime":2756.04,"body":"if they're the things"},{"startTime":2753.79,"endTime":2756.04,"body":"you want to get rid of."},{"startTime":2756.04,"endTime":2759.2,"body":"So whether it's social or"},{"startTime":2756.04,"endTime":2759.2,"body":"environmental or spiritual,"},{"startTime":2759.2,"endTime":2761.942,"body":"whatever, it's essentially going to have"},{"startTime":2761.942,"endTime":2766.5,"body":"to require social action"},{"startTime":2761.942,"endTime":2766.5,"body":"doing again and again."},{"startTime":2766.5,"endTime":2769.27,"body":"And on that basis, we need good evidence."},{"startTime":2769.27,"endTime":2771.48,"body":"I talked a lot about the space programs"},{"startTime":2771.48,"endTime":2774.51,"body":"and different surveying techniques"},{"startTime":2774.51,"endTime":2776.17,"body":"and going around the world and exploring"},{"startTime":2776.17,"endTime":2777.58,"body":"and bringing data in."},{"startTime":2777.58,"endTime":2780.52,"body":"This is absolutely vital,"},{"startTime":2777.58,"endTime":2780.52,"body":"absolutely essential"},{"startTime":2780.52,"endTime":2784.15,"body":"because people do need the"},{"startTime":2780.52,"endTime":2784.15,"body":"motivation of evidence,"},{"startTime":2784.15,"endTime":2786.54,"body":"but that evidence doesn't"},{"startTime":2784.15,"endTime":2786.54,"body":"always have to be in numbers."},{"startTime":2786.54,"endTime":2789.88,"body":"It doesn't have to be in"},{"startTime":2786.54,"endTime":2789.88,"body":"accounts. It can be stories."},{"startTime":2789.88,"endTime":2792.967,"body":"It can be people out on the street,"},{"startTime":2792.967,"endTime":2796.183,"body":"basically take back"},{"startTime":2792.967,"endTime":2796.183,"body":"Fridays, anything like that"},{"startTime":2796.183,"endTime":2799.806,"body":"done again and again and"},{"startTime":2796.183,"endTime":2799.806,"body":"again is really important."},{"startTime":2799.806,"endTime":2804.124,"body":"And in the end, we need positive framing."},{"startTime":2804.124,"endTime":2807.19,"body":"We live in a very, very complex world,"},{"startTime":2807.19,"endTime":2809.766,"body":"and to redesign our human world,"},{"startTime":2809.766,"endTime":2812.27,"body":"which means we've got a chance at survival"},{"startTime":2812.27,"endTime":2814.758,"body":"as opposed to clinging onto the edge,"},{"startTime":2814.758,"endTime":2816.71,"body":"we really need to think"},{"startTime":2816.71,"endTime":2820.15,"body":"that there are both negative"},{"startTime":2816.71,"endTime":2820.15,"body":"and positive things."},{"startTime":2820.15,"endTime":2822.24,"body":"And it's the relationship between them"},{"startTime":2822.24,"endTime":2825.52,"body":"that we need to consider at every step"},{"startTime":2825.52,"endTime":2828.332,"body":"of the process of redesigning our world."},{"startTime":2828.332,"endTime":2830.51,"body":"And I said a long time ago,"},{"startTime":2830.51,"endTime":2834.37,"body":"and I think I've said it"},{"startTime":2830.51,"endTime":2834.37,"body":"several times, that in Africa,"},{"startTime":2834.37,"endTime":2838.25,"body":"they say, \"If you want to go"},{"startTime":2834.37,"endTime":2838.25,"body":"somewhere fast, go on your own."},{"startTime":2838.25,"endTime":2841.49,"body":"But if you want to really get somewhere,"},{"startTime":2841.49,"endTime":2844.49,"body":"you need to go together"},{"startTime":2841.49,"endTime":2844.49,"body":"to make a difference.\""},{"startTime":2844.49,"endTime":2847.71,"body":"So run the race on your own,"},{"startTime":2844.49,"endTime":2847.71,"body":"you'll get there quickly."},{"startTime":2847.71,"endTime":2849.45,"body":"But if you go with lots of people,"},{"startTime":2849.45,"endTime":2851.93,"body":"you'll be able to make"},{"startTime":2849.45,"endTime":2851.93,"body":"a change in the world."},{"startTime":2851.93,"endTime":2855.69,"body":"And so I hope that somehow"},{"startTime":2851.93,"endTime":2855.69,"body":"when I finish my book"},{"startTime":2855.69,"endTime":2858.05,"body":"on natural prosperity, you'll read a bit"},{"startTime":2858.05,"endTime":2859.41,"body":"and recognize pieces of it,"},{"startTime":2859.41,"endTime":2860.73,"body":"but I just want to thank everyone"},{"startTime":2860.73,"endTime":2864.07,"body":"whose come and listened"},{"startTime":2860.73,"endTime":2864.07,"body":"all these evenings."},{"startTime":2864.07,"endTime":2865.37,"body":"And it's been a huge pleasure"},{"startTime":2865.37,"endTime":2868.27,"body":"to be the Frank Jackson"},{"startTime":2865.37,"endTime":2868.27,"body":"Professor of the Environment"},{"startTime":2868.27,"endTime":2869.46,"body":"for the Gresham College."},{"startTime":2869.46,"endTime":2874.46,"body":"So thank you everybody and"},{"startTime":2869.46,"endTime":2874.46,"body":"yes, the end, dot, dot."},{"startTime":2874.758,"endTime":2877.925,"body":"(audience applauding)"},{"startTime":2881.12,"endTime":2884.12,"body":"- Thank you very much, Professor McGlade."},{"startTime":2884.12,"endTime":2886.11,"body":"You, as always, have stimulated"},{"startTime":2886.11,"endTime":2887.66,"body":"a huge number of questions online."},{"startTime":2887.66,"endTime":2889.88,"body":"I'm sure there are questions"},{"startTime":2887.66,"endTime":2889.88,"body":"in the room as well."},{"startTime":2889.88,"endTime":2893.21,"body":"I'm going to start off"},{"startTime":2889.88,"endTime":2893.21,"body":"with a killer question"},{"startTime":2893.21,"endTime":2894.48,"body":"from the online audience,"},{"startTime":2894.48,"endTime":2896.77,"body":"which I'm sure we all want"},{"startTime":2894.48,"endTime":2896.77,"body":"to know the answer to."},{"startTime":2896.77,"endTime":2899.23,"body":"The person says, \"This is great."},{"startTime":2899.23,"endTime":2901.41,"body":"As a busy person like us all,"},{"startTime":2901.41,"endTime":2904.19,"body":"how do I start to live this way?"},{"startTime":2904.19,"endTime":2906.56,"body":"For example, how do I create the time"},{"startTime":2906.56,"endTime":2908.14,"body":"to focus on the right foods"},{"startTime":2908.14,"endTime":2911.01,"body":"and trust the resource I seek it from?"},{"startTime":2911.01,"endTime":2913.38,"body":"Is there a Bible to live by?\""},{"startTime":2913.38,"endTime":2916.73,"body":"- Well, I'm publishing it,"},{"startTime":2913.38,"endTime":2916.73,"body":"(laughs) would be the answer."},{"startTime":2916.73,"endTime":2918.411,"body":"- That's a very good answer."},{"startTime":2918.411,"endTime":2921.124,"body":"Okay, well we have to"},{"startTime":2918.411,"endTime":2921.124,"body":"wait till your book to-"},{"startTime":2921.124,"endTime":2922.87,"body":"- Soon, soon, soon."},{"startTime":2921.124,"endTime":2922.87,"body":"- For the Bible, great."},{"startTime":2922.87,"endTime":2925.49,"body":"- [Audience Member] Thank"},{"startTime":2922.87,"endTime":2925.49,"body":"you. Thank you very much."},{"startTime":2925.49,"endTime":2929.04,"body":"Going back to the community"},{"startTime":2925.49,"endTime":2929.04,"body":"you were discussing in Iceland"},{"startTime":2929.04,"endTime":2933.19,"body":"and this whole slow food,"},{"startTime":2929.04,"endTime":2933.19,"body":"slow living, I'm just curious,"},{"startTime":2933.19,"endTime":2936.5,"body":"did that start after the financial crash"},{"startTime":2936.5,"endTime":2937.953,"body":"that happened years ago?"},{"startTime":2939.11,"endTime":2942.12,"body":"So is that somehow connected"},{"startTime":2943.1,"endTime":2947.306,"body":"to why they started this whole movement?"},{"startTime":2947.306,"endTime":2948.139,"body":"- Yes."},{"startTime":2948.139,"endTime":2949.01,"body":"- [Audience Member] And do we all need,"},{"startTime":2949.01,"endTime":2950.33,"body":"well, we've had a few actually,"},{"startTime":2950.33,"endTime":2953.83,"body":"but (laughs) some disaster to happen"},{"startTime":2953.83,"endTime":2955.963,"body":"so that we can fully engage?"},{"startTime":2957.21,"endTime":2958.65,"body":"- There is nothing like a crisis"},{"startTime":2958.65,"endTime":2960.63,"body":"to bring around a transformation,"},{"startTime":2960.63,"endTime":2964.69,"body":"and Iceland really,"},{"startTime":2960.63,"endTime":2964.69,"body":"really went to the edge."},{"startTime":2964.69,"endTime":2969.24,"body":"So definitely that's how it"},{"startTime":2964.69,"endTime":2969.24,"body":"started, but they were helped"},{"startTime":2969.24,"endTime":2972.4,"body":"by the Italian community"},{"startTime":2969.24,"endTime":2972.4,"body":"where it came from,"},{"startTime":2972.4,"endTime":2975.37,"body":"who were actually a very poor"},{"startTime":2972.4,"endTime":2975.37,"body":"community who moved towards"},{"startTime":2975.37,"endTime":2978.25,"body":"this feeling of, we need"},{"startTime":2975.37,"endTime":2978.25,"body":"to connect what we do,"},{"startTime":2978.25,"endTime":2982.163,"body":"which is slow food and slow"},{"startTime":2978.25,"endTime":2982.163,"body":"thinking and slow living."},{"startTime":2982.163,"endTime":2985.235,"body":"And they made a connection to the school,"},{"startTime":2985.235,"endTime":2988.22,"body":"and it was through the"},{"startTime":2985.235,"endTime":2988.22,"body":"education of children"},{"startTime":2988.22,"endTime":2992.31,"body":"that the community picked"},{"startTime":2988.22,"endTime":2992.31,"body":"itself up and budged."},{"startTime":2992.31,"endTime":2995.61,"body":"I mean, there is not a single sign"},{"startTime":2995.61,"endTime":2998.17,"body":"or advertisement in the town."},{"startTime":2998.17,"endTime":3001.489,"body":"You cannot read Coca-Cola"},{"startTime":2998.17,"endTime":3001.489,"body":"anywhere. There's no branding."},{"startTime":3001.489,"endTime":3004.69,"body":"It's like, it's a very odd feeling"},{"startTime":3004.69,"endTime":3007.918,"body":"when you walk into the town"},{"startTime":3004.69,"endTime":3007.918,"body":"to not see any adverts,"},{"startTime":3007.918,"endTime":3011.243,"body":"and that's how it started, yeah."},{"startTime":3011.243,"endTime":3012.201,"body":"- [Audience Member] Thank you."},{"startTime":3012.201,"endTime":3014.21,"body":"- I'll take another one"},{"startTime":3012.201,"endTime":3014.21,"body":"from the online audience,"},{"startTime":3014.21,"endTime":3016.08,"body":"and then we'll come back to the room."},{"startTime":3016.08,"endTime":3018.489,"body":"This is a question I'd like"},{"startTime":3016.08,"endTime":3018.489,"body":"to know the answer to as well."},{"startTime":3018.489,"endTime":3022.87,"body":"How has living in Kenya with the Maasai"},{"startTime":3022.87,"endTime":3026.75,"body":"changed the way you"},{"startTime":3022.87,"endTime":3026.75,"body":"view natural prosperity?"},{"startTime":3026.75,"endTime":3029.1,"body":"- I have to be honest, completely."},{"startTime":3029.1,"endTime":3031.43,"body":"If I hadn't lived there, I"},{"startTime":3029.1,"endTime":3031.43,"body":"wouldn't have even thought"},{"startTime":3031.43,"endTime":3034.48,"body":"that natural prosperity"},{"startTime":3031.43,"endTime":3034.48,"body":"was a way of living"},{"startTime":3034.48,"endTime":3036.123,"body":"that is suitable for today."},{"startTime":3038.27,"endTime":3041.44,"body":"So I thank very much the entire"},{"startTime":3038.27,"endTime":3041.44,"body":"Maasai community for this"},{"startTime":3041.44,"endTime":3044.87,"body":"because they opened my"},{"startTime":3041.44,"endTime":3044.87,"body":"eyes to a way of living"},{"startTime":3044.87,"endTime":3047.54,"body":"that has been there"},{"startTime":3044.87,"endTime":3047.54,"body":"for thousands of years,"},{"startTime":3047.54,"endTime":3051.47,"body":"thousands and thousands, and"},{"startTime":3047.54,"endTime":3051.47,"body":"is doing very well, thank you."},{"startTime":3051.47,"endTime":3053.62,"body":"So yes, absolutely."},{"startTime":3053.62,"endTime":3054.453,"body":"- [Host] Thank you."},{"startTime":3054.453,"endTime":3056.03,"body":"- Thank you very much,"},{"startTime":3054.453,"endTime":3056.03,"body":"indeed, for a lecture."},{"startTime":3056.03,"endTime":3057.51,"body":"I'm sorry that this is the last one"},{"startTime":3057.51,"endTime":3059.617,"body":"because it's been so stimulating."},{"startTime":3059.617,"endTime":3060.45,"body":"- Thank you."},{"startTime":3060.45,"endTime":3062.413,"body":"- As well as very nicely presented."},{"startTime":3062.413,"endTime":3064.0,"body":"- Thank you."},{"startTime":3064.0,"endTime":3065.66,"body":"- That doesn't mean to say"},{"startTime":3064.0,"endTime":3065.66,"body":"I agree with everything."},{"startTime":3065.66,"endTime":3069.43,"body":"- Oh, yes."},{"startTime":3065.66,"endTime":3069.43,"body":"(audience laughing)"},{"startTime":3069.43,"endTime":3071.56,"body":"- One of the things that is implicit"},{"startTime":3071.56,"endTime":3074.0,"body":"behind a lot of what you're saying,"},{"startTime":3074.0,"endTime":3075.274,"body":"and this is just one of the things."},{"startTime":3075.274,"endTime":3076.31,"body":"This is not a criticism."},{"startTime":3076.31,"endTime":3079.33,"body":"You can't cover everything in 50 minutes."},{"startTime":3079.33,"endTime":3080.89,"body":"Is the power relations."},{"startTime":3080.89,"endTime":3083.3,"body":"I mean, think of something as simple"},{"startTime":3083.3,"endTime":3085.29,"body":"as the Duke of Northumberland."},{"startTime":3085.29,"endTime":3088.1,"body":"He wants to clear a lot of"},{"startTime":3085.29,"endTime":3088.1,"body":"people off the allotments"},{"startTime":3088.1,"endTime":3091.09,"body":"so he can construct something"},{"startTime":3088.1,"endTime":3091.09,"body":"which will bring in rent"},{"startTime":3091.09,"endTime":3092.41,"body":"to help him pay off the debts"},{"startTime":3092.41,"endTime":3095.14,"body":"of lots of other property that he owns."},{"startTime":3095.14,"endTime":3097.228,"body":"And this is a question."},{"startTime":3097.228,"endTime":3100.35,"body":"As a background as an"},{"startTime":3097.228,"endTime":3100.35,"body":"economist, a statistician,"},{"startTime":3100.35,"endTime":3105.16,"body":"economists'll be very reluctant"},{"startTime":3100.35,"endTime":3105.16,"body":"to consider power relations."},{"startTime":3105.16,"endTime":3107.22,"body":"The only one I can think of off hand"},{"startTime":3107.22,"endTime":3110.95,"body":"is James Kenneth Galbraith-"},{"startTime":3107.22,"endTime":3110.95,"body":"- So I spent a lot of time"},{"startTime":3110.95,"endTime":3113.67,"body":"worrying about power"},{"startTime":3110.95,"endTime":3113.67,"body":"relations and social capital."},{"startTime":3113.67,"endTime":3116.53,"body":"And genuinely in the first instance"},{"startTime":3116.53,"endTime":3118.2,"body":"people say, \"What can I do?\""},{"startTime":3118.2,"endTime":3121.09,"body":"Or, \"It's illegal,\" or, \"I can't do this.\""},{"startTime":3121.09,"endTime":3126.09,"body":"And then you see how through"},{"startTime":3121.09,"endTime":3126.09,"body":"elders and communities"},{"startTime":3126.23,"endTime":3129.76,"body":"and young people raising their voices,"},{"startTime":3129.76,"endTime":3133.08,"body":"creating a space that"},{"startTime":3129.76,"endTime":3133.08,"body":"actually change happens,"},{"startTime":3133.08,"endTime":3136.34,"body":"but you have to be very"},{"startTime":3133.08,"endTime":3136.34,"body":"single-minded as a community"},{"startTime":3136.34,"endTime":3138.92,"body":"or as a group of people to fight back."},{"startTime":3138.92,"endTime":3140.77,"body":"And then it doesn't always work out."},{"startTime":3140.77,"endTime":3142.74,"body":"So it's an ongoing thing,"},{"startTime":3142.74,"endTime":3145.74,"body":"but just articulating the power relations"},{"startTime":3145.74,"endTime":3149.26,"body":"in the first instance is sometimes enough"},{"startTime":3149.26,"endTime":3152.29,"body":"to raise awareness, and that's"},{"startTime":3149.26,"endTime":3152.29,"body":"what I would always say."},{"startTime":3152.29,"endTime":3156.04,"body":"Where do you sit in the decision"},{"startTime":3152.29,"endTime":3156.04,"body":"making? Where is your role?"},{"startTime":3156.04,"endTime":3157.84,"body":"And where would you like to be"},{"startTime":3157.84,"endTime":3161.37,"body":"in terms of self-determination"},{"startTime":3157.84,"endTime":3161.37,"body":"looking at your future?"},{"startTime":3161.37,"endTime":3164.21,"body":"And there's always a pathway"},{"startTime":3161.37,"endTime":3164.21,"body":"to get there, I guarantee you."},{"startTime":3164.21,"endTime":3166.73,"body":"We can find our way through this."},{"startTime":3166.73,"endTime":3167.563,"body":"It's not very popular being-"},{"startTime":3167.563,"endTime":3169.333,"body":"- [Host] Yes, the gentleman"},{"startTime":3167.563,"endTime":3169.333,"body":"here right in the front."},{"startTime":3171.017,"endTime":3172.24,"body":"- [Audience Member]"},{"startTime":3171.017,"endTime":3172.24,"body":"Please, can you tell me,"},{"startTime":3172.24,"endTime":3177.24,"body":"or to the audience please,"},{"startTime":3172.24,"endTime":3177.24,"body":"how population reduction"},{"startTime":3177.58,"endTime":3181.56,"body":"could play a part in"},{"startTime":3177.58,"endTime":3181.56,"body":"redesigning the human world."},{"startTime":3181.56,"endTime":3183.16,"body":"Thank you."},{"startTime":3183.16,"endTime":3186.125,"body":"- Well, a very personal answer."},{"startTime":3186.125,"endTime":3188.76,"body":"When I first arrived in the Maasai Mara,"},{"startTime":3188.76,"endTime":3190.92,"body":"the average number of children"},{"startTime":3190.92,"endTime":3194.78,"body":"in each family was nine, 10, 11 or so."},{"startTime":3194.78,"endTime":3199.068,"body":"And with a guarantee of"},{"startTime":3194.78,"endTime":3199.068,"body":"clean water and safe houses"},{"startTime":3199.068,"endTime":3202.41,"body":"and food, it was actually very possible"},{"startTime":3202.41,"endTime":3206.747,"body":"to speak candidly with parents"},{"startTime":3202.41,"endTime":3206.747,"body":"and with families to say,"},{"startTime":3206.747,"endTime":3209.17,"body":"\"From now on, two children only.\""},{"startTime":3209.17,"endTime":3210.37,"body":"And one of the motivations"},{"startTime":3210.37,"endTime":3212.85,"body":"was they all wanted their"},{"startTime":3210.37,"endTime":3212.85,"body":"children to get through school,"},{"startTime":3212.85,"endTime":3214.48,"body":"and school is not free."},{"startTime":3214.48,"endTime":3218.852,"body":"And so we added it all up and"},{"startTime":3214.48,"endTime":3218.852,"body":"here we are four years later,"},{"startTime":3218.852,"endTime":3221.04,"body":"birth control and so on."},{"startTime":3221.04,"endTime":3223.68,"body":"Would I say that the"},{"startTime":3221.04,"endTime":3223.68,"body":"population is happier?"},{"startTime":3223.68,"endTime":3225.8,"body":"Actually, yes. It's very interesting."},{"startTime":3225.8,"endTime":3228.96,"body":"It's had this intensification"},{"startTime":3225.8,"endTime":3228.96,"body":"process where all"},{"startTime":3228.96,"endTime":3233.69,"body":"of the adults recognize"},{"startTime":3228.96,"endTime":3233.69,"body":"their responsibilities now."},{"startTime":3233.69,"endTime":3235.907,"body":"So yes, I do believe"},{"startTime":3235.907,"endTime":3238.963,"body":"that with the right"},{"startTime":3235.907,"endTime":3238.963,"body":"kinds of conversations,"},{"startTime":3238.963,"endTime":3242.23,"body":"you can really turn the"},{"startTime":3238.963,"endTime":3242.23,"body":"tide and we will end up"},{"startTime":3242.23,"endTime":3245.98,"body":"with far fewer people in"},{"startTime":3242.23,"endTime":3245.98,"body":"certain parts of the world"},{"startTime":3245.98,"endTime":3247.6,"body":"so let's see what happens."},{"startTime":3247.6,"endTime":3252.57,"body":"But take away the danger and"},{"startTime":3247.6,"endTime":3252.57,"body":"people are much more likely"},{"startTime":3252.57,"endTime":3254.21,"body":"to make different kinds of decisions"},{"startTime":3254.21,"endTime":3256.11,"body":"about the size of families."},{"startTime":3256.11,"endTime":3259.02,"body":"That's one of the crucial"},{"startTime":3256.11,"endTime":3259.02,"body":"things I've learned."},{"startTime":3259.02,"endTime":3260.871,"body":"- Well, happily for"},{"startTime":3259.02,"endTime":3260.871,"body":"those of us in the room,"},{"startTime":3260.871,"endTime":3264.01,"body":"we can ask Professor McGlade questions"},{"startTime":3264.01,"endTime":3265.01,"body":"after the end of the lecture."},{"startTime":3265.01,"endTime":3268.17,"body":"For those of you online, I'm"},{"startTime":3265.01,"endTime":3268.17,"body":"afraid you have to beam in,"},{"startTime":3268.17,"endTime":3271.65,"body":"but as we've heard, this"},{"startTime":3268.17,"endTime":3271.65,"body":"is your last lecture"},{"startTime":3271.65,"endTime":3274.32,"body":"as our second Professor of the Environment"},{"startTime":3274.32,"endTime":3277.29,"body":"funded by the Frank Jackson Foundation."},{"startTime":3277.29,"endTime":3280.72,"body":"As I think many of you know,"},{"startTime":3277.29,"endTime":3280.72,"body":"in addition to her work"},{"startTime":3280.72,"endTime":3283.23,"body":"for Gresham College,"},{"startTime":3280.72,"endTime":3283.23,"body":"Jackie's also Professor"},{"startTime":3283.23,"endTime":3285.91,"body":"of Resilience and Sustainable Development"},{"startTime":3285.91,"endTime":3290.36,"body":"at the University College"},{"startTime":3285.91,"endTime":3290.36,"body":"London, and also professor"},{"startTime":3290.36,"endTime":3294.96,"body":"at Strathmore University"},{"startTime":3290.36,"endTime":3294.96,"body":"Business School in Kenya."},{"startTime":3294.96,"endTime":3297.5,"body":"For four decades, Professor McGlade"},{"startTime":3297.5,"endTime":3300.07,"body":"has worked on the interface"},{"startTime":3297.5,"endTime":3300.07,"body":"of sustainable development,"},{"startTime":3300.07,"endTime":3302.72,"body":"science, society, and policy."},{"startTime":3302.72,"endTime":3306.62,"body":"Her research on biodiversity,"},{"startTime":3302.72,"endTime":3306.62,"body":"climate change, ecosystems,"},{"startTime":3306.62,"endTime":3310.9,"body":"oceans, and social dynamics"},{"startTime":3306.62,"endTime":3310.9,"body":"is known the world over."},{"startTime":3310.9,"endTime":3314.09,"body":"She's undertaken field work"},{"startTime":3310.9,"endTime":3314.09,"body":"and led explorations in Africa,"},{"startTime":3314.09,"endTime":3317.26,"body":"Southeast Asia, Central"},{"startTime":3314.09,"endTime":3317.26,"body":"Asia, North America, Europe,"},{"startTime":3317.26,"endTime":3319.791,"body":"the Caucasus, and the Arctic."},{"startTime":3319.791,"endTime":3323.95,"body":"She's given over 1,000 public"},{"startTime":3319.791,"endTime":3323.95,"body":"lectures around the world,"},{"startTime":3323.95,"endTime":3327.6,"body":"showing her audiences how we"},{"startTime":3323.95,"endTime":3327.6,"body":"can live sustainably on Earth"},{"startTime":3327.6,"endTime":3331.31,"body":"whilst adapting to the changing"},{"startTime":3327.6,"endTime":3331.31,"body":"nature of the environment."},{"startTime":3331.31,"endTime":3334.52,"body":"She's produced award-winning"},{"startTime":3331.31,"endTime":3334.52,"body":"films, television series,"},{"startTime":3334.52,"endTime":3337.76,"body":"and radio programs, and"},{"startTime":3334.52,"endTime":3337.76,"body":"is scientific advisor"},{"startTime":3337.76,"endTime":3340.6,"body":"on various environmental"},{"startTime":3337.76,"endTime":3340.6,"body":"film series projects."},{"startTime":3340.6,"endTime":3344.71,"body":"It's an exhausting list of achievements."},{"startTime":3344.71,"endTime":3347.89,"body":"Your tenure as Professor"},{"startTime":3344.71,"endTime":3347.89,"body":"of the Environment here"},{"startTime":3347.89,"endTime":3352.56,"body":"began in 2018, and you have provided us"},{"startTime":3352.56,"endTime":3355.19,"body":"with a series of fascinating lectures"},{"startTime":3355.19,"endTime":3357.98,"body":"on important environmental issues."},{"speaker":"Your first series was called, \"Frontiers","startTime":3360.68,"endTime":3365.5,"body":"Emerging Environmental Issues"},{"speaker":"Your first series was called, \"Frontiers","startTime":3360.68,"endTime":3365.5,"body":"with Global Implications.\""},{"speaker":"Your first series was called, \"Frontiers","startTime":3365.5,"endTime":3370.21,"body":"This covered topics such as"},{"speaker":"Your first series was called, \"Frontiers","startTime":3365.5,"endTime":3370.21,"body":"antimicrobial resistance,"},{"speaker":"Your first series was called, \"Frontiers","startTime":3370.21,"endTime":3375.21,"body":"nanotechnology, childhood"},{"speaker":"Your first series was called, \"Frontiers","startTime":3370.21,"endTime":3375.21,"body":"malnutrition, food security,"},{"speaker":"Your first series was called, \"Frontiers","startTime":3375.256,"endTime":3379.296,"body":"and inequality, pollution,"},{"speaker":"Your first series was called, \"Frontiers","startTime":3375.256,"endTime":3379.296,"body":"and human health."},{"speaker":"Your first series was called, \"Frontiers","startTime":3379.296,"endTime":3383.65,"body":"You followed that with a series"},{"speaker":"Your first series was called, \"Frontiers","startTime":3379.296,"endTime":3383.65,"body":"on the sustainable planet,"},{"speaker":"Your first series was called, \"Frontiers","startTime":3383.65,"endTime":3386.79,"body":"which looked at the UN"},{"speaker":"Your first series was called, \"Frontiers","startTime":3383.65,"endTime":3386.79,"body":"Sustainable Development Goals"},{"speaker":"Your first series was called, \"Frontiers","startTime":3386.79,"endTime":3390.091,"body":"and addressed factors such"},{"speaker":"Your first series was called, \"Frontiers","startTime":3386.79,"endTime":3390.091,"body":"as health, gender equality,"},{"speaker":"Your first series was called, \"Frontiers","startTime":3390.091,"endTime":3394.51,"body":"renewable energy, and ocean pollution."},{"speaker":"Your first series was called, \"Frontiers","startTime":3394.51,"endTime":3398.677,"body":"In the 2020 to '21 academic year,"},{"speaker":"Your first series was called, \"Frontiers","startTime":3398.677,"endTime":3401.8,"body":"you focused on interconnections"},{"speaker":"Your first series was called, \"Frontiers","startTime":3398.677,"endTime":3401.8,"body":"throughout our world"},{"speaker":"Your first series was called, \"Frontiers","startTime":3401.8,"endTime":3403.76,"body":"in approaching ideas of how to build"},{"speaker":"Your first series was called, \"Frontiers","startTime":3403.76,"endTime":3406.58,"body":"a just and prosperous planet."},{"speaker":"Your first series was called, \"Frontiers","startTime":3406.58,"endTime":3409.5,"body":"And that was followed"},{"speaker":"Your first series was called, \"Frontiers","startTime":3406.58,"endTime":3409.5,"body":"by your current series"},{"speaker":"Your first series was called, \"Frontiers","startTime":3409.5,"endTime":3413.07,"body":"culminating this evening"},{"speaker":"Your first series was called, \"Frontiers","startTime":3409.5,"endTime":3413.07,"body":"on natural capital"},{"speaker":"Your first series was called, \"Frontiers","startTime":3413.07,"endTime":3415.74,"body":"and the wellbeing economy"},{"speaker":"Your first series was called, \"Frontiers","startTime":3413.07,"endTime":3415.74,"body":"in which you've looked"},{"speaker":"Your first series was called, \"Frontiers","startTime":3415.74,"endTime":3420.74,"body":"at the underpinning values"},{"speaker":"Your first series was called, \"Frontiers","startTime":3415.74,"endTime":3420.74,"body":"and principles and encounters"},{"speaker":"Your first series was called, \"Frontiers","startTime":3421.06,"endTime":3423.89,"body":"between ecological theory and economics."},{"speaker":"Your first series was called, \"Frontiers","startTime":3423.89,"endTime":3426.73,"body":"And I should say that your series"},{"speaker":"Your first series was called, \"Frontiers","startTime":3426.73,"endTime":3429.82,"body":"have covered such an astonishing range"},{"speaker":"Your first series was called, \"Frontiers","startTime":3429.82,"endTime":3433.32,"body":"of issues and subjects, all of"},{"speaker":"Your first series was called, \"Frontiers","startTime":3429.82,"endTime":3433.32,"body":"which have been fascinating,"},{"speaker":"Your first series was called, \"Frontiers","startTime":3433.32,"endTime":3436.01,"body":"and I should say, quite challenging,"},{"speaker":"Your first series was called, \"Frontiers","startTime":3436.01,"endTime":3438.38,"body":"I think, for us all to"},{"speaker":"Your first series was called, \"Frontiers","startTime":3436.01,"endTime":3438.38,"body":"go away and think about."},{"speaker":"Your first series was called, \"Frontiers","startTime":3438.38,"endTime":3442.74,"body":"So on behalf of us in the"},{"speaker":"Your first series was called, \"Frontiers","startTime":3438.38,"endTime":3442.74,"body":"room, on behalf of us online,"},{"speaker":"Your first series was called, \"Frontiers","startTime":3442.74,"endTime":3444.303,"body":"on behalf of us who've"},{"speaker":"Your first series was called, \"Frontiers","startTime":3442.74,"endTime":3444.303,"body":"been listening to you"},{"speaker":"Your first series was called, \"Frontiers","startTime":3444.303,"endTime":3447.1,"body":"over the last few years,"},{"speaker":"Your first series was called, \"Frontiers","startTime":3444.303,"endTime":3447.1,"body":"thank you very much"},{"speaker":"Your first series was called, \"Frontiers","startTime":3447.1,"endTime":3448.48,"body":"for everything you've"},{"speaker":"Your first series was called, \"Frontiers","startTime":3447.1,"endTime":3448.48,"body":"done for the college,"},{"speaker":"Your first series was called, \"Frontiers","startTime":3448.48,"endTime":3451.08,"body":"and we look forward to inviting"},{"speaker":"Your first series was called, \"Frontiers","startTime":3448.48,"endTime":3451.08,"body":"you back in the future."},{"speaker":"Your first series was called, \"Frontiers","startTime":3451.08,"endTime":3455.243,"body":"- Thank you so much-"},{"speaker":"Your first series was called, \"Frontiers","startTime":3451.08,"endTime":3455.243,"body":"(audience applauding)"}]}