{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"startTime":0.51,"endTime":3.69,"body":"- So welcome to this final lecture"},{"startTime":3.69,"endTime":5.49,"body":"in my series"},{"startTime":5.49,"endTime":8.823,"body":"on the early global"},{"startTime":5.49,"endTime":8.823,"body":"spread of Protestantism,"},{"startTime":9.66,"endTime":10.493,"body":"and in this lecture,"},{"startTime":10.493,"endTime":13.01,"body":"we're finally going to"},{"startTime":10.493,"endTime":13.01,"body":"turn to look head-on"},{"startTime":13.01,"endTime":16.053,"body":"at the question that I've"},{"startTime":13.01,"endTime":16.053,"body":"been dancing around all year,"},{"startTime":17.13,"endTime":21.51,"body":"which is, is this really"},{"startTime":17.13,"endTime":21.51,"body":"a story about religion?"},{"startTime":21.51,"endTime":22.95,"body":"Or one about politics?"},{"startTime":22.95,"endTime":25.53,"body":"About faith or power?"},{"startTime":25.53,"endTime":27.18,"body":"Well, obviously it's both,"},{"startTime":27.18,"endTime":29.133,"body":"but how does the relationship work?"},{"startTime":30.21,"endTime":32.88,"body":"I hope, at this late stage,"},{"startTime":32.88,"endTime":35.013,"body":"that some of the outline's already clear."},{"startTime":35.91,"endTime":40.23,"body":"The colonial and maritime"},{"startTime":35.91,"endTime":40.23,"body":"commercial projects"},{"startTime":40.23,"endTime":43.98,"body":"that a series of Protestant"},{"startTime":40.23,"endTime":43.98,"body":"states and entrepreneurs"},{"startTime":43.98,"endTime":48.27,"body":"were engaged in in the"},{"startTime":43.98,"endTime":48.27,"body":"16th, 17th, 18th centuries,"},{"startTime":48.27,"endTime":51.6,"body":"these things did include"},{"startTime":48.27,"endTime":51.6,"body":"religious motives,"},{"startTime":51.6,"endTime":53.46,"body":"including the hope to"},{"startTime":51.6,"endTime":53.46,"body":"spread their religion"},{"startTime":53.46,"endTime":57.123,"body":"to the peoples they met,"},{"startTime":53.46,"endTime":57.123,"body":"amongst other objectives."},{"startTime":57.96,"endTime":62.52,"body":"The grounds for those motives"},{"startTime":57.96,"endTime":62.52,"body":"ranged from a burning concern"},{"startTime":62.52,"endTime":65.67,"body":"to save perishing souls from hell"},{"startTime":65.67,"endTime":69.24,"body":"through a wish to civilize"},{"startTime":65.67,"endTime":69.24,"body":"and pacify peoples"},{"startTime":69.24,"endTime":73.92,"body":"for whom they had decided"},{"startTime":69.24,"endTime":73.92,"body":"they had some responsibility"},{"startTime":73.92,"endTime":76.89,"body":"to the hope that religion could"},{"startTime":73.92,"endTime":76.89,"body":"be used to cement alliances"},{"startTime":76.89,"endTime":79.383,"body":"and stymie colonial rivals,"},{"startTime":80.52,"endTime":84.03,"body":"and ministers, preachers,"},{"startTime":80.52,"endTime":84.03,"body":"missionary enthusiasts"},{"startTime":84.03,"endTime":85.95,"body":"were generally ready to work"},{"startTime":85.95,"endTime":89.67,"body":"within the framework of imperial power"},{"startTime":89.67,"endTime":93.993,"body":"with varying degrees of"},{"startTime":89.67,"endTime":93.993,"body":"reservation or enthusiasm,"},{"startTime":95.04,"endTime":96.99,"body":"but deep-rooted as it was,"},{"startTime":96.99,"endTime":101.433,"body":"this alliance of convenience"},{"startTime":96.99,"endTime":101.433,"body":"only went so far."},{"startTime":102.69,"endTime":107.13,"body":"Neither side wholly accepted"},{"startTime":102.69,"endTime":107.13,"body":"the other's priorities"},{"startTime":107.13,"endTime":110.31,"body":"or completely trusted the other."},{"startTime":110.31,"endTime":113.34,"body":"As mating spiders might tell you,"},{"startTime":113.34,"endTime":116.1,"body":"just because two parties need one another"},{"startTime":116.1,"endTime":117.66,"body":"doesn't mean that the relationship"},{"startTime":117.66,"endTime":120.303,"body":"is going to be enduring and harmonious."},{"startTime":122.58,"endTime":125.91,"body":"In this last lecture, I"},{"startTime":122.58,"endTime":125.91,"body":"want to explore the contours"},{"startTime":125.91,"endTime":127.293,"body":"of this dysfunctional relationship,"},{"startTime":127.293,"endTime":130.05,"body":"what it meant and where it went,"},{"startTime":130.05,"endTime":131.82,"body":"and I'm going to do that in two ways."},{"startTime":131.82,"endTime":132.653,"body":"First of all,"},{"startTime":132.653,"endTime":135.24,"body":"because all this generalization"},{"startTime":132.653,"endTime":135.24,"body":"is already getting tedious,"},{"startTime":135.24,"endTime":137.55,"body":"I want to pick out a few examples,"},{"startTime":137.55,"endTime":141.03,"body":"three particular stories"},{"startTime":137.55,"endTime":141.03,"body":"from across the globe"},{"startTime":141.03,"endTime":143.52,"body":"contrasting cases that, I think,"},{"startTime":143.52,"endTime":146.583,"body":"help to illustrate some of"},{"startTime":143.52,"endTime":146.583,"body":"these issues quite nicely,"},{"startTime":147.45,"endTime":149.76,"body":"and then, at the end, I"},{"startTime":147.45,"endTime":149.76,"body":"want to turn to the question"},{"startTime":149.76,"endTime":153.9,"body":"of how this early stage"},{"startTime":149.76,"endTime":153.9,"body":"of Protestant missions"},{"startTime":153.9,"endTime":156.36,"body":"came to move on."},{"startTime":156.36,"endTime":159.36,"body":"The real shift, not just in the tempo,"},{"startTime":159.36,"endTime":161.7,"body":"but in the mood of these"},{"startTime":159.36,"endTime":161.7,"body":"missionary enterprises,"},{"startTime":161.7,"endTime":165.55,"body":"that becomes unmistakable by the 1790s"},{"startTime":166.41,"endTime":170.31,"body":"because how that came about is,"},{"startTime":166.41,"endTime":170.31,"body":"I think, really illuminating"},{"startTime":170.31,"endTime":172.89,"body":"when we're trying to understand"},{"startTime":170.31,"endTime":172.89,"body":"how mission and empire"},{"startTime":172.89,"endTime":177.003,"body":"became so fruitfully and"},{"startTime":172.89,"endTime":177.003,"body":"damagingly entangled,"},{"startTime":178.8,"endTime":181.173,"body":"so first, my stories."},{"startTime":182.25,"endTime":184.71,"body":"Let's begin with the island,"},{"startTime":184.71,"endTime":188.85,"body":"which was, as I argued in my"},{"startTime":184.71,"endTime":188.85,"body":"second lecture, a key model,"},{"startTime":188.85,"endTime":191.94,"body":"both for Protestant empires"},{"startTime":188.85,"endTime":191.94,"body":"and Protestant missions."},{"startTime":191.94,"endTime":196.02,"body":"It was the original sin of"},{"startTime":191.94,"endTime":196.02,"body":"Protestant globalization,"},{"startTime":196.02,"endTime":199.59,"body":"the island whose shadow"},{"startTime":196.02,"endTime":199.59,"body":"fell on every subsequent"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":199.59,"endTime":202.773,"body":"Ireland."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":204.39,"endTime":206.67,"body":"Ireland had been under"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":206.67,"endTime":209.37,"body":"an often rather nebulous English lordship"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":209.37,"endTime":211.26,"body":"since the 12th century,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":211.26,"endTime":213.78,"body":"but in the wake of the"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":211.26,"endTime":213.78,"body":"Protestant Reformation,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":213.78,"endTime":216.81,"body":"that vague status quo"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":213.78,"endTime":216.81,"body":"was no longer tenable."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":216.81,"endTime":219.33,"body":"Successive English regimes"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":216.81,"endTime":219.33,"body":"took it on themselves"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":219.33,"endTime":221.553,"body":"to make the claim into a reality."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":222.45,"endTime":225.99,"body":"It's Queen Elizabeth I who"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":222.45,"endTime":225.99,"body":"won the decisive victory"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":225.99,"endTime":229.713,"body":"in the so-called Nine Years'"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":225.99,"endTime":229.713,"body":"War, which ended in 1603."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":230.61,"endTime":234.84,"body":"One of the many prices of"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":230.61,"endTime":234.84,"body":"that brutally Pyrrhic victory"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":234.84,"endTime":238.743,"body":"was that Ireland remained"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":234.84,"endTime":238.743,"body":"almost exclusively Catholic."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":239.85,"endTime":244.02,"body":"Since the 1530s, anti-English"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":239.85,"endTime":244.02,"body":"sentiment in Ireland"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":244.02,"endTime":248.1,"body":"had been expressed, in part,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":244.02,"endTime":248.1,"body":"through loyalty to Rome,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":248.1,"endTime":250.02,"body":"or maybe the other way 'round."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":250.02,"endTime":251.73,"body":"It was widely accepted"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":251.73,"endTime":254.73,"body":"that even the solid citizens of Dublin"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":254.73,"endTime":256.95,"body":"only complied with England's religion"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":256.95,"endTime":259.2,"body":"as minimally as was necessary"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":259.2,"endTime":262.173,"body":"to hold office in the"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":259.2,"endTime":262.173,"body":"English administration."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":263.4,"endTime":267.33,"body":"The Reformation in Ireland"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":263.4,"endTime":267.33,"body":"was an empty shell."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":267.33,"endTime":271.11,"body":"In theory, a national"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":267.33,"endTime":271.11,"body":"Protestant church was created"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":271.11,"endTime":274.59,"body":"and the Catholic Church outlawed,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":271.11,"endTime":274.59,"body":"as it had been in England,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":274.59,"endTime":277.29,"body":"but this isn't accompanied"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":274.59,"endTime":277.29,"body":"by any serious effort"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":277.29,"endTime":280.38,"body":"to make it stick or to convert the people."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":280.38,"endTime":283.38,"body":"In particular, there's"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":280.38,"endTime":283.38,"body":"virtually no interest shown"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":283.38,"endTime":285.9,"body":"in those whom the English called"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":285.9,"endTime":289.08,"body":"the wild Irish or the native Irish."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":289.08,"endTime":291.39,"body":"That is, the majority of"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":289.08,"endTime":291.39,"body":"the Island's population,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":291.39,"endTime":294.003,"body":"whose first language was Irish Gaelic."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":294.99,"endTime":296.73,"body":"Protestants often suggested"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":296.73,"endTime":300.15,"body":"that converting the Irish"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":296.73,"endTime":300.15,"body":"would be a good idea,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":300.15,"endTime":301.62,"body":"both for its own sake"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":301.62,"endTime":305.28,"body":"and also, to turn the Irish"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":301.62,"endTime":305.28,"body":"from, as they described them,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":305.28,"endTime":308.58,"body":"incorrigibly treacherous popish rebels"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":308.58,"endTime":313.023,"body":"into settled, civil, and"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":308.58,"endTime":313.023,"body":"obedient Protestant subjects,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":314.46,"endTime":317.97,"body":"but actually doing this"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":314.46,"endTime":317.97,"body":"would be difficult,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":317.97,"endTime":321.96,"body":"distasteful, expensive,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":317.97,"endTime":321.96,"body":"and very uncertain,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":321.96,"endTime":324.78,"body":"and there was a simpler and bloodier way"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":324.78,"endTime":326.853,"body":"to teach the Irish obedience,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":328.38,"endTime":330.84,"body":"so Ireland, in the early 17th century,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":330.84,"endTime":333.243,"body":"settled into a strange"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":330.84,"endTime":333.243,"body":"religious stalemate."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":334.26,"endTime":337.5,"body":"English rule was, for the"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":334.26,"endTime":337.5,"body":"time being, unchallenged."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":337.5,"endTime":341.13,"body":"The entity which rather"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":337.5,"endTime":341.13,"body":"preposterously called itself"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":341.13,"endTime":342.72,"body":"the Church of Ireland"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":342.72,"endTime":346.47,"body":"had all the legal privileges"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":342.72,"endTime":346.47,"body":"of an established church,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":346.47,"endTime":349.98,"body":"but its congregations"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":346.47,"endTime":349.98,"body":"consisted almost exclusively"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":349.98,"endTime":353.07,"body":"of the new wave of English"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":349.98,"endTime":353.07,"body":"and Scottish immigrants"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":353.07,"endTime":355.41,"body":"mixed with a scattering"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":353.07,"endTime":355.41,"body":"of Irish officialdom"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":355.41,"endTime":358.35,"body":"conforming for appearance's sake."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":358.35,"endTime":360.9,"body":"The Catholic population"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":358.35,"endTime":360.9,"body":"were mostly left alone"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":360.9,"endTime":363.27,"body":"except when the established"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":360.9,"endTime":363.27,"body":"church's official structures"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":363.27,"endTime":365.74,"body":"extracted fees and fines from them"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":366.66,"endTime":368.1,"body":"so the Church of Ireland existed"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":368.1,"endTime":370.71,"body":"in an immigrant Protestant bubble"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":370.71,"endTime":373.68,"body":"without having to engage"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":370.71,"endTime":373.68,"body":"with the ghastly possibility"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":373.68,"endTime":376.473,"body":"of having the wild"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":373.68,"endTime":376.473,"body":"Irish in their churches,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":377.46,"endTime":378.3,"body":"so in this case,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":378.3,"endTime":381.783,"body":"it looks like empire has"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":378.3,"endTime":381.783,"body":"completely trumped mission,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":383.1,"endTime":386.46,"body":"but occasionally, the Church"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":383.1,"endTime":386.46,"body":"of Ireland was dealt a joker"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":386.46,"endTime":388.473,"body":"who disrupted that predictable game,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":389.67,"endTime":393.84,"body":"and so I want to introduce"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":389.67,"endTime":393.84,"body":"you to William Bedell"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":393.84,"endTime":396.42,"body":"who served as Bishop of Kilmore"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":396.42,"endTime":398.703,"body":"from 1629 to 1642,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":399.6,"endTime":403.77,"body":"a stubborn, learned, politically inept,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":403.77,"endTime":407.1,"body":"and by all accounts, saintly prelate."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":407.1,"endTime":408.51,"body":"He's an Englishman,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":408.51,"endTime":411.63,"body":"and until his friend James"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":408.51,"endTime":411.63,"body":"Ussher, the Archbishop of Armagh,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":411.63,"endTime":413.31,"body":"nominated him to be provost"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":413.31,"endTime":416.37,"body":"of Trinity College Dublin in 1627,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":416.37,"endTime":418.68,"body":"he had never set foot in Ireland."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":418.68,"endTime":420.72,"body":"He's a learned country clergyman"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":420.72,"endTime":422.46,"body":"with an impeccable reputation"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":422.46,"endTime":424.56,"body":"and some friends in high places,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":424.56,"endTime":426.48,"body":"and Ussher wanted an outsider"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":426.48,"endTime":428.91,"body":"who would shake Trinity up a little."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":428.91,"endTime":431.73,"body":"Bedell had no desire at"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":428.91,"endTime":431.73,"body":"all to go to Ireland,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":431.73,"endTime":434.31,"body":"but he felt the nomination"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":431.73,"endTime":434.31,"body":"as a call from God."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":434.31,"endTime":436.053,"body":"It was his duty to obey."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":437.49,"endTime":439.11,"body":"The fellows of Trinity College"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":439.11,"endTime":442.83,"body":"soon concluded it was a ghastly mistake."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":442.83,"endTime":446.43,"body":"Bedell was a fine scholar,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":442.83,"endTime":446.43,"body":"but he was also an idealist."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":446.43,"endTime":449.85,"body":"He arrived with distinctly"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":446.43,"endTime":449.85,"body":"un-Irish enthusiasms"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":449.85,"endTime":452.52,"body":"for ministering to Gaelic speakers."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":452.52,"endTime":455.4,"body":"He taught himself to"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":452.52,"endTime":455.4,"body":"read and write Gaelic,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":455.4,"endTime":456.78,"body":"never much of a speaker of it."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":456.78,"endTime":459.69,"body":"He apparently never"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":456.78,"endTime":459.69,"body":"preached in it himself."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":459.69,"endTime":463.02,"body":"He revived the lapsed provision"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":459.69,"endTime":463.02,"body":"in Trinity's statutes,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":463.02,"endTime":466.92,"body":"which said that the college"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":463.02,"endTime":466.92,"body":"should train Gaelic speakers."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":466.92,"endTime":468.69,"body":"Within months, the college is up in arms"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":468.69,"endTime":470.1,"body":"about this kind of thing,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":470.1,"endTime":473.28,"body":"but because he is"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":470.1,"endTime":473.28,"body":"unexpectedly and unacceptably"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":473.28,"endTime":476.97,"body":"doing exactly what he"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":473.28,"endTime":476.97,"body":"had been appointed to do,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":476.97,"endTime":480.3,"body":"the only solution was to"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":476.97,"endTime":480.3,"body":"promote him out of trouble,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":480.3,"endTime":481.86,"body":"and so in 1629,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":481.86,"endTime":486.18,"body":"he was made bishop of the twin"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":481.86,"endTime":486.18,"body":"diocese of Kilmore and Ardagh"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":486.18,"endTime":488.01,"body":"in Ireland's interior,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":488.01,"endTime":490.56,"body":"places where the veneer"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":488.01,"endTime":490.56,"body":"of the Church of Ireland"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":490.56,"endTime":494.01,"body":"on top of the Catholic"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":490.56,"endTime":494.01,"body":"population was thin indeed."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":494.01,"endTime":497.253,"body":"If he liked the wild Irish so"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":494.01,"endTime":497.253,"body":"much, let him wallow in them,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":498.9,"endTime":500.91,"body":"but Bedell was more than"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":498.9,"endTime":500.91,"body":"ready for the challenge."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":500.91,"endTime":503.67,"body":"He promptly resigned one"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":500.91,"endTime":503.67,"body":"of his two bishoprics"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":503.67,"endTime":505.77,"body":"on the basis that moonlighting in that way"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":505.77,"endTime":507.99,"body":"was both immoral and illegal."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":507.99,"endTime":509.79,"body":"This was an alarming act"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":509.79,"endTime":513.09,"body":"of selfless and impractical idealism"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":513.09,"endTime":515.94,"body":"and set out to serve"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":513.09,"endTime":515.94,"body":"as a missionary bishop."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":515.94,"endTime":519.57,"body":"He won converts, including"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":515.94,"endTime":519.57,"body":"several Catholic priests,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":519.57,"endTime":524.04,"body":"and he made it a priority to"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":519.57,"endTime":524.04,"body":"ordain Gaelic-speaking clergy."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":524.04,"endTime":527.52,"body":"He sponsored the publication"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":524.04,"endTime":527.52,"body":"of Irish language books"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":527.52,"endTime":531.03,"body":"and led a small team who"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":527.52,"endTime":531.03,"body":"spent the bulk of the 1630s"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":531.03,"endTime":533.913,"body":"producing a complete translation"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":531.03,"endTime":533.913,"body":"of the Old Testament."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":535.44,"endTime":538.17,"body":"Now, we don't know how much success"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":538.17,"endTime":541.08,"body":"this kind of missionary"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":538.17,"endTime":541.08,"body":"approach might have had"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":541.08,"endTime":545.25,"body":"if it had been the start of"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":541.08,"endTime":545.25,"body":"something rather than a one-off,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":545.25,"endTime":549.0,"body":"but it does seem that he"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":545.25,"endTime":549.0,"body":"genuinely won some respect"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":549.0,"endTime":552.24,"body":"from his Irish-speaking flock."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":552.24,"endTime":554.01,"body":"He made strenuous attempts"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":554.01,"endTime":557.22,"body":"to stop the Church of Ireland's"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":554.01,"endTime":557.22,"body":"financial exploitation"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":557.22,"endTime":558.72,"body":"of the population,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":558.72,"endTime":561.84,"body":"and he also made the most of"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":558.72,"endTime":561.84,"body":"a bishop's traditional role"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":561.84,"endTime":563.673,"body":"as a provider of hospitality."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":564.69,"endTime":567.42,"body":"One eyewitness recalled that at Christmas,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":567.42,"endTime":570.423,"body":"he had the poor Irish to"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":567.42,"endTime":570.423,"body":"feast and sit about him."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":572.22,"endTime":574.35,"body":"The best proof that"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":572.22,"endTime":574.35,"body":"he'd made an impression"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":574.35,"endTime":576.99,"body":"came during the Catholic rebellion"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":576.99,"endTime":579.63,"body":"against English and Protestant rule"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":579.63,"endTime":583.35,"body":"that erupted in the autumn of 1641"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":583.35,"endTime":585.81,"body":"and was treated in England"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":585.81,"endTime":588.3,"body":"as an outbreak of terrible atrocities."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":588.3,"endTime":590.49,"body":"There was some real horrors,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":590.49,"endTime":592.77,"body":"but they were greatly exaggerated."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":592.77,"endTime":595.53,"body":"The English and the Protestants"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":592.77,"endTime":595.53,"body":"were targeted by the rebels."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":595.53,"endTime":597.3,"body":"Most of those who didn't flee"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":597.3,"endTime":599.43,"body":"were thrown out onto the road destitute."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":599.43,"endTime":601.71,"body":"In some cases, they were killed,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":601.71,"endTime":604.413,"body":"but not William Bedell and his family."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":605.37,"endTime":608.61,"body":"He saw it as his duty to"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":605.37,"endTime":608.61,"body":"remain with his flock."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":608.61,"endTime":610.71,"body":"The rebels who'd seized power in the area"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":610.71,"endTime":613.11,"body":"urged him to leave for his own safety."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":613.11,"endTime":614.88,"body":"He refused."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":614.88,"endTime":618.18,"body":"Eventually, he managed"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":614.88,"endTime":618.18,"body":"to negotiate safe passage"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":618.18,"endTime":620.97,"body":"for those who'd taken refuge in his house,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":620.97,"endTime":622.38,"body":"but he and his immediate family"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":622.38,"endTime":624.93,"body":"had to surrender themselves as hostages."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":624.93,"endTime":628.14,"body":"They were kept under really"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":624.93,"endTime":628.14,"body":"very gentle house arrest,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":628.14,"endTime":630.66,"body":"being permitted to"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":628.14,"endTime":630.66,"body":"practice their religion."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":630.66,"endTime":633.423,"body":"He was slightly disappointed"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":630.66,"endTime":633.423,"body":"that he wasn't shackled,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":635.82,"endTime":637.65,"body":"but he's not a young man by this stage."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":637.65,"endTime":638.97,"body":"His health was already wavering,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":638.97,"endTime":641.46,"body":"and the disruption of that"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":638.97,"endTime":641.46,"body":"winter did him no favors."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":641.46,"endTime":644.1,"body":"Somebody in the house"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":641.46,"endTime":644.1,"body":"fell ill with typhus,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":644.1,"endTime":645.57,"body":"and it swept through all of them,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":645.57,"endTime":648.933,"body":"and Bedell himself died in February 1642."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":649.98,"endTime":652.11,"body":"Remarkably, his son-in-law,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":652.11,"endTime":653.76,"body":"another Church of Ireland minister,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":653.76,"endTime":656.31,"body":"was allowed by their captors to bury him"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":656.31,"endTime":659.31,"body":"using the full Protestant rite,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":659.31,"endTime":660.45,"body":"and at the funeral,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":660.45,"endTime":663.93,"body":"an honor guard of O'Reilly"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":660.45,"endTime":663.93,"body":"soldiers accompanied the coffin,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":663.93,"endTime":665.34,"body":"fired a volley over it,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":665.34,"endTime":669.75,"body":"and cried, \"Requiescat in"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":665.34,"endTime":669.75,"body":"pace, ultimus Anglorum,\""},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":669.75,"endTime":672.45,"body":"which could either mean"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":669.75,"endTime":672.45,"body":"the best of the English"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":672.45,"endTime":674.34,"body":"or the last of the English."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":674.34,"endTime":675.513,"body":"It probably meant both."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":677.76,"endTime":680.4,"body":"If an authentic Gaelic Reformation"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":680.4,"endTime":682.23,"body":"could ever have happened in Ireland,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":682.23,"endTime":684.78,"body":"this is surely the only"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":682.23,"endTime":684.78,"body":"way it could have happened,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":685.98,"endTime":689.94,"body":"but the truth is that Bedell"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":685.98,"endTime":689.94,"body":"was almost completely isolated"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":689.94,"endTime":692.52,"body":"within the Anglo-Irish establishment."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":692.52,"endTime":694.02,"body":"The clergy of his diocese"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":694.02,"endTime":696.57,"body":"formed a wall of opposition against him,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":696.57,"endTime":697.86,"body":"and he spent a great deal"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":697.86,"endTime":700.17,"body":"of his time, energy, and money as bishop"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":700.17,"endTime":702.39,"body":"in a series of futile lawsuits"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":702.39,"endTime":704.79,"body":"against his own diocesan chancellor,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":704.79,"endTime":707.04,"body":"who was effectively"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":704.79,"endTime":707.04,"body":"running the church courts"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":707.04,"endTime":709.14,"body":"as something close to a protection racket."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":710.31,"endTime":713.85,"body":"Not that all of his opponents"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":710.31,"endTime":713.85,"body":"were just money-grubbers."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":713.85,"endTime":715.59,"body":"His promotion of the Irish language"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":715.59,"endTime":718.77,"body":"was a threat to the very"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":715.59,"endTime":718.77,"body":"notion that civility,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":718.77,"endTime":722.253,"body":"Christianity, and"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":718.77,"endTime":722.253,"body":"Englishness were intertwined."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":723.39,"endTime":726.51,"body":"The lead translator working"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":723.39,"endTime":726.51,"body":"for him was the target"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":726.51,"endTime":730.56,"body":"of a malicious and apparently"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":726.51,"endTime":730.56,"body":"completely unfounded lawsuit"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":730.56,"endTime":731.73,"body":"which landed him in prison,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":731.73,"endTime":733.41,"body":"and he died either while imprisoned"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":733.41,"endTime":734.973,"body":"or soon after his release."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":736.41,"endTime":738.57,"body":"One of Bedell's few political victories"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":738.57,"endTime":741.51,"body":"came at a convocation in Dublin in 1634."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":741.51,"endTime":742.56,"body":"The Bishop of Derry"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":742.56,"endTime":746.28,"body":"was trying to close down"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":742.56,"endTime":746.28,"body":"his translation project,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":746.28,"endTime":749.1,"body":"but Bedell was supported"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":746.28,"endTime":749.1,"body":"on that occasion, at least,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":749.1,"endTime":751.023,"body":"by his friend, Archbishop Ussher,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":751.89,"endTime":753.93,"body":"but it was an isolated victory."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":753.93,"endTime":756.873,"body":"Ussher's backing for Bedell"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":753.93,"endTime":756.873,"body":"was only ever lukewarm."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":757.83,"endTime":760.29,"body":"Beneath all the politics and the finances,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":760.29,"endTime":762.483,"body":"this was about prejudice."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":763.53,"endTime":767.07,"body":"Bedell's son-in-law recalled"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":763.53,"endTime":767.07,"body":"once seeing the bishop"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":767.07,"endTime":769.86,"body":"quizzed by a skeptical Englishman"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":769.86,"endTime":774.86,"body":"about why he was so keen to"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":769.86,"endTime":774.86,"body":"reach out to the wild Irish,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":774.99,"endTime":777.6,"body":"and as Bedell tried to answer,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":777.6,"endTime":780.33,"body":"his questioner looked down steadfastly"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":780.33,"endTime":782.61,"body":"with derision upon his feet,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":782.61,"endTime":784.38,"body":"and being asked why he did so,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":784.38,"endTime":787.05,"body":"said that he was seeing"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":784.38,"endTime":787.05,"body":"whether my Lord of Kilmore"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":787.05,"endTime":789.06,"body":"wore brogues or no,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":789.06,"endTime":792.27,"body":"thus jeering his Christian"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":789.06,"endTime":792.27,"body":"affection and compassion"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":792.27,"endTime":793.92,"body":"towards the poor Irish."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":793.92,"endTime":796.83,"body":"Suspicion is that he'd gone native."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":796.83,"endTime":800.733,"body":"Christian affection and compassion,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":796.83,"endTime":800.733,"body":"plainly, are not enough,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":802.83,"endTime":806.43,"body":"so in this case, missionary"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":802.83,"endTime":806.43,"body":"projects and imperial concerns"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":806.43,"endTime":809.67,"body":"are absolutely at"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":806.43,"endTime":809.67,"body":"loggerheads with each other."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":809.67,"endTime":810.87,"body":"A missionary bishop"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":810.87,"endTime":814.02,"body":"tries to work within"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":810.87,"endTime":814.02,"body":"imperial power structures"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":814.02,"endTime":815.46,"body":"to take the values"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":815.46,"endTime":819.12,"body":"that those structures professed seriously,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":819.12,"endTime":821.52,"body":"and he succeeds to the extent"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":821.52,"endTime":823.41,"body":"that he's allowed to remain in post"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":823.41,"endTime":825.303,"body":"with some patchy support,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":826.14,"endTime":828.42,"body":"but is isolated in life,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":828.42,"endTime":832.143,"body":"and after his death, is much"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":828.42,"endTime":832.143,"body":"praised and little imitated."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":833.16,"endTime":836.04,"body":"The lesson, apparently, is"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":833.16,"endTime":836.04,"body":"that empire will tolerate"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":836.04,"endTime":838.35,"body":"a certain amount of decorative mission"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":838.35,"endTime":839.4,"body":"right up to the point"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":839.4,"endTime":842.463,"body":"when it starts to challenge"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":839.4,"endTime":842.463,"body":"imperial interests."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":844.92,"endTime":847.263,"body":"Our second story is very different."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":848.34,"endTime":852.42,"body":"We're now in the empire of"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":848.34,"endTime":852.42,"body":"the Dutch East India Company,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":852.42,"endTime":856.14,"body":"which, in the 1620s, is"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":852.42,"endTime":856.14,"body":"trying to establish itself"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":856.14,"endTime":861.14,"body":"as a dominant player in"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":856.14,"endTime":861.14,"body":"trade to and from Japan"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":861.24,"endTime":864.12,"body":"where the Dutch are now"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":861.24,"endTime":864.12,"body":"the only outside power"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":864.12,"endTime":865.59,"body":"permitted to trade,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":865.59,"endTime":869.61,"body":"but they need a base of"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":865.59,"endTime":869.61,"body":"operations further south,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":869.61,"endTime":871.41,"body":"and after trying and failing"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":871.41,"endTime":874.62,"body":"to secure a foothold in mainland China,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":874.62,"endTime":877.8,"body":"the governor of one of the"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":874.62,"endTime":877.8,"body":"maritime Chinese provinces"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":877.8,"endTime":880.68,"body":"suggested that they could"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":877.8,"endTime":880.68,"body":"be granted trade rights"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":880.68,"endTime":884.46,"body":"if they based themselves"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":880.68,"endTime":884.46,"body":"not on the mainland,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":884.46,"endTime":889.08,"body":"but on the large island 180"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":884.46,"endTime":889.08,"body":"kilometers off the coast."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":889.08,"endTime":891.81,"body":"This was the island that"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":889.08,"endTime":891.81,"body":"the Portuguese had dubbed"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":891.81,"endTime":894.57,"body":"Ilha Formosa, beautiful island."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":894.57,"endTime":897.27,"body":"The Dutch simply called it Formosa."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":897.27,"endTime":899.613,"body":"Nowadays, of course, we call it Taiwan."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":901.17,"endTime":903.51,"body":"China had had some"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":901.17,"endTime":903.51,"body":"contact with this island"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":903.51,"endTime":904.343,"body":"up to this point,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":904.343,"endTime":906.36,"body":"but almost its entire population"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":906.36,"endTime":908.79,"body":"was indigenous Austronesian,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":908.79,"endTime":912.573,"body":"divided into many hundreds"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":908.79,"endTime":912.573,"body":"of self-governing villages."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":913.44,"endTime":918.44,"body":"The Dutch first made landfall"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":913.44,"endTime":918.44,"body":"on the island in 1623."},{"speaker":"British imperial 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name"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":940.02,"endTime":943.14,"body":"by which we now know the entire island,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":943.14,"endTime":946.14,"body":"and they swiftly made contact"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":943.14,"endTime":946.14,"body":"with the nearest village"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":946.14,"endTime":948.33,"body":"whose name was Sinkan,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":948.33,"endTime":951.06,"body":"and they managed to"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":948.33,"endTime":951.06,"body":"arrange to lease some land"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":951.06,"endTime":952.593,"body":"on which to build a fort."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":954.54,"endTime":957.03,"body":"This had two purposes for the Dutch."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":957.03,"endTime":960.45,"body":"First and foremost, it's"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":957.03,"endTime":960.45,"body":"simply a staging post"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":960.45,"endTime":962.25,"body":"at the northern end of the South China Sea"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":962.25,"endTime":963.87,"body":"en route to Japan,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":963.87,"endTime":966.39,"body":"and secondly, what's going to"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":963.87,"endTime":966.39,"body":"become increasingly important,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":966.39,"endTime":968.07,"body":"it allows them to access the goods"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":968.07,"endTime":970.53,"body":"that the island itself has to offer,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":970.53,"endTime":973.47,"body":"and above all, that means deerskins,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":973.47,"endTime":975.12,"body":"which the Dutch would then ship"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":975.12,"endTime":977.103,"body":"to the lucrative Japanese market,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":978.93,"endTime":981.21,"body":"but it's not as simple as that."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":981.21,"endTime":982.83,"body":"There are already Chinese traders"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":982.83,"endTime":984.24,"body":"operating in the same market."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":984.24,"endTime":985.89,"body":"The Japanese aren't entirely at ease"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":985.89,"endTime":988.77,"body":"with the high fees that the"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":985.89,"endTime":988.77,"body":"Dutch are charging either,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":988.77,"endTime":991.11,"body":"and both of those parties"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":988.77,"endTime":991.11,"body":"are perfectly capable"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":991.11,"endTime":993.963,"body":"of stirring up trouble on"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":991.11,"endTime":993.963,"body":"the island for the Dutch."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":995.01,"endTime":998.07,"body":"It's in that context that in 1625,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":998.07,"endTime":1000.65,"body":"so just a couple of years"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":998.07,"endTime":1000.65,"body":"after the first settlement,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1000.65,"endTime":1002.81,"body":"that the Dutch governor on the island,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1002.81,"endTime":1005.27,"body":"I mean, at this stage, his"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1002.81,"endTime":1005.27,"body":"territory scarcely extends"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1005.27,"endTime":1007.43,"body":"beyond the walls of the fort,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1007.43,"endTime":1008.99,"body":"asks the East India Company"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1008.99,"endTime":1012.68,"body":"to send him two or three"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1008.99,"endTime":1012.68,"body":"ministers or readers"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1012.68,"endTime":1015.35,"body":"so the name of the Lord may be propagated"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1015.35,"endTime":1017.63,"body":"and the barbarous"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1015.35,"endTime":1017.63,"body":"inhabitants of this island"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1017.63,"endTime":1020.27,"body":"may be added to the number of Christians."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1020.27,"endTime":1022.55,"body":"If a few capable persons"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1020.27,"endTime":1022.55,"body":"work in this direction,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1022.55,"endTime":1024.443,"body":"I feel the harvest will be fruitful."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1025.28,"endTime":1029.12,"body":"Now, the request was no"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1025.28,"endTime":1029.12,"body":"doubt pious and heartfelt."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1029.12,"endTime":1033.11,"body":"It's also clearly directed"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1029.12,"endTime":1033.11,"body":"towards securing the allegiance"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1033.11,"endTime":1034.36,"body":"of the indigenous people,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1036.47,"endTime":1037.61,"body":"and this is picked up"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1037.61,"endTime":1039.83,"body":"by the East India"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1037.61,"endTime":1039.83,"body":"Company's governor general"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1039.83,"endTime":1043.283,"body":"in their eastern capital"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1039.83,"endTime":1043.283,"body":"at Batavia, modern Jakarta,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1045.001,"endTime":1046.46,"body":"and not only by the governor general,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1046.46,"endTime":1050.21,"body":"but by a newly arrived"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1046.46,"endTime":1050.21,"body":"young German clergyman"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1050.21,"endTime":1055.21,"body":"in Dutch service, the"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1050.21,"endTime":1055.21,"body":"26-year-old Georg Candidius,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1055.43,"endTime":1056.96,"body":"who has a claim"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1056.96,"endTime":1061.52,"body":"to be the first professional"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1056.96,"endTime":1061.52,"body":"Protestant missionary."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1061.52,"endTime":1064.1,"body":"He'd spent two years in"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1061.52,"endTime":1064.1,"body":"Leiden studying missions"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1064.1,"endTime":1065.96,"body":"before his ordination,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1065.96,"endTime":1067.01,"body":"and he'd come to the East"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1067.01,"endTime":1069.593,"body":"with that specific purpose in mind."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1070.82,"endTime":1074.06,"body":"He was now sent to Formosa"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1070.82,"endTime":1074.06,"body":"along with a new governor"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1074.06,"endTime":1075.44,"body":"for the Dutch settlement there,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1075.44,"endTime":1077.03,"body":"but with firm instructions"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1077.03,"endTime":1079.55,"body":"that the company did not want"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1077.03,"endTime":1079.55,"body":"the mission to be introduced"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1079.55,"endTime":1081.83,"body":"with great ostentation or fuss"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1081.83,"endTime":1083.78,"body":"so that the emperors of China and Japan"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1083.78,"endTime":1085.103,"body":"might not be offended."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1086.63,"endTime":1088.07,"body":"The new governor, having arrived,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1088.07,"endTime":1090.26,"body":"almost immediately sets"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1088.07,"endTime":1090.26,"body":"off for Japan itself"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1090.26,"endTime":1091.46,"body":"to try to patch things up,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1091.46,"endTime":1094.01,"body":"and Candidius, left on his own,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1094.01,"endTime":1096.59,"body":"takes matters into his own hands."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1096.59,"endTime":1098.87,"body":"He doesn't just make contact"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1096.59,"endTime":1098.87,"body":"with the village of Sinkan."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1098.87,"endTime":1101.45,"body":"Within weeks, he's actually"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1098.87,"endTime":1101.45,"body":"left the Dutch fort"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1101.45,"endTime":1102.563,"body":"and moved there."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1103.58,"endTime":1106.01,"body":"He's welcomed with some caution."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1106.01,"endTime":1107.93,"body":"The Sinkanders seem to have decided"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1107.93,"endTime":1111.14,"body":"that the Dutch could be useful allies,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1111.14,"endTime":1114.11,"body":"and Candidius is bullishly optimistic"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1114.11,"endTime":1117.59,"body":"about the prospect of"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1114.11,"endTime":1117.59,"body":"missionary success there,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1117.59,"endTime":1120.02,"body":"certainly compared to"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1117.59,"endTime":1120.02,"body":"what he'd previously seen"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1120.02,"endTime":1121.79,"body":"in the Indonesian Archipelago."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1121.79,"endTime":1123.74,"body":"There's no Muslims to contend with here."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1123.74,"endTime":1125.57,"body":"There's no hostile kings,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1125.57,"endTime":1128.45,"body":"just a series of independent villages"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1128.45,"endTime":1130.79,"body":"without established chieftaincies,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1130.79,"endTime":1133.01,"body":"whose mutual rivalries were expressed"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1133.01,"endTime":1135.26,"body":"in periodic headhunting raids,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1135.26,"endTime":1137.963,"body":"but not in what we might call war."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1139.25,"endTime":1142.28,"body":"They followed their"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1139.25,"endTime":1142.28,"body":"own indigenous religion"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1142.28,"endTime":1144.68,"body":"in obedience to the priestesses,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1144.68,"endTime":1148.31,"body":"whom Candidius quickly"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1144.68,"endTime":1148.31,"body":"identified as his main opponents."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1148.31,"endTime":1150.29,"body":"They scornfully challenged him"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1150.29,"endTime":1152.99,"body":"to beat them at performing miracles."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1152.99,"endTime":1156.02,"body":"In a series of ambitious"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1152.99,"endTime":1156.02,"body":"letters from the island,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1156.02,"endTime":1158.03,"body":"Candidius laid out his plans."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1158.03,"endTime":1161.18,"body":"He wanted a steady stream"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1158.03,"endTime":1161.18,"body":"of missionaries to be sent"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1161.18,"endTime":1164.36,"body":"who would commit to stay"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1161.18,"endTime":1164.36,"body":"for a decade or more each."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1164.36,"endTime":1165.47,"body":"They would learn the language."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1165.47,"endTime":1167.57,"body":"He himself had already"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1165.47,"endTime":1167.57,"body":"set to work on this,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1167.57,"endTime":1169.64,"body":"and they would either"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1167.57,"endTime":1169.64,"body":"come with their wives"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1169.64,"endTime":1172.94,"body":"so as to model good Christian"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1169.64,"endTime":1172.94,"body":"family life to the Sinkanders,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1172.94,"endTime":1176.9,"body":"or, even better, they might"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1172.94,"endTime":1176.9,"body":"commit to marry Sinkander women,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1176.9,"endTime":1179.81,"body":"so embedding themselves into kin networks,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1179.81,"endTime":1181.7,"body":"bringing whole families"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1181.7,"endTime":1184.7,"body":"under good Protestant Christian norms"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1184.7,"endTime":1186.35,"body":"and demonstrating that this religion"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1186.35,"endTime":1188.55,"body":"wasn't just for Europeans,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1186.35,"endTime":1188.55,"body":"but for everyone,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1190.04,"endTime":1191.81,"body":"and Candidius also wanted this mission"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1191.81,"endTime":1193.94,"body":"to be backed up with force."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1193.94,"endTime":1195.74,"body":"He wants the Dutch soldiers at the fort"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1195.74,"endTime":1197.69,"body":"to arrest the indigenous priestesses"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1197.69,"endTime":1199.88,"body":"to take them out of circulation,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1199.88,"endTime":1203.6,"body":"and he wants troops to be"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1199.88,"endTime":1203.6,"body":"put at Sinkan's disposal"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1203.6,"endTime":1207.26,"body":"in its endemic quarrels"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1203.6,"endTime":1207.26,"body":"with neighboring villages."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1207.26,"endTime":1210.05,"body":"He may not be able to match the"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1207.26,"endTime":1210.05,"body":"miracles of the priestesses,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1210.05,"endTime":1212.603,"body":"but he can mobilize more"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1210.05,"endTime":1212.603,"body":"firepower than they could."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1215.63,"endTime":1217.76,"body":"The new governor had other plans."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1217.76,"endTime":1220.37,"body":"It turned out that the"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1217.76,"endTime":1220.37,"body":"Sinkanders had been trying"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1220.37,"endTime":1224.36,"body":"to cut a separate trading"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1220.37,"endTime":1224.36,"body":"deal with Japan independently,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1224.36,"endTime":1227.18,"body":"and the Dutch are determined to stop this,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1227.18,"endTime":1229.58,"body":"so in January 1629,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1229.58,"endTime":1232.22,"body":"when Candidius is away from"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1229.58,"endTime":1232.22,"body":"the village for a short time,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1232.22,"endTime":1235.703,"body":"the governor raids it"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1232.22,"endTime":1235.703,"body":"and arrests 16 villagers."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1237.14,"endTime":1239.84,"body":"The village is furious with"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1237.14,"endTime":1239.84,"body":"this and so is Candidius."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1239.84,"endTime":1241.46,"body":"His complaints about the governor"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1241.46,"endTime":1243.02,"body":"are sufficiently persuasive"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1243.02,"endTime":1245.6,"body":"that the company decides,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1243.02,"endTime":1245.6,"body":"once again, to replace him,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1245.6,"endTime":1247.103,"body":"third governor of the decade,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1248.27,"endTime":1251.09,"body":"but just before the new man arrives,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1251.09,"endTime":1253.253,"body":"the real disaster strikes."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1254.3,"endTime":1256.31,"body":"The soon-to-be-ousted governor,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1256.31,"endTime":1258.35,"body":"not that he knew he was soon to be ousted,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1258.35,"endTime":1262.22,"body":"sent another raid against"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1258.35,"endTime":1262.22,"body":"another nearby village."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1262.22,"endTime":1265.58,"body":"This is the village of Mattau,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1262.22,"endTime":1265.58,"body":"a long-term enemy of Sinkan."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1265.58,"endTime":1268.43,"body":"He suspects them of harboring pirates."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1268.43,"endTime":1270.41,"body":"The Mattauers ambush them"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1270.41,"endTime":1274.883,"body":"and kill an entire party"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1270.41,"endTime":1274.883,"body":"of 60 Dutch soldiers,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1276.02,"endTime":1277.76,"body":"and exultant from this victory"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1277.76,"endTime":1279.47,"body":"over Sinkan's foreign protectors,"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1279.47,"endTime":1284.21,"body":"Mattau then proceeds to attack"},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1279.47,"endTime":1284.21,"body":"Sinkan itself and overrun it."},{"speaker":"British imperial project","startTime":1284.21,"endTime":1286.31,"body":"This played out in apparently the way"},{"speaker":"that was normal in intervillage warfare","startTime":1288.2,"endTime":1290.9,"body":"not very much bloodshed, but"},{"speaker":"that was normal in intervillage warfare","startTime":1288.2,"endTime":1290.9,"body":"a great deal of destruction."},{"speaker":"that was normal in intervillage warfare","startTime":1290.9,"endTime":1293.05,"body":"Most of the village is"},{"speaker":"that was normal in intervillage warfare","startTime":1290.9,"endTime":1293.05,"body":"burnt to the ground,"},{"speaker":"that was normal in intervillage warfare","startTime":1294.26,"endTime":1296.6,"body":"and so this is the catastrophic situation"},{"speaker":"that was normal in intervillage warfare","startTime":1296.6,"endTime":1298.91,"body":"that greets the new Dutch"},{"speaker":"that was normal in intervillage warfare","startTime":1296.6,"endTime":1298.91,"body":"governor, Hans Putmans,"},{"speaker":"that was normal in intervillage warfare","startTime":1298.91,"endTime":1300.65,"body":"when he arrives,"},{"speaker":"that was normal in intervillage warfare","startTime":1300.65,"endTime":1303.83,"body":"and he swiftly decides that his key ally"},{"speaker":"that was normal in intervillage warfare","startTime":1303.83,"endTime":1306.563,"body":"is going to be Candidius, the missionary,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1309.86,"endTime":1311.03,"body":"as soon as possible,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1311.03,"endTime":1315.83,"body":"the Dutch must exact revenge on Mattau,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1315.83,"endTime":1317.21,"body":"both for their own security"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1317.21,"endTime":1319.67,"body":"and to win back the support of Sinkan,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1319.67,"endTime":1320.99,"body":"but they should only do it"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1320.99,"endTime":1323.603,"body":"when they were confident they could win."},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1325.22,"endTime":1328.13,"body":"The first step was a small raid"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1328.13,"endTime":1330.71,"body":"by combined Dutch and Sinkander forces"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1330.71,"endTime":1333.26,"body":"against another smaller village,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1333.26,"endTime":1335.42,"body":"giving the Sinkanders"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1333.26,"endTime":1335.42,"body":"a share of the spoil."},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1335.42,"endTime":1338.57,"body":"That was enough to get"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1335.42,"endTime":1338.57,"body":"Candidius back into the village."},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1338.57,"endTime":1341.8,"body":"He arrived in February"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1338.57,"endTime":1341.8,"body":"1630 to find that Sinkan"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1341.8,"endTime":1345.35,"body":"is on the brink of"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1341.8,"endTime":1345.35,"body":"starvation after the burning,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1345.35,"endTime":1347.183,"body":"and he spots the opportunity."},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1348.59,"endTime":1352.91,"body":"The governor supplies rice and"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1348.59,"endTime":1352.91,"body":"cloth in generous quantities"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1352.91,"endTime":1354.83,"body":"without doing anything so crude"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1354.83,"endTime":1358.013,"body":"as to make these gifts"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1354.83,"endTime":1358.013,"body":"conditional on conversion,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1359.03,"endTime":1362.63,"body":"but being clear that to truly"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1359.03,"endTime":1362.63,"body":"become friends of the Dutch"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1362.63,"endTime":1365.12,"body":"would mean becoming Christians."},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1365.12,"endTime":1368.57,"body":"At 1631, the village took"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1365.12,"endTime":1368.57,"body":"a collective decision"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1368.57,"endTime":1370.37,"body":"to do just that."},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1370.37,"endTime":1373.22,"body":"50 of them were baptized that year."},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1373.22,"endTime":1375.653,"body":"A house was built for"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1373.22,"endTime":1375.653,"body":"Candidius in the village."},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1376.52,"endTime":1379.04,"body":"Meanwhile, the Dutch keep"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1376.52,"endTime":1379.04,"body":"their side of the bargain."},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1379.04,"endTime":1380.93,"body":"A further Dutch-supported raid"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1380.93,"endTime":1384.68,"body":"against one of Sinkan's"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1380.93,"endTime":1384.68,"body":"rivals in 1630 was successful."},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1384.68,"endTime":1388.43,"body":"Now, this was a rival who had"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1384.68,"endTime":1388.43,"body":"not injured the Dutch at all."},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1388.43,"endTime":1389.75,"body":"As one historian puts it,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1389.75,"endTime":1392.39,"body":"it was nothing less than"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1389.75,"endTime":1392.39,"body":"a headhunting expedition"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1392.39,"endTime":1395.57,"body":"under the auspices of the"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1392.39,"endTime":1395.57,"body":"Dutch East India Company,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1395.57,"endTime":1399.14,"body":"but that, it seemed, was"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1395.57,"endTime":1399.14,"body":"what friends were for."},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1399.14,"endTime":1401.12,"body":"Five heads were taken."},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1401.12,"endTime":1403.887,"body":"The colony's official register recorded,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1403.887,"endTime":1406.857,"body":"\"It would be very helpful"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1403.887,"endTime":1406.857,"body":"in the work of the Lord"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1406.857,"endTime":1410.027,"body":"\"and will also bind the"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1406.857,"endTime":1410.027,"body":"Sinkanders to us more closely.\""},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1411.89,"endTime":1414.893,"body":"The mission on Formosa seemed"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1411.89,"endTime":1414.893,"body":"to be finding its feet."},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1415.85,"endTime":1418.13,"body":"Crucially, Candidius is now joined"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1418.13,"endTime":1422.39,"body":"by a second energetic Dutch"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1418.13,"endTime":1422.39,"body":"minister, Robert Junius,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1422.39,"endTime":1424.93,"body":"who'd been trained in the"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1422.39,"endTime":1424.93,"body":"short-lived Mission College"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1424.93,"endTime":1426.74,"body":"in the Netherlands."},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1426.74,"endTime":1429.32,"body":"The two of them plus"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1426.74,"endTime":1429.32,"body":"the governor, Putmans,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1429.32,"endTime":1431.243,"body":"would make a formidable team."},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1432.23,"endTime":1436.04,"body":"The deal was, effectively, that"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1432.23,"endTime":1436.04,"body":"the Dutch would make allies,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1436.04,"endTime":1438.47,"body":"would defend them, would convert them,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1438.47,"endTime":1440.51,"body":"and would trade with them."},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1440.51,"endTime":1443.42,"body":"This way, the company would"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1440.51,"endTime":1443.42,"body":"get a growing sphere of control"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1443.42,"endTime":1444.77,"body":"and rising profits."},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1444.77,"endTime":1446.09,"body":"Their indigenous allies"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1446.09,"endTime":1448.01,"body":"would get victory over their enemies."},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1448.01,"endTime":1450.38,"body":"The benefits of trade, education,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1450.38,"endTime":1453.08,"body":"and the saving truths of the Gospel,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1453.08,"endTime":1455.06,"body":"and the missionaries would"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1453.08,"endTime":1455.06,"body":"see the kingdom of God"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1455.06,"endTime":1456.293,"body":"growing day by day."},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1457.19,"endTime":1461.42,"body":"They threw themselves into"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1457.19,"endTime":1461.42,"body":"a series of holy wars."},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1461.42,"endTime":1464.87,"body":"Junius led allied raiding"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1461.42,"endTime":1464.87,"body":"parties on horseback."},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1464.87,"endTime":1468.17,"body":"The Dutch and the Formosans"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1464.87,"endTime":1468.17,"body":"don't quite trust each other,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1468.17,"endTime":1469.85,"body":"but the presence of the ministers"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1469.85,"endTime":1471.77,"body":"as a bridge between the two communities"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1471.77,"endTime":1474.11,"body":"made the alliance work."},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1474.11,"endTime":1477.89,"body":"Junius seems to have had"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1474.11,"endTime":1477.89,"body":"no qualms about this role."},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1477.89,"endTime":1478.76,"body":"He told the governor"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1478.76,"endTime":1481.22,"body":"that he was praying to the lord of battles"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1481.22,"endTime":1483.29,"body":"who must teach our hands to fight"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1483.29,"endTime":1487.133,"body":"so that Israel, God's"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1483.29,"endTime":1487.133,"body":"own brethren, may emerge."},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1488.24,"endTime":1492.14,"body":"The ultimate target of all"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1488.24,"endTime":1492.14,"body":"these raids, of course,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1492.14,"endTime":1495.953,"body":"was the old, well, now the old"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1492.14,"endTime":1495.953,"body":"enemy, the village of Mattau."},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1496.94,"endTime":1498.65,"body":"It was six years"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1498.65,"endTime":1501.833,"body":"before the massacre of"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1498.65,"endTime":1501.833,"body":"1629 could be revenged."},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1502.73,"endTime":1505.43,"body":"The ministers repeatedly"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1502.73,"endTime":1505.43,"body":"pressed the governor to act,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1505.43,"endTime":1508.28,"body":"fearing that Sinkan's loyalty"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1505.43,"endTime":1508.28,"body":"and faith might prove wobbly"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1508.28,"endTime":1510.44,"body":"as long as Mattau remained there,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1510.44,"endTime":1511.273,"body":"but when the Dutch"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1511.273,"endTime":1514.37,"body":"are finally ready for retribution in 1635,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1514.37,"endTime":1516.38,"body":"the battle is decisive."},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1516.38,"endTime":1518.27,"body":"They're now accustomed to fighting"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1518.27,"endTime":1521.21,"body":"alongside their Sinkander allies."},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1521.21,"endTime":1522.2,"body":"The way it worked would be"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1522.2,"endTime":1525.65,"body":"Dutch musketeers would fire a"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1522.2,"endTime":1525.65,"body":"volley to disperse the enemy,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1525.65,"endTime":1527.39,"body":"and then the Formosans would charge"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1527.39,"endTime":1529.373,"body":"with a view to collecting heads."},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1530.21,"endTime":1531.32,"body":"It also helped that,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1531.32,"endTime":1534.56,"body":"as was all too common in these"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1531.32,"endTime":1534.56,"body":"kinds of imperial encounters,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1534.56,"endTime":1539.12,"body":"a lethal wave of smallpox had"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1534.56,"endTime":1539.12,"body":"just swept through Mattau."},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1539.12,"endTime":1540.65,"body":"The village was burned,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1540.65,"endTime":1544.313,"body":"the Sinkanders took 26 heads,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1540.65,"endTime":1544.313,"body":"including women and children,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1545.21,"endTime":1546.56,"body":"and the victory is the trigger"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1546.56,"endTime":1548.87,"body":"for the whole of the southwestern lowlands"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1548.87,"endTime":1551.642,"body":"to submit to Dutch overlordship."},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1551.642,"endTime":1552.74,"body":"By the end of the following year,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1552.74,"endTime":1554.15,"body":"the Dutch sphere had expanded"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1554.15,"endTime":1556.793,"body":"to include a further 57 villages."},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1558.53,"endTime":1559.97,"body":"Now, these villages"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1559.97,"endTime":1563.42,"body":"continued to administer their own affairs,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1563.42,"endTime":1564.53,"body":"but the Dutch imposed"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1564.53,"endTime":1567.263,"body":"what one historian calls a Pax Hollandica."},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1568.25,"endTime":1570.86,"body":"The low-level intervillage violence,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1570.86,"endTime":1573.89,"body":"which had been an endemic"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1570.86,"endTime":1573.89,"body":"feature of preconquest life,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1573.89,"endTime":1575.48,"body":"is stamped out."},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1575.48,"endTime":1579.11,"body":"They provided ministers,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1575.48,"endTime":1579.11,"body":"churches, schools."},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1579.11,"endTime":1581.69,"body":"Wooden church buildings"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1579.11,"endTime":1581.69,"body":"were thrown together"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1581.69,"endTime":1582.8,"body":"in a series of villages"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1582.8,"endTime":1585.38,"body":"using musket fire in place of bells"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1585.38,"endTime":1587.03,"body":"to summon people to worship,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1587.03,"endTime":1588.65,"body":"a pragmatic solution,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1588.65,"endTime":1590.39,"body":"but also one which reminded everywhere"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1590.39,"endTime":1592.163,"body":"where Dutch power really grew from."},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1593.6,"endTime":1595.7,"body":"Starting in Sinkan,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1595.7,"endTime":1599.54,"body":"formal Reformed churches were also set up,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1599.54,"endTime":1601.64,"body":"meaning that alongside"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1599.54,"endTime":1601.64,"body":"the Dutch ministers,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1601.64,"endTime":1605.12,"body":"there were elected Sinkander"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1601.64,"endTime":1605.12,"body":"elders who were responsible"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1605.12,"endTime":1607.64,"body":"for imposing discipline"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1605.12,"endTime":1607.64,"body":"on the congregation."},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1607.64,"endTime":1610.31,"body":"Indigenous leadership is"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1607.64,"endTime":1610.31,"body":"very important to them."},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1610.31,"endTime":1611.267,"body":"Candidius and Junius"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1611.267,"endTime":1614.45,"body":"are already talking about"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1611.267,"endTime":1614.45,"body":"a seminary on the island"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1614.45,"endTime":1617.333,"body":"for training indigenous"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1614.45,"endTime":1617.333,"body":"men for ordained ministry,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1618.32,"endTime":1621.95,"body":"but in the meantime, the core"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1618.32,"endTime":1621.95,"body":"of their project is schooling."},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1621.95,"endTime":1625.07,"body":"The ambition is for a"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1621.95,"endTime":1625.07,"body":"school in every village"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1625.07,"endTime":1628.34,"body":"providing free rice for"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1625.07,"endTime":1628.34,"body":"all children who attended,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1628.34,"endTime":1629.69,"body":"boys and girls alike,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1629.69,"endTime":1631.46,"body":"to train them in literacy"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1631.46,"endTime":1633.77,"body":"in their own language as well as in Dutch,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1633.77,"endTime":1636.563,"body":"and, of course, to instruct"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1633.77,"endTime":1636.563,"body":"them in Christianity,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1638.84,"endTime":1640.91,"body":"which all sounds expensive,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1640.91,"endTime":1643.37,"body":"and remember that one of"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1640.91,"endTime":1643.37,"body":"the main aims of the colony"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1643.37,"endTime":1646.643,"body":"was to provide deerskins"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1643.37,"endTime":1646.643,"body":"for export to Japan."},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1648.23,"endTime":1649.79,"body":"At the beginning of the Dutch settlement,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1649.79,"endTime":1651.5,"body":"the island is exporting"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1651.5,"endTime":1654.83,"body":"something like 20,000 deerskins annually,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1654.83,"endTime":1656.63,"body":"but the number creeps up"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1656.63,"endTime":1659.03,"body":"as the Dutch zone becomes established,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1659.03,"endTime":1660.5,"body":"and the decisive change comes"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1660.5,"endTime":1664.46,"body":"with the victories and"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1660.5,"endTime":1664.46,"body":"pacification in the mid-1630s."},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1664.46,"endTime":1666.95,"body":"The allied villages could and did"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1666.95,"endTime":1668.45,"body":"provide deerskins for the Dutch,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1668.45,"endTime":1671.81,"body":"but not on the scale that was wanted."},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1671.81,"endTime":1675.5,"body":"What accelerates the trade"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1671.81,"endTime":1675.5,"body":"is that the Dutch then decide"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1675.5,"endTime":1678.98,"body":"to license mainland Chinese settlers"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1678.98,"endTime":1681.083,"body":"to come to the island to hunt."},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1682.31,"endTime":1686.6,"body":"By 1638, over 150,000 deerskins"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1686.6,"endTime":1690.77,"body":"are being taken each year"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1686.6,"endTime":1690.77,"body":"under this lucrative system,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1690.77,"endTime":1693.14,"body":"and in charge of the system of licensing"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1693.14,"endTime":1695.3,"body":"is none other than the missionary"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1695.3,"endTime":1698.093,"body":"and part-time headhunter, Robert Junius."},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1699.44,"endTime":1702.05,"body":"In that year, the licenses"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1699.44,"endTime":1702.05,"body":"produced a handsome revenue"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1702.05,"endTime":1705.593,"body":"of just under 2,000 Portuguese"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1702.05,"endTime":1705.593,"body":"reals for the company,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1706.67,"endTime":1707.72,"body":"but the company,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1707.72,"endTime":1710.3,"body":"despite having invested"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1707.72,"endTime":1710.3,"body":"so heavily in Formosa,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1710.3,"endTime":1714.23,"body":"only takes half of that amount as profit."},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1714.23,"endTime":1716.69,"body":"The rest is plowed back."},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1716.69,"endTime":1718.91,"body":"624 reals,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1718.91,"endTime":1723.17,"body":"so almost exactly a third of the takings,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1723.17,"endTime":1725.3,"body":"are spent on food, clothes, equipment,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1725.3,"endTime":1727.82,"body":"and teachers for schools."},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1727.82,"endTime":1730.1,"body":"Smaller sums are spent on poor relief"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1730.1,"endTime":1731.51,"body":"and on church-building,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1731.51,"endTime":1733.7,"body":"so if the missionaries"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1731.51,"endTime":1733.7,"body":"had made a devil's pact"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1733.7,"endTime":1734.78,"body":"with the East India Company,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1734.78,"endTime":1736.853,"body":"they had at least driven a hard bargain."},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1737.96,"endTime":1740.812,"body":"By the time Junius left"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1737.96,"endTime":1740.812,"body":"the island in 1643,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1740.812,"endTime":1742.19,"body":"he and Candidius had between them"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1742.19,"endTime":1744.71,"body":"baptized over 6,000 people,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1744.71,"endTime":1746.597,"body":"admitted hundreds to communion,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1746.597,"endTime":1750.053,"body":"and erected two fully"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1746.597,"endTime":1750.053,"body":"self-governing churches,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1751.85,"endTime":1753.65,"body":"but we shouldn't be too starry-eyed"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1753.65,"endTime":1755.153,"body":"about this Pax Hollandica."},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1756.05,"endTime":1757.25,"body":"For one thing, as you may have guessed,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1757.25,"endTime":1761.33,"body":"killing 150,000 deer per year"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1757.25,"endTime":1761.33,"body":"on a not terribly large island"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1761.33,"endTime":1763.67,"body":"isn't even faintly sustainable."},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1763.67,"endTime":1766.55,"body":"The deer population"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1763.67,"endTime":1766.55,"body":"crashed catastrophically,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1766.55,"endTime":1769.7,"body":"the Dutch are forced to impose"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1766.55,"endTime":1769.7,"body":"strict limits on hunting,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1769.7,"endTime":1772.28,"body":"and there goes the revenue stream."},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1772.28,"endTime":1773.81,"body":"Suddenly, it becomes impossible"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1773.81,"endTime":1776.69,"body":"to bribe children with"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1773.81,"endTime":1776.69,"body":"rice to attend school."},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1776.69,"endTime":1779.03,"body":"The Dutch start trying"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1776.69,"endTime":1779.03,"body":"to coerce them instead,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1779.03,"endTime":1781.643,"body":"or levying increased"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1779.03,"endTime":1781.643,"body":"taxes on the villages,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1782.72,"endTime":1786.413,"body":"and colonial violence doesn't"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1782.72,"endTime":1786.413,"body":"come to an end by any means."},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1787.58,"endTime":1790.37,"body":"The case of the small offshore island,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1790.37,"endTime":1794.39,"body":"which the Dutch called"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1790.37,"endTime":1794.39,"body":"Lamey became notorious."},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1794.39,"endTime":1796.04,"body":"Its warlike inhabitants"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1796.04,"endTime":1797.84,"body":"had massacred the first Dutch parties"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1797.84,"endTime":1799.49,"body":"who attempted a landing."},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1799.49,"endTime":1802.64,"body":"In 1636, a Dutch force takes the island"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1802.64,"endTime":1804.26,"body":"after a brutal campaign"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1804.26,"endTime":1807.59,"body":"in which the bulk of the"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1804.26,"endTime":1807.59,"body":"population are besieged in"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1807.59,"endTime":1810.44,"body":"and then smoked out of a cave"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1810.44,"endTime":1815.363,"body":"where as many as 300 died from"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1810.44,"endTime":1815.363,"body":"starvation or asphyxiation."},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1816.56,"endTime":1820.46,"body":"By the time the last islanders"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1816.56,"endTime":1820.46,"body":"were captured in 1645,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1820.46,"endTime":1823.1,"body":"405 islanders had been reported killed"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1823.1,"endTime":1826.133,"body":"and a further 697 enslaved."},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1827.15,"endTime":1829.52,"body":"Junius was appalled by this."},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1829.52,"endTime":1832.58,"body":"He protested vainly about the"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1829.52,"endTime":1832.58,"body":"treatment of the captives,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1832.58,"endTime":1834.83,"body":"pleaded for them to be returned home,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1834.83,"endTime":1837.05,"body":"and he did eventually, many years later,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1837.05,"endTime":1839.87,"body":"persuade the East India"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1837.05,"endTime":1839.87,"body":"Company's governors in Amsterdam"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1839.87,"endTime":1843.38,"body":"to accept that the policy"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1839.87,"endTime":1843.38,"body":"had been too severe,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1843.38,"endTime":1845.48,"body":"but it was much too late by then,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1845.48,"endTime":1848.84,"body":"and anyway, did he really"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1845.48,"endTime":1848.84,"body":"think that Dutch imperial power"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1848.84,"endTime":1851.21,"body":"was always going to choose scrupulous"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1851.21,"endTime":1852.923,"body":"and merciful self-restraint?"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1855.32,"endTime":1857.9,"body":"More consequentially, the Dutch"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1855.32,"endTime":1857.9,"body":"sphere of control in Formosa"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1857.9,"endTime":1860.99,"body":"was itself still quite small."},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1860.99,"endTime":1865.04,"body":"The influx of Chinese settlers"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1860.99,"endTime":1865.04,"body":"into that newly pacified zone"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1865.04,"endTime":1866.03,"body":"stirred up trouble,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1866.03,"endTime":1868.73,"body":"especially once the deer hunting dried up."},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1868.73,"endTime":1871.43,"body":"It's not just that some Chinese settlers"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1871.43,"endTime":1875.54,"body":"were challenging Dutch control"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1871.43,"endTime":1875.54,"body":"and preying on Dutch ships."},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1875.54,"endTime":1877.37,"body":"Even within the Dutch zone,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1877.37,"endTime":1880.49,"body":"Chinese agricultural"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1877.37,"endTime":1880.49,"body":"encroachment on indigenous lands"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1880.49,"endTime":1882.38,"body":"was causing friction,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1882.38,"endTime":1885.8,"body":"and the fact that taxing Chinese settlers"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1885.8,"endTime":1889.103,"body":"was now the colonies' main"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1885.8,"endTime":1889.103,"body":"source of revenue did not help,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1890.42,"endTime":1893.66,"body":"and fatally, their"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1890.42,"endTime":1893.66,"body":"presence dragged the island"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1893.66,"endTime":1897.053,"body":"properly into China's economic"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1893.66,"endTime":1897.053,"body":"orbit for the first time."},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1898.25,"endTime":1901.31,"body":"Civil war breaks out"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1898.25,"endTime":1901.31,"body":"in China in the 1640s,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1901.31,"endTime":1905.99,"body":"and the Ming Dynasty's"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1901.31,"endTime":1905.99,"body":"loyalist, Zheng Chenggong,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1905.99,"endTime":1910.37,"body":"fighting a rear-guard action"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1905.99,"endTime":1910.37,"body":"from his base in Xiamen,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1910.37,"endTime":1912.8,"body":"right on the other side"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1910.37,"endTime":1912.8,"body":"of the Taiwan Straits,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1912.8,"endTime":1916.58,"body":"begins financing his"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1912.8,"endTime":1916.58,"body":"struggle by maritime trade."},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1916.58,"endTime":1918.02,"body":"When the Dutch push back,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1918.02,"endTime":1920.993,"body":"he imposes an embargo on Formosa."},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1922.04,"endTime":1925.16,"body":"During the 1650s, the colony's trade,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1925.16,"endTime":1926.18,"body":"and therefore, its revenue"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1926.18,"endTime":1930.14,"body":"and ability to finance its"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1926.18,"endTime":1930.14,"body":"missionary project collapse."},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1930.14,"endTime":1931.04,"body":"By the time Zheng"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1931.04,"endTime":1934.97,"body":"actually mounts an invasion"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1931.04,"endTime":1934.97,"body":"of Formosa in 1661,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1934.97,"endTime":1938.87,"body":"he finds a Chinese settler"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1934.97,"endTime":1938.87,"body":"population eager to receive him"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1938.87,"endTime":1941.843,"body":"and an indigenous population"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1938.87,"endTime":1941.843,"body":"perfectly ready to do so."},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1943.25,"endTime":1947.09,"body":"One admittedly disgruntled"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1943.25,"endTime":1947.09,"body":"Dutch schoolteacher,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1947.09,"endTime":1949.49,"body":"who fled back to the Dutch fortress"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1949.49,"endTime":1950.96,"body":"where they held out for several months"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1950.96,"endTime":1952.49,"body":"before their final surrender,"},{"speaker":"and Candidius's advice is very clear","startTime":1952.49,"endTime":1954.47,"body":"had this to say about the people"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":1957.837,"endTime":1960.807,"body":"\"These fellows,\" the indigenous Formosans,"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":1960.807,"endTime":1964.167,"body":"\"now speak with much disdain"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":1960.807,"endTime":1964.167,"body":"of the true Christian faith,"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":1964.167,"endTime":1966.927,"body":"\"which we endeavored to"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":1964.167,"endTime":1966.927,"body":"implant in their hearts"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":1966.927,"endTime":1967.857,"body":"\"and are delighted"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":1967.857,"endTime":1970.707,"body":"\"that they're now freed"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":1967.857,"endTime":1970.707,"body":"from attending the schools."},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":1970.707,"endTime":1973.467,"body":"\"Everywhere, they've destroyed"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":1970.707,"endTime":1973.467,"body":"the books and utensils"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":1973.467,"endTime":1975.447,"body":"\"and have introduced the abominable usages"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":1975.447,"endTime":1977.697,"body":"\"and customs of heathenism."},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":1977.697,"endTime":1980.217,"body":"\"On hearing the report"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":1977.697,"endTime":1980.217,"body":"that Chenggong had arrived,"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":1980.217,"endTime":1981.897,"body":"\"they murdered one of our Dutch people,"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":1981.897,"endTime":1983.787,"body":"\"and after having struck off the head,"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":1983.787,"endTime":1986.217,"body":"\"they danced around it with"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":1983.787,"endTime":1986.217,"body":"great joy and merriment,"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":1986.217,"endTime":1989.807,"body":"\"just as they formerly did"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":1986.217,"endTime":1989.807,"body":"with their vanquished enemies.\""},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":1990.95,"endTime":1993.77,"body":"It seems that conducting"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":1990.95,"endTime":1993.77,"body":"mission by means of headhunting"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":1993.77,"endTime":1995.813,"body":"was not such a good idea after all."},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":1998.66,"endTime":2003.04,"body":"My third example builds on a story"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2003.04,"endTime":2005.29,"body":"I was telling in the last lecture,"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2005.29,"endTime":2009.34,"body":"the story of the joint"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2005.29,"endTime":2009.34,"body":"Danish-German-English mission"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2009.34,"endTime":2013.54,"body":"that was based at Tranquebar"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2009.34,"endTime":2013.54,"body":"in Southeast India"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2013.54,"endTime":2014.89,"body":"from 1706 onwards,"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2014.89,"endTime":2019.39,"body":"and which was at unusually arm's length"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2019.39,"endTime":2021.403,"body":"from imperial power structures."},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2022.48,"endTime":2024.79,"body":"By the later 18th century,"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2024.79,"endTime":2027.37,"body":"as both the mission and the ambitions"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2027.37,"endTime":2030.1,"body":"of European empires in India grew,"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2030.1,"endTime":2033.133,"body":"that distance was becoming"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2030.1,"endTime":2033.133,"body":"impossible to maintain."},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2034.48,"endTime":2038.65,"body":"The person who found a new"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2034.48,"endTime":2038.65,"body":"way forward, or tried to,"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2038.65,"endTime":2042.91,"body":"was the German missionary"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2038.65,"endTime":2042.91,"body":"Christian Friedrich Schwarz,"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2042.91,"endTime":2045.7,"body":"who arrived at Tranquebar in 1750."},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2046.57,"endTime":2047.5,"body":"Quickly became clear"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2047.5,"endTime":2050.11,"body":"that he was an unusually talented person,"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2050.11,"endTime":2052.03,"body":"a formidably gifted linguist"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2052.03,"endTime":2054.25,"body":"who settled on a new missionary method"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2054.25,"endTime":2056.44,"body":"of choosing and training local men"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2056.44,"endTime":2060.58,"body":"to serve as sub-missioners,"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2056.44,"endTime":2060.58,"body":"helpers, he called them,"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2060.58,"endTime":2063.13,"body":"who would be sent out in"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2060.58,"endTime":2063.13,"body":"pairs into the countryside,"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2063.13,"endTime":2066.1,"body":"organizing schools and"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2063.13,"endTime":2066.1,"body":"congregations as they went."},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2066.1,"endTime":2066.94,"body":"I say men."},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2066.94,"endTime":2067.99,"body":"On at least one occasion,"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2067.99,"endTime":2070.69,"body":"he placed in Indian woman"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2067.99,"endTime":2070.69,"body":"as leader of a congregation,"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2072.13,"endTime":2075.91,"body":"but this is a period of surging"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2072.13,"endTime":2075.91,"body":"imperial ambitions in India,"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2075.91,"endTime":2077.35,"body":"in particular, of conflict"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2077.35,"endTime":2079.33,"body":"between the British and the French."},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2079.33,"endTime":2082.51,"body":"Schwarz is not a British subject."},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2082.51,"endTime":2084.49,"body":"He's from a German principality,"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2084.49,"endTime":2086.59,"body":"but the British are the Protestant power,"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2086.59,"endTime":2089.323,"body":"and the British SPCK"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2086.59,"endTime":2089.323,"body":"are paying his salary."},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2090.22,"endTime":2093.49,"body":"In the early 1760s, he"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2090.22,"endTime":2093.49,"body":"begins cautiously to work"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2093.49,"endTime":2096.04,"body":"with the British East"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2093.49,"endTime":2096.04,"body":"India Company's troops."},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2096.04,"endTime":2098.83,"body":"It starts when he"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2096.04,"endTime":2098.83,"body":"establishes an orphan school"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2098.83,"endTime":2101.38,"body":"for the survivors of a"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2098.83,"endTime":2101.38,"body":"catastrophic explosion"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2101.38,"endTime":2104.413,"body":"at an East India Company"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2101.38,"endTime":2104.413,"body":"ammunition dump in 1761."},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2105.97,"endTime":2110.59,"body":"By the time peace with France"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2105.97,"endTime":2110.59,"body":"was established in 1763,"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2110.59,"endTime":2113.65,"body":"Schwarz has become a"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2110.59,"endTime":2113.65,"body":"kind of military chaplain"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2113.65,"endTime":2115.27,"body":"to the East India Company,"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2115.27,"endTime":2117.97,"body":"burying the dead, caring for the wounded."},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2117.97,"endTime":2120.85,"body":"He refuses to accept pay from them."},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2120.85,"endTime":2123.73,"body":"He insists that the company,"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2120.85,"endTime":2123.73,"body":"instead of paying him,"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2123.73,"endTime":2125.983,"body":"build prayer halls and schools,"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2126.91,"endTime":2129.55,"body":"and this arrangement is"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2126.91,"endTime":2129.55,"body":"progressively formalized"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2129.55,"endTime":2131.4,"body":"to the point where he's"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2129.55,"endTime":2131.4,"body":"actually reordained"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2131.4,"endTime":2133.06,"body":"as an Anglican priest,"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2133.06,"endTime":2135.25,"body":"a step which a good many"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2133.06,"endTime":2135.25,"body":"Lutherans would've regarded"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2135.25,"endTime":2136.933,"body":"as an insult or a humiliation."},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2138.37,"endTime":2142.12,"body":"Military chaplaincy means"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2138.37,"endTime":2142.12,"body":"collaborating with the British,"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2142.12,"endTime":2144.76,"body":"but it also means itinerancy,"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2144.76,"endTime":2145.75,"body":"and he uses this"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2145.75,"endTime":2150.37,"body":"to spread his network of"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2145.75,"endTime":2150.37,"body":"so-called helpers ever wider,"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2150.37,"endTime":2152.95,"body":"and it also puts him at the heart"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2152.95,"endTime":2155.683,"body":"of the developing struggle"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2152.95,"endTime":2155.683,"body":"for Southern India."},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd 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way that's widely credited"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2176.32,"endTime":2178.78,"body":"with having averted large-scale famine,"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2178.78,"endTime":2181.93,"body":"and this makes his"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2178.78,"endTime":2181.93,"body":"reputation in the region,"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2181.93,"endTime":2182.763,"body":"so much so"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2182.763,"endTime":2186.4,"body":"that when the king of"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2182.763,"endTime":2186.4,"body":"Thanjavur is restored in 1776,"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2186.4,"endTime":2188.65,"body":"under company overlordship,"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2188.65,"endTime":2192.67,"body":"he persuades Schwarz to"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd 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in the"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2475.78,"endTime":2479.02,"body":"lead, but aren't alone."},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2479.02,"endTime":2482.53,"body":"The Swiss-based Basel"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2479.02,"endTime":2482.53,"body":"Missionary Society of 1815"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2482.53,"endTime":2484.58,"body":"is amongst the most famous early leaders,"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2485.98,"endTime":2489.55,"body":"so we need to finish by asking why,"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2489.55,"endTime":2492.34,"body":"given the slow, very halting,"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2492.34,"endTime":2494.14,"body":"and generally pretty unsuccessful"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2494.14,"endTime":2496.33,"body":"Protestant missionary"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd 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ministered","startTime":2993.73,"endTime":2997.21,"body":"missionary success"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2997.21,"endTime":3001.62,"body":"might lie in the British"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":2997.21,"endTime":3001.62,"body":"Empire's most humiliating defeat."},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3001.62,"endTime":3002.487,"body":"Thank you."},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3002.487,"endTime":3005.487,"body":"(audience clapping)"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3007.14,"endTime":3009.93,"body":"- I'm going to start off"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3007.14,"endTime":3009.93,"body":"with an online question here."},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3009.93,"endTime":3011.76,"body":"To what extent was Oliver Cromwell's"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3011.76,"endTime":3014.4,"body":"resettlement of Ireland with Protestants"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3014.4,"endTime":3016.983,"body":"an attempt to convert the Irish?"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3018.03,"endTime":3021.483,"body":"- An attempt to convert the"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3018.03,"endTime":3021.483,"body":"Irish, it is not that at all."},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3024.06,"endTime":3026.34,"body":"If you listen to Cromwell's rhetoric,"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3026.34,"endTime":3029.073,"body":"it's an attempt to convert Ireland,"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3030.03,"endTime":3034.71,"body":"not by persuading the people"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3030.03,"endTime":3034.71,"body":"to change their religion,"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3034.71,"endTime":3036.153,"body":"but simply by replacing."},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3037.38,"endTime":3041.38,"body":"There's this rhetoric"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3037.38,"endTime":3041.38,"body":"almost of extermination"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3043.126,"endTime":3047.1,"body":"of the idea of importing a new population"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3047.1,"endTime":3049.803,"body":"and driving the others"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3047.1,"endTime":3049.803,"body":"to hell or Connaught."},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3052.26,"endTime":3056.25,"body":"I think most historians"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3052.26,"endTime":3056.25,"body":"of Cromwellian-era Ireland"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3056.25,"endTime":3059.91,"body":"would agree that that rhetoric"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3059.91,"endTime":3062.373,"body":"is not fully followed through,"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3063.54,"endTime":3067.87,"body":"that the talk of mass replacement"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3068.91,"endTime":3070.2,"body":"simply doesn't happen,"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3070.2,"endTime":3071.67,"body":"whether because the Cromwellian state"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3071.67,"endTime":3073.95,"body":"doesn't have the resources to do it,"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3073.95,"endTime":3078.6,"body":"and it's always harder for British regimes"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3078.6,"endTime":3082.71,"body":"to find willing Protestants"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3078.6,"endTime":3082.71,"body":"to go and settle in Ireland"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd 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ministered","startTime":3104.07,"endTime":3106.59,"body":"and in his rhetoric of governance."},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3106.59,"endTime":3108.0,"body":"One of the reasons for doing that"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3108.0,"endTime":3110.22,"body":"is so that he may not"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3108.0,"endTime":3110.22,"body":"need to follow through"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3110.22,"endTime":3112.083,"body":"on all of his threats."},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3113.1,"endTime":3115.26,"body":"I'm not trying to defend"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3113.1,"endTime":3115.26,"body":"his approach here,"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3115.26,"endTime":3118.943,"body":"but his bite was pretty bad."},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3118.943,"endTime":3120.96,"body":"It's not as bad as his bark."},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3120.96,"endTime":3121.86,"body":"- Thank you very much"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3121.86,"endTime":3124.59,"body":"for another characteristically interesting"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3124.59,"endTime":3126.063,"body":"and stimulating lecture."},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3127.02,"endTime":3128.91,"body":"I have really a minor question."},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3128.91,"endTime":3130.89,"body":"You might have answered it by implication,"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3130.89,"endTime":3133.23,"body":"and I've missed the implication."},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3133.23,"endTime":3136.74,"body":"You refer to Chinese deerstalkers"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3136.74,"endTime":3140.283,"body":"being licensed to do their stalking."},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3142.02,"endTime":3144.69,"body":"Why was it that Chinese,"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3144.69,"endTime":3147.48,"body":"not, say, European, who"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3144.69,"endTime":3147.48,"body":"were already Christians,"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3147.48,"endTime":3150.66,"body":"and there didn't need to be"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3147.48,"endTime":3150.66,"body":"any effort to conversion,"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3150.66,"endTime":3151.92,"body":"why was it that Chinese"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3151.92,"endTime":3156.063,"body":"rather than, say, Europeans"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3151.92,"endTime":3156.063,"body":"were given the license?"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd 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ministered","startTime":3251.79,"endTime":3253.98,"body":"it seems that various missionaries"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3253.98,"endTime":3256.71,"body":"believed they were bringing the truth"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3256.71,"endTime":3260.88,"body":"with little or no cautious humility"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3260.88,"endTime":3264.51,"body":"of the validity of the cultural relativity"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3264.51,"endTime":3268.203,"body":"of their Christian beliefs. (chuckles)"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3269.64,"endTime":3271.77,"body":"It's almost a statement."},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3269.64,"endTime":3271.77,"body":"- Yes."},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3271.77,"endTime":3272.793,"body":"Yes, indeed."},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3274.65,"endTime":3277.14,"body":"I mean, that's plainly the case."},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3277.14,"endTime":3279.87,"body":"That is the case"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3279.87,"endTime":3283.71,"body":"in most of the cross-cultural encounters"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3283.71,"endTime":3286.863,"body":"that we see in this era."},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3288.03,"endTime":3292.35,"body":"The modern perspective,"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd 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superior virtues"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3413.67,"endTime":3415.32,"body":"of the people they're dealing with,"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3415.32,"endTime":3419.58,"body":"and may, it becomes almost"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3415.32,"endTime":3419.58,"body":"a kind of preacher's trope"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3419.58,"endTime":3420.413,"body":"that they will,"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3420.413,"endTime":3423.99,"body":"in preaching to European"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3420.413,"endTime":3423.99,"body":"Christian populations,"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3423.99,"endTime":3425.88,"body":"be reproaching them by,"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3425.88,"endTime":3430.59,"body":"look how much more virtuous"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd 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ministered","startTime":3448.5,"endTime":3453.0,"body":"who may be more physically capable,"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3453.0,"endTime":3454.56,"body":"more virtuous in some cases,"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3454.56,"endTime":3457.59,"body":"even more civilized than"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3454.56,"endTime":3457.59,"body":"they themselves are,"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3457.59,"endTime":3460.11,"body":"the one thing which they'll never admit to"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3460.11,"endTime":3461.703,"body":"is ignorance about God."},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3462.81,"endTime":3464.1,"body":"- Thank you very much."},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3464.1,"endTime":3466.5,"body":"Well, I think, as everybody has gathered,"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3466.5,"endTime":3470.04,"body":"this is Professor Ryrie's final lecture"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3470.04,"endTime":3473.28,"body":"as professor of divinity"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3470.04,"endTime":3473.28,"body":"at Gresham College,"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3473.28,"endTime":3475.02,"body":"and in September,"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3475.02,"endTime":3477.93,"body":"his successor, Professor Ronald Hutton,"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3477.93,"endTime":3479.4,"body":"will be taking over"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3479.4,"endTime":3482.97,"body":"and starting his series of lectures"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3482.97,"endTime":3485.28,"body":"on British paganism,"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3485.28,"endTime":3489.63,"body":"but I'd just like to say"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3485.28,"endTime":3489.63,"body":"a few words of thanks"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3489.63,"endTime":3492.87,"body":"for your actually quite"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3489.63,"endTime":3492.87,"body":"considerable tenure"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3492.87,"endTime":3494.64,"body":"here at Gresham College"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3494.64,"endTime":3497.76,"body":"because you began as a visiting professor,"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3497.76,"endTime":3500.1,"body":"in fact, in 2015"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3500.1,"endTime":3505.02,"body":"before becoming the full"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3500.1,"endTime":3505.02,"body":"professor of divinity in 2018."},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3505.02,"endTime":3509.07,"body":"Many people here may"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3505.02,"endTime":3509.07,"body":"know that Professor Ryrie"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3509.07,"endTime":3511.47,"body":"is a professor of the"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3509.07,"endTime":3511.47,"body":"history of Christianity"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3511.47,"endTime":3513.72,"body":"at Durham University."},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3513.72,"endTime":3516.15,"body":"He's also the coeditor"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3516.15,"endTime":3518.97,"body":"of the \"Ecclesiastical History Journal,\""},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3518.97,"endTime":3520.2,"body":"and he is the president"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3520.2,"endTime":3522.9,"body":"of the Church of England Record Society,"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3522.9,"endTime":3524.88,"body":"and in fact, since 1997,"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3524.88,"endTime":3527.32,"body":"he's been a reader in"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3524.88,"endTime":3527.32,"body":"the Church of England"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3528.21,"endTime":3530.37,"body":"in the parish of Shotley St. John"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3530.37,"endTime":3532.74,"body":"in the Diocese of Newcastle."},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3532.74,"endTime":3533.85,"body":"He's written many books,"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3533.85,"endTime":3536.61,"body":"and we rather hope that this series here"},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3536.61,"endTime":3537.66,"body":"will turn into a book."},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3537.66,"endTime":3539.64,"body":"We anticipate that."},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3539.64,"endTime":3541.44,"body":"- Not immediately, but yes."},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3541.44,"endTime":3543.93,"body":"- But that is very exciting."},{"speaker":"amongst whom he'd ministered","startTime":3543.93,"endTime":3546.007,"body":"Your books include your 2017 book"},{"speaker":"\"Protestants","startTime":3546.007,"endTime":3550.29,"body":"The Radicals"},{"speaker":"\"Protestants","startTime":3546.007,"endTime":3550.29,"body":"Who Made the Modern World,\""},{"speaker":"\"Protestants","startTime":3550.29,"endTime":3554.85,"body":"so you've given us four"},{"speaker":"\"Protestants","startTime":3550.29,"endTime":3554.85,"body":"series of lectures,"},{"speaker":"\"Protestants","startTime":3554.85,"endTime":3558.96,"body":"which have reached some 1.8 million views,"},{"speaker":"\"Protestants","startTime":3558.96,"endTime":3561.21,"body":"which is an incredible number."},{"speaker":"\"Protestants","startTime":3561.21,"endTime":3565.14,"body":"Your first series was on"},{"speaker":"\"Protestants","startTime":3561.21,"endTime":3565.14,"body":"the origins of atheism,"},{"speaker":"\"Protestants","startTime":3565.14,"endTime":3567.24,"body":"which took us back to the age"},{"speaker":"\"Protestants","startTime":3567.24,"endTime":3569.55,"body":"when the newly minted word atheism"},{"speaker":"\"Protestants","startTime":3569.55,"endTime":3572.52,"body":"had become a cultural obsession."},{"speaker":"\"Protestants","startTime":3572.52,"endTime":3574.507,"body":"The first lecture in this series,"},{"speaker":"\"Protestants","startTime":3574.507,"endTime":3576.87,"body":"\"How to Be an Atheist in Medieval Europe,\""},{"speaker":"\"Protestants","startTime":3576.87,"endTime":3580.53,"body":"has gained 465,000 views"},{"speaker":"\"Protestants","startTime":3580.53,"endTime":3583.08,"body":"on our YouTube channel."},{"speaker":"\"Protestants","startTime":3583.08,"endTime":3584.37,"body":"- It's all been downhill since then."},{"speaker":"\"Protestants","startTime":3584.37,"endTime":3585.84,"body":"- Oh, no it hasn't."},{"speaker":"\"Protestants","startTime":3585.84,"endTime":3587.88,"body":"It carried on going,"},{"speaker":"\"Protestants","startTime":3587.88,"endTime":3589.8,"body":"so we then had your series"},{"speaker":"\"Protestants","startTime":3589.8,"endTime":3593.13,"body":"on \"Atrocity and Religion"},{"speaker":"\"Protestants","startTime":3589.8,"endTime":3593.13,"body":"in European Memory,\""},{"speaker":"\"Protestants","startTime":3593.13,"endTime":3596.97,"body":"when we heard about the Spanish"},{"speaker":"\"Protestants","startTime":3593.13,"endTime":3596.97,"body":"Inquisition, Bloody Mary,"},{"speaker":"\"Protestants","startTime":3596.97,"endTime":3599.28,"body":"the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre,"},{"speaker":"\"Protestants","startTime":3599.28,"endTime":3602.85,"body":"and we delved into some other"},{"speaker":"\"Protestants","startTime":3599.28,"endTime":3602.85,"body":"atrocities and their victims"},{"speaker":"\"Protestants","startTime":3602.85,"endTime":3607.83,"body":"like the Japanese"},{"speaker":"\"Protestants","startTime":3602.85,"endTime":3607.83,"body":"Catholics the 17th century,"},{"speaker":"\"Protestants","startTime":3607.83,"endTime":3610.53,"body":"so in 2021,"},{"speaker":"\"Protestants","startTime":3610.53,"endTime":3615.12,"body":"you turned to England's"},{"speaker":"\"Protestants","startTime":3610.53,"endTime":3615.12,"body":"Reformations and their legacies,"},{"speaker":"\"Protestants","startTime":3615.12,"endTime":3617.37,"body":"where you told us stories,"},{"speaker":"\"Protestants","startTime":3617.37,"endTime":3620.25,"body":"well, six overlapping stories, in fact,"},{"speaker":"\"Protestants","startTime":3620.25,"endTime":3624.15,"body":"of the different types of Reformation"},{"speaker":"\"Protestants","startTime":3624.15,"endTime":3625.71,"body":"in Tudor England,"},{"speaker":"\"Protestants","startTime":3625.71,"endTime":3627.54,"body":"and how, when you put these together,"},{"speaker":"\"Protestants","startTime":3627.54,"endTime":3630.27,"body":"they painted a picture of what it meant"},{"speaker":"\"Protestants","startTime":3630.27,"endTime":3633.45,"body":"to live through this revolutionary age,"},{"speaker":"\"Protestants","startTime":3633.45,"endTime":3636.51,"body":"and that was followed"},{"speaker":"\"Protestants","startTime":3633.45,"endTime":3636.51,"body":"by your current series,"},{"speaker":"\"Protestants","startTime":3636.51,"endTime":3639.007,"body":"which you've concluded this evening,"},{"speaker":"\"Protestants","startTime":3639.007,"endTime":3643.59,"body":"\"The Hidden History of How"},{"speaker":"\"Protestants","startTime":3639.007,"endTime":3643.59,"body":"Protestantism Went Global,\""},{"speaker":"\"Protestants","startTime":3643.59,"endTime":3646.11,"body":"when you have explored the story"},{"speaker":"\"Protestants","startTime":3646.11,"endTime":3650.56,"body":"of Protestantism's global spread"},{"speaker":"\"Protestants","startTime":3651.48,"endTime":3656.37,"body":"from the 16th up until the 19th century."},{"speaker":"\"Protestants","startTime":3656.37,"endTime":3660.78,"body":"Well, through your time as"},{"speaker":"\"Protestants","startTime":3656.37,"endTime":3660.78,"body":"a professor at the college,"},{"speaker":"\"Protestants","startTime":3660.78,"endTime":3664.23,"body":"you have shown enthusiasm,"},{"speaker":"\"Protestants","startTime":3664.23,"endTime":3667.53,"body":"energy, fluency, humor,"},{"speaker":"\"Protestants","startTime":3667.53,"endTime":3672.03,"body":"and you have thrown really"},{"speaker":"\"Protestants","startTime":3667.53,"endTime":3672.03,"body":"unexpected and new light"},{"speaker":"\"Protestants","startTime":3672.03,"endTime":3674.76,"body":"on a whole range of subjects"},{"speaker":"\"Protestants","startTime":3674.76,"endTime":3678.48,"body":"related to the history of Christianity"},{"speaker":"\"Protestants","startTime":3678.48,"endTime":3679.38,"body":"in a way that, I think,"},{"speaker":"\"Protestants","startTime":3679.38,"endTime":3682.32,"body":"many of us could never have expected,"},{"speaker":"\"Protestants","startTime":3682.32,"endTime":3686.22,"body":"so I'd like to thank you very"},{"speaker":"\"Protestants","startTime":3682.32,"endTime":3686.22,"body":"much on behalf of the college"},{"speaker":"\"Protestants","startTime":3686.22,"endTime":3688.26,"body":"and on behalf of the,"},{"speaker":"\"Protestants","startTime":3688.26,"endTime":3691.5,"body":"it seems, millions of fans"},{"speaker":"\"Protestants","startTime":3688.26,"endTime":3691.5,"body":"out there that you have"},{"speaker":"\"Protestants","startTime":3691.5,"endTime":3695.25,"body":"who've enjoyed your lectures"},{"speaker":"\"Protestants","startTime":3691.5,"endTime":3695.25,"body":"over the last four years,"},{"speaker":"\"Protestants","startTime":3695.25,"endTime":3696.363,"body":"thank you very much indeed."},{"speaker":"\"Protestants","startTime":3696.363,"endTime":3700.258,"body":"(audience clapping drowns"},{"speaker":"\"Protestants","startTime":3696.363,"endTime":3700.258,"body":"out Professor Ryrie)"}]}