{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"startTime":0.81,"endTime":3.27,"body":"- Well, you heard the title of the talk."},{"startTime":3.27,"endTime":5.31,"body":"This picture here"},{"startTime":5.31,"endTime":9.39,"body":"is from the paper which"},{"startTime":5.31,"endTime":9.39,"body":"was published in 1965,"},{"startTime":11.19,"endTime":14.46,"body":"which appears to have won"},{"startTime":11.19,"endTime":14.46,"body":"a Nobel Prize eventually,"},{"startTime":14.46,"endTime":17.88,"body":"it's the only diagram in that paper,"},{"startTime":17.88,"endTime":20.67,"body":"and I want to explain the diagram a bit."},{"startTime":20.67,"endTime":23.22,"body":"It is a picture, a space-time picture."},{"startTime":23.22,"endTime":26.7,"body":"You have to think of the"},{"startTime":23.22,"endTime":26.7,"body":"time as going up the picture"},{"startTime":26.7,"endTime":28.2,"body":"from bottom to top,"},{"startTime":28.2,"endTime":33.2,"body":"and space is represented by"},{"startTime":28.2,"endTime":33.2,"body":"the horizontal dimensions."},{"startTime":33.36,"endTime":36.24,"body":"Of course, I have to throw"},{"startTime":33.36,"endTime":36.24,"body":"one of the dimensions away"},{"startTime":36.24,"endTime":39.003,"body":"in order to draw a picture"},{"startTime":36.24,"endTime":39.003,"body":"that you can appreciate,"},{"startTime":39.93,"endTime":42.03,"body":"so you have to imagine"},{"startTime":39.93,"endTime":42.03,"body":"there's another dimension"},{"startTime":42.03,"endTime":42.863,"body":"in this picture,"},{"startTime":42.863,"endTime":45.183,"body":"I'll come to that a bit later on."},{"startTime":46.62,"endTime":48.96,"body":"What I do want to start by talking about"},{"startTime":48.96,"endTime":50.4,"body":"are those little cones"},{"startTime":50.4,"endTime":53.67,"body":"that you may be able"},{"startTime":50.4,"endTime":53.67,"body":"to see in the picture."},{"startTime":53.67,"endTime":57.633,"body":"Let me move on to explain"},{"startTime":53.67,"endTime":57.633,"body":"what those cones are."},{"startTime":58.56,"endTime":60.42,"body":"In fact, I normally draw the cones"},{"startTime":60.42,"endTime":62.73,"body":"with a top half and a bottom half."},{"startTime":62.73,"endTime":65.01,"body":"The top half points into the future"},{"startTime":65.01,"endTime":67.56,"body":"and the bottom half into the past."},{"startTime":67.56,"endTime":69.6,"body":"This is what's called a null cone,"},{"startTime":69.6,"endTime":72.15,"body":"I may occasionally call it"},{"startTime":69.6,"endTime":72.15,"body":"a light cone by mistake,"},{"startTime":72.15,"endTime":73.23,"body":"there's a slight distinction,"},{"startTime":73.23,"endTime":76.751,"body":"but the technical term"},{"startTime":73.23,"endTime":76.751,"body":"for that is a null cone,"},{"startTime":76.751,"endTime":78.06,"body":"and what is that?"},{"startTime":78.06,"endTime":80.31,"body":"Well in space-time,"},{"startTime":80.31,"endTime":83.55,"body":"we have three dimensions of space,"},{"startTime":83.55,"endTime":85.56,"body":"so I've tried to indicate that"},{"startTime":85.56,"endTime":89.13,"body":"by the x, y, and z"},{"startTime":85.56,"endTime":89.13,"body":"directions at the bottom,"},{"startTime":89.13,"endTime":91.98,"body":"there's a time axis going upwards,"},{"startTime":91.98,"endTime":95.58,"body":"and the important thing is the light ray,"},{"startTime":95.58,"endTime":99.903,"body":"which is this yellow thing"},{"startTime":95.58,"endTime":99.903,"body":"point up to the right."},{"startTime":102.87,"endTime":104.46,"body":"You have to choose units"},{"startTime":104.46,"endTime":107.64,"body":"so that that isn't flat on the ground,"},{"startTime":107.64,"endTime":108.6,"body":"that is to say,"},{"startTime":108.6,"endTime":112.26,"body":"if your units of time are"},{"startTime":108.6,"endTime":112.26,"body":"something like seconds,"},{"startTime":112.26,"endTime":115.68,"body":"then your space units would be"},{"startTime":112.26,"endTime":115.68,"body":"something like light seconds,"},{"startTime":115.68,"endTime":117.21,"body":"so they're not normal units"},{"startTime":117.21,"endTime":119.31,"body":"that you'd be using for everyday life,"},{"startTime":119.31,"endTime":120.78,"body":"but that's the sort of thing,"},{"startTime":120.78,"endTime":122.46,"body":"so that the speed of light"},{"startTime":122.46,"endTime":126.45,"body":"is something represented"},{"startTime":122.46,"endTime":126.45,"body":"by, say, 45 degrees,"},{"startTime":126.45,"endTime":128.01,"body":"or something like that,"},{"startTime":128.01,"endTime":129.24,"body":"not just flat on the ground,"},{"startTime":129.24,"endTime":131.313,"body":"which would be if I used ordinary units,"},{"startTime":132.54,"endTime":134.4,"body":"so that's the light signal,"},{"startTime":134.4,"endTime":136.68,"body":"which is the important"},{"startTime":134.4,"endTime":136.68,"body":"thing I want to talk about."},{"startTime":136.68,"endTime":138.88,"body":"But I'm not just concerned"},{"startTime":136.68,"endTime":138.88,"body":"with one of them,"},{"startTime":139.749,"endTime":141.91,"body":"all the different light directions"},{"startTime":143.04,"endTime":144.69,"body":"through that central point"},{"startTime":144.69,"endTime":147.48,"body":"would sweep out the cone"},{"startTime":144.69,"endTime":147.48,"body":"that I'm talking about,"},{"startTime":147.48,"endTime":148.953,"body":"so that is what the cone is,"},{"startTime":149.94,"endTime":152.34,"body":"and we're more interested in the cone"},{"startTime":152.34,"endTime":153.93,"body":"rather than any particular light ray,"},{"startTime":153.93,"endTime":157.38,"body":"so I won't indicate that particular ray,"},{"startTime":157.38,"endTime":158.79,"body":"and we're not interested, really,"},{"startTime":158.79,"endTime":161.04,"body":"in the x's, y's, and z's, and t's,"},{"startTime":161.04,"endTime":163.32,"body":"because you can change them,"},{"startTime":163.32,"endTime":165.75,"body":"the important thing is the cone."},{"startTime":165.75,"endTime":168.45,"body":"As I say, in the pictures"},{"startTime":165.75,"endTime":168.45,"body":"that I'm showing you there,"},{"startTime":168.45,"endTime":170.8,"body":"I can't remember whether"},{"startTime":168.45,"endTime":170.8,"body":"it's always like that,"},{"startTime":171.75,"endTime":173.34,"body":"just the top half is represented,"},{"startTime":173.34,"endTime":174.45,"body":"but I may, in other pictures,"},{"startTime":174.45,"endTime":176.79,"body":"have both the top half"},{"startTime":174.45,"endTime":176.79,"body":"and the bottom half."},{"startTime":176.79,"endTime":179.01,"body":"The top half points into the future,"},{"startTime":179.01,"endTime":184.01,"body":"so it represents the future"},{"startTime":179.01,"endTime":184.01,"body":"of that central point,"},{"startTime":185.111,"endTime":186.93,"body":"and the bottom half, the past."},{"startTime":186.93,"endTime":190.47,"body":"So let's go back and consider"},{"startTime":186.93,"endTime":190.47,"body":"a more general space-time."},{"startTime":190.47,"endTime":193.503,"body":"Again, I've drawn only two"},{"startTime":190.47,"endTime":193.503,"body":"dimensions of space-time"},{"startTime":193.503,"endTime":194.97,"body":"when it's really four dimensions,"},{"startTime":194.97,"endTime":197.28,"body":"so I've thrown a couple of dimensions away"},{"startTime":197.28,"endTime":201.45,"body":"as regards the surface you see,"},{"startTime":201.45,"endTime":203.01,"body":"but the cones,"},{"startTime":203.01,"endTime":206.28,"body":"each point will have one of those cones,"},{"startTime":206.28,"endTime":207.69,"body":"not necessarily always drawn,"},{"startTime":207.69,"endTime":209.76,"body":"but you have to imagine the cone is there,"},{"startTime":209.76,"endTime":213.393,"body":"telling you how light rays"},{"startTime":209.76,"endTime":213.393,"body":"will behave, and so on."},{"startTime":215.13,"endTime":216.51,"body":"We move onto the next picture,"},{"startTime":216.51,"endTime":219.153,"body":"this is back to the picture we had before."},{"startTime":220.2,"endTime":223.863,"body":"The main thing I want"},{"startTime":220.2,"endTime":223.863,"body":"to talk about is the,"},{"startTime":226.41,"endTime":229.283,"body":"I don't know whether I"},{"startTime":226.41,"endTime":229.283,"body":"had a pointer here or not?"},{"startTime":229.283,"endTime":230.613,"body":"Anyway, nevermind."},{"startTime":231.54,"endTime":233.88,"body":"You can see that little"},{"startTime":231.54,"endTime":233.88,"body":"ring in the middle."},{"startTime":233.88,"endTime":234.713,"body":"That ring,"},{"startTime":234.713,"endTime":237.33,"body":"because I've only got two space,"},{"startTime":237.33,"endTime":238.71,"body":"rather than three space dimensions,"},{"startTime":238.71,"endTime":240.76,"body":"you have to imagine it's really a sphere."},{"startTime":241.68,"endTime":242.88,"body":"It's got two dimensions"},{"startTime":242.88,"endTime":246.18,"body":"because the space has three dimensions,"},{"startTime":246.18,"endTime":248.22,"body":"and you must imagine that,"},{"startTime":248.22,"endTime":249.06,"body":"rather than being a ring,"},{"startTime":249.06,"endTime":251.163,"body":"it's actually a spherical surface."},{"startTime":253.08,"endTime":255.9,"body":"The future of that surface"},{"startTime":253.08,"endTime":255.9,"body":"is what I've indicated."},{"startTime":255.9,"endTime":257.52,"body":"When I say the future,"},{"startTime":257.52,"endTime":259.5,"body":"I'm considering all the points"},{"startTime":259.5,"endTime":263.76,"body":"that you could reach by"},{"startTime":259.5,"endTime":263.76,"body":"lines drawn within the cones,"},{"startTime":263.76,"endTime":266.94,"body":"those are what are called causal lines,"},{"startTime":266.94,"endTime":268.77,"body":"or chronological lines."},{"startTime":268.77,"endTime":272.7,"body":"A particle has to travel with"},{"startTime":268.77,"endTime":272.7,"body":"less than the speed of light,"},{"startTime":272.7,"endTime":275.49,"body":"that means its world line,"},{"startTime":275.49,"endTime":276.99,"body":"that is, its history,"},{"startTime":276.99,"endTime":280.29,"body":"is all the time lying"},{"startTime":276.99,"endTime":280.29,"body":"within the local cones"},{"startTime":280.29,"endTime":283.44,"body":"that it encounters as"},{"startTime":280.29,"endTime":283.44,"body":"it goes up the picture."},{"startTime":283.44,"endTime":287.52,"body":"So what I'm interested"},{"startTime":283.44,"endTime":287.52,"body":"in is that shaded region,"},{"startTime":287.52,"endTime":291.96,"body":"which represents the future"},{"startTime":287.52,"endTime":291.96,"body":"of that two dimensions."},{"startTime":291.96,"endTime":293.67,"body":"I'm calling that a trapped surface,"},{"startTime":293.67,"endTime":295.74,"body":"and it is a surface, as I say,"},{"startTime":295.74,"endTime":296.573,"body":"not just a ring,"},{"startTime":296.573,"endTime":298.53,"body":"because it's got two dimensions."},{"speaker":"It's special, though","startTime":300.09,"endTime":302.4,"body":"what characterizes the collapse,"},{"speaker":"It's special, though","startTime":302.4,"endTime":303.63,"body":"which is peculiar,"},{"speaker":"It's special, though","startTime":303.63,"endTime":305.88,"body":"which leads to the black hole,"},{"speaker":"It's special, though","startTime":305.88,"endTime":308.82,"body":"is the future of that ring."},{"speaker":"It's special, though","startTime":308.82,"endTime":311.073,"body":"The trapped surface has the property,"},{"speaker":"It's special, though","startTime":311.073,"endTime":314.01,"body":"you can imagine an"},{"speaker":"It's special, though","startTime":311.073,"endTime":314.01,"body":"ordinary spherical surface,"},{"speaker":"It's special, though","startTime":314.01,"endTime":315.21,"body":"it needn't be exactly spherical,"},{"speaker":"It's special, though","startTime":315.21,"endTime":316.59,"body":"it could be wobbly,"},{"speaker":"It's special, though","startTime":316.59,"endTime":319.89,"body":"if you imagine a flash"},{"speaker":"It's special, though","startTime":316.59,"endTime":319.89,"body":"of light on that surface,"},{"speaker":"It's special, though","startTime":319.89,"endTime":322.167,"body":"then there could be an"},{"speaker":"It's special, though","startTime":319.89,"endTime":322.167,"body":"outward flash going outwards,"},{"speaker":"It's special, though","startTime":322.167,"endTime":324.54,"body":"and an inward flash,"},{"speaker":"It's special, though","startTime":324.54,"endTime":326.52,"body":"just an instantaneous"},{"speaker":"It's special, though","startTime":324.54,"endTime":326.52,"body":"flash on that surface"},{"speaker":"It's special, though","startTime":326.52,"endTime":329.1,"body":"could have an outward"},{"speaker":"It's special, though","startTime":326.52,"endTime":329.1,"body":"flash and an inward flash."},{"speaker":"It's special, though","startTime":329.1,"endTime":331.56,"body":"Now, what would characterize"},{"speaker":"It's special, though","startTime":329.1,"endTime":331.56,"body":"the outward flash"},{"speaker":"It's special, though","startTime":331.56,"endTime":332.73,"body":"would be that, locally,"},{"speaker":"It's special, though","startTime":332.73,"endTime":335.07,"body":"the light rays are moving"},{"speaker":"It's special, though","startTime":332.73,"endTime":335.07,"body":"away from each other,"},{"speaker":"It's special, though","startTime":335.07,"endTime":336.57,"body":"whereas the inward flash,"},{"speaker":"It's special, though","startTime":336.57,"endTime":339.003,"body":"the light rays are going"},{"speaker":"It's special, though","startTime":336.57,"endTime":339.003,"body":"towards each other,"},{"speaker":"It's special, though","startTime":339.9,"endTime":341.61,"body":"and that's the normal situation."},{"speaker":"It's special, though","startTime":341.61,"endTime":343.08,"body":"But if you have a trapped surface,"},{"speaker":"It's special, though","startTime":343.08,"endTime":344.94,"body":"like what we have here,"},{"speaker":"It's special, though","startTime":344.94,"endTime":347.88,"body":"then the outward flash,"},{"speaker":"It's special, though","startTime":347.88,"endTime":349.77,"body":"the rays are actually converging,"},{"speaker":"It's special, though","startTime":349.77,"endTime":351.627,"body":"that's the key point about it."},{"speaker":"It's special, though","startTime":351.627,"endTime":354.13,"body":"The flash is such that"},{"speaker":"It's special, though","startTime":355.14,"endTime":358.203,"body":"even trying to go out"},{"speaker":"It's special, though","startTime":355.14,"endTime":358.203,"body":"as fast as it can go,"},{"speaker":"It's special, though","startTime":359.55,"endTime":364.17,"body":"the future of the light rays"},{"speaker":"It's special, though","startTime":359.55,"endTime":364.17,"body":"are actually converging,"},{"speaker":"It's special, though","startTime":364.17,"endTime":366.747,"body":"so that that's what"},{"speaker":"It's special, though","startTime":364.17,"endTime":366.747,"body":"characterizes a trapped surface."},{"speaker":"It's special, though","startTime":366.747,"endTime":369.27,"body":"And the key point about it is"},{"speaker":"It's special, though","startTime":369.27,"endTime":370.92,"body":"that it's not a feature"},{"speaker":"It's special, though","startTime":370.92,"endTime":373.26,"body":"that depends on the"},{"speaker":"It's special, though","startTime":370.92,"endTime":373.26,"body":"symmetry in the picture."},{"speaker":"It's special, though","startTime":373.26,"endTime":375.48,"body":"I should go back a bit in the history"},{"speaker":"It's special, though","startTime":375.48,"endTime":378.66,"body":"to 1939, I think it was,"},{"speaker":"It's special, though","startTime":378.66,"endTime":380.37,"body":"when Oppenheimer,"},{"speaker":"It's special, though","startTime":380.37,"endTime":383.07,"body":"who became famous for the"},{"speaker":"It's special, though","startTime":380.37,"endTime":383.07,"body":"atomic bomb, and all that,"},{"speaker":"It's special, though","startTime":383.07,"endTime":385.29,"body":"and a student of his, Snyder,"},{"speaker":"It's special, though","startTime":385.29,"endTime":388.83,"body":"Oppenheimer and Snyder wrote a paper"},{"speaker":"It's special, though","startTime":388.83,"endTime":393.033,"body":"in which they discussed the"},{"speaker":"It's special, though","startTime":388.83,"endTime":393.033,"body":"collapse of a dust cloud."},{"speaker":"It's special, though","startTime":395.19,"endTime":398.73,"body":"The considerations that they had"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":402.6,"endTime":404.85,"body":"one is what's called dust,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":404.85,"endTime":406.23,"body":"and what does dust mean?"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":406.23,"endTime":408.06,"body":"It means your material has no pressure,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":408.06,"endTime":410.07,"body":"that's the definition of dust,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":410.07,"endTime":414.12,"body":"so the material doesn't"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":410.07,"endTime":414.12,"body":"have any pressure at all,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":414.12,"endTime":416.19,"body":"so there's nothing, in that sense,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":416.19,"endTime":418.74,"body":"to stop it as it falls inwards,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":418.74,"endTime":421.62,"body":"it doesn't have any pressure to stop it."},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":421.62,"endTime":423.06,"body":"The other feature,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":423.06,"endTime":425.46,"body":"which is more important"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":423.06,"endTime":425.46,"body":"for the discussion here,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":425.46,"endTime":427.943,"body":"is it's exactly spherically symmetrical,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":427.943,"endTime":429.96,"body":"so it's an exact sphere,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":429.96,"endTime":432.96,"body":"everything is symmetrical"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":429.96,"endTime":432.96,"body":"all the way around,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":432.96,"endTime":434.88,"body":"it falls in at the same rate."},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":434.88,"endTime":436.89,"body":"And since it's spherically symmetrical,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":436.89,"endTime":438.21,"body":"there's no pressure,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":438.21,"endTime":441.3,"body":"that dust is going to fall"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":438.21,"endTime":441.3,"body":"inwards towards the center,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":441.3,"endTime":443.46,"body":"there's just nothing to stop it."},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":443.46,"endTime":444.293,"body":"So the fact that,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":444.293,"endTime":447.36,"body":"in their solution to"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":444.293,"endTime":447.36,"body":"the Einstein equations,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":447.36,"endTime":448.62,"body":"this was a solution"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":448.62,"endTime":451.98,"body":"to Einstein's theory"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":448.62,"endTime":451.98,"body":"of general relativity,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":451.98,"endTime":454.6,"body":"which describes gravitational fields"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":455.88,"endTime":457.593,"body":"when the fields get very strong,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":460.59,"endTime":462.57,"body":"the matter was collapsing inwards,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":462.57,"endTime":465.12,"body":"and there is nothing to stop"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":462.57,"endTime":465.12,"body":"it because it has no pressure,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":465.12,"endTime":468.153,"body":"and it's focused exactly"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":465.12,"endTime":468.153,"body":"to this central point."},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":471.51,"endTime":473.22,"body":"What happens when it gets"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":471.51,"endTime":473.22,"body":"to the central point?"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":473.22,"endTime":475.11,"body":"Well the density goes up, and up, and up"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":475.11,"endTime":476.67,"body":"and it becomes infinite."},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":476.67,"endTime":478.29,"body":"When the density becomes infinite,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":478.29,"endTime":480.54,"body":"the space-time curvature becomes infinite,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":480.54,"endTime":482.4,"body":"and everything goes crazy,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":482.4,"endTime":484.59,"body":"and your equations don't make any sense,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":484.59,"endTime":486.24,"body":"and you have to give up."},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":486.24,"endTime":487.74,"body":"So that's what's called a singularity,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":487.74,"endTime":490.14,"body":"it's a place where you have to give up."},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":490.14,"endTime":492.123,"body":"Now, I think a lot of people thought"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":492.123,"endTime":495.0,"body":"that this was a very special situation,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":495.0,"endTime":497.16,"body":"exactly spherically symmetrical,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":497.16,"endTime":498.99,"body":"and of course you get these singularities,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":498.99,"endTime":501.15,"body":"but it doesn't really mean anything."},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":501.15,"endTime":506.023,"body":"Now, flash forwards to the early 1960s,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":508.86,"endTime":513.81,"body":"when there were these remarkable"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":508.86,"endTime":513.81,"body":"objects called quasars,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":513.81,"endTime":515.67,"body":"I think they weren't"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":513.81,"endTime":515.67,"body":"initially called quasars,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":515.67,"endTime":518.82,"body":"they were called quasi-stellar objects,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":518.82,"endTime":522.84,"body":"and they seemed to be emitting"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":518.82,"endTime":522.84,"body":"huge amounts of energy,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular 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matter there,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1021.62,"endTime":1023.573,"body":"so it expands the field,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1024.5,"endTime":1026.93,"body":"the background field would be magnified,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1026.93,"endTime":1028.01,"body":"that magnification"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1028.01,"endTime":1031.16,"body":"would push the star field outwards,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1031.16,"endTime":1034.25,"body":"and now we see that the outward pushing"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1034.25,"endTime":1038.69,"body":"will get less and less in the"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1034.25,"endTime":1038.69,"body":"direction directly outwards,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular 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the Weyl curvature,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1068.3,"endTime":1070.01,"body":"and the Ricci curvature."},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1070.01,"endTime":1072.83,"body":"I'm not sure whether I want"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1070.01,"endTime":1072.83,"body":"to go back to my picture here,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1072.83,"endTime":1077.83,"body":"but you see, with the future"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1072.83,"endTime":1077.83,"body":"of the trapped surface,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1078.14,"endTime":1081.8,"body":"Weyl curvature doesn't magnify initially,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1081.8,"endTime":1083.45,"body":"it just distorts,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular 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this"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1151.07,"endTime":1152.96,"body":"way rather than your way,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1152.96,"endTime":1154.26,"body":"I said, yes, you're right,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1155.36,"endTime":1156.71,"body":"I kept kicking myself"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1156.71,"endTime":1157.91,"body":"for not using his argument"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1157.91,"endTime":1160.01,"body":"rather than the rather involved argument"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1160.01,"endTime":1161.183,"body":"I used in that paper."},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1163.22,"endTime":1165.38,"body":"Whenever I've repeated"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular 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London"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1187.28,"endTime":1189.35,"body":"in 1965,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1189.35,"endTime":1191.72,"body":"no wait, what am I talking about?"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1191.72,"endTime":1194.96,"body":"That talk was given in 1964, I think,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1194.96,"endTime":1196.13,"body":"that's right."},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1196.13,"endTime":1198.5,"body":"And I remember being rather pleased"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1198.5,"endTime":1200.54,"body":"because one of the people"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1198.5,"endTime":1200.54,"body":"attending this talk,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1200.54,"endTime":1202.79,"body":"it was to 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Synge,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1213.068,"endTime":1216.44,"body":"and I was proud that he was"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1213.068,"endTime":1216.44,"body":"there attending my talk."},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1216.44,"endTime":1218.78,"body":"The movie portrays Stephen Hawking"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1218.78,"endTime":1219.89,"body":"being present at this talk,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1219.89,"endTime":1221.327,"body":"he wasn't there."},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1221.327,"endTime":1223.34,"body":"(audience laughs)"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1223.34,"endTime":1224.84,"body":"But I wouldn't have known"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1224.84,"endTime":1226.463,"body":"to 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in two particular features","startTime":1321.65,"endTime":1325.76,"body":"of the whole Universe,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1325.76,"endTime":1328.4,"body":"I've drawn it also encompassing a feature"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1328.4,"endTime":1330.02,"body":"which wasn't known at the time,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1330.02,"endTime":1332.81,"body":"which is this exponential"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1330.02,"endTime":1332.81,"body":"expansion in the future,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1332.81,"endTime":1336.02,"body":"so we now know that in the remote future,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1336.02,"endTime":1339.35,"body":"the Universe is starting to"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1336.02,"endTime":1339.35,"body":"do this exponential expansion,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1339.35,"endTime":1341.72,"body":"people refer to it as dark energy."},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1341.72,"endTime":1344.81,"body":"I regard that as a very confusing name"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1344.81,"endTime":1347.18,"body":"because it's neither energy"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1344.81,"endTime":1347.18,"body":"in the ordinary sense,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1347.18,"endTime":1348.41,"body":"nor dark,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1348.41,"endTime":1351.44,"body":"it's invisible, not dark,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1351.44,"endTime":1352.61,"body":"the dust is dark,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1352.61,"endTime":1354.113,"body":"but nevermind about that,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1354.113,"endTime":1356.393,"body":"it's just my grumble"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1354.113,"endTime":1356.393,"body":"about things sometimes."},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1358.07,"endTime":1360.05,"body":"There certainly is something"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1360.05,"endTime":1363.44,"body":"which looks like a term"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1360.05,"endTime":1363.44,"body":"in the Einstein equations,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1363.44,"endTime":1368.21,"body":"which he regarded as his biggest blunder."},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1368.21,"endTime":1369.14,"body":"There was a time,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1369.14,"endTime":1373.55,"body":"when Einstein entered"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1369.14,"endTime":1373.55,"body":"the area of cosmology,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1373.55,"endTime":1375.83,"body":"and he liked a universe that was static,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1375.83,"endTime":1377.63,"body":"he had his own reasons for that,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1377.63,"endTime":1378.89,"body":"so it wasn't expanding,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1378.89,"endTime":1380.33,"body":"it was just sitting there."},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1380.33,"endTime":1382.19,"body":"And in order to make a static universe,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1382.19,"endTime":1386.24,"body":"he needed to introduce this"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1382.19,"endTime":1386.24,"body":"extra term into his equations."},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1386.24,"endTime":1388.22,"body":"It's the only thing you can basically do"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1388.22,"endTime":1390.26,"body":"without wrecking the equations,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1390.26,"endTime":1391.58,"body":"which he did,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1391.58,"endTime":1396.5,"body":"and that produced this"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1391.58,"endTime":1396.5,"body":"model which was static."},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1396.5,"endTime":1398.06,"body":"The only trouble was that,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1398.06,"endTime":1400.7,"body":"almost contemporaneous with this,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1400.7,"endTime":1401.84,"body":"I think slightly earlier,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1401.84,"endTime":1405.02,"body":"but more convincingly, slightly later,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1405.02,"endTime":1407.81,"body":"Hubble had shown that the"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1405.02,"endTime":1407.81,"body":"Universe is actually expanding,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1407.81,"endTime":1410.24,"body":"so this model is not appropriate,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1410.24,"endTime":1414.11,"body":"and Einstein regarded this"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1410.24,"endTime":1414.11,"body":"as his greatest blunder,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1414.11,"endTime":1417.05,"body":"and he tried to retract"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1414.11,"endTime":1417.05,"body":"the cosmological constant."},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1417.05,"endTime":1419.27,"body":"It's a good thing he didn't"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1417.05,"endTime":1419.27,"body":"succeed in retracting it."},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1419.27,"endTime":1421.22,"body":"I say he didn't succeed"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1421.22,"endTime":1422.93,"body":"because other people picked up on it,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1422.93,"endTime":1425.27,"body":"and most cosmologists,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1425.27,"endTime":1428.45,"body":"people did talk about this"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1425.27,"endTime":1428.45,"body":"cosmological constant later,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1428.45,"endTime":1429.83,"body":"and it turns out to be true."},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1429.83,"endTime":1432.44,"body":"So even Einstein's biggest blunder"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1432.44,"endTime":1434.24,"body":"turned out to be true."},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1434.24,"endTime":1436.472,"body":"(audience laughs)"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1436.472,"endTime":1437.96,"body":"But I think he got used to the idea;"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1437.96,"endTime":1439.28,"body":"I'm not sure he ever did, no,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1439.28,"endTime":1442.25,"body":"because the observations"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1442.25,"endTime":1444.56,"body":"which indicate this exponential expansion"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1444.56,"endTime":1446.72,"body":"weren't until the turn of the century,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1446.72,"endTime":1449.123,"body":"when Einstein was long gone by then."},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1450.02,"endTime":1451.07,"body":"But I put that in here"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1451.07,"endTime":1453.98,"body":"just to make it a little more accurate."},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1453.98,"endTime":1456.86,"body":"You may wonder what that"},{"speaker":"were special in two 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picture"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1466.007,"endTime":1468.8,"body":"are horizontal sections"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1466.007,"endTime":1468.8,"body":"that represent space,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1468.8,"endTime":1470.63,"body":"and the time is going up,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1470.63,"endTime":1472.67,"body":"and I don't want to say"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1472.67,"endTime":1474.44,"body":"it's necessarily closed up on itself,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1474.44,"endTime":1476.24,"body":"it might go on forever,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1476.24,"endTime":1477.073,"body":"and you can see"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1477.073,"endTime":1479.45,"body":"the wiggly bits are just"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1477.073,"endTime":1479.45,"body":"allowing it to go on forever,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1479.45,"endTime":1480.55,"body":"that's all that's for."},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1482.18,"endTime":1486.02,"body":"The results that Stephen"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1482.18,"endTime":1486.02,"body":"Hawking was showing,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1486.02,"endTime":1489.02,"body":"and then I combined with him afterwards,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1489.02,"endTime":1493.73,"body":"show that the singularity at the Big Bang"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1493.73,"endTime":1496.97,"body":"is also stable to perturbations,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular 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you,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1525.5,"endTime":1527.473,"body":"little wiggles certainly don't help you."},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1529.31,"endTime":1530.72,"body":"What about the future?"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1530.72,"endTime":1531.553,"body":"Now you see,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1531.553,"endTime":1532.537,"body":"I kept worrying about this for a bit,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1532.537,"endTime":1533.57,"body":"I mean it's fine,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1533.57,"endTime":1535.34,"body":"very nice result, and all that,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1535.34,"endTime":1536.99,"body":"very beautiful,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1536.99,"endTime":1539.18,"body":"but what do we expect in the future?"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1539.18,"endTime":1541.19,"body":"Well, you see,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1541.19,"endTime":1543.68,"body":"the theorems would certainly"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1541.19,"endTime":1543.68,"body":"work in the future,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1543.68,"endTime":1546.44,"body":"and now thinking about"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1543.68,"endTime":1546.44,"body":"a collapsing universe,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1546.44,"endTime":1549.53,"body":"and you can have all"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1546.44,"endTime":1549.53,"body":"sorts of wiggles in that."},{"speaker":"were special in two 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look much more like that,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1565.34,"endTime":1568.07,"body":"you would see it would"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1565.34,"endTime":1568.07,"body":"have local irregularities,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1568.07,"endTime":1569.96,"body":"as the Universe collapses,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1569.96,"endTime":1572.09,"body":"they get more and more concentrated,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1572.09,"endTime":1574.22,"body":"the irregularities get bigger and bigger,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1574.22,"endTime":1576.44,"body":"you get black holes forming"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1574.22,"endTime":1576.44,"body":"here, and here, and here,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1576.44,"endTime":1578.21,"body":"and these black holes would congeal"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1578.21,"endTime":1579.56,"body":"and form bigger black holes,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1579.56,"endTime":1583.61,"body":"and it would just be one unholy mess,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1583.61,"endTime":1586.66,"body":"it wouldn't be anything like"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1583.61,"endTime":1586.66,"body":"the Oppenheimer-Snyder picture."},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1586.66,"endTime":1589.07,"body":"It would certainly be crazy and singular,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1589.07,"endTime":1590.72,"body":"it wouldn't be anything like"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular 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things"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1606.23,"endTime":1608.6,"body":"that people used to think,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1608.6,"endTime":1610.34,"body":"and still do, I should say,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1610.34,"endTime":1613.79,"body":"is the way to resolve these"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1610.34,"endTime":1613.79,"body":"singularities is to say,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1613.79,"endTime":1616.91,"body":"look, classical physics"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1613.79,"endTime":1616.91,"body":"isn't going to be right,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1616.91,"endTime":1619.28,"body":"in fact, I considered"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1616.91,"endTime":1619.28,"body":"that in the paper I wrote,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1619.28,"endTime":1621.13,"body":"that original paper I was mentioning,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1622.61,"endTime":1624.92,"body":"you've got to have maybe quantum gravity,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1624.92,"endTime":1627.77,"body":"you have to apply the"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1624.92,"endTime":1627.77,"body":"ideas of quantum mechanics"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1627.77,"endTime":1630.89,"body":"to Einstein's general"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1627.77,"endTime":1630.89,"body":"theory of relativity."},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1630.89,"endTime":1633.35,"body":"And what you tend to expect"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1633.35,"endTime":1635.51,"body":"is when the radius of curvature,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1635.51,"endTime":1636.89,"body":"the curvature of the space-time,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1636.89,"endTime":1641.18,"body":"the radius is the reciprocal"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1636.89,"endTime":1641.18,"body":"of the amount of curvature,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1641.18,"endTime":1643.91,"body":"the radius is smaller,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1641.18,"endTime":1643.91,"body":"the curvature is bigger,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1643.91,"endTime":1646.61,"body":"so when you have a very, very tiny radius,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1646.61,"endTime":1648.32,"body":"there's huge curvature."},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1648.32,"endTime":1649.94,"body":"How tiny does it have to get"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1649.94,"endTime":1652.29,"body":"before you have to worry"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1649.94,"endTime":1652.29,"body":"about quantum effects?"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1653.39,"endTime":1658.22,"body":"Well about 10 to the 20 times,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1658.22,"endTime":1660.2,"body":"when I say 10 to the 20,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1660.2,"endTime":1663.593,"body":"1 followed by 20 zeroes,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1664.58,"endTime":1668.3,"body":"times smaller than elementary particles,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1668.3,"endTime":1669.803,"body":"so ridiculously tiny."},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1671.81,"endTime":1672.98,"body":"I think I've got that figure right,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1672.98,"endTime":1674.09,"body":"but it doesn't matter too much,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1674.09,"endTime":1675.95,"body":"it's absurdly small,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1675.95,"endTime":1677.51,"body":"but that's the sort of thing people think,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1677.51,"endTime":1680.09,"body":"you have to go to that tiny scale"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1680.09,"endTime":1683.39,"body":"before you really get"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1680.09,"endTime":1683.39,"body":"quantum effects coming in."},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1683.39,"endTime":1685.13,"body":"And it doesn't do you much good"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1685.13,"endTime":1687.35,"body":"because if you're in this picture here,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1687.35,"endTime":1688.49,"body":"you've got all that trouble"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1688.49,"endTime":1690.64,"body":"before quantum theory comes in,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1690.64,"endTime":1692.21,"body":"if you had a black hole,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1692.21,"endTime":1694.1,"body":"you've got these horrible"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1692.21,"endTime":1694.1,"body":"curvatures coming in,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular 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this?"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1711.5,"endTime":1714.083,"body":"And you can also work out,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1714.92,"endTime":1717.83,"body":"I'll talk a bit about the"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1714.92,"endTime":1717.83,"body":"second law of thermodynamics,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1717.83,"endTime":1719.21,"body":"I'll do that in a minute,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1719.21,"endTime":1720.74,"body":"let me first indicate"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1720.74,"endTime":1723.65,"body":"what I think some people"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1720.74,"endTime":1723.65,"body":"think is the solution."},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1723.65,"endTime":1724.49,"body":"You see, usually,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1724.49,"endTime":1727.73,"body":"they think the Big Bang is"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1724.49,"endTime":1727.73,"body":"more complicated than that,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1727.73,"endTime":1729.56,"body":"there was a thing called inflation,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1729.56,"endTime":1732.08,"body":"which was supposed to have taken place"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1732.08,"endTime":1736.34,"body":"in the first 10 to -30-something seconds,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1736.34,"endTime":1739.253,"body":"well, a ridiculously"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1736.34,"endTime":1739.253,"body":"small fraction of time,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1740.45,"endTime":1743.93,"body":"and the Universe did"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1740.45,"endTime":1743.93,"body":"this amazing inflation,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1743.93,"endTime":1745.31,"body":"and here's a magnifying glass"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1745.31,"endTime":1747.44,"body":"to see what it's supposed to look like."},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1747.44,"endTime":1748.64,"body":"And what it's supposed to look like"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1748.64,"endTime":1752.69,"body":"is something like the"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1748.64,"endTime":1752.69,"body":"big exponential expansion"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1752.69,"endTime":1753.83,"body":"we saw in our previous picture,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1753.83,"endTime":1756.47,"body":"but on a much, much smaller scale,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1756.47,"endTime":1759.14,"body":"and that is the picture"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1756.47,"endTime":1759.14,"body":"that people believe now,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1759.14,"endTime":1762.89,"body":"most cosmologists do believe"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1759.14,"endTime":1762.89,"body":"in a picture like this."},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1762.89,"endTime":1764.6,"body":"I happen not to believe it"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1764.6,"endTime":1768.5,"body":"because I have a view of"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1764.6,"endTime":1768.5,"body":"something else which is going on,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1768.5,"endTime":1771.14,"body":"which may look like something like this"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1771.14,"endTime":1772.73,"body":"even if it's not this."},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1772.73,"endTime":1774.14,"body":"I'll come to that later,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1774.14,"endTime":1779.14,"body":"but the issue is really whether"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1774.14,"endTime":1779.14,"body":"inflation of this nature"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1781.46,"endTime":1782.593,"body":"really smooths the Universe out."},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1782.593,"endTime":1784.04,"body":"Because I think people thought"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1784.04,"endTime":1785.21,"body":"this exponential expansion,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1785.21,"endTime":1787.04,"body":"it's going to smooth everything out,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1787.04,"endTime":1788.42,"body":"but it doesn't, really,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1788.42,"endTime":1792.32,"body":"because you put inflation"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1788.42,"endTime":1792.32,"body":"in, and it doesn't,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1792.32,"endTime":1794.81,"body":"well I guess I could look at this picture,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1794.81,"endTime":1796.58,"body":"it doesn't really stop that."},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1796.58,"endTime":1798.38,"body":"In fact, the inflaton field,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1798.38,"endTime":1799.55,"body":"which is what you're supposed to put in"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1799.55,"endTime":1801.41,"body":"to make inflation work,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1801.41,"endTime":1803.18,"body":"doesn't even come into the picture,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1803.18,"endTime":1805.01,"body":"so it doesn't help at all,"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1805.01,"endTime":1807.21,"body":"so the explanation has"},{"speaker":"were special in two particular features","startTime":1805.01,"endTime":1807.21,"body":"to be something else."},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1811.46,"endTime":1814.07,"body":"what is the earliest thing"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1811.46,"endTime":1814.07,"body":"we see in the Universe?"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1814.07,"endTime":1816.47,"body":"It's this thing called"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1814.07,"endTime":1816.47,"body":"the microwave background."},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1817.7,"endTime":1819.08,"body":"In the very early Universe,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1819.08,"endTime":1821.593,"body":"the first 380,000 years of the Universe,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1821.593,"endTime":1823.34,"body":"you get all sorts of things happening,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1823.34,"endTime":1827.39,"body":"including photons jumping"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1823.34,"endTime":1827.39,"body":"around, and not getting out,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1827.39,"endTime":1831.68,"body":"so the light doesn't escape"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1827.39,"endTime":1831.68,"body":"until about 380,000 years,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1831.68,"endTime":1834.08,"body":"and then it finally comes out,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1834.08,"endTime":1835.13,"body":"and this is in the form"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1835.13,"endTime":1838.41,"body":"of what we call the microwave"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1835.13,"endTime":1838.41,"body":"background radiation,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1838.41,"endTime":1840.157,"body":"which was the first good indication"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1840.157,"endTime":1841.46,"body":"that there really was a Big Bang."},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1841.46,"endTime":1844.22,"body":"It was a really impressive piece of work,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1844.22,"endTime":1848.15,"body":"it was the COBE Satellite"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1844.22,"endTime":1848.15,"body":"which was looking at this."},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1848.15,"endTime":1851.72,"body":"And the most important"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1848.15,"endTime":1851.72,"body":"thing that was observed here"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1851.72,"endTime":1854.09,"body":"is this curve."},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1854.09,"endTime":1855.62,"body":"This curve represents,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1855.62,"endTime":1858.98,"body":"you see, it was looking at"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1855.62,"endTime":1858.98,"body":"the different frequencies,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1858.98,"endTime":1860.723,"body":"and what you see,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1862.387,"endTime":1866.45,"body":"this graph here represents"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1862.387,"endTime":1866.45,"body":"the intensity, upwards,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1866.45,"endTime":1867.62,"body":"and the frequency,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1867.62,"endTime":1871.22,"body":"increasing as you go from"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1867.62,"endTime":1871.22,"body":"left to right, at the bottom."},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1871.22,"endTime":1876.22,"body":"And the curved line, the"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1871.22,"endTime":1876.22,"body":"continuous line there,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1877.34,"endTime":1880.07,"body":"is a Planck curve,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1880.07,"endTime":1882.343,"body":"I'll tell you about the"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1880.07,"endTime":1882.343,"body":"Planck curve in a minute,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1883.43,"endTime":1887.15,"body":"but this is a very perfect Planck curve."},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1887.15,"endTime":1889.1,"body":"You see those lines going up and down"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1889.1,"endTime":1890.72,"body":"are the error bars,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1890.72,"endTime":1891.8,"body":"they're showing how much error,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1891.8,"endTime":1895.91,"body":"but they're exaggerated"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1891.8,"endTime":1895.91,"body":"by a factor of 500,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1895.91,"endTime":1896.9,"body":"so you must imagine"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1896.9,"endTime":1899.27,"body":"they're only drawn that"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1896.9,"endTime":1899.27,"body":"big so you can see them."},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1899.27,"endTime":1903.14,"body":"The actual error bars are"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1899.27,"endTime":1903.14,"body":"squashed down by a factor of 500,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1903.14,"endTime":1905.003,"body":"so even the worst one, on the right,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1905.93,"endTime":1906.98,"body":"when you squash it down,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1906.98,"endTime":1909.5,"body":"is well within the"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1906.98,"endTime":1909.5,"body":"thickness of the incline,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1909.5,"endTime":1912.62,"body":"so you have an absolutely"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1909.5,"endTime":1912.62,"body":"perfect Planck curve."},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1912.62,"endTime":1914.84,"body":"In fact, it's the most"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1912.62,"endTime":1914.84,"body":"perfect Planck curve"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1914.84,"endTime":1917.54,"body":"which was ever seen in physics, I'm told."},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1917.54,"endTime":1919.46,"body":"What does the Planck curve tell you."},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1919.46,"endTime":1921.53,"body":"This was the start of quantum mechanics,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1921.53,"endTime":1925.49,"body":"and Max Planck was able"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1921.53,"endTime":1925.49,"body":"to explain this thing"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1925.49,"endTime":1929.12,"body":"in a way which started"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1925.49,"endTime":1929.12,"body":"off quantum mechanics."},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1929.12,"endTime":1930.68,"body":"Basically, the photons come in,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1930.68,"endTime":1933.05,"body":"or the word photon comes about"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1933.05,"endTime":1936.563,"body":"because light actually"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1933.05,"endTime":1936.563,"body":"behaves as little particles,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1937.55,"endTime":1939.263,"body":"and that was how he explained it."},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1941.45,"endTime":1946.45,"body":"The Planck curve is what you get"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1947.66,"endTime":1950.243,"body":"when you have maximum entropy."},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1952.158,"endTime":1953.963,"body":"If you let the stuff settle down,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1956.03,"endTime":1957.47,"body":"the entropy is the randomness,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1957.47,"endTime":1958.91,"body":"and the second law of thermodynamics"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1958.91,"endTime":1962.33,"body":"tells you that the randomness"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1958.91,"endTime":1962.33,"body":"increases with time,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1962.33,"endTime":1965.36,"body":"and maximum entropy"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1962.33,"endTime":1965.36,"body":"means maximum randomness."},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1965.36,"endTime":1967.49,"body":"And when you have maximum randomness,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1967.49,"endTime":1968.74,"body":"you get the Planck curve."},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1971.12,"endTime":1971.99,"body":"This puzzled me,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1971.99,"endTime":1974.78,"body":"because what does this tell us?"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1974.78,"endTime":1975.74,"body":"It tells us,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1975.74,"endTime":1977.72,"body":"well, you think entropy, or randomness,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1977.72,"endTime":1979.49,"body":"is supposed to be going up in time,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1979.49,"endTime":1982.94,"body":"so the entropy in the Universe"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1979.49,"endTime":1982.94,"body":"is increasing with time."},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1982.94,"endTime":1985.19,"body":"Now, when you go back and back in time"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1985.19,"endTime":1988.31,"body":"to the earliest thing we directly see,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1988.31,"endTime":1989.838,"body":"the entropy should be coming down,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1989.838,"endTime":1991.85,"body":"and down, and down, and down, and down"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1991.85,"endTime":1994.223,"body":"until you get, a maximum?"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1995.06,"endTime":1995.893,"body":"A maximum?"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1996.89,"endTime":1999.83,"body":"I don't know why people"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1996.89,"endTime":1999.83,"body":"didn't worry about that more,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1999.83,"endTime":2002.08,"body":"it comes down and down"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":1999.83,"endTime":2002.08,"body":"and reaches a maximum?"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2002.08,"endTime":2003.07,"body":"It should be small,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2003.07,"endTime":2004.543,"body":"not as big as possible."},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2005.41,"endTime":2007.45,"body":"So I began to worry about this,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2007.45,"endTime":2008.83,"body":"what does that mean?"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2008.83,"endTime":2010.09,"body":"Well the explanation"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2010.09,"endTime":2011.77,"body":"I'm going to give you in a second, I hope."},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2011.77,"endTime":2016.24,"body":"Yes, here we have a cartoon of,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2016.24,"endTime":2018.85,"body":"now my time is going from left to right,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2018.85,"endTime":2021.34,"body":"the top three boxes"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2018.85,"endTime":2021.34,"body":"represent a gas in a box,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2021.34,"endTime":2023.83,"body":"or most sorts of things in a box."},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2023.83,"endTime":2026.11,"body":"You imagine them trapped"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2023.83,"endTime":2026.11,"body":"into a little corner,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2026.11,"endTime":2027.28,"body":"maybe you a had a smaller box,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2027.28,"endTime":2028.54,"body":"and you opened that little box up,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2028.54,"endTime":2030.01,"body":"and it spreads out."},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2030.01,"endTime":2032.59,"body":"Entropy increases left to right,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2032.59,"endTime":2034.51,"body":"uniformity increases left to right,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2034.51,"endTime":2036.01,"body":"that's what happen in general things,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2036.01,"endTime":2039.73,"body":"it gets more smoothed out"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2036.01,"endTime":2039.73,"body":"and boring, if you like,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2039.73,"endTime":2041.47,"body":"more and more boring."},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2041.47,"endTime":2044.29,"body":"How about the bottom three pictures?"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2044.29,"endTime":2047.29,"body":"There, I'm imagining a galactic-scale box,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2047.29,"endTime":2050.35,"body":"and these particles are not"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2047.29,"endTime":2050.35,"body":"particles of gas, or something,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2050.35,"endTime":2052.12,"body":"they're stars."},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2052.12,"endTime":2056.62,"body":"If you imagine them being"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2052.12,"endTime":2056.62,"body":"initially spread out uniformly,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2056.62,"endTime":2059.71,"body":"then the gravity acts the opposite way."},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2059.71,"endTime":2063.01,"body":"This is still entropy"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2059.71,"endTime":2063.01,"body":"increasing left from right,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2063.01,"endTime":2066.7,"body":"but the uniformity is going the other way,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2066.7,"endTime":2068.26,"body":"it's less and less uniform."},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2068.26,"endTime":2070.81,"body":"In fact, it's not only irregular,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2070.81,"endTime":2072.88,"body":"but you get black holes,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2072.88,"endTime":2075.663,"body":"and the entropy goes"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2072.88,"endTime":2075.663,"body":"shooting up enormously."},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2075.663,"endTime":2077.26,"body":"The Bekenstein-Hawking formula"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2077.26,"endTime":2079.6,"body":"tells you what the entropy"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2077.26,"endTime":2079.6,"body":"is in a black hole,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2079.6,"endTime":2081.733,"body":"and it's absolutely stupendous."},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2082.69,"endTime":2084.04,"body":"So this is what we see."},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2084.04,"endTime":2085.0,"body":"What do we see?"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2085.0,"endTime":2088.87,"body":"We see a combination of"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2085.0,"endTime":2088.87,"body":"top-right and bottom-left,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2088.87,"endTime":2091.63,"body":"and that combination is the uniformity."},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2091.63,"endTime":2092.98,"body":"The Planck curve tells us,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2092.98,"endTime":2097.98,"body":"yes, yes, yes, we're seeing"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2092.98,"endTime":2097.98,"body":"high entropy in the matter,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2098.8,"endTime":2102.31,"body":"but we're seeing uniformity"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2098.8,"endTime":2102.31,"body":"in the early Universe,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2102.31,"endTime":2106.0,"body":"that uniformity is telling"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2102.31,"endTime":2106.0,"body":"us low entropy in gravity."},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2106.0,"endTime":2108.91,"body":"Gravity is just different"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2106.0,"endTime":2108.91,"body":"from everything else."},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2108.91,"endTime":2112.24,"body":"For some strange reason, in the Big Bang,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2112.24,"endTime":2115.84,"body":"the gravitational degrees of"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2112.24,"endTime":2115.84,"body":"freedom were not activated,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2115.84,"endTime":2118.72,"body":"and this was a great puzzle to me."},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2118.72,"endTime":2120.55,"body":"I lectured about this sort of stuff,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2120.55,"endTime":2122.14,"body":"this is nothing new,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2122.14,"endTime":2124.78,"body":"that's part of the talk, I have to say,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2124.78,"endTime":2127.72,"body":"I've been waffling about"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2124.78,"endTime":2127.72,"body":"these things for a long time,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2127.72,"endTime":2128.92,"body":"but I never quite understood"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2128.92,"endTime":2131.17,"body":"why people didn't pick up more on it."},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2131.17,"endTime":2133.84,"body":"What we find is top-right and bottom-left,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2133.84,"endTime":2135.46,"body":"we see uniformity,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2135.46,"endTime":2138.01,"body":"which means that gravitational"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2135.46,"endTime":2138.01,"body":"degrees of freedom,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2138.01,"endTime":2139.27,"body":"the Weyl curvature,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2139.27,"endTime":2141.19,"body":"that's the curvature I"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2139.27,"endTime":2141.19,"body":"was talking about before,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2141.19,"endTime":2143.651,"body":"which measures the gravitational"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2141.19,"endTime":2143.651,"body":"degrees of freedom,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2143.651,"endTime":2147.01,"body":"the Weyl curvature seems"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2143.651,"endTime":2147.01,"body":"to have been very small,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2147.01,"endTime":2148.18,"body":"or even zero,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2148.18,"endTime":2149.62,"body":"in the initial state."},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2149.62,"endTime":2151.63,"body":"And I went through phases of thinking,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2151.63,"endTime":2153.16,"body":"well maybe quantum gravity"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2153.16,"endTime":2155.59,"body":"is a very, very peculiar theory"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2155.59,"endTime":2159.58,"body":"in which it's not like"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2155.59,"endTime":2159.58,"body":"any other quantum theory,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2159.58,"endTime":2162.04,"body":"it's grossly asymmetrical in time,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2162.04,"endTime":2164.11,"body":"and has this very peculiar implication,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2164.11,"endTime":2167.62,"body":"I went through many"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2164.11,"endTime":2167.62,"body":"years having that view."},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2167.62,"endTime":2170.017,"body":"I changed my view a little bit from that,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2170.017,"endTime":2171.58,"body":"but I want to go on."},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2171.58,"endTime":2172.81,"body":"There's an important point,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2172.81,"endTime":2174.37,"body":"it was made by Schrodinger"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2174.37,"endTime":2176.303,"body":"in his book \"What is Life?\""},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2176.303,"endTime":2177.883,"body":"A very remarkable book,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2178.748,"endTime":2183.04,"body":"in which he actually brought"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2178.748,"endTime":2183.04,"body":"his understanding of physics"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2183.04,"endTime":2184.933,"body":"into biology, and things like that."},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2186.46,"endTime":2188.11,"body":"The question is, here,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2188.11,"endTime":2189.85,"body":"what do we get from the Sun?"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2189.85,"endTime":2191.953,"body":"How does life get something from the Sun?"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2191.953,"endTime":2192.79,"body":"Well we know,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2192.79,"endTime":2194.828,"body":"we get energy from the Sun, don't we?"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2194.828,"endTime":2195.905,"body":"Do we?"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2195.905,"endTime":2196.74,"body":"We don't."},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2196.74,"endTime":2199.27,"body":"We think we get energy from the Sun,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2199.27,"endTime":2201.79,"body":"but the top picture shows what we get."},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2201.79,"endTime":2204.07,"body":"You see, the Sun, in the daytime,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2204.07,"endTime":2206.83,"body":"yes, we get energy from the Sun."},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2206.83,"endTime":2207.91,"body":"What happens at night?"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2207.91,"endTime":2209.71,"body":"It all goes back again into the sky."},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2209.71,"endTime":2212.05,"body":"Okay, it doesn't quite all go"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2209.71,"endTime":2212.05,"body":"up because of global warming,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2212.05,"endTime":2214.54,"body":"but I'm afraid, at the"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2212.05,"endTime":2214.54,"body":"scale of this picture,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2214.54,"endTime":2215.62,"body":"it's a small effect,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2215.62,"endTime":2217.66,"body":"even though it's a very serious effect,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2217.66,"endTime":2219.82,"body":"but on the things I'm talking about here,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2219.82,"endTime":2221.8,"body":"we're not talking about"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2219.82,"endTime":2221.8,"body":"that sort of effect,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2221.8,"endTime":2224.26,"body":"we're talking about something"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2221.8,"endTime":2224.26,"body":"much grosser than that,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2224.26,"endTime":2227.89,"body":"the fact that the same"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2224.26,"endTime":2227.89,"body":"energy, more or less,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2227.89,"endTime":2229.6,"body":"goes out in the night"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2229.6,"endTime":2231.28,"body":"as comes in in the day."},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2231.28,"endTime":2232.837,"body":"What's the difference?"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2232.837,"endTime":2236.23,"body":"The difference is that"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2232.837,"endTime":2236.23,"body":"the Sun is a hotspot"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2236.23,"endTime":2238.45,"body":"in a cold background sky."},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2238.45,"endTime":2240.22,"body":"The hotspot means"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2240.22,"endTime":2243.82,"body":"that the photons are"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2240.22,"endTime":2243.82,"body":"sort of yellow photons,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2243.82,"endTime":2246.49,"body":"whereas the ones that go"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2243.82,"endTime":2246.49,"body":"out are infrared photons."},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2246.49,"endTime":2247.75,"body":"Don't worry about what that means,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2247.75,"endTime":2249.25,"body":"except that yellow ones"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2249.25,"endTime":2251.59,"body":"are much more individually energetic,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2251.59,"endTime":2253.9,"body":"this comes from Planck's famous formula,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2253.9,"endTime":2258.01,"body":"so the fact that the Sun's photons"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2258.01,"endTime":2260.44,"body":"are individually much more energetic"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2260.44,"endTime":2262.27,"body":"than the ones that go out,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2262.27,"endTime":2264.67,"body":"so you need many, many more of them"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2264.67,"endTime":2267.34,"body":"to carry away the same energy"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2267.34,"endTime":2269.56,"body":"as comes in in the daytime."},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2269.56,"endTime":2272.47,"body":"And those degrees of"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2269.56,"endTime":2272.47,"body":"freedom are carried away,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2272.47,"endTime":2274.6,"body":"and that means that you"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2272.47,"endTime":2274.6,"body":"keep the entropy down."},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2274.6,"endTime":2276.96,"body":"It's a very important point,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2276.96,"endTime":2278.68,"body":"it was pointed out by Schrodinger,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2278.68,"endTime":2280.57,"body":"and lots of people told him off,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2280.57,"endTime":2282.46,"body":"and didn't believe it,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2282.46,"endTime":2286.21,"body":"well he was right that"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2282.46,"endTime":2286.21,"body":"that is the key point."},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2286.21,"endTime":2290.29,"body":"The key point is not that"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2286.21,"endTime":2290.29,"body":"the Sun is a hotspot,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2290.29,"endTime":2291.94,"body":"not that the Sun is there,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2291.94,"endTime":2294.7,"body":"but it's there, accompanied"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2291.94,"endTime":2294.7,"body":"by the dark sky."},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2294.7,"endTime":2297.16,"body":"If the entire sky was the"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2294.7,"endTime":2297.16,"body":"whole temperature of the Sun,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2297.16,"endTime":2298.9,"body":"it would be completely useless,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2298.9,"endTime":2300.49,"body":"it would be useless to life,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2300.49,"endTime":2302.08,"body":"we wouldn't exist at all."},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2302.08,"endTime":2306.01,"body":"We get our low entropy energy from the Sun"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2306.01,"endTime":2307.117,"body":"because it's a hotspot in a dark sky."},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2307.117,"endTime":2309.94,"body":"Now, why is the Sun a bright spot?"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2309.94,"endTime":2312.34,"body":"Well you might say there's"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2309.94,"endTime":2312.34,"body":"nuclear forces going on,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2312.34,"endTime":2313.57,"body":"that's true, they're there,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2313.57,"endTime":2316.99,"body":"but they only slow down the"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2313.57,"endTime":2316.99,"body":"contraction of the Sun a bit,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2316.99,"endTime":2320.08,"body":"the key point is the Sun is there at all,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2320.08,"endTime":2322.27,"body":"and it's there because of gravity,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2322.27,"endTime":2323.44,"body":"and it's making use"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2323.44,"endTime":2327.16,"body":"of this initially uniform"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2323.44,"endTime":2327.16,"body":"distribution of matter,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2327.16,"endTime":2328.51,"body":"clumping into stars,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2328.51,"endTime":2329.77,"body":"then they get hot,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2329.77,"endTime":2331.09,"body":"we live off that,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2331.09,"endTime":2332.713,"body":"so that's what we live off,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2333.61,"endTime":2334.603,"body":"bear that in mind."},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2336.73,"endTime":2340.6,"body":"Here is the thing I'm"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2336.73,"endTime":2340.6,"body":"really talking about,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2340.6,"endTime":2342.73,"body":"the space-time singularities"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2342.73,"endTime":2344.41,"body":"seem to be very different."},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2344.41,"endTime":2345.67,"body":"In the future,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2345.67,"endTime":2346.57,"body":"the Weyl curvature,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2346.57,"endTime":2347.92,"body":"you can actually talk about this,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2347.92,"endTime":2350.26,"body":"the entropy goes soaring up,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2350.26,"endTime":2353.17,"body":"the Bekenstein-Hawking formula tells us"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2353.17,"endTime":2355.22,"body":"the entropy's absolutely enormously huge,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2356.17,"endTime":2357.85,"body":"even the black holes that we see now"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2357.85,"endTime":2360.91,"body":"completely swamp the"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2357.85,"endTime":2360.91,"body":"entropy in the Universe"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2360.91,"endTime":2362.5,"body":"in any other form,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2362.5,"endTime":2363.67,"body":"there's no question,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2363.67,"endTime":2365.74,"body":"that's where it all goes,"},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2365.74,"endTime":2367.693,"body":"almost all goes, into black holes."},{"speaker":"Now here's another little problem","startTime":2370.87,"endTime":2372.55,"body":"For some reason,"},{"speaker":"and this is just a postulate","startTime":2374.02,"endTime":2377.23,"body":"Weyl curvature goes to"},{"speaker":"and this is just a postulate","startTime":2374.02,"endTime":2377.23,"body":"infinity in the future, okay,"},{"speaker":"and this is just a postulate","startTime":2377.23,"endTime":2379.48,"body":"it goes to zero in the past."},{"speaker":"and this is just a postulate","startTime":2379.48,"endTime":2380.313,"body":"Why?"},{"speaker":"and this is just a postulate","startTime":2381.466,"endTime":2382.299,"body":"It doesn't seem to be"},{"speaker":"and this is just a postulate","startTime":2382.299,"endTime":2384.34,"body":"any kind of quantum gravity that we know,"},{"speaker":"and this is just a postulate","startTime":2384.34,"endTime":2386.92,"body":"despite people working on quantum gravity,"},{"speaker":"and this is just a postulate","startTime":2386.92,"endTime":2388.75,"body":"and thinking that's the answer."},{"speaker":"and this is just a postulate","startTime":2388.75,"endTime":2390.19,"body":"I don't think it's the answer,"},{"speaker":"and this is just a postulate","startTime":2390.19,"endTime":2391.64,"body":"the answer is something else."},{"speaker":"and this is just a postulate","startTime":2392.5,"endTime":2394.84,"body":"So I'm going to think"},{"speaker":"and this is just a postulate","startTime":2392.5,"endTime":2394.84,"body":"of another possibility"},{"speaker":"and this is just a postulate","startTime":2394.84,"endTime":2396.013,"body":"of what the answer is."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2399.82,"endTime":2404.82,"body":"one trick is taking the Big Bang"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2405.07,"endTime":2406.627,"body":"and stretching it out,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2406.627,"endTime":2409.87,"body":"and the other trick is"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2406.627,"endTime":2409.87,"body":"taking the remote future"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2409.87,"endTime":2411.7,"body":"and squashing it down."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2411.7,"endTime":2412.533,"body":"What am I doing"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2412.533,"endTime":2414.46,"body":"when I'm stretching and squashing?"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2414.46,"endTime":2417.907,"body":"I'm doing what's called a conformal map."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2417.907,"endTime":2420.19,"body":"To get the picture of conformal,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2420.19,"endTime":2422.304,"body":"I hope I can remember which"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2420.19,"endTime":2422.304,"body":"order my slides are in,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2422.304,"endTime":2423.137,"body":"yes,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2423.137,"endTime":2424.45,"body":"this is a wonderful picture"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2424.45,"endTime":2427.527,"body":"by the Dutch artist M.C. Escher,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2427.527,"endTime":2430.42,"body":"illustrating conformal geometry."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2430.42,"endTime":2432.34,"body":"This is in ordinary two dimensions,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2432.34,"endTime":2433.806,"body":"and we're not looking at space-time,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2433.806,"endTime":2435.61,"body":"we're only looking at space,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2435.61,"endTime":2437.95,"body":"but you see these fish creatures,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2437.95,"endTime":2439.63,"body":"they inhabit a kind of geometry"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2439.63,"endTime":2441.25,"body":"that's known as hyperbolic geometry,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2441.25,"endTime":2442.33,"body":"don't worry about that."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2442.33,"endTime":2445.69,"body":"The main thing is that this"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2442.33,"endTime":2445.69,"body":"is a conformal representation"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2445.69,"endTime":2446.62,"body":"of the geometry."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2446.62,"endTime":2447.633,"body":"What does conformal mean?"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2448.48,"endTime":2450.91,"body":"It means you're not"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2448.48,"endTime":2450.91,"body":"interested in distances,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2450.91,"endTime":2453.07,"body":"you are interested in angles,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2453.07,"endTime":2454.24,"body":"or, if you like,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2454.24,"endTime":2457.3,"body":"you're interested in small shapes."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2457.3,"endTime":2458.2,"body":"Most particularly,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2458.2,"endTime":2461.08,"body":"you can see the eyes of"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2458.2,"endTime":2461.08,"body":"these fish creatures,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2461.08,"endTime":2464.08,"body":"which are exact circles,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2464.08,"endTime":2466.3,"body":"and they remain exact circles"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2466.3,"endTime":2468.19,"body":"way out to the boundary."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2468.19,"endTime":2469.51,"body":"I've seen the original of this picture,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2469.51,"endTime":2473.11,"body":"it's extraordinary how precise"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2469.51,"endTime":2473.11,"body":"it is right to the edge,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2473.11,"endTime":2473.98,"body":"I have no idea"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2473.98,"endTime":2476.11,"body":"how he managed to make it so accurate."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2476.11,"endTime":2477.76,"body":"But anyway, it is,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2477.76,"endTime":2480.58,"body":"and you must imagine that"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2477.76,"endTime":2480.58,"body":"right up to the edge,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2480.58,"endTime":2481.93,"body":"these fish creatures,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2481.93,"endTime":2483.34,"body":"in their world,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2483.34,"endTime":2484.537,"body":"they think that the little ones"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2484.537,"endTime":2486.07,"body":"are the same size as the big ones,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2486.07,"endTime":2487.33,"body":"as far as they're concerned."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2487.33,"endTime":2488.77,"body":"In this conformal representation,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2488.77,"endTime":2492.16,"body":"you take advantage of the"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2488.77,"endTime":2492.16,"body":"squashing and stretching,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2492.16,"endTime":2494.35,"body":"as long as the amount of squashing"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2494.35,"endTime":2496.63,"body":"is the same in all directions,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2496.63,"endTime":2498.91,"body":"so a circle doesn't become an ellipse,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2498.91,"endTime":2501.01,"body":"or a square can become"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2498.91,"endTime":2501.01,"body":"a little bit curved,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2501.01,"endTime":2505.03,"body":"but the angles still remain right angles."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2505.03,"endTime":2507.01,"body":"So you have this conformal geometry,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2507.01,"endTime":2510.228,"body":"so I want you to get the"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2507.01,"endTime":2510.228,"body":"feeling of conformal geometry."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2510.228,"endTime":2512.38,"body":"It's a very beautiful kind of geometry,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2512.38,"endTime":2515.33,"body":"and I used to play around with"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2512.38,"endTime":2515.33,"body":"this kind of geometry a lot,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2516.22,"endTime":2518.38,"body":"I find it very elegant,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2518.38,"endTime":2521.053,"body":"and this is made use of"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2518.38,"endTime":2521.053,"body":"in this wonderful picture."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2522.61,"endTime":2524.547,"body":"The other thing you can think of,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2524.547,"endTime":2525.85,"body":"if you were a person"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2525.85,"endTime":2530.47,"body":"that respects the conformal structure"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2530.47,"endTime":2531.85,"body":"but not the metric structures,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2531.85,"endTime":2533.08,"body":"you didn't know which is big and small,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2533.08,"endTime":2535.33,"body":"you can imagine stepping outside this,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2535.33,"endTime":2537.94,"body":"and maybe there's a world outside that,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2537.94,"endTime":2538.93,"body":"these fish don't see it"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2538.93,"endTime":2541.63,"body":"because they know how big they are,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2541.63,"endTime":2544.54,"body":"I want to be a bit more"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2541.63,"endTime":2544.54,"body":"precise about that in a minute."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2544.54,"endTime":2547.06,"body":"We're coming back to the null cones."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2547.06,"endTime":2550.69,"body":"The null cones don't"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2547.06,"endTime":2550.69,"body":"describe all the geometry,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2550.69,"endTime":2553.63,"body":"they describe a lot of it,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2550.69,"endTime":2553.63,"body":"they describe most of it,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2553.63,"endTime":2556.0,"body":"or 9/10 of it, in a certain sense,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2556.0,"endTime":2560.98,"body":"what they don't describe"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2556.0,"endTime":2560.98,"body":"is the actual scale."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2560.98,"endTime":2563.5,"body":"What I've introduced into this picture now"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2563.5,"endTime":2566.62,"body":"are these hill-shaped"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2563.5,"endTime":2566.62,"body":"surfaces at the bottom"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2566.62,"endTime":2568.63,"body":"and bowl-shaped ones at the top,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2568.63,"endTime":2571.24,"body":"and they represent the ticks of a clock."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2571.24,"endTime":2574.48,"body":"I'm imagining two particles whizzing by,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2574.48,"endTime":2575.313,"body":"and they're now clocks,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2575.313,"endTime":2576.58,"body":"they're not light rays,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2576.58,"endTime":2578.5,"body":"so they're actually within the cone,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2578.5,"endTime":2580.117,"body":"and when they hit these surfaces,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2580.117,"endTime":2581.887,"body":"those are the ticks of a clock,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2581.887,"endTime":2583.27,"body":"and those two different ones"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2583.27,"endTime":2585.94,"body":"are meant to be identical clocks,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2585.94,"endTime":2586.923,"body":"and they go tick, tick, tick,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2586.923,"endTime":2591.31,"body":"so that each one has the"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2586.923,"endTime":2591.31,"body":"same rate of flow of time,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2591.31,"endTime":2593.44,"body":"although to the other one,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2591.31,"endTime":2593.44,"body":"they may look different,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2593.44,"endTime":2594.33,"body":"don't worry about that."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2594.33,"endTime":2595.163,"body":"At the bottom,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2595.163,"endTime":2599.233,"body":"I have the two most famous"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2595.163,"endTime":2599.233,"body":"formulae of 20th century physics,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2600.82,"endTime":2602.98,"body":"the top one is E equals mc-squared,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2602.98,"endTime":2605.83,"body":"which tells us that energy"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2602.98,"endTime":2605.83,"body":"and mass are equivalent,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2605.83,"endTime":2607.09,"body":"c is a constant,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2607.09,"endTime":2609.7,"body":"energy is the E, m is the mass,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2609.7,"endTime":2613.06,"body":"Einstein tells us that energy"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2609.7,"endTime":2613.06,"body":"and mass are equivalent."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2613.06,"endTime":2615.17,"body":"Max Planck, in his famous thing"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2616.035,"endTime":2619.21,"body":"at the turn of the 20th century,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2619.21,"endTime":2622.57,"body":"was that E equals h-nu,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2622.57,"endTime":2625.9,"body":"or E equals hf, or whatever"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2622.57,"endTime":2625.9,"body":"you learn at school these days."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2625.9,"endTime":2628.48,"body":"Nu is a frequency, or f is a frequency."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2628.48,"endTime":2630.61,"body":"So Max Planck is telling us"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2630.61,"endTime":2633.13,"body":"energy and frequency are equivalent,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2633.13,"endTime":2634.33,"body":"that's this fundamental law"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2634.33,"endTime":2637.34,"body":"that I was just alluding"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2634.33,"endTime":2637.34,"body":"to in Schrodinger's picture"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2638.181,"endTime":2642.85,"body":"of people taking advantage"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2642.85,"endTime":2645.43,"body":"of the Sun being a hotspot in a dark sky,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2645.43,"endTime":2647.983,"body":"that's using the famous Planck formula."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2649.12,"endTime":2650.113,"body":"Put them together,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2651.1,"endTime":2653.71,"body":"mass and frequency are equivalent."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2653.71,"endTime":2655.84,"body":"So if you have a massive particle,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2655.84,"endTime":2657.31,"body":"it is a clock,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2657.31,"endTime":2659.35,"body":"it has a rate of ticking"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2659.35,"endTime":2662.17,"body":"which is intrinsic to its mass."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2662.17,"endTime":2663.003,"body":"And in fact,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2663.003,"endTime":2664.33,"body":"we have nuclear clocks,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2664.33,"endTime":2666.61,"body":"and we have atomic clocks,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2666.61,"endTime":2668.59,"body":"nuclear clocks which"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2666.61,"endTime":2668.59,"body":"are extremely precise."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2668.59,"endTime":2670.9,"body":"They don't quite measure this directly,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2670.9,"endTime":2673.78,"body":"but they depend upon this very fact here,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2673.78,"endTime":2677.17,"body":"that mass and frequency are equivalent."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2677.17,"endTime":2679.24,"body":"Putting that another way,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2679.24,"endTime":2682.33,"body":"if you don't have any mass,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2682.33,"endTime":2686.23,"body":"then you don't have any of these surfaces,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2686.23,"endTime":2687.063,"body":"and let's see,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2687.063,"endTime":2688.09,"body":"no, I haven't quite got the picture"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2688.09,"endTime":2689.79,"body":"I was thinking I was getting here,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2691.84,"endTime":2692.893,"body":"no, nevermind,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2693.88,"endTime":2695.53,"body":"you just have the cones."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2695.53,"endTime":2698.35,"body":"So if you don't have mass,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2698.35,"endTime":2700.06,"body":"if you have photons,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2700.06,"endTime":2701.35,"body":"they don't care about"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2701.35,"endTime":2704.23,"body":"those bowl-shaped or those"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2701.35,"endTime":2704.23,"body":"hill-shaped surfaces,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2704.23,"endTime":2705.88,"body":"they just care about the light cones."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2705.88,"endTime":2707.44,"body":"If you did have mass,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2707.44,"endTime":2710.08,"body":"you would care about more structure."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2710.08,"endTime":2712.33,"body":"Okay, let's come back to this picture."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2712.33,"endTime":2714.73,"body":"The top part of the picture"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2712.33,"endTime":2714.73,"body":"is like the Escher picture,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2714.73,"endTime":2716.863,"body":"it represents infinity squashed down."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2718.09,"endTime":2720.97,"body":"I've put in Einstein's"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2718.09,"endTime":2720.97,"body":"cosmological constant"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2720.97,"endTime":2723.16,"body":"as a positive number,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2723.16,"endTime":2724.627,"body":"you wouldn't have known"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2723.16,"endTime":2724.627,"body":"I'd put it in there,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2724.627,"endTime":2727.903,"body":"but it makes space like a time,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2730.06,"endTime":2733.3,"body":"the infinity is like a space-like surface,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2733.3,"endTime":2734.83,"body":"which is like a time,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2734.83,"endTime":2735.85,"body":"it's time infinity,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2735.85,"endTime":2738.37,"body":"but nevermind about the details,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2738.37,"endTime":2740.65,"body":"it's as I've drawn it,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2740.65,"endTime":2743.413,"body":"so it's like a horizontal"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2740.65,"endTime":2743.413,"body":"slice through the picture."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2744.34,"endTime":2745.87,"body":"And I've done the Escher trick,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2745.87,"endTime":2749.5,"body":"I've squashed down infinity"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2745.87,"endTime":2749.5,"body":"to make it a boundary."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2749.5,"endTime":2750.79,"body":"And the argument there is,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2750.79,"endTime":2752.65,"body":"well, matter running around,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2752.65,"endTime":2754.57,"body":"there's pretty well photons there,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2754.57,"endTime":2757.42,"body":"photons don't experience"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2754.57,"endTime":2757.42,"body":"the passage of time,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2757.42,"endTime":2758.92,"body":"they go along the light cone,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2758.92,"endTime":2761.803,"body":"they don't even hit the"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2758.92,"endTime":2761.803,"body":"first of these hill surfaces,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2763.12,"endTime":2764.05,"body":"they don't hit any of them,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2764.05,"endTime":2765.7,"body":"they're not concerned with them,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2765.7,"endTime":2767.617,"body":"they're concerned with the null cone."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2767.617,"endTime":2769.633,"body":"The first tick of a photon's clock,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2771.52,"endTime":2773.42,"body":"it doesn't even get to its first tick,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2774.49,"endTime":2777.49,"body":"from beginning to end is"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2774.49,"endTime":2777.49,"body":"no time at all to a photon,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2777.49,"endTime":2780.28,"body":"so it reaches infinity in no time at all,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2780.28,"endTime":2781.81,"body":"so it's interested in"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2780.28,"endTime":2781.81,"body":"what's on the other side,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2781.81,"endTime":2782.643,"body":"okay, I've got here,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2782.643,"endTime":2783.52,"body":"what's over there?"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2783.52,"endTime":2786.49,"body":"So as far as the photon's concerned,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2786.49,"endTime":2788.35,"body":"there's nothing special"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2786.49,"endTime":2788.35,"body":"about that boundary,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2788.35,"endTime":2790.06,"body":"there should be something"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2788.35,"endTime":2790.06,"body":"on the other side."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2790.06,"endTime":2791.56,"body":"It's a trick I used to play"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2791.56,"endTime":2793.63,"body":"in my early days in relativity,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2793.63,"endTime":2795.58,"body":"worrying about gravitational radiation,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2795.58,"endTime":2796.413,"body":"and things like that,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2796.413,"endTime":2798.25,"body":"it's a very useful trick to play,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2798.25,"endTime":2800.32,"body":"so I was familiar with that trick."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2800.32,"endTime":2801.67,"body":"Now what's the other trick?"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2801.67,"endTime":2804.85,"body":"The other trick is"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2801.67,"endTime":2804.85,"body":"stretching out the Big Bang."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2804.85,"endTime":2807.43,"body":"This trick was really introduced to me,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2807.43,"endTime":2809.08,"body":"I'd thought about this a bit before,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2809.08,"endTime":2812.92,"body":"but my graduate student"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2809.08,"endTime":2812.92,"body":"at that time, Paul Tod,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2812.92,"endTime":2814.42,"body":"who studied this,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2814.42,"endTime":2816.91,"body":"and he realized this was"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2814.42,"endTime":2816.91,"body":"a much better criterion"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2816.91,"endTime":2817.797,"body":"than the one I was using"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2817.797,"endTime":2820.6,"body":"to say the Weyl curvature"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2817.797,"endTime":2820.6,"body":"was zero at the Big Bang,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2820.6,"endTime":2821.433,"body":"he was saying,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2821.433,"endTime":2822.88,"body":"no, no, put it a different way,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2822.88,"endTime":2826.21,"body":"say that you can stretch out the Big Bang"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2826.21,"endTime":2827.8,"body":"to a make a nice, smooth surface,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2827.8,"endTime":2829.72,"body":"that's more or less what he said."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2829.72,"endTime":2831.97,"body":"Okay, and that's not bad,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2831.97,"endTime":2833.983,"body":"that the Big Bang is a bit like that."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2833.983,"endTime":2836.5,"body":"It's all right if there's no mass around,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2836.5,"endTime":2838.54,"body":"if the photons dominate in the future,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2838.54,"endTime":2840.19,"body":"so the argument goes,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2840.19,"endTime":2842.11,"body":"then you can think of"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2840.19,"endTime":2842.11,"body":"that as the main thing."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2842.11,"endTime":2843.31,"body":"There's a little bit of a catch there"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2843.31,"endTime":2845.26,"body":"because there might be massive particles,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2845.26,"endTime":2848.08,"body":"I have an argument to say that, probably,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2848.08,"endTime":2849.07,"body":"the mass fades out,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2849.07,"endTime":2851.86,"body":"but let's not worry about that point,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2851.86,"endTime":2854.41,"body":"that is a key point which,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2854.41,"endTime":2856.09,"body":"if you go into the details of the theory,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2856.09,"endTime":2857.38,"body":"you should worry about,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2857.38,"endTime":2859.21,"body":"but I'm not going to worry about it here."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2859.21,"endTime":2860.71,"body":"Okay, say it works in the future"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2860.71,"endTime":2862.57,"body":"because you have nothing"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2860.71,"endTime":2862.57,"body":"but massless things,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2862.57,"endTime":2864.16,"body":"how about the Big Bang?"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2864.16,"endTime":2866.23,"body":"It works for a sort of opposite reason,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2866.23,"endTime":2868.93,"body":"because it's so dense and hot there"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2868.93,"endTime":2871.63,"body":"that particles are moving around so fast"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2871.63,"endTime":2874.18,"body":"that all their energy is in their motion,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2874.18,"endTime":2875.32,"body":"this is Einstein again,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2875.32,"endTime":2879.91,"body":"the energy of motion completely"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2875.32,"endTime":2879.91,"body":"dominates their energy,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2879.91,"endTime":2881.65,"body":"and the fact that they've"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2879.91,"endTime":2881.65,"body":"got a little bit of mass"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2881.65,"endTime":2883.45,"body":"becomes irrelevant."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2883.45,"endTime":2884.977,"body":"The closer you get to the Big Bang,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2884.977,"endTime":2887.38,"body":"the more irrelevant the mass is,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2887.38,"endTime":2889.904,"body":"so everything is massless."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2889.904,"endTime":2892.038,"body":"So the argument is that this picture"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2892.038,"endTime":2893.17,"body":"is a good physical picture,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2893.17,"endTime":2894.46,"body":"not just a geometrical one,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2894.46,"endTime":2896.59,"body":"at both ends."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2896.59,"endTime":2897.423,"body":"You might say,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2897.423,"endTime":2900.16,"body":"well it's very hot and"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2897.423,"endTime":2900.16,"body":"concentrated in the Big Bang,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2900.16,"endTime":2902.5,"body":"very cold and rarefied in the future,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2902.5,"endTime":2903.333,"body":"but you see,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2903.333,"endTime":2906.85,"body":"going along with squashing"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2903.333,"endTime":2906.85,"body":"your spatial dimensions"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2906.85,"endTime":2907.69,"body":"and your time,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2907.69,"endTime":2910.3,"body":"you have to make the"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2907.69,"endTime":2910.3,"body":"energy and momentum go up,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2910.3,"endTime":2911.133,"body":"these are,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2914.92,"endTime":2916.18,"body":"I've forgotten the term,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2916.18,"endTime":2918.64,"body":"in physics, you have these things"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2918.64,"endTime":2920.62,"body":"which go together in"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2918.64,"endTime":2920.62,"body":"the opposite direction,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2920.62,"endTime":2924.58,"body":"so mass and energy go the opposite way,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2924.58,"endTime":2927.85,"body":"and distance and momentum"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2924.58,"endTime":2927.85,"body":"the opposite way,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2927.85,"endTime":2930.76,"body":"so when you squash one down,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2927.85,"endTime":2930.76,"body":"you increase the other."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2930.76,"endTime":2932.68,"body":"So this means that in"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2930.76,"endTime":2932.68,"body":"the very remote future,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2932.68,"endTime":2934.63,"body":"if you squash it down,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2934.63,"endTime":2937.72,"body":"the temperature goes"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2934.63,"endTime":2937.72,"body":"up, the density goes up."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2937.72,"endTime":2939.07,"body":"When you take the Big Bang,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2940.216,"endTime":2941.32,"body":"it's the opposite of the other,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2941.32,"endTime":2942.94,"body":"being very hot and dense"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2942.94,"endTime":2945.25,"body":"rather than cold and rarefied,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2945.25,"endTime":2947.59,"body":"but the stretching will cool it down"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2947.59,"endTime":2948.79,"body":"and make it less dense."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2948.79,"endTime":2950.08,"body":"So it's not so bad,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2950.08,"endTime":2950.92,"body":"and I began thinking,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2950.92,"endTime":2953.17,"body":"well it's not so unreasonable"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2953.17,"endTime":2955.86,"body":"to think they're pretty"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2953.17,"endTime":2955.86,"body":"similar to each other"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2955.86,"endTime":2958.573,"body":"if you're just looking"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2955.86,"endTime":2958.573,"body":"at conformal things,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2958.573,"endTime":2961.69,"body":"that's to say if you're justified"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2961.69,"endTime":2963.64,"body":"in forgetting about the mass,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2963.64,"endTime":2966.253,"body":"and I consider, for various reasons,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2968.2,"endTime":2969.88,"body":"you can justify it."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2969.88,"endTime":2972.253,"body":"Okay, so it's not an unreasonable picture."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2974.44,"endTime":2975.273,"body":"Well you might say,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2975.273,"endTime":2977.323,"body":"what is perhaps unreasonable is that."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2978.31,"endTime":2979.93,"body":"What I'm saying here is,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2979.93,"endTime":2984.61,"body":"okay, there is something"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2979.93,"endTime":2984.61,"body":"beyond the Big Bang,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2984.61,"endTime":2988.27,"body":"the photons do go somewhere"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2984.61,"endTime":2988.27,"body":"when they go through,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2988.27,"endTime":2989.59,"body":"where do they go?"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2989.59,"endTime":2990.91,"body":"Well they go into the next,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2990.91,"endTime":2992.263,"body":"what I'm calling, aeon."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2993.4,"endTime":2996.1,"body":"Our aeon is meant to"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2993.4,"endTime":2996.1,"body":"be the middle one, say,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2996.1,"endTime":2998.35,"body":"and there will be one beyond us"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2998.35,"endTime":2999.97,"body":"after our remote future,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2999.97,"endTime":3003.96,"body":"that will continue and become"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":2999.97,"endTime":3003.96,"body":"somebody else's big bang."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3003.96,"endTime":3005.46,"body":"What about our Big Bang?"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3005.46,"endTime":3008.28,"body":"Well that was somebody"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3005.46,"endTime":3008.28,"body":"else's remote future,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3008.28,"endTime":3009.78,"body":"so that's the picture."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3009.78,"endTime":3012.21,"body":"And because of this conformal behavior,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3012.21,"endTime":3014.4,"body":"it's not physically unreasonable"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3014.4,"endTime":3015.24,"body":"if you can argue"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3015.24,"endTime":3018.66,"body":"for the mass becoming"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3015.24,"endTime":3018.66,"body":"asymptotically unimportant"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3018.66,"endTime":3020.01,"body":"at both ends,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3020.01,"endTime":3022.41,"body":"and certainly, that's a good"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3020.01,"endTime":3022.41,"body":"case for that at the Big Bang,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3022.41,"endTime":3023.88,"body":"and not a bad case in the future,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3023.88,"endTime":3026.58,"body":"which I could go into"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3023.88,"endTime":3026.58,"body":"if people want to know."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3026.58,"endTime":3029.1,"body":"Okay, so it's not unreasonable."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3029.1,"endTime":3031.62,"body":"And I used to give lectures"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3029.1,"endTime":3031.62,"body":"on this quite a lot,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3031.62,"endTime":3032.94,"body":"for many years,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3032.94,"endTime":3034.35,"body":"thinking, well this is lovely,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3034.35,"endTime":3036.39,"body":"I can go on forever talking about this,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3036.39,"endTime":3038.4,"body":"nobody will ever prove me wrong,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3038.4,"endTime":3040.98,"body":"and so I can talk about this forever."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3040.98,"endTime":3042.51,"body":"And then I thought,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3042.51,"endTime":3044.01,"body":"maybe they can prove me wrong."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3045.24,"endTime":3046.073,"body":"Well you see,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3046.073,"endTime":3048.33,"body":"signals can get through, in principle."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3048.33,"endTime":3051.18,"body":"This represents the crossover between,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3051.18,"endTime":3053.13,"body":"this wiggly horizontal line"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3053.13,"endTime":3054.3,"body":"represents the boundary"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3054.3,"endTime":3059.3,"body":"between the remote future of"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3054.3,"endTime":3059.3,"body":"the previous aeon to our aeon,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3059.46,"endTime":3060.71,"body":"or to the next aeon, say,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3062.79,"endTime":3064.26,"body":"light rays could get through,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3064.26,"endTime":3065.923,"body":"well I told you about the 380,000 years"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3065.923,"endTime":3069.57,"body":"in which they scattered,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3065.923,"endTime":3069.57,"body":"and they didn't do much,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3069.57,"endTime":3072.54,"body":"but if they're long enough wavelength,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3072.54,"endTime":3075.72,"body":"and mainly just magnetic"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3072.54,"endTime":3075.72,"body":"fields, and things like that,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3075.72,"endTime":3077.52,"body":"yeah, they probably could get through."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3077.52,"endTime":3078.87,"body":"That's an interesting question"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3078.87,"endTime":3080.82,"body":"which has not really been explored yet."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3082.08,"endTime":3084.66,"body":"One of the things that has"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3082.08,"endTime":3084.66,"body":"been explored, however,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3084.66,"endTime":3087.45,"body":"is gravitational wave"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3084.66,"endTime":3087.45,"body":"signals could get through."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3087.45,"endTime":3089.37,"body":"So if you have something like,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3089.37,"endTime":3091.8,"body":"well I'll show you in the next picture,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3091.8,"endTime":3093.27,"body":"something like,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3093.27,"endTime":3096.3,"body":"at the bottom of this middle picture here,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3096.3,"endTime":3098.58,"body":"you see the horizontal plane there"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3098.58,"endTime":3101.43,"body":"is the crossover between"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3098.58,"endTime":3101.43,"body":"the previous aeon,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3101.43,"endTime":3103.71,"body":"below that plane,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3103.71,"endTime":3106.47,"body":"and our aeon, beyond it,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3106.47,"endTime":3108.24,"body":"and that's us at the top looking back,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3108.24,"endTime":3109.44,"body":"our past cone,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3109.44,"endTime":3112.413,"body":"looking back to this"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3109.44,"endTime":3112.413,"body":"stretched-out Big Bang."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3113.25,"endTime":3114.66,"body":"And the argument is"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3114.66,"endTime":3117.21,"body":"that if you have super-massive black holes"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3117.21,"endTime":3119.13,"body":"running into each other,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3119.13,"endTime":3120.42,"body":"and that happens,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3120.42,"endTime":3122.88,"body":"you see, we're in a galactic cluster,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3122.88,"endTime":3126.03,"body":"we have a black hole in our galaxy,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3126.03,"endTime":3129.15,"body":"the Andromeda Galaxy"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3126.03,"endTime":3129.15,"body":"is part of our cluster,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3129.15,"endTime":3131.79,"body":"it's got a much bigger"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3129.15,"endTime":3131.79,"body":"black hole than ours."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3131.79,"endTime":3134.52,"body":"In a few thousand million years,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3134.52,"endTime":3135.85,"body":"they'll run into each other,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3135.85,"endTime":3138.24,"body":"we're heading for each other,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3138.24,"endTime":3140.13,"body":"and our black holes, eventually,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3140.13,"endTime":3141.57,"body":"will feel each other out,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3141.57,"endTime":3143.25,"body":"spiral into each other,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3143.25,"endTime":3144.42,"body":"and whoomph,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3144.42,"endTime":3146.73,"body":"more or less they'll gulp us down,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3146.73,"endTime":3148.56,"body":"we're relatively small."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3148.56,"endTime":3152.31,"body":"But even that will produce"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3148.56,"endTime":3152.31,"body":"a gravitational wave signal,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3152.31,"endTime":3153.66,"body":"ripples in the space-time"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3153.66,"endTime":3155.183,"body":"which go out in the"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3153.66,"endTime":3155.183,"body":"Weyl curvature, go out,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3156.78,"endTime":3158.31,"body":"and when we look back,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3158.31,"endTime":3162.303,"body":"we might see how that influences"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3158.31,"endTime":3162.303,"body":"the microwave background."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3163.8,"endTime":3165.36,"body":"I won't go into details here,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3165.36,"endTime":3167.43,"body":"but there is an expectation"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3167.43,"endTime":3170.67,"body":"that you would see rings in the sky."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3170.67,"endTime":3172.41,"body":"If you want to say why these are rings,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3172.41,"endTime":3173.97,"body":"you have to imagine"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3173.97,"endTime":3176.13,"body":"there's an extra"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3173.97,"endTime":3176.13,"body":"dimension in this picture,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3176.13,"endTime":3179.79,"body":"so what look circles in"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3176.13,"endTime":3179.79,"body":"this crossover surface"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3179.79,"endTime":3181.35,"body":"are really spheres,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3181.35,"endTime":3184.32,"body":"and where they intersect, you get a ring,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3184.32,"endTime":3186.93,"body":"and when you look back,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3184.32,"endTime":3186.93,"body":"you see these rings."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3186.93,"endTime":3187.763,"body":"So the question is,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3187.763,"endTime":3189.093,"body":"do you see the rings?"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3190.32,"endTime":3195.0,"body":"This is a picture produced by"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3190.32,"endTime":3195.0,"body":"my colleague Vahe Gurzadyan,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3195.0,"endTime":3196.44,"body":"who is an Armenian"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3196.44,"endTime":3199.68,"body":"who I collaborated with"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3196.44,"endTime":3199.68,"body":"quite a bit on this topic,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3199.68,"endTime":3202.62,"body":"and what he was looking"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3199.68,"endTime":3202.62,"body":"for in this picture"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3202.62,"endTime":3204.15,"body":"were these rings,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3204.15,"endTime":3205.74,"body":"and he was looking for rings"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3205.74,"endTime":3209.19,"body":"where the variation in"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3205.74,"endTime":3209.19,"body":"temperature around the ring"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3209.19,"endTime":3211.26,"body":"was anomalously small,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3211.26,"endTime":3214.29,"body":"which was an expectation"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3211.26,"endTime":3214.29,"body":"of what you might find"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3214.29,"endTime":3218.34,"body":"from this colliding black hole picture,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3218.34,"endTime":3220.62,"body":"and what you might see in"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3218.34,"endTime":3220.62,"body":"the microwave background,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3220.62,"endTime":3223.02,"body":"and the ring where the"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3220.62,"endTime":3223.02,"body":"variation in temperature"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3223.02,"endTime":3225.12,"body":"is a little bit less than normal."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3225.12,"endTime":3227.7,"body":"That's not big enough to see an effect,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3227.7,"endTime":3229.53,"body":"so you have to see at least three of them,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3229.53,"endTime":3230.79,"body":"and in this previous picture,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3230.79,"endTime":3232.65,"body":"I was also illustrating that,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3232.65,"endTime":3234.89,"body":"there were a couple of"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3232.65,"endTime":3234.89,"body":"collisions, I think,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3234.89,"endTime":3236.1,"body":"is it two,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3236.1,"endTime":3238.68,"body":"where you might see more than one"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3238.68,"endTime":3240.75,"body":"from the same galactic cluster,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3240.75,"endTime":3242.43,"body":"and if they're in the"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3240.75,"endTime":3242.43,"body":"same galactic cluster,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3242.43,"endTime":3245.04,"body":"that's more or less a point in the sky,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3245.04,"endTime":3247.29,"body":"so they would look like concentric rings,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3247.29,"endTime":3249.0,"body":"so that's the argument."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3249.0,"endTime":3250.2,"body":"So what he looks for,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3250.2,"endTime":3252.96,"body":"this is Vahe Gurzadyan, was looking for,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3252.96,"endTime":3256.02,"body":"were centers of at least three"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3256.02,"endTime":3258.213,"body":"concentric, low variance rings,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3259.53,"endTime":3261.93,"body":"and this is plotting them in the sky."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3261.93,"endTime":3264.835,"body":"The central strip, he didn't look at,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3264.835,"endTime":3266.28,"body":"that's where the galaxy is,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3266.28,"endTime":3268.59,"body":"so people tend to cut that out,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3268.59,"endTime":3272.4,"body":"so forget about the central"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3268.59,"endTime":3272.4,"body":"two lots of squares,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3272.4,"endTime":3273.54,"body":"you don't worry about,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3273.54,"endTime":3274.65,"body":"but outside that,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3274.65,"endTime":3276.213,"body":"yes, he was looking at those."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3277.53,"endTime":3279.96,"body":"I find it a very remarkable picture."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3279.96,"endTime":3282.12,"body":"It's remarkable in two ways,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3282.12,"endTime":3284.55,"body":"one is it's very clumpy."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3284.55,"endTime":3287.58,"body":"People say it's what's called"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3284.55,"endTime":3287.58,"body":"the cosmological principle,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3287.58,"endTime":3289.35,"body":"that if you look at something"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3287.58,"endTime":3289.35,"body":"on a bigger, and bigger,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3289.35,"endTime":3290.28,"body":"and big enough scale,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3290.28,"endTime":3293.193,"body":"all the irregularities disappear,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3294.234,"endTime":3296.13,"body":"but it doesn't seem they do,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3296.13,"endTime":3297.45,"body":"this is if you look in this way."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3297.45,"endTime":3298.773,"body":"Of course, whatever you're seeing,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3298.773,"endTime":3301.05,"body":"even if it's not what"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3298.773,"endTime":3301.05,"body":"I claim we're seeing,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3301.05,"endTime":3303.15,"body":"you have to explain that irregularity,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3303.15,"endTime":3304.89,"body":"which is very puzzling."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3304.89,"endTime":3307.98,"body":"But it's not just irregular"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3304.89,"endTime":3307.98,"body":"in where you see it,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3307.98,"endTime":3309.78,"body":"in angular displacement,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3309.78,"endTime":3312.24,"body":"it's irregular in the color."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3312.24,"endTime":3313.68,"body":"What is the color?"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3313.68,"endTime":3315.42,"body":"The color here is the frequency."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3315.42,"endTime":3318.12,"body":"You see, he didn't look at the"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3315.42,"endTime":3318.12,"body":"frequency to single them out,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3318.12,"endTime":3321.24,"body":"he looked at low variation"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3318.12,"endTime":3321.24,"body":"in the temperature."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3321.24,"endTime":3322.25,"body":"If you actually look at the temperature,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3322.25,"endTime":3323.943,"body":"and not the frequency,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3324.99,"endTime":3327.6,"body":"not just the variation in it,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3327.6,"endTime":3329.19,"body":"then that's what the color is doing."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3329.19,"endTime":3331.83,"body":"And I won't go into the"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3329.19,"endTime":3331.83,"body":"details of which color is what,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3331.83,"endTime":3336.33,"body":"but the blue ones should be more distant,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3336.33,"endTime":3337.8,"body":"and the red ones closer"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3337.8,"endTime":3339.27,"body":"according to the theory."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3339.27,"endTime":3340.2,"body":"So what you're seeing"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3340.2,"endTime":3342.96,"body":"is they're not just clumped"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3340.2,"endTime":3342.96,"body":"in angular distance,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3342.96,"endTime":3344.97,"body":"but they're clumped in how"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3342.96,"endTime":3344.97,"body":"far away from us they are,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3344.97,"endTime":3346.17,"body":"according to the theory,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3346.17,"endTime":3348.06,"body":"there might be some"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3346.17,"endTime":3348.06,"body":"other explanation for it,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3348.06,"endTime":3349.96,"body":"I've never seen any other explanation,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3351.3,"endTime":3354.9,"body":"but it does seem to show that"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3351.3,"endTime":3354.9,"body":"the Universe is that clumpy"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3354.9,"endTime":3356.79,"body":"on that kind of scale,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3356.79,"endTime":3357.963,"body":"very remarkable."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3358.92,"endTime":3360.9,"body":"If it's not what we think it is,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3360.9,"endTime":3362.88,"body":"I need another explanation,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3362.88,"endTime":3365.01,"body":"but you've got to"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3362.88,"endTime":3365.01,"body":"explain the irregularity,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3365.01,"endTime":3367.05,"body":"and I don't know how that comes about"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3367.05,"endTime":3369.303,"body":"from conventional cosmology."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3370.219,"endTime":3371.82,"body":"It actually surprised me,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3371.82,"endTime":3374.4,"body":"I wasn't expecting to"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3371.82,"endTime":3374.4,"body":"see this irregularity,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3374.4,"endTime":3376.05,"body":"it just means that the aeons"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3376.05,"endTime":3379.44,"body":"are not so spatially"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3376.05,"endTime":3379.44,"body":"smooth, spatially uniform"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3379.44,"endTime":3381.21,"body":"as we tend to think."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3381.21,"endTime":3386.21,"body":"This is the last thing I'm"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3381.21,"endTime":3386.21,"body":"going to talk about here,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3386.79,"endTime":3388.26,"body":"to do with another kind of signal,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3388.26,"endTime":3390.12,"body":"which we've thought about more recently."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3390.12,"endTime":3392.58,"body":"I should say that my Polish colleagues,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3392.58,"endTime":3395.43,"body":"headed by Krzysztof"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3392.58,"endTime":3395.43,"body":"Meissner and Pawel Nurowski,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3395.43,"endTime":3398.97,"body":"and they looked, quite"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3395.43,"endTime":3398.97,"body":"independently of Vahe,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3398.97,"endTime":3400.08,"body":"for rings in the sky,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3400.08,"endTime":3402.241,"body":"and they also found them."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3402.241,"endTime":3404.46,"body":"They used a completely different method,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3404.46,"endTime":3406.2,"body":"using different techniques,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3406.2,"endTime":3407.82,"body":"and they found rings,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3407.82,"endTime":3412.05,"body":"they gave a probability"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3407.82,"endTime":3412.05,"body":"that this is a real effect"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3412.05,"endTime":3414.753,"body":"of 99.4%,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3414.753,"endTime":3416.97,"body":"they were looking through"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3414.753,"endTime":3416.97,"body":"different forms of data,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3416.97,"endTime":3419.34,"body":"one was 99.6 and then 99.4,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3419.34,"endTime":3422.933,"body":"so it was reasonably confident"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3419.34,"endTime":3422.933,"body":"there was a signal there,"},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3424.59,"endTime":3426.57,"body":"but using a quite different method."},{"speaker":"I'm doing two tricks here","startTime":3426.57,"endTime":3427.8,"body":"Now what about this?"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3429.63,"endTime":3432.9,"body":"what happens to the black"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3429.63,"endTime":3432.9,"body":"holes in the remote future?"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3432.9,"endTime":3434.64,"body":"Stephen Hawking tells us,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3434.64,"endTime":3435.75,"body":"as I just mentioned,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3435.75,"endTime":3437.91,"body":"they have an entropy, black holes,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3437.91,"endTime":3439.29,"body":"they also have a temperature,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3439.29,"endTime":3442.14,"body":"a very, very low temperature."},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3442.14,"endTime":3444.9,"body":"They're far, far colder roundabout now"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3444.9,"endTime":3446.88,"body":"than anything we can imagine now,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3446.88,"endTime":3451.32,"body":"but when the Universe expands,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3446.88,"endTime":3451.32,"body":"and expands, and expands,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3451.32,"endTime":3453.72,"body":"it gets colder, and colder,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3451.32,"endTime":3453.72,"body":"and colder, and colder,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3453.72,"endTime":3458.16,"body":"until it becomes colder"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3453.72,"endTime":3458.16,"body":"than these huge black holes."},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3458.16,"endTime":3459.3,"body":"The bigger the black hole,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3459.3,"endTime":3460.56,"body":"the colder they are,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3460.56,"endTime":3463.74,"body":"so that later, they"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3460.56,"endTime":3463.74,"body":"start to evaporate away."},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3463.74,"endTime":3466.92,"body":"When the Universe is colder"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3463.74,"endTime":3466.92,"body":"than the black holes,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3466.92,"endTime":3469.35,"body":"then the black holes become"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3466.92,"endTime":3469.35,"body":"the hottest things around,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3469.35,"endTime":3470.183,"body":"pretty cold,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3470.183,"endTime":3471.6,"body":"but the hottest things around,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3471.6,"endTime":3473.73,"body":"and they start to evaporate away,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3473.73,"endTime":3476.88,"body":"finally disappearing with a pop."},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3476.88,"endTime":3477.78,"body":"I'm calling it a pop"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3477.78,"endTime":3481.653,"body":"because all this is a very"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3477.78,"endTime":3481.653,"body":"small explosion at the end."},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3482.85,"endTime":3485.97,"body":"It's not altogether clear"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3482.85,"endTime":3485.97,"body":"whether this happens,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3485.97,"endTime":3486.96,"body":"I think it does happen,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3486.96,"endTime":3488.64,"body":"I think Stephen was right,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3488.64,"endTime":3491.07,"body":"and that the black holes"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3488.64,"endTime":3491.07,"body":"will evaporate away,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3491.07,"endTime":3492.27,"body":"but for the biggest ones,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3492.27,"endTime":3494.82,"body":"you have to imagine,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3492.27,"endTime":3494.82,"body":"when will this happen?"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3494.82,"endTime":3499.013,"body":"It will happen in something"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3494.82,"endTime":3499.013,"body":"like 10 to the 100 years,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3499.013,"endTime":3501.013,"body":"so you have to think of,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3503.608,"endTime":3504.441,"body":"have I said that right?"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3504.441,"endTime":3505.77,"body":"Yes, 10 to the 100 years,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3505.77,"endTime":3510.77,"body":"so 1 followed by 100"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3505.77,"endTime":3510.77,"body":"zeroes, years, or more,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3510.84,"endTime":3513.603,"body":"I think Don Page was"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3510.84,"endTime":3513.603,"body":"saying 103, or something,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3514.52,"endTime":3517.02,"body":"or 109 I think Krzysztof was telling me,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3517.02,"endTime":3519.0,"body":"anyway, it's a long time."},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3519.0,"endTime":3520.44,"body":"And in the picture,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3520.44,"endTime":3522.57,"body":"you have to imagine"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3520.44,"endTime":3522.57,"body":"there's angels and devils,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3522.57,"endTime":3524.49,"body":"no, the fish ones I had,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3524.49,"endTime":3525.51,"body":"those little fish,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3525.51,"endTime":3528.093,"body":"they'll be tucked up right at the edge."},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3529.02,"endTime":3530.73,"body":"You might think that"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3529.02,"endTime":3530.73,"body":"the Hawking evaporation"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3530.73,"endTime":3532.62,"body":"is going to spread out"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3530.73,"endTime":3532.62,"body":"through the Universe;"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3532.62,"endTime":3534.0,"body":"it doesn't get very far"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3534.0,"endTime":3535.35,"body":"because it's so late"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3535.35,"endTime":3536.73,"body":"that in the conformal picture,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3536.73,"endTime":3540.0,"body":"it's all squashed into one"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3536.73,"endTime":3540.0,"body":"little, teensy-weensy point."},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3540.0,"endTime":3542.31,"body":"This is the final picture,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3542.31,"endTime":3544.74,"body":"this is a picture from the paper"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3544.74,"endTime":3548.49,"body":"that Krzysztof Meissner, Pawel Nurowski,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3548.49,"endTime":3551.43,"body":"Daniel An, and I wrote,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3551.43,"endTime":3553.92,"body":"it was published about two years ago"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3553.92,"endTime":3557.79,"body":"in \"The Monthly Notices of the"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3553.92,"endTime":3557.79,"body":"Royal Astronomical Society,\""},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3557.79,"endTime":3559.29,"body":"and we were considering,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3559.29,"endTime":3561.603,"body":"well imagine that bottom horizontal line,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3561.603,"endTime":3563.91,"body":"that represents the crossover,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3563.91,"endTime":3566.393,"body":"and you see that little line going up,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3566.393,"endTime":3571.11,"body":"that is the history of this"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3566.393,"endTime":3571.11,"body":"super-massive black hole"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3571.11,"endTime":3574.65,"body":"which has evaporated away"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3571.11,"endTime":3574.65,"body":"just at the end of that line,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3574.65,"endTime":3578.97,"body":"and all the energy comes"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3574.65,"endTime":3578.97,"body":"through just at that point."},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3578.97,"endTime":3579.803,"body":"So more or less,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3579.803,"endTime":3581.76,"body":"the rest of it is a smooth transition,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3581.76,"endTime":3583.17,"body":"but just at that point,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3583.17,"endTime":3586.86,"body":"you have a burst of energy"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3583.17,"endTime":3586.86,"body":"coming right through."},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3586.86,"endTime":3588.36,"body":"What does it do?"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3588.36,"endTime":3591.78,"body":"It spreads out through the 380,000 years"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3591.78,"endTime":3593.82,"body":"to the next horizontal line,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3593.82,"endTime":3595.11,"body":"which is decoupling."},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3595.11,"endTime":3596.37,"body":"There's a slight bit of argument"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3596.37,"endTime":3597.69,"body":"about exactly where that comes,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3597.69,"endTime":3600.0,"body":"but what we seem to see"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3600.0,"endTime":3602.88,"body":"is that that spot spreads out"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3602.88,"endTime":3607.26,"body":"to about eight times the"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3602.88,"endTime":3607.26,"body":"diameter of the full moon."},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3607.26,"endTime":3609.57,"body":"So imagine a full moon out there,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3609.57,"endTime":3611.46,"body":"eight times that diameter,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3611.46,"endTime":3614.22,"body":"those spots will be where that radiation"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3614.22,"endTime":3616.38,"body":"gives you an increase in temperature,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3616.38,"endTime":3618.66,"body":"so you would see the spots"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3618.66,"endTime":3622.56,"body":"about 30 times the normal"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3618.66,"endTime":3622.56,"body":"variations in temperature."},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3622.56,"endTime":3623.4,"body":"I claim,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3623.4,"endTime":3624.45,"body":"and I haven't ever seen this,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3624.45,"endTime":3626.223,"body":"I hope somebody will do it someday,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3627.21,"endTime":3630.09,"body":"that if you had a planetarium"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3630.09,"endTime":3633.15,"body":"where you made the microwave"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3630.09,"endTime":3633.15,"body":"background visible to you,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3633.15,"endTime":3633.983,"body":"that you would look around,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3633.983,"endTime":3635.73,"body":"and you could see the spots,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3635.73,"endTime":3640.73,"body":"because they are eight times"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3635.73,"endTime":3640.73,"body":"the diameter of the Moon,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3641.1,"endTime":3645.12,"body":"30 times, or so, as"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3641.1,"endTime":3645.12,"body":"bright as the background."},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3645.12,"endTime":3646.95,"body":"Not only do we see these"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3646.95,"endTime":3648.75,"body":"in the Planck Satellite data,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3648.75,"endTime":3650.1,"body":"which was, at that time,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3650.1,"endTime":3654.06,"body":"the most recent satellite data,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3654.06,"endTime":3656.64,"body":"we see the five strongest ones there."},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3656.64,"endTime":3658.44,"body":"Look in the other satellite,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3658.44,"endTime":3659.85,"body":"it's a completely different satellite,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3659.85,"endTime":3661.53,"body":"the WMAP Satellite,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3661.53,"endTime":3664.5,"body":"and you find it in"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3661.53,"endTime":3664.5,"body":"exactly the same places."},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3664.5,"endTime":3666.45,"body":"There's also a sixth one there,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3666.45,"endTime":3668.19,"body":"which is just about as"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3666.45,"endTime":3668.19,"body":"strong as the other one"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3668.19,"endTime":3669.15,"body":"in the WMAP data,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3669.15,"endTime":3670.47,"body":"go back to the Planck data,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3670.47,"endTime":3671.61,"body":"it's there too,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3671.61,"endTime":3672.99,"body":"exactly the same place."},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3672.99,"endTime":3675.87,"body":"I'm not sure I would trust"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3672.99,"endTime":3675.87,"body":"all the suggested spots,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3675.87,"endTime":3677.607,"body":"but those strongest ones, I think,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3677.607,"endTime":3680.43,"body":"are a pretty good indication"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3680.43,"endTime":3683.73,"body":"of being what I'm calling Hawking points,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3683.73,"endTime":3685.98,"body":"the result of the Hawking radiation"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3685.98,"endTime":3687.87,"body":"squished into a single point,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3687.87,"endTime":3689.31,"body":"and now spreading out,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3689.31,"endTime":3690.843,"body":"and we see those spots."},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3693.75,"endTime":3694.98,"body":"That is seen,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3694.98,"endTime":3697.53,"body":"according to our analysis in the paper,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3697.53,"endTime":3702.53,"body":"with a confidence level of 99.98%,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3703.08,"endTime":3704.793,"body":"so it's a pretty confident level."},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3705.75,"endTime":3707.01,"body":"I think I'll leave it there,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3707.01,"endTime":3708.633,"body":"thank you very much."},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3708.633,"endTime":3711.633,"body":"(audience applauds)"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3721.26,"endTime":3722.093,"body":"- Thank you very much."},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3722.093,"endTime":3723.54,"body":"Is there a question from the hall?"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3723.54,"endTime":3725.13,"body":"Yes, just next to you, Marian,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3725.13,"endTime":3727.14,"body":"there's a gentleman there."},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3727.14,"endTime":3728.07,"body":"- [Questioner] Related to that,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3728.07,"endTime":3730.35,"body":"what happens to entropy"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3730.35,"endTime":3732.184,"body":"when you move from one aeon to the next?"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3732.184,"endTime":3734.19,"body":"Does entropy continue increasing,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3734.19,"endTime":3736.26,"body":"or does it reset, or something?"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3736.26,"endTime":3737.913,"body":"- That is a very good question."},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3739.2,"endTime":3740.793,"body":"According to the scheme,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3742.41,"endTime":3743.64,"body":"as I was saying before,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3743.64,"endTime":3746.04,"body":"almost the entire entropy in the Universe"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3746.04,"endTime":3747.69,"body":"is in black holes,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3747.69,"endTime":3751.21,"body":"so that means they're squashed"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3747.69,"endTime":3751.21,"body":"into the Hawking points,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3751.21,"endTime":3753.57,"body":"a Hawking point is the little"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3751.21,"endTime":3753.57,"body":"point at the bottom there,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3753.57,"endTime":3754.683,"body":"the crossover region."},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3755.67,"endTime":3758.013,"body":"You see, how big is that spot?"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3759.78,"endTime":3762.243,"body":"It's much, much smaller,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3764.494,"endTime":3766.65,"body":"on the scale that you come"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3764.494,"endTime":3766.65,"body":"through on the other side,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3766.65,"endTime":3768.51,"body":"it's much smaller than this Planck scale"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3768.51,"endTime":3769.83,"body":"which I talked about."},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3769.83,"endTime":3771.42,"body":"When people talk about quantum gravity,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3771.42,"endTime":3773.38,"body":"and they talk of this tiny, tiny scale"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3774.24,"endTime":3778.29,"body":"where quantum mechanics"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3774.24,"endTime":3778.29,"body":"is in charge, if you like."},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3778.29,"endTime":3779.558,"body":"- [Technician] Can you take your hand"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3779.558,"endTime":3780.63,"body":"off the microphone please."},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3780.63,"endTime":3782.878,"body":"- That's a good idea, thank you."},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3782.878,"endTime":3785.711,"body":"(audience laughs)"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3786.93,"endTime":3788.293,"body":"We don't know anything about it."},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3788.293,"endTime":3790.86,"body":"You see, how does it"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3788.293,"endTime":3790.86,"body":"preserve degrees of freedom?"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3790.86,"endTime":3792.18,"body":"Well it probably doesn't."},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3792.18,"endTime":3793.98,"body":"So you're looking at a physics"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3793.98,"endTime":3798.81,"body":"which squashes the degrees"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3793.98,"endTime":3798.81,"body":"of freedom out of existence."},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3798.81,"endTime":3800.64,"body":"So the argument would be"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3800.64,"endTime":3802.623,"body":"that that entropy is just lost,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3803.88,"endTime":3805.73,"body":"I don't know what else to do with it,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3807.75,"endTime":3809.88,"body":"there's no room for that"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3807.75,"endTime":3809.88,"body":"much entropy, I think,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3809.88,"endTime":3811.02,"body":"as it comes through on the other side,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3811.02,"endTime":3812.67,"body":"I think it has to be just lost."},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3812.67,"endTime":3816.39,"body":"You're looking at Planck-scale physics,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3816.39,"endTime":3817.68,"body":"and we know nothing, really, about it."},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3817.68,"endTime":3819.6,"body":"Make sure I move my hand."},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3821.1,"endTime":3823.47,"body":"So I think that's the argument,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3823.47,"endTime":3824.94,"body":"that that's where it goes."},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3824.94,"endTime":3829.11,"body":"- I think we all should thank Sir Roger"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3829.11,"endTime":3832.62,"body":"for an extraordinarily"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3829.11,"endTime":3832.62,"body":"interesting, stimulating,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3832.62,"endTime":3834.12,"body":"and quite challenging,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3834.12,"endTime":3835.32,"body":"but really interesting lecture,"},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3835.32,"endTime":3838.016,"body":"so thank you very, very much, Sir Roger."},{"speaker":"This is another effect","startTime":3838.016,"endTime":3841.016,"body":"(audience applauds)"}]}