{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"startTime":2.34,"endTime":4.38,"body":"- Well, good evening ladies and gentlemen,"},{"startTime":4.38,"endTime":7.173,"body":"and welcome to this evening's lecture."},{"startTime":8.4,"endTime":12.45,"body":"You know, there are some"},{"startTime":8.4,"endTime":12.45,"body":"characters from history"},{"startTime":12.45,"endTime":15.723,"body":"who you just would not have wanted to be."},{"startTime":17.1,"endTime":20.22,"body":"Guy Fawkes had a pretty grizzly end."},{"startTime":20.22,"endTime":22.08,"body":"So did Thomas Becket,"},{"startTime":22.08,"endTime":24.24,"body":"and it wouldn't have"},{"startTime":22.08,"endTime":24.24,"body":"been particularly good"},{"startTime":24.24,"endTime":26.31,"body":"to have been Joan of Arc."},{"startTime":26.31,"endTime":29.07,"body":"But there are a whole"},{"startTime":26.31,"endTime":29.07,"body":"cast of lesser figures"},{"startTime":29.07,"endTime":29.903,"body":"who have forgotten,"},{"startTime":29.903,"endTime":32.46,"body":"and who you equally would"},{"startTime":29.903,"endTime":32.46,"body":"not have wanted to be."},{"startTime":32.46,"endTime":37.46,"body":"And tonight I'm thinKing"},{"startTime":32.46,"endTime":37.46,"body":"especially of two cleaners"},{"startTime":37.5,"endTime":42.5,"body":"on duty at Whitehall Palace"},{"startTime":37.5,"endTime":42.5,"body":"on the 12th of January 1619."},{"startTime":44.94,"endTime":48.15,"body":"They'd been ordered to sweep the basement"},{"startTime":48.15,"endTime":51.24,"body":"of James I's new Banqueting House."},{"startTime":51.24,"endTime":53.01,"body":"It was only 13 years old,"},{"startTime":53.01,"endTime":55.74,"body":"and although James thought it imperfect,"},{"startTime":55.74,"endTime":58.92,"body":"it was in pretty regular use for masks,"},{"startTime":58.92,"endTime":61.14,"body":"diplomatic receptions, plays,"},{"startTime":61.14,"endTime":64.98,"body":"and the ceremonials of the Jacobean Court."},{"startTime":64.98,"endTime":68.64,"body":"That day, the basement was full of scenery"},{"startTime":68.64,"endTime":71.76,"body":"made of oil painted sail cloth,"},{"startTime":71.76,"endTime":74.04,"body":"which the King had wanted to keep"},{"startTime":74.04,"endTime":76.77,"body":"because he wanted to"},{"startTime":74.04,"endTime":76.77,"body":"reuse it at Shrovetide."},{"startTime":76.77,"endTime":79.98,"body":"And as the basement was windowless,"},{"startTime":79.98,"endTime":83.58,"body":"the cleaners worked by"},{"startTime":79.98,"endTime":83.58,"body":"the light of a candle."},{"startTime":83.58,"endTime":86.16,"body":"I think you can guess"},{"startTime":83.58,"endTime":86.16,"body":"what's just about to happen."},{"startTime":86.16,"endTime":89.88,"body":"At this point, one of the candles"},{"startTime":89.88,"endTime":93.963,"body":"fell onto a pile of back"},{"startTime":89.88,"endTime":93.963,"body":"cloths, igniting them."},{"startTime":94.89,"endTime":96.81,"body":"Instead of raising the alarm,"},{"startTime":96.81,"endTime":101.73,"body":"the cleaners simply left"},{"startTime":96.81,"endTime":101.73,"body":"the room, locked the door,"},{"startTime":101.73,"endTime":106.38,"body":"and went about their business"},{"startTime":101.73,"endTime":106.38,"body":"as if nothing had happened."},{"startTime":106.38,"endTime":109.41,"body":"Half an hour later, a vast ball of fire"},{"startTime":109.41,"endTime":111.72,"body":"erupted through the Banqueting House floor"},{"startTime":111.72,"endTime":113.34,"body":"as if from nowhere."},{"startTime":113.34,"endTime":117.57,"body":"The hall was full of timber"},{"startTime":113.34,"endTime":117.57,"body":"staging for the Christmas masks,"},{"startTime":117.57,"endTime":120.69,"body":"which of course ignited like match wood."},{"startTime":120.69,"endTime":124.71,"body":"Soon the flames were spreading"},{"startTime":120.69,"endTime":124.71,"body":"to the adjoining buildings."},{"startTime":124.71,"endTime":129.0,"body":"At that very moment, the"},{"startTime":124.71,"endTime":129.0,"body":"chief officers of the court"},{"startTime":129.0,"endTime":131.7,"body":"were just around the corner from here,"},{"startTime":131.7,"endTime":133.35,"body":"in the city Guild Hall,"},{"startTime":133.35,"endTime":137.04,"body":"where they were discussing ways"},{"startTime":133.35,"endTime":137.04,"body":"in which they could improve"},{"startTime":137.04,"endTime":140.04,"body":"the architecture of London."},{"startTime":140.04,"endTime":141.48,"body":"Rushing back to Whitehall,"},{"startTime":141.48,"endTime":145.14,"body":"they found a scene of chaos with looters"},{"startTime":145.14,"endTime":147.24,"body":"already pilfering items"},{"startTime":147.24,"endTime":150.57,"body":"from the smoke-filled royal lodgings."},{"startTime":150.57,"endTime":153.81,"body":"Seeing the Banqueting House"},{"startTime":150.57,"endTime":153.81,"body":"was clearly beyond rescue,"},{"startTime":153.81,"endTime":156.57,"body":"they concentrated on saving"},{"startTime":153.81,"endTime":156.57,"body":"the rest of the palace,"},{"startTime":156.57,"endTime":160.623,"body":"demolishing adjoining buildings"},{"startTime":156.57,"endTime":160.623,"body":"to stop the spread of fire."},{"startTime":161.64,"endTime":164.97,"body":"James I's reaction is nowhere recorded,"},{"startTime":164.97,"endTime":169.97,"body":"and for the record, nothing"},{"startTime":164.97,"endTime":169.97,"body":"is ever heard of the cleaners."},{"startTime":170.64,"endTime":174.303,"body":"But what happened to them"},{"startTime":170.64,"endTime":174.303,"body":"cannot have been good."},{"startTime":175.53,"endTime":178.71,"body":"James wanted the Banqueting"},{"startTime":175.53,"endTime":178.71,"body":"House to be rapidly rebuilt,"},{"startTime":178.71,"endTime":181.23,"body":"and he assembled a commission of courtiers"},{"startTime":181.23,"endTime":185.4,"body":"to take responsibility for"},{"startTime":181.23,"endTime":185.4,"body":"determining the next steps."},{"startTime":185.4,"endTime":186.81,"body":"The men who served on the commission"},{"startTime":186.81,"endTime":189.15,"body":"were chosen with characteristic care."},{"startTime":189.15,"endTime":193.653,"body":"First of all, had to be the"},{"startTime":189.15,"endTime":193.653,"body":"most important court officers."},{"startTime":195.84,"endTime":198.48,"body":"The Lord Chamberlain, William Herbert,"},{"startTime":198.48,"endTime":201.18,"body":"the Earl of Pembroke,"},{"startTime":198.48,"endTime":201.18,"body":"and the Lord Steward,"},{"startTime":201.18,"endTime":204.06,"body":"Ludovic Stuart, Duke of Lennox"},{"startTime":204.06,"endTime":206.22,"body":"These were the two men"},{"startTime":204.06,"endTime":206.22,"body":"who were responsible"},{"startTime":206.22,"endTime":209.04,"body":"for the daily functioning of ceremonial,"},{"startTime":209.04,"endTime":211.38,"body":"and they would have very strong views"},{"startTime":211.38,"endTime":215.16,"body":"on the functionality of"},{"startTime":211.38,"endTime":215.16,"body":"the building in the future."},{"startTime":215.16,"endTime":219.09,"body":"Given the Crown's rather"},{"startTime":215.16,"endTime":219.09,"body":"perilous financial situation,"},{"startTime":219.09,"endTime":222.81,"body":"the chancellor of the"},{"startTime":219.09,"endTime":222.81,"body":"exchequer, Sir Fulke Greville,"},{"startTime":222.81,"endTime":226.86,"body":"was also to sit with the"},{"startTime":222.81,"endTime":226.86,"body":"Chamberlain and the Steward."},{"startTime":226.86,"endTime":230.01,"body":"Two other courtiers were"},{"startTime":226.86,"endTime":230.01,"body":"chosen for their expertise,"},{"startTime":230.01,"endTime":233.19,"body":"Sir John Digby was the Vice"},{"startTime":230.01,"endTime":233.19,"body":"Chamberlain of the household,"},{"startTime":233.19,"endTime":235.98,"body":"but much more importantly"},{"startTime":233.19,"endTime":235.98,"body":"for this purpose,"},{"startTime":235.98,"endTime":238.68,"body":"he was James's leading diplomat,"},{"startTime":238.68,"endTime":242.1,"body":"and he knew more about"},{"startTime":238.68,"endTime":242.1,"body":"foreign courts and diplomacy"},{"startTime":242.1,"endTime":243.6,"body":"than anyone else."},{"startTime":243.6,"endTime":248.1,"body":"And lastly, there was Thomas"},{"startTime":243.6,"endTime":248.1,"body":"Howard, the Earl of Arundel."},{"startTime":248.1,"endTime":250.83,"body":"Now he didn't hold a major court post."},{"startTime":250.83,"endTime":253.98,"body":"His qualification for being"},{"startTime":250.83,"endTime":253.98,"body":"on the rebuilding commission"},{"startTime":253.98,"endTime":255.75,"body":"was as a connoisseur,"},{"startTime":255.75,"endTime":259.56,"body":"and as a leading member"},{"startTime":255.75,"endTime":259.56,"body":"of the King's efforts"},{"startTime":259.56,"endTime":262.95,"body":"to rebuild London in a grander style."},{"startTime":262.95,"endTime":266.28,"body":"So this galaxy of talent was assembled"},{"startTime":266.28,"endTime":269.28,"body":"because they understood the requirements"},{"startTime":269.28,"endTime":272.22,"body":"of a building of state."},{"startTime":272.22,"endTime":274.77,"body":"The new Banqueting House, as you see here,"},{"startTime":274.77,"endTime":278.64,"body":"which was designed by Inigo"},{"startTime":274.77,"endTime":278.64,"body":"Jones and completed in 1622,"},{"startTime":278.64,"endTime":283.47,"body":"was in no sense, a"},{"startTime":278.64,"endTime":283.47,"body":"building for everyday life."},{"startTime":283.47,"endTime":288.47,"body":"It was designed specifically"},{"startTime":283.47,"endTime":288.47,"body":"for regulated court ceremonial."},{"startTime":290.04,"endTime":295.04,"body":"James was extremely proud"},{"startTime":290.04,"endTime":295.04,"body":"of his new hall of state,"},{"startTime":296.01,"endTime":297.9,"body":"and before it was completed,"},{"startTime":297.9,"endTime":301.95,"body":"he had already commissioned"},{"startTime":297.9,"endTime":301.95,"body":"the Flemish artists,"},{"startTime":301.95,"endTime":306.36,"body":"Paul van Somer, to paint"},{"startTime":301.95,"endTime":306.36,"body":"him standing in front of it."},{"startTime":306.36,"endTime":310.59,"body":"James, you see here, was"},{"startTime":306.36,"endTime":310.59,"body":"shown before a window"},{"startTime":310.59,"endTime":313.02,"body":"in the palace guard chamber,"},{"startTime":313.02,"endTime":315.69,"body":"with the east elevation"},{"startTime":313.02,"endTime":315.69,"body":"of the Banqueting House,"},{"startTime":315.69,"endTime":320.13,"body":"seen across the court"},{"startTime":315.69,"endTime":320.13,"body":"through an open casement."},{"startTime":320.13,"endTime":321.81,"body":"Van Somer must have been furnished"},{"startTime":321.81,"endTime":323.16,"body":"with the drawing of the building"},{"startTime":323.16,"endTime":325.41,"body":"as intended by Inigo Jones,"},{"startTime":325.41,"endTime":329.82,"body":"as it's not actually shown"},{"startTime":325.41,"endTime":329.82,"body":"as finally completed."},{"startTime":329.82,"endTime":332.7,"body":"But the King, however, and"},{"startTime":329.82,"endTime":332.7,"body":"this is the important point,"},{"startTime":332.7,"endTime":336.06,"body":"is portrayed in all his majesty."},{"startTime":336.06,"endTime":340.38,"body":"He's in his coronation robes"},{"startTime":336.06,"endTime":340.38,"body":"with an orb and scepter,"},{"startTime":340.38,"endTime":344.16,"body":"and his intention, I"},{"startTime":340.38,"endTime":344.16,"body":"think, is absolutely clear."},{"startTime":344.16,"endTime":346.44,"body":"The Banqueting House was intended"},{"startTime":346.44,"endTime":350.583,"body":"to be the principle"},{"startTime":346.44,"endTime":350.583,"body":"theater of his majesty."},{"startTime":352.05,"endTime":354.21,"body":"Now in the early Stuart period,"},{"startTime":354.21,"endTime":358.47,"body":"there were essentially two"},{"startTime":354.21,"endTime":358.47,"body":"types of royal building,"},{"startTime":358.47,"endTime":361.62,"body":"buildings of state, like"},{"startTime":358.47,"endTime":361.62,"body":"the Banqueting House,"},{"startTime":361.62,"endTime":365.01,"body":"which fulfilled a formal role"},{"startTime":361.62,"endTime":365.01,"body":"in national and court life,"},{"startTime":365.01,"endTime":367.98,"body":"and buildings of necessity,"},{"startTime":367.98,"endTime":371.01,"body":"the private residences of"},{"startTime":367.98,"endTime":371.01,"body":"the monarch, if you like,"},{"startTime":371.01,"endTime":373.71,"body":"the difference between Buckingham Palace"},{"startTime":373.71,"endTime":375.9,"body":"and Sandringham House."},{"startTime":375.9,"endTime":379.74,"body":"And this distinction is"},{"startTime":375.9,"endTime":379.74,"body":"explained in a letter"},{"startTime":379.74,"endTime":383.31,"body":"the Lord Treasurer wrote in 1605"},{"startTime":383.31,"endTime":385.41,"body":"to the offices of the royal works,"},{"startTime":385.41,"endTime":388.8,"body":"setting out the requirements"},{"startTime":385.41,"endTime":388.8,"body":"for a new hunting lodge"},{"startTime":388.8,"endTime":391.803,"body":"to be built at Amptill in Bedfordshire."},{"startTime":392.64,"endTime":393.87,"body":"And in this letter,"},{"startTime":393.87,"endTime":397.59,"body":"the King describes the sort of"},{"startTime":393.87,"endTime":397.59,"body":"residency he was thinking of,"},{"startTime":397.59,"endTime":398.423,"body":"and it says this,"},{"startTime":398.423,"endTime":402.607,"body":"\"The King wanted to be"},{"startTime":398.423,"endTime":402.607,"body":"lodged, though not in state,"},{"startTime":402.607,"endTime":407.607,"body":"\"yet sufficient to serve for"},{"startTime":402.607,"endTime":407.607,"body":"the enjoying of his pleasures"},{"startTime":407.857,"endTime":409.927,"body":"\"of hunting and hawking,"},{"startTime":409.927,"endTime":414.127,"body":"\"by the attendance of all"},{"startTime":409.927,"endTime":414.127,"body":"such necessary officers,"},{"startTime":414.127,"endTime":419.127,"body":"\"and no more as our requisite"},{"startTime":414.127,"endTime":419.127,"body":"for his royal person to have.\""},{"startTime":419.7,"endTime":421.8,"body":"So there was to be space in this new house"},{"startTime":421.8,"endTime":424.53,"body":"for the Prince of Wales"},{"startTime":421.8,"endTime":424.53,"body":"to stay and the Queen,"},{"startTime":424.53,"endTime":426.727,"body":"but the lodgings were, and I quote again,"},{"startTime":426.727,"endTime":431.727,"body":"\"Not to be lodgings of state,"},{"startTime":426.727,"endTime":431.727,"body":"but lodgings of necessity.\""},{"startTime":432.6,"endTime":435.84,"body":"Space was also required for"},{"startTime":432.6,"endTime":435.84,"body":"the principal offices of court,"},{"startTime":435.84,"endTime":438.06,"body":"such as the Lord Chamberlain,"},{"startTime":435.84,"endTime":438.06,"body":"the King's secretary,"},{"startTime":438.06,"endTime":439.41,"body":"and the master of the horse,"},{"startTime":439.41,"endTime":442.08,"body":"but only attendance of necessity,"},{"startTime":442.08,"endTime":445.683,"body":"not attendance of pleasure."},{"startTime":447.0,"endTime":451.68,"body":"This distinction between"},{"startTime":447.0,"endTime":451.68,"body":"lodgings of state and necessity,"},{"startTime":451.68,"endTime":454.59,"body":"in fact, as existed under Henry the VIII,"},{"startTime":454.59,"endTime":458.25,"body":"who would visit smaller houses"},{"startTime":454.59,"endTime":458.25,"body":"for hunting and pleasure"},{"startTime":458.25,"endTime":461.76,"body":"with a tight knit group"},{"startTime":458.25,"endTime":461.76,"body":"of friends and attendance,"},{"startTime":461.76,"endTime":464.94,"body":"known as his riding household."},{"startTime":464.94,"endTime":467.91,"body":"Such an arrangement didn't"},{"startTime":464.94,"endTime":467.91,"body":"appeal to Elizabeth I,"},{"startTime":467.91,"endTime":469.89,"body":"but James I revived it"},{"startTime":469.89,"endTime":473.79,"body":"both architecturally and institutionally."},{"startTime":473.79,"endTime":477.36,"body":"Already in Scotland, people"},{"startTime":473.79,"endTime":477.36,"body":"had observed that he liked,"},{"startTime":477.36,"endTime":480.337,"body":"and I quote, \"To withdraw"},{"startTime":477.36,"endTime":480.337,"body":"himself from places"},{"startTime":480.337,"endTime":482.437,"body":"\"of most access and company"},{"startTime":482.437,"endTime":485.197,"body":"\"to places of more solitude and repast"},{"startTime":485.197,"endTime":488.37,"body":"\"with a small retinue.\""},{"startTime":488.37,"endTime":492.3,"body":"In my Gresham lecture on"},{"startTime":488.37,"endTime":492.3,"body":"James I and the court at play,"},{"startTime":492.3,"endTime":496.53,"body":"I explained how the King built new houses,"},{"startTime":496.53,"endTime":500.01,"body":"houses of necessity at"},{"startTime":496.53,"endTime":500.01,"body":"Royston, and you see here,"},{"startTime":500.01,"endTime":503.46,"body":"my reconstruction of that"},{"startTime":500.01,"endTime":503.46,"body":"new market and Thetford,"},{"startTime":503.46,"endTime":505.95,"body":"and this is the royal house"},{"startTime":503.46,"endTime":505.95,"body":"in the middle of the town,"},{"startTime":505.95,"endTime":509.19,"body":"this is the effectively the"},{"startTime":505.95,"endTime":509.19,"body":"A1, The Great North Road here."},{"startTime":509.19,"endTime":511.11,"body":"And here's the King's house of necessity"},{"startTime":511.11,"endTime":512.41,"body":"right in the middle of it."},{"startTime":513.6,"endTime":516.06,"body":"Well tonight, I'm going to talk about"},{"startTime":516.06,"endTime":521.06,"body":"Charles I and Henrietta Maria,"},{"startTime":516.06,"endTime":521.06,"body":"who no less than James I,"},{"startTime":522.66,"endTime":525.75,"body":"made a distinction between"},{"startTime":522.66,"endTime":525.75,"body":"residences of state"},{"startTime":525.75,"endTime":528.69,"body":"and residences of necessity."},{"startTime":528.69,"endTime":533.43,"body":"Unlike his father,"},{"startTime":528.69,"endTime":533.43,"body":"Charles I liked Whitehall."},{"startTime":533.43,"endTime":535.62,"body":"He liked being in London,"},{"startTime":535.62,"endTime":540.0,"body":"and over the four or five"},{"startTime":535.62,"endTime":540.0,"body":"month long court season"},{"startTime":540.0,"endTime":541.59,"body":"in the depths of winter,"},{"startTime":541.59,"endTime":545.37,"body":"Charles would reside at"},{"startTime":541.59,"endTime":545.37,"body":"Whitehall continually."},{"startTime":545.37,"endTime":550.37,"body":"Yet even then he still managed"},{"startTime":545.37,"endTime":550.37,"body":"to retain a distinction"},{"startTime":550.53,"endTime":553.32,"body":"between state and necessity,"},{"startTime":553.32,"endTime":556.38,"body":"keeping state at Whitehall,"},{"startTime":556.38,"endTime":560.46,"body":"and retreating to St. James' Palace"},{"startTime":560.46,"endTime":563.58,"body":"across the park a few minutes walk away,"},{"startTime":563.58,"endTime":567.33,"body":"and using it as a family"},{"startTime":563.58,"endTime":567.33,"body":"residence, a house of necessity,"},{"startTime":567.33,"endTime":571.323,"body":"which allowed him to escape"},{"startTime":567.33,"endTime":571.323,"body":"the formality of court life."},{"startTime":573.09,"endTime":578.09,"body":"Charles and Henrietta Maria's"},{"startTime":573.09,"endTime":578.09,"body":"marriage had not started well,"},{"startTime":579.51,"endTime":582.63,"body":"but the assassination of"},{"startTime":579.51,"endTime":582.63,"body":"the King's great favorite,"},{"startTime":582.63,"endTime":585.24,"body":"the Duke of Buckingham in August 1628,"},{"startTime":585.24,"endTime":586.8,"body":"seems to have cleared the way"},{"startTime":586.8,"endTime":590.1,"body":"for a deep and passionate love affair"},{"startTime":590.1,"endTime":593.4,"body":"between the King and the Queen."},{"startTime":593.4,"endTime":597.75,"body":"Their sexual chemistry infused the court."},{"startTime":597.75,"endTime":600.51,"body":"For more than half of the 1630s,"},{"startTime":600.51,"endTime":603.18,"body":"the second Henrietta Maria was pregnant,"},{"startTime":603.18,"endTime":608.18,"body":"giving succession to a"},{"startTime":603.18,"endTime":608.18,"body":"series of healthy children."},{"startTime":610.74,"endTime":612.84,"body":"Like Victoria and Albert,"},{"startTime":612.84,"endTime":616.68,"body":"the royal couple became"},{"startTime":612.84,"endTime":616.68,"body":"a model of idealized love"},{"startTime":616.68,"endTime":618.42,"body":"and family life."},{"startTime":618.42,"endTime":623.19,"body":"The King and Queen were"},{"startTime":618.42,"endTime":623.19,"body":"entwined in all they did."},{"startTime":623.19,"endTime":625.47,"body":"Under Anna of Denmark,"},{"startTime":625.47,"endTime":629.4,"body":"the Queen's residences"},{"startTime":625.47,"endTime":629.4,"body":"had been female preserves,"},{"startTime":629.4,"endTime":633.03,"body":"rarely visited by James,"},{"startTime":629.4,"endTime":633.03,"body":"and then only briefly."},{"startTime":633.03,"endTime":635.73,"body":"But Charles, his children"},{"startTime":633.03,"endTime":635.73,"body":"and his courtiers"},{"startTime":635.73,"endTime":639.48,"body":"were regular visitors in"},{"startTime":635.73,"endTime":639.48,"body":"Henrietta Maria's houses."},{"startTime":639.48,"endTime":642.78,"body":"The King often staying"},{"startTime":639.48,"endTime":642.78,"body":"overnight at Denmark House,"},{"startTime":642.78,"endTime":644.04,"body":"her London residence,"},{"startTime":644.04,"endTime":647.913,"body":"despite the fact that"},{"startTime":644.04,"endTime":647.913,"body":"Whitehall was very close by."},{"startTime":649.23,"endTime":653.55,"body":"By the end of 1630,"},{"startTime":649.23,"endTime":653.55,"body":"when a series of short,"},{"startTime":653.55,"endTime":655.26,"body":"but rather expensive wars"},{"startTime":655.26,"endTime":658.32,"body":"against both France and"},{"startTime":655.26,"endTime":658.32,"body":"Spain had come to an end,"},{"startTime":658.32,"endTime":662.85,"body":"a decade without war was ushered in."},{"startTime":662.85,"endTime":666.24,"body":"The Earl of Clarendon was able"},{"startTime":662.85,"endTime":666.24,"body":"to look back on this period"},{"startTime":666.24,"endTime":670.8,"body":"in the 1640s and say that"},{"startTime":666.24,"endTime":670.8,"body":"such peace and plenty,"},{"startTime":670.8,"endTime":674.07,"body":"and universal tranquility for 10 years"},{"startTime":674.07,"endTime":677.133,"body":"was never enjoyed by any nation."},{"startTime":677.97,"endTime":681.63,"body":"It was a golden age."},{"startTime":681.63,"endTime":686.63,"body":"In the 1630s, Henrietta"},{"startTime":681.63,"endTime":686.63,"body":"Maria was in her 20s."},{"startTime":687.12,"endTime":688.77,"body":"It was her decade."},{"startTime":688.77,"endTime":692.94,"body":"She was energetic, vivacious,"},{"startTime":688.77,"endTime":692.94,"body":"financially independent,"},{"startTime":692.94,"endTime":694.8,"body":"and possessed of a taste"},{"startTime":694.8,"endTime":698.7,"body":"refined in Europe's"},{"startTime":694.8,"endTime":698.7,"body":"most fashionable court."},{"startTime":698.7,"endTime":700.86,"body":"She was adored by her husband,"},{"startTime":700.86,"endTime":705.03,"body":"a man little concerned"},{"startTime":700.86,"endTime":705.03,"body":"with the details of rule."},{"startTime":705.03,"endTime":708.27,"body":"Unlike his father, he"},{"startTime":705.03,"endTime":708.27,"body":"was lazy and work shy,"},{"startTime":708.27,"endTime":710.67,"body":"preferring hunting, plays, masks,"},{"startTime":710.67,"endTime":714.9,"body":"and art to the minutiae of state affairs."},{"startTime":714.9,"endTime":717.75,"body":"He thrived in the company of his wife,"},{"startTime":717.75,"endTime":722.043,"body":"and together, they were devoted"},{"startTime":717.75,"endTime":722.043,"body":"to pleasure and the arts."},{"startTime":723.3,"endTime":725.1,"body":"In her first years in England,"},{"startTime":725.1,"endTime":727.8,"body":"the Queen received money"},{"startTime":725.1,"endTime":727.8,"body":"directly from the exchequer"},{"startTime":727.8,"endTime":730.41,"body":"for her living expenses."},{"startTime":730.41,"endTime":734.85,"body":"While a permanent jointure was worked out,"},{"startTime":734.85,"endTime":736.68,"body":"it took some time to assemble."},{"startTime":736.68,"endTime":738.75,"body":"In fact, it was never formally granted."},{"startTime":738.75,"endTime":743.31,"body":"But between 1626 and 1639,"},{"startTime":743.31,"endTime":747.09,"body":"Henrietta Maria was in"},{"startTime":743.31,"endTime":747.09,"body":"receipt of lands and houses,"},{"startTime":747.09,"endTime":752.09,"body":"which yielded an annual income"},{"startTime":747.09,"endTime":752.09,"body":"of some 28,000 pounds a year."},{"startTime":753.9,"endTime":756.48,"body":"She was granted seven houses,"},{"startTime":756.48,"endTime":758.94,"body":"the first and most important"},{"startTime":758.94,"endTime":763.94,"body":"presented to her romantically"},{"startTime":758.94,"endTime":763.94,"body":"on St. Valentine's Day 1626,"},{"startTime":764.1,"endTime":768.42,"body":"was her official London"},{"startTime":764.1,"endTime":768.42,"body":"residence, Denmark House,"},{"startTime":768.42,"endTime":771.0,"body":"which you see here depicted in its state"},{"startTime":771.0,"endTime":773.883,"body":"after the restoration rather than before."},{"startTime":774.84,"endTime":778.2,"body":"Then came her first country houses,"},{"startTime":778.2,"endTime":782.04,"body":"Richmond in February 1627,"},{"startTime":782.04,"endTime":785.43,"body":"and the following month,"},{"startTime":782.04,"endTime":785.43,"body":"Oatlands and Nonsuch,"},{"startTime":785.43,"endTime":788.55,"body":"you see someone's"},{"startTime":785.43,"endTime":788.55,"body":"reconstruction of Oatlands here."},{"startTime":788.55,"endTime":790.2,"body":"And exactly a year later,"},{"startTime":790.2,"endTime":794.943,"body":"the Queen was formally granted"},{"startTime":790.2,"endTime":794.943,"body":"the manor of Greenwich."},{"startTime":796.5,"endTime":801.5,"body":"In August 1629, she was given"},{"startTime":796.5,"endTime":801.5,"body":"another large country house,"},{"startTime":803.07,"endTime":805.62,"body":"Holdenby in North Hamptonshire."},{"startTime":805.62,"endTime":808.2,"body":"And finally in 1639,"},{"startTime":808.2,"endTime":812.193,"body":"Charles I purchased"},{"startTime":808.2,"endTime":812.193,"body":"Wimbledon Manor for her."},{"startTime":813.33,"endTime":815.43,"body":"In addition to all"},{"startTime":813.33,"endTime":815.43,"body":"these houses, of course,"},{"startTime":815.43,"endTime":820.43,"body":"she had extensive lodgings in"},{"startTime":815.43,"endTime":820.43,"body":"all the major royal houses,"},{"startTime":820.83,"endTime":823.623,"body":"such as Whitehall,"},{"startTime":820.83,"endTime":823.623,"body":"Hampton Court and Tibbles."},{"startTime":824.91,"endTime":829.05,"body":"Well, when Henrietta Maria"},{"startTime":824.91,"endTime":829.05,"body":"was given Greenwich Palace,"},{"startTime":829.05,"endTime":832.86,"body":"which you see here, she"},{"startTime":829.05,"endTime":832.86,"body":"decided to recommence work"},{"startTime":832.86,"endTime":836.82,"body":"on a parkside pavilion"},{"startTime":832.86,"endTime":836.82,"body":"begun by her predecessor."},{"startTime":836.82,"endTime":839.97,"body":"Here you see the finished"},{"startTime":836.82,"endTime":839.97,"body":"building, the Queen's House."},{"startTime":839.97,"endTime":842.79,"body":"Anna of Denmark had"},{"startTime":839.97,"endTime":842.79,"body":"commissioned Inigo Jones"},{"startTime":842.79,"endTime":846.27,"body":"to build a lodge to view the"},{"startTime":842.79,"endTime":846.27,"body":"hunting in Greenwich Park,"},{"startTime":846.27,"endTime":847.35,"body":"and you can see here,"},{"startTime":847.35,"endTime":849.21,"body":"the relationship between"},{"startTime":847.35,"endTime":849.21,"body":"that and the park here,"},{"startTime":849.21,"endTime":850.043,"body":"where the hunting was."},{"startTime":850.043,"endTime":852.78,"body":"And here's my reconstruction of the plan."},{"startTime":852.78,"endTime":854.01,"body":"So these are the residential,"},{"startTime":854.01,"endTime":855.63,"body":"main residential buildings in the river."},{"startTime":855.63,"endTime":858.57,"body":"Here's the River Thames, got"},{"startTime":855.63,"endTime":858.57,"body":"stables and things over here,"},{"startTime":858.57,"endTime":862.32,"body":"nice gardens, and here"},{"startTime":858.57,"endTime":862.32,"body":"is the Queen's House"},{"startTime":862.32,"endTime":863.64,"body":"overlooking the park,"},{"startTime":863.64,"endTime":868.23,"body":"and rather bizarrely"},{"startTime":863.64,"endTime":868.23,"body":"situated over the main road."},{"startTime":868.23,"endTime":870.54,"body":"So the house actually acted as a bridge"},{"startTime":870.54,"endTime":874.35,"body":"so that you could cross from"},{"startTime":870.54,"endTime":874.35,"body":"the private side of Greenwich"},{"startTime":874.35,"endTime":877.743,"body":"through the house, into the park side."},{"startTime":879.0,"endTime":882.39,"body":"Well, soon after Henrietta Maria"},{"startTime":882.39,"endTime":885.24,"body":"recommenced work on this building,"},{"startTime":885.24,"endTime":889.29,"body":"that had been begun by her mother-in-law,"},{"startTime":889.29,"endTime":894.0,"body":"Henrietta Maria seems to have"},{"startTime":889.29,"endTime":894.0,"body":"commissioned Jan van Belcamp,"},{"startTime":894.0,"endTime":897.99,"body":"to paint a picture of the"},{"startTime":894.0,"endTime":897.99,"body":"royal family and their friends"},{"startTime":897.99,"endTime":901.587,"body":"enjoying a summer's"},{"startTime":897.99,"endTime":901.587,"body":"walk in Greenwich Park."},{"startTime":901.587,"endTime":903.27,"body":"And this is the painting,"},{"startTime":903.27,"endTime":906.36,"body":"here you see in The Royal Collection."},{"startTime":906.36,"endTime":911.36,"body":"And he added figures to a fine landscape"},{"startTime":911.94,"endTime":916.78,"body":"that had already been painted"},{"startTime":911.94,"endTime":916.78,"body":"by another Dutch painter."},{"startTime":917.97,"endTime":919.83,"body":"And in the background of this painting,"},{"startTime":919.83,"endTime":923.94,"body":"you can see the stumpy half built hulk"},{"startTime":923.94,"endTime":927.303,"body":"of what became the Queen's House."},{"startTime":928.59,"endTime":933.15,"body":"On the far left in his garter ribbon"},{"startTime":933.15,"endTime":936.023,"body":"is probably the King's groom"},{"startTime":933.15,"endTime":936.023,"body":"of the stool, James Hay,"},{"startTime":936.023,"endTime":938.55,"body":"the 1st Earl of Carlisle,"},{"startTime":938.55,"endTime":941.88,"body":"who was called camel face"},{"startTime":938.55,"endTime":941.88,"body":"by the King's daughter,"},{"startTime":941.88,"endTime":945.39,"body":"not very kindly, wearing an indoor cap."},{"startTime":945.39,"endTime":948.99,"body":"He's talking to Endymion Porter here,"},{"startTime":948.99,"endTime":953.99,"body":"who's a fellow connoisseur,"},{"startTime":948.99,"endTime":953.99,"body":"and a close friend of the King."},{"startTime":954.84,"endTime":956.7,"body":"The man who's laboring up the hill,"},{"startTime":956.7,"endTime":960.48,"body":"you could just about see here,"},{"startTime":960.48,"endTime":964.02,"body":"in blue wearing his garter ribbon"},{"startTime":964.02,"endTime":966.9,"body":"is probably the Earl of Pembrooke,"},{"startTime":966.9,"endTime":969.75,"body":"Charles I's Lord Chamberlain."},{"startTime":969.75,"endTime":972.39,"body":"And there are various other people"},{"startTime":972.39,"endTime":975.03,"body":"who I think we can identify there."},{"startTime":975.03,"endTime":977.79,"body":"This is a group of the King's closest,"},{"startTime":977.79,"endTime":981.243,"body":"and Queen's closest friends."},{"startTime":982.95,"endTime":986.16,"body":"Well you don't know what was"},{"startTime":982.95,"endTime":986.16,"body":"in Henrietta Maria's mind"},{"startTime":986.16,"endTime":989.94,"body":"when she ordered Inigo Jones to take up"},{"startTime":989.94,"endTime":993.33,"body":"where he had left off 11 years before"},{"startTime":993.33,"endTime":995.46,"body":"and finish the Queen's House."},{"startTime":995.46,"endTime":998.43,"body":"But it seems as if the"},{"startTime":995.46,"endTime":998.43,"body":"structure that was designed"},{"startTime":998.43,"endTime":1002.78,"body":"and half built in 1616 was indeed that one"},{"startTime":1002.78,"endTime":1007.49,"body":"which was brought to"},{"startTime":1002.78,"endTime":1007.49,"body":"completion in 1638 to 9."},{"startTime":1007.49,"endTime":1010.97,"body":"But its decoration and its function"},{"startTime":1010.97,"endTime":1013.763,"body":"were completely reinvented"},{"startTime":1010.97,"endTime":1013.763,"body":"by its new owner."},{"startTime":1014.87,"endTime":1019.46,"body":"Now Henrietta Maria was no"},{"startTime":1014.87,"endTime":1019.46,"body":"less enthusiastic a huntress"},{"startTime":1019.46,"endTime":1021.32,"body":"than Anna of Denmark."},{"startTime":1021.32,"endTime":1023.81,"body":"She had her own pack of hounds."},{"startTime":1023.81,"endTime":1026.42,"body":"She had her own huntsman,"},{"startTime":1026.42,"endTime":1030.47,"body":"and she even had her own"},{"startTime":1026.42,"endTime":1030.47,"body":"personal crossbow maker."},{"startTime":1030.47,"endTime":1034.61,"body":"She and the Queen regularly"},{"startTime":1030.47,"endTime":1034.61,"body":"shot deer in Greenwich Park,"},{"startTime":1034.61,"endTime":1037.13,"body":"but as work restarted on what we now know"},{"startTime":1037.13,"endTime":1038.69,"body":"as the Queen's House,"},{"startTime":1038.69,"endTime":1042.14,"body":"it wasn't on the park"},{"startTime":1038.69,"endTime":1042.14,"body":"side of the building."},{"startTime":1042.14,"endTime":1044.84,"body":"Anna of Denmark's house"},{"startTime":1042.14,"endTime":1044.84,"body":"had addressed the park"},{"startTime":1044.84,"endTime":1047.9,"body":"in function and in form,"},{"startTime":1047.9,"endTime":1051.38,"body":"but Henrietta Maria turned"},{"startTime":1047.9,"endTime":1051.38,"body":"its aspect northwards"},{"startTime":1051.38,"endTime":1053.93,"body":"to face the palace and the river."},{"startTime":1053.93,"endTime":1056.03,"body":"And see, this is the"},{"startTime":1053.93,"endTime":1056.03,"body":"portrait I showed you earlier"},{"startTime":1056.03,"endTime":1057.08,"body":"of Henrietta Maria."},{"startTime":1057.08,"endTime":1060.5,"body":"And you'll see actually"},{"startTime":1057.08,"endTime":1060.5,"body":"here is the Queen's House"},{"startTime":1060.5,"endTime":1061.333,"body":"underneath the horse."},{"startTime":1061.333,"endTime":1063.29,"body":"She's obviously very proud of it."},{"startTime":1063.29,"endTime":1066.77,"body":"And in her time, it is"},{"startTime":1063.29,"endTime":1066.77,"body":"facing the other side."},{"startTime":1066.77,"endTime":1070.01,"body":"It is facing the gardens and"},{"startTime":1066.77,"endTime":1070.01,"body":"the other side of this wall"},{"startTime":1070.01,"endTime":1072.623,"body":"than facing the park."},{"startTime":1074.39,"endTime":1078.59,"body":"And so as work advanced,"},{"startTime":1078.59,"endTime":1081.89,"body":"it was only the interiors"},{"startTime":1078.59,"endTime":1081.89,"body":"on the north side"},{"startTime":1081.89,"endTime":1083.42,"body":"that were completed."},{"startTime":1083.42,"endTime":1085.67,"body":"And by 1636,"},{"startTime":1085.67,"endTime":1089.12,"body":"the Queen was laying out lavish"},{"startTime":1085.67,"endTime":1089.12,"body":"gardens in front of them."},{"startTime":1089.12,"endTime":1092.06,"body":"When work stopped in 1640,"},{"startTime":1092.06,"endTime":1093.41,"body":"the northern half of the house"},{"startTime":1093.41,"endTime":1096.47,"body":"now overlooked new pleasure gardens,"},{"startTime":1096.47,"endTime":1101.47,"body":"and was largely complete and inhabitable."},{"startTime":1104.18,"endTime":1108.95,"body":"When you go to Greenwich today"},{"startTime":1104.18,"endTime":1108.95,"body":"and visit the Queen's House,"},{"startTime":1108.95,"endTime":1113.12,"body":"you get absolutely no"},{"startTime":1108.95,"endTime":1113.12,"body":"sense of what it was like"},{"startTime":1113.12,"endTime":1115.91,"body":"on the eve of the civil war."},{"startTime":1115.91,"endTime":1120.91,"body":"It's now set austerely in manicured lawns"},{"startTime":1121.13,"endTime":1123.38,"body":"as a sort of architectural jewel,"},{"startTime":1123.38,"endTime":1124.73,"body":"rather like a sort of painting"},{"startTime":1124.73,"endTime":1126.59,"body":"hanging on a wall in a gallery."},{"startTime":1126.59,"endTime":1129.92,"body":"It's a shrine to its"},{"startTime":1126.59,"endTime":1129.92,"body":"architect, Inigo Jones,"},{"startTime":1129.92,"endTime":1133.67,"body":"and to the style that"},{"startTime":1129.92,"endTime":1133.67,"body":"much later became known"},{"startTime":1133.67,"endTime":1135.83,"body":"as Palladianism."},{"startTime":1135.83,"endTime":1138.32,"body":"But the upper portions"},{"startTime":1135.83,"endTime":1138.32,"body":"of the garden frontier,"},{"startTime":1138.32,"endTime":1140.39,"body":"which are just white today,"},{"startTime":1140.39,"endTime":1143.96,"body":"were originally painted"},{"startTime":1140.39,"endTime":1143.96,"body":"with colorful grotesques,"},{"startTime":1143.96,"endTime":1148.43,"body":"and the windows of these rooms"},{"startTime":1143.96,"endTime":1148.43,"body":"contained ironed balconies"},{"startTime":1148.43,"endTime":1153.2,"body":"from which the Queen could"},{"startTime":1148.43,"endTime":1153.2,"body":"look out over gorgeous gardens,"},{"startTime":1153.2,"endTime":1157.25,"body":"laid out in front and view"},{"startTime":1153.2,"endTime":1157.25,"body":"the river, the palace,"},{"startTime":1157.25,"endTime":1160.04,"body":"and distantly the city of London."},{"startTime":1160.04,"endTime":1164.03,"body":"It was in fact, a garden pavilion"},{"startTime":1164.03,"endTime":1167.963,"body":"described by one contemporary"},{"startTime":1164.03,"endTime":1167.963,"body":"as a house of delight."},{"startTime":1168.98,"endTime":1171.35,"body":"Such buildings had a long pedigree."},{"startTime":1171.35,"endTime":1174.17,"body":"And since the 15th century,"},{"startTime":1174.17,"endTime":1177.17,"body":"Greenwich had always been"},{"startTime":1174.17,"endTime":1177.17,"body":"conceived in two parts,"},{"startTime":1177.17,"endTime":1180.05,"body":"incorporating a secluded garden retreat,"},{"startTime":1180.05,"endTime":1181.373,"body":"known as a plaisance."},{"startTime":1182.36,"endTime":1185.54,"body":"Henrietta Maria was"},{"startTime":1182.36,"endTime":1185.54,"body":"thus really reinstating"},{"startTime":1185.54,"endTime":1188.81,"body":"a traditional form of royal residence."},{"startTime":1188.81,"endTime":1193.81,"body":"Put simply, she was creating"},{"startTime":1188.81,"endTime":1193.81,"body":"a little house of necessity."},{"startTime":1194.09,"endTime":1196.07,"body":"And decorating this house"},{"startTime":1196.07,"endTime":1201.013,"body":"became the Queen's principle"},{"startTime":1196.07,"endTime":1201.013,"body":"interest in the mid 1630s."},{"startTime":1201.013,"endTime":1205.37,"body":"And she was frequently"},{"startTime":1201.013,"endTime":1205.37,"body":"to be found at Greenwich"},{"startTime":1205.37,"endTime":1210.37,"body":"discussing the progress"},{"startTime":1205.37,"endTime":1210.37,"body":"of work with Inigo Jones,"},{"startTime":1210.71,"endTime":1215.27,"body":"who was handsomely"},{"startTime":1210.71,"endTime":1215.27,"body":"rewarded for his efforts."},{"startTime":1215.27,"endTime":1220.27,"body":"And the King and Queen drew"},{"startTime":1215.27,"endTime":1220.27,"body":"on their international network"},{"startTime":1220.34,"endTime":1225.34,"body":"of connoisseurs to create a"},{"startTime":1220.34,"endTime":1225.34,"body":"series of bejeweled interiors."},{"startTime":1227.3,"endTime":1232.3,"body":"In 1626, the Tuscan"},{"startTime":1227.3,"endTime":1232.3,"body":"painter, Orazio Gentileschi,"},{"startTime":1232.97,"endTime":1235.073,"body":"entered the service of Charles I."},{"startTime":1236.0,"endTime":1238.85,"body":"He'd previously been worKing"},{"startTime":1236.0,"endTime":1238.85,"body":"for Henrietta Maria's mother,"},{"startTime":1238.85,"endTime":1240.68,"body":"Marie de' Medici in Paris,"},{"startTime":1240.68,"endTime":1245.03,"body":"and he had come to"},{"startTime":1240.68,"endTime":1245.03,"body":"England with her blessing."},{"startTime":1245.03,"endTime":1247.34,"body":"He was quickly assimilated into the group"},{"startTime":1247.34,"endTime":1250.31,"body":"of connoisseurs and"},{"startTime":1247.34,"endTime":1250.31,"body":"collectors around the King,"},{"startTime":1250.31,"endTime":1254.57,"body":"as both a painter and an advisor."},{"startTime":1254.57,"endTime":1258.77,"body":"But he was superseded in"},{"startTime":1254.57,"endTime":1258.77,"body":"royal favor in the early 1630s"},{"startTime":1258.77,"endTime":1262.25,"body":"by van Dyck, and was instead absorbed"},{"startTime":1262.25,"endTime":1264.173,"body":"into the Queen's circle."},{"startTime":1265.1,"endTime":1268.25,"body":"Gentileschi painted two large canvases"},{"startTime":1268.25,"endTime":1270.44,"body":"for the Great Hall at the Queen's House"},{"startTime":1270.44,"endTime":1274.43,"body":"and was commissioned to paint its ceiling."},{"startTime":1274.43,"endTime":1275.99,"body":"Like the Banqueting House,"},{"startTime":1275.99,"endTime":1280.01,"body":"the ceiling was divided up into"},{"startTime":1275.99,"endTime":1280.01,"body":"compartments by great beams."},{"startTime":1280.01,"endTime":1284.69,"body":"And in these, Gentileschi"},{"startTime":1280.01,"endTime":1284.69,"body":"painted his allegory of peace"},{"startTime":1284.69,"endTime":1286.823,"body":"reigning over the arts."},{"startTime":1287.96,"endTime":1290.75,"body":"Well, while this ceiling survives"},{"startTime":1290.75,"endTime":1294.2,"body":"badly mutilated at Marlborough House,"},{"startTime":1294.2,"endTime":1296.9,"body":"the composition is quite legible."},{"startTime":1296.9,"endTime":1301.01,"body":"While ribbons at the Banqueting House"},{"startTime":1301.01,"endTime":1304.553,"body":"publicly trumpeted the"},{"startTime":1301.01,"endTime":1304.553,"body":"triumph of the Stuart dynasty,"},{"startTime":1305.72,"endTime":1308.99,"body":"this was, if you like,"},{"startTime":1305.72,"endTime":1308.99,"body":"a painting of state,"},{"startTime":1308.99,"endTime":1312.53,"body":"the iconography of Gentileschi"},{"startTime":1308.99,"endTime":1312.53,"body":"in the Queen's House"},{"startTime":1312.53,"endTime":1314.06,"body":"was much more intimate,"},{"startTime":1314.06,"endTime":1317.69,"body":"representing the national cultural rebirth"},{"startTime":1317.69,"endTime":1322.073,"body":"over which the King and Queen"},{"startTime":1317.69,"endTime":1322.073,"body":"saw themselves presiding."},{"startTime":1323.0,"endTime":1326.96,"body":"All 26 figures in the complex allegory,"},{"startTime":1326.96,"endTime":1329.72,"body":"part of which you see here are female,"},{"startTime":1329.72,"endTime":1334.04,"body":"admonishing the role that"},{"startTime":1329.72,"endTime":1334.04,"body":"their sex played in the arts."},{"startTime":1334.04,"endTime":1338.45,"body":"Indeed, the subjects on the"},{"startTime":1334.04,"endTime":1338.45,"body":"wall canvases were female too."},{"startTime":1338.45,"endTime":1341.99,"body":"The single male presence in the house"},{"startTime":1341.99,"endTime":1344.51,"body":"was the exquisite bust of the King"},{"startTime":1344.51,"endTime":1347.78,"body":"commissioned by Henrietta"},{"startTime":1344.51,"endTime":1347.78,"body":"Maria from Bernini,"},{"startTime":1347.78,"endTime":1351.23,"body":"and which perished in the"},{"startTime":1347.78,"endTime":1351.23,"body":"late 17th century fire"},{"startTime":1351.23,"endTime":1352.133,"body":"at Whitehall."},{"startTime":1353.33,"endTime":1357.32,"body":"No less attention was given"},{"startTime":1353.33,"endTime":1357.32,"body":"to the first floor rooms."},{"startTime":1357.32,"endTime":1362.32,"body":"The connoisseur, Sir Balthazar Gerbier"},{"startTime":1362.36,"endTime":1364.85,"body":"was enlisted to secure the services"},{"startTime":1364.85,"endTime":1368.45,"body":"of the leading Flemish"},{"startTime":1364.85,"endTime":1368.45,"body":"painter, Jacob Jordaens,"},{"startTime":1368.45,"endTime":1371.78,"body":"to paint 22 canvases for"},{"startTime":1368.45,"endTime":1371.78,"body":"the withdrawing room."},{"startTime":1371.78,"endTime":1373.28,"body":"So this is the upper part."},{"startTime":1373.28,"endTime":1375.89,"body":"This bit's abandoned, not used,"},{"startTime":1375.89,"endTime":1377.03,"body":"this is overlooKing the park."},{"startTime":1377.03,"endTime":1379.67,"body":"This is the bit that"},{"startTime":1377.03,"endTime":1379.67,"body":"overlooking looks the gardens."},{"startTime":1379.67,"endTime":1380.503,"body":"Here's the bed chamber,"},{"startTime":1380.503,"endTime":1381.62,"body":"which I'm going to show you in a moment,"},{"startTime":1381.62,"endTime":1383.87,"body":"the closet, and here is"},{"startTime":1381.62,"endTime":1383.87,"body":"the withdrawing room."},{"startTime":1383.87,"endTime":1388.07,"body":"And the subject in here"},{"startTime":1383.87,"endTime":1388.07,"body":"was Cupid and Psyche,"},{"startTime":1388.07,"endTime":1390.8,"body":"very thinly disguised"},{"startTime":1388.07,"endTime":1390.8,"body":"as the King and Queen,"},{"startTime":1390.8,"endTime":1395.75,"body":"and the gods surrounding them"},{"startTime":1390.8,"endTime":1395.75,"body":"were to be easily recognizable"},{"startTime":1395.75,"endTime":1400.37,"body":"and required ye faces"},{"startTime":1395.75,"endTime":1400.37,"body":"of ye woman, ye women,"},{"startTime":1400.37,"endTime":1402.893,"body":"as beautiful as may be."},{"startTime":1404.51,"endTime":1407.54,"body":"Unlike Jordaen's paintings,"},{"startTime":1404.51,"endTime":1407.54,"body":"none of which survive,"},{"startTime":1407.54,"endTime":1411.83,"body":"the Queen's bed chamber"},{"startTime":1407.54,"endTime":1411.83,"body":"remains largely intact"},{"startTime":1411.83,"endTime":1415.4,"body":"and is the only early Stuart interior,"},{"startTime":1415.4,"endTime":1418.01,"body":"where today you can get a sense"},{"startTime":1418.01,"endTime":1421.31,"body":"of the King's and Queen's"},{"startTime":1418.01,"endTime":1421.31,"body":"private existence."},{"startTime":1421.31,"endTime":1423.59,"body":"Now it doesn't actually"},{"startTime":1421.31,"endTime":1423.59,"body":"look like this anymore."},{"startTime":1423.59,"endTime":1424.67,"body":"This is a photograph of it"},{"startTime":1424.67,"endTime":1429.32,"body":"when it was displayed a few"},{"startTime":1424.67,"endTime":1429.32,"body":"years ago as a royal palace."},{"startTime":1429.32,"endTime":1433.583,"body":"Today, it's returned to be"},{"startTime":1429.32,"endTime":1433.583,"body":"shown as a picture gallery."},{"startTime":1434.81,"endTime":1437.21,"body":"Through the papal agent at her court,"},{"startTime":1437.21,"endTime":1440.57,"body":"the Queen secured the"},{"startTime":1437.21,"endTime":1440.57,"body":"services of Guido Reni"},{"startTime":1440.57,"endTime":1443.15,"body":"to paint the central canvas in a ceiling"},{"startTime":1443.15,"endTime":1446.39,"body":"decorated by the English office of works."},{"startTime":1446.39,"endTime":1450.62,"body":"Guido's painting unfortunately"},{"startTime":1446.39,"endTime":1450.62,"body":"never reached England,"},{"startTime":1450.62,"endTime":1453.71,"body":"but the coving, which you can see here,"},{"startTime":1453.71,"endTime":1457.07,"body":"is a unique survival"},{"startTime":1453.71,"endTime":1457.07,"body":"of decorative painting"},{"startTime":1457.07,"endTime":1460.37,"body":"in an early Stuart royal interior."},{"startTime":1460.37,"endTime":1462.05,"body":"Royal taste was strongly"},{"startTime":1462.05,"endTime":1464.39,"body":"for Italian Renaissance's grotesque work,"},{"startTime":1464.39,"endTime":1466.7,"body":"a form of decoration popular in England"},{"startTime":1466.7,"endTime":1467.93,"body":"for a century or more,"},{"startTime":1467.93,"endTime":1472.22,"body":"but brought to a state of high"},{"startTime":1467.93,"endTime":1472.22,"body":"sophistication by designers,"},{"startTime":1472.22,"endTime":1474.083,"body":"such as Francis Klein."},{"startTime":1475.31,"endTime":1476.42,"body":"The Queen's House, I think,"},{"startTime":1476.42,"endTime":1479.0,"body":"tells us more about the early Stuart Court"},{"startTime":1479.0,"endTime":1481.37,"body":"than any other surviving building,"},{"startTime":1481.37,"endTime":1482.99,"body":"except the Banqueting House."},{"startTime":1482.99,"endTime":1485.84,"body":"Conceived as a private pleasure pavilion"},{"startTime":1485.84,"endTime":1488.6,"body":"and dedicated to their love of each other,"},{"startTime":1488.6,"endTime":1490.19,"body":"the love of the arts,"},{"startTime":1490.19,"endTime":1492.41,"body":"Henrietta Maria and Charles I"},{"startTime":1492.41,"endTime":1494.63,"body":"used their contacts across Europe"},{"startTime":1494.63,"endTime":1497.63,"body":"to create a luxurious jewel casket"},{"startTime":1497.63,"endTime":1500.75,"body":"set in a gorgeous landscape."},{"startTime":1500.75,"endTime":1504.8,"body":"And it was only open to"},{"startTime":1500.75,"endTime":1504.8,"body":"a tiny privileged group"},{"startTime":1504.8,"endTime":1509.8,"body":"of close friends as epitomized"},{"startTime":1504.8,"endTime":1509.8,"body":"by Belcamp's painting of them"},{"startTime":1510.35,"endTime":1512.273,"body":"walking in the park."},{"startTime":1514.43,"endTime":1519.43,"body":"Now the precise sequence"},{"startTime":1514.43,"endTime":1519.43,"body":"of events that led in 1639"},{"startTime":1521.51,"endTime":1526.51,"body":"to Henrietta Maria purchasing"},{"startTime":1521.51,"endTime":1526.51,"body":"Wimbledon Manor is not known."},{"startTime":1527.3,"endTime":1529.7,"body":"But those of you who listened to my series"},{"startTime":1529.7,"endTime":1531.14,"body":"of Gresham lectures last year"},{"startTime":1531.14,"endTime":1532.91,"body":"on Great Tudor and Stuart houses"},{"startTime":1532.91,"endTime":1536.42,"body":"may remember me introducing"},{"startTime":1532.91,"endTime":1536.42,"body":"this house in my lecture"},{"startTime":1536.42,"endTime":1538.85,"body":"about the Cecil's."},{"startTime":1538.85,"endTime":1540.53,"body":"Now it's rather hard today"},{"startTime":1540.53,"endTime":1545.53,"body":"to imagine 16th century Wimbledon."},{"startTime":1545.9,"endTime":1550.9,"body":"It was then one of a,"},{"startTime":1545.9,"endTime":1550.9,"body":"one of three tiny hamlets"},{"startTime":1551.63,"endTime":1556.46,"body":"that boarded in a triangle, a"},{"startTime":1551.63,"endTime":1556.46,"body":"great plateau of high ground,"},{"startTime":1556.46,"endTime":1559.1,"body":"which we now know is Wimbledon Common,"},{"startTime":1559.1,"endTime":1561.41,"body":"but was then much larger."},{"startTime":1561.41,"endTime":1564.77,"body":"The Heath, as it was called,"},{"startTime":1561.41,"endTime":1564.77,"body":"was bisected east to west"},{"startTime":1564.77,"endTime":1567.98,"body":"by the main London to South Hampton Road,"},{"startTime":1567.98,"endTime":1571.16,"body":"the main thoroughfare bypassing Wimbledon,"},{"startTime":1571.16,"endTime":1572.87,"body":"Putney, and Mortlake"},{"startTime":1572.87,"endTime":1575.48,"body":"on its way to the coast."},{"startTime":1575.48,"endTime":1578.51,"body":"Wimbledon was six miles from London,"},{"startTime":1578.51,"endTime":1582.86,"body":"and from the high ground, the"},{"startTime":1578.51,"endTime":1582.86,"body":"city was perfectly visible."},{"startTime":1582.86,"endTime":1584.45,"body":"I got on the train, went down there"},{"startTime":1584.45,"endTime":1586.94,"body":"just to prove this to you"},{"startTime":1584.45,"endTime":1586.94,"body":"and took this photograph."},{"startTime":1586.94,"endTime":1590.15,"body":"Obviously the post office"},{"startTime":1586.94,"endTime":1590.15,"body":"tower was not there,"},{"startTime":1590.15,"endTime":1593.18,"body":"but you can see from this,"},{"startTime":1590.15,"endTime":1593.18,"body":"and it's not even a long lens,"},{"startTime":1593.18,"endTime":1594.8,"body":"I just took it on my telephone."},{"startTime":1594.8,"endTime":1598.79,"body":"How you can see from the top"},{"startTime":1594.8,"endTime":1598.79,"body":"of the hill of Wimbledon,"},{"startTime":1598.79,"endTime":1602.093,"body":"you can see London extremely clearly."},{"startTime":1603.62,"endTime":1606.98,"body":"But it was then extremely remote"},{"startTime":1606.98,"endTime":1611.98,"body":"with a population of"},{"startTime":1606.98,"endTime":1611.98,"body":"perhaps only 230 people"},{"startTime":1612.02,"endTime":1614.39,"body":"clustered together in tiny cottages"},{"startTime":1614.39,"endTime":1618.8,"body":"with a church set a little"},{"startTime":1614.39,"endTime":1618.8,"body":"apart next to the rectory."},{"startTime":1618.8,"endTime":1621.65,"body":"And it was the rectory which was purchased"},{"startTime":1621.65,"endTime":1626.48,"body":"by William Cecil, the future"},{"startTime":1621.65,"endTime":1626.48,"body":"Lord Burghley in 1550."},{"startTime":1626.48,"endTime":1628.79,"body":"At that point, he was a rising star,"},{"startTime":1628.79,"endTime":1632.45,"body":"only 30 years old and"},{"startTime":1628.79,"endTime":1632.45,"body":"wanted a rural retreat"},{"startTime":1632.45,"endTime":1636.02,"body":"to which he could go from his"},{"startTime":1632.45,"endTime":1636.02,"body":"house near Whitehall Palace"},{"startTime":1636.02,"endTime":1637.61,"body":"in Canon Row."},{"startTime":1637.61,"endTime":1639.473,"body":"Well, the rectory is still there."},{"startTime":1640.91,"endTime":1643.28,"body":"I've not been into it, sadly."},{"startTime":1643.28,"endTime":1645.23,"body":"It recently sold according to Country Life"},{"startTime":1645.23,"endTime":1647.72,"body":"for 26 million pounds."},{"startTime":1647.72,"endTime":1651.14,"body":"But apparently some of"},{"startTime":1647.72,"endTime":1651.14,"body":"the interiors do remain."},{"startTime":1651.14,"endTime":1654.38,"body":"But during Lord Burghley's ownership,"},{"startTime":1654.38,"endTime":1657.893,"body":"he added land to the"},{"startTime":1654.38,"endTime":1657.893,"body":"rectory and extended it."},{"startTime":1658.76,"endTime":1663.08,"body":"But with several other"},{"startTime":1658.76,"endTime":1663.08,"body":"enormous houses to his name,"},{"startTime":1663.08,"endTime":1665.3,"body":"including Burghley House and Tibbles,"},{"startTime":1665.3,"endTime":1670.3,"body":"he granted this, his old"},{"startTime":1665.3,"endTime":1670.3,"body":"family home to his eldest son,"},{"startTime":1671.45,"endTime":1674.213,"body":"Thomas, in 1575."},{"startTime":1675.47,"endTime":1677.24,"body":"Thomas Cecil, in his turn,"},{"startTime":1677.24,"endTime":1682.13,"body":"expanded the family land"},{"startTime":1677.24,"endTime":1682.13,"body":"ownings in Wimbledon,"},{"startTime":1682.13,"endTime":1684.59,"body":"including purchasing the"},{"startTime":1682.13,"endTime":1684.59,"body":"neighboring Manor House"},{"startTime":1684.59,"endTime":1688.67,"body":"on the other side of the parish church."},{"startTime":1688.67,"endTime":1693.35,"body":"He then married an heiress in 1564,"},{"startTime":1693.35,"endTime":1696.8,"body":"adding to the family's great wealth."},{"startTime":1696.8,"endTime":1701.27,"body":"Building seems to be his"},{"startTime":1696.8,"endTime":1701.27,"body":"chief interest in life,"},{"startTime":1701.27,"endTime":1704.12,"body":"and he must have taken a major hand"},{"startTime":1704.12,"endTime":1709.07,"body":"in designing this new"},{"startTime":1704.12,"endTime":1709.07,"body":"spectacularly located"},{"startTime":1709.07,"endTime":1712.76,"body":"and elegantly planned"},{"startTime":1709.07,"endTime":1712.76,"body":"suburban home in Wimbledon"},{"startTime":1712.76,"endTime":1716.12,"body":"that he began in 1688"},{"startTime":1716.12,"endTime":1719.06,"body":"on the site of the old Manor House."},{"startTime":1719.06,"endTime":1722.78,"body":"As you can see, it was"},{"startTime":1719.06,"endTime":1722.78,"body":"cut into the hillside."},{"startTime":1722.78,"endTime":1724.85,"body":"And although it's completely gone today,"},{"startTime":1724.85,"endTime":1726.71,"body":"as you go up the road where it was,"},{"startTime":1726.71,"endTime":1729.65,"body":"you can see the steeply falling land away."},{"startTime":1729.65,"endTime":1731.96,"body":"And to the right, if you know Wimbledon,"},{"startTime":1731.96,"endTime":1733.85,"body":"there's the golf course."},{"startTime":1733.85,"endTime":1736.61,"body":"And then beyond that,"},{"startTime":1733.85,"endTime":1736.61,"body":"there are the tennis club,"},{"startTime":1736.61,"endTime":1738.983,"body":"the tennis courts."},{"startTime":1740.66,"endTime":1743.3,"body":"And the whole property was very big,"},{"startTime":1743.3,"endTime":1747.233,"body":"it covered some 266 acres."},{"startTime":1748.28,"endTime":1750.86,"body":"Well, James I was a regular visitor"},{"startTime":1750.86,"endTime":1754.04,"body":"to Thomas Cecil in Wimbledon,"},{"startTime":1750.86,"endTime":1754.04,"body":"but after Cecil's death,"},{"startTime":1754.04,"endTime":1759.04,"body":"the house passed to his son,"},{"startTime":1754.04,"endTime":1759.04,"body":"General Sir Edward Cecil,"},{"startTime":1760.55,"endTime":1765.26,"body":"a soldier who spent much"},{"startTime":1760.55,"endTime":1765.26,"body":"of his career abroad."},{"startTime":1765.26,"endTime":1767.0,"body":"He certainly used the house,"},{"startTime":1767.0,"endTime":1770.66,"body":"in fact, he took his title"},{"startTime":1767.0,"endTime":1770.66,"body":"from it, Viscount Wimbledon,"},{"startTime":1770.66,"endTime":1775.66,"body":"and he built a chapel on"},{"startTime":1770.66,"endTime":1775.66,"body":"the side of the church,"},{"startTime":1776.06,"endTime":1777.17,"body":"which still survives."},{"startTime":1777.17,"endTime":1779.0,"body":"And there's his two in the church,"},{"startTime":1779.0,"endTime":1781.4,"body":"the rest of the church has"},{"startTime":1779.0,"endTime":1781.4,"body":"rebuilt in the 19th century,"},{"startTime":1781.4,"endTime":1784.673,"body":"but this is Cecil's tomb."},{"startTime":1786.59,"endTime":1789.71,"body":"We don't know much about"},{"startTime":1786.59,"endTime":1789.71,"body":"his life at Wimbledon Manor,"},{"startTime":1789.71,"endTime":1791.93,"body":"but we do know that at one point"},{"startTime":1791.93,"endTime":1795.14,"body":"there was an explosion in the kitchens,"},{"startTime":1795.14,"endTime":1798.35,"body":"when a maid opened a barrel of gun powder"},{"startTime":1798.35,"endTime":1800.18,"body":"thinking it was a barrel of soap,"},{"startTime":1800.18,"endTime":1803.69,"body":"I suppose he was a soldier,"},{"startTime":1800.18,"endTime":1803.69,"body":"and she dropped in a candle."},{"startTime":1803.69,"endTime":1805.19,"body":"Must have been a nasty moment."},{"startTime":1806.33,"endTime":1809.72,"body":"But other than repairing"},{"startTime":1806.33,"endTime":1809.72,"body":"what damage this caused,"},{"startTime":1809.72,"endTime":1811.79,"body":"it seems he made few,"},{"startTime":1811.79,"endTime":1815.003,"body":"if any architectural changes to the house."},{"startTime":1816.2,"endTime":1818.99,"body":"A foreign tourist who visited it in 1629"},{"startTime":1818.99,"endTime":1823.01,"body":"raved about its beauty,"},{"startTime":1818.99,"endTime":1823.01,"body":"and especially the gardens,"},{"startTime":1823.01,"endTime":1827.15,"body":"the likes of which he thought"},{"startTime":1823.01,"endTime":1827.15,"body":"were rarely found in England."},{"startTime":1827.15,"endTime":1830.72,"body":"And when Edward died without a male heir,"},{"startTime":1830.72,"endTime":1833.333,"body":"the estate was put up for sale."},{"startTime":1834.68,"endTime":1838.4,"body":"Well there's no evidence that"},{"startTime":1834.68,"endTime":1838.4,"body":"Charles and Henrietta Maria"},{"startTime":1838.4,"endTime":1842.42,"body":"were visitors to this"},{"startTime":1838.4,"endTime":1842.42,"body":"house during the 1630s,"},{"startTime":1842.42,"endTime":1845.3,"body":"or even that they were"},{"startTime":1842.42,"endTime":1845.3,"body":"looKing for another residence,"},{"startTime":1845.3,"endTime":1848.45,"body":"and with Greenwich,"},{"startTime":1845.3,"endTime":1848.45,"body":"Oatlands, Richmond, Nonsuch,"},{"startTime":1848.45,"endTime":1853.45,"body":"it has to be wondered why the"},{"startTime":1848.45,"endTime":1853.45,"body":"Queen wanted another house."},{"startTime":1853.82,"endTime":1856.64,"body":"Well, I shall answer that"},{"startTime":1853.82,"endTime":1856.64,"body":"question in a few minutes,"},{"startTime":1856.64,"endTime":1861.5,"body":"but first we shall just note"},{"startTime":1856.64,"endTime":1861.5,"body":"that the King bought it for her"},{"startTime":1861.5,"endTime":1864.68,"body":"for the colossal sum of 16,789 pounds."},{"startTime":1869.42,"endTime":1873.14,"body":"Well, Inigo Jones, the"},{"startTime":1869.42,"endTime":1873.14,"body":"Queen's personal architect,"},{"startTime":1873.14,"endTime":1875.99,"body":"was instructed to draw up plans"},{"startTime":1875.99,"endTime":1878.21,"body":"for altering the Elizabethan house"},{"startTime":1878.21,"endTime":1880.283,"body":"to the Queen's specification."},{"startTime":1881.15,"endTime":1882.8,"body":"None of these plans survived,"},{"startTime":1882.8,"endTime":1887.8,"body":"but we have just one drawing"},{"startTime":1882.8,"endTime":1887.8,"body":"in Jones's hand for Wimbledon,"},{"startTime":1888.41,"endTime":1892.64,"body":"which is inscribed for"},{"startTime":1888.41,"endTime":1892.64,"body":"friezes at Wimbledon,"},{"startTime":1892.64,"endTime":1896.57,"body":"and this sketch probably"},{"startTime":1892.64,"endTime":1896.57,"body":"shows some cornicing"},{"startTime":1896.57,"endTime":1899.66,"body":"for one of the new rooms."},{"startTime":1899.66,"endTime":1902.06,"body":"But I can't emphasize strongly enough"},{"startTime":1902.06,"endTime":1907.06,"body":"that this was not just an"},{"startTime":1902.06,"endTime":1907.06,"body":"interior redecoration job,"},{"startTime":1907.34,"endTime":1910.34,"body":"because we know that in December, 1638,"},{"startTime":1910.34,"endTime":1913.04,"body":"a brick field was leased by the King,"},{"startTime":1913.04,"endTime":1918.04,"body":"and a brick making contractor"},{"startTime":1913.04,"endTime":1918.04,"body":"fired 124,000 bricks"},{"startTime":1918.62,"endTime":1921.53,"body":"for maKing alterations to the house."},{"startTime":1921.53,"endTime":1924.77,"body":"This, in fact, was a major project"},{"startTime":1924.77,"endTime":1927.02,"body":"designed by Inigo Jones for the Queen,"},{"startTime":1927.02,"endTime":1929.99,"body":"that because it's been"},{"startTime":1927.02,"endTime":1929.99,"body":"completely demolished,"},{"startTime":1929.99,"endTime":1932.6,"body":"has never gained any prominence."},{"startTime":1932.6,"endTime":1936.8,"body":"However, we can reconstruct exactly"},{"startTime":1936.8,"endTime":1940.04,"body":"what Henrietta Maria"},{"startTime":1936.8,"endTime":1940.04,"body":"commissioned from Jones,"},{"startTime":1940.04,"endTime":1941.48,"body":"and by analyzing the house,"},{"startTime":1941.48,"endTime":1944.063,"body":"we can reveal what she was trying to do."},{"startTime":1945.26,"endTime":1949.97,"body":"Well the starting point is"},{"startTime":1945.26,"endTime":1949.97,"body":"a remarkably detailed survey"},{"startTime":1949.97,"endTime":1954.5,"body":"of Thomas Cecil's house"},{"startTime":1949.97,"endTime":1954.5,"body":"found in a book of drawings"},{"startTime":1954.5,"endTime":1958.823,"body":"assembled by the royal"},{"startTime":1954.5,"endTime":1958.823,"body":"surveyor, John Thorpe."},{"startTime":1959.72,"endTime":1962.9,"body":"Unfortunately, the circumstances"},{"startTime":1959.72,"endTime":1962.9,"body":"or the date of this plan,"},{"startTime":1962.9,"endTime":1965.03,"body":"can't be convincingly stated,"},{"startTime":1965.03,"endTime":1968.18,"body":"but it's clear from the annotations"},{"startTime":1968.18,"endTime":1971.81,"body":"that this was a survey"},{"startTime":1968.18,"endTime":1971.81,"body":"of the existing building."},{"startTime":1971.81,"endTime":1975.11,"body":"And as the book is dated 1596,"},{"startTime":1975.11,"endTime":1977.36,"body":"the survey must have"},{"startTime":1975.11,"endTime":1977.36,"body":"been taken before that."},{"startTime":1977.36,"endTime":1979.85,"body":"And you can see the manor we see here"},{"startTime":1979.85,"endTime":1983.03,"body":"wasn't a particularly big one."},{"startTime":1983.03,"endTime":1985.73,"body":"It was only one room deep."},{"startTime":1985.73,"endTime":1988.43,"body":"There was a great hall."},{"startTime":1988.43,"endTime":1992.15,"body":"This eastern arm here contained a chapel,"},{"startTime":1992.15,"endTime":1994.16,"body":"stairs up to a long gallery"},{"startTime":1994.16,"endTime":1997.79,"body":"that went the whole distance of this wing."},{"startTime":1997.79,"endTime":2002.593,"body":"And in this wing here"},{"startTime":1997.79,"endTime":2002.593,"body":"were the family quarters."},{"startTime":2004.69,"endTime":2007.0,"body":"And on this side of the house,"},{"startTime":2007.0,"endTime":2009.7,"body":"this is the view looking"},{"startTime":2007.0,"endTime":2009.7,"body":"down towards London,"},{"startTime":2009.7,"endTime":2010.99,"body":"and on this side of the house"},{"startTime":2010.99,"endTime":2013.27,"body":"were these spectacular gardens."},{"startTime":2013.27,"endTime":2015.37,"body":"And we know about these gardens"},{"startTime":2015.37,"endTime":2020.35,"body":"because the house was"},{"startTime":2015.37,"endTime":2020.35,"body":"surveyed again in 1609."},{"startTime":2020.35,"endTime":2025.35,"body":"And here you see Robert"},{"startTime":2020.35,"endTime":2025.35,"body":"Smythson's survey of the manor."},{"startTime":2025.72,"endTime":2029.713,"body":"This is what we were looking"},{"startTime":2025.72,"endTime":2029.713,"body":"at earlier, the U-shaped house."},{"startTime":2031.12,"endTime":2035.167,"body":"And you can see the extensive gardens"},{"startTime":2035.167,"endTime":2038.44,"body":"and a series of terraces"},{"startTime":2035.167,"endTime":2038.44,"body":"climbing up the hill"},{"startTime":2038.44,"endTime":2041.773,"body":"to the heathland at the back."},{"startTime":2042.67,"endTime":2045.7,"body":"As far as the layout of the rooms"},{"startTime":2045.7,"endTime":2050.35,"body":"in the house are concerned, the"},{"startTime":2045.7,"endTime":2050.35,"body":"two plans essentially agree."},{"startTime":2050.35,"endTime":2054.22,"body":"But what Smythson does is he"},{"startTime":2050.35,"endTime":2054.22,"body":"includes on this side here,"},{"startTime":2054.22,"endTime":2057.94,"body":"the kitchens, which"},{"startTime":2054.22,"endTime":2057.94,"body":"thought didn't include,"},{"startTime":2057.94,"endTime":2060.85,"body":"perhaps because they"},{"startTime":2057.94,"endTime":2060.85,"body":"rather spoiled the symmetry"},{"startTime":2060.85,"endTime":2063.49,"body":"of his rather elegant plan."},{"startTime":2063.49,"endTime":2066.88,"body":"But what these two Jacobean plans give us"},{"startTime":2066.88,"endTime":2068.71,"body":"are the plan of the house"},{"startTime":2068.71,"endTime":2072.4,"body":"during the occupation by Thomas Cecil."},{"startTime":2072.4,"endTime":2076.0,"body":"And if we assume that his son Edward"},{"startTime":2076.0,"endTime":2078.67,"body":"didn't make any significant"},{"startTime":2076.0,"endTime":2078.67,"body":"alterations to the house,"},{"startTime":2078.67,"endTime":2080.5,"body":"and there's no evidence that he did,"},{"startTime":2080.5,"endTime":2082.81,"body":"these plans show Wimbledon Manor"},{"startTime":2082.81,"endTime":2085.3,"body":"in the state in which they were purchased"},{"startTime":2085.3,"endTime":2088.243,"body":"by Henrietta Maria in 1639."},{"startTime":2089.23,"endTime":2091.03,"body":"Now, at this point,"},{"startTime":2091.03,"endTime":2094.63,"body":"I want to show you a"},{"startTime":2091.03,"endTime":2094.63,"body":"third plan of Wimbledon."},{"startTime":2094.63,"endTime":2099.04,"body":"And this one is in the"},{"startTime":2094.63,"endTime":2099.04,"body":"hand of Nicholas Hawksmoor,"},{"startTime":2099.04,"endTime":2102.25,"body":"Rem's chief draftsman, and of course,"},{"startTime":2102.25,"endTime":2105.79,"body":"an accomplished architect"},{"startTime":2102.25,"endTime":2105.79,"body":"in his own right."},{"startTime":2105.79,"endTime":2108.28,"body":"Unfortunately it's not dated,"},{"startTime":2108.28,"endTime":2113.28,"body":"but my colleagues who have"},{"startTime":2108.28,"endTime":2113.28,"body":"studied Hawksmoor's drawing style"},{"startTime":2113.44,"endTime":2117.22,"body":"believe that it was"},{"startTime":2113.44,"endTime":2117.22,"body":"done in the early 1690s."},{"startTime":2117.22,"endTime":2118.39,"body":"And as you can see,"},{"startTime":2118.39,"endTime":2123.39,"body":"the plan of the Elizabethan"},{"startTime":2118.39,"endTime":2123.39,"body":"house is perfectly recognizable."},{"startTime":2123.91,"endTime":2125.56,"body":"But in an addition,"},{"startTime":2125.56,"endTime":2130.56,"body":"there is a new extension"},{"startTime":2125.56,"endTime":2130.56,"body":"here on the western side."},{"startTime":2132.28,"endTime":2136.33,"body":"Perhaps this is the addition"},{"startTime":2132.28,"endTime":2136.33,"body":"built by Inigo Jones."},{"startTime":2136.33,"endTime":2139.69,"body":"But to be absolutely sure"},{"startTime":2136.33,"endTime":2139.69,"body":"it wasn't built later,"},{"startTime":2139.69,"endTime":2143.32,"body":"we need to quickly check"},{"startTime":2139.69,"endTime":2143.32,"body":"what happened to the house"},{"startTime":2143.32,"endTime":2147.22,"body":"between the execution of Charles I in 1649"},{"startTime":2147.22,"endTime":2149.143,"body":"and the early 1690s."},{"startTime":2150.28,"endTime":2153.16,"body":"Well during the Commonwealth"},{"startTime":2150.28,"endTime":2153.16,"body":"and protectorate,"},{"startTime":2153.16,"endTime":2154.48,"body":"Wimbledon Manor belonged"},{"startTime":2154.48,"endTime":2158.41,"body":"to one of the most senior"},{"startTime":2154.48,"endTime":2158.41,"body":"parliamentarian generals,"},{"startTime":2158.41,"endTime":2160.39,"body":"John Lambert."},{"startTime":2160.39,"endTime":2163.84,"body":"For eight years, he and his family"},{"startTime":2163.84,"endTime":2166.48,"body":"enjoyed living at Wimbledon."},{"startTime":2166.48,"endTime":2169.75,"body":"They tended the garden,"},{"startTime":2166.48,"endTime":2169.75,"body":"they furnished the house"},{"startTime":2169.75,"endTime":2173.47,"body":"with pictures bought from the royal sales."},{"startTime":2173.47,"endTime":2176.11,"body":"When he bought the house in 1652,"},{"startTime":2176.11,"endTime":2178.72,"body":"it was extremely fashionable,"},{"startTime":2178.72,"endTime":2182.05,"body":"and had only just been"},{"startTime":2178.72,"endTime":2182.05,"body":"renovated by Inigo Jones."},{"startTime":2182.05,"endTime":2184.12,"body":"And so there's no evidence to suggest"},{"startTime":2184.12,"endTime":2186.52,"body":"that he needed to make any alterations"},{"startTime":2186.52,"endTime":2188.74,"body":"to the former royal palace."},{"startTime":2188.74,"endTime":2191.05,"body":"Although his interest in the gardens"},{"startTime":2191.05,"endTime":2194.233,"body":"suggests that he may have"},{"startTime":2191.05,"endTime":2194.233,"body":"made some improvements there."},{"startTime":2195.25,"endTime":2196.81,"body":"Well at the restoration,"},{"startTime":2196.81,"endTime":2200.56,"body":"Wimbledon Manor was"},{"startTime":2196.81,"endTime":2200.56,"body":"returned to Henrietta Maria,"},{"startTime":2200.56,"endTime":2203.05,"body":"but she felt it had been defiled"},{"startTime":2203.05,"endTime":2205.06,"body":"by the presence of John Lambert,"},{"startTime":2205.06,"endTime":2209.38,"body":"and she sold it for 10,000"},{"startTime":2205.06,"endTime":2209.38,"body":"pounds to George Digby,"},{"startTime":2209.38,"endTime":2212.17,"body":"the 2nd Earl of Bristol."},{"startTime":2212.17,"endTime":2215.23,"body":"He took possession of it in 1661."},{"startTime":2215.23,"endTime":2219.01,"body":"He found it rather run down"},{"startTime":2215.23,"endTime":2219.01,"body":"and had to spend some money"},{"startTime":2219.01,"endTime":2220.75,"body":"on repairing the house and the garden"},{"startTime":2220.75,"endTime":2222.103,"body":"to make them habitable."},{"startTime":2222.97,"endTime":2227.26,"body":"His political career was catastrophic."},{"startTime":2227.26,"endTime":2229.69,"body":"Described by Professor Hutton,"},{"startTime":2229.69,"endTime":2232.42,"body":"Gresham College's new"},{"startTime":2229.69,"endTime":2232.42,"body":"Professor of Divinity,"},{"startTime":2232.42,"endTime":2235.51,"body":"as remorseless, sorry I'll say that again,"},{"startTime":2235.51,"endTime":2238.363,"body":"remorselessly self-destructive."},{"startTime":2239.29,"endTime":2242.17,"body":"There's no suggestion that Digby"},{"startTime":2242.17,"endTime":2245.56,"body":"could have ever made significant"},{"startTime":2242.17,"endTime":2245.56,"body":"alterations to the house."},{"startTime":2245.56,"endTime":2248.077,"body":"He stopped living there in the 1670s,"},{"startTime":2248.077,"endTime":2250.6,"body":"and on his death in 1677,"},{"startTime":2250.6,"endTime":2253.693,"body":"it was sold to the Earl of Danby."},{"startTime":2255.04,"endTime":2258.64,"body":"Thomas Osborne, Earl of Danby,"},{"startTime":2258.64,"endTime":2262.54,"body":"later the 1st Duke of"},{"startTime":2258.64,"endTime":2262.54,"body":"Leeds was a Yorkshireman"},{"startTime":2262.54,"endTime":2265.27,"body":"in need of a base close to London."},{"startTime":2265.27,"endTime":2269.08,"body":"He liked the house and he"},{"startTime":2265.27,"endTime":2269.08,"body":"particularly liked its gardens,"},{"startTime":2269.08,"endTime":2273.58,"body":"and he started to entertain"},{"startTime":2269.08,"endTime":2273.58,"body":"important guests there."},{"startTime":2273.58,"endTime":2278.56,"body":"But like the political"},{"startTime":2273.58,"endTime":2278.56,"body":"career of his predecessor,"},{"startTime":2278.56,"endTime":2283.54,"body":"the Earl of Bristol, Danby"},{"startTime":2278.56,"endTime":2283.54,"body":"ended up in deep water,"},{"startTime":2283.54,"endTime":2287.26,"body":"impeached, and in the Tower of London."},{"startTime":2287.26,"endTime":2290.74,"body":"But unlike Bristol, he was rehabilitated,"},{"startTime":2290.74,"endTime":2295.36,"body":"and in 1690 became William"},{"startTime":2290.74,"endTime":2295.36,"body":"III's Chief Minister"},{"startTime":2295.36,"endTime":2297.1,"body":"and Duke of Leeds."},{"startTime":2297.1,"endTime":2302.1,"body":"And I would suggest it was at"},{"startTime":2297.1,"endTime":2302.1,"body":"this moment of rehabilitation"},{"startTime":2302.17,"endTime":2304.63,"body":"with his star rapidly rising again,"},{"startTime":2304.63,"endTime":2307.03,"body":"that he commissioned Nicholas Hawksmoor,"},{"startTime":2307.03,"endTime":2311.26,"body":"England's, by then, most"},{"startTime":2307.03,"endTime":2311.26,"body":"fashionable country house architect"},{"startTime":2311.26,"endTime":2315.91,"body":"to survey Wimbledon in"},{"startTime":2311.26,"endTime":2315.91,"body":"preparation for a remodeling."},{"startTime":2315.91,"endTime":2320.91,"body":"So, if I'm right and neither"},{"startTime":2315.91,"endTime":2320.91,"body":"Lambert, Digby, or Osborne"},{"startTime":2321.19,"endTime":2323.56,"body":"made any significant changes to Wimbledon"},{"startTime":2323.56,"endTime":2326.08,"body":"between 1649 and 1690,"},{"startTime":2326.08,"endTime":2329.17,"body":"Hawksmoor's plan shows the alterations"},{"startTime":2329.17,"endTime":2333.01,"body":"made to Wimbledon Manor by Inigo Jones."},{"startTime":2333.01,"endTime":2338.01,"body":"And in fact, this can be proved"},{"startTime":2333.01,"endTime":2338.01,"body":"by a very detailed survey"},{"startTime":2338.11,"endTime":2342.22,"body":"taken of the house in 1649 by"},{"startTime":2338.11,"endTime":2342.22,"body":"the parliamentary surveyors"},{"startTime":2342.22,"endTime":2346.33,"body":"who describe in detail"},{"startTime":2342.22,"endTime":2346.33,"body":"the house exactly as shown"},{"startTime":2346.33,"endTime":2348.64,"body":"on Hawksmoor's plan."},{"startTime":2348.64,"endTime":2352.63,"body":"So, if we put the drawings together,"},{"startTime":2352.63,"endTime":2357.63,"body":"we can consider this as a"},{"startTime":2352.63,"endTime":2357.63,"body":"lost work of Inigo Jones."},{"startTime":2359.08,"endTime":2362.65,"body":"He oversaw the remodeling of the house,"},{"startTime":2362.65,"endTime":2364.81,"body":"receiving a fee of 580 pounds"},{"startTime":2364.81,"endTime":2369.4,"body":"and a special bounty from"},{"startTime":2364.81,"endTime":2369.4,"body":"the Queen for his efforts."},{"startTime":2369.4,"endTime":2374.4,"body":"The east wing had, that's this wing here,"},{"startTime":2375.73,"endTime":2379.48,"body":"had been designed in tandem"},{"startTime":2375.73,"endTime":2379.48,"body":"with a sunken garden,"},{"startTime":2379.48,"endTime":2383.53,"body":"that's this here, and an undercroft."},{"startTime":2383.53,"endTime":2385.45,"body":"Can you see sort of"},{"startTime":2383.53,"endTime":2385.45,"body":"there's some dots here,"},{"startTime":2385.45,"endTime":2388.15,"body":"these are pillars"},{"startTime":2385.45,"endTime":2388.15,"body":"supporting a terrace above,"},{"startTime":2388.15,"endTime":2390.13,"body":"and the underneath that"},{"startTime":2388.15,"endTime":2390.13,"body":"there's an undercroft"},{"startTime":2390.13,"endTime":2393.91,"body":"which contained a shell grotto."},{"startTime":2393.91,"endTime":2398.35,"body":"And what Jones does is he"},{"startTime":2393.91,"endTime":2398.35,"body":"incorporates this into the house"},{"startTime":2398.35,"endTime":2403.35,"body":"and converts this wing"},{"startTime":2398.35,"endTime":2403.35,"body":"here into a new chapel,"},{"startTime":2404.32,"endTime":2409.32,"body":"and a large marble parlor"},{"startTime":2404.32,"endTime":2409.32,"body":"giving out onto this terrace,"},{"startTime":2409.51,"endTime":2410.983,"body":"overlooking the garden."},{"startTime":2411.88,"endTime":2415.54,"body":"The great first floor rooms"},{"startTime":2411.88,"endTime":2415.54,"body":"remained much as they were,"},{"startTime":2415.54,"endTime":2418.06,"body":"but on the west side here,"},{"startTime":2418.06,"endTime":2421.39,"body":"Cecil's rooms were completely remodeled."},{"startTime":2421.39,"endTime":2424.6,"body":"Here, the King and Queen"},{"startTime":2421.39,"endTime":2424.6,"body":"had new bed chambers,"},{"startTime":2424.6,"endTime":2426.73,"body":"and a shared withdrawing room."},{"startTime":2426.73,"endTime":2430.54,"body":"Each bed chamber had its"},{"startTime":2426.73,"endTime":2430.54,"body":"own en suite bathroom"},{"startTime":2430.54,"endTime":2433.63,"body":"with tiled floors, lead lined barbs,"},{"startTime":2433.63,"endTime":2435.97,"body":"and hot and cold running water."},{"startTime":2435.97,"endTime":2437.62,"body":"Nearby was a linen room."},{"startTime":2437.62,"endTime":2441.19,"body":"Adjacent was also a"},{"startTime":2437.62,"endTime":2441.19,"body":"highly ornamented study"},{"startTime":2441.19,"endTime":2443.92,"body":"that had apparently been Cecil's,"},{"startTime":2443.92,"endTime":2447.823,"body":"with a Dutch stove and"},{"startTime":2443.92,"endTime":2447.823,"body":"various secure cupboards."},{"startTime":2448.72,"endTime":2450.79,"body":"Although the gardens, which you see here,"},{"startTime":2450.79,"endTime":2452.86,"body":"were already the fame of the place,"},{"startTime":2452.86,"endTime":2457.86,"body":"the Queen commissioned the"},{"startTime":2452.86,"endTime":2457.86,"body":"French garden designer,"},{"startTime":2457.99,"endTime":2462.433,"body":"Andre Mollet, to reconstruct"},{"startTime":2457.99,"endTime":2462.433,"body":"them in a contemporary fashion."},{"startTime":2463.36,"endTime":2466.21,"body":"The Tudor gardens, actually"},{"startTime":2463.36,"endTime":2466.21,"body":"I'll just go back one,"},{"startTime":2466.21,"endTime":2470.41,"body":"were, as you can see here, asymmetrical."},{"startTime":2470.41,"endTime":2473.32,"body":"They were a sort of assemblage"},{"startTime":2470.41,"endTime":2473.32,"body":"of walled compartments"},{"startTime":2473.32,"endTime":2476.68,"body":"containing ponds of Banqueting"},{"startTime":2473.32,"endTime":2476.68,"body":"House and various monuments."},{"startTime":2476.68,"endTime":2481.68,"body":"But what Mollet did was"},{"startTime":2476.68,"endTime":2481.68,"body":"impose an order and symmetry"},{"startTime":2482.35,"endTime":2486.67,"body":"on the gardens with a"},{"startTime":2482.35,"endTime":2486.67,"body":"strong central access here,"},{"startTime":2486.67,"endTime":2488.95,"body":"and the sunken garden on the east side,"},{"startTime":2488.95,"endTime":2491.083,"body":"which you see in this view here,"},{"startTime":2492.37,"endTime":2497.2,"body":"became an elegant"},{"startTime":2492.37,"endTime":2497.2,"body":"parterre with an orangery."},{"startTime":2497.2,"endTime":2498.4,"body":"And you can see here,"},{"startTime":2498.4,"endTime":2502.51,"body":"I think you can see the"},{"startTime":2498.4,"endTime":2502.51,"body":"arched supports here"},{"startTime":2502.51,"endTime":2505.45,"body":"for the terrace that Inigo"},{"startTime":2502.51,"endTime":2505.45,"body":"Jones creates with the grotto,"},{"startTime":2505.45,"endTime":2507.463,"body":"the shell grotto underneath."},{"startTime":2508.72,"endTime":2513.72,"body":"The principle rooms were"},{"startTime":2508.72,"endTime":2513.72,"body":"joined to the gardens"},{"startTime":2513.85,"endTime":2515.83,"body":"by a series of bridges,"},{"startTime":2515.83,"endTime":2520.83,"body":"which linked the gardens to"},{"startTime":2515.83,"endTime":2520.83,"body":"the main part of the house."},{"startTime":2521.89,"endTime":2525.5,"body":"And in the sunken area below that,"},{"startTime":2525.5,"endTime":2529.603,"body":"there were lawns, a"},{"startTime":2525.5,"endTime":2529.603,"body":"fountain, and an aviary."},{"startTime":2531.91,"endTime":2536.65,"body":"So here is a an engraving a bit earlier"},{"startTime":2536.65,"endTime":2540.82,"body":"than the engraves I've"},{"startTime":2536.65,"endTime":2540.82,"body":"just been showing you,"},{"startTime":2540.82,"endTime":2544.42,"body":"of Henrietta Maria and"},{"startTime":2540.82,"endTime":2544.42,"body":"her three eldest children."},{"startTime":2544.42,"endTime":2548.05,"body":"And what you can see is"},{"startTime":2544.42,"endTime":2548.05,"body":"she's standing on a terrace"},{"startTime":2548.05,"endTime":2549.25,"body":"with a balustrade,"},{"startTime":2549.25,"endTime":2554.25,"body":"and below that is a garden"},{"startTime":2549.25,"endTime":2554.25,"body":"with showing a parterre."},{"startTime":2555.28,"endTime":2559.15,"body":"And it must have been"},{"startTime":2555.28,"endTime":2559.15,"body":"a view much like this,"},{"startTime":2559.15,"endTime":2562.63,"body":"that the Queen and her"},{"startTime":2559.15,"endTime":2562.63,"body":"children would have seen"},{"startTime":2562.63,"endTime":2566.053,"body":"at Wimbledon Manor in 1640."},{"startTime":2567.703,"endTime":2571.207,"body":"But Henrietta Maria's"},{"startTime":2567.703,"endTime":2571.207,"body":"most remarkable addition"},{"startTime":2572.47,"endTime":2574.12,"body":"to Wimbledon Manor"},{"startTime":2574.12,"endTime":2578.14,"body":"was Inigo Jones's cruciform stone gallery,"},{"startTime":2578.14,"endTime":2583.14,"body":"this structure you can see"},{"startTime":2578.14,"endTime":2583.14,"body":"here in the top right corner."},{"startTime":2584.17,"endTime":2587.44,"body":"The southern arm, 10 feet wide,"},{"startTime":2587.44,"endTime":2591.73,"body":"with many compendious"},{"startTime":2587.44,"endTime":2591.73,"body":"sentences painted on the walls,"},{"startTime":2591.73,"endTime":2595.33,"body":"led to a bridge across into the garden."},{"startTime":2595.33,"endTime":2596.74,"body":"So actually I'm just"},{"startTime":2595.33,"endTime":2596.74,"body":"going to go back a couple,"},{"startTime":2596.74,"endTime":2598.79,"body":"just so you can see where that comes out."},{"startTime":2600.79,"endTime":2602.74,"body":"So that leads to there,"},{"startTime":2602.74,"endTime":2604.843,"body":"that's the arm of that leads to there."},{"startTime":2606.22,"endTime":2608.92,"body":"Okay, so you walked out into"},{"startTime":2606.22,"endTime":2608.92,"body":"the garden at that point."},{"startTime":2609.82,"endTime":2614.82,"body":"And the north arm led to an"},{"startTime":2609.82,"endTime":2614.82,"body":"alcove containing a crimson bed"},{"startTime":2616.27,"endTime":2620.77,"body":"with cloth of silver and gold,"},{"startTime":2616.27,"endTime":2620.77,"body":"with three matching chairs,"},{"startTime":2620.77,"endTime":2623.89,"body":"six matching stools, and a carpet."},{"startTime":2623.89,"endTime":2627.643,"body":"The east-west arm here ended"},{"startTime":2623.89,"endTime":2627.643,"body":"in a balcony at this point,"},{"startTime":2628.48,"endTime":2632.35,"body":"and the crossing here was a stove."},{"startTime":2632.35,"endTime":2635.14,"body":"How exactly this crossing"},{"startTime":2632.35,"endTime":2635.14,"body":"worked isn't really known,"},{"startTime":2635.14,"endTime":2637.69,"body":"but I think you can see"},{"startTime":2635.14,"endTime":2637.69,"body":"from Hawksmoor's survey,"},{"startTime":2637.69,"endTime":2639.91,"body":"there were pillars here"},{"startTime":2637.69,"endTime":2639.91,"body":"which must have supported"},{"startTime":2639.91,"endTime":2642.82,"body":"some sort of structure above,"},{"startTime":2642.82,"endTime":2647.74,"body":"I don't know, a dome, a"},{"startTime":2642.82,"endTime":2647.74,"body":"vault of some description."},{"startTime":2647.74,"endTime":2651.19,"body":"This is a completely unique layout,"},{"startTime":2651.19,"endTime":2652.93,"body":"and a unique composition,"},{"startTime":2652.93,"endTime":2657.397,"body":"a royal bed chamber that"},{"startTime":2652.93,"endTime":2657.397,"body":"opened directly onto a garden."},{"startTime":2657.397,"endTime":2659.98,"body":"And at the garden door here,"},{"startTime":2659.98,"endTime":2663.46,"body":"there was a room that was"},{"startTime":2659.98,"endTime":2663.46,"body":"described as the lord's chamber,"},{"startTime":2663.46,"endTime":2666.43,"body":"presumably a room where"},{"startTime":2663.46,"endTime":2666.43,"body":"someone could be stationed"},{"startTime":2666.43,"endTime":2670.603,"body":"to control access to the"},{"startTime":2666.43,"endTime":2670.603,"body":"Queen's private bed chamber."},{"startTime":2671.71,"endTime":2674.41,"body":"Well this cross gallery contained"},{"startTime":2674.41,"endTime":2679.41,"body":"what was almost certainly the"},{"startTime":2674.41,"endTime":2679.41,"body":"first bed alcove in England."},{"startTime":2679.69,"endTime":2683.38,"body":"This alcove was a fashionable new feature"},{"startTime":2683.38,"endTime":2685.96,"body":"from French aristocratic houses."},{"startTime":2685.96,"endTime":2688.81,"body":"At the beginning of the 17th century,"},{"startTime":2688.81,"endTime":2692.29,"body":"French bed chambers were"},{"startTime":2688.81,"endTime":2692.29,"body":"large rooms containing a bed,"},{"startTime":2692.29,"endTime":2695.05,"body":"often doubling as a reception room."},{"startTime":2695.05,"endTime":2696.79,"body":"But in the late 1620s,"},{"startTime":2696.79,"endTime":2701.11,"body":"bed chambers began to be used"},{"startTime":2696.79,"endTime":2701.11,"body":"for more private intercourse."},{"startTime":2701.11,"endTime":2705.52,"body":"And an intimate space was"},{"startTime":2701.11,"endTime":2705.52,"body":"created in the bed chamber"},{"startTime":2705.52,"endTime":2707.71,"body":"called the ruelle."},{"startTime":2707.71,"endTime":2710.98,"body":"This was simply an area"},{"startTime":2707.71,"endTime":2710.98,"body":"between the side of the bed"},{"startTime":2710.98,"endTime":2712.12,"body":"and the wall,"},{"startTime":2712.12,"endTime":2714.67,"body":"a place where the owner could receive"},{"startTime":2714.67,"endTime":2717.13,"body":"specially favored friends."},{"startTime":2717.13,"endTime":2720.88,"body":"And the ruelle gradually became"},{"startTime":2720.88,"endTime":2724.66,"body":"an architecturally defined space."},{"startTime":2724.66,"endTime":2728.02,"body":"And here you see what happened in England,"},{"startTime":2728.02,"endTime":2732.16,"body":"the architecturally designed bed alcove,"},{"startTime":2732.16,"endTime":2734.14,"body":"with the cross gallery, the balcony,"},{"startTime":2734.14,"endTime":2736.54,"body":"the gallery going out"},{"startTime":2734.14,"endTime":2736.54,"body":"here the lord's chamber."},{"startTime":2736.54,"endTime":2738.61,"body":"So what was happening in France"},{"startTime":2738.61,"endTime":2742.96,"body":"was also happening here at Wimbledon."},{"startTime":2742.96,"endTime":2747.1,"body":"And the first recorded"},{"startTime":2742.96,"endTime":2747.1,"body":"bad bed alcove in Paris"},{"startTime":2747.1,"endTime":2751.623,"body":"was at the demolished Hotel"},{"startTime":2747.1,"endTime":2751.623,"body":"Duhombole in the 1630s."},{"startTime":2752.98,"endTime":2756.19,"body":"By the 1640s, they had"},{"startTime":2752.98,"endTime":2756.19,"body":"become reasonably common."},{"startTime":2756.19,"endTime":2760.15,"body":"And so for Henrietta Maria to"},{"startTime":2756.19,"endTime":2760.15,"body":"build an alcove at Wimbledon"},{"startTime":2760.15,"endTime":2762.07,"body":"in 1639 to 40,"},{"startTime":2762.07,"endTime":2764.23,"body":"showed her absolutely in tune"},{"startTime":2764.23,"endTime":2768.28,"body":"with the ultimate in"},{"startTime":2764.23,"endTime":2768.28,"body":"contemporary Parisian fashion."},{"startTime":2768.28,"endTime":2771.31,"body":"And here you see a very"},{"startTime":2768.28,"endTime":2771.31,"body":"extravagant bed alcove"},{"startTime":2771.31,"endTime":2773.38,"body":"from the later 17th century,"},{"startTime":2773.38,"endTime":2778.18,"body":"and the only surviving 17th"},{"startTime":2773.38,"endTime":2778.18,"body":"century bed alcove in England"},{"startTime":2778.18,"endTime":2780.04,"body":"at Powys Castle."},{"startTime":2780.04,"endTime":2783.4,"body":"And these bed alcoves were"},{"startTime":2780.04,"endTime":2783.4,"body":"architectural features"},{"startTime":2783.4,"endTime":2787.27,"body":"associated with privacy and intimacy."},{"startTime":2787.27,"endTime":2790.3,"body":"And it wasn't only the"},{"startTime":2787.27,"endTime":2790.3,"body":"extraordinary architecture"},{"startTime":2790.3,"endTime":2792.55,"body":"of Wimbledon that suggests"},{"startTime":2792.55,"endTime":2797.55,"body":"that this was a very particular"},{"startTime":2792.55,"endTime":2797.55,"body":"private house of necessity,"},{"startTime":2798.25,"endTime":2802.153,"body":"because we have some evidence"},{"startTime":2798.25,"endTime":2802.153,"body":"as to how it was furnished."},{"startTime":2803.05,"endTime":2806.71,"body":"In 1649 after the execution of Charles I,"},{"startTime":2806.71,"endTime":2808.9,"body":"a series of inventories were taken"},{"startTime":2808.9,"endTime":2811.72,"body":"of the contents of the royal houses."},{"startTime":2811.72,"endTime":2814.72,"body":"Many things had been taken from Wimbledon"},{"startTime":2814.72,"endTime":2817.3,"body":"by the time the surveyors arrived,"},{"startTime":2817.3,"endTime":2820.06,"body":"but 24 paintings remained."},{"startTime":2820.06,"endTime":2823.69,"body":"And these tell us, I think,"},{"startTime":2820.06,"endTime":2823.69,"body":"quite a lot about the house."},{"startTime":2823.69,"endTime":2828.13,"body":"Hanging on the walls were"},{"startTime":2823.69,"endTime":2828.13,"body":"two pieces of needle work,"},{"startTime":2828.13,"endTime":2833.13,"body":"four allegorical works, five"},{"startTime":2828.13,"endTime":2833.13,"body":"still lives, a portrait,"},{"startTime":2833.2,"endTime":2836.89,"body":"and 12 religious paintings of which six"},{"startTime":2836.89,"endTime":2840.313,"body":"had the Blessed Virgin"},{"startTime":2836.89,"endTime":2840.313,"body":"as its main subject."},{"startTime":2841.18,"endTime":2843.16,"body":"If you compare these paintings"},{"startTime":2843.16,"endTime":2845.83,"body":"with those listed in the"},{"startTime":2843.16,"endTime":2845.83,"body":"Queen's House of Greenwich,"},{"startTime":2845.83,"endTime":2848.32,"body":"which were all allegorical paintings,"},{"startTime":2848.32,"endTime":2851.56,"body":"this looks like a very"},{"startTime":2848.32,"endTime":2851.56,"body":"personal collection,"},{"startTime":2851.56,"endTime":2856.03,"body":"with a strong focus on the"},{"startTime":2851.56,"endTime":2856.03,"body":"Queen's Catholic faith,"},{"startTime":2856.03,"endTime":2860.5,"body":"and a rich selection of Marion images."},{"startTime":2860.5,"endTime":2864.07,"body":"The single portrait there"},{"startTime":2860.5,"endTime":2864.07,"body":"was of the Queen's father,"},{"startTime":2864.07,"endTime":2866.89,"body":"King Henry IV of France."},{"startTime":2866.89,"endTime":2869.26,"body":"Moreover, amongst the paintings"},{"startTime":2869.26,"endTime":2871.69,"body":"was won very recently commissioned"},{"startTime":2871.69,"endTime":2873.7,"body":"from Sir Anthony van Dyck."},{"startTime":2873.7,"endTime":2878.7,"body":"And this was my favorite painting"},{"startTime":2873.7,"endTime":2878.7,"body":"of the whole 17th century,"},{"startTime":2879.22,"endTime":2880.96,"body":"Cupid and Psyche,"},{"startTime":2880.96,"endTime":2883.6,"body":"one of van Dyck's most"},{"startTime":2880.96,"endTime":2883.6,"body":"beautiful paintings,"},{"startTime":2883.6,"endTime":2887.11,"body":"charged with erotic power."},{"startTime":2887.11,"endTime":2891.28,"body":"Psyche embodied beauty, and Cupid desire,"},{"startTime":2891.28,"endTime":2892.42,"body":"and together, of course,"},{"startTime":2892.42,"endTime":2895.9,"body":"they made up Plato's definition of love,"},{"startTime":2895.9,"endTime":2899.8,"body":"love being desire, aroused by beauty."},{"startTime":2899.8,"endTime":2904.12,"body":"Henrietta Maria was seized"},{"startTime":2899.8,"endTime":2904.12,"body":"by the symbolism of the myth,"},{"startTime":2904.12,"endTime":2906.16,"body":"and commissioned many paintings of it,"},{"startTime":2906.16,"endTime":2907.57,"body":"including the ones I've already mentioned"},{"startTime":2907.57,"endTime":2908.92,"body":"at the Queen's House."},{"startTime":2908.92,"endTime":2911.38,"body":"That this big painting,"},{"startTime":2908.92,"endTime":2911.38,"body":"it's a really big painting,"},{"startTime":2911.38,"endTime":2912.88,"body":"it's six foot square,"},{"startTime":2912.88,"endTime":2916.09,"body":"and the figures are halflife, life size."},{"startTime":2916.09,"endTime":2918.37,"body":"The fact that it should"},{"startTime":2916.09,"endTime":2918.37,"body":"be taken to Wimbledon"},{"startTime":2918.37,"endTime":2921.46,"body":"emphasizes the Queen's focus on the house"},{"startTime":2921.46,"endTime":2926.17,"body":"being a place of erotic and platonic love."},{"startTime":2926.17,"endTime":2929.71,"body":"And Wimbledon was immensely private."},{"startTime":2929.71,"endTime":2931.21,"body":"It was very remote."},{"startTime":2931.21,"endTime":2935.857,"body":"This is John Aubrey's sketch"},{"startTime":2931.21,"endTime":2935.857,"body":"of Wimbledon in the 1670s,"},{"startTime":2935.857,"endTime":2939.46,"body":"and you can see the"},{"startTime":2935.857,"endTime":2939.46,"body":"heathened, the area around it,"},{"startTime":2939.46,"endTime":2940.45,"body":"there's nothing around it."},{"startTime":2940.45,"endTime":2943.72,"body":"It's a very, very remote place."},{"startTime":2943.72,"endTime":2946.63,"body":"The house contained very few lodgings."},{"startTime":2946.63,"endTime":2948.61,"body":"There was a room for a maid."},{"startTime":2948.61,"endTime":2951.85,"body":"There was a pallet chamber"},{"startTime":2948.61,"endTime":2951.85,"body":"for ladies on duty,"},{"startTime":2951.85,"endTime":2953.92,"body":"but otherwise there were only rooms"},{"startTime":2953.92,"endTime":2957.52,"body":"for the Queen's two closest friends,"},{"startTime":2957.52,"endTime":2960.97,"body":"her childhood nurse,"},{"startTime":2957.52,"endTime":2960.97,"body":"Francois de Monbodiak,"},{"startTime":2960.97,"endTime":2963.703,"body":"and Susan Feilding, the"},{"startTime":2960.97,"endTime":2963.703,"body":"Countess of Denbigh,"},{"startTime":2964.72,"endTime":2967.36,"body":"who was the Queen's First"},{"startTime":2964.72,"endTime":2967.36,"body":"Lady of the bed chamber."},{"startTime":2967.36,"endTime":2968.65,"body":"And on the first floor,"},{"startTime":2968.65,"endTime":2971.11,"body":"there was a nursery"},{"startTime":2968.65,"endTime":2971.11,"body":"suggesting that the Queen"},{"startTime":2971.11,"endTime":2974.563,"body":"intended to bring her"},{"startTime":2971.11,"endTime":2974.563,"body":"children to the house."},{"startTime":2975.49,"endTime":2977.65,"body":"So ladies and gentlemen,"},{"startTime":2977.65,"endTime":2982.65,"body":"this all adds up to a"},{"startTime":2977.65,"endTime":2982.65,"body":"unique royal residence,"},{"startTime":2983.26,"endTime":2988.26,"body":"a house without a single named"},{"startTime":2983.26,"endTime":2988.26,"body":"traditional room of state,"},{"startTime":2988.63,"endTime":2993.07,"body":"no division between"},{"startTime":2988.63,"endTime":2993.07,"body":"outer and inner lodgings,"},{"startTime":2993.07,"endTime":2996.37,"body":"a place filled with private paintings,"},{"startTime":2996.37,"endTime":3000.15,"body":"constricted of access"},{"startTime":2996.37,"endTime":3000.15,"body":"in a remote location."},{"startTime":3000.15,"endTime":3005.15,"body":"This was a private hideaway,"},{"startTime":3000.15,"endTime":3005.15,"body":"indeed a royal love nest,"},{"startTime":3006.39,"endTime":3010.05,"body":"a house of necessity where the"},{"startTime":3006.39,"endTime":3010.05,"body":"King and Queen could reside"},{"startTime":3010.05,"endTime":3015.03,"body":"in complete privacy and"},{"startTime":3010.05,"endTime":3015.03,"body":"enjoy uninterrupted intimacy."},{"startTime":3015.03,"endTime":3018.81,"body":"The bathrooms, shared with"},{"startTime":3015.03,"endTime":3018.81,"body":"drawing room, alcove bedroom,"},{"startTime":3018.81,"endTime":3022.71,"body":"direct access to the gardens"},{"startTime":3018.81,"endTime":3022.71,"body":"are all things impossible"},{"startTime":3022.71,"endTime":3026.49,"body":"even at the newly"},{"startTime":3022.71,"endTime":3026.49,"body":"reconstructed Queen's House."},{"startTime":3026.49,"endTime":3029.37,"body":"Wimbledon Manor was"},{"startTime":3026.49,"endTime":3029.37,"body":"the ultimate expression"},{"startTime":3029.37,"endTime":3032.853,"body":"of the King's and Queen's"},{"startTime":3029.37,"endTime":3032.853,"body":"love for each other."},{"startTime":3034.05,"endTime":3038.94,"body":"But very briefly to return"},{"startTime":3034.05,"endTime":3038.94,"body":"to our starting point,"},{"startTime":3038.94,"endTime":3043.29,"body":"because I think our understanding"},{"startTime":3038.94,"endTime":3043.29,"body":"now of Wimbledon Manor"},{"startTime":3043.29,"endTime":3048.29,"body":"helps us understand Inigo"},{"startTime":3043.29,"endTime":3048.29,"body":"Jones and the Banqueting House."},{"startTime":3048.33,"endTime":3052.8,"body":"Of course, the Stuart monarchs"},{"startTime":3048.33,"endTime":3052.8,"body":"needed great rooms of state,"},{"startTime":3052.8,"endTime":3056.49,"body":"for set peace court ceremonial."},{"startTime":3056.49,"endTime":3059.64,"body":"But the houses of"},{"startTime":3056.49,"endTime":3059.64,"body":"necessity were the places"},{"startTime":3059.64,"endTime":3062.31,"body":"where they preferred to live,"},{"startTime":3062.31,"endTime":3066.21,"body":"and their architect, Inigo Jones in fact"},{"startTime":3066.21,"endTime":3069.39,"body":"spent much more time"},{"startTime":3066.21,"endTime":3069.39,"body":"designing and supervising"},{"startTime":3069.39,"endTime":3072.0,"body":"these private, intimate residences"},{"startTime":3072.0,"endTime":3074.25,"body":"than the great buildings of state."},{"startTime":3074.25,"endTime":3076.95,"body":"And this means, I think,"},{"startTime":3074.25,"endTime":3076.95,"body":"that we can look at him"},{"startTime":3076.95,"endTime":3080.73,"body":"in a fresh light, installing the latest"},{"startTime":3080.73,"endTime":3084.99,"body":"in French luxury bedrooms and"},{"startTime":3080.73,"endTime":3084.99,"body":"bathrooms for Henrietta Maria,"},{"startTime":3084.99,"endTime":3088.68,"body":"and not just the proper"},{"startTime":3084.99,"endTime":3088.68,"body":"and correct bringer"},{"startTime":3088.68,"endTime":3092.04,"body":"of architectural classicism to England."},{"startTime":3092.04,"endTime":3093.644,"body":"Thank you."},{"startTime":3093.644,"endTime":3096.811,"body":"(audience applauding)"},{"startTime":3103.89,"endTime":3105.57,"body":"- Well, thank you, Professor Thurley"},{"startTime":3105.57,"endTime":3108.0,"body":"for a wonderful lecture."},{"startTime":3108.0,"endTime":3109.8,"body":"We don't have much online."},{"startTime":3109.8,"endTime":3113.1,"body":"There is one question"},{"startTime":3109.8,"endTime":3113.1,"body":"about the foreign visitor"},{"startTime":3113.1,"endTime":3116.76,"body":"who visited Wimbledon"},{"startTime":3113.1,"endTime":3116.76,"body":"House and admired it so."},{"startTime":3116.76,"endTime":3118.2,"body":"Just a factual question,"},{"startTime":3118.2,"endTime":3120.93,"body":"do we know who the"},{"startTime":3118.2,"endTime":3120.93,"body":"foreign visitor was that?"},{"startTime":3120.93,"endTime":3121.763,"body":"- Yes, we do."},{"startTime":3121.763,"endTime":3125.79,"body":"He kept a diary, he came"},{"startTime":3121.763,"endTime":3125.79,"body":"from the Netherlands"},{"startTime":3125.79,"endTime":3128.55,"body":"and was very keen, I think,"},{"startTime":3128.55,"endTime":3133.26,"body":"to see all the sort of"},{"startTime":3128.55,"endTime":3133.26,"body":"great sites of London,"},{"startTime":3133.26,"endTime":3136.23,"body":"and you know, Wimbledon"},{"startTime":3133.26,"endTime":3136.23,"body":"was a curiosity, I think,"},{"startTime":3136.23,"endTime":3138.87,"body":"and he wanted to visit that."},{"startTime":3138.87,"endTime":3141.87,"body":"- Are there any questions"},{"startTime":3138.87,"endTime":3141.87,"body":"from the in person audience?"},{"startTime":3141.87,"endTime":3144.24,"body":"I'm seeing a hand up there."},{"startTime":3144.24,"endTime":3145.073,"body":"Mariam?"},{"startTime":3147.39,"endTime":3148.86,"body":"- [Mariam] Thank you"},{"startTime":3147.39,"endTime":3148.86,"body":"very much, Dr. Thurley"},{"startTime":3148.86,"endTime":3150.693,"body":"for a most interesting lecture."},{"startTime":3151.92,"endTime":3155.13,"body":"Apart from Indigo Jones'"},{"startTime":3151.92,"endTime":3155.13,"body":"architectural talents,"},{"startTime":3155.13,"endTime":3158.01,"body":"do we know why it is"},{"startTime":3158.01,"endTime":3161.37,"body":"that in fact he became a royal architect?"},{"startTime":3161.37,"endTime":3163.05,"body":"You referred to the beginning"},{"startTime":3163.05,"endTime":3168.05,"body":"to the precarious finances of the King."},{"startTime":3168.51,"endTime":3172.77,"body":"So was it that in fact"},{"startTime":3168.51,"endTime":3172.77,"body":"that his fees in fact"},{"startTime":3172.77,"endTime":3174.903,"body":"were not so expensive, or?"},{"startTime":3176.01,"endTime":3177.81,"body":"I wasn't clear actually how it is"},{"startTime":3177.81,"endTime":3180.3,"body":"that he came to be selected."},{"startTime":3180.3,"endTime":3182.01,"body":"Presumably there are other architects"},{"startTime":3182.01,"endTime":3185.79,"body":"that would've been"},{"startTime":3182.01,"endTime":3185.79,"body":"pretty strong contenders"},{"startTime":3185.79,"endTime":3188.85,"body":"to occupy royal favors."},{"startTime":3188.85,"endTime":3191.82,"body":"- Well, it's a very, a good"},{"startTime":3188.85,"endTime":3191.82,"body":"and very interesting question,"},{"startTime":3191.82,"endTime":3195.33,"body":"because today we have a very"},{"startTime":3191.82,"endTime":3195.33,"body":"sort of clear conception"},{"startTime":3195.33,"endTime":3196.95,"body":"of what an architect is."},{"startTime":3196.95,"endTime":3199.62,"body":"Someone who you commission"},{"startTime":3196.95,"endTime":3199.62,"body":"to build a building,"},{"startTime":3199.62,"endTime":3201.99,"body":"he's trained in drawing"},{"startTime":3201.99,"endTime":3205.624,"body":"and understanding the"},{"startTime":3201.99,"endTime":3205.624,"body":"functionality and the construction"},{"startTime":3205.624,"endTime":3207.33,"body":"and the engineering the building."},{"startTime":3207.33,"endTime":3209.1,"body":"But in the 17th century,"},{"startTime":3209.1,"endTime":3213.03,"body":"the divisions between the various branches"},{"startTime":3213.03,"endTime":3217.05,"body":"of the arts and sciences"},{"startTime":3213.03,"endTime":3217.05,"body":"were extremely fluid."},{"startTime":3217.05,"endTime":3221.94,"body":"And if you had asked"},{"startTime":3217.05,"endTime":3221.94,"body":"Christopher Wren who he was,"},{"startTime":3221.94,"endTime":3224.58,"body":"you know, he was just"},{"startTime":3221.94,"endTime":3224.58,"body":"as much a mathematician,"},{"startTime":3224.58,"endTime":3229.58,"body":"or a professor of geometry,"},{"startTime":3224.58,"endTime":3229.58,"body":"or astronomer, an architect."},{"startTime":3229.74,"endTime":3231.69,"body":"They didn't see the"},{"startTime":3229.74,"endTime":3231.69,"body":"distinctions between those,"},{"startTime":3231.69,"endTime":3234.81,"body":"and nor did I think Inigo Jones really"},{"startTime":3234.81,"endTime":3236.46,"body":"see the distinctions so strongly"},{"startTime":3236.46,"endTime":3241.46,"body":"between his work as a designer"},{"startTime":3236.46,"endTime":3241.46,"body":"of stage scenery, a painter."},{"startTime":3241.62,"endTime":3244.5,"body":"He started off as a carpenter,"},{"startTime":3244.5,"endTime":3249.5,"body":"and famously because he clearly"},{"startTime":3244.5,"endTime":3249.5,"body":"was a bit of a prima donna,"},{"startTime":3249.93,"endTime":3253.47,"body":"he was described by"},{"startTime":3249.93,"endTime":3253.47,"body":"Ben Johnson as a joiner"},{"startTime":3253.47,"endTime":3255.573,"body":"with whom no man will join."},{"startTime":3256.92,"endTime":3261.92,"body":"And so architecture was just"},{"startTime":3256.92,"endTime":3261.92,"body":"one of his many talents."},{"startTime":3262.44,"endTime":3265.32,"body":"And you only need to look"},{"startTime":3262.44,"endTime":3265.32,"body":"at the extraordinary designs"},{"startTime":3265.32,"endTime":3268.74,"body":"for masks, the ingenuity"},{"startTime":3265.32,"endTime":3268.74,"body":"with which he designed"},{"startTime":3268.74,"endTime":3272.07,"body":"incredibly complex stage machinery,"},{"startTime":3272.07,"endTime":3273.45,"body":"to realize that you're dealing with"},{"startTime":3273.45,"endTime":3275.193,"body":"a sort of polymath figure here,"},{"startTime":3276.03,"endTime":3278.43,"body":"whose one of whose"},{"startTime":3276.03,"endTime":3278.43,"body":"branches was architecture."},{"startTime":3278.43,"endTime":3282.3,"body":"And he probably did start his career"},{"startTime":3282.3,"endTime":3287.3,"body":"in the household of Anne of Denmark,"},{"startTime":3287.91,"endTime":3291.99,"body":"moving to be the King's chief architect."},{"startTime":3291.99,"endTime":3294.72,"body":"And really, he just"},{"startTime":3291.99,"endTime":3294.72,"body":"crushed all before him."},{"startTime":3294.72,"endTime":3296.4,"body":"And the man who designed"},{"startTime":3296.4,"endTime":3301.4,"body":"the Banqueting House that"},{"startTime":3296.4,"endTime":3301.4,"body":"burned down, Robert Stickles,"},{"startTime":3301.44,"endTime":3302.55,"body":"you know, was actually really,"},{"startTime":3302.55,"endTime":3304.95,"body":"was probably really quite"},{"startTime":3302.55,"endTime":3304.95,"body":"a useless architect."},{"startTime":3304.95,"endTime":3309.95,"body":"And James I was really unhappy"},{"startTime":3304.95,"endTime":3309.95,"body":"with the design of the place."},{"startTime":3310.17,"endTime":3312.63,"body":"So I think he was head"},{"startTime":3310.17,"endTime":3312.63,"body":"and shoulders really,"},{"startTime":3312.63,"endTime":3314.643,"body":"above anyone else at court."},{"startTime":3316.23,"endTime":3318.96,"body":"- There's a bit of interest"},{"startTime":3316.23,"endTime":3318.96,"body":"in the bed alcoves."},{"startTime":3318.96,"endTime":3322.05,"body":"And the question is, did the"},{"startTime":3318.96,"endTime":3322.05,"body":"bed alcoves have curtains"},{"startTime":3322.05,"endTime":3324.39,"body":"which came across and"},{"startTime":3322.05,"endTime":3324.39,"body":"completely shut the bed off"},{"startTime":3324.39,"endTime":3326.31,"body":"from the rest of the room?"},{"startTime":3326.31,"endTime":3328.08,"body":"- Well no, they didn't actually,"},{"startTime":3328.08,"endTime":3330.39,"body":"that's an interesting question."},{"startTime":3330.39,"endTime":3333.06,"body":"The alcove was kind of like"},{"startTime":3330.39,"endTime":3333.06,"body":"an architectural setting"},{"startTime":3333.06,"endTime":3333.893,"body":"for the bed."},{"startTime":3333.893,"endTime":3336.42,"body":"The bed itself had curtains."},{"startTime":3336.42,"endTime":3340.77,"body":"In the later 17th century,"},{"startTime":3340.77,"endTime":3345.12,"body":"they were designed with"},{"startTime":3340.77,"endTime":3345.12,"body":"carved wooden curtains,"},{"startTime":3345.12,"endTime":3347.1,"body":"the ones that Charles II had,"},{"startTime":3347.1,"endTime":3348.66,"body":"but in this early period,"},{"startTime":3348.66,"endTime":3353.13,"body":"these alcoves were"},{"startTime":3348.66,"endTime":3353.13,"body":"associated very strongly"},{"startTime":3353.13,"endTime":3356.04,"body":"with privacy, intimacy."},{"startTime":3356.04,"endTime":3357.48,"body":"Being invited into the alcove"},{"startTime":3357.48,"endTime":3362.07,"body":"was kind of the ultimate accolade, really."},{"startTime":3362.07,"endTime":3365.523,"body":"You got in the most intimate"},{"startTime":3362.07,"endTime":3365.523,"body":"place you could get to."},{"startTime":3367.039,"endTime":3367.872,"body":"- Any other questions in the room?"},{"startTime":3367.872,"endTime":3369.543,"body":"I'm seeing a few hands up now."},{"startTime":3370.95,"endTime":3371.793,"body":"Just a second."},{"startTime":3373.35,"endTime":3374.64,"body":"Now where are you going, Miriam?"},{"startTime":3374.64,"endTime":3377.943,"body":"Yeah, sorry, we'll come"},{"startTime":3374.64,"endTime":3377.943,"body":"back down in a second."},{"startTime":3379.08,"endTime":3381.09,"body":"- [Man] I visited many years ago,"},{"startTime":3381.09,"endTime":3384.867,"body":"The Church of St Benet Paul's Wharf,"},{"startTime":3384.867,"endTime":3389.28,"body":"and I believe, I'm going back"},{"startTime":3384.867,"endTime":3389.28,"body":"probably about 25 years now."},{"startTime":3389.28,"endTime":3392.883,"body":"I believe the vicar said"},{"startTime":3389.28,"endTime":3392.883,"body":"Inigo Jones is buried there."},{"startTime":3394.92,"endTime":3396.12,"body":"Is that correct, sir?"},{"startTime":3396.12,"endTime":3397.68,"body":"- Well this is one of"},{"startTime":3396.12,"endTime":3397.68,"body":"the excellent moments"},{"startTime":3397.68,"endTime":3398.94,"body":"in the Gresham lecture"},{"startTime":3398.94,"endTime":3401.16,"body":"where the lecturer has absolutely no idea,"},{"startTime":3401.16,"endTime":3402.84,"body":"but someone in the"},{"startTime":3401.16,"endTime":3402.84,"body":"audience probably does know"},{"startTime":3402.84,"endTime":3403.89,"body":"whether he's buried there or not."},{"startTime":3403.89,"endTime":3406.533,"body":"Yes, someone there"},{"startTime":3403.89,"endTime":3406.533,"body":"confirming or denying it."},{"startTime":3407.37,"endTime":3408.48,"body":"Yes, okay."},{"startTime":3408.48,"endTime":3410.34,"body":"Is there someone in the audience who knows"},{"startTime":3410.34,"endTime":3411.42,"body":"and can confirm that?"},{"startTime":3411.42,"endTime":3412.253,"body":"Thank you."},{"startTime":3413.43,"endTime":3414.42,"body":"- There's a question out front,"},{"startTime":3414.42,"endTime":3417.51,"body":"and then we'll go to"},{"startTime":3414.42,"endTime":3417.51,"body":"the two here if we can."},{"startTime":3417.51,"endTime":3420.72,"body":"- [Man] Yes, given the"},{"startTime":3417.51,"endTime":3420.72,"body":"upheavals at the time,"},{"startTime":3420.72,"endTime":3423.69,"body":"it seems strange there doesn't"},{"startTime":3420.72,"endTime":3423.69,"body":"seem to be any provision"},{"startTime":3423.69,"endTime":3425.1,"body":"for a garrison,"},{"startTime":3425.1,"endTime":3427.71,"body":"and the house itself"},{"startTime":3425.1,"endTime":3427.71,"body":"doesn't seem to be built"},{"startTime":3427.71,"endTime":3430.47,"body":"with any kind of defense in mind."},{"startTime":3430.47,"endTime":3434.13,"body":"Was this an issue in"},{"startTime":3430.47,"endTime":3434.13,"body":"Inigo Jones's mind at all?"},{"startTime":3434.13,"endTime":3436.83,"body":"- Well, of course, we're all crippled"},{"startTime":3436.83,"endTime":3440.19,"body":"with the blight of hindsight."},{"startTime":3440.19,"endTime":3443.79,"body":"I mean, in the 1530s, in 1630s, as I said,"},{"startTime":3443.79,"endTime":3447.18,"body":"it was a golden age, it was"},{"startTime":3443.79,"endTime":3447.18,"body":"peace, it was prosperity."},{"startTime":3447.18,"endTime":3450.24,"body":"It looked as if the King had resolved"},{"startTime":3450.24,"endTime":3452.91,"body":"his financial difficulties"},{"startTime":3450.24,"endTime":3452.91,"body":"with ship money,"},{"startTime":3452.91,"endTime":3455.94,"body":"and all the various"},{"startTime":3452.91,"endTime":3455.94,"body":"sort of dodges and dives"},{"startTime":3455.94,"endTime":3457.8,"body":"that he was putting in place."},{"startTime":3457.8,"endTime":3462.36,"body":"I mean, Wimbledon is the"},{"startTime":3457.8,"endTime":3462.36,"body":"ultimate expression of a house"},{"startTime":3462.36,"endTime":3465.54,"body":"where there was no, there was no need,"},{"startTime":3465.54,"endTime":3467.31,"body":"there was no conception"},{"startTime":3465.54,"endTime":3467.31,"body":"that you'd ever need"},{"startTime":3467.31,"endTime":3470.19,"body":"to defend it from anybody."},{"startTime":3470.19,"endTime":3473.43,"body":"So, absolutely not."},{"startTime":3473.43,"endTime":3478.43,"body":"It was designed in a period"},{"startTime":3473.43,"endTime":3478.43,"body":"where it was inconceivable"},{"startTime":3479.13,"endTime":3481.29,"body":"that there could be a"},{"startTime":3479.13,"endTime":3481.29,"body":"civil war in England,"},{"startTime":3481.29,"endTime":3483.27,"body":"completely inconceivable."},{"startTime":3483.27,"endTime":3486.243,"body":"- So I think there's a"},{"startTime":3483.27,"endTime":3486.243,"body":"question in the third row, yes."},{"startTime":3487.89,"endTime":3488.88,"body":"- [Woman] Thank you."},{"startTime":3488.88,"endTime":3490.65,"body":"Two points very, very quickly."},{"startTime":3490.65,"endTime":3493.35,"body":"On a previous picture, there was some,"},{"startTime":3493.35,"endTime":3496.38,"body":"a place on the skyline with some writing,"},{"startTime":3496.38,"endTime":3497.73,"body":"as if it was a viewpoint"},{"startTime":3497.73,"endTime":3499.98,"body":"you could see something in the distance."},{"startTime":3499.98,"endTime":3500.813,"body":"- This one?"},{"startTime":3500.813,"endTime":3502.983,"body":"- [Woman] No, back again."},{"startTime":3504.18,"endTime":3505.538,"body":"Sorry."},{"startTime":3505.538,"endTime":3507.609,"body":"- We're going back through"},{"startTime":3505.538,"endTime":3507.609,"body":"alcoves, my drawing."},{"startTime":3507.609,"endTime":3509.4,"body":"- There, there."},{"startTime":3507.609,"endTime":3509.4,"body":"- Ah here."},{"startTime":3509.4,"endTime":3511.05,"body":"- [Woman] In the distance,"},{"startTime":3509.4,"endTime":3511.05,"body":"on the right arm, there."},{"startTime":3511.05,"endTime":3512.58,"body":"- [Simon] Harrow on the hill."},{"startTime":3512.58,"endTime":3513.42,"body":"- Oh, right, lovely."},{"startTime":3513.42,"endTime":3514.38,"body":"Thank you."},{"startTime":3514.38,"endTime":3516.81,"body":"And secondly, what happened"},{"startTime":3514.38,"endTime":3516.81,"body":"to Wimbledon Manor?"},{"startTime":3516.81,"endTime":3520.503,"body":"- Ah, yes, well, it was,"},{"startTime":3521.64,"endTime":3525.81,"body":"like many 16th, 17th century houses,"},{"startTime":3525.81,"endTime":3527.67,"body":"it just became very unfashionable,"},{"startTime":3527.67,"endTime":3530.97,"body":"while Wimbledon became"},{"startTime":3527.67,"endTime":3530.97,"body":"extremely fashionable."},{"startTime":3530.97,"endTime":3534.42,"body":"And by the early 18th century,"},{"startTime":3534.42,"endTime":3536.13,"body":"everybody had cottoned onto the fact"},{"startTime":3536.13,"endTime":3537.9,"body":"it was a fabulous place to live,"},{"startTime":3537.9,"endTime":3540.51,"body":"because it was six miles from the city,"},{"startTime":3540.51,"endTime":3542.703,"body":"it was up high, lovely views."},{"startTime":3543.81,"endTime":3548.64,"body":"And so the site was bought,"},{"startTime":3543.81,"endTime":3548.64,"body":"the house was demolished,"},{"startTime":3548.64,"endTime":3550.287,"body":"and a series of other houses were built,"},{"startTime":3550.287,"endTime":3553.62,"body":"and is actually now a"},{"startTime":3550.287,"endTime":3553.62,"body":"housing estate on the site."},{"startTime":3553.62,"endTime":3557.07,"body":"But there were a series of"},{"startTime":3553.62,"endTime":3557.07,"body":"very grand 18th century houses."},{"startTime":3557.07,"endTime":3559.62,"body":"In fact, one belong to the"},{"startTime":3557.07,"endTime":3559.62,"body":"Dutchess of Marlborough,"},{"startTime":3559.62,"endTime":3561.513,"body":"which were on this site subsequently."},{"startTime":3563.04,"endTime":3563.89,"body":"- Question there."},{"startTime":3565.74,"endTime":3568.68,"body":"- [Man] My question is, well rather,"},{"startTime":3568.68,"endTime":3571.89,"body":"I'm quite interested in the 1640 reference"},{"startTime":3571.89,"endTime":3576.0,"body":"to a French design sort"},{"startTime":3571.89,"endTime":3576.0,"body":"of coming in from Jones."},{"startTime":3576.0,"endTime":3578.94,"body":"And we know there was"},{"startTime":3576.0,"endTime":3578.94,"body":"this huge Italian backdrop"},{"startTime":3578.94,"endTime":3579.773,"body":"to his work,"},{"startTime":3579.773,"endTime":3581.64,"body":"but I've never seen anything"},{"startTime":3581.64,"endTime":3582.96,"body":"which suggests that he was French."},{"startTime":3582.96,"endTime":3586.263,"body":"So do you think that"},{"startTime":3582.96,"endTime":3586.263,"body":"came from the Queen or?"},{"startTime":3587.55,"endTime":3589.05,"body":"- Well, the short answer is yes,"},{"startTime":3589.05,"endTime":3590.55,"body":"and it absolutely did come from the Queen."},{"startTime":3590.55,"endTime":3594.72,"body":"The Queen retained very, very"},{"startTime":3590.55,"endTime":3594.72,"body":"close connections with France"},{"startTime":3594.72,"endTime":3596.52,"body":"and French designers"},{"startTime":3594.72,"endTime":3596.52,"body":"and French architects."},{"startTime":3596.52,"endTime":3600.177,"body":"And we absolutely know"},{"startTime":3596.52,"endTime":3600.177,"body":"that in Somerset House,"},{"startTime":3600.177,"endTime":3604.84,"body":"and we can prove it that Jones"},{"startTime":3600.177,"endTime":3604.84,"body":"was given French patent books"},{"startTime":3605.743,"endTime":3609.06,"body":"to inspire his designs."},{"startTime":3609.06,"endTime":3613.05,"body":"And I mean, I do think it is fascinating"},{"startTime":3613.05,"endTime":3617.79,"body":"that he should build this"},{"startTime":3613.05,"endTime":3617.79,"body":"bed alcove here at a point"},{"startTime":3617.79,"endTime":3622.697,"body":"when it is the absolute"},{"startTime":3617.79,"endTime":3622.697,"body":"height of fashion in France."},{"startTime":3624.18,"endTime":3627.3,"body":"Her contacts must have"},{"startTime":3624.18,"endTime":3627.3,"body":"been extremely good."},{"startTime":3627.3,"endTime":3630.45,"body":"I suspect she was sent drawings."},{"startTime":3630.45,"endTime":3632.31,"body":"We don't have no proof of this,"},{"startTime":3632.31,"endTime":3634.443,"body":"but Inigo Jones had not been to France."},{"startTime":3635.31,"endTime":3638.79,"body":"So the design must have"},{"startTime":3635.31,"endTime":3638.79,"body":"been conveyed to him"},{"startTime":3638.79,"endTime":3642.6,"body":"through drawings, prints, or other means"},{"startTime":3642.6,"endTime":3644.01,"body":"for him to put something"},{"startTime":3644.01,"endTime":3646.62,"body":"in which the Queen herself"},{"startTime":3644.01,"endTime":3646.62,"body":"wouldn't have seen either."},{"startTime":3646.62,"endTime":3648.12,"body":"I mean, she wouldn't have seen it."},{"startTime":3648.12,"endTime":3651.3,"body":"So she heard about this"},{"startTime":3648.12,"endTime":3651.3,"body":"and she wanted to introduce"},{"startTime":3651.3,"endTime":3654.423,"body":"the height of, you know, French taste."},{"startTime":3655.98,"endTime":3657.66,"body":"- I'm afraid we're probably"},{"startTime":3655.98,"endTime":3657.66,"body":"going to have to draw it"},{"startTime":3657.66,"endTime":3659.13,"body":"to a close there."},{"startTime":3659.13,"endTime":3662.73,"body":"Thank you very much professor"},{"startTime":3659.13,"endTime":3662.73,"body":"thoroughly for your talk,"},{"startTime":3662.73,"endTime":3665.58,"body":"and thank you to our audience"},{"startTime":3662.73,"endTime":3665.58,"body":"for your close attention,"},{"startTime":3665.58,"endTime":3668.16,"body":"both those of you who joined"},{"startTime":3665.58,"endTime":3668.16,"body":"us today and those online."},{"startTime":3668.16,"endTime":3670.642,"body":"And please join me in"},{"startTime":3668.16,"endTime":3670.642,"body":"thanking the professor."},{"startTime":3670.642,"endTime":3673.809,"body":"(audience applauding)"}]}