{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"startTime":1.11,"endTime":2.58,"body":"- Well good evening everyone,"},{"startTime":2.58,"endTime":5.37,"body":"and welcome to the college's new venue."},{"startTime":5.37,"endTime":7.819,"body":"I hope you managed to find it, I did,"},{"startTime":7.819,"endTime":10.14,"body":"there's a very handy Pret"},{"startTime":7.819,"endTime":10.14,"body":"a Manger round the corner"},{"startTime":10.14,"endTime":11.28,"body":"for a cup of tea beforehand"},{"startTime":11.28,"endTime":13.923,"body":"to fortify yourself before"},{"startTime":11.28,"endTime":13.923,"body":"you meet your audience."},{"startTime":15.45,"endTime":18.81,"body":"Today, I'm going to be"},{"startTime":15.45,"endTime":18.81,"body":"speaking on royal progresses,"},{"startTime":18.81,"endTime":19.98,"body":"courts on the move"},{"startTime":19.98,"endTime":22.473,"body":"in Tudor and Stuart England."},{"startTime":23.76,"endTime":27.24,"body":"In February, 1593,"},{"startTime":27.24,"endTime":32.24,"body":"Queen Elizabeth I was in her"},{"startTime":27.24,"endTime":32.24,"body":"new gallery at Windsor Castle,"},{"speaker":"and she couldn't decide what to do","startTime":36.45,"endTime":38.7,"body":"should she move from the castle"},{"speaker":"and she couldn't decide what to do","startTime":38.7,"endTime":40.683,"body":"or should she stay put?"},{"speaker":"and she couldn't decide what to do","startTime":41.61,"endTime":44.52,"body":"One of the Earl of Essex's men,"},{"speaker":"and she couldn't decide what to do","startTime":44.52,"endTime":46.92,"body":"someone called Anthony Standen,"},{"speaker":"and she couldn't decide what to do","startTime":46.92,"endTime":51.92,"body":"described the chaotic scene"},{"speaker":"and she couldn't decide what to do","startTime":46.92,"endTime":51.92,"body":"caused by this royal indecision"},{"speaker":"and she couldn't decide what to do","startTime":52.71,"endTime":56.46,"body":"as relayed to him by one of the carters"},{"speaker":"and she couldn't decide what to do","startTime":56.46,"endTime":59.19,"body":"who was loading up the wardrobe carts"},{"speaker":"and she couldn't decide what to do","startTime":59.19,"endTime":60.36,"body":"with the royal baggage,"},{"speaker":"and this is what he said","startTime":62.467,"endTime":66.817,"body":"\"Three times he had been"},{"speaker":"and this is what he said","startTime":62.467,"endTime":66.817,"body":"at Windsor with his cart"},{"speaker":"and this is what he said","startTime":66.817,"endTime":67.717,"body":"\"to take away,"},{"speaker":"and this is what he said","startTime":67.717,"endTime":69.937,"body":"\"upon orders of a remove,"},{"speaker":"and this is what he said","startTime":69.937,"endTime":74.347,"body":"\"some part of the stuff"},{"speaker":"and this is what he said","startTime":69.937,"endTime":74.347,"body":"of Her Majesty's wardrobe,"},{"speaker":"and this is what he said","startTime":74.347,"endTime":79.347,"body":"\"and when he had attended once,"},{"speaker":"and this is what he said","startTime":74.347,"endTime":79.347,"body":"twice, and the third time,"},{"speaker":"and this is what he said","startTime":79.897,"endTime":82.747,"body":"\"and heard that she would not move,"},{"speaker":"and this is what he said","startTime":82.747,"endTime":85.147,"body":"\"clapping his hand to his thigh,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":87.379,"endTime":89.737,"body":"\"'Now I see,' said the carter,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":89.737,"endTime":94.191,"body":"\"'that the Queen is a"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":89.737,"endTime":94.191,"body":"woman as well as my wife,'"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":94.191,"endTime":95.024,"body":"(audience laughs)"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":95.024,"endTime":100.024,"body":"\"which words being"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":95.024,"endTime":100.024,"body":"overheard by Her Majesty,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":100.297,"endTime":102.307,"body":"\"who then stood at a window,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":102.307,"endTime":105.397,"body":"\"she said, 'What villain is this?'"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":105.397,"endTime":110.397,"body":"\"and so sent him three gold"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":105.397,"endTime":110.397,"body":"coins to stop his mouth.\""},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":110.669,"endTime":114.0,"body":"(audience laughs)"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":114.0,"endTime":119.0,"body":"The fact is that Elizabeth"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":114.0,"endTime":119.0,"body":"I was always on the move,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":119.07,"endTime":120.45,"body":"and so, in fact,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":120.45,"endTime":124.2,"body":"were all the Tudor and Stuart monarchs,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":124.2,"endTime":125.19,"body":"and today, of course,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":125.19,"endTime":130.19,"body":"we have a faint echo of"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":125.19,"endTime":130.19,"body":"this royal restlessness"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":130.2,"endTime":133.14,"body":"in the annual round of movements"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":133.14,"endTime":135.96,"body":"that our late Queen took,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":135.96,"endTime":140.31,"body":"oscillating between Buckingham"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":135.96,"endTime":140.31,"body":"Palace and Windsor Castle"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":140.31,"endTime":142.38,"body":"during the parliamentary sessions,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":142.38,"endTime":144.72,"body":"but moving to Sandringham at Christmas,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":144.72,"endTime":149.61,"body":"and of course to"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":144.72,"endTime":149.61,"body":"Holyroodhouse and to Balmoral"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":149.61,"endTime":150.963,"body":"in the summer."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":152.16,"endTime":155.28,"body":"In fact, since the early Middle Ages,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":155.28,"endTime":160.26,"body":"the royal year had been"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":155.28,"endTime":160.26,"body":"made up of a series of stays"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":160.26,"endTime":161.91,"body":"of varying lengths"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":161.91,"endTime":163.98,"body":"at royal houses"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":163.98,"endTime":167.4,"body":"and the residences of"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":163.98,"endTime":167.4,"body":"the monarch's subjects,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":167.4,"endTime":169.53,"body":"and I'm showing you here a map"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":169.53,"endTime":173.52,"body":"showing the royal houses"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":173.52,"endTime":176.49,"body":"that were in the possession of the Crown"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":176.49,"endTime":179.97,"body":"at the end of Henry VIII's reign."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":179.97,"endTime":181.38,"body":"In the winter months,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":181.38,"endTime":183.75,"body":"the court stayed in the Thames Valley,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":183.75,"endTime":184.98,"body":"close to Westminster,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":184.98,"endTime":186.3,"body":"and then in the summer,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":186.3,"endTime":189.21,"body":"it traveled extensively"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":186.3,"endTime":189.21,"body":"across the country,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":189.21,"endTime":191.82,"body":"and these summer expeditions"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":191.82,"endTime":193.95,"body":"were normally called progresses"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":193.95,"endTime":197.19,"body":"to distinguish them from"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":193.95,"endTime":197.19,"body":"the itinerant movements"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":197.19,"endTime":199.89,"body":"of the wintertime court."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":199.89,"endTime":202.29,"body":"This pattern of existence"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":202.29,"endTime":204.21,"body":"was partially dictated by weather"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":204.21,"endTime":205.89,"body":"and the condition of the roads,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":205.89,"endTime":207.87,"body":"which basically made it impossible"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":207.87,"endTime":210.96,"body":"to travel a long distance in the winter."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":210.96,"endTime":215.96,"body":"But there were other"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":210.96,"endTime":215.96,"body":"powerful factors at work too,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":216.54,"endTime":218.43,"body":"and the first of these, I think,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":218.43,"endTime":223.43,"body":"was the need for the monarch"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":218.43,"endTime":223.43,"body":"to observe his subjects"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":223.59,"endTime":225.783,"body":"and to be seen by them,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":226.8,"endTime":228.84,"body":"and, where necessary,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":228.84,"endTime":232.05,"body":"quelling disturbances, disloyalty,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":232.05,"endTime":234.9,"body":"dispensing justice, granting favors,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":234.9,"endTime":238.83,"body":"and showing pleasure or displeasure."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":238.83,"endTime":240.51,"body":"And then there was the question"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":240.51,"endTime":244.23,"body":"of the great religious feasts of the year,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":244.23,"endTime":246.69,"body":"Christmas and Easter of course,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":246.69,"endTime":248.34,"body":"but before the Reformation,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":248.34,"endTime":250.32,"body":"there were many others,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":250.32,"endTime":254.25,"body":"and monarchs needed to"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":250.32,"endTime":254.25,"body":"stage these great occasions"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":254.25,"endTime":257.49,"body":"in places that could"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":254.25,"endTime":257.49,"body":"cope with the full weight"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":257.49,"endTime":261.123,"body":"of liturgy and display"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":257.49,"endTime":261.123,"body":"that accompanied them."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":262.55,"endTime":264.84,"body":"There were also administrative functions"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":264.84,"endTime":266.52,"body":"that monarchs needed to perform,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":266.52,"endTime":268.83,"body":"and these often had to be undertaken"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":268.83,"endTime":271.08,"body":"in very specific locations."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":271.08,"endTime":272.52,"body":"So for instance,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":272.52,"endTime":274.83,"body":"the annual audit of the royal accounts"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":274.83,"endTime":278.22,"body":"always had to be undertaken"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":274.83,"endTime":278.22,"body":"at the Tower of London."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":278.22,"endTime":280.503,"body":"And finally, there was pleasure."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":281.34,"endTime":283.65,"body":"Almost all the king's country seats"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":283.65,"endTime":287.31,"body":"were located in or near royal forests,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":287.31,"endTime":289.47,"body":"where the king could hunt deer,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":289.47,"endTime":291.51,"body":"and hunting was, of course,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":291.51,"endTime":295.17,"body":"the principal recreation of"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":291.51,"endTime":295.17,"body":"the monarchy and aristocracy,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":295.17,"endTime":297.15,"body":"and in the saddle,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":297.15,"endTime":300.12,"body":"the monarch not only enjoyed himself,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":300.12,"endTime":304.143,"body":"but created a bond with his companions."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":306.51,"endTime":307.59,"body":"During the winter,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":307.59,"endTime":309.6,"body":"when the court was itinerant,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":309.6,"endTime":312.75,"body":"it could move at short notice"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":312.75,"endTime":317.16,"body":"between the very large"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":312.75,"endTime":317.16,"body":"houses in the Thames Valley,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":317.16,"endTime":321.42,"body":"and you can see what a large"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":317.16,"endTime":321.42,"body":"number of houses there were,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":321.42,"endTime":323.67,"body":"especially in the central section here,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":323.67,"endTime":328.67,"body":"you've got them, really, lying"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":323.67,"endTime":328.67,"body":"between Greenwich in the east"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":329.55,"endTime":331.98,"body":"and Windsor in the west,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":331.98,"endTime":335.61,"body":"and up until the reign of Elizabeth I,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":335.61,"endTime":337.68,"body":"the court would move between them,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":337.68,"endTime":342.24,"body":"so that is Greenwich, Richmond,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":337.68,"endTime":342.24,"body":"Hampton Court, Whitehall,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":342.24,"endTime":344.82,"body":"by barge along the river."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":344.82,"endTime":346.8,"body":"And these houses were normally referred to"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":346.8,"endTime":348.81,"body":"as the standing houses,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":348.81,"endTime":350.25,"body":"and that was because,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":350.25,"endTime":355.25,"body":"unlike all these houses in"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":350.25,"endTime":355.25,"body":"the wider Home Counties,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":355.35,"endTime":358.08,"body":"they remained fully furnished,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":358.08,"endTime":359.46,"body":"so the tapestries were on the wall,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":359.46,"endTime":360.42,"body":"the furniture was in there,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":360.42,"endTime":362.13,"body":"and they could be occupied immediately,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":362.13,"endTime":366.963,"body":"standing just meant they were"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":362.13,"endTime":366.963,"body":"furnished the whole time."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":368.79,"endTime":369.9,"body":"On the other hand,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":369.9,"endTime":374.7,"body":"the summer progress was a formal event"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":374.7,"endTime":377.583,"body":"that required considerable planning."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":378.57,"endTime":382.23,"body":"Each year, in the winter,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":382.23,"endTime":384.6,"body":"the king's ministers would sit down"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":384.6,"endTime":389.34,"body":"and devise a route that"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":384.6,"endTime":389.34,"body":"combined excellent hunting"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":389.34,"endTime":391.74,"body":"with visits to people and places"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":391.74,"endTime":394.89,"body":"that the sovereign needed to see."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":394.89,"endTime":398.01,"body":"It was a very skillful job,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":398.01,"endTime":401.37,"body":"because as well as needing to be alive"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":401.37,"endTime":404.61,"body":"to the prevailing political context,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":404.61,"endTime":407.4,"body":"the compilers of this route"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":407.4,"endTime":410.37,"body":"had to know the condition of the roads,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":410.37,"endTime":412.53,"body":"the distances between houses,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":412.53,"endTime":414.54,"body":"and of course, most importantly perhaps,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":414.54,"endTime":417.243,"body":"the king's likes and dislikes."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":418.23,"endTime":421.98,"body":"The route was known as the giests,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":421.98,"endTime":426.98,"body":"and this is a document"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":421.98,"endTime":426.98,"body":"in the National Archives"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":427.47,"endTime":432.21,"body":"which was produced by"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":427.47,"endTime":432.21,"body":"Elizabeth I's ministers,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":432.21,"endTime":436.14,"body":"showing the giests that"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":432.21,"endTime":436.14,"body":"were presented to her"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":436.14,"endTime":438.69,"body":"for her approval."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":438.69,"endTime":439.98,"body":"And giests, by the way,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":439.98,"endTime":441.78,"body":"if you are trying to write it down,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":441.78,"endTime":445.29,"body":"is spelled G-I-E-S-T-S,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":445.29,"endTime":446.643,"body":"which is a bit confusing."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":448.02,"endTime":450.96,"body":"Once the giests were approved,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":450.96,"endTime":451.793,"body":"and incidentally,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":451.793,"endTime":453.06,"body":"you should be able to see on here,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":453.06,"endTime":455.85,"body":"do you see the number of miles"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":455.85,"endTime":459.45,"body":"written between each of the houses?"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":459.45,"endTime":463.56,"body":"So you can actually see the"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":459.45,"endTime":463.56,"body":"distance between the two."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":463.56,"endTime":465.21,"body":"So once this was agreed,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":465.21,"endTime":468.24,"body":"the Office of Works would be informed,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":468.24,"endTime":470.07,"body":"and the king's surveyor of works,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":470.07,"endTime":472.47,"body":"that is to say his chief architect,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":472.47,"endTime":475.35,"body":"would be sent out to ride the route"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":475.35,"endTime":476.523,"body":"and inspect the houses"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":476.523,"endTime":478.71,"body":"that the king intended to visit."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":478.71,"endTime":482.34,"body":"And he would not only"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":478.71,"endTime":482.34,"body":"inspect the royal houses,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":482.34,"endTime":484.56,"body":"where he had direct responsibility"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":484.56,"endTime":488.67,"body":"for repair and making sure"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":484.56,"endTime":488.67,"body":"that they were suitable,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":488.67,"endTime":490.05,"body":"but he would also visit"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":490.05,"endTime":493.59,"body":"the houses of the abbots, and the bishops,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":493.59,"endTime":495.54,"body":"and the private individuals"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":495.54,"endTime":498.36,"body":"with whom the monarch was going to stay."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":498.36,"endTime":502.35,"body":"And after a visit by the"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":498.36,"endTime":502.35,"body":"king's surveyor of works,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":502.35,"endTime":503.4,"body":"the owner of the house"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":503.4,"endTime":505.35,"body":"usually got a long list of things"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":505.35,"endTime":507.63,"body":"which they were required to do"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":507.63,"endTime":512.63,"body":"to make their own house suitable"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":507.63,"endTime":512.63,"body":"for this impending visit."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":514.26,"endTime":516.24,"body":"By the Tudor period,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":516.24,"endTime":519.51,"body":"the court on summer progress"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":519.51,"endTime":524.51,"body":"was perhaps only half the size"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":519.51,"endTime":524.51,"body":"of the court in wintertime,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":525.48,"endTime":530.48,"body":"but it still numbered"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":525.48,"endTime":530.48,"body":"between 600 and 800 people."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":532.08,"endTime":536.76,"body":"It's very hard to find a modern equivalent"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":536.76,"endTime":539.01,"body":"of the summer progress,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":539.01,"endTime":540.0,"body":"but some years ago,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":540.0,"endTime":543.27,"body":"in a slightly surreal exchange I had"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":543.27,"endTime":547.71,"body":"explaining royal progresses"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":543.27,"endTime":547.71,"body":"to the late David Bowie,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":547.71,"endTime":549.24,"body":"he told me"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":549.24,"endTime":554.1,"body":"that the whole thing sounded"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":549.24,"endTime":554.1,"body":"like being a rock band on tour:"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":554.1,"endTime":557.49,"body":"a self-contained mass of people"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":557.49,"endTime":559.8,"body":"moving from place to place,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":559.8,"endTime":564.693,"body":"with its own incorporated infrastructure."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":565.95,"endTime":567.54,"body":"And in the 16th century,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":567.54,"endTime":571.11,"body":"simply moving such a vast number of people"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":571.11,"endTime":572.4,"body":"round the countryside"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":572.4,"endTime":575.85,"body":"was a huge task."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":575.85,"endTime":579.63,"body":"The king and his family had stables"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":579.63,"endTime":583.17,"body":"containing perhaps 300 horses,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":583.17,"endTime":586.83,"body":"while the aristocrats,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":583.17,"endTime":586.83,"body":"churchmen, and ministers"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":586.83,"endTime":588.3,"body":"who were following him"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":588.3,"endTime":591.0,"body":"would have had their own."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":591.0,"endTime":592.98,"body":"Most people rode,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":592.98,"endTime":597.96,"body":"but the very young, the very"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":592.98,"endTime":597.96,"body":"infirm, or the very grand"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":597.96,"endTime":601.56,"body":"might be transported in a horse litter,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":601.56,"endTime":605.79,"body":"and here you see Elizabeth I"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":605.79,"endTime":608.46,"body":"being carried in a horse litter."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":608.46,"endTime":613.46,"body":"It must have been enormously"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":608.46,"endTime":613.46,"body":"wobbly, I suspect,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":613.86,"endTime":617.4,"body":"and of course it was incredibly slow."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":617.4,"endTime":621.84,"body":"And if you were really important,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":621.84,"endTime":624.15,"body":"and this is another Elizabethan picture,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":624.15,"endTime":627.96,"body":"you would be carried in"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":624.15,"endTime":627.96,"body":"a litter by individuals,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":627.96,"endTime":628.89,"body":"but those, of course,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":628.89,"endTime":632.913,"body":"were the slowest possible ways of moving."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":634.11,"endTime":638.22,"body":"There was then the vast"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":634.11,"endTime":638.22,"body":"Lord Steward's Department,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":638.22,"endTime":640.23,"body":"this was the department of the household"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":640.23,"endTime":643.29,"body":"that looked after the"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":640.23,"endTime":643.29,"body":"domestic needs of the court,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":643.29,"endTime":647.61,"body":"not only cooking, but firewood,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":647.61,"endTime":650.76,"body":"and moving around all the things,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":650.76,"endTime":653.01,"body":"like candles and pots and pans,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":653.01,"endTime":654.3,"body":"that were needed."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":654.3,"endTime":655.83,"body":"The Lord Steward's Department"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":655.83,"endTime":658.92,"body":"didn't own its own transport,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":658.92,"endTime":661.29,"body":"and so the towns and villages"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":661.29,"endTime":663.39,"body":"through which the court passed"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":663.39,"endTime":667.59,"body":"were required to supply horses and carts"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":668.73,"endTime":673.73,"body":"at a special fixed rate"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":668.73,"endTime":673.73,"body":"called the king's rate,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":674.25,"endTime":677.07,"body":"and the king's rate"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":674.25,"endTime":677.07,"body":"was, generally speaking,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":677.07,"endTime":678.33,"body":"if you look at the accounts,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":678.33,"endTime":680.22,"body":"tuppence a mile."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":680.22,"endTime":683.28,"body":"And this was extremely unpopular"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":683.28,"endTime":686.52,"body":"because the commercial"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":683.28,"endTime":686.52,"body":"rate was, wait for it,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":686.52,"endTime":688.86,"body":"twelvepence a mile."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":688.86,"endTime":691.86,"body":"And at harvest time in particular,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":691.86,"endTime":694.38,"body":"when the court was at its most mobile,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":694.38,"endTime":696.99,"body":"the owners wanted the carts themselves,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":696.99,"endTime":698.85,"body":"and if they were requisitioned"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":696.99,"endTime":698.85,"body":"for several weeks,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":698.85,"endTime":702.033,"body":"it was pretty disastrous"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":698.85,"endTime":702.033,"body":"to their business."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":703.23,"endTime":705.9,"body":"In the late 1520s,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":705.9,"endTime":708.45,"body":"a document that I turned"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":705.9,"endTime":708.45,"body":"up in the National Archives"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":708.45,"endTime":712.38,"body":"showed that when the court"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":708.45,"endTime":712.38,"body":"moved through West Kent,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":712.38,"endTime":717.1,"body":"16 villages were required"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":712.38,"endTime":717.1,"body":"to supply 26 carts"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":718.47,"endTime":722.07,"body":"for summer progresses within the county."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":722.07,"endTime":726.27,"body":"But this 26 was a fraction of the number"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":726.27,"endTime":728.4,"body":"that were actually needed."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":728.4,"endTime":733.4,"body":"In 1589, 169 carts were needed"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":728.4,"endTime":733.4,"body":"to move Elizabeth I's court."},{"speaker":"\"he said these 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words","startTime":756.42,"endTime":758.19,"body":"for all its vestments, and everything,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":758.19,"endTime":761.16,"body":"required 10 carts."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":761.16,"endTime":764.76,"body":"And various other household"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":761.16,"endTime":764.76,"body":"departments had their own carts:"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":764.76,"endTime":767.19,"body":"the Yeomen of the Guard had a cart"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":767.19,"endTime":769.11,"body":"to transport their uniforms,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":769.11,"endTime":771.84,"body":"and the masters of the royal hounds"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":771.84,"endTime":774.54,"body":"had specially fashioned carts"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":774.54,"endTime":777.423,"body":"to carry the royal hunting dogs."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":778.89,"endTime":782.37,"body":"On progress, the richest aristocrats"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":782.37,"endTime":786.81,"body":"moved their own furniture,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":782.37,"endTime":786.81,"body":"bedding, and tapestries"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":786.81,"endTime":789.447,"body":"in their own hired carts."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":789.447,"endTime":791.43,"body":"And so if you add all this up,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":791.43,"endTime":793.92,"body":"the total number of carts on a progress"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":793.92,"endTime":798.92,"body":"was somewhere between 300 and 350."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":798.99,"endTime":803.16,"body":"The sight of the Tudor and"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":798.99,"endTime":803.16,"body":"Stuart court on the move"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":803.16,"endTime":805.74,"body":"must have been astonishing,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":805.74,"endTime":810.42,"body":"moving through the muddy"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":805.74,"endTime":810.42,"body":"lanes and byways of England"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":810.42,"endTime":813.12,"body":"incredibly slowly."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":813.12,"endTime":816.45,"body":"They averaged 12 miles a day,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":816.45,"endTime":819.66,"body":"although on the routes closer to London,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":819.66,"endTime":821.52,"body":"where the roads were a little bit better,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":821.52,"endTime":824.61,"body":"they might make the extremely speedy speed"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":824.61,"endTime":826.5,"body":"of 18 miles a day,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":826.5,"endTime":828.363,"body":"this is not an hour, this is a day."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":830.37,"endTime":831.63,"body":"As well as transport,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":831.63,"endTime":833.85,"body":"very careful provision had to be made"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":833.85,"endTime":836.97,"body":"for the supply of the royal kitchens."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":836.97,"endTime":841.97,"body":"Feeding 700 people"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":836.97,"endTime":841.97,"body":"required careful planning."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":842.43,"endTime":844.89,"body":"The royal clerk of the market"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":844.89,"endTime":848.13,"body":"had to ride ahead of"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":844.89,"endTime":848.13,"body":"the progress to ensure"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":848.13,"endTime":851.37,"body":"that there was actually"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":848.13,"endTime":851.37,"body":"enough bread, beer, and meat"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":851.37,"endTime":853.47,"body":"for the court when it arrived."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":853.47,"endTime":858.24,"body":"And this activity was unpopular,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":858.24,"endTime":861.18,"body":"just as unpopular as the cart-taking,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":861.18,"endTime":862.83,"body":"because the royal purveyors,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":862.83,"endTime":866.28,"body":"who were the people"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":862.83,"endTime":866.28,"body":"responsible for buying food,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":866.28,"endTime":870.48,"body":"were entitled to buy"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":866.28,"endTime":870.48,"body":"goods at something called,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":870.48,"endTime":871.44,"body":"you guessed it,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":871.44,"endTime":873.33,"body":"the king's price,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":873.33,"endTime":874.53,"body":"and inevitably,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":874.53,"endTime":875.82,"body":"this was a lot cheaper"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":875.82,"endTime":878.01,"body":"than the price that"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":875.82,"endTime":878.01,"body":"everybody else had to pay,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":878.01,"endTime":880.02,"body":"and so the arrival of the court"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":880.02,"endTime":885.02,"body":"didn't necessarily mean big"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":880.02,"endTime":885.02,"body":"profits for the food producers."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":885.9,"endTime":887.55,"body":"In the 1520s,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":887.55,"endTime":892.26,"body":"the fixed price the court paid"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":887.55,"endTime":892.26,"body":"for poultry, for instance,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":892.26,"endTime":896.34,"body":"was five shillings for a swan,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":896.34,"endTime":898.92,"body":"two shillings for a peacock,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":898.92,"endTime":901.05,"body":"sevenpence for a hen,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":901.05,"endTime":904.17,"body":"and sixpence for a dozen larks."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":904.17,"endTime":908.79,"body":"And this discounted price"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":908.79,"endTime":912.6,"body":"didn't apply to the"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":908.79,"endTime":912.6,"body":"courtiers or to the churchmen"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":912.6,"endTime":914.64,"body":"who put the king up."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":914.64,"endTime":918.15,"body":"So if the king was"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":914.64,"endTime":918.15,"body":"staying in his own house,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":918.15,"endTime":920.22,"body":"he got the food very cheaply,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":920.22,"endTime":924.18,"body":"but the honor of a royal visit was,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":924.18,"endTime":925.89,"body":"because you had to pay the full price,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":925.89,"endTime":929.163,"body":"accompanied by a very large bill."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":930.48,"endTime":933.81,"body":"When the court arrived at Wolfhall"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":933.81,"endTime":937.44,"body":"to visit Sir Edward Seymour in 1539,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":937.44,"endTime":941.55,"body":"he had to convert a"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":937.44,"endTime":941.55,"body":"large barn on his estate"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":941.55,"endTime":943.89,"body":"for his household servants."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":943.89,"endTime":945.12,"body":"On the first night,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":945.12,"endTime":948.36,"body":"he gave supper for 70,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":948.36,"endTime":953.36,"body":"but this was just the"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":948.36,"endTime":953.36,"body":"prelude to dinner for 800"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":953.4,"endTime":954.66,"body":"the following night,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":954.66,"endTime":959.343,"body":"and 1,500 people on the"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":954.66,"endTime":959.343,"body":"subsequent two nights."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":960.81,"endTime":965.81,"body":"Also in the advance guard of the progress"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":966.99,"endTime":970.14,"body":"was the gentleman harbinger."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":970.14,"endTime":973.83,"body":"He had an extremely important role"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":973.83,"endTime":976.53,"body":"because few houses at progress-time"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":976.53,"endTime":979.8,"body":"could actually accommodate"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":976.53,"endTime":979.8,"body":"the whole court,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":979.8,"endTime":981.66,"body":"and people had to be put up"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":981.66,"endTime":983.91,"body":"in subsidiary royal houses,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":983.91,"endTime":985.5,"body":"the houses of the gentry,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":985.5,"endTime":989.04,"body":"or even in inns and taverns,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":989.04,"endTime":993.75,"body":"so the harbinger would allocate"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":989.04,"endTime":993.75,"body":"everybody in the household"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":993.75,"endTime":998.75,"body":"a set number of rooms and"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":993.75,"endTime":998.75,"body":"stables for their horses."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":999.27,"endTime":1003.5,"body":"They were then given a chit,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":999.27,"endTime":1003.5,"body":"or a billet, or bill-lay,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1003.5,"endTime":1004.88,"body":"to each person,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1004.88,"endTime":1008.15,"body":"and this billet, or bill-lay,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1008.15,"endTime":1011.61,"body":"would be presented at the"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1008.15,"endTime":1011.61,"body":"inn, or at the person's house"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1013.01,"endTime":1017.39,"body":"to demonstrate that they were"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1013.01,"endTime":1017.39,"body":"authorized to stay there,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1017.39,"endTime":1018.223,"body":"which, of course,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1018.223,"endTime":1021.683,"body":"is the origin of the word of"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1018.223,"endTime":1021.683,"body":"being billeted on somebody."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1022.55,"endTime":1027.02,"body":"The harbinger was in a"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1022.55,"endTime":1027.02,"body":"very, very powerful position"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1027.02,"endTime":1028.64,"body":"because if you had a downer on someone,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1028.64,"endTime":1031.7,"body":"you could put them in some"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1028.64,"endTime":1031.7,"body":"grotty inn round the back,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1031.7,"endTime":1034.55,"body":"and people who greased your palm"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1034.55,"endTime":1039.05,"body":"you'd put in some very"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1034.55,"endTime":1039.05,"body":"fancy courtier's house."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1039.05,"endTime":1041.27,"body":"Cardinal Wolsey tried to crack down"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1041.27,"endTime":1046.27,"body":"on the corruption that was"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1041.27,"endTime":1046.27,"body":"endemic with the harbingers,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1046.88,"endTime":1050.12,"body":"but again, when I was doing"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1046.88,"endTime":1050.12,"body":"the research for this,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1050.12,"endTime":1053.66,"body":"I found a document in"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1050.12,"endTime":1053.66,"body":"the National Archives"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1053.66,"endTime":1057.32,"body":"which showed that, on"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1053.66,"endTime":1057.32,"body":"one occasion in 1520,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1057.32,"endTime":1061.67,"body":"he himself bribed the"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1057.32,"endTime":1061.67,"body":"harbingers 20 shillings"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1061.67,"endTime":1063.86,"body":"to put him in the best lodgings"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1063.86,"endTime":1066.893,"body":"in Canterbury, Sandwich, and Dover."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1068.48,"endTime":1072.05,"body":"So that's just a very brief overview"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1072.05,"endTime":1075.5,"body":"of the complex logistics"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1075.5,"endTime":1079.16,"body":"that went into progress-time."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1079.16,"endTime":1080.0,"body":"What I now want to do"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1080.0,"endTime":1083.27,"body":"in the second section of"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1080.0,"endTime":1083.27,"body":"my lecture this evening"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1083.27,"endTime":1085.79,"body":"is to take a big, sweeping look"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1085.79,"endTime":1088.58,"body":"at the whole of the"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1085.79,"endTime":1088.58,"body":"Tudor and Stuart period,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1088.58,"endTime":1091.28,"body":"from the accession of Henry VII"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1091.28,"endTime":1093.74,"body":"to the death of Queen Anne,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1093.74,"endTime":1094.91,"body":"and ask the question,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1094.91,"endTime":1098.9,"body":"how did their annual itineraries compare,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1098.9,"endTime":1101.3,"body":"and in my third and final section,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1101.3,"endTime":1104.753,"body":"what impact did this have"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1101.3,"endTime":1104.753,"body":"on the country at large."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1107.27,"endTime":1109.48,"body":"Let's start in 1485,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1109.48,"endTime":1111.803,"body":"on the accession of Henry VII."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1112.94,"endTime":1117.94,"body":"Apart from a couple of hours"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1112.94,"endTime":1117.94,"body":"spent at Westminster Palace"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1118.22,"endTime":1121.94,"body":"as a teenager in 1470,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1121.94,"endTime":1124.1,"body":"when Henry VII became king,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1124.1,"endTime":1128.51,"body":"he had never set foot in"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1124.1,"endTime":1128.51,"body":"an English royal palace,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1128.51,"endTime":1130.73,"body":"let alone lived in one."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1130.73,"endTime":1133.18,"body":"His schooling in the ways"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1130.73,"endTime":1133.18,"body":"of the English monarchy"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1134.15,"endTime":1137.42,"body":"came through the hands of"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1134.15,"endTime":1137.42,"body":"his wife and his mother,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1137.42,"endTime":1142.1,"body":"both of whom were veterans"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1137.42,"endTime":1142.1,"body":"of royal courts and palaces."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1142.1,"endTime":1143.36,"body":"And his court,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1143.36,"endTime":1145.25,"body":"and I'm just showing you Westminster here,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1145.25,"endTime":1146.72,"body":"I'll refer to it again in a moment,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1146.72,"endTime":1149.12,"body":"his court, like that of his predecessors,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1149.12,"endTime":1151.19,"body":"was peripatetic,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1151.19,"endTime":1155.54,"body":"and in the 15 years up to 1500,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1155.54,"endTime":1159.23,"body":"and this is a calculation"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1155.54,"endTime":1159.23,"body":"that I have made,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1159.23,"endTime":1164.23,"body":"Henry moved location"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1159.23,"endTime":1164.23,"body":"just about 1,000 times."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1165.29,"endTime":1168.02,"body":"His most favored place to stay was here,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1168.02,"endTime":1170.24,"body":"in Westminster, Westminster Palace."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1170.24,"endTime":1173.27,"body":"Here's the abbey, here is the palace,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1173.27,"endTime":1174.29,"body":"at the moment, obviously,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1174.29,"endTime":1175.91,"body":"a big focus of everyone's interest,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1175.91,"endTime":1178.16,"body":"Westminster Hall here at the top,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1178.16,"endTime":1182.45,"body":"but this southern part of the palace"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1182.45,"endTime":1186.173,"body":"was where Henry VII and"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1182.45,"endTime":1186.173,"body":"his predecessors stayed."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1188.6,"endTime":1191.12,"body":"He stayed at Westminster"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1191.12,"endTime":1194.87,"body":"for longer than he stayed"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1191.12,"endTime":1194.87,"body":"in any other houses as well,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1194.87,"endTime":1197.0,"body":"so it was very much a favorite."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1197.0,"endTime":1200.48,"body":"Although there were lots of"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1197.0,"endTime":1200.48,"body":"short stays in the winter,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1200.48,"endTime":1202.79,"body":"he could be in residence for a month"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1202.79,"endTime":1204.86,"body":"before he had to move on"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1204.86,"endTime":1207.47,"body":"to allow the palace to be cleaned for him."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1207.47,"endTime":1210.05,"body":"So Westminster was his most favored place,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1210.05,"endTime":1211.94,"body":"then came Richmond,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1211.94,"endTime":1213.26,"body":"where he would stay, on average,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1213.26,"endTime":1216.02,"body":"for maybe about 10"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1213.26,"endTime":1216.02,"body":"days, rarely for longer,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1216.02,"endTime":1219.83,"body":"third was Greenwich,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1216.02,"endTime":1219.83,"body":"and fourth was Windsor,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1219.83,"endTime":1221.63,"body":"and these residences"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1221.63,"endTime":1226.16,"body":"formed the spine of his existence."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1226.16,"endTime":1227.48,"body":"Outside London,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1227.48,"endTime":1232.48,"body":"Henry VII owned perhaps as"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1227.48,"endTime":1232.48,"body":"many as 18 other residences,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1233.36,"endTime":1237.26,"body":"the largest and most splendid of which,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1237.26,"endTime":1239.66,"body":"like Woodstock and Kenilworth,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1239.66,"endTime":1241.4,"body":"would be visited regularly,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1241.4,"endTime":1245.84,"body":"perhaps 10 times in 15 years,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1245.84,"endTime":1250.49,"body":"staying for perhaps 100"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1245.84,"endTime":1250.49,"body":"or 120 nights in each."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1250.49,"endTime":1253.28,"body":"Other houses, like Nottingham, Pontefract,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1253.28,"endTime":1256.01,"body":"might only be visited a handful of times"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1256.01,"endTime":1257.81,"body":"for a couple of nights."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1257.81,"endTime":1260.36,"body":"Most of his progresses"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1257.81,"endTime":1260.36,"body":"were made up of visits"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1260.36,"endTime":1264.65,"body":"to the houses of courtiers,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1260.36,"endTime":1264.65,"body":"bishops, and abbots."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1264.65,"endTime":1267.35,"body":"And the pattern of royal"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1264.65,"endTime":1267.35,"body":"movements that I've just described"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1267.35,"endTime":1271.55,"body":"hardly changed in the early"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1267.35,"endTime":1271.55,"body":"years of Henry VIII's reign,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1271.55,"endTime":1275.3,"body":"despite the fact that Henry"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1271.55,"endTime":1275.3,"body":"acquired a couple of new houses,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1275.3,"endTime":1277.22,"body":"like New Hall in Essex."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1277.22,"endTime":1278.72,"body":"Like his father,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1278.72,"endTime":1282.26,"body":"Henry VIII's itinerary was highly reliant"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1282.26,"endTime":1286.97,"body":"on the houses owned by bishops and abbots,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1286.97,"endTime":1291.44,"body":"but as you can imagine, after 1530,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1291.44,"endTime":1295.91,"body":"the King's itinerary"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1291.44,"endTime":1295.91,"body":"was radically redrawn,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1295.91,"endTime":1298.13,"body":"first of all because of the acquisition"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1298.13,"endTime":1300.5,"body":"of Cardinal Wolsey's former houses,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1300.5,"endTime":1302.57,"body":"Hampton Court and York Place,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1302.57,"endTime":1305.75,"body":"but also because of the fact"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1305.75,"endTime":1308.06,"body":"of the suppression of the monasteries,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1308.06,"endTime":1309.92,"body":"and most of the houses"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1309.92,"endTime":1311.84,"body":"that Henry VII and Henry VIII"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1311.84,"endTime":1315.41,"body":"had visited before the"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1311.84,"endTime":1315.41,"body":"Reformation as a guest"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1315.41,"endTime":1317.75,"body":"were acquired by Henry VIII"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1317.75,"endTime":1320.66,"body":"and converted into royal palaces."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1320.66,"endTime":1322.4,"body":"And what this meant was that,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1322.4,"endTime":1325.61,"body":"while before 1530,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1325.61,"endTime":1330.59,"body":"around 65% of the visits"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1325.61,"endTime":1330.59,"body":"that Henry VIII made"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1330.59,"endTime":1332.63,"body":"were to houses that he owned,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1332.63,"endTime":1336.71,"body":"after 1530, the figure was 91%."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1336.71,"endTime":1339.35,"body":"So basically, he just"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1336.71,"endTime":1339.35,"body":"acquired all the houses"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1339.35,"endTime":1343.37,"body":"belonging to the bishops"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1339.35,"endTime":1343.37,"body":"and abbots for himself."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1343.37,"endTime":1344.75,"body":"So here's an example"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1344.75,"endTime":1347.6,"body":"of one of Henry VIII's progresses,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1347.6,"endTime":1351.2,"body":"this is a pre-Reformation progress,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1351.2,"endTime":1353.15,"body":"starting at Windsor Castle,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1353.15,"endTime":1355.67,"body":"going through Sussex,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1353.15,"endTime":1355.67,"body":"Hampshire, Wiltshire,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1355.67,"endTime":1357.89,"body":"Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, Bedfordshire,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1357.89,"endTime":1360.5,"body":"about 300 miles in all,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1360.5,"endTime":1362.57,"body":"staying at a mixture of houses,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1362.57,"endTime":1366.14,"body":"some ecclesiastics, some courtiers."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1366.14,"endTime":1368.453,"body":"But as the reign went on,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1369.95,"endTime":1371.99,"body":"he bought and built"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1371.99,"endTime":1376.01,"body":"this extraordinary"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1371.99,"endTime":1376.01,"body":"number of new residences,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1376.01,"endTime":1378.16,"body":"and he rarely stayed,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1378.16,"endTime":1379.85,"body":"in the latter part of his reign,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1379.85,"endTime":1383.123,"body":"in a house that he didn't actually own."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1384.65,"endTime":1388.16,"body":"The annual round of Elizabeth I's life"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1388.16,"endTime":1391.64,"body":"was not materially"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1388.16,"endTime":1391.64,"body":"different from her father's."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1391.64,"endTime":1392.69,"body":"During the winter months,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1392.69,"endTime":1394.01,"body":"the court was itinerant,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1394.01,"endTime":1396.38,"body":"oscillating between the standing houses"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1396.38,"endTime":1398.24,"body":"in the Thames Valley,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1398.24,"endTime":1401.63,"body":"but unlike her father and grandfather,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1401.63,"endTime":1404.72,"body":"she moved by coach."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1404.72,"endTime":1408.5,"body":"The coach had been invented in the 1560s."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1408.5,"endTime":1411.56,"body":"This is a watercolor in the British Museum"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1411.56,"endTime":1416.18,"body":"which shows the first coach"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1411.56,"endTime":1416.18,"body":"that Queen Elizabeth owned."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1416.18,"endTime":1418.67,"body":"You can look at the accounts"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1416.18,"endTime":1418.67,"body":"for the building of the coach,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1418.67,"endTime":1421.07,"body":"it accords with this very, very closely,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1421.07,"endTime":1424.792,"body":"and she moves between the houses"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1424.792,"endTime":1427.82,"body":"by road rather than river."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1427.82,"endTime":1432.53,"body":"And her most popular houses"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1427.82,"endTime":1432.53,"body":"were Whitehall, number one,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1432.53,"endTime":1434.24,"body":"followed by Greenwich, number two,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1434.24,"endTime":1435.47,"body":"Richmond, number three,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1435.47,"endTime":1438.47,"body":"and Hampton Court, number four."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1438.47,"endTime":1440.9,"body":"But she was a great lover of progresses."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1440.9,"endTime":1444.5,"body":"On 23 summers, she made a progress,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1444.5,"endTime":1446.36,"body":"and these, like her father's,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1446.36,"endTime":1449.99,"body":"typically started in July"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1446.36,"endTime":1449.99,"body":"and ended in September,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1449.99,"endTime":1452.18,"body":"lasting around 50 days."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1452.18,"endTime":1455.84,"body":"And her travels took her"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1452.18,"endTime":1455.84,"body":"as far west as Bristol,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1455.84,"endTime":1458.03,"body":"east to Norwich,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1458.03,"endTime":1460.97,"body":"and right up north into Staffordshire."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1460.97,"endTime":1462.59,"body":"But actually, when you analyze them,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1462.59,"endTime":1465.77,"body":"most of her time is spent"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1462.59,"endTime":1465.77,"body":"in the Home Counties,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1465.77,"endTime":1469.79,"body":"within a 50-mile radius"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1465.77,"endTime":1469.79,"body":"of Whitehall Palace."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1469.79,"endTime":1471.74,"body":"Much of this, I suppose,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1471.74,"endTime":1475.04,"body":"could also have been said for Henry VIII,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1475.04,"endTime":1479.0,"body":"but the key difference was"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1475.04,"endTime":1479.0,"body":"that Henry VIII, on progress,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1479.0,"endTime":1482.33,"body":"stayed in his own houses most of the time,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1482.33,"endTime":1483.77,"body":"but in contrast,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1483.77,"endTime":1488.33,"body":"Elizabeth liked to stay"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1483.77,"endTime":1488.33,"body":"with her courtiers."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1488.33,"endTime":1492.23,"body":"Around 80% of the nights"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1488.33,"endTime":1492.23,"body":"spent on progress,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1492.23,"endTime":1494.45,"body":"she was somebody's guest."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1494.45,"endTime":1497.96,"body":"So for example, in 1561,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1497.96,"endTime":1501.23,"body":"on the royal progress to Essex,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1497.96,"endTime":1501.23,"body":"Suffolk, and Hertfordshire,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1501.23,"endTime":1503.51,"body":"which lasted 68 days,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1503.51,"endTime":1507.86,"body":"she visited 18 private houses, 2 towns,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1507.86,"endTime":1511.193,"body":"but only stayed in four royal palaces."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1512.21,"endTime":1516.14,"body":"Although there was a hard"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1512.21,"endTime":1516.14,"body":"core of privy councilors"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1516.14,"endTime":1518.69,"body":"with whom she stayed very regularly,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1518.69,"endTime":1521.09,"body":"in all, across her reign,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1521.09,"endTime":1526.09,"body":"over 420 of her subjects had"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1521.09,"endTime":1526.09,"body":"her to stay for the night."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1527.24,"endTime":1530.03,"body":"So when you go to a National Trust house,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1530.03,"endTime":1531.11,"body":"or a private house, and visit it,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1531.11,"endTime":1531.943,"body":"and they say,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1531.943,"endTime":1533.87,"body":"oh, Queen Elizabeth stayed here,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1533.87,"endTime":1534.703,"body":"quite often, you think,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1534.703,"endTime":1535.97,"body":"oh well that's just a myth;"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1535.97,"endTime":1537.71,"body":"it could well be true,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1537.71,"endTime":1542.66,"body":"420 different houses"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1537.71,"endTime":1542.66,"body":"she visited in her life."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1542.66,"endTime":1546.32,"body":"Here is one of Queen"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1542.66,"endTime":1546.32,"body":"Elizabeth's progresses,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1546.32,"endTime":1551.18,"body":"one of her more ambitious"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1546.32,"endTime":1551.18,"body":"summer trips, 1575,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1551.18,"endTime":1556.18,"body":"139 days with 44 overnight stays,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1558.86,"endTime":1563.86,"body":"actually staying only"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1558.86,"endTime":1563.86,"body":"in two royal palaces,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1563.99,"endTime":1567.863,"body":"at Grafton and at Woodstock."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1570.08,"endTime":1574.88,"body":"The Queen was a notoriously fussy guest."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1574.88,"endTime":1577.43,"body":"Visiting Lord Burghley at Theobalds,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1577.43,"endTime":1578.72,"body":"which you see there on the map,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1578.72,"endTime":1580.91,"body":"spelled Theobalds but pronounced tibbles,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1580.91,"endTime":1583.43,"body":"the Queen complained that"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1580.91,"endTime":1583.43,"body":"a room prepared for her"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1583.43,"endTime":1584.75,"body":"was not large enough,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1584.75,"endTime":1585.98,"body":"and he had to enlarge it"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1585.98,"endTime":1587.63,"body":"and have repainted"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1587.63,"endTime":1590.87,"body":"the elaborate mural of oak"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1587.63,"endTime":1590.87,"body":"trees and coats of arms"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1590.87,"endTime":1593.21,"body":"that he had just finished."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1593.21,"endTime":1595.82,"body":"On a visit to Sir Thomas Gresham,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1595.82,"endTime":1597.71,"body":"our own Sir Thomas Gresham,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1597.71,"endTime":1602.12,"body":"at his house in Osterley during 1576,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1602.12,"endTime":1603.56,"body":"Elizabeth commented"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1603.56,"endTime":1606.687,"body":"that the courtyard they"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1603.56,"endTime":1606.687,"body":"were passing through,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1606.687,"endTime":1608.907,"body":"\"would appear more handsome"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1608.907,"endTime":1611.567,"body":"\"if divided by a wall in the middle.\""},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1612.41,"endTime":1614.57,"body":"The super-rich Gresham,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1614.57,"endTime":1616.25,"body":"founder, of course, of our college,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1616.25,"endTime":1619.49,"body":"ordered that a wall should"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1616.25,"endTime":1619.49,"body":"be erected overnight,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1619.49,"endTime":1622.43,"body":"and so when the Queen"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1619.49,"endTime":1622.43,"body":"rose the next morning,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1622.43,"endTime":1625.91,"body":"her suggestion had become a reality,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1625.91,"endTime":1628.197,"body":"one wit observing that,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1628.197,"endTime":1632.114,"body":"\"Any house is easier divided than united.\""},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1632.114,"endTime":1634.1,"body":"(audience laughs)"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1634.1,"endTime":1639.1,"body":"In 1603, when James VI of"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1634.1,"endTime":1639.1,"body":"Scotland came to the throne,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1640.01,"endTime":1641.69,"body":"Sir Robert Cecil"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1641.69,"endTime":1645.26,"body":"and the cabal of courtiers"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1641.69,"endTime":1645.26,"body":"who were in charge"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1645.26,"endTime":1646.55,"body":"hoped they could just"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1646.55,"endTime":1650.63,"body":"simply substitute one monarch for another"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1650.63,"endTime":1655.07,"body":"and everything would just"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1650.63,"endTime":1655.07,"body":"carry on exactly as before,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1655.07,"endTime":1659.03,"body":"but of course James I was 37 years old"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1659.03,"endTime":1661.16,"body":"and had been a king all his life,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1661.16,"endTime":1665.3,"body":"and it was far too late"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1661.16,"endTime":1665.3,"body":"to change the way he was."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1665.3,"endTime":1667.85,"body":"He was a profoundly"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1665.3,"endTime":1667.85,"body":"different sort of monarch"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1667.85,"endTime":1669.26,"body":"to his predecessor."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1669.26,"endTime":1672.14,"body":"The magisterial dignity of Elizabeth,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1672.14,"endTime":1675.77,"body":"built on an obsessively"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1672.14,"endTime":1675.77,"body":"cultivated mystique"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1675.77,"endTime":1678.41,"body":"and expressed in magnificent surroundings"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1678.41,"endTime":1680.75,"body":"and pervasive panegyric,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1680.75,"endTime":1684.77,"body":"had no attraction for"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1680.75,"endTime":1684.77,"body":"this new Scottish king."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1684.77,"endTime":1689.77,"body":"His style was homely, informal,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1684.77,"endTime":1689.77,"body":"anti-urban, and private,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1690.47,"endTime":1693.92,"body":"a way of life that he had"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1690.47,"endTime":1693.92,"body":"developed in Scotland."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1693.92,"endTime":1698.92,"body":"And this had a huge impact"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1693.92,"endTime":1698.92,"body":"on the King's itinerary,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1699.02,"endTime":1701.21,"body":"and last year,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1701.21,"endTime":1706.16,"body":"I gave a lecture about"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1701.21,"endTime":1706.16,"body":"James I's preferences"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1706.16,"endTime":1707.66,"body":"in my lecture"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1707.66,"endTime":1710.99,"body":"about Inigo Jones and the"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1707.66,"endTime":1710.99,"body":"architecture of necessity,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1710.99,"endTime":1712.07,"body":"but essentially,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1712.07,"endTime":1714.23,"body":"what I explained in that lecture"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1714.23,"endTime":1717.59,"body":"was that the King drew a distinction"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1717.59,"endTime":1719.39,"body":"between palaces of necessity,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1719.39,"endTime":1720.77,"body":"where he was only accompanied"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1720.77,"endTime":1722.57,"body":"by a very small number of people,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1722.57,"endTime":1724.4,"body":"and palaces of state,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1724.4,"endTime":1726.77,"body":"where he had to undertake"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1724.4,"endTime":1726.77,"body":"state activities,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1726.77,"endTime":1729.08,"body":"and the full court would attend."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1729.08,"endTime":1734.08,"body":"And this distinction"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1729.08,"endTime":1734.08,"body":"between state and necessity,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1734.12,"endTime":1737.453,"body":"although it had existed"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1734.12,"endTime":1737.453,"body":"informally under Henry VIII,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1739.22,"endTime":1743.983,"body":"came to be the dominant"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1739.22,"endTime":1743.983,"body":"theme of James I's reign."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1745.07,"endTime":1749.12,"body":"He built new houses at Royston,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1745.07,"endTime":1749.12,"body":"Newmarket, and Thetford,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1749.12,"endTime":1750.92,"body":"these were houses of necessity,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1750.92,"endTime":1752.93,"body":"private houses for his enjoyment,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1752.93,"endTime":1756.08,"body":"while Whitehall, Hampton"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1752.93,"endTime":1756.08,"body":"Court, and Theobalds,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1756.08,"endTime":1758.48,"body":"which he bought from the Cecil family,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1758.48,"endTime":1761.663,"body":"were houses of state for pomp and gravity."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1763.37,"endTime":1768.29,"body":"Here is an example of"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1763.37,"endTime":1768.29,"body":"one of James' progresses."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1768.29,"endTime":1771.38,"body":"They were enormously energetic,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1771.38,"endTime":1776.38,"body":"and this is 1612, July to September,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1776.81,"endTime":1777.643,"body":"and you can see"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1777.643,"endTime":1780.083,"body":"how he goes right up there"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1777.643,"endTime":1780.083,"body":"into Nottinghamshire,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1781.1,"endTime":1784.22,"body":"and almost every single house here"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1784.22,"endTime":1787.643,"body":"is the house of a courtier,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1788.66,"endTime":1792.263,"body":"very, very rare to stay"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1788.66,"endTime":1792.263,"body":"in one of his own houses."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1793.61,"endTime":1796.79,"body":"James I essentially hated London,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1796.79,"endTime":1799.91,"body":"he hated towns, he wanted"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1796.79,"endTime":1799.91,"body":"to be in the countryside,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1799.91,"endTime":1802.64,"body":"but his son, Charles I,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1802.64,"endTime":1806.33,"body":"found London magnetic."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1806.33,"endTime":1809.42,"body":"Whitehall was, by far and away,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1809.42,"endTime":1812.57,"body":"his most favored and"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1809.42,"endTime":1812.57,"body":"frequently visited residence,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1812.57,"endTime":1815.18,"body":"and in contrast to his father,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1815.18,"endTime":1816.74,"body":"who did everything he possibly could"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1816.74,"endTime":1818.48,"body":"to get out of Whitehall,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1818.48,"endTime":1820.13,"body":"Charles would move to Whitehall"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1820.13,"endTime":1822.35,"body":"whenever he had the opportunity."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1822.35,"endTime":1824.45,"body":"And the winter court season,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1824.45,"endTime":1827.48,"body":"when the court was based in Westminster,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1827.48,"endTime":1829.02,"body":"was extended by Charles I"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1830.06,"endTime":1831.26,"body":"to become a four,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1831.26,"endTime":1833.0,"body":"or even, in the 1530s,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1833.0,"endTime":1836.663,"body":"a five-month continuous residence."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1837.5,"endTime":1838.79,"body":"Like his father,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1838.79,"endTime":1840.53,"body":"during the summer months,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1840.53,"endTime":1842.12,"body":"he was only there on business,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1842.12,"endTime":1844.31,"body":"but then most of the aristocracy"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1844.31,"endTime":1846.44,"body":"and the whole of fashionable society"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1846.44,"endTime":1848.003,"body":"weren't in London either."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1849.26,"endTime":1851.18,"body":"Charles made a summer progress"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1851.18,"endTime":1853.553,"body":"every year of his reign up to 1640,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1854.45,"endTime":1857.33,"body":"but since 1603, of course,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1857.33,"endTime":1860.78,"body":"the pattern of Stuart itinerants"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1860.78,"endTime":1864.023,"body":"was Britain, and not just England."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1865.07,"endTime":1869.09,"body":"Despite the fact that, as it were,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1869.09,"endTime":1871.61,"body":"the map was larger,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1871.61,"endTime":1873.29,"body":"Charles I's itinerary"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1873.29,"endTime":1876.92,"body":"was actually more restricted"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1873.29,"endTime":1876.92,"body":"and more conservative"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1876.92,"endTime":1877.753,"body":"than James',"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1877.753,"endTime":1879.83,"body":"and James actually did go up to Scotland,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1879.83,"endTime":1883.5,"body":"Charles I didn't until he"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1879.83,"endTime":1883.5,"body":"was absolutely forced to"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1884.75,"endTime":1886.2,"body":"towards the end of his reign."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1887.3,"endTime":1890.72,"body":"Charles I visited a relatively"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1887.3,"endTime":1890.72,"body":"small number of places"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1890.72,"endTime":1892.43,"body":"on multiple occasions,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1892.43,"endTime":1894.05,"body":"and most of them were close to London,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1894.05,"endTime":1895.43,"body":"and all of them were, really,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1895.43,"endTime":1899.15,"body":"designed to facilitate his hunting."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1899.15,"endTime":1902.72,"body":"But the logistics of Charles I's progress"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1902.72,"endTime":1906.74,"body":"was no less formidable"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1902.72,"endTime":1906.74,"body":"than that of Henry VIII's:"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1906.74,"endTime":1910.37,"body":"he traveled with 400 carts,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1910.37,"endTime":1913.43,"body":"he was guarded by 100 Yeomen of the Guard,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1913.43,"endTime":1917.99,"body":"and he was accompanied by"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1913.43,"endTime":1917.99,"body":"around 1,000 household officers,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1917.99,"endTime":1922.85,"body":"everyone from kitchen scullions"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1917.99,"endTime":1922.85,"body":"to the noblest aristocrats."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1922.85,"endTime":1926.33,"body":"On an average two-month progress,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1926.33,"endTime":1929.57,"body":"he'd move 10 to 15 times,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1929.57,"endTime":1932.39,"body":"and when, eventually,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1929.57,"endTime":1932.39,"body":"he did go to Scotland"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1932.39,"endTime":1936.2,"body":"in 1633 and 1639,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1936.2,"endTime":1940.037,"body":"he moved 30-odd times"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1940.037,"endTime":1941.843,"body":"and stayed in about 30 places."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1943.97,"endTime":1946.19,"body":"After the King's execution,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1946.19,"endTime":1948.44,"body":"the whole notion of the progress"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1948.44,"endTime":1951.29,"body":"really began to enter a decline."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1951.29,"endTime":1954.953,"body":"Protector Cromwell was"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1951.29,"endTime":1954.953,"body":"entirely London focused,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1955.82,"endTime":1959.54,"body":"and all the provincial royal"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1955.82,"endTime":1959.54,"body":"palaces and hunting grounds"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1959.54,"endTime":1962.36,"body":"were sold off after 1649."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1962.36,"endTime":1963.83,"body":"Outside London,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1963.83,"endTime":1966.2,"body":"Cromwell only kept Hampton Court,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1966.2,"endTime":1970.04,"body":"and used it as a weekend retreat,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1970.04,"endTime":1973.64,"body":"he kept Windsor as a"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1970.04,"endTime":1973.64,"body":"garrison headquarters,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1973.64,"endTime":1977.24,"body":"and these were really the only palaces"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1977.24,"endTime":1981.8,"body":"which were in a vaguely"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1977.24,"endTime":1981.8,"body":"usable state in 1660."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1981.8,"endTime":1986.8,"body":"And here is Charles II"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1981.8,"endTime":1986.8,"body":"returning to Whitehall in 1660,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1988.31,"endTime":1991.61,"body":"Whitehall, which had"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1988.31,"endTime":1991.61,"body":"been used by Cromwell,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1991.61,"endTime":1994.61,"body":"but was not in good condition."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1994.61,"endTime":1997.28,"body":"But this didn't matter to Charles II,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":1997.28,"endTime":2000.01,"body":"he was desperate to be in London,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2000.01,"endTime":2005.01,"body":"in fact he barely left"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2000.01,"endTime":2005.01,"body":"Whitehall for almost five years,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2006.49,"endTime":2011.08,"body":"it was the longest continuous"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2006.49,"endTime":2011.08,"body":"stay of a monarch in one place"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2011.08,"endTime":2013.873,"body":"probably in history up until that date."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2014.95,"endTime":2017.68,"body":"So what eventually got him out of London?"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2017.68,"endTime":2020.35,"body":"Well, 1665,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2020.35,"endTime":2023.5,"body":"it was of course the year of the plague,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2023.5,"endTime":2026.8,"body":"and the King was forced"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2023.5,"endTime":2026.8,"body":"to move out from Whitehall"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2026.8,"endTime":2028.12,"body":"to Hampton Court,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2028.12,"endTime":2033.1,"body":"and from June, 1665 'til February, 1666,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2033.1,"endTime":2035.05,"body":"the court was on the hoof,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2035.05,"endTime":2039.58,"body":"strategically relocating"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2035.05,"endTime":2039.58,"body":"to avoid infection."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2039.58,"endTime":2041.2,"body":"And these seven months"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2041.2,"endTime":2043.78,"body":"that Charles II spent on the road"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2043.78,"endTime":2045.97,"body":"highlighted a really important fact,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2045.97,"endTime":2047.05,"body":"and that was that,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2047.05,"endTime":2049.74,"body":"other than Hampton Court and Windsor,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2049.74,"endTime":2052.99,"body":"the Crown now no longer had"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2052.99,"endTime":2057.7,"body":"any habitable domestic"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2052.99,"endTime":2057.7,"body":"residences outside London."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2057.7,"endTime":2060.19,"body":"And so the following spring,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2060.19,"endTime":2062.23,"body":"determined to rectify this,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2062.23,"endTime":2064.72,"body":"the King went shopping,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2064.72,"endTime":2067.81,"body":"on an eastward trip to Saffron Walden,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2067.81,"endTime":2070.75,"body":"and he bought Audley End House,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2070.75,"endTime":2073.33,"body":"a house that had actually been designed,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2073.33,"endTime":2075.49,"body":"in James I's reign,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2075.49,"endTime":2077.5,"body":"from the first, to host royalty,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2077.5,"endTime":2079.81,"body":"and it had matching"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2077.5,"endTime":2079.81,"body":"king's and queen's sides"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2079.81,"endTime":2081.883,"body":"around an inner court."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2082.93,"endTime":2087.93,"body":"But like many spur of"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2082.93,"endTime":2087.93,"body":"the moment purchases,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2088.81,"endTime":2091.57,"body":"Audley End didn't live up to reality,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2091.57,"endTime":2095.71,"body":"and the court only ever"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2091.57,"endTime":2095.71,"body":"visited it a couple of times."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2095.71,"endTime":2097.48,"body":"In the end, like his grandfather,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2097.48,"endTime":2102.48,"body":"he bought a site in nearby Newmarket,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2103.03,"endTime":2105.64,"body":"in which he built a new house."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2105.64,"endTime":2108.52,"body":"Unlike its predecessor in Newmarket"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2108.52,"endTime":2110.77,"body":"that had been deliberately"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2108.52,"endTime":2110.77,"body":"a house of necessity,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2110.77,"endTime":2115.15,"body":"Charles' new house had much"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2110.77,"endTime":2115.15,"body":"greater architectural presence"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2115.15,"endTime":2117.073,"body":"and some modest grandeur."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2118.3,"endTime":2120.16,"body":"But in the late 1660s,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2120.16,"endTime":2123.49,"body":"Charles II began to recreate"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2123.49,"endTime":2127.72,"body":"the historic pattern of residence"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2127.72,"endTime":2130.72,"body":"enjoyed before the civil war."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2130.72,"endTime":2133.843,"body":"But in the 1670s,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2134.77,"endTime":2138.13,"body":"there was a radical rethink,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2138.13,"endTime":2142.21,"body":"and this was triggered"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2138.13,"endTime":2142.21,"body":"by the Exclusion Crisis."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2142.21,"endTime":2144.76,"body":"If you remember, in 1673,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2144.76,"endTime":2147.16,"body":"after the passing of the Test Act,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2147.16,"endTime":2149.08,"body":"and the acknowledgement"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2149.08,"endTime":2150.943,"body":"that the Duke of York was a Catholic,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2151.87,"endTime":2154.87,"body":"there was a huge amount of violence,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2154.87,"endTime":2157.6,"body":"and disruption, and rioting in London,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2157.6,"endTime":2161.62,"body":"and Charles decided to"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2157.6,"endTime":2161.62,"body":"move the court of London,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2161.62,"endTime":2164.08,"body":"and go to Windsor."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2164.08,"endTime":2168.73,"body":"And here, he rebuilt the"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2164.08,"endTime":2168.73,"body":"royal lodgings in the castle,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2168.73,"endTime":2172.06,"body":"and I love this picture here,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2172.06,"endTime":2177.06,"body":"you can see the sun shining"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2172.06,"endTime":2177.06,"body":"on Charles II's new lodging,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2177.31,"endTime":2179.29,"body":"called the Star Building,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2179.29,"endTime":2184.29,"body":"which he built and moved into,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2184.3,"endTime":2188.143,"body":"designed by Hugh May, completed in 1678."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2189.4,"endTime":2190.233,"body":"But although"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2190.233,"endTime":2195.19,"body":"the wonderfully thick, medieval"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2190.233,"endTime":2195.19,"body":"curtain walls of Windsor"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2195.19,"endTime":2199.45,"body":"kept the court secure from"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2195.19,"endTime":2199.45,"body":"the disorder of London,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2199.45,"endTime":2202.54,"body":"rocked first of all by"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2199.45,"endTime":2202.54,"body":"the Exclusion Crisis,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2202.54,"endTime":2205.54,"body":"and then subsequently by the Popish Plot,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2205.54,"endTime":2208.33,"body":"it couldn't really replace Whitehall."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2208.33,"endTime":2211.78,"body":"The political turmoil of"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2208.33,"endTime":2211.78,"body":"the Exclusion Parliaments,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2211.78,"endTime":2215.2,"body":"where Parliament tried to stop James II,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2215.2,"endTime":2216.1,"body":"as he was to become,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2216.1,"endTime":2217.12,"body":"becoming king,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2217.12,"endTime":2219.46,"body":"culminated in a meeting in Oxford,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2219.46,"endTime":2221.38,"body":"and this really convinced Charles"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2221.38,"endTime":2224.2,"body":"to move the court even"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2221.38,"endTime":2224.2,"body":"further from the capital,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2224.2,"endTime":2227.11,"body":"and it settled, in 1682, in Winchester."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2227.11,"endTime":2228.94,"body":"And some of you will have heard me before"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2228.94,"endTime":2230.62,"body":"talk about this extraordinary house"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2230.62,"endTime":2232.3,"body":"that was begun in Winchester,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2232.3,"endTime":2235.333,"body":"this is my reconstruction of"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2232.3,"endTime":2235.333,"body":"it, drawn by Stephen Conlin,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2236.5,"endTime":2238.45,"body":"where Christopher Wren"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2238.45,"endTime":2243.45,"body":"was ordered to build this"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2238.45,"endTime":2243.45,"body":"very large new royal palace,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2243.58,"endTime":2244.48,"body":"fully equipped,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2244.48,"endTime":2246.67,"body":"this wasn't a hunting lodge,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2246.67,"endTime":2250.6,"body":"this was a full-blown residence"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2250.6,"endTime":2254.17,"body":"which was capable to replacing Whitehall,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2254.17,"endTime":2257.92,"body":"containing a council chamber,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2257.92,"endTime":2260.89,"body":"containing suites of rooms"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2257.92,"endTime":2260.89,"body":"for the King, for the Queen,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2260.89,"endTime":2262.54,"body":"for the Duke, for the Duchess,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2262.54,"endTime":2267.19,"body":"and of course, a large suite"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2262.54,"endTime":2267.19,"body":"of rooms for his mistress,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2267.19,"endTime":2268.957,"body":"Louise de Keroualle."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2271.0,"endTime":2274.96,"body":"Charles II died the very, very month"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2274.96,"endTime":2278.32,"body":"that lead was being put on"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2274.96,"endTime":2278.32,"body":"the roof of this new palace,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2278.32,"endTime":2282.25,"body":"which you see here at"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2278.32,"endTime":2282.25,"body":"the top of the slide,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2282.25,"endTime":2285.07,"body":"and James II's, first of all,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2285.07,"endTime":2286.9,"body":"disinclination to finish it,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2286.9,"endTime":2289.24,"body":"but of course, eventually, his abdication,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2289.24,"endTime":2291.64,"body":"has robbed us of the opportunity"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2291.64,"endTime":2295.54,"body":"to understand how this"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2291.64,"endTime":2295.54,"body":"new Palace of Winchester"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2295.54,"endTime":2298.39,"body":"would have completely changed the way"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2298.39,"endTime":2301.72,"body":"the monarch moved around the country,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2301.72,"endTime":2304.78,"body":"and it could well have remapped"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2304.78,"endTime":2308.26,"body":"the political geography of England,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2308.26,"endTime":2312.1,"body":"because this building in Winchester"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2312.1,"endTime":2316.54,"body":"was potentially an"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2312.1,"endTime":2316.54,"body":"alternative capital city,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2316.54,"endTime":2318.7,"body":"with the new palace"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2318.7,"endTime":2322.54,"body":"invested with all the"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2318.7,"endTime":2322.54,"body":"infrastructure necessary for rule,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2322.54,"endTime":2326.05,"body":"but also it being the"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2322.54,"endTime":2326.05,"body":"ancient capital of England,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2326.05,"endTime":2329.923,"body":"it also had the history behind it too."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2332.11,"endTime":2336.553,"body":"James II's accession to the throne,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2337.63,"endTime":2340.24,"body":"for his very short reign,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2340.24,"endTime":2344.71,"body":"was entirely focused on Whitehall."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2344.71,"endTime":2349.71,"body":"His great desire was this crusade"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2349.72,"endTime":2354.72,"body":"for the reconversion of"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2349.72,"endTime":2354.72,"body":"England to Roman Catholicism,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2355.36,"endTime":2358.15,"body":"and the only way that"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2355.36,"endTime":2358.15,"body":"could be done, in his mind,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2358.15,"endTime":2361.54,"body":"was by staying in London,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2361.54,"endTime":2364.78,"body":"building a huge Roman"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2361.54,"endTime":2364.78,"body":"Catholic church at Whitehall,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2364.78,"endTime":2368.44,"body":"and trying to convert"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2364.78,"endTime":2368.44,"body":"the ghastly Protestants"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2368.44,"endTime":2371.2,"body":"who were his subjects."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2371.2,"endTime":2375.46,"body":"But when his Protestant daughter Mary"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2375.46,"endTime":2377.38,"body":"and her Dutch husband William"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2377.38,"endTime":2379.33,"body":"came to the throne,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2379.33,"endTime":2382.3,"body":"they, like James I,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2382.3,"endTime":2386.35,"body":"came with a very firmly"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2382.3,"endTime":2386.35,"body":"developed personal set"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2386.35,"endTime":2388.513,"body":"of tastes and preferences."},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2389.44,"endTime":2390.88,"body":"Arriving in London,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2390.88,"endTime":2393.76,"body":"William almost immediately announced"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2393.76,"endTime":2395.44,"body":"that he didn't like Whitehall,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2395.44,"endTime":2397.45,"body":"he wanted to get out into the countryside,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2397.45,"endTime":2398.65,"body":"just like James I,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2398.65,"endTime":2400.0,"body":"as quickly as possible,"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2400.0,"endTime":2402.07,"body":"and orders were given"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2402.07,"endTime":2407.07,"body":"for the court to remove from"},{"speaker":"\"he said these words","startTime":2402.07,"endTime":2407.07,"body":"Whitehall to Hampton Court."},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2411.61,"endTime":2413.83,"body":"keeping the court out of London"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2413.83,"endTime":2417.73,"body":"was extremely bad for the city's economy"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2417.73,"endTime":2421.18,"body":"and it was dreadful for the"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2417.73,"endTime":2421.18,"body":"sanity of his ministers,"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2421.18,"endTime":2422.2,"body":"all of whom, of course,"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2422.2,"endTime":2425.8,"body":"lived in or near Westminster."},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2425.8,"endTime":2429.79,"body":"And so, after intense lobbying,"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2429.79,"endTime":2431.89,"body":"William and Mary were persuaded"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2431.89,"endTime":2434.62,"body":"to look for somewhere closer to Whitehall,"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2434.62,"endTime":2436.18,"body":"and they quickly settled"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2436.18,"endTime":2441.18,"body":"on the 2nd Earl of Nottingham's"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2436.18,"endTime":2441.18,"body":"house in Kensington."},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2441.22,"endTime":2445.9,"body":"So just one month after their coronation,"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2445.9,"endTime":2447.58,"body":"the Office of Works"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2447.58,"endTime":2452.58,"body":"was busy rebuilding two"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2447.58,"endTime":2452.58,"body":"houses for the joint monarchs,"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2453.31,"endTime":2456.52,"body":"Hampton Court and Kensington,"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2456.52,"endTime":2460.0,"body":"and here you see this remarkable drawing"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2460.0,"endTime":2461.53,"body":"of Kensington Palace,"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2461.53,"endTime":2463.3,"body":"seen over a wall,"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2463.3,"endTime":2465.46,"body":"and you can see the four pavilions,"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2465.46,"endTime":2468.13,"body":"which were originally part of the palace,"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2468.13,"endTime":2471.76,"body":"and the great gallery here attached to it,"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2471.76,"endTime":2474.46,"body":"much of which, actually, still survives,"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2474.46,"endTime":2475.39,"body":"and some of which"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2475.39,"endTime":2479.473,"body":"is occupied by the Prince"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2475.39,"endTime":2479.473,"body":"and Princess of Wales now."},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2480.49,"endTime":2483.28,"body":"So it was in this way that King William,"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2483.28,"endTime":2486.52,"body":"in a matter of months of his accession,"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2486.52,"endTime":2491.52,"body":"again completely redrew the"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2486.52,"endTime":2491.52,"body":"pattern of royal habitation."},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2492.37,"endTime":2496.63,"body":"Whitehall was now the center"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2492.37,"endTime":2496.63,"body":"of the national bureaucracy,"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2496.63,"endTime":2500.23,"body":"Kensington was William and"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2496.63,"endTime":2500.23,"body":"Mary's normal town residence,"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2500.23,"endTime":2504.16,"body":"and Hampton Court was the palace of state."},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2504.16,"endTime":2506.53,"body":"And this arrangement, actually,"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2506.53,"endTime":2510.37,"body":"replicated the arrangement"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2510.37,"endTime":2515.05,"body":"that William and Mary had"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2510.37,"endTime":2515.05,"body":"developed in the Dutch Republic,"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2515.05,"endTime":2516.82,"body":"and it was an arrangement, I think,"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2516.82,"endTime":2521.02,"body":"much more like that that James I enjoyed"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2521.02,"endTime":2522.34,"body":"rather than one"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2522.34,"endTime":2525.643,"body":"that Elizabeth I or"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2522.34,"endTime":2525.643,"body":"Charles II would have done."},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2526.57,"endTime":2529.06,"body":"And this new pattern of living,"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2529.06,"endTime":2530.71,"body":"like James I's,"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2530.71,"endTime":2532.78,"body":"might have been a very personal"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2532.78,"endTime":2537.78,"body":"and actually quite temporary"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2532.78,"endTime":2537.78,"body":"recasting of royal movements"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2538.18,"endTime":2542.62,"body":"if it hadn't been for"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2538.18,"endTime":2542.62,"body":"the fact that, in 1698,"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2543.64,"endTime":2548.64,"body":"a massive fire destroyed the"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2543.64,"endTime":2548.64,"body":"state apartments at Whitehall,"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2548.92,"endTime":2551.77,"body":"leaving the central offices of state"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2551.77,"endTime":2556.77,"body":"camping in its surviving"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2551.77,"endTime":2556.77,"body":"remains in St. James's Park."},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2557.8,"endTime":2562.18,"body":"I find this one of the"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2557.8,"endTime":2562.18,"body":"most extraordinary moments"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2562.18,"endTime":2565.78,"body":"in royal architectural history,"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2565.78,"endTime":2567.61,"body":"because the rooms"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2567.61,"endTime":2571.03,"body":"that are currently occupied"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2567.61,"endTime":2571.03,"body":"by the Cabinet Office,"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2571.03,"endTime":2572.383,"body":"which are part of Whitehall Palace,"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2572.383,"endTime":2577.383,"body":"were the rooms that were"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2572.383,"endTime":2577.383,"body":"temporarily colonized"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2577.45,"endTime":2579.19,"body":"by William III's Government"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2579.19,"endTime":2582.25,"body":"after the burning of Whitehall Palace,"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2582.25,"endTime":2585.823,"body":"and are still occupied to this very day."},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2586.66,"endTime":2588.16,"body":"So the loss of Whitehall"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2588.16,"endTime":2592.27,"body":"as the architectural"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2588.16,"endTime":2592.27,"body":"and geographical nexus"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2592.27,"endTime":2594.91,"body":"between the monarch,"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2592.27,"endTime":2594.91,"body":"the court, and ministers"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2594.91,"endTime":2598.51,"body":"must have been felt by Queen Anne,"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2598.51,"endTime":2601.45,"body":"who had seen firsthand"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2601.45,"endTime":2606.45,"body":"how Charles II had bound"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2601.45,"endTime":2606.45,"body":"the sinews of state together"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2606.94,"endTime":2610.57,"body":"in the chambers and"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2606.94,"endTime":2610.57,"body":"galleries of Whitehall."},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2610.57,"endTime":2611.77,"body":"But there was no way"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2611.77,"endTime":2615.49,"body":"that she could afford to"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2611.77,"endTime":2615.49,"body":"rebuild Whitehall Palace,"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2615.49,"endTime":2619.96,"body":"and so Anne used Hampton Court and Windsor"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2619.96,"endTime":2622.33,"body":"as her country retreats,"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2622.33,"endTime":2623.71,"body":"and in London,"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2623.71,"endTime":2628.66,"body":"she preferred the newer and"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2623.71,"endTime":2628.66,"body":"more private metropolitan palace"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2628.66,"endTime":2630.073,"body":"at Kensington."},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2631.36,"endTime":2635.53,"body":"In short, there was now a position"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2635.53,"endTime":2640.53,"body":"where Hampton Court, and"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2635.53,"endTime":2640.53,"body":"Windsor, and Kensington"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2642.97,"endTime":2644.17,"body":"were for pleasure,"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2644.17,"endTime":2648.79,"body":"and St. James's Palace and"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2644.17,"endTime":2648.79,"body":"Whitehall, what remained of it,"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2648.79,"endTime":2650.32,"body":"were for business."},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2650.32,"endTime":2654.79,"body":"So just over a century of court life,"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2654.79,"endTime":2657.37,"body":"between 1485 and 1714,"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2657.37,"endTime":2662.23,"body":"saw a really wide variety"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2657.37,"endTime":2662.23,"body":"of personal preferences,"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2662.23,"endTime":2664.45,"body":"a range of pragmatic solutions"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2664.45,"endTime":2666.55,"body":"to practical and political problems,"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2666.55,"endTime":2669.973,"body":"each one of which affected"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2666.55,"endTime":2669.973,"body":"the royal itinerary."},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2670.84,"endTime":2675.76,"body":"Although Charles II went"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2670.84,"endTime":2675.76,"body":"on few formal progresses,"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2675.76,"endTime":2676.593,"body":"and actually,"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2676.593,"endTime":2679.39,"body":"William III only went on one progress,"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2679.39,"endTime":2682.81,"body":"the late Stuart monarchs"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2679.39,"endTime":2682.81,"body":"were still highly mobile,"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2682.81,"endTime":2686.26,"body":"rarely remaining in one location"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2686.26,"endTime":2689.143,"body":"for longer than a few weeks."},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2690.61,"endTime":2692.02,"body":"In telling you this story,"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2692.02,"endTime":2697.0,"body":"I have actually indulged in"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2692.02,"endTime":2697.0,"body":"one massive simplification,"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2697.0,"endTime":2698.86,"body":"and I'm just going to own up to this now,"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2698.86,"endTime":2701.29,"body":"because what I've described"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2701.29,"endTime":2705.01,"body":"was actually quite a lot more complicated"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2705.01,"endTime":2706.6,"body":"than I have given the impression,"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2706.6,"endTime":2707.92,"body":"because, of course,"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2707.92,"endTime":2712.24,"body":"the king had his itinerary"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2707.92,"endTime":2712.24,"body":"and his progresses,"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2712.24,"endTime":2717.24,"body":"but the queen consort also had hers."},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2718.12,"endTime":2721.96,"body":"And so as Charles II"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2718.12,"endTime":2721.96,"body":"moved round the country,"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2721.96,"endTime":2724.09,"body":"so did Catherine of Braganza"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2724.09,"endTime":2726.91,"body":"on a completely different trajectory,"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2726.91,"endTime":2728.74,"body":"a different set of giests,"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2728.74,"endTime":2731.29,"body":"sitting in a different lot of houses,"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2731.29,"endTime":2734.593,"body":"with a different household."},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2735.94,"endTime":2740.94,"body":"In periods when there was"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2735.94,"endTime":2740.94,"body":"quite a large royal family,"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2741.1,"endTime":2744.28,"body":"you'd also find that other"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2741.1,"endTime":2744.28,"body":"members of the royal family,"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2744.28,"endTime":2746.17,"body":"like the Duke of York,"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2746.17,"endTime":2747.49,"body":"would be on his progresses,"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2747.49,"endTime":2750.58,"body":"and so at the height"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2747.49,"endTime":2750.58,"body":"of Charles II's reign,"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2750.58,"endTime":2752.71,"body":"it wasn't just a single progress,"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2752.71,"endTime":2755.02,"body":"as I have described,"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2755.02,"endTime":2757.6,"body":"you have Charles II on his,"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2757.6,"endTime":2759.73,"body":"you have Catherine of Braganza on hers,"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2759.73,"endTime":2761.65,"body":"you have the Duke of York on his."},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2761.65,"endTime":2764.02,"body":"Occasionally, they"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2761.65,"endTime":2764.02,"body":"might stay in one place,"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2764.02,"endTime":2766.18,"body":"but very, very, very few places"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2766.18,"endTime":2768.91,"body":"could accommodate all three together."},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2768.91,"endTime":2770.8,"body":"So what we have to remember"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2770.8,"endTime":2772.39,"body":"is that although I've been talking about"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2772.39,"endTime":2774.85,"body":"the sovereign's itinerary,"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2774.85,"endTime":2778.48,"body":"there were always at least two,"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2778.48,"endTime":2780.31,"body":"if not three other itineraries"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2780.31,"endTime":2783.673,"body":"going on at exactly the same time."},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2785.02,"endTime":2786.82,"body":"And now I want to move,"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2786.82,"endTime":2787.96,"body":"in my last 10 minutes,"},{"speaker":"This order was met with absolute horror","startTime":2787.96,"endTime":2790.18,"body":"to the third section,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2793.03,"endTime":2793.863,"body":"what can we learn from all this?"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2793.863,"endTime":2795.13,"body":"It's a very descriptive thing,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2795.13,"endTime":2796.99,"body":"I've described how it all worked,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2796.99,"endTime":2799.75,"body":"what are some of the issues"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2796.99,"endTime":2799.75,"body":"that need to be confronted"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2799.75,"endTime":2802.33,"body":"in understanding what all this meant?"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2802.33,"endTime":2807.33,"body":"And the first of these must"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2802.33,"endTime":2807.33,"body":"be the economic impact."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2807.43,"endTime":2811.12,"body":"Contemporaries were keen to complain"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2811.12,"endTime":2814.36,"body":"about the royal presence"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2811.12,"endTime":2814.36,"body":"in their vicinity."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2814.36,"endTime":2817.48,"body":"Elizabeth, who spent more than 40%"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2817.48,"endTime":2819.67,"body":"of the nights of her reign in Surrey,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2819.67,"endTime":2822.01,"body":"received a complaint"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2819.67,"endTime":2822.01,"body":"from its residents that,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2822.01,"endTime":2824.537,"body":"and I quote now,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2824.537,"endTime":2826.637,"body":"\"that although the county"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2826.637,"endTime":2830.597,"body":"\"was the least and most"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2826.637,"endTime":2830.597,"body":"barren of counties,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2830.597,"endTime":2834.647,"body":"\"it is charged with continual"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2830.597,"endTime":2834.647,"body":"removes and carriage"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2834.647,"endTime":2838.427,"body":"\"of coals, woods, and other"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2834.647,"endTime":2838.427,"body":"provisions to the court,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2838.427,"endTime":2840.167,"body":"\"also by my lord treasurer"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2840.167,"endTime":2843.91,"body":"\"for the repair of Her Majesty's houses.\""},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2843.91,"endTime":2845.74,"body":"In the following reign,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2845.74,"endTime":2848.02,"body":"the residents of Royston,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2848.02,"endTime":2849.1,"body":"and here, I've shown you this before"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2849.1,"endTime":2850.6,"body":"if you've listened to"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2849.1,"endTime":2850.6,"body":"any of my other lectures,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2850.6,"endTime":2852.34,"body":"is my reconstruction of Royston,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2852.34,"endTime":2854.56,"body":"there's the royal palace in"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2852.34,"endTime":2854.56,"body":"the middle that he built,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2854.56,"endTime":2855.43,"body":"slap in the middle"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2855.43,"endTime":2859.513,"body":"of the equivalent to"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2855.43,"endTime":2859.513,"body":"the A1, inconsiderately,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2860.35,"endTime":2862.33,"body":"the residents of Royston"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2862.33,"endTime":2865.93,"body":"captured one of James I's hunting dogs"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2865.93,"endTime":2869.237,"body":"and tied a note to its neck, saying,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2869.237,"endTime":2870.977,"body":"\"Please, His Majesty,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2870.977,"endTime":2872.973,"body":"\"go back to London,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2872.973,"endTime":2873.806,"body":"(audience laughs)"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2873.806,"endTime":2877.067,"body":"\"or else the country will be undone."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2877.067,"endTime":2879.467,"body":"\"All our provision is spent already,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2879.467,"endTime":2883.177,"body":"\"and we are not able to"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2879.467,"endTime":2883.177,"body":"entertain him any longer.\""},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2884.05,"endTime":2887.35,"body":"James I got the message,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2887.35,"endTime":2889.66,"body":"but he had very little sympathy"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2889.66,"endTime":2891.97,"body":"with the population of Royston,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2891.97,"endTime":2893.71,"body":"who later complained,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2893.71,"endTime":2894.9,"body":"when he built this massive house"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2894.9,"endTime":2897.1,"body":"in the middle of their high street,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2897.1,"endTime":2902.1,"body":"that the roads were being"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2897.1,"endTime":2902.1,"body":"ruined by all his carts"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2903.07,"endTime":2906.31,"body":"so that they couldn't bring"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2903.07,"endTime":2906.31,"body":"the harvest into the town"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2906.31,"endTime":2907.483,"body":"at harvest-time."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2908.68,"endTime":2910.3,"body":"It's certainly true"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2910.3,"endTime":2914.65,"body":"that the royal prerogatives"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2910.3,"endTime":2914.65,"body":"of cart-taking, purveyance,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2914.65,"endTime":2916.81,"body":"and the activities of the harbingers"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2916.81,"endTime":2918.79,"body":"that I explained earlier"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2918.79,"endTime":2922.84,"body":"could be vexatious and costly,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2922.84,"endTime":2927.84,"body":"yet I think the scorecard"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2922.84,"endTime":2927.84,"body":"was not so one-sided,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2928.72,"endTime":2929.8,"body":"after all,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2929.8,"endTime":2934.18,"body":"the Corporation of"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2929.8,"endTime":2934.18,"body":"Winchester bribed Charles II"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2934.18,"endTime":2936.91,"body":"to come to their city and build his palace"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2936.91,"endTime":2938.17,"body":"with lavish gifts"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2938.17,"endTime":2941.86,"body":"of land, materials, and"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2938.17,"endTime":2941.86,"body":"gold and silver plate,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2941.86,"endTime":2945.94,"body":"much to the dismay of"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2941.86,"endTime":2945.94,"body":"the people of Newmarket,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2945.94,"endTime":2948.49,"body":"who lost all the economic benefits"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2948.49,"endTime":2950.98,"body":"of the court staying there."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2950.98,"endTime":2952.75,"body":"In the 1640s,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2952.75,"endTime":2956.59,"body":"there was despair amongst the"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2952.75,"endTime":2956.59,"body":"luxury trades in Westminster"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2956.59,"endTime":2958.54,"body":"as the court left London,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2958.54,"endTime":2959.71,"body":"and conversely,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2959.71,"endTime":2962.59,"body":"there was great joy at the Restoration,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2962.59,"endTime":2966.4,"body":"when Charles II's court returned there,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2966.4,"endTime":2968.74,"body":"and the luxury goods sellers"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2968.74,"endTime":2970.96,"body":"starting doing a cracking trade"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2970.96,"endTime":2974.74,"body":"clothing the courtiers"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2970.96,"endTime":2974.74,"body":"of the Caroline court"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2974.74,"endTime":2978.16,"body":"with their luxurious textiles."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2978.16,"endTime":2979.48,"body":"It's actually been estimated,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2979.48,"endTime":2981.94,"body":"not a calculation I have done,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2981.94,"endTime":2983.17,"body":"but by another historian,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2983.17,"endTime":2985.54,"body":"that the expenditure of the court"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2985.54,"endTime":2989.923,"body":"increased by 1,000 pounds"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2985.54,"endTime":2989.923,"body":"during progress-time."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2990.85,"endTime":2994.33,"body":"Benefits to craftsmen"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2990.85,"endTime":2994.33,"body":"and shopkeepers, I think,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2994.33,"endTime":2998.5,"body":"are worth more detailed interrogation."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":2998.5,"endTime":3001.26,"body":"Innkeepers, blacksmiths, and brewers"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3001.26,"endTime":3003.6,"body":"must have been major beneficiaries,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3003.6,"endTime":3008.6,"body":"as were the suppliers of luxury"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3003.6,"endTime":3008.6,"body":"goods, firewood, and fodder."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3008.79,"endTime":3011.43,"body":"We don't currently have the detailed data,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3011.43,"endTime":3013.14,"body":"but I did do a little bit of work"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3013.14,"endTime":3016.5,"body":"looking in the town records"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3013.14,"endTime":3016.5,"body":"of Kingston upon Thames,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3016.5,"endTime":3018.57,"body":"and unquestionably,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3018.57,"endTime":3022.26,"body":"that town's economy benefited enormously"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3022.26,"endTime":3025.89,"body":"from the presence of the"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3022.26,"endTime":3025.89,"body":"court at Hampton Court."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3025.89,"endTime":3028.77,"body":"I think a bit more attention"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3025.89,"endTime":3028.77,"body":"has been given by historians"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3028.77,"endTime":3033.03,"body":"to the political"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3028.77,"endTime":3033.03,"body":"implications of itinerancy."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3033.03,"endTime":3035.16,"body":"The court didn't travel alone,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3035.16,"endTime":3036.75,"body":"the huge entourage"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3036.75,"endTime":3039.63,"body":"frequently contained many"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3036.75,"endTime":3039.63,"body":"of the Privy Council,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3039.63,"endTime":3044.46,"body":"various administrators, and"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3039.63,"endTime":3044.46,"body":"the occasional ambassador."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3044.46,"endTime":3047.34,"body":"The overlapping itineraries"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3044.46,"endTime":3047.34,"body":"of royal ministers"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3047.34,"endTime":3050.1,"body":"has been studied for Henry VIII's reign"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3050.1,"endTime":3051.84,"body":"but not for latter reigns,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3051.84,"endTime":3056.43,"body":"but it's crucial to understanding"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3051.84,"endTime":3056.43,"body":"the anatomy of power"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3056.43,"endTime":3059.22,"body":"and the aristocratic geography of England,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3059.22,"endTime":3060.053,"body":"because, of course,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3060.053,"endTime":3062.52,"body":"privy councilors and"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3060.053,"endTime":3062.52,"body":"ministers wanted houses"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3062.52,"endTime":3067.52,"body":"that were near to where the"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3062.52,"endTime":3067.52,"body":"king or queen was staying."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3067.86,"endTime":3069.09,"body":"So for instance,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3069.09,"endTime":3074.09,"body":"the Earl of Arlington built"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3069.09,"endTime":3074.09,"body":"his country house at Euston"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3074.22,"endTime":3077.4,"body":"to be close to Charles II at Newmarket,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3077.4,"endTime":3078.84,"body":"and a few years later,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3078.84,"endTime":3081.12,"body":"there was a stampede of aristocrats"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3081.12,"endTime":3084.66,"body":"who all wanted to build"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3081.12,"endTime":3084.66,"body":"and buy country houses"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3084.66,"endTime":3086.79,"body":"close to Winchester"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3086.79,"endTime":3089.703,"body":"when it was clear that the"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3086.79,"endTime":3089.703,"body":"court was going to move there."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3090.57,"endTime":3093.54,"body":"Government continued with"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3090.57,"endTime":3093.54,"body":"the court on the move,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3093.54,"endTime":3098.25,"body":"and instructions had"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3093.54,"endTime":3098.25,"body":"to be issued to London,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3098.25,"endTime":3101.37,"body":"leading to the development"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3098.25,"endTime":3101.37,"body":"of the post system"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3101.37,"endTime":3103.11,"body":"between the king and Whitehall,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3103.11,"endTime":3106.17,"body":"and between Whitehall and the"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3103.11,"endTime":3106.17,"body":"South Coast, and Scotland,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3106.17,"endTime":3110.37,"body":"so for Charles I's progress in 1636,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3110.37,"endTime":3113.01,"body":"150 horses were requisitioned"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3113.01,"endTime":3115.32,"body":"for the royal messengers alone."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3115.32,"endTime":3117.3,"body":"And this is just one example"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3117.3,"endTime":3119.94,"body":"of how considering the development"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3119.94,"endTime":3122.7,"body":"of the departments of"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3119.94,"endTime":3122.7,"body":"state administration,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3122.7,"endTime":3126.06,"body":"the peripatetic nature of the executive"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3126.06,"endTime":3129.09,"body":"is an important force."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3129.09,"endTime":3132.9,"body":"And then there was the landscape"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3129.09,"endTime":3132.9,"body":"legacy of royal movements,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3132.9,"endTime":3134.19,"body":"which I think was enormous."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3134.19,"endTime":3137.19,"body":"The infrastructure for"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3134.19,"endTime":3137.19,"body":"hunting was immense,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3137.19,"endTime":3140.91,"body":"embarkment still defines much"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3137.19,"endTime":3140.91,"body":"of the countryside today,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3140.91,"endTime":3143.19,"body":"hare warrens at Royston and Newmarket"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3143.19,"endTime":3145.05,"body":"kept royal coursing supplied,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3145.05,"endTime":3148.38,"body":"and rabbit warrens"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3145.05,"endTime":3148.38,"body":"supplied the royal tables,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3148.38,"endTime":3152.4,"body":"restrictions on local people"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3148.38,"endTime":3152.4,"body":"were fiercely policed,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3152.4,"endTime":3154.8,"body":"and those living around Royston"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3154.8,"endTime":3157.8,"body":"were told to flatten their plow furrows"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3157.8,"endTime":3160.75,"body":"to make it easier for the royal"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3157.8,"endTime":3160.75,"body":"horses to gallop over them."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3162.09,"endTime":3163.71,"body":"And during Elizabeth's reign,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3163.71,"endTime":3168.21,"body":"there was a revolution in royal transport,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3168.21,"endTime":3173.21,"body":"here you see Charles II"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3168.21,"endTime":3173.21,"body":"leaving Hampton Court,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3174.27,"endTime":3177.81,"body":"because the widespread"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3174.27,"endTime":3177.81,"body":"introduction of carriages"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3177.81,"endTime":3181.23,"body":"led to a drastic improvement"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3177.81,"endTime":3181.23,"body":"in the road network"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3181.23,"endTime":3184.23,"body":"around London and further afield."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3184.23,"endTime":3186.48,"body":"Charles II could only contemplate"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3186.48,"endTime":3189.27,"body":"moving his court to Winchester"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3189.27,"endTime":3192.24,"body":"because of the excellent"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3189.27,"endTime":3192.24,"body":"roads that existed"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3192.24,"endTime":3193.83,"body":"between London and Winchester,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3193.83,"endTime":3196.65,"body":"and the good stabling in the city."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3196.65,"endTime":3199.44,"body":"And these regular royal roads"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3199.44,"endTime":3203.58,"body":"created arteries of rapid"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3199.44,"endTime":3203.58,"body":"travel for other people,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3203.58,"endTime":3207.18,"body":"giving corridors of access"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3203.58,"endTime":3207.18,"body":"and economic opportunity."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3207.18,"endTime":3209.34,"body":"So a town like Guildford,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3209.34,"endTime":3214.23,"body":"a royal center, a major royal"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3209.34,"endTime":3214.23,"body":"staging post to Portsmouth,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3214.23,"endTime":3215.85,"body":"benefited enormously"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3215.85,"endTime":3218.49,"body":"from the really well-maintained roads"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3218.49,"endTime":3221.583,"body":"which were a result of the"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3218.49,"endTime":3221.583,"body":"frequent passage of the court."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3222.78,"endTime":3226.35,"body":"The hundreds of carts required"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3222.78,"endTime":3226.35,"body":"by the court on the move"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3226.35,"endTime":3229.08,"body":"were initially pulled by oxen,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3229.08,"endTime":3232.29,"body":"but when they were replaced by horses,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3232.29,"endTime":3234.03,"body":"there was a huge strain"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3234.03,"endTime":3237.06,"body":"replaced on the national"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3234.03,"endTime":3237.06,"body":"equine infrastructure,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3237.06,"endTime":3239.31,"body":"on studs and agriculture."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3239.31,"endTime":3243.09,"body":"On Edward VI's first and only progress,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3243.09,"endTime":3247.83,"body":"half his entourage had to be"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3243.09,"endTime":3247.83,"body":"sent home after the first week"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3247.83,"endTime":3249.57,"body":"because there wasn't enough fodder"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3249.57,"endTime":3253.563,"body":"to sustain the thousand horses"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3249.57,"endTime":3253.563,"body":"that he'd brought with them."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3254.94,"endTime":3258.57,"body":"Obviously, construction"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3254.94,"endTime":3258.57,"body":"projects also had a huge impact,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3258.57,"endTime":3262.38,"body":"especially during the"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3258.57,"endTime":3262.38,"body":"periods of new build."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3262.38,"endTime":3263.22,"body":"We know quite a lot"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3263.22,"endTime":3265.65,"body":"about the development of"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3263.22,"endTime":3265.65,"body":"the brick and tile industry"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3265.65,"endTime":3266.483,"body":"in Surrey,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3266.483,"endTime":3268.35,"body":"stimulated by royal building,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3268.35,"endTime":3271.74,"body":"certain towns flourished"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3268.35,"endTime":3271.74,"body":"due to the building trades,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3271.74,"endTime":3274.41,"body":"the growth of Reigate, for instance,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3274.41,"endTime":3276.75,"body":"owed a huge amount to the stone quarries"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3276.75,"endTime":3280.233,"body":"which were essential to the"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3276.75,"endTime":3280.233,"body":"construction of royal houses."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3281.61,"endTime":3284.55,"body":"Neither progress-time nor itinerancy"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3284.55,"endTime":3287.07,"body":"was exclusively rural,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3287.07,"endTime":3291.78,"body":"and the mobile court also"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3287.07,"endTime":3291.78,"body":"had a big impact on towns."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3291.78,"endTime":3295.74,"body":"The progress of 1634 included"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3291.78,"endTime":3295.74,"body":"a visit to Leicester."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3295.74,"endTime":3298.23,"body":"The town gates were repainted,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3298.23,"endTime":3299.61,"body":"householders were required"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3299.61,"endTime":3301.59,"body":"to paint the outside of their houses"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3301.59,"endTime":3304.2,"body":"and pave the streets in front of them,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3304.2,"endTime":3306.84,"body":"the roads were laid with sand and gravel,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3306.84,"endTime":3309.63,"body":"and the streets were strewn with rushes,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3309.63,"endTime":3312.63,"body":"new liveries were made for"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3309.63,"endTime":3312.63,"body":"the mayor and the aldermen,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3312.63,"endTime":3315.42,"body":"and golden bowls with"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3312.63,"endTime":3315.42,"body":"pictures of the King and Queen"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3315.42,"endTime":3317.22,"body":"were fashioned as gifts."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3317.22,"endTime":3318.84,"body":"The Earl of Huntingdon,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3317.22,"endTime":3318.84,"body":"the Lord Lieutenant"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3318.84,"endTime":3321.99,"body":"was sent ahead to make sure"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3318.84,"endTime":3321.99,"body":"that St. Martin's Church"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3321.99,"endTime":3323.88,"body":"was properly arranged for the Sunday,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3323.88,"endTime":3326.4,"body":"when the King would attend service."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3326.4,"endTime":3327.39,"body":"So these impacts,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3327.39,"endTime":3329.49,"body":"both short-lived and more sustained,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3329.49,"endTime":3332.43,"body":"were stimulated by royal visits."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3332.43,"endTime":3334.59,"body":"So all of this is to say"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3334.59,"endTime":3337.41,"body":"that the consequences of"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3334.59,"endTime":3337.41,"body":"the monarch and the court"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3337.41,"endTime":3340.65,"body":"moving round the country were important"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3340.65,"endTime":3344.97,"body":"and had deep-seated and"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3340.65,"endTime":3344.97,"body":"long-lasting implications."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3344.97,"endTime":3348.36,"body":"If we were to create a huge pair of scales"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3348.36,"endTime":3350.07,"body":"and place on one side"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3350.07,"endTime":3352.92,"body":"the benefits of the peripatetic court"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3352.92,"endTime":3355.02,"body":"and the other side, the dis-benefits,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3355.02,"endTime":3357.51,"body":"I think we would find, on the whole,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3357.51,"endTime":3361.02,"body":"that the presence of the"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3357.51,"endTime":3361.02,"body":"court stimulated trade,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3361.02,"endTime":3363.09,"body":"encouraged economic activity,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3363.09,"endTime":3366.06,"body":"and brought money into the provinces."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3366.06,"endTime":3371.06,"body":"The summer progress was a sort"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3366.06,"endTime":3371.06,"body":"of early leveling-up process,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3372.048,"endTime":3372.881,"body":"(audience laughs)"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3372.881,"endTime":3373.714,"body":"bringing the money"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3373.714,"endTime":3376.59,"body":"that normally stuck to the court in London"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3376.59,"endTime":3377.94,"body":"out into the countryside"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3377.94,"endTime":3380.34,"body":"and spreading it around the Home Counties."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3380.34,"endTime":3383.22,"body":"Yes, there were vexations and irritations,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3383.22,"endTime":3384.51,"body":"but in aggregate, I think,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3384.51,"endTime":3387.51,"body":"the court on the move"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3384.51,"endTime":3387.51,"body":"was a positive force,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3387.51,"endTime":3390.3,"body":"and one that you can actually still detect"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3390.3,"endTime":3391.98,"body":"in the countryside today."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3391.98,"endTime":3395.01,"body":"And so, next time, ladies and gentlemen,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3395.01,"endTime":3396.87,"body":"you are in Chelsea,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3396.87,"endTime":3399.48,"body":"and walk down the King's Road,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3399.48,"endTime":3402.93,"body":"remember that you are"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3399.48,"endTime":3402.93,"body":"enjoying a private road"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3402.93,"endTime":3404.37,"body":"so that kings and queens"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3404.37,"endTime":3406.8,"body":"could get to their houses"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3404.37,"endTime":3406.8,"body":"in the west quickly,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3406.8,"endTime":3409.92,"body":"a concrete and surviving legacy"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3409.92,"endTime":3412.5,"body":"of the British court on the move."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3412.5,"endTime":3413.699,"body":"Thank you."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3413.699,"endTime":3416.342,"body":"(audience applauds)"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3416.342,"endTime":3417.36,"body":"- We have a couple of questions,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3417.36,"endTime":3418.193,"body":"one of which, I think,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3418.193,"endTime":3420.36,"body":"is really interesting,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3420.36,"endTime":3424.32,"body":"were these progresses"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3420.36,"endTime":3424.32,"body":"a purely British thing,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3424.32,"endTime":3426.87,"body":"or were the monarchs of the Continent"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3426.87,"endTime":3429.801,"body":"running about with equal enthusiasm?"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3429.801,"endTime":3432.72,"body":"- It was an international phenomenon,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3432.72,"endTime":3436.563,"body":"the French court was"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3432.72,"endTime":3436.563,"body":"doing exactly the same,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3437.49,"endTime":3441.917,"body":"the French court went to the"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3437.49,"endTime":3441.917,"body":"Loire Valley very frequently,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3443.55,"endTime":3446.22,"body":"the Spanish court did the same thing,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3446.22,"endTime":3449.73,"body":"so this was a necessity."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3449.73,"endTime":3451.38,"body":"I think one of the things"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3451.38,"endTime":3453.84,"body":"that was very important for all of them"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3453.84,"endTime":3455.823,"body":"was actually just seeing their realms,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3456.66,"endTime":3459.48,"body":"and seeing their people,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3459.48,"endTime":3462.81,"body":"before television, radio,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3459.48,"endTime":3462.81,"body":"print, photographs,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3462.81,"endTime":3465.21,"body":"a tiny number of paintings,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3465.21,"endTime":3467.58,"body":"actually getting out"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3465.21,"endTime":3467.58,"body":"there and getting about"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3467.58,"endTime":3469.29,"body":"was a very important feature of rule,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3469.29,"endTime":3471.243,"body":"so yeah, it happened all over Europe."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3473.64,"endTime":3474.99,"body":"- These are fairly important people,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3474.99,"endTime":3477.81,"body":"en masse, moving around"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3474.99,"endTime":3477.81,"body":"from place to place,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3477.81,"endTime":3481.17,"body":"how did they keep themselves secure?"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3481.17,"endTime":3483.33,"body":"- It was a security nightmare, basically,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3483.33,"endTime":3484.77,"body":"particularly for Queen Elizabeth I,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3484.77,"endTime":3486.93,"body":"because you've got to remember, in 1570,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3486.93,"endTime":3489.15,"body":"the Pope had excommunicated Elizabeth,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3489.15,"endTime":3492.39,"body":"and basically, any Roman"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3489.15,"endTime":3492.39,"body":"Catholic who killer her"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3492.39,"endTime":3493.26,"body":"would go straight to Heaven,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3493.26,"endTime":3495.09,"body":"so it was a great opportunity"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3495.09,"endTime":3496.86,"body":"if you could get your hands on her."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3496.86,"endTime":3499.23,"body":"And so she traveled, obviously,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3499.23,"endTime":3500.61,"body":"with the Yeomen of the Guard,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3500.61,"endTime":3503.46,"body":"but one of the absolutely"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3500.61,"endTime":3503.46,"body":"crucial and most important things"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3503.46,"endTime":3505.5,"body":"that the surveyor of works did,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3505.5,"endTime":3507.24,"body":"which is the royal architect,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3507.24,"endTime":3510.27,"body":"is, when he ever moved"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3507.24,"endTime":3510.27,"body":"into a courtier's house,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3510.27,"endTime":3513.42,"body":"every single lock in the"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3510.27,"endTime":3513.42,"body":"building was changed."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3513.42,"endTime":3516.27,"body":"So they would travel with the royal locks,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3516.27,"endTime":3519.18,"body":"the owner's locks would be taken off,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3519.18,"endTime":3521.16,"body":"the royal locks would be put on,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3521.16,"endTime":3522.78,"body":"and of course, the royal locks had keys"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3522.78,"endTime":3524.31,"body":"which were controlled"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3524.31,"endTime":3526.77,"body":"by a very, very, very"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3524.31,"endTime":3526.77,"body":"small number of people."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3526.77,"endTime":3531.09,"body":"So the issue of security"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3526.77,"endTime":3531.09,"body":"was a very big deal,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3531.09,"endTime":3533.24,"body":"and it was a very big"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3531.09,"endTime":3533.24,"body":"deal for all of them,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3533.24,"endTime":3534.45,"body":"it was a big deal for Charles II,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3534.45,"endTime":3537.15,"body":"there were various assassination attempts,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3537.15,"endTime":3542.15,"body":"so they tried to keep the"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3537.15,"endTime":3542.15,"body":"routes of the giests secret."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3543.75,"endTime":3546.72,"body":"Cromwell also had to vary his route"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3546.72,"endTime":3548.31,"body":"between Whitehall and Hampton Court"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3548.31,"endTime":3550.02,"body":"because there were various"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3548.31,"endTime":3550.02,"body":"assassination attempts"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3550.02,"endTime":3550.853,"body":"on him too."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3552.12,"endTime":3552.953,"body":"- Thank you."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3552.953,"endTime":3553.786,"body":"Those questions, by the way,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3553.786,"endTime":3558.15,"body":"came online from Pat Duncan"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3553.786,"endTime":3558.15,"body":"and someone called Charlotte."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3558.15,"endTime":3559.657,"body":"Aidan is asking,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3559.657,"endTime":3562.327,"body":"\"You mentioned Henry VIII's"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3559.657,"endTime":3562.327,"body":"activities in progresses"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3562.327,"endTime":3565.557,"body":"\"being similar to that of his father.\""},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3566.58,"endTime":3568.32,"body":"He knows that the Lovell Rebellion"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3568.32,"endTime":3570.75,"body":"occurred while Henry VII was in progress."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3570.75,"endTime":3574.84,"body":"Did Henry VII use progresses"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3570.75,"endTime":3574.84,"body":"to assert legitimacy"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3575.76,"endTime":3578.01,"body":"or to increase stability?"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3578.01,"endTime":3579.269,"body":"- That's a really good question."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3579.269,"endTime":3581.7,"body":"It's really easy with hindsight"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3581.7,"endTime":3586.23,"body":"to think that the Wars of"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3581.7,"endTime":3586.23,"body":"the Roses ended in 1485,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3586.23,"endTime":3587.888,"body":"but they sure didn't,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3587.888,"endTime":3591.75,"body":"Henry VII's reign, really,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3591.75,"endTime":3596.7,"body":"was a story of horrific"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3591.75,"endTime":3596.7,"body":"rebellions, uprisings,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3596.7,"endTime":3598.95,"body":"treachery, betrayal,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3598.95,"endTime":3602.58,"body":"and the security question"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3598.95,"endTime":3602.58,"body":"is a very good one,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3602.58,"endTime":3605.79,"body":"but I think that, unquestionably,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3605.79,"endTime":3607.65,"body":"both Henry VII's"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3607.65,"endTime":3610.92,"body":"and Henry VIII's progresses"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3607.65,"endTime":3610.92,"body":"after the Reformation,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3610.92,"endTime":3612.27,"body":"when he was trying to calm nerves,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3612.27,"endTime":3614.52,"body":"the Pilgrimage of Grace,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3612.27,"endTime":3614.52,"body":"and such and so forth,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3614.52,"endTime":3618.9,"body":"they were also trying to"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3614.52,"endTime":3618.9,"body":"assert royal authority"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3618.9,"endTime":3622.08,"body":"where there had been difficulties,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3622.08,"endTime":3623.55,"body":"so there was, absolutely,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3623.55,"endTime":3627.693,"body":"a very pointed political"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3623.55,"endTime":3627.693,"body":"purpose behind them."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3628.98,"endTime":3630.534,"body":"- [Questioner] Thank you."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3630.534,"endTime":3631.367,"body":"I do actually have"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3631.367,"endTime":3634.71,"body":"a couple of George II"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3631.367,"endTime":3634.71,"body":"passes to the King's Road,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3634.71,"endTime":3636.21,"body":"which are all copper discs,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3636.21,"endTime":3639.48,"body":"but so far I've never"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3636.21,"endTime":3639.48,"body":"been asked to show them,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3639.48,"endTime":3643.23,"body":"but something which, I"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3639.48,"endTime":3643.23,"body":"think, is quite puzzling,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3643.23,"endTime":3645.41,"body":"and I wonder if you'd thought about,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3645.41,"endTime":3647.397,"body":"is this business, you were saying,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3647.397,"endTime":3651.6,"body":"of carriages being invented in 1566,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3651.6,"endTime":3654.09,"body":"and before that, it was litters."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3654.09,"endTime":3657.0,"body":"After all, you had 300 carts,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3657.0,"endTime":3659.19,"body":"and you've only got to"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3657.0,"endTime":3659.19,"body":"put a seat in a cart"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3659.19,"endTime":3660.99,"body":"and you've got a carriage."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3660.99,"endTime":3665.99,"body":"Was there some sort of status"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3660.99,"endTime":3665.99,"body":"or class thing in this?"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3668.43,"endTime":3670.23,"body":"The plebs used the carts,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3670.23,"endTime":3672.84,"body":"so we're sticking with our litters?"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3672.84,"endTime":3675.237,"body":"- I think that's called an Uber, isn't it?"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3675.237,"endTime":3677.73,"body":"- [Questioner] Something quite strange."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3677.73,"endTime":3681.87,"body":"- Of course, I'm sure"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3677.73,"endTime":3681.87,"body":"that the kitchen scullions"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3681.87,"endTime":3683.61,"body":"jumped on the back of a cart"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3681.87,"endTime":3683.61,"body":"when no one was looking,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3683.61,"endTime":3684.9,"body":"and hitched a lift,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3684.9,"endTime":3686.88,"body":"but I think it would"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3684.9,"endTime":3686.88,"body":"but pretty undignified"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3686.88,"endTime":3688.713,"body":"for Elizabeth I to be in a cart."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3690.69,"endTime":3695.04,"body":"The great thing about"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3690.69,"endTime":3695.04,"body":"the carriage was that,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3695.04,"endTime":3696.84,"body":"as you rightly say,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3696.84,"endTime":3701.84,"body":"it was the invention of a"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3696.84,"endTime":3701.84,"body":"dignified means of locomotion"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3702.18,"endTime":3703.773,"body":"that wasn't a horse."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3704.82,"endTime":3706.08,"body":"The very first carriages,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3706.08,"endTime":3709.11,"body":"which came from Pomerania,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3706.08,"endTime":3709.11,"body":"came to England,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3709.11,"endTime":3711.03,"body":"were fantastically elaborate."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3711.03,"endTime":3712.14,"body":"We've got the accounts for them all,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3712.14,"endTime":3713.34,"body":"we know exactly what they were like,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3713.34,"endTime":3715.803,"body":"they were dripping with velvet and gold,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3716.82,"endTime":3718.2,"body":"they were magnificent things,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3718.2,"endTime":3720.15,"body":"but were only any good"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3720.15,"endTime":3722.127,"body":"if the roads were up to it."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3722.127,"endTime":3723.9,"body":"And so, in the first instance,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3723.9,"endTime":3726.46,"body":"they are used for these short journeys"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3729.538,"endTime":3731.61,"body":"on the metropolitan fringe,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3731.61,"endTime":3734.58,"body":"and it took quite some"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3731.61,"endTime":3734.58,"body":"time to get the carts out."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3734.58,"endTime":3735.78,"body":"And initially, of course,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3735.78,"endTime":3737.4,"body":"they didn't have any springs,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3737.4,"endTime":3738.96,"body":"there were leather straps,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3738.96,"endTime":3741.83,"body":"and so it was a box that"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3738.96,"endTime":3741.83,"body":"was swinging like this"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3741.83,"endTime":3744.333,"body":"between two uprights."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3745.531,"endTime":3746.364,"body":"- [Questioner] In the 1700s,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3746.364,"endTime":3749.37,"body":"I think the lord mayors always get seasick"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3749.37,"endTime":3751.61,"body":"because they're not properly sprung."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3754.013,"endTime":3755.243,"body":"- You can see there"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3755.243,"endTime":3757.08,"body":"there's not many springs on that,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3757.08,"endTime":3760.14,"body":"and that's in the 1670s, I think."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3760.14,"endTime":3761.277,"body":"- [Questioner] Thank you very much,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3761.277,"endTime":3762.348,"body":"I really enjoyed that."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3762.348,"endTime":3763.181,"body":"I was just wondering,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3763.181,"endTime":3764.61,"body":"could you explain"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3764.61,"endTime":3765.57,"body":"why you think that Elizabeth I"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3766.44,"endTime":3771.12,"body":"never went to Yorkshire or Devon,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3771.12,"endTime":3773.79,"body":"do you think it's because it was too far,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3773.79,"endTime":3775.71,"body":"or because it wasn't safe,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3775.71,"endTime":3778.503,"body":"or any other reason, perhaps?"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3779.67,"endTime":3780.93,"body":"Thank you."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3780.93,"endTime":3782.85,"body":"- It is a good question."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3782.85,"endTime":3784.92,"body":"She did have a plan"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3784.92,"endTime":3789.03,"body":"to go north to meet Mary, Queen of Scots,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3789.03,"endTime":3794.03,"body":"and the giests were drawn"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3789.03,"endTime":3794.03,"body":"up, the plan was made,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3794.46,"endTime":3797.76,"body":"various houses were refurbished,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3797.76,"endTime":3799.65,"body":"there was a lot of money spent in York"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3799.65,"endTime":3804.09,"body":"on the royal house in York"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3799.65,"endTime":3804.09,"body":"in preparation for the trip,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3804.09,"endTime":3807.63,"body":"but the politics of it"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3804.09,"endTime":3807.63,"body":"meant that, eventually,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3807.63,"endTime":3808.953,"body":"it didn't happen."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3810.87,"endTime":3812.1,"body":"She got as far as Norwich,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3812.1,"endTime":3813.36,"body":"and I live in Norfolk,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3813.36,"endTime":3814.193,"body":"and I can tell you"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3814.193,"endTime":3817.17,"body":"it's quite hard getting"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3814.193,"endTime":3817.17,"body":"there in the 21st century,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3817.17,"endTime":3822.17,"body":"getting to Norwich in the"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3817.17,"endTime":3822.17,"body":"1560s is quite an effort."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3824.31,"endTime":3826.023,"body":"I think it was just a long way."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3827.25,"endTime":3828.66,"body":"There were definitely people up there"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3828.66,"endTime":3831.81,"body":"who were hoping that"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3828.66,"endTime":3831.81,"body":"she would come and stay,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3831.81,"endTime":3834.24,"body":"but she didn't."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3834.24,"endTime":3836.49,"body":"And certainly, down to the Southwest,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3836.49,"endTime":3838.17,"body":"before the civil war,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3838.17,"endTime":3840.93,"body":"there are no kings,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3838.17,"endTime":3840.93,"body":"really, going down there,"},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3840.93,"endTime":3843.03,"body":"no monarchs going to the Southwest at all."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3844.71,"endTime":3845.543,"body":"- Thank you very much."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3845.543,"endTime":3846.9,"body":"Ladies and gentleman, Simon Thurley."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3846.9,"endTime":3850.053,"body":"- Thank you."},{"speaker":"which is to ask my main question","startTime":3846.9,"endTime":3850.053,"body":"(audience applauds)"}]}