{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"startTime":0.137,"endTime":1.7,"body":"(audience applauds)"},{"startTime":1.7,"endTime":4.03,"body":"- Thank you very much for"},{"startTime":1.7,"endTime":4.03,"body":"that kind introduction,"},{"startTime":4.03,"endTime":5.95,"body":"it's a great honor to be"},{"startTime":4.03,"endTime":5.95,"body":"at Gresham College again,"},{"startTime":5.95,"endTime":9.11,"body":"and thank you all for turning up."},{"startTime":9.11,"endTime":10.93,"body":"News media have been in existence"},{"startTime":10.93,"endTime":13.04,"body":"for a very long time, centuries,"},{"startTime":13.04,"endTime":16.38,"body":"but competing interpretations"},{"startTime":13.04,"endTime":16.38,"body":"of events and policies"},{"startTime":16.38,"endTime":19.673,"body":"only became the stuff of media"},{"startTime":16.38,"endTime":19.673,"body":"in the English Civil War."},{"startTime":20.75,"endTime":24.8,"body":"The concept of the professional,"},{"startTime":20.75,"endTime":24.8,"body":"possibly impartial reporter"},{"startTime":24.8,"endTime":27.773,"body":"came about in Britain and"},{"startTime":24.8,"endTime":27.773,"body":"the USA in the 19th century,"},{"startTime":29.402,"endTime":32.92,"body":"complementing the analysis"},{"startTime":29.402,"endTime":32.92,"body":"and the editorializing"},{"startTime":32.92,"endTime":35.17,"body":"of elite newspapers."},{"startTime":35.17,"endTime":38.72,"body":"Journalism as investigation and revelation"},{"startTime":38.72,"endTime":40.44,"body":"came to be an important"},{"startTime":38.72,"endTime":40.44,"body":"function of the press"},{"startTime":40.44,"endTime":41.54,"body":"in Anglophone countries,"},{"startTime":41.54,"endTime":45.04,"body":"and countries influenced by"},{"startTime":41.54,"endTime":45.04,"body":"or part of the British Empire"},{"startTime":45.04,"endTime":47.75,"body":"in the early years of the 20th century."},{"startTime":47.75,"endTime":50.17,"body":"By the last decade of that century,"},{"startTime":50.17,"endTime":53.3,"body":"investigative journalism"},{"startTime":50.17,"endTime":53.3,"body":"had become influential"},{"startTime":53.3,"endTime":54.42,"body":"in many countries,"},{"startTime":54.42,"endTime":57.82,"body":"from Italy to China, Russia to the USA,"},{"startTime":57.82,"endTime":61.81,"body":"holding the powerful to account"},{"startTime":57.82,"endTime":61.81,"body":"and revealing shenanigans."},{"startTime":61.81,"endTime":62.643,"body":"Since then,"},{"startTime":62.643,"endTime":66.17,"body":"investigative journalism"},{"startTime":62.643,"endTime":66.17,"body":"has been transformed"},{"startTime":66.17,"endTime":69.513,"body":"through digitalization and globalization."},{"startTime":74.15,"endTime":78.67,"body":"The purpose of today's talk"},{"startTime":74.15,"endTime":78.67,"body":"is to provide an update on"},{"startTime":78.67,"endTime":81.24,"body":"and overview of investigative journalism,"},{"startTime":81.24,"endTime":82.87,"body":"based on the book published last year"},{"startTime":82.87,"endTime":86.25,"body":"by Paul Lashmar of City"},{"startTime":82.87,"endTime":86.25,"body":"University, and myself."},{"startTime":86.25,"endTime":88.97,"body":"Many of the issues raised"},{"startTime":86.25,"endTime":88.97,"body":"by investigative journalists"},{"startTime":88.97,"endTime":90.24,"body":"in recent years,"},{"startTime":90.24,"endTime":92.47,"body":"and the events on which"},{"startTime":90.24,"endTime":92.47,"body":"they focus their attention"},{"startTime":92.47,"endTime":95.8,"body":"will be known to those"},{"startTime":92.47,"endTime":95.8,"body":"who follow public affairs,"},{"startTime":95.8,"endTime":97.09,"body":"but perhaps less familiar"},{"startTime":97.09,"endTime":100.59,"body":"will be the mechanisms by"},{"startTime":97.09,"endTime":100.59,"body":"which they're brought to light"},{"startTime":100.59,"endTime":103.7,"body":"and how the operations of"},{"startTime":100.59,"endTime":103.7,"body":"investigative journalism"},{"startTime":103.7,"endTime":104.953,"body":"have changed."},{"startTime":105.84,"endTime":109.18,"body":"In the Anglophone world of 2022,"},{"startTime":109.18,"endTime":111.49,"body":"three organizations in particular"},{"startTime":111.49,"endTime":114.43,"body":"are associated with"},{"startTime":111.49,"endTime":114.43,"body":"journalistic investigations."},{"startTime":114.43,"endTime":118.43,"body":"They are the Global"},{"startTime":114.43,"endTime":118.43,"body":"Investigative Journalism Network,"},{"startTime":118.43,"endTime":122.0,"body":"the Bureau of Investigative"},{"startTime":118.43,"endTime":122.0,"body":"Journalism, and Bellingcat."},{"startTime":122.0,"endTime":123.79,"body":"Their present achievements all come about"},{"startTime":123.79,"endTime":125.57,"body":"as a result of very great changes"},{"startTime":127.55,"endTime":128.86,"body":"in the world of journalism"},{"startTime":128.86,"endTime":131.147,"body":"since last I published"},{"startTime":128.86,"endTime":131.147,"body":"an edition of the book"},{"startTime":131.147,"endTime":134.073,"body":"\"Investigative Journalism\" in 2008."},{"startTime":135.76,"endTime":139.67,"body":"The second edition barely"},{"startTime":135.76,"endTime":139.67,"body":"referred to the internet"},{"startTime":139.67,"endTime":141.73,"body":"and described investigative journalism"},{"startTime":141.73,"endTime":143.6,"body":"as still being largely the product"},{"startTime":143.6,"endTime":147.3,"body":"of established, legacy"},{"startTime":143.6,"endTime":147.3,"body":"media organizations,"},{"startTime":147.3,"endTime":149.72,"body":"most of which no longer exist,"},{"startTime":149.72,"endTime":152.82,"body":"for example \"World in Action\""},{"startTime":149.72,"endTime":152.82,"body":"on British television."},{"startTime":152.82,"endTime":155.78,"body":"Since then, we have seen"},{"startTime":152.82,"endTime":155.78,"body":"develop data journalism,"},{"startTime":155.78,"endTime":157.58,"body":"security and surveillance techniques"},{"startTime":157.58,"endTime":159.29,"body":"to frustrate journalists,"},{"startTime":159.29,"endTime":161.62,"body":"new models of funding and executing,"},{"startTime":161.62,"endTime":164.07,"body":"including mission-driven journalism,"},{"startTime":164.07,"endTime":168.553,"body":"grassroots organizations,"},{"startTime":164.07,"endTime":168.553,"body":"and verification units."},{"startTime":171.17,"endTime":174.87,"body":"The first edition nodded"},{"startTime":171.17,"endTime":174.87,"body":"to the outside world"},{"startTime":174.87,"endTime":179.13,"body":"only as the subject of British"},{"startTime":174.87,"endTime":179.13,"body":"journalists' investigations,"},{"startTime":179.13,"endTime":180.23,"body":"but the latest edition"},{"startTime":180.23,"endTime":182.23,"body":"has chapters on investigative journalism"},{"startTime":182.23,"endTime":184.17,"body":"in many different countries."},{"startTime":184.17,"endTime":185.45,"body":"The first and second editions"},{"startTime":185.45,"endTime":187.46,"body":"are now only of historical interest."},{"startTime":187.46,"endTime":190.43,"body":"Today, I shall touch upon investigation"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":191.81,"endTime":194.66,"body":"China, the Arab world, Turkey,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":191.81,"endTime":194.66,"body":"Poland, India, Malaysia,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":194.66,"endTime":197.5,"body":"Nigeria, the European"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":194.66,"endTime":197.5,"body":"Union, Latin America,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":197.5,"endTime":200.073,"body":"and indeed, finally, in England."},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":201.13,"endTime":203.78,"body":"The processes of investigation"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":203.78,"endTime":206.17,"body":"through obtaining huge data sets"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":206.17,"endTime":208.12,"body":"for analysis and investigation"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":208.12,"endTime":210.16,"body":"is called data journalism,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":210.16,"endTime":213.203,"body":"and barely existed in 2008."},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":216.02,"endTime":219.92,"body":"One of the most famous cases"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":216.02,"endTime":219.92,"body":"of investigative journalism"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":219.92,"endTime":221.88,"body":"of the 1970s"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":221.88,"endTime":224.56,"body":"was the thalidomide case,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":224.56,"endTime":227.34,"body":"in which thousands of documents"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":224.56,"endTime":227.34,"body":"and scientific reports"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":227.34,"endTime":228.49,"body":"had to be studied"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":228.49,"endTime":231.06,"body":"so that journalists could show culpability"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":231.06,"endTime":232.91,"body":"by the manufacturers of a drug"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":232.91,"endTime":234.783,"body":"that damaged thousands of people."},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":235.73,"endTime":239.65,"body":"Today's data journalism has"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":235.73,"endTime":239.65,"body":"a different starting point."},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":239.65,"endTime":242.66,"body":"It does not know whether"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":239.65,"endTime":242.66,"body":"there is a story in the data,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":242.66,"endTime":245.23,"body":"but examines it to find the story,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":245.23,"endTime":248.423,"body":"checking the veracity of"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":245.23,"endTime":248.423,"body":"the data all the time."},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":250.08,"endTime":251.26,"body":"The Panama Papers"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":251.26,"endTime":255.05,"body":"was a collection of 11.5"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":251.26,"endTime":255.05,"body":"million diverse files"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":255.05,"endTime":255.883,"body":"of a law firm"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":255.883,"endTime":259.95,"body":"which specialized in offshore"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":255.883,"endTime":259.95,"body":"banking and tax evasion."},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":259.95,"endTime":262.06,"body":"Revealed in 2016,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":262.06,"endTime":264.83,"body":"the files mostly contained"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":262.06,"endTime":264.83,"body":"unstructured information"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":264.83,"endTime":267.54,"body":"that was not easily categorized or sorted."},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":267.54,"endTime":270.37,"body":"Even rendering it"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":267.54,"endTime":270.37,"body":"searchable was a challenge"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":270.37,"endTime":274.43,"body":"because processing this much"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":270.37,"endTime":274.43,"body":"data required more power"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":274.43,"endTime":277.713,"body":"than any individual computer could muster."},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":278.76,"endTime":279.98,"body":"At its peak,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":279.98,"endTime":282.85,"body":"the International Consortium"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":279.98,"endTime":282.85,"body":"of Investigative Journalists"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":282.85,"endTime":286.43,"body":"was running more than 30"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":282.85,"endTime":286.43,"body":"servers simultaneously"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":286.43,"endTime":287.95,"body":"to index the information"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":287.95,"endTime":291.143,"body":"contained in each file in the dataset."},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":293.05,"endTime":296.75,"body":"But change is not just in the techniques,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":296.75,"endTime":298.99,"body":"the very anthropology of"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":296.75,"endTime":298.99,"body":"investigative journalism"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":298.99,"endTime":300.11,"body":"has had to change."},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":300.11,"endTime":301.38,"body":"For the Panama Papers,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":301.38,"endTime":306.38,"body":"the ICIJ put together a team"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":301.38,"endTime":306.38,"body":"of more than 370 reporters"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":306.4,"endTime":307.83,"body":"from 80 countries,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":307.83,"endTime":311.24,"body":"working across 25 different languages,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":311.24,"endTime":313.31,"body":"plus coding languages."},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":313.31,"endTime":315.34,"body":"This was collaboration"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":315.34,"endTime":318.093,"body":"on a scale never previously seen."},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":319.6,"endTime":322.14,"body":"The technical methods"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":319.6,"endTime":322.14,"body":"used in the Panama Papers"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":322.14,"endTime":324.25,"body":"cannot be replicated today"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":324.25,"endTime":326.56,"body":"because the pace of"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":324.25,"endTime":326.56,"body":"change in data management"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":326.56,"endTime":329.26,"body":"is so rapid and relentless."},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":329.26,"endTime":332.22,"body":"Much of the technology employed"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":329.26,"endTime":332.22,"body":"to produce the Panama Papers"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":332.22,"endTime":333.78,"body":"is already obsolete,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":333.78,"endTime":336.82,"body":"but the behavioral"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":333.78,"endTime":336.82,"body":"lessons are still valid,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":336.82,"endTime":338.883,"body":"collaboration works."},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":339.95,"endTime":342.43,"body":"We now move to another development"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":342.43,"endTime":344.92,"body":"in security and surveillance."},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":344.92,"endTime":345.91,"body":"Partly as a consequence"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":345.91,"endTime":348.1,"body":"of the successes of"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":345.91,"endTime":348.1,"body":"investigative journalists"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":348.1,"endTime":349.89,"body":"in many democracies today,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":349.89,"endTime":351.4,"body":"systems of surveillance,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":351.4,"endTime":354.127,"body":"that, in my colleague"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":351.4,"endTime":354.127,"body":"Paul Lashmar's words,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":354.127,"endTime":356.817,"body":"\"Make the communist East Germany's Stasi"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":356.817,"endTime":359.6,"body":"\"look like a tiny cottage industry,\""},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":359.6,"endTime":362.05,"body":"have been installed secretly."},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":362.05,"endTime":364.84,"body":"Too often, The target of"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":362.05,"endTime":364.84,"body":"these surveillance monoliths"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":364.84,"endTime":366.41,"body":"are journalists."},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":366.41,"endTime":369.53,"body":"Oversight agencies have"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":366.41,"endTime":369.53,"body":"proved ineffective."},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":369.53,"endTime":371.24,"body":"What has proven more effective"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":371.24,"endTime":373.55,"body":"is investigative journalism itself."},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":373.55,"endTime":375.25,"body":"My colleague Paul Lashmar has shown us"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":375.25,"endTime":377.46,"body":"how the formal institutions of oversight"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":377.46,"endTime":381.82,"body":"have failed to reveal rendition,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":377.46,"endTime":381.82,"body":"torture, mass surveillance,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":381.82,"endTime":384.37,"body":"slavery, and covert operations,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":384.37,"endTime":386.95,"body":"and that we must be"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":384.37,"endTime":386.95,"body":"grateful to whistle-blowers"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":386.95,"endTime":390.203,"body":"such as Julian Assange and Edward Snowden."},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":392.23,"endTime":394.24,"body":"Julian Assange, still in prison in the UK,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":394.24,"endTime":396.63,"body":"pending extradition to the USA,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":396.63,"endTime":399.67,"body":"revealed in 2012, through WikiLeaks,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":399.67,"endTime":401.6,"body":"atrocities committed in Iraq,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":401.6,"endTime":404.02,"body":"and related confidential information."},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":404.02,"endTime":405.4,"body":"Snowden's revelations"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":407.442,"endTime":410.23,"body":"about the mass acquisition"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":407.442,"endTime":410.23,"body":"of telecommunications data"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":410.23,"endTime":412.75,"body":"and bulk interception of internet traffic"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":412.75,"endTime":415.24,"body":"by the US National Security Agency"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":415.24,"endTime":418.763,"body":"showed the world how technology"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":415.24,"endTime":418.763,"body":"is being deployed today."},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":420.16,"endTime":423.92,"body":"Snowden showed us a global"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":420.16,"endTime":423.92,"body":"surveillance apparatus"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":423.92,"endTime":427.16,"body":"jointly run by the Five Eyes network"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":427.16,"endTime":428.62,"body":"in close cooperation"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":428.62,"endTime":431.1,"body":"with their commercial and"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":428.62,"endTime":431.1,"body":"international partners,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":431.1,"endTime":433.93,"body":"which ignored laws or accountability."},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":433.93,"endTime":435.204,"body":"We saw that the agencies"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":435.204,"endTime":438.17,"body":"have secretly negotiated for back doors"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":438.17,"endTime":440.26,"body":"in the security of computer programs,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":440.26,"endTime":443.89,"body":"social networking sites,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":440.26,"endTime":443.89,"body":"websites, and smartphones,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":443.89,"endTime":445.96,"body":"giving an extraordinary capability"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":445.96,"endTime":449.79,"body":"to hoover up and store"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":445.96,"endTime":449.79,"body":"personal emails, voice contact,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":449.79,"endTime":453.903,"body":"social networking activity,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":449.79,"endTime":453.903,"body":"and even internet search use."},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":455.7,"endTime":459.37,"body":"Neither Assange nor"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":455.7,"endTime":459.37,"body":"Snowden were journalists"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":459.37,"endTime":461.45,"body":"in the traditional sense."},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":461.45,"endTime":462.66,"body":"Over the period,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":462.66,"endTime":467.07,"body":"new ways of funding and executing"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":462.66,"endTime":467.07,"body":"investigative journalism"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":467.07,"endTime":468.49,"body":"have come about,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":468.49,"endTime":470.98,"body":"and this is the third"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":468.49,"endTime":470.98,"body":"development we shall look at."},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":470.98,"endTime":472.12,"body":"Investigative journalism"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":472.12,"endTime":474.88,"body":"is frequently time-consuming"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":472.12,"endTime":474.88,"body":"and expensive,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":474.88,"endTime":476.35,"body":"requiring the two commodities"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":476.35,"endTime":479.16,"body":"that mainstream media"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":476.35,"endTime":479.16,"body":"have in short supply."},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":479.16,"endTime":480.2,"body":"For this reason,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":480.2,"endTime":482.94,"body":"there has been a growing understanding"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":482.94,"endTime":484.91,"body":"that other actors may play a role"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":484.91,"endTime":487.03,"body":"in providing newsworthy investigations"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":487.03,"endTime":488.73,"body":"for public consumption,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":488.73,"endTime":491.763,"body":"giving rise to mission-driven journalism."},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":493.2,"endTime":495.21,"body":"In one sense, this is nothing new,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":495.21,"endTime":496.96,"body":"Amnesty International, among others,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":496.96,"endTime":500.9,"body":"has been carrying out"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":496.96,"endTime":500.9,"body":"investigations for many years,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":500.9,"endTime":504.633,"body":"Greenpeace has exposed"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":500.9,"endTime":504.633,"body":"environmental depredations,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":505.61,"endTime":506.7,"body":"Human Rights Watch"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":506.7,"endTime":510.03,"body":"has been investigating human"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":506.7,"endTime":510.03,"body":"rights abuses for decades,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":510.03,"endTime":511.84,"body":"however, the ability to self-publish,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":511.84,"endTime":515.2,"body":"and the increased opportunities"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":511.84,"endTime":515.2,"body":"of open-source material"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":515.2,"endTime":519.27,"body":"mean that NGOs, or non-government"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":515.2,"endTime":519.27,"body":"organizations, themselves"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":519.27,"endTime":521.07,"body":"have been examining different ways"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":521.07,"endTime":523.393,"body":"to bring their investigations to light."},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":525.26,"endTime":528.31,"body":"Once upon a time, as many children know,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":528.31,"endTime":530.05,"body":"there was a group of mice"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":530.05,"endTime":533.96,"body":"which planned to neutralize"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":530.05,"endTime":533.96,"body":"the threat of a stalking cat"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":533.96,"endTime":536.85,"body":"by placing a bell around its neck,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":536.85,"endTime":540.193,"body":"but nobody had the guts to bell the cat."},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":541.15,"endTime":544.17,"body":"Today, there is an organization"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":541.15,"endTime":544.17,"body":"that dares to bell cats,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":544.17,"endTime":545.08,"body":"it is Bellingcat."},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":545.08,"endTime":547.29,"body":"In a series of painstaking investigations,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":547.29,"endTime":548.52,"body":"Bellingcat has broken"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":548.52,"endTime":551.38,"body":"some of the most remarkable"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":548.52,"endTime":551.38,"body":"and consequential stories"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":551.38,"endTime":552.44,"body":"of recent years,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":552.44,"endTime":553.95,"body":"finding innovative solutions"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":553.95,"endTime":556.7,"body":"to seemingly insurmountable problems"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":556.7,"endTime":558.69,"body":"of volume and verification of data"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":558.69,"endTime":560.37,"body":"to reveal what was hidden."},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":560.37,"endTime":562.03,"body":"During the Syrian War,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":562.03,"endTime":564.29,"body":"and now in the invasion of Ukraine,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":564.29,"endTime":566.58,"body":"Bellingcat has made"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":564.29,"endTime":566.58,"body":"substantive contributions"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":566.58,"endTime":570.083,"body":"to our understanding of"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":566.58,"endTime":570.083,"body":"what really is going on."},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":570.94,"endTime":575.83,"body":"Here are some examples of"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":570.94,"endTime":575.83,"body":"Bellingcat's operations:"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":575.83,"endTime":580.31,"body":"analysis of the 2018 chemical"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":575.83,"endTime":580.31,"body":"attack in Douma, Syria,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":580.31,"endTime":581.81,"body":"illegal shipping of precursors"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":581.81,"endTime":584.19,"body":"of the nerve agent sarin to Syria"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":584.19,"endTime":585.25,"body":"by Belgian companies,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":585.25,"endTime":588.1,"body":"the use of drones in Syria and Iraq,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":588.1,"endTime":590.03,"body":"and identifying a key suspect"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":590.03,"endTime":592.92,"body":"in the Malaysia Airlines investigation"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":592.92,"endTime":595.893,"body":"as a high ranking Russian"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":592.92,"endTime":595.893,"body":"intelligence officer."},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":597.96,"endTime":601.43,"body":"The GIJN brings together"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":597.96,"endTime":601.43,"body":"many hundreds of journalists"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":601.43,"endTime":606.423,"body":"of 182 organizations, in 77 countries."},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":608.36,"endTime":613.07,"body":"The BIJ, the Bureau of"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":608.36,"endTime":613.07,"body":"Investigative Journalism,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":613.07,"endTime":616.32,"body":"is yet another of the specialist"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":613.07,"endTime":616.32,"body":"investigating operations,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":616.32,"endTime":620.163,"body":"but other actors in this space"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":616.32,"endTime":620.163,"body":"are grassroots organizations."},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":621.87,"endTime":625.59,"body":"New ways of funding and executing"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":621.87,"endTime":625.59,"body":"investigative journalism"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":625.59,"endTime":627.93,"body":"include grassroots organizations,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":627.93,"endTime":630.48,"body":"of which Bureau Local is a model."},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":630.48,"endTime":632.97,"body":"Bureau Local is a network"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":630.48,"endTime":632.97,"body":"of over 1,000 people"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":632.97,"endTime":634.2,"body":"across the United Kingdom,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":634.2,"endTime":636.36,"body":"journalists, bloggers, coders, academics,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":636.36,"endTime":638.89,"body":"lawyers, community leaders, and activists,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":638.89,"endTime":641.07,"body":"who started in Scotland by the way,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":641.07,"endTime":644.38,"body":"who all come together to"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":641.07,"endTime":644.38,"body":"work on investigations."},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":644.38,"endTime":645.68,"body":"The Bureau Local project"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":645.68,"endTime":648.8,"body":"operates on an open-source"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":645.68,"endTime":648.8,"body":"basis wherever possible,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":648.8,"endTime":650.67,"body":"and shares resources online,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":650.67,"endTime":653.56,"body":"including a blueprint for its own model."},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":653.56,"endTime":657.203,"body":"Projects are emerging all"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":653.56,"endTime":657.203,"body":"over, from Greece to India."},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":658.04,"endTime":660.55,"body":"This model has proved effective,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":660.55,"endTime":662.46,"body":"and has inspired others,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":662.46,"endTime":664.36,"body":"for example Correctiv in Germany,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":664.36,"endTime":667.633,"body":"which adopted the same model"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":664.36,"endTime":667.633,"body":"to set up Correctiv Lokal."},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":669.79,"endTime":672.87,"body":"The Correspondent, the"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":669.79,"endTime":672.87,"body":"global news features platform"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":672.87,"endTime":674.7,"body":"headquartered in Amsterdam"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":674.7,"endTime":677.3,"body":"has used the Bureau"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":674.7,"endTime":677.3,"body":"Local collaboration model"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":677.3,"endTime":678.68,"body":"for its latest investigation"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":678.68,"endTime":681.96,"body":"into surveillance during"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":678.68,"endTime":681.96,"body":"the coronavirus crisis."},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":681.96,"endTime":683.02,"body":"Local news is seeing"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":683.02,"endTime":685.48,"body":"a host of imaginative versions emerging,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":685.48,"endTime":688.15,"body":"with people willingly sharing"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":685.48,"endTime":688.15,"body":"resources, technology,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":688.15,"endTime":690.06,"body":"and success stories,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":690.06,"endTime":692.193,"body":"super-powering this movement."},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":693.78,"endTime":694.92,"body":"We're still with the new ways"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":694.92,"endTime":697.62,"body":"of funding and executing"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":694.92,"endTime":697.62,"body":"investigative journalism,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":697.62,"endTime":701.083,"body":"and now come to verification units."},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":702.64,"endTime":705.34,"body":"New technologies that can"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":702.64,"endTime":705.34,"body":"be used for verification"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":705.34,"endTime":707.31,"body":"have been taken up with enthusiasm"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":707.31,"endTime":709.08,"body":"by those working in human rights,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":709.08,"endTime":710.55,"body":"and some have seen the possibility"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":710.55,"endTime":712.67,"body":"of collaboration with journalists."},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":712.67,"endTime":713.9,"body":"One of the most successful"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":713.9,"endTime":715.77,"body":"has been the Amnesty International"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":715.77,"endTime":718.07,"body":"Digital Verification Corps,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":718.07,"endTime":721.67,"body":"which now operates in six"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":718.07,"endTime":721.67,"body":"universities around the world."},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":721.67,"endTime":723.0,"body":"One of the founding partners"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":723.0,"endTime":725.46,"body":"was the Digital Verification Unit"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":725.46,"endTime":727.003,"body":"at the University of Essex."},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":728.42,"endTime":733.42,"body":"I shall now show you some"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":728.42,"endTime":733.42,"body":"video of BBC verification work."},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":734.24,"endTime":736.89,"body":"One of the most arresting"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":734.24,"endTime":736.89,"body":"examples of verification"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":736.89,"endTime":739.48,"body":"was upon a video on social media"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":739.48,"endTime":743.33,"body":"which showed women and children"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":739.48,"endTime":743.33,"body":"in Cameroon, in West Africa,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":743.33,"endTime":747.193,"body":"being led away at gunpoint"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":743.33,"endTime":747.193,"body":"by soldiers to be killed."},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":748.09,"endTime":749.62,"body":"The Government of Cameroon"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":749.62,"endTime":753.46,"body":"initially dismissed"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":749.62,"endTime":753.46,"body":"the video as fake news."},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":753.46,"endTime":755.08,"body":"The BBC's \"Africa Eye\""},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":755.08,"endTime":757.6,"body":"undertook forensic analysis of the footage"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":757.6,"endTime":759.15,"body":"using digital techniques,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":759.15,"endTime":761.1,"body":"and established where"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":759.15,"endTime":761.1,"body":"and when it happened,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":761.1,"endTime":762.91,"body":"and who was to blame."},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":762.91,"endTime":765.48,"body":"This extract that I'm about to show"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":765.48,"endTime":768.91,"body":"shows how publicly available"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":765.48,"endTime":768.91,"body":"data has changed journalism,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":768.91,"endTime":771.82,"body":"and how the BBC has"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":768.91,"endTime":771.82,"body":"harnessed new techniques."},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":771.82,"endTime":775.65,"body":"The program was also cut into"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":771.82,"endTime":775.65,"body":"bite-size chunks for Twitter,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":775.65,"endTime":778.703,"body":"which resulted in it becoming a viral hit."},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":779.622,"endTime":781.955,"body":"(gun bangs)"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":785.689,"endTime":789.18,"body":"(ominous music)"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":789.18,"endTime":790.013,"body":"- [Presenter] This looks like"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":790.013,"endTime":792.56,"body":"the kind of dusty, anonymous track"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":792.56,"endTime":794.667,"body":"that could be anywhere in the Sahel,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":797.28,"endTime":799.67,"body":"but the first 40 seconds of the film"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":799.67,"endTime":802.883,"body":"capture a mountain range"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":799.67,"endTime":802.883,"body":"with a distinctive profile."},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":804.4,"endTime":807.18,"body":"We spent hours trying to match this range"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":807.18,"endTime":809.503,"body":"to the topography of Northern Cameroon,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":810.47,"endTime":812.19,"body":"and then, in late July,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":812.19,"endTime":815.547,"body":"we received a tip-off"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":812.19,"endTime":815.547,"body":"from a Cameroonian source:"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":815.547,"endTime":818.097,"body":"\"Have you looked at"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":815.547,"endTime":818.097,"body":"the area near Zelevet?\""},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":819.41,"endTime":821.27,"body":"Close to the town of Zelevet,"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":821.27,"endTime":823.393,"body":"we found a match for the ridge line."},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":824.51,"endTime":826.66,"body":"It places the scene on a dirt road"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":826.66,"endTime":830.53,"body":"just outside a village called Krawa Mafa."},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":830.53,"endTime":834.59,"body":"A few hundred meters away"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":830.53,"endTime":834.59,"body":"is the border with Nigeria."},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":834.59,"endTime":837.08,"body":"The video also reveals other details"},{"speaker":"in all these countries","startTime":837.08,"endTime":838.92,"body":"that can be matched precisely"},{"speaker":"to what we see on the satellite imagery","startTime":843.09,"endTime":844.073,"body":"this track,"},{"speaker":"to what we see on the satellite imagery","startTime":845.54,"endTime":846.673,"body":"these buildings,"},{"speaker":"to what we see on the satellite imagery","startTime":851.36,"endTime":852.663,"body":"and these trees."},{"speaker":"to what we see on the satellite imagery","startTime":856.44,"endTime":858.54,"body":"Putting all this evidence together,"},{"speaker":"to what we see on the satellite imagery","startTime":858.54,"endTime":863.223,"body":"we can say with certainty that"},{"speaker":"to what we see on the satellite imagery","startTime":858.54,"endTime":863.223,"body":"the killings took place here."},{"speaker":"to what we see on the satellite imagery","startTime":864.16,"endTime":866.8,"body":"Less than a kilometer away, in Zelevet,"},{"speaker":"to what we see on the satellite imagery","startTime":866.8,"endTime":868.72,"body":"we found this compound,"},{"speaker":"to what we see on the satellite imagery","startTime":868.72,"endTime":871.49,"body":"and identified it as a combat outpost"},{"speaker":"to what we see on the satellite imagery","startTime":871.49,"endTime":873.68,"body":"used by the Cameroonian military"},{"speaker":"to what we see on the satellite imagery","startTime":873.68,"endTime":876.39,"body":"in their fight against Boko Haram."},{"speaker":"to what we see on the satellite imagery","startTime":876.39,"endTime":878.293,"body":"We'll come back to this base later."},{"speaker":"to what we see on the satellite imagery","startTime":882.17,"endTime":886.28,"body":"Exactly when the killings"},{"speaker":"to what we see on the satellite imagery","startTime":882.17,"endTime":886.28,"body":"took place is, at first sight,"},{"speaker":"to what we see on the satellite imagery","startTime":886.28,"endTime":887.66,"body":"harder to say,"},{"speaker":"to what we see on the satellite imagery","startTime":887.66,"endTime":890.303,"body":"but again, the video contains clues."},{"speaker":"to what we see on the satellite imagery","startTime":891.14,"endTime":894.32,"body":"This building is visible"},{"speaker":"to what we see on the satellite imagery","startTime":891.14,"endTime":894.32,"body":"on satellite imagery,"},{"speaker":"but only until February, 2016","startTime":897.56,"endTime":900.683,"body":"the murders must have"},{"speaker":"but only until February, 2016","startTime":897.56,"endTime":900.683,"body":"happened before that date."},{"speaker":"but only until February, 2016","startTime":901.9,"endTime":904.913,"body":"Satellite images also"},{"speaker":"but only until February, 2016","startTime":901.9,"endTime":904.913,"body":"capture this structure."},{"speaker":"but only until February, 2016","startTime":906.37,"endTime":908.21,"body":"The walls surrounding it are present"},{"speaker":"but only until February, 2016","startTime":908.21,"endTime":910.9,"body":"in imagery dated March, 2015,"},{"speaker":"but only until February, 2016","startTime":910.9,"endTime":914.4,"body":"but had not yet been"},{"speaker":"but only until February, 2016","startTime":910.9,"endTime":914.4,"body":"built in November, 2014,"},{"speaker":"but only until February, 2016","startTime":914.4,"endTime":918.64,"body":"giving us an earliest possible"},{"speaker":"but only until February, 2016","startTime":914.4,"endTime":918.64,"body":"date for the atrocity."},{"speaker":"but only until February, 2016","startTime":918.64,"endTime":921.6,"body":"The video also reveals this footpath,"},{"speaker":"but only until February, 2016","startTime":921.6,"endTime":924.84,"body":"a path that only appears"},{"speaker":"but only until February, 2016","startTime":921.6,"endTime":924.84,"body":"in the hot, dry season"},{"speaker":"but only until February, 2016","startTime":924.84,"endTime":926.683,"body":"between January and April."},{"speaker":"but only until February, 2016","startTime":929.1,"endTime":931.993,"body":"There are other less"},{"speaker":"but only until February, 2016","startTime":929.1,"endTime":931.993,"body":"obvious clues in the video."},{"speaker":"but only until February, 2016","startTime":932.94,"endTime":934.9,"body":"As they lead these women away,"},{"speaker":"but only until February, 2016","startTime":934.9,"endTime":937.71,"body":"the soldiers, like moving sun dials,"},{"speaker":"but only until February, 2016","startTime":937.71,"endTime":939.463,"body":"cast shadows on the track."},{"speaker":"but only until February, 2016","startTime":941.81,"endTime":945.85,"body":"A simple mathematical formula"},{"speaker":"but only until February, 2016","startTime":941.81,"endTime":945.85,"body":"tells us the angle of the Sun"},{"speaker":"but only until February, 2016","startTime":945.85,"endTime":948.37,"body":"in comparison to the horizon."},{"speaker":"but only until February, 2016","startTime":948.37,"endTime":951.633,"body":"We can also see what direction"},{"speaker":"but only until February, 2016","startTime":948.37,"endTime":951.633,"body":"the light is coming from."},{"speaker":"but only until February, 2016","startTime":953.04,"endTime":955.65,"body":"When we add this data to our location,"},{"speaker":"but only until February, 2016","startTime":955.65,"endTime":959.08,"body":"we can get a precise"},{"speaker":"but only until February, 2016","startTime":955.65,"endTime":959.08,"body":"timeframe for this event:"},{"speaker":"but only until February, 2016","startTime":959.08,"endTime":960.34,"body":"the killings happened"},{"speaker":"but only until February, 2016","startTime":960.34,"endTime":964.473,"body":"between March 20th and April 5th, 2015."},{"speaker":"but only until February, 2016","startTime":967.738,"endTime":969.81,"body":"- It's a pity that the"},{"speaker":"but only until February, 2016","startTime":967.738,"endTime":969.81,"body":"Russian soldiers in Ukraine"},{"speaker":"but only until February, 2016","startTime":969.81,"endTime":971.103,"body":"can't see that, isn't it."},{"speaker":"but only until February, 2016","startTime":973.92,"endTime":977.0,"body":"After telling of journalists'"},{"speaker":"but only until February, 2016","startTime":973.92,"endTime":977.0,"body":"new powers and resources,"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":980.12,"endTime":983.27,"body":"threats to journalists have increased too,"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":983.27,"endTime":984.85,"body":"demanding response."},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":984.85,"endTime":987.31,"body":"We regularly hear of"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":984.85,"endTime":987.31,"body":"journalists being targeted,"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":987.31,"endTime":990.01,"body":"whether in Ukraine, the"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":987.31,"endTime":990.01,"body":"Middle East, or Latin America."},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":990.86,"endTime":991.85,"body":"In response,"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":991.85,"endTime":993.43,"body":"journalists are beginning to come together"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":993.43,"endTime":996.32,"body":"to render the murder of"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":993.43,"endTime":996.32,"body":"their colleagues ineffective"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":996.32,"endTime":997.68,"body":"as a deterrent."},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":997.68,"endTime":1001.29,"body":"They do so by ensuring that"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":997.68,"endTime":1001.29,"body":"the murdered journalist's work"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1001.29,"endTime":1003.223,"body":"is shared and continued."},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1004.2,"endTime":1007.33,"body":"Probably the first such"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1004.2,"endTime":1007.33,"body":"extensive collaboration"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1007.33,"endTime":1010.583,"body":"was by the body Investigative"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1007.33,"endTime":1010.583,"body":"Reporters \u0026 Editors, IRE."},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1011.48,"endTime":1012.96,"body":"With its Arizona Project,"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1012.96,"endTime":1016.82,"body":"the IRE exposed the murder"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1012.96,"endTime":1016.82,"body":"of a reporter called Bolles,"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1016.82,"endTime":1018.37,"body":"and just as valuable,"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1018.37,"endTime":1021.42,"body":"kept going his work of"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1018.37,"endTime":1021.42,"body":"exposing organized crime"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1021.42,"endTime":1023.85,"body":"so that criminals would"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1021.42,"endTime":1023.85,"body":"know that killing a reporter"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1023.85,"endTime":1026.183,"body":"would not kill his stories."},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1027.07,"endTime":1028.09,"body":"Brazil has set up"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1028.09,"endTime":1031.17,"body":"the Brazilian Association"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1028.09,"endTime":1031.17,"body":"of Investigative Journalism,"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1031.17,"endTime":1032.09,"body":"ABRAJI,"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1032.09,"endTime":1035.173,"body":"a nonprofit organization"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1032.09,"endTime":1035.173,"body":"with the same motive."},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1036.41,"endTime":1039.6,"body":"ABRAJI has kept alive"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1036.41,"endTime":1039.6,"body":"the work of Tim Lopes,"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1039.6,"endTime":1043.803,"body":"a reporter burned to death"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1039.6,"endTime":1043.803,"body":"by drug traffickers in 2002."},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1045.15,"endTime":1047.8,"body":"The Organized Crime and"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1045.15,"endTime":1047.8,"body":"Corruption Reporting Project"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1047.8,"endTime":1051.14,"body":"was set up in Sarajevo in 2006,"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1051.14,"endTime":1053.95,"body":"and is a consortium of"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1051.14,"endTime":1053.95,"body":"investigative journalists"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1053.95,"endTime":1055.55,"body":"operating in Eastern Europe,"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1055.55,"endTime":1058.683,"body":"the former Soviet Empire,"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1055.55,"endTime":1058.683,"body":"and Central America."},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1059.91,"endTime":1063.56,"body":"With the Khadija Project, set up in 2015,"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1063.56,"endTime":1066.02,"body":"the Organized Crime and"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1063.56,"endTime":1066.02,"body":"Corruption Reporting Project"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1066.02,"endTime":1068.72,"body":"has continued the work of Azeri journalist"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1068.72,"endTime":1070.65,"body":"Khadija Ismayilova"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1070.65,"endTime":1073.02,"body":"in exposing political corruption"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1073.02,"endTime":1074.563,"body":"while she was in jail."},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1075.56,"endTime":1076.95,"body":"Inspired by these,"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1076.95,"endTime":1078.95,"body":"French journalist Laurent Richard"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1078.95,"endTime":1081.03,"body":"developed Forbidden Stories,"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1081.03,"endTime":1083.31,"body":"systematically to continue the work"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1083.31,"endTime":1085.59,"body":"of murdered and imprisoned journalists,"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1085.59,"endTime":1087.41,"body":"and to provide a technical system"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1087.41,"endTime":1090.2,"body":"for reporters in dangerous situations"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1090.2,"endTime":1094.58,"body":"in order to upload their"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1090.2,"endTime":1094.58,"body":"secrets as a kind of insurance."},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1094.58,"endTime":1096.5,"body":"In the event of their"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1094.58,"endTime":1096.5,"body":"death or imprisonment,"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1096.5,"endTime":1098.75,"body":"the secrets could be released,"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1098.75,"endTime":1102.213,"body":"cooperation is the best"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1098.75,"endTime":1102.213,"body":"protection, says Richard."},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1104.47,"endTime":1106.35,"body":"As I said at the outset,"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1106.35,"endTime":1108.17,"body":"not only has the very nature"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1108.17,"endTime":1110.33,"body":"of investigative journalism changed,"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1110.33,"endTime":1112.41,"body":"but it has been globalized."},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1112.41,"endTime":1115.16,"body":"Journalism may be an"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1112.41,"endTime":1115.16,"body":"Anglo-American invention,"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1115.16,"endTime":1119.29,"body":"as Jean Chalaby opined in a"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1115.16,"endTime":1119.29,"body":"famous article of that name,"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1119.29,"endTime":1122.18,"body":"but it is now an international practice."},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1122.18,"endTime":1124.76,"body":"I shall give a few examples,"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1124.76,"endTime":1126.253,"body":"first, China."},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1128.01,"endTime":1131.38,"body":"Before 1949, when the"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1128.01,"endTime":1131.38,"body":"communists took power,"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1131.38,"endTime":1133.8,"body":"Chinese journalism was vigorous,"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1133.8,"endTime":1136.45,"body":"and there were distinguished"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1133.8,"endTime":1136.45,"body":"investigations."},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1136.45,"endTime":1138.56,"body":"From 1949, for 30 years,"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1138.56,"endTime":1141.14,"body":"journalism, like Chinese"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1138.56,"endTime":1141.14,"body":"society in general,"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1141.14,"endTime":1142.4,"body":"went backwards,"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1142.4,"endTime":1144.67,"body":"with a barbaric political retreat"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1144.67,"endTime":1147.07,"body":"in which there was no"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1144.67,"endTime":1147.07,"body":"place for journalism."},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1147.07,"endTime":1148.46,"body":"With the death of Mao Zedong,"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1148.46,"endTime":1150.57,"body":"journalism began to reemerge,"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1150.57,"endTime":1154.903,"body":"and the 1990s saw a flourishing"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1150.57,"endTime":1154.903,"body":"of investigative journalism."},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1156.34,"endTime":1159.8,"body":"Today, with the left wing"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1156.34,"endTime":1159.8,"body":"exerting pressure on government"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1159.8,"endTime":1161.71,"body":"to suppress inquiry,"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1161.71,"endTime":1163.62,"body":"China is going through one of its periods"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1163.62,"endTime":1165.66,"body":"of ideological intensification,"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1165.66,"endTime":1168.36,"body":"with journalists being"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1165.66,"endTime":1168.36,"body":"thoroughly subordinated"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1168.36,"endTime":1170.0,"body":"to party functionaries."},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1170.0,"endTime":1172.49,"body":"Here is a picture of President Xi Jinping"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1172.49,"endTime":1175.41,"body":"telling the media that they"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1172.49,"endTime":1175.41,"body":"are servants of the party."},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1175.41,"endTime":1177.327,"body":"The slogan on the wall reads,"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1177.327,"endTime":1179.997,"body":"\"CCTV,\" the national broadcaster,"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1179.997,"endTime":1182.29,"body":"\"is surnamed party,\""},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1182.29,"endTime":1183.407,"body":"and then it reads,"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1183.407,"endTime":1185.757,"body":"\"Absolute loyalty required,"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1185.757,"endTime":1188.79,"body":"\"kindly bear this in mind,\""},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1188.79,"endTime":1189.893,"body":"as if one needed to."},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1191.36,"endTime":1193.04,"body":"The Sun Zhigang case"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1193.04,"endTime":1196.94,"body":"illustrated how the limitations"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1193.04,"endTime":1196.94,"body":"placed on legacy media"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1196.94,"endTime":1199.49,"body":"have accelerated the"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1196.94,"endTime":1199.49,"body":"shift to social media,"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1199.49,"endTime":1202.223,"body":"and the burgeoning influence of we media."},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1203.09,"endTime":1205.7,"body":"Social media, in 2003,"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1205.7,"endTime":1208.02,"body":"exposed the murder by policemen"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1208.02,"endTime":1209.32,"body":"of a student, Sun Zhigang,"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1210.43,"endTime":1213.13,"body":"there he is up there,"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1210.43,"endTime":1213.13,"body":"the lad with glasses."},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1213.13,"endTime":1216.15,"body":"Like other stories that"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1213.13,"endTime":1216.15,"body":"originated with netizens,"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1216.15,"endTime":1218.11,"body":"it put pressure on the authorities,"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1218.11,"endTime":1220.33,"body":"in this case to change regulations"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1220.33,"endTime":1223.533,"body":"that had permitted the police"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1220.33,"endTime":1223.533,"body":"to take Sun into custody."},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1225.32,"endTime":1227.15,"body":"In another story, in 2010,"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1227.15,"endTime":1228.95,"body":"the head of the anti-corruption watchdog"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1228.95,"endTime":1232.26,"body":"in Chenzhou, a city"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1228.95,"endTime":1232.26,"body":"prefecture in Hunan Province,"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1232.26,"endTime":1233.99,"body":"was exposed for corruption."},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1233.99,"endTime":1235.03,"body":"Until recently,"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1235.03,"endTime":1237.41,"body":"investigative journalism"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1235.03,"endTime":1237.41,"body":"particularly targeted"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1237.41,"endTime":1240.0,"body":"this kind of hard topic of abuses of power"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1240.0,"endTime":1242.73,"body":"and the wrongdoings of government"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1240.0,"endTime":1242.73,"body":"departments and officials."},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1242.73,"endTime":1243.6,"body":"At present,"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1243.6,"endTime":1245.65,"body":"it tends to deal with softer topics,"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1245.65,"endTime":1247.72,"body":"such as health, environment,"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1247.72,"endTime":1249.503,"body":"and ordinary people's livelihoods."},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1250.51,"endTime":1254.4,"body":"In 2008, the Sanlu milk scandal,"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1254.4,"endTime":1255.79,"body":"adulterated milk powder"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1255.79,"endTime":1258.53,"body":"ruined or killed large numbers of babies,"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1258.53,"endTime":1261.09,"body":"demonstrated the changes taking place"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1261.09,"endTime":1262.65,"body":"in the types of stories"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1262.65,"endTime":1264.653,"body":"that concern investigative journalism."},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1266.3,"endTime":1267.133,"body":"These are the names"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1267.133,"endTime":1270.31,"body":"of some current investigative"},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1267.133,"endTime":1270.31,"body":"journalism platforms."},{"speaker":"I want to introduce a corrective","startTime":1270.31,"endTime":1272.81,"body":"You can get some idea of their attitudes"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1275.26,"endTime":1276.213,"body":"Sugar Daddy,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1277.24,"endTime":1279.64,"body":"Dingxiang Doctor, medical research,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1279.64,"endTime":1280.98,"body":"Whistleblower,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1280.98,"endTime":1285.59,"body":"Hidden Guest, that's"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1280.98,"endTime":1285.59,"body":"secret investigations,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1285.59,"endTime":1287.21,"body":"Home of the Beast,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1287.21,"endTime":1291.31,"body":"presumably looking into"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1287.21,"endTime":1291.31,"body":"wealthy and powerful people,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1291.31,"endTime":1293.11,"body":"and then there are legacy media"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1293.11,"endTime":1294.7,"body":"which have social media platforms"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1294.7,"endTime":1296.34,"body":"which claim to be Investigative,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1296.34,"endTime":1299.66,"body":"The Paper, Pengpai Xinwen, in Shanghai,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1299.66,"endTime":1300.77,"body":"and Caixin Media,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1300.77,"endTime":1304.953,"body":"which concentrates on"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1300.77,"endTime":1304.953,"body":"financial, economic stories."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1307.17,"endTime":1308.76,"body":"Cui Yongyuan used to be"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1308.76,"endTime":1311.55,"body":"a famous China Central"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1308.76,"endTime":1311.55,"body":"Television presenter,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1311.55,"endTime":1312.8,"body":"but has now gone independent"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1312.8,"endTime":1314.54,"body":"as a journalist and polemicist."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1314.54,"endTime":1316.19,"body":"In one famous revelation,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1316.19,"endTime":1318.09,"body":"Cui noticed that the Agriculture Ministry"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1318.09,"endTime":1320.26,"body":"promotes genetically modified foods,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1320.26,"endTime":1324.35,"body":"but that the ministry's"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1320.26,"endTime":1324.35,"body":"own canteen excludes them"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1324.35,"endTime":1325.94,"body":"because they're unhealthy."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1325.94,"endTime":1328.614,"body":"He exposed this on his blog."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1328.614,"endTime":1331.58,"body":"Cui has taken on the"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1328.614,"endTime":1331.58,"body":"Supreme People's Court,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1331.58,"endTime":1333.89,"body":"the film industry and"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1331.58,"endTime":1333.89,"body":"its star celebrities,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1333.89,"endTime":1335.67,"body":"as well as the Agriculture Ministry"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1335.67,"endTime":1339.27,"body":"and its supposed experts"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1335.67,"endTime":1339.27,"body":"on genetic modification."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1339.27,"endTime":1340.59,"body":"Cui makes enemies among the powerful,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1340.59,"endTime":1342.91,"body":"but gives hope to 20 million followers."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1342.91,"endTime":1343.743,"body":"For them,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1343.743,"endTime":1346.45,"body":"his exposure of frauds,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1343.743,"endTime":1346.45,"body":"corruption, and malfeasance"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1346.45,"endTime":1347.373,"body":"makes him a hero."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1348.55,"endTime":1350.0,"body":"Well that's enough about China,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1350.0,"endTime":1352.5,"body":"the Arab world also reflects"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1352.5,"endTime":1355.91,"body":"culture-specific approaches to journalism."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1355.91,"endTime":1358.23,"body":"When training was provided"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1355.91,"endTime":1358.23,"body":"to Syrian journalists"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1358.23,"endTime":1361.11,"body":"by outside organizations"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1358.23,"endTime":1361.11,"body":"from Britain and America,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1361.11,"endTime":1364.55,"body":"the trainers, because they"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1361.11,"endTime":1364.55,"body":"were of non-Arab backgrounds,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1364.55,"endTime":1365.87,"body":"were ignorant of the specifics"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1365.87,"endTime":1367.61,"body":"of Arab society and governance,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1367.61,"endTime":1369.19,"body":"let alone current issues,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1369.19,"endTime":1370.58,"body":"making clear the redundancy"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1370.58,"endTime":1372.96,"body":"of the idea of universal journalism,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1372.96,"endTime":1374.697,"body":"according to my colleague Bebawi."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1375.57,"endTime":1377.34,"body":"The Arab world is of course very varied,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1377.34,"endTime":1378.63,"body":"and in Jordan, for example,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1378.63,"endTime":1380.33,"body":"investigative journalists have moved on"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1380.33,"endTime":1382.45,"body":"from social and environmental issues"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1382.45,"endTime":1384.57,"body":"to addressing political matters."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1384.57,"endTime":1387.76,"body":"In Syria, where journalists before the war"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1387.76,"endTime":1389.6,"body":"were relatively free,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1389.6,"endTime":1391.13,"body":"the war constrained them,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1391.13,"endTime":1393.423,"body":"for all the reasons we can imagine."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1394.29,"endTime":1397.7,"body":"These pictures are from a"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1394.29,"endTime":1397.7,"body":"story about child gunmen"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1397.7,"endTime":1399.62,"body":"published by Daraj Media,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1399.62,"endTime":1401.39,"body":"a Syrian collective,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1401.39,"endTime":1405.23,"body":"which found that 15%"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1401.39,"endTime":1405.23,"body":"to 30% of ISIS recruits"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1405.23,"endTime":1407.173,"body":"were under the age of 15."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1409.3,"endTime":1410.133,"body":"In Turkey,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1410.133,"endTime":1412.24,"body":"there is not, thank God, a civil war,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1412.24,"endTime":1415.14,"body":"but there is certainly a"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1412.24,"endTime":1415.14,"body":"violent battle of ideas."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1415.14,"endTime":1417.27,"body":"Journalists in Turkey"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1415.14,"endTime":1417.27,"body":"have long been pragmatic"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1417.27,"endTime":1419.53,"body":"and generally secular and skeptical."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1419.53,"endTime":1421.19,"body":"This puts them, as a profession,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1421.19,"endTime":1423.73,"body":"at odds with the revival"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1421.19,"endTime":1423.73,"body":"of traditional religion"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1423.73,"endTime":1426.25,"body":"promoted by the current political leaders."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1426.25,"endTime":1428.5,"body":"Today, the revival of religious sentiment"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1428.5,"endTime":1430.49,"body":"makes it all but impossible"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1430.49,"endTime":1432.883,"body":"for Turks to practice journalism."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1433.9,"endTime":1435.82,"body":"The name Ugur Mumcu"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1435.82,"endTime":1439.13,"body":"is synonymous with investigative"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1435.82,"endTime":1439.13,"body":"journalism in Turkey"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1439.13,"endTime":1442.24,"body":"following his murder in 1993."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1442.24,"endTime":1443.68,"body":"He had upset politicians"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1443.68,"endTime":1446.913,"body":"by exposing then nefarious"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1443.68,"endTime":1446.913,"body":"commercial dealings."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1447.91,"endTime":1450.89,"body":"Despite threats in the late 1990s,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1450.89,"endTime":1453.55,"body":"there was a surge of investigative"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1450.89,"endTime":1453.55,"body":"journalism in newspapers,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1453.55,"endTime":1454.97,"body":"such as \"Cumhuriyet,\""},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1454.97,"endTime":1457.72,"body":"and television programs such as \"Arena.\""},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1457.72,"endTime":1460.0,"body":"The election of Erdogan as president"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1460.0,"endTime":1461.87,"body":"brought an end to most of this,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1461.87,"endTime":1465.55,"body":"but the publishing industry"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1461.87,"endTime":1465.55,"body":"held out a lifeline."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1465.55,"endTime":1467.85,"body":"For example, in 2019,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1467.85,"endTime":1470.89,"body":"a book was published called \"Metastaz.\""},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1470.89,"endTime":1472.68,"body":"It was written by two journalists,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1472.68,"endTime":1475.603,"body":"Baris Pehlivan and Baris Terkoglu."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1477.64,"endTime":1479.05,"body":"The book is an investigation"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1479.05,"endTime":1481.44,"body":"into the infiltration of"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1479.05,"endTime":1481.44,"body":"the Turkish Government"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1481.44,"endTime":1484.77,"body":"by the Gulen group, and other"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1481.44,"endTime":1484.77,"body":"religious organizations."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1484.77,"endTime":1485.85,"body":"It looks into events"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1485.85,"endTime":1490.07,"body":"both before and after"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1485.85,"endTime":1490.07,"body":"the coup attempt in 2016,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1490.07,"endTime":1491.8,"body":"and how other organizations"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1491.8,"endTime":1494.533,"body":"are filling the gaps left by Gulen."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1496.8,"endTime":1499.15,"body":"From Turkey to Poland,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1499.15,"endTime":1500.05,"body":"this picture shows"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1500.05,"endTime":1502.27,"body":"Poland's first democratically"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1500.05,"endTime":1502.27,"body":"elected president,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1502.27,"endTime":1503.3,"body":"Lech Walesa,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1503.3,"endTime":1504.85,"body":"and the media that blossomed"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1504.85,"endTime":1507.75,"body":"after the collapse of Marxist rule."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1507.75,"endTime":1508.583,"body":"From then on,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1508.583,"endTime":1510.76,"body":"Poland had an impressive revival"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1510.76,"endTime":1512.51,"body":"in investigative journalism."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1512.51,"endTime":1513.59,"body":"Over the last few years,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1513.59,"endTime":1516.06,"body":"property scams, pedophilia in the Church,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1516.06,"endTime":1518.3,"body":"police brutality, and neo-Nazis"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1518.3,"endTime":1521.32,"body":"have been among the momentous exposures."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1521.32,"endTime":1523.03,"body":"And I can't pronounce Polish, I'm afraid,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1523.03,"endTime":1524.46,"body":"if there's anybody here who can do better,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1524.46,"endTime":1525.45,"body":"perhaps they can held me,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1525.45,"endTime":1528.54,"body":"but \"Gazeta Wyborcza\""},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1528.54,"endTime":1531.73,"body":"has been tracking neo-fascist"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1528.54,"endTime":1531.73,"body":"and neo-Nazi groups in Poland"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1531.73,"endTime":1533.445,"body":"for many years."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1533.445,"endTime":1537.31,"body":"\"Superwizjer\" reporters who"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1533.445,"endTime":1537.31,"body":"learned about those concerts"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1537.31,"endTime":1541.56,"body":"decided to investigate the"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1537.31,"endTime":1541.56,"body":"activities of such groups,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1541.56,"endTime":1544.203,"body":"concerts by neo-Nazis,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1545.08,"endTime":1549.57,"body":"they managed to infiltrate the"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1545.08,"endTime":1549.57,"body":"circle of Polish neo-Nazis."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1549.57,"endTime":1552.03,"body":"The Sekielski brothers"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1552.03,"endTime":1553.75,"body":"made a film about pedophilia"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1553.75,"endTime":1555.407,"body":"in the Catholic Church in Poland,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1555.407,"endTime":1556.59,"body":"\"Tell No One,\""},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1556.59,"endTime":1560.78,"body":"using resources raised on a"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1556.59,"endTime":1560.78,"body":"crowdfunding platform only."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1560.78,"endTime":1561.613,"body":"This was a herald"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1561.613,"endTime":1564.2,"body":"of organizational and"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1561.613,"endTime":1564.2,"body":"technological transformation,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1564.2,"endTime":1567.453,"body":"and the film was first"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1564.2,"endTime":1567.453,"body":"made available on YouTube."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1569.43,"endTime":1570.32,"body":"In India,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1570.32,"endTime":1572.77,"body":"there is a, \"glorious tradition,\" I quote,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1572.77,"endTime":1574.08,"body":"of investigative journalism"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1574.08,"endTime":1577.11,"body":"made possible by the liberal press laws"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1577.11,"endTime":1581.1,"body":"inherited from the British"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1577.11,"endTime":1581.1,"body":"Raj, the British Empire."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1581.1,"endTime":1582.84,"body":"However, despite the improvement"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1582.84,"endTime":1584.25,"body":"of the hardware of journalism,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1584.25,"endTime":1586.91,"body":"and therefore improved techniques,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1586.91,"endTime":1589.05,"body":"it seems that investigative"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1586.91,"endTime":1589.05,"body":"journalism in India"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1589.05,"endTime":1591.65,"body":"is, today, in serious decline"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1591.65,"endTime":1595.04,"body":"because of the changes in"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1591.65,"endTime":1595.04,"body":"the political environment."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1595.04,"endTime":1598.42,"body":"From the 1970s through the 1990s,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1598.42,"endTime":1601.72,"body":"many exposures by investigative"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1598.42,"endTime":1601.72,"body":"journalists rocked India,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1601.72,"endTime":1604.2,"body":"testifying to the robustness of the media"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1604.2,"endTime":1606.573,"body":"and the zealousness of journalists."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1610.59,"endTime":1611.477,"body":"Yeah, that was one of them,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1611.477,"endTime":1616.35,"body":"\"Buying girls from a circuit"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1611.477,"endTime":1616.35,"body":"house,\" an orphanage,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1616.35,"endTime":1617.183,"body":"was one of them."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1618.44,"endTime":1620.19,"body":"Arun Sinha,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1620.19,"endTime":1622.98,"body":"still one of India's most known"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1620.19,"endTime":1622.98,"body":"investigative journalists,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1622.98,"endTime":1624.32,"body":"made his craft famous"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1624.32,"endTime":1626.67,"body":"when he narrated the gory details"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1626.67,"endTime":1629.88,"body":"of how over 30 jail inmates awaiting trial"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1629.88,"endTime":1631.65,"body":"were blinded by police,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1631.65,"endTime":1634.1,"body":"who inserted metal spokes in their eyes"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1634.1,"endTime":1635.86,"body":"and poured sulfuric acid"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1635.86,"endTime":1639.313,"body":"as extrajudicial punishment"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1635.86,"endTime":1639.313,"body":"for their alleged crimes."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1640.49,"endTime":1643.22,"body":"Despite the eulogizing of"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1640.49,"endTime":1643.22,"body":"investigative journalists"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1643.22,"endTime":1644.59,"body":"in Bollywood films,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1644.59,"endTime":1648.05,"body":"the Murdochization, as"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1644.59,"endTime":1648.05,"body":"Prasun Sonwalkar has it,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1648.05,"endTime":1649.07,"body":"he's my colleague"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1649.07,"endTime":1650.913,"body":"who's written this part of the book,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1652.452,"endTime":1655.18,"body":"the Murdochization of the"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1652.452,"endTime":1655.18,"body":"media has crippled journalism,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1655.18,"endTime":1658.45,"body":"elevating moneymaking far"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1655.18,"endTime":1658.45,"body":"over holding power to account"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1658.45,"endTime":1661.38,"body":"as the purpose of media,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1658.45,"endTime":1661.38,"body":"offline or online."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1661.38,"endTime":1664.4,"body":"Paid news, often as"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1661.38,"endTime":1664.4,"body":"political as commercial,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1664.4,"endTime":1666.76,"body":"squeezes out honest reportage."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1666.76,"endTime":1668.5,"body":"Media organizations and personnel"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1668.5,"endTime":1670.11,"body":"critical of the party in power"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1670.11,"endTime":1671.13,"body":"have suffered calamity"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1671.13,"endTime":1673.98,"body":"to the extent that India's"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1671.13,"endTime":1673.98,"body":"leading investigative journalist"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1673.98,"endTime":1677.393,"body":"has likened India's media"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1673.98,"endTime":1677.393,"body":"to that of North Korea."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1679.08,"endTime":1681.67,"body":"The story of how defenseless Malaysians"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1681.67,"endTime":1683.927,"body":"were being robbed of their"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1681.67,"endTime":1683.927,"body":"rights, their livelihoods,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1683.927,"endTime":1685.42,"body":"and their identity"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1685.42,"endTime":1689.76,"body":"was told in an extraordinary"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1685.42,"endTime":1689.76,"body":"tale by Clare Rewcastle Brown,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1689.76,"endTime":1692.38,"body":"the tale being called"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1689.76,"endTime":1692.38,"body":"\"The Sarawak Report.\""},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1692.38,"endTime":1695.66,"body":"Aside from the exploitation"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1692.38,"endTime":1695.66,"body":"and deception of human beings,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1695.66,"endTime":1697.32,"body":"that which she investigated"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1697.32,"endTime":1700.66,"body":"has disastrous environmental impacts."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1700.66,"endTime":1702.41,"body":"Without her \"Sarawak Report,\""},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1702.41,"endTime":1705.45,"body":"the shameless behavior of"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1702.41,"endTime":1705.45,"body":"the then ruling Taib family"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1705.45,"endTime":1707.28,"body":"would never have been exposed to the world"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1707.28,"endTime":1708.88,"body":"and revealed to their victims,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1708.88,"endTime":1711.8,"body":"no matter how clever Rewcastle"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1708.88,"endTime":1711.8,"body":"Brown might have been"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1711.8,"endTime":1714.71,"body":"in tracing their millions"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1711.8,"endTime":1714.71,"body":"and their deal making,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1714.71,"endTime":1717.973,"body":"or how brave the"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1714.71,"endTime":1717.973,"body":"whistle-blowers she handled."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1719.83,"endTime":1722.89,"body":"The results included a political overturn."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1722.89,"endTime":1725.63,"body":"This tale is to be read"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1722.89,"endTime":1725.63,"body":"for its lessons in craft,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1725.63,"endTime":1727.993,"body":"but also for its"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1725.63,"endTime":1727.993,"body":"vindication of the mission."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1729.55,"endTime":1731.84,"body":"The Nigerian press has been vigorous"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1731.84,"endTime":1734.66,"body":"since its inception in 1849."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1734.66,"endTime":1736.16,"body":"Espousing liberal ideas"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1736.16,"endTime":1738.53,"body":"of a free press and watchdog journalism,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1738.53,"endTime":1740.63,"body":"it often challenged the"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1738.53,"endTime":1740.63,"body":"British authorities,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1740.63,"endTime":1742.9,"body":"from 1849 to 1960,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1742.9,"endTime":1745.63,"body":"under whose auspices it emerged."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1745.63,"endTime":1749.17,"body":"It has been the most"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1745.63,"endTime":1749.17,"body":"politically vibrant in Africa,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1749.17,"endTime":1752.36,"body":"and through watchdog journalism"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1749.17,"endTime":1752.36,"body":"and investigative reporting,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1752.36,"endTime":1754.82,"body":"Nigerian newspapers have"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1752.36,"endTime":1754.82,"body":"been at the forefront"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1754.82,"endTime":1757.53,"body":"of democratic development in the country."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1757.53,"endTime":1760.693,"body":"The founding of \"Newswatch\" magazine,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1764.0,"endTime":1765.17,"body":"sorry,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1765.17,"endTime":1768.02,"body":"the founding of \"Newswatch\""},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1765.17,"endTime":1768.02,"body":"magazine in 1984"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1768.02,"endTime":1769.79,"body":"by Dele Giwa and colleagues"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1769.79,"endTime":1772.32,"body":"redefined investigative"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1769.79,"endTime":1772.32,"body":"journalism in Nigeria,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1772.32,"endTime":1774.42,"body":"although Dele Giwa met his death"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1774.42,"endTime":1776.89,"body":"in the course of investigating"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1774.42,"endTime":1776.89,"body":"corrupt practices"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1776.89,"endTime":1778.583,"body":"under a former military dictator."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1779.597,"endTime":1781.4,"body":"\"Newswatch\" magazine pioneered"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1781.4,"endTime":1783.813,"body":"hard-hitting investigative stories."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1784.96,"endTime":1788.06,"body":"Faced with the challenges of"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1784.96,"endTime":1788.06,"body":"declining advertising revenues,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1788.06,"endTime":1791.16,"body":"political pressure, and"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1788.06,"endTime":1791.16,"body":"the necessary move online,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1791.16,"endTime":1793.86,"body":"IJ is in a precarious state."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1793.86,"endTime":1796.41,"body":"Journalists are embracing"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1793.86,"endTime":1796.41,"body":"the online option"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1796.41,"endTime":1799.6,"body":"because it affords them an"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1796.41,"endTime":1799.6,"body":"opportunity to be their own boss"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1799.6,"endTime":1802.22,"body":"and prioritize investigative reporting."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1802.22,"endTime":1803.92,"body":"However, their platforms are yet to make"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1803.92,"endTime":1805.26,"body":"an appreciable impact"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1805.26,"endTime":1808.43,"body":"commensurate with the"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1805.26,"endTime":1808.43,"body":"investigative journalism"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1808.43,"endTime":1811.03,"body":"of pre-internet days."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1811.03,"endTime":1813.293,"body":"And now to Europe."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1815.2,"endTime":1819.4,"body":"25 of the 44 European"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1815.2,"endTime":1819.4,"body":"countries are in the EU,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1819.4,"endTime":1820.44,"body":"the governance of which"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1820.44,"endTime":1823.1,"body":"has always been looked at with suspicion"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1823.1,"endTime":1824.89,"body":"by popular parties."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1824.89,"endTime":1828.06,"body":"In 2003, London's"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1824.89,"endTime":1828.06,"body":"\"Financial Times\" headlines"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1828.06,"endTime":1830.11,"body":"revealed a vast enterprise"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1830.11,"endTime":1834.1,"body":"for looting community funds"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1830.11,"endTime":1834.1,"body":"in the European Commission."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1834.1,"endTime":1836.4,"body":"Subsequently, \"Stern\" reporter,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1836.4,"endTime":1838.357,"body":"that's a well known German magazine,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1838.357,"endTime":1840.61,"body":"\"Stern\" reporter Hans-Martin Tillack"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1840.61,"endTime":1843.42,"body":"was arrested at the instigation"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1840.61,"endTime":1843.42,"body":"of the European Union"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1843.42,"endTime":1844.95,"body":"on trumped-up charges,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1844.95,"endTime":1847.65,"body":"eventually dismissed by the courts."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1847.65,"endTime":1850.38,"body":"His documents and other seized items"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1850.38,"endTime":1852.673,"body":"were not returned to him until 2008."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1854.37,"endTime":1855.76,"body":"EU investigative journalists"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1855.76,"endTime":1857.86,"body":"have tried hard to work together,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1857.86,"endTime":1859.9,"body":"but their traditions are very different,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1859.9,"endTime":1861.88,"body":"as are their ways of working."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1861.88,"endTime":1863.3,"body":"There is not much in common"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1863.3,"endTime":1866.44,"body":"between Sicilian and Latvian approaches,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1866.44,"endTime":1867.61,"body":"but an ongoing process"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1867.61,"endTime":1870.51,"body":"of comparing notes and"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1867.61,"endTime":1870.51,"body":"attempting collaboration"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1870.51,"endTime":1871.543,"body":"are bearing fruit."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1873.13,"endTime":1874.73,"body":"Latin America."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1874.73,"endTime":1877.66,"body":"In the 1990s, in most of"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1874.73,"endTime":1877.66,"body":"the constituent countries,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1877.66,"endTime":1879.87,"body":"investigative journalism was vigorous,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1879.87,"endTime":1883.67,"body":"complementing the reemergence"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1879.87,"endTime":1883.67,"body":"of democratic politics."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1883.67,"endTime":1885.96,"body":"It was not necessarily detached,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1885.96,"endTime":1888.86,"body":"journalists were often"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1885.96,"endTime":1888.86,"body":"hamstrung by vested interests"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1888.86,"endTime":1891.74,"body":"or their editors were"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1888.86,"endTime":1891.74,"body":"threatened by politicians."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1891.74,"endTime":1893.45,"body":"In such circumstances,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1893.45,"endTime":1896.083,"body":"sharing responsibility can be a way out."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1897.1,"endTime":1901.14,"body":"Brazilian, Argentinian,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1897.1,"endTime":1901.14,"body":"Mexican, and Colombian media"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1901.14,"endTime":1903.17,"body":"participated in global exposures,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1903.17,"endTime":1905.61,"body":"such as the Panama Papers"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1903.17,"endTime":1905.61,"body":"and the Paradise Papers,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1905.61,"endTime":1906.76,"body":"mentioned earlier."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1906.76,"endTime":1909.33,"body":"As with other nationalities' journalists,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1909.33,"endTime":1912.9,"body":"such collaboration"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1909.33,"endTime":1912.9,"body":"demonstrates a paradigm shift,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1912.9,"endTime":1915.65,"body":"where exclusivity and immediacy"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1915.65,"endTime":1916.97,"body":"are replaced by a culture"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1916.97,"endTime":1920.633,"body":"of information sharing"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1916.97,"endTime":1920.633,"body":"and slow journalism."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1921.99,"endTime":1926.89,"body":"In 2017, the Salvadoran site El Faro"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1926.89,"endTime":1928.6,"body":"worked with Univision"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1928.6,"endTime":1931.25,"body":"to produce a multimedia report"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1931.25,"endTime":1934.78,"body":"about the migrant crisis"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1931.25,"endTime":1934.78,"body":"in Central America."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1934.78,"endTime":1938.21,"body":"Earlier, El Faro had worked"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1934.78,"endTime":1938.21,"body":"with \"The New York Times\""},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1938.21,"endTime":1941.53,"body":"to expose violent gangs in El Salvador."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1941.53,"endTime":1942.46,"body":"In both cases,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1942.46,"endTime":1944.93,"body":"the information was"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1942.46,"endTime":1944.93,"body":"published simultaneously"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1944.93,"endTime":1946.85,"body":"in English and in Spanish"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1946.85,"endTime":1948.683,"body":"to reach wider audiences."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1950.48,"endTime":1953.89,"body":"Operacao Lava Jato, Operation Car Wash,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1953.89,"endTime":1957.39,"body":"is the biggest corruption"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1953.89,"endTime":1957.39,"body":"scandal in Brazil,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1957.39,"endTime":1959.22,"body":"in Brazil's history, in fact."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1959.22,"endTime":1964.22,"body":"In 2016, leading daily"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1959.22,"endTime":1964.22,"body":"\"Folha de Sao Paulo\""},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1964.43,"endTime":1967.79,"body":"reported that former"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1964.43,"endTime":1967.79,"body":"President Luiz, Lula da Silva"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1967.79,"endTime":1969.54,"body":"benefited from contracts"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1969.54,"endTime":1972.79,"body":"carried out by construction"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1969.54,"endTime":1972.79,"body":"company Odebrecht"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1972.79,"endTime":1975.09,"body":"in exchange for favoring this company"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1975.09,"endTime":1978.293,"body":"in contracts with state-owned"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1975.09,"endTime":1978.293,"body":"oil giant Petrobras."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1979.28,"endTime":1982.57,"body":"The reporting process included"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1979.28,"endTime":1982.57,"body":"data journalism techniques,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1982.57,"endTime":1987.32,"body":"and led to investigations"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1987.32,"endTime":1990.46,"body":"that uncovered an unprecedented"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1987.32,"endTime":1990.46,"body":"web of corruption in Brazil,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1990.46,"endTime":1993.38,"body":"that ultimately extended"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1990.46,"endTime":1993.38,"body":"to at least 12 countries,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1993.38,"endTime":1996.773,"body":"imprisoning company executives"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1993.38,"endTime":1996.773,"body":"and public officials."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":1997.89,"endTime":2000.9,"body":"Mexico's Animal Politico is widely known"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2000.9,"endTime":2001.96,"body":"for its stellar reporting"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2001.96,"endTime":2004.39,"body":"on social inequality,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2001.96,"endTime":2004.39,"body":"political corruption,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2004.39,"endTime":2008.403,"body":"migration, social programs,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2004.39,"endTime":2008.403,"body":"and human rights violations."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2009.31,"endTime":2012.49,"body":"Guatemala's Nomada and Plaza Publica"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2012.49,"endTime":2014.1,"body":"produced several exposes"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2014.1,"endTime":2015.03,"body":"that revealed collusion"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2015.03,"endTime":2017.4,"body":"between government and larger corporations"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2017.4,"endTime":2019.74,"body":"in relation to a range"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2017.4,"endTime":2019.74,"body":"of illicit behaviors,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2019.74,"endTime":2022.35,"body":"including tax evasion, fraud,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2022.35,"endTime":2024.203,"body":"and illegal campaign financing."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2025.22,"endTime":2027.23,"body":"They have offered in-depth coverage"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2027.23,"endTime":2029.95,"body":"of sexual abuses and femicides,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2029.95,"endTime":2032.18,"body":"implicating powerful actors,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2032.18,"endTime":2034.13,"body":"as well as the challenges"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2034.13,"endTime":2037.093,"body":"of socially marginalized populations."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2038.96,"endTime":2042.53,"body":"In England, obloquy shook the UK media"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2042.53,"endTime":2045.36,"body":"following revelations of"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2042.53,"endTime":2045.36,"body":"the phone hacking scandal,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2045.36,"endTime":2048.17,"body":"which will be familiar to everybody here."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2048.17,"endTime":2051.0,"body":"It destroyed one of its oldest newspapers,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2051.0,"endTime":2054.42,"body":"and attracted widespread condemnation."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2054.42,"endTime":2056.98,"body":"A judge-led inquiry by Lord Leveson"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2056.98,"endTime":2059.083,"body":"confirmed many suspicions."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2060.75,"endTime":2062.3,"body":"Britain's tabloids."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2062.3,"endTime":2065.83,"body":"Investigations are an important"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2062.3,"endTime":2065.83,"body":"part of the marketing mix"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2065.83,"endTime":2067.167,"body":"for tabloid media,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2067.167,"endTime":2070.01,"body":"and a way to claim the"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2067.167,"endTime":2070.01,"body":"public service accolade"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2070.01,"endTime":2071.663,"body":"for all British newspapers."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2072.75,"endTime":2075.68,"body":"Revelations about the"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2072.75,"endTime":2075.68,"body":"peculiar sexual proclivities"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2075.68,"endTime":2076.86,"body":"of politicians,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2076.86,"endTime":2079.17,"body":"the stings of vain or greedy bosses"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2079.17,"endTime":2082.1,"body":"by a chap who dressed up"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2079.17,"endTime":2082.1,"body":"like Lawrence of Arabia"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2082.1,"endTime":2083.56,"body":"were too good to pass by,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2083.56,"endTime":2087.49,"body":"but fortunately, stories with"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2083.56,"endTime":2087.49,"body":"better claims to social value"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2087.49,"endTime":2089.78,"body":"were also commissioned and published."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2089.78,"endTime":2094.78,"body":"Exposures of fraudsters,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2089.78,"endTime":2094.78,"body":"violence in refugee hostels,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2095.21,"endTime":2098.75,"body":"predatory landlords, unsafe tumble dryers,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2098.75,"endTime":2101.19,"body":"and suicides among army recruits"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2101.19,"endTime":2103.97,"body":"indeed constituted a public service."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2103.97,"endTime":2105.29,"body":"So it seems,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2105.29,"endTime":2107.27,"body":"if we're to have the public service,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2107.27,"endTime":2110.09,"body":"we have to live with"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2107.27,"endTime":2110.09,"body":"the sensations as well,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2110.09,"endTime":2111.04,"body":"perhaps we want to."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2111.957,"endTime":2115.08,"body":"\"Private Eye\" sells 40% more copies"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2115.08,"endTime":2116.82,"body":"than the internationally"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2115.08,"endTime":2116.82,"body":"famous \"Economist,\""},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2116.82,"endTime":2118.65,"body":"I bet nobody here guessed that, did they,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2118.65,"endTime":2121.393,"body":"that was a surprise to"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2118.65,"endTime":2121.393,"body":"me when I learned it too,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2122.36,"endTime":2124.61,"body":"it sells 40% more copies"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2124.61,"endTime":2126.5,"body":"than the internationally"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2124.61,"endTime":2126.5,"body":"famous \"Economist,\""},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2126.5,"endTime":2128.63,"body":"and is the bestselling"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2126.5,"endTime":2128.63,"body":"current affairs magazine"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2128.63,"endTime":2130.15,"body":"in the United Kingdom."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2130.15,"endTime":2132.713,"body":"It seems laughable to the uninitiated,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2133.71,"endTime":2136.44,"body":"and redolent of schoolboy humor,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2136.44,"endTime":2139.95,"body":"but its bite is worse than its bark."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2139.95,"endTime":2142.617,"body":"Unlike its French cousin \"Charlie Hebdo,\""},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2142.617,"endTime":2146.17,"body":"\"Private Eye\" is of no"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2142.617,"endTime":2146.17,"body":"evident political persuasion,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2146.17,"endTime":2148.18,"body":"bad people are bad for \"Private Eye\""},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2148.18,"endTime":2152.733,"body":"whether they are of left, or"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2148.18,"endTime":2152.733,"body":"right, or nothing but bad."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2154.157,"endTime":2157.33,"body":"\"Shady Arabia and the Desert Fix\""},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2157.33,"endTime":2158.83,"body":"was a check on relations"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2158.83,"endTime":2161.74,"body":"between UK prime ministers"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2158.83,"endTime":2161.74,"body":"Blair and Cameron"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2161.74,"endTime":2163.357,"body":"and Saudi leaders."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2163.357,"endTime":2164.9,"body":"\"Private Eye\" has carried out,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2164.9,"endTime":2168.45,"body":"and continues to carry out"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2164.9,"endTime":2168.45,"body":"very serious investigations,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2168.45,"endTime":2170.35,"body":"as well as modest revelations"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2170.35,"endTime":2173.754,"body":"which can nevertheless"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2170.35,"endTime":2173.754,"body":"result in great alarm."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2173.754,"endTime":2176.63,"body":"It does so with skeptical humor,"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2176.63,"endTime":2180.193,"body":"lightness of touch, and"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2176.63,"endTime":2180.193,"body":"exemplary professionalism."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2181.31,"endTime":2183.33,"body":"There are regular sections"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2183.33,"endTime":2185.21,"body":"which probe areas of British life"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2185.21,"endTime":2188.583,"body":"such as health, local"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2185.21,"endTime":2188.583,"body":"government, or media."},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2190.087,"endTime":2193.05,"body":"\"Private Eye\" Editor Ian Hislop"},{"speaker":"from the English versions of their names","startTime":2193.05,"endTime":2194.41,"body":"explains how \"Private Eye\""},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2197.317,"endTime":2198.417,"body":"\"'Private Eye,'\" he says,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2198.417,"endTime":2201.457,"body":"\"depends upon people"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2198.417,"endTime":2201.457,"body":"in specific industries"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2201.457,"endTime":2202.777,"body":"\"engaging with us,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2202.777,"endTime":2204.807,"body":"\"and saying if something's going wrong,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2204.807,"endTime":2207.817,"body":"\"or if you think something's"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2204.807,"endTime":2207.817,"body":"bent, or isn't right,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2207.817,"endTime":2209.767,"body":"\"just letting us know,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2209.767,"endTime":2213.687,"body":"\"and that's how nearly every"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2209.767,"endTime":2213.687,"body":"section of 'The Eye' works."},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2213.687,"endTime":2216.717,"body":"\"The reason we tend to"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2213.687,"endTime":2216.717,"body":"get our stories right"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2216.717,"endTime":2218.287,"body":"\"is because we're told them"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2218.287,"endTime":2220.247,"body":"\"by people in the middle of them.\""},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2222.06,"endTime":2224.76,"body":"I hope that I have outlined"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2224.76,"endTime":2227.89,"body":"how globalization, and"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2224.76,"endTime":2227.89,"body":"the internet, and big data"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2227.89,"endTime":2230.21,"body":"have transformed investigative journalism"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2230.21,"endTime":2232.31,"body":"over the past 15 years."},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2232.31,"endTime":2235.76,"body":"To come are the challenges"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2232.31,"endTime":2235.76,"body":"of artificial intelligence"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2235.76,"endTime":2239.35,"body":"and the increasing"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2235.76,"endTime":2239.35,"body":"difficulties of cybersecurity."},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2239.35,"endTime":2241.33,"body":"In conclusion, I want to encourage you"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2241.33,"endTime":2243.44,"body":"to read the book from which I've quoted,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2243.44,"endTime":2246.33,"body":"and for which I had the"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2243.44,"endTime":2246.33,"body":"honor to be co-editor."},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2246.33,"endTime":2247.61,"body":"There is much more to learn"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2247.61,"endTime":2249.76,"body":"about this great influence in the world"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2249.76,"endTime":2253.653,"body":"than I have managed to"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2249.76,"endTime":2253.653,"body":"squeeze into 40 minutes."},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2254.5,"endTime":2256.533,"body":"Thank you for your attention."},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2256.533,"endTime":2259.533,"body":"(audience applauds)"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2261.12,"endTime":2262.297,"body":"- The first question is,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2262.297,"endTime":2265.547,"body":"\"How does investigative"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2262.297,"endTime":2265.547,"body":"journalism operate in China"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2265.547,"endTime":2267.257,"body":"\"when the state exerts control?"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2267.257,"endTime":2269.997,"body":"\"I'm thinking of the CCP's dismantling"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2269.997,"endTime":2272.537,"body":"\"of Hong Kong's once free media,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2272.537,"endTime":2274.127,"body":"\"the persecution of Jimmy Lai,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2274.127,"endTime":2276.957,"body":"\"and execs at 'Apple"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2274.127,"endTime":2276.957,"body":"Daily' and 'Stand News'"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2276.957,"endTime":2278.327,"body":"\"to name a few,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2278.327,"endTime":2280.51,"body":"\"and in China, the jailing of,\""},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2280.51,"endTime":2282.547,"body":"forgive me if I'm going to"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2280.51,"endTime":2282.547,"body":"pronounce this incorrectly,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2282.547,"endTime":2285.687,"body":"\"and in China, the jailing of Zhang Zhan"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2285.687,"endTime":2289.077,"body":"\"over her reporting of the"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2285.687,"endTime":2289.077,"body":"COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2289.077,"endTime":2291.117,"body":"\"when the pandemic began.\""},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2291.98,"endTime":2293.62,"body":"- Of course, the"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2291.98,"endTime":2293.62,"body":"questioner is quite right,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2293.62,"endTime":2295.64,"body":"things in China are"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2293.62,"endTime":2295.64,"body":"very bad at the moment,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2295.64,"endTime":2296.91,"body":"very bad indeed,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2296.91,"endTime":2297.89,"body":"but I particularly,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2297.89,"endTime":2302.71,"body":"because my greatest interest"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2297.89,"endTime":2302.71,"body":"is in Chinese media,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2302.71,"endTime":2304.32,"body":"I spent a little more time on China"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2304.32,"endTime":2305.36,"body":"than on some of the other countries"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2305.36,"endTime":2307.21,"body":"because I wanted people to realize"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2307.21,"endTime":2308.38,"body":"that what is happening at the moment"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2308.38,"endTime":2310.34,"body":"is actually not typically Chinese,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2310.34,"endTime":2315.34,"body":"it is what is being done to"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2310.34,"endTime":2315.34,"body":"Chinese media and Chinese people"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2315.59,"endTime":2319.71,"body":"by a government which has"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2315.59,"endTime":2319.71,"body":"not always behaved like that,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2319.71,"endTime":2322.56,"body":"but with the personalities"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2319.71,"endTime":2322.56,"body":"in charge at the moment,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2322.56,"endTime":2326.57,"body":"is treating Chinese journalism"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2322.56,"endTime":2326.57,"body":"and Chinese free speech"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2326.57,"endTime":2327.76,"body":"very badly."},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2327.76,"endTime":2330.293,"body":"But there is, as I tried to say,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2331.49,"endTime":2334.03,"body":"a tradition of Chinese"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2331.49,"endTime":2334.03,"body":"investigative journalism,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2334.03,"endTime":2337.62,"body":"there is a great tradition of"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2334.03,"endTime":2337.62,"body":"Chinese journalism in China,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2337.62,"endTime":2339.13,"body":"even under the Communist Party,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2339.13,"endTime":2342.54,"body":"it has not always been as"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2339.13,"endTime":2342.54,"body":"oppressed as it is today,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2342.54,"endTime":2345.48,"body":"and I think it's important"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2342.54,"endTime":2345.48,"body":"for us to realize"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2345.48,"endTime":2346.92,"body":"that that is the case."},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2346.92,"endTime":2349.56,"body":"What is happening is not"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2346.92,"endTime":2349.56,"body":"a Chinese phenomenon,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2349.56,"endTime":2354.25,"body":"it is a Chinese Communist"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2349.56,"endTime":2354.25,"body":"Party phenomenon."},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2354.25,"endTime":2355.083,"body":"- Thank you."},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2355.083,"endTime":2356.863,"body":"Are there any question in the hall,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2357.94,"endTime":2359.66,"body":"does anyone have questions?"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2359.66,"endTime":2360.63,"body":"I've got a couple here,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2360.63,"endTime":2362.35,"body":"if you could just wait for my colleague"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2362.35,"endTime":2363.54,"body":"to bring you the microphone"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2363.54,"endTime":2365.97,"body":"so that the people online"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2363.54,"endTime":2365.97,"body":"can hear you as well,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2365.97,"endTime":2367.71,"body":"and then we'll take this one."},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2367.71,"endTime":2369.06,"body":"- Hi, thank you."},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2369.06,"endTime":2371.47,"body":"Just a very general question, really,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2371.47,"endTime":2372.88,"body":"and that is to do with,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2372.88,"endTime":2375.11,"body":"with increasing digitization,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2375.11,"endTime":2379.3,"body":"there is an issue of how"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2375.11,"endTime":2379.3,"body":"people rate the provenance"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2379.3,"endTime":2381.383,"body":"of a news website."},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2383.75,"endTime":2385.53,"body":"I've almost stopped going on Facebook"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2385.53,"endTime":2389.43,"body":"because people who I think"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2385.53,"endTime":2389.43,"body":"are quite sane and rational"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2389.43,"endTime":2390.88,"body":"were sending me links"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2390.88,"endTime":2395.663,"body":"to some very bizarre,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2390.88,"endTime":2395.663,"body":"barely credible stories."},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2397.4,"endTime":2398.24,"body":"And it occurred to me"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2398.24,"endTime":2402.64,"body":"that one might search bits"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2398.24,"endTime":2402.64,"body":"of information on the web"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2402.64,"endTime":2406.983,"body":"and come across some very"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2402.64,"endTime":2406.983,"body":"well developed websites,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2407.88,"endTime":2411.66,"body":"but how does one even begin to think about"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2411.66,"endTime":2415.33,"body":"what kind of investigations"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2411.66,"endTime":2415.33,"body":"these people have done,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2415.33,"endTime":2417.88,"body":"how rigorous they've been, and so on?"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2417.88,"endTime":2419.673,"body":"Because on the surface,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2420.93,"endTime":2424.12,"body":"a rigorous investigative journalism site"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2424.12,"endTime":2427.093,"body":"may look no different"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2424.12,"endTime":2427.093,"body":"from a very spurious one."},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2428.33,"endTime":2431.35,"body":"Do you consider that to"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2428.33,"endTime":2431.35,"body":"be a serious challenge?"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2431.35,"endTime":2433.16,"body":"- I think it's a terrible challenge."},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2433.16,"endTime":2437.58,"body":"We've seen a lot of really"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2433.16,"endTime":2437.58,"body":"crazy ideas catch fire"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2437.58,"endTime":2438.933,"body":"in recent years,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2440.86,"endTime":2443.07,"body":"the United States is full of that,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2443.07,"endTime":2445.77,"body":"an immense number of issues,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2445.77,"endTime":2448.05,"body":"which are not necessarily real issues,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2448.05,"endTime":2449.72,"body":"and when they're analyzed out"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2449.72,"endTime":2452.23,"body":"and thought more carefully about,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2452.23,"endTime":2456.02,"body":"we find that they come from"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2456.02,"endTime":2459.17,"body":"statements, assertions of very"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2456.02,"endTime":2459.17,"body":"little evidence, and so on."},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2459.17,"endTime":2461.73,"body":"Your question is what do we do about it."},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2461.73,"endTime":2464.82,"body":"I suppose we have to"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2461.73,"endTime":2464.82,"body":"go to trusted sources."},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2464.82,"endTime":2467.57,"body":"So why do people continue to"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2464.82,"endTime":2467.57,"body":"read \"The Financial Times,\""},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2467.57,"endTime":2468.47,"body":"which is expensive,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2468.47,"endTime":2469.847,"body":"when they can get all the information"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2469.847,"endTime":2471.98,"body":"\"The Financial Times\" produces"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2471.98,"endTime":2475.1,"body":"from hundreds and hundreds of websites?"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2475.1,"endTime":2476.87,"body":"It's because they trust,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2476.87,"endTime":2478.95,"body":"whether they're right or wrong"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2476.87,"endTime":2478.95,"body":"I leave to you to decide,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2478.95,"endTime":2481.83,"body":"but they trust \"The"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2478.95,"endTime":2481.83,"body":"Financial Times\" as a source,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2481.83,"endTime":2484.402,"body":"and that's the only way we can do it."},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2484.402,"endTime":2487.89,"body":"I won't believe anything"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2487.89,"endTime":2492.0,"body":"unless it comes from a source"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2487.89,"endTime":2492.0,"body":"that I feel is trustworthy."},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2492.0,"endTime":2493.31,"body":"How you decide that, of course,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2493.31,"endTime":2494.263,"body":"is your business."},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2495.19,"endTime":2496.39,"body":"I'm very conscious also"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2496.39,"endTime":2498.23,"body":"that there's a second part"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2498.23,"endTime":2500.1,"body":"implicit in what you said,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2500.1,"endTime":2501.64,"body":"is that we tend, anyway,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2501.64,"endTime":2502.473,"body":"all of us, I think,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2502.473,"endTime":2503.42,"body":"to be self-selecting,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2503.42,"endTime":2505.37,"body":"so we go to websites"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2505.37,"endTime":2507.71,"body":"which reinforce the"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2505.37,"endTime":2507.71,"body":"things we already believe,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2507.71,"endTime":2509.22,"body":"so we have to be aware of that,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2509.22,"endTime":2510.053,"body":"and say to yourself,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2510.053,"endTime":2511.02,"body":"well hold on a minute,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2511.02,"endTime":2512.31,"body":"okay, I do agree with this,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2512.31,"endTime":2513.83,"body":"but am I right to agree with it,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2513.83,"endTime":2517.69,"body":"should I perhaps look at an"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2513.83,"endTime":2517.69,"body":"alternative point of view."},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2517.69,"endTime":2518.61,"body":"It's quite difficult,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2518.61,"endTime":2519.443,"body":"we're all busy,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2520.66,"endTime":2523.27,"body":"how can we wend our way through it?"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2523.27,"endTime":2524.103,"body":"The only way, really,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2524.103,"endTime":2526.33,"body":"is to keep a skeptical eye"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2526.33,"endTime":2527.773,"body":"and go to people you trust."},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2529.07,"endTime":2530.61,"body":"- Thank you very much, Professor de Burgh,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2530.61,"endTime":2532.22,"body":"for your lecture,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2532.22,"endTime":2534.23,"body":"very, very stimulating."},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2534.23,"endTime":2535.62,"body":"I was wondering how it was"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2535.62,"endTime":2540.16,"body":"that a paper like \"Private Eye,\""},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2540.16,"endTime":2541.78,"body":"in fact, I remember"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2540.16,"endTime":2541.78,"body":"when it first came out,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2541.78,"endTime":2543.683,"body":"I was a student at the time,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2546.0,"endTime":2547.39,"body":"got established?"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2547.39,"endTime":2548.49,"body":"Was it a reflection,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2548.49,"endTime":2551.41,"body":"I can't remember at all myself,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2551.41,"endTime":2554.85,"body":"of the editor and his team"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2554.85,"endTime":2558.86,"body":"thinking that the state"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2554.85,"endTime":2558.86,"body":"of journalism in Britain"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2558.86,"endTime":2560.03,"body":"was pretty poor?"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2560.03,"endTime":2562.01,"body":"One thinks in particular"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2562.01,"endTime":2566.02,"body":"of reports of \"The Times\""},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2562.01,"endTime":2566.02,"body":"just before the war,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2566.02,"endTime":2567.03,"body":"where the editor,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2567.03,"endTime":2569.73,"body":"I think it was Dawson, wasn't"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2567.03,"endTime":2569.73,"body":"it, who was the editor,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2569.73,"endTime":2572.64,"body":"manipulating and distorting reports"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2572.64,"endTime":2574.76,"body":"from his German correspondent"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2574.76,"endTime":2576.93,"body":"to make them much more"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2574.76,"endTime":2576.93,"body":"sympathetic to Hitler"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2576.93,"endTime":2581.01,"body":"than the reporter from Berlin"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2576.93,"endTime":2581.01,"body":"was actually reporting."},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2581.01,"endTime":2582.627,"body":"What was the origin, in fact,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2582.627,"endTime":2585.98,"body":"what enabled, in fact,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2582.627,"endTime":2585.98,"body":"\"Private Eye\" to get started?"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2585.98,"endTime":2588.71,"body":"- I'm trying to remember the"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2585.98,"endTime":2588.71,"body":"name of the first editor,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2588.71,"endTime":2590.31,"body":"because he was one of those"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2590.31,"endTime":2595.31,"body":"who did a comic current affairs show"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2597.11,"endTime":2599.43,"body":"in early television,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2599.43,"endTime":2601.25,"body":"or maybe it was even on radio."},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2601.25,"endTime":2604.71,"body":"They were people who felt"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2601.25,"endTime":2604.71,"body":"that established journalism"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2604.71,"endTime":2607.46,"body":"was pompous, and conventional,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2607.46,"endTime":2611.27,"body":"and was too respectful of authority,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2611.27,"endTime":2612.92,"body":"and people with power, and so on."},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2613.99,"endTime":2615.724,"body":"Cook, wasn't it?"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2615.724,"endTime":2617.18,"body":"- [Audience Member] Richard Ingrams"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2617.18,"endTime":2619.393,"body":"- Richard Ingrams, of course."},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2620.77,"endTime":2622.32,"body":"Remind me, somebody,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2622.32,"endTime":2623.57,"body":"who said Richard Ingrams?"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2624.53,"endTime":2625.53,"body":"It was you."},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2625.53,"endTime":2628.17,"body":"What was the gang that Richard Ingrams,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2628.17,"endTime":2629.72,"body":"I use gang in a loose sense,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2629.72,"endTime":2630.823,"body":"that he belonged to,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2631.85,"endTime":2634.673,"body":"that produced a lot of really comic shows?"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2636.127,"endTime":2637.99,"body":"\"That Was the Week That"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2636.127,"endTime":2637.99,"body":"Was,\" that's right,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2637.99,"endTime":2638.87,"body":"and who were the others?"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2638.87,"endTime":2640.249,"body":"Cook was one of them."},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2638.87,"endTime":2640.249,"body":"- Peter Cook."},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2640.249,"endTime":2643.237,"body":"- Peter Cook, and Dudley"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2640.249,"endTime":2643.237,"body":"Moore, Ned Sherrin."},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2643.237,"endTime":2646.37,"body":"\"That Was the Week That"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2643.237,"endTime":2646.37,"body":"Was\" was a kind of stable"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2646.37,"endTime":2649.57,"body":"from which a lot of brilliant"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2646.37,"endTime":2649.57,"body":"journalists and comedians,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2649.57,"endTime":2650.42,"body":"journalists and comedians"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2650.42,"endTime":2653.02,"body":"being very much the same"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2650.42,"endTime":2653.02,"body":"thing, of course, came,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2653.02,"endTime":2655.53,"body":"including Peter Cook, Dudley Moore,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2655.53,"endTime":2657.56,"body":"Richard Ingrams, who was the first editor."},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2657.56,"endTime":2660.93,"body":"So I hope the answer to"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2657.56,"endTime":2660.93,"body":"your question is that,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2660.93,"endTime":2661.83,"body":"how it came about,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2661.83,"endTime":2664.04,"body":"people who thought that the"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2661.83,"endTime":2664.04,"body":"establishment journalists"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2664.04,"endTime":2665.01,"body":"were too stuffy."},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2665.01,"endTime":2667.143,"body":"They probably wouldn't"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2665.01,"endTime":2667.143,"body":"think that these days."},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2668.59,"endTime":2669.423,"body":"- [Questioner] I suppose,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2669.423,"endTime":2673.37,"body":"following up on the first"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2669.423,"endTime":2673.37,"body":"question, and your question,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2673.37,"endTime":2674.373,"body":"and that is,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2676.33,"endTime":2679.39,"body":"I do actually meet"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2676.33,"endTime":2679.39,"body":"quite a few young people"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2679.39,"endTime":2680.417,"body":"who want to be journalists,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2680.417,"endTime":2684.353,"body":"and have studied journalism"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2680.417,"endTime":2684.353,"body":"at university, and colleges,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2687.58,"endTime":2690.14,"body":"and I have done some of"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2687.58,"endTime":2690.14,"body":"these courses myself,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2690.14,"endTime":2692.049,"body":"and they are predisposed,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2692.049,"endTime":2695.17,"body":"when I talk to them,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2695.17,"endTime":2697.46,"body":"to believe that mainstream journalism"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2697.46,"endTime":2700.63,"body":"is simply not to be trusted."},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2700.63,"endTime":2701.463,"body":"The funny thing is,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2701.463,"endTime":2703.16,"body":"as soon as they use that"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2701.463,"endTime":2703.16,"body":"rather convenient term,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2703.16,"endTime":2704.85,"body":"which I like myself,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2704.85,"endTime":2705.75,"body":"it's kind of a giveaway,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2705.75,"endTime":2708.64,"body":"because you know they're"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2705.75,"endTime":2708.64,"body":"going to expound on a view"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2708.64,"endTime":2712.49,"body":"that they get their"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2708.64,"endTime":2712.49,"body":"information from other sources."},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2712.49,"endTime":2715.9,"body":"But they don't seem to have been taught"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2715.9,"endTime":2717.33,"body":"real checking mechanisms,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2717.33,"endTime":2718.96,"body":"the kind of thing you were talking about,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2718.96,"endTime":2723.243,"body":"illustrating it so well"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2718.96,"endTime":2723.243,"body":"with that BBC example."},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2724.2,"endTime":2727.89,"body":"Shouldn't some of this"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2724.2,"endTime":2727.89,"body":"be taught in schools,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2727.89,"endTime":2731.21,"body":"i.e. before college, and"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2727.89,"endTime":2731.21,"body":"before tertiary level,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2731.21,"endTime":2736.21,"body":"to make people more aware of"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2731.21,"endTime":2736.21,"body":"all the fakes on the internet,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2736.37,"endTime":2739.68,"body":"and how to try to discern the truth"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2739.68,"endTime":2741.743,"body":"in established media?"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2744.118,"endTime":2746.95,"body":"- I think it's not easy"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2746.95,"endTime":2751.71,"body":"to establish the truth in the media,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2751.71,"endTime":2754.32,"body":"but maybe if you approach"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2751.71,"endTime":2754.32,"body":"the media, always,"},{"speaker":"is an original crowdfunded production","startTime":2754.32,"endTime":2757.0,"body":"with a skeptical and thoughtful mindset."},{"speaker":"I'll make another reference to China","startTime":2761.83,"endTime":2764.12,"body":"Chinese people, on the whole, I think,"},{"speaker":"I'll make another reference to China","startTime":2764.12,"endTime":2767.89,"body":"or at least certainly"},{"speaker":"I'll make another reference to China","startTime":2764.12,"endTime":2767.89,"body":"educated Chinese people,"},{"speaker":"I'll make another reference to China","startTime":2767.89,"endTime":2769.15,"body":"know perfectly well"},{"speaker":"I'll make another reference to China","startTime":2769.15,"endTime":2771.64,"body":"that a great deal of what"},{"speaker":"I'll make another reference to China","startTime":2769.15,"endTime":2771.64,"body":"goes on in the media,"},{"speaker":"I'll make another reference to China","startTime":2771.64,"endTime":2773.85,"body":"perhaps 60% of it,"},{"speaker":"I'll make another reference to China","startTime":2773.85,"endTime":2777.85,"body":"is reflecting what the"},{"speaker":"I'll make another reference to China","startTime":2773.85,"endTime":2777.85,"body":"authorities want to be said,"},{"speaker":"I'll make another reference to China","startTime":2777.85,"endTime":2779.94,"body":"so they read between the lines,"},{"speaker":"I'll make another reference to China","startTime":2779.94,"endTime":2782.46,"body":"and often, they read what is not said"},{"speaker":"I'll make another reference to China","startTime":2782.46,"endTime":2784.91,"body":"as being more important than what is said."},{"speaker":"I'll make another reference to China","startTime":2784.91,"endTime":2787.39,"body":"And also, they discriminate"},{"speaker":"I'll make another reference to China","startTime":2784.91,"endTime":2787.39,"body":"between those reports"},{"speaker":"I'll make another reference to China","startTime":2787.39,"endTime":2789.63,"body":"which seem to reflect reality"},{"speaker":"I'll make another reference to China","startTime":2789.63,"endTime":2792.56,"body":"and those which seem to"},{"speaker":"I'll make another reference to China","startTime":2789.63,"endTime":2792.56,"body":"be merely the mouthpieces"},{"speaker":"I'll make another reference to China","startTime":2792.56,"endTime":2794.44,"body":"of some official, or whatever."},{"speaker":"I'll make another reference to China","startTime":2794.44,"endTime":2796.27,"body":"And I think they're very good,"},{"speaker":"I'll make another reference to China","startTime":2796.27,"endTime":2799.56,"body":"and perhaps all people in"},{"speaker":"I'll make another reference to China","startTime":2796.27,"endTime":2799.56,"body":"authoritarian societies"},{"speaker":"I'll make another reference to China","startTime":2799.56,"endTime":2800.66,"body":"have to be like that,"},{"speaker":"I'll make another reference to China","startTime":2800.66,"endTime":2802.77,"body":"and perhaps we have to be like that too,"},{"speaker":"I'll make another reference to China","startTime":2802.77,"endTime":2805.48,"body":"we have to approach all"},{"speaker":"I'll make another reference to China","startTime":2802.77,"endTime":2805.48,"body":"media, of all kinds,"},{"speaker":"I'll make another reference to China","startTime":2805.48,"endTime":2806.56,"body":"with skepticism,"},{"speaker":"I'll make another reference to China","startTime":2806.56,"endTime":2807.69,"body":"and, as you say,"},{"speaker":"I'll make another reference to China","startTime":2807.69,"endTime":2810.8,"body":"children should be taught to be skeptical,"},{"speaker":"I'll make another reference to China","startTime":2810.8,"endTime":2812.13,"body":"but not cynical, I think,"},{"speaker":"I'll make another reference to China","startTime":2812.13,"endTime":2814.23,"body":"because there are many"},{"speaker":"I'll make another reference to China","startTime":2812.13,"endTime":2814.23,"body":"very good journalists,"},{"speaker":"I'll make another reference to China","startTime":2814.23,"endTime":2817.17,"body":"I've just been introducing"},{"speaker":"I'll make another reference to China","startTime":2814.23,"endTime":2817.17,"body":"you to some of them, I hope,"},{"speaker":"I'll make another reference to China","startTime":2817.17,"endTime":2818.28,"body":"very good journalists,"},{"speaker":"I'll make another reference to China","startTime":2818.28,"endTime":2820.0,"body":"and there are, in the established media,"},{"speaker":"I'll make another reference to China","startTime":2820.0,"endTime":2821.26,"body":"very good journalists."},{"speaker":"I'll make another reference to China","startTime":2821.26,"endTime":2823.42,"body":"Of course they make"},{"speaker":"I'll make another reference to China","startTime":2821.26,"endTime":2823.42,"body":"mistakes from time to time,"},{"speaker":"I'll make another reference to China","startTime":2823.42,"endTime":2824.42,"body":"and they're influenced"},{"speaker":"I'll make another reference to China","startTime":2824.42,"endTime":2827.49,"body":"by their own cultural"},{"speaker":"I'll make another reference to China","startTime":2824.42,"endTime":2827.49,"body":"proclivities, their own prejudices,"},{"speaker":"I'll make another reference to China","startTime":2827.49,"endTime":2829.06,"body":"and their own sillinesses,"},{"speaker":"I'll make another reference to China","startTime":2829.06,"endTime":2831.0,"body":"but as long as you understand that,"},{"speaker":"I'll make another reference to China","startTime":2831.0,"endTime":2833.49,"body":"and try and read for that,"},{"speaker":"I'll make another reference to China","startTime":2833.49,"endTime":2835.75,"body":"then you can make good sense"},{"speaker":"I'll make another reference to China","startTime":2835.75,"endTime":2839.5,"body":"out of any newspaper,"},{"speaker":"I'll make another reference to China","startTime":2835.75,"endTime":2839.5,"body":"or television program,"},{"speaker":"I'll make another reference to China","startTime":2839.5,"endTime":2843.04,"body":"or online website, I think, at all."},{"speaker":"I'll make another reference to China","startTime":2843.04,"endTime":2845.66,"body":"I read newspapers which I"},{"speaker":"I'll make another reference to China","startTime":2843.04,"endTime":2845.66,"body":"disagree with profoundly,"},{"speaker":"I'll make another reference to China","startTime":2845.66,"endTime":2848.62,"body":"and I'm sure that lots of you do as well,"},{"speaker":"I'll make another reference to China","startTime":2848.62,"endTime":2849.453,"body":"when you get them,"},{"speaker":"I'll make another reference to China","startTime":2849.453,"endTime":2850.29,"body":"if they're free, anyway,"},{"speaker":"I'll make another reference to China","startTime":2850.29,"endTime":2851.43,"body":"I wouldn't buy them all"},{"speaker":"I'll make another reference to China","startTime":2851.43,"endTime":2853.947,"body":"but I will read newspapers."},{"speaker":"I'll make another reference to China","startTime":2853.947,"endTime":2855.33,"body":"\"The New York Times,\" for example,"},{"speaker":"I'll make another reference to China","startTime":2855.33,"endTime":2856.67,"body":"I disagree strongly with,"},{"speaker":"I'll make another reference to China","startTime":2856.67,"endTime":2859.14,"body":"but whenever I go into a"},{"speaker":"I'll make another reference to China","startTime":2856.67,"endTime":2859.14,"body":"library and I find a copy,"},{"speaker":"I'll make another reference to China","startTime":2859.14,"endTime":2859.973,"body":"I will read it,"},{"speaker":"I'll make another reference to China","startTime":2859.973,"endTime":2861.5,"body":"because there's some"},{"speaker":"I'll make another reference to China","startTime":2859.973,"endTime":2861.5,"body":"very good stuff in it,"},{"speaker":"I'll make another reference to China","startTime":2861.5,"endTime":2864.3,"body":"but it doesn't mean to say"},{"speaker":"I'll make another reference to China","startTime":2861.5,"endTime":2864.3,"body":"I'm agreeing with everything."},{"speaker":"I'll make another reference to China","startTime":2865.41,"endTime":2867.18,"body":"- I would like to note for everyone"},{"speaker":"I'll make another reference to China","startTime":2867.18,"endTime":2872.18,"body":"that this lecture is part of a"},{"speaker":"I'll make another reference to China","startTime":2867.18,"endTime":2872.18,"body":"wider series of four lectures"},{"speaker":"I'll make another reference to China","startTime":2872.26,"endTime":2873.78,"body":"at Gresham College this year"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":2873.78,"endTime":2876.41,"body":"Trust and Society,"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":2876.41,"endTime":2878.31,"body":"and so some of these questions"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":2878.31,"endTime":2881.04,"body":"are addressed by some"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":2878.31,"endTime":2881.04,"body":"of the other lecturers."},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":2881.04,"endTime":2882.73,"body":"If you go to the website"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":2882.73,"endTime":2884.47,"body":"and look at Professor de Burgh's lecture,"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":2884.47,"endTime":2886.6,"body":"you'll see a link to the series,"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":2886.6,"endTime":2887.9,"body":"which has the other lectures,"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":2887.9,"endTime":2890.51,"body":"you might want to check those out as well."},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":2890.51,"endTime":2891.343,"body":"- [Questioner] Could you maybe talk about"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":2891.343,"endTime":2893.71,"body":"the advantages and disadvantages"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":2893.71,"endTime":2896.163,"body":"of using social media to"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":2893.71,"endTime":2896.163,"body":"crowdsource information?"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":2897.07,"endTime":2898.82,"body":"- The advantages and disadvantages"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":2898.82,"endTime":2901.23,"body":"of using social media"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":2898.82,"endTime":2901.23,"body":"as a source, you mean?"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":2901.23,"endTime":2902.44,"body":"- [Questioner] Yes."},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":2902.44,"endTime":2903.273,"body":"- Certainly."},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":2903.273,"endTime":2907.01,"body":"I think this relates to the"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":2903.273,"endTime":2907.01,"body":"previous two questions as well,"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":2907.01,"endTime":2907.843,"body":"in a way, doesn't it,"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":2907.843,"endTime":2910.43,"body":"because you have to be very, very careful"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":2910.43,"endTime":2912.08,"body":"if you use social media as a source"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":2912.08,"endTime":2915.45,"body":"because you don't know where"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":2912.08,"endTime":2915.45,"body":"the information is coming from,"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":2915.45,"endTime":2917.923,"body":"and you triangulate, you check."},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":2918.96,"endTime":2920.44,"body":"I'm no longer a journalist,"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":2920.44,"endTime":2923.46,"body":"but I think the Bellingcat team would say"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":2923.46,"endTime":2926.93,"body":"they'll get some initial"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":2923.46,"endTime":2926.93,"body":"ideas from social media,"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":2926.93,"endTime":2928.45,"body":"and then they will try and triangulate"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":2928.45,"endTime":2931.71,"body":"and get at least two other sources"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":2932.72,"endTime":2935.17,"body":"before they will believe"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":2932.72,"endTime":2935.17,"body":"what they're being told."},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":2936.06,"endTime":2937.45,"body":"- [Questioner] I was just"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":2936.06,"endTime":2937.45,"body":"wondering if, generally,"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":2937.45,"endTime":2939.93,"body":"investigative journalists tend"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":2937.45,"endTime":2939.93,"body":"to have a geographical area"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":2939.93,"endTime":2941.19,"body":"where they investigate,"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":2941.19,"endTime":2943.53,"body":"or if you can give examples of journalists"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":2943.53,"endTime":2946.013,"body":"who investigate subjects"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":2943.53,"endTime":2946.013,"body":"that span the world?"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":2949.03,"endTime":2950.81,"body":"- I suppose investigative journalists"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":2950.81,"endTime":2952.64,"body":"belong to nations, on the whole,"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":2952.64,"endTime":2953.62,"body":"and usually,"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":2953.62,"endTime":2956.56,"body":"their first interest is"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":2953.62,"endTime":2956.56,"body":"in their home countries,"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":2956.56,"endTime":2958.75,"body":"so the Latin American journalists"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":2958.75,"endTime":2962.99,"body":"who collaborated on major issues,"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":2962.99,"endTime":2967.2,"body":"who collaborated on major"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":2962.99,"endTime":2967.2,"body":"pan-continental issues"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":2967.2,"endTime":2968.95,"body":"will spend most of their time"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":2968.95,"endTime":2971.69,"body":"working on, say, a local corruption story,"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":2971.69,"endTime":2976.3,"body":"or something that concerns"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":2971.69,"endTime":2976.3,"body":"their own readers,"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":2976.3,"endTime":2979.07,"body":"their own viewers themselves,"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":2979.07,"endTime":2982.16,"body":"but will also collaborate"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":2979.07,"endTime":2982.16,"body":"on pan-continental stories."},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":2982.16,"endTime":2985.01,"body":"And then, if they're"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":2982.16,"endTime":2985.01,"body":"involved with something"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":2985.01,"endTime":2986.93,"body":"which is of global importance,"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":2986.93,"endTime":2988.24,"body":"they can work through Bellingcat,"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":2988.24,"endTime":2990.71,"body":"or some of the other"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":2988.24,"endTime":2990.71,"body":"international organizations,"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":2990.71,"endTime":2992.77,"body":"to work on those,"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":2992.77,"endTime":2996.37,"body":"so that's one kind of"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":2992.77,"endTime":2996.37,"body":"specialization, if you like."},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":2996.37,"endTime":2998.92,"body":"The other is that some people specialize"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":2998.92,"endTime":3001.18,"body":"in particular kinds of stories,"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":3001.18,"endTime":3003.23,"body":"and I think you referred to that as well."},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":3005.09,"endTime":3008.23,"body":"The Malaysian example I gave you"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":3008.23,"endTime":3010.98,"body":"was a big, big corruption story,"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":3010.98,"endTime":3013.62,"body":"but it was also an"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":3010.98,"endTime":3013.62,"body":"environment story, because,"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":3013.62,"endTime":3015.54,"body":"I didn't have time to"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":3013.62,"endTime":3015.54,"body":"really go into detail,"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":3015.54,"endTime":3016.92,"body":"and I'm sure you wouldn't"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":3015.54,"endTime":3016.92,"body":"have wanted me to,"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":3016.92,"endTime":3017.753,"body":"and anyway,"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":3017.753,"endTime":3020.13,"body":"some people here may know"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":3017.753,"endTime":3020.13,"body":"about \"The Sarawak Report,\""},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":3020.13,"endTime":3021.44,"body":"but effectively,"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":3021.44,"endTime":3026.27,"body":"what the gangsters in power"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":3021.44,"endTime":3026.27,"body":"in Malaysia were doing"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":3026.27,"endTime":3031.27,"body":"was selling rights to"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":3026.27,"endTime":3031.27,"body":"destroy the environment"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":3031.31,"endTime":3032.63,"body":"over large areas,"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":3032.63,"endTime":3034.31,"body":"which was also taking away the homes"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":3034.31,"endTime":3038.67,"body":"of hundreds of thousands,"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":3034.31,"endTime":3038.67,"body":"if not more poor people."},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":3038.67,"endTime":3042.7,"body":"So she is an environmental journalist"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":3042.7,"endTime":3044.3,"body":"who happened to specialize"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":3044.3,"endTime":3047.93,"body":"in a national/international story."},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":3047.93,"endTime":3049.84,"body":"And there'll be people"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":3047.93,"endTime":3049.84,"body":"in China, for example,"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":3049.84,"endTime":3051.73,"body":"until the recent crackdowns,"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":3051.73,"endTime":3052.563,"body":"there were journalists"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":3052.563,"endTime":3055.38,"body":"who specialized in environmental"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":3052.563,"endTime":3055.38,"body":"stories all the time,"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":3055.38,"endTime":3056.89,"body":"because the leadership,"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":3056.89,"endTime":3059.15,"body":"until about 10 years ago,"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":3059.15,"endTime":3060.51,"body":"was very keen"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":3060.51,"endTime":3063.18,"body":"that there should be exposure"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":3060.51,"endTime":3063.18,"body":"of environmental stories,"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":3063.18,"endTime":3065.47,"body":"so it was the one area"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":3065.47,"endTime":3068.6,"body":"where you could be"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":3065.47,"endTime":3068.6,"body":"absolutely certain, in China,"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":3068.6,"endTime":3072.4,"body":"of not being screwed by the officials"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":3072.4,"endTime":3074.7,"body":"because the government badly wanted"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":3074.7,"endTime":3078.453,"body":"the exposure of pollution, and"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":3074.7,"endTime":3078.453,"body":"other environmental stories."},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":3080.707,"endTime":3082.15,"body":"\"Private Eye\" is rather different,"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":3082.15,"endTime":3085.2,"body":"they'll touch anything as"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":3082.15,"endTime":3085.2,"body":"long as it's British, really,"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":3085.2,"endTime":3089.36,"body":"but mostly, journalists have their beat,"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":3089.36,"endTime":3092.01,"body":"their areas that they look at,"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":3092.01,"endTime":3095.64,"body":"and also their own"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":3092.01,"endTime":3095.64,"body":"national interests as well."},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":3095.64,"endTime":3097.92,"body":"I hope that answers"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":3095.64,"endTime":3097.92,"body":"your question, does it?"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":3097.92,"endTime":3099.63,"body":"- I think we're going"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":3097.92,"endTime":3099.63,"body":"to have to stop there"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":3099.63,"endTime":3101.8,"body":"because I know that you have"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":3099.63,"endTime":3101.8,"body":"another appointment elsewhere"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":3101.8,"endTime":3102.94,"body":"this evening, Professor,"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":3102.94,"endTime":3105.5,"body":"so it remains for me just"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":3102.94,"endTime":3105.5,"body":"to thank the professor"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":3105.5,"endTime":3108.18,"body":"and thank our audience for"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":3105.5,"endTime":3108.18,"body":"your attention this evening,"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":3108.18,"endTime":3110.26,"body":"both in the hall and online."},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":3110.26,"endTime":3113.319,"body":"Please join me in thanking"},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":3110.26,"endTime":3113.319,"body":"Professor de Burgh."},{"speaker":"called Media","startTime":3113.319,"endTime":3115.232,"body":"(audience applauds)"}]}