{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"startTime":0.42,"endTime":3.54,"body":"- Who owns the internet?"},{"startTime":3.54,"endTime":6.21,"body":"It's a very simple question"},{"startTime":6.21,"endTime":9.933,"body":"until one tries to answer it,"},{"startTime":11.43,"endTime":13.41,"body":"because it immediately demands"},{"startTime":13.41,"endTime":16.23,"body":"that we ask further questions,"},{"startTime":16.23,"endTime":18.0,"body":"not least among them"},{"startTime":18.0,"endTime":21.213,"body":"what exactly is the internet?"},{"startTime":22.44,"endTime":25.77,"body":"Is it the infrastructure, the hardware,"},{"startTime":25.77,"endTime":27.72,"body":"the wires and servers"},{"startTime":27.72,"endTime":31.47,"body":"on which our communications run?"},{"startTime":31.47,"endTime":35.46,"body":"Is it the tools and services"},{"startTime":31.47,"endTime":35.46,"body":"running on that hardware,"},{"startTime":35.46,"endTime":37.71,"body":"the websites, the apps,"},{"startTime":37.71,"endTime":40.62,"body":"the messaging and social platforms?"},{"startTime":40.62,"endTime":45.62,"body":"Is the internet the same as"},{"startTime":40.62,"endTime":45.62,"body":"or different to cyberspace,"},{"startTime":47.19,"endTime":50.673,"body":"and are the two always distinct?"},{"startTime":51.72,"endTime":53.64,"body":"These questions matter"},{"startTime":53.64,"endTime":55.38,"body":"because lawyers tell us"},{"startTime":55.38,"endTime":59.04,"body":"that we need to establish"},{"startTime":55.38,"endTime":59.04,"body":"what something is"},{"startTime":59.04,"endTime":63.183,"body":"in order to determine who"},{"startTime":59.04,"endTime":63.183,"body":"has property rights over it."},{"startTime":64.29,"endTime":67.41,"body":"Whenever we buy or sell"},{"startTime":64.29,"endTime":67.41,"body":"something of value,"},{"startTime":67.41,"endTime":69.15,"body":"a house, for example,"},{"startTime":69.15,"endTime":73.74,"body":"we define precisely which"},{"startTime":69.15,"endTime":73.74,"body":"house by its address,"},{"startTime":73.74,"endTime":77.52,"body":"in detailed plans showing the"},{"startTime":73.74,"endTime":77.52,"body":"boundaries of the property,"},{"startTime":77.52,"endTime":82.52,"body":"and who is responsible for"},{"startTime":77.52,"endTime":82.52,"body":"which aspects of its upkeep."},{"startTime":82.68,"endTime":84.57,"body":"Property law ensures"},{"startTime":84.57,"endTime":88.53,"body":"that we can claim ownership"},{"startTime":84.57,"endTime":88.53,"body":"over this house here"},{"startTime":88.53,"endTime":91.893,"body":"as opposed to another house over there."},{"startTime":92.82,"endTime":96.9,"body":"Knowing where something is"},{"startTime":92.82,"endTime":96.9,"body":"has also, traditionally,"},{"startTime":96.9,"endTime":101.58,"body":"helped us to decide under"},{"startTime":96.9,"endTime":101.58,"body":"whose jurisdiction it falls,"},{"startTime":101.58,"endTime":103.89,"body":"whose authority."},{"startTime":103.89,"endTime":106.77,"body":"Experts in political science tell us"},{"startTime":106.77,"endTime":108.57,"body":"that we are living in a world"},{"startTime":108.57,"endTime":111.873,"body":"regulated by Westphalian order."},{"startTime":112.77,"endTime":116.76,"body":"The 1648 Peace of Westphalia"},{"startTime":112.77,"endTime":116.76,"body":"ended the 30 Years' War"},{"startTime":116.76,"endTime":118.86,"body":"and the 80 Years' War"},{"startTime":118.86,"endTime":123.36,"body":"between Catholic and Protestant"},{"startTime":118.86,"endTime":123.36,"body":"powers in mainland Europe,"},{"startTime":123.36,"endTime":128.01,"body":"it is seen as a defining"},{"startTime":123.36,"endTime":128.01,"body":"moment in Western politics,"},{"startTime":128.01,"endTime":132.87,"body":"from which sprung the modern"},{"startTime":128.01,"endTime":132.87,"body":"principle of state sovereignty,"},{"startTime":132.87,"endTime":136.35,"body":"and national governments'"},{"startTime":132.87,"endTime":136.35,"body":"control and oversight"},{"startTime":136.35,"endTime":140.07,"body":"of whatever happens on its territory."},{"startTime":140.07,"endTime":143.43,"body":"Sovereignty underpins international law,"},{"startTime":143.43,"endTime":147.03,"body":"which prescribes how"},{"startTime":143.43,"endTime":147.03,"body":"nation states should behave"},{"startTime":147.03,"endTime":148.83,"body":"towards one another,"},{"startTime":148.83,"endTime":152.94,"body":"so Article 2 of the United Nations Charter"},{"startTime":152.94,"endTime":155.55,"body":"declares that all members shall refrain,"},{"startTime":155.55,"endTime":157.53,"body":"in their international relations,"},{"startTime":157.53,"endTime":160.35,"body":"from the threat or use of force"},{"startTime":160.35,"endTime":164.67,"body":"against the territorial integrity"},{"startTime":160.35,"endTime":164.67,"body":"or political independence"},{"startTime":164.67,"endTime":166.44,"body":"of any state."},{"startTime":166.44,"endTime":169.17,"body":"Sovereignty is what empowers states"},{"startTime":169.17,"endTime":172.08,"body":"to govern as they see fit,"},{"startTime":172.08,"endTime":174.81,"body":"provided they do not interfere"},{"startTime":174.81,"endTime":177.21,"body":"in the governance of other states."},{"startTime":177.21,"endTime":179.01,"body":"This balancing rule"},{"startTime":179.01,"endTime":184.01,"body":"is at the very heart of modern"},{"startTime":179.01,"endTime":184.01,"body":"foreign policy and diplomacy."},{"startTime":184.35,"endTime":186.57,"body":"Now, we can all think, of course,"},{"startTime":186.57,"endTime":188.16,"body":"of exceptions to this rule,"},{"startTime":188.16,"endTime":190.41,"body":"countries are invaded,"},{"startTime":190.41,"endTime":194.373,"body":"as we all know far too well in 2022,"},{"startTime":195.42,"endTime":198.42,"body":"and invasion by land, sea, or air"},{"startTime":198.42,"endTime":200.76,"body":"is reasonably simple to prove,"},{"startTime":200.76,"endTime":205.14,"body":"especially in an era of"},{"startTime":200.76,"endTime":205.14,"body":"rolling broadcast news."},{"startTime":205.14,"endTime":207.93,"body":"It would be understandable, then,"},{"startTime":207.93,"endTime":210.0,"body":"for states to assume"},{"startTime":210.0,"endTime":214.71,"body":"that the same principle"},{"startTime":210.0,"endTime":214.71,"body":"would apply to the internet,"},{"startTime":214.71,"endTime":218.37,"body":"that the hardware, servers,"},{"startTime":214.71,"endTime":218.37,"body":"wires, and switches"},{"startTime":218.37,"endTime":220.86,"body":"of connected digital technologies"},{"startTime":220.86,"endTime":223.47,"body":"would be within their jurisdiction,"},{"startTime":223.47,"endTime":226.56,"body":"along with the tools and"},{"startTime":223.47,"endTime":226.56,"body":"services running on them"},{"startTime":226.56,"endTime":230.7,"body":"and the actions of citizens who use them."},{"startTime":230.7,"endTime":234.06,"body":"This is the basis for national regulation,"},{"startTime":234.06,"endTime":238.38,"body":"but also for government"},{"startTime":234.06,"endTime":238.38,"body":"surveillance of citizens."},{"startTime":238.38,"endTime":241.32,"body":"A search warrant has force of law"},{"startTime":241.32,"endTime":244.803,"body":"only in the country in which it is issued."},{"startTime":246.45,"endTime":248.73,"body":"But when we try to visualize"},{"startTime":248.73,"endTime":251.97,"body":"the territorial extent of the internet,"},{"startTime":251.97,"endTime":254.49,"body":"we rapidly come to the conclusion"},{"startTime":254.49,"endTime":257.22,"body":"that it is several different things"},{"startTime":257.22,"endTime":261.0,"body":"in many different jurisdictions."},{"startTime":261.0,"endTime":265.41,"body":"This is a scaled representation"},{"startTime":261.0,"endTime":265.41,"body":"of the physical internet"},{"startTime":265.41,"endTime":268.68,"body":"produced by some very"},{"startTime":265.41,"endTime":268.68,"body":"smart master's students"},{"startTime":268.68,"endTime":271.68,"body":"at the Polytechnic University of Milan,"},{"startTime":271.68,"endTime":272.91,"body":"and it shows the location"},{"startTime":272.91,"endTime":275.79,"body":"of three different types of hardware."},{"startTime":275.79,"endTime":279.54,"body":"So in blue, we have"},{"startTime":275.79,"endTime":279.54,"body":"internet exchange points,"},{"startTime":279.54,"endTime":281.22,"body":"and they enable traffic"},{"startTime":281.22,"endTime":284.73,"body":"to move between different"},{"startTime":281.22,"endTime":284.73,"body":"service providers,"},{"startTime":284.73,"endTime":287.49,"body":"in orange, we have data centers,"},{"startTime":287.49,"endTime":291.12,"body":"that house storage, servers,"},{"startTime":287.49,"endTime":291.12,"body":"and other components,"},{"startTime":291.12,"endTime":295.89,"body":"and in gray, those lines"},{"startTime":291.12,"endTime":295.89,"body":"there are undersea cables"},{"startTime":295.89,"endTime":299.04,"body":"that connect different countries."},{"startTime":299.04,"endTime":301.5,"body":"So at a very rudimentary level,"},{"startTime":301.5,"endTime":304.5,"body":"we can say that more internet hardware"},{"startTime":304.5,"endTime":308.85,"body":"is located in the United"},{"startTime":304.5,"endTime":308.85,"body":"States than any other country,"},{"startTime":308.85,"endTime":312.57,"body":"and we can also see"},{"startTime":308.85,"endTime":312.57,"body":"concentrations in Europe,"},{"startTime":312.57,"endTime":316.47,"body":"but also in the Asia Pacific region,"},{"startTime":316.47,"endTime":319.65,"body":"and it's possible for"},{"startTime":316.47,"endTime":319.65,"body":"these states to argue"},{"startTime":319.65,"endTime":322.38,"body":"that the infrastructure"},{"startTime":319.65,"endTime":322.38,"body":"on their territories"},{"startTime":322.38,"endTime":325.983,"body":"is subject to their"},{"startTime":322.38,"endTime":325.983,"body":"jurisdiction and control."},{"startTime":327.24,"endTime":331.29,"body":"But when we take a closer"},{"startTime":327.24,"endTime":331.29,"body":"look at the undersea cables,"},{"startTime":331.29,"endTime":336.12,"body":"the interdependency of nations"},{"startTime":331.29,"endTime":336.12,"body":"very quickly becomes clear."},{"startTime":336.12,"endTime":340.38,"body":"States cannot escape"},{"startTime":336.12,"endTime":340.38,"body":"their interconnectedness"},{"startTime":340.38,"endTime":342.09,"body":"if they want the internet"},{"startTime":342.09,"endTime":345.993,"body":"to function effectively and efficiently."},{"startTime":346.95,"endTime":349.23,"body":"Now, for me, as an a nerdy analyst,"},{"startTime":349.23,"endTime":353.67,"body":"there are many, many interesting"},{"startTime":349.23,"endTime":353.67,"body":"data points on this map,"},{"startTime":353.67,"endTime":357.33,"body":"but perhaps two of the"},{"startTime":353.67,"endTime":357.33,"body":"most striking are, firstly,"},{"startTime":357.33,"endTime":360.0,"body":"how isolated Russia is,"},{"startTime":360.0,"endTime":363.21,"body":"it tends to connect to itself quite often,"},{"startTime":363.21,"endTime":365.31,"body":"but not to many other countries,"},{"startTime":365.31,"endTime":370.31,"body":"and also how many cables there"},{"startTime":365.31,"endTime":370.31,"body":"are, or are planned to be,"},{"startTime":370.71,"endTime":374.55,"body":"between the US and Asia Pacific countries,"},{"startTime":374.55,"endTime":377.613,"body":"including, I would add, China."},{"startTime":379.71,"endTime":384.12,"body":"What's more, states' claims to"},{"startTime":379.71,"endTime":384.12,"body":"sovereignty over the internet"},{"startTime":384.12,"endTime":386.52,"body":"have been roundly rejected"},{"startTime":386.52,"endTime":389.79,"body":"by some of the very people"},{"startTime":386.52,"endTime":389.79,"body":"who helped to build it,"},{"startTime":389.79,"endTime":392.88,"body":"and perhaps their best"},{"startTime":389.79,"endTime":392.88,"body":"known critic to date"},{"startTime":392.88,"endTime":395.04,"body":"is John Perry Barlow,"},{"startTime":395.04,"endTime":397.47,"body":"an undoubted internet pioneer"},{"startTime":397.47,"endTime":400.47,"body":"and founder of digital rights organization"},{"startTime":400.47,"endTime":403.92,"body":"the Electronic Frontier Foundation."},{"startTime":403.92,"endTime":406.657,"body":"In 1996, Barlow published"},{"startTime":406.657,"endTime":410.91,"body":"\"A Declaration of the"},{"startTime":406.657,"endTime":410.91,"body":"Independence of Cyberspace,\""},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":414.577,"endTime":417.487,"body":"\"Governments of the industrial world,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":417.487,"endTime":421.327,"body":"\"you weary giants of flesh and steel,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":421.327,"endTime":424.417,"body":"\"I come from cyberspace,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":424.417,"endTime":427.537,"body":"\"the new home of mind."},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":427.537,"endTime":429.667,"body":"\"On behalf of the future,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":429.667,"endTime":434.137,"body":"\"I ask you of the past to leave us alone."},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":434.137,"endTime":437.977,"body":"\"You are not welcome among us."},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":437.977,"endTime":442.147,"body":"\"You have no sovereignty where we gather."},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":442.147,"endTime":443.767,"body":"\"We have no elected government,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":443.767,"endTime":445.897,"body":"\"nor are we likely to have one,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":445.897,"endTime":449.317,"body":"\"so I address you with"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":445.897,"endTime":449.317,"body":"no greater authority"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":449.317,"endTime":453.517,"body":"\"than that with which"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":449.317,"endTime":453.517,"body":"liberty itself always speaks."},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":453.517,"endTime":457.627,"body":"\"I declare the global"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":453.517,"endTime":457.627,"body":"social space we are building"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":457.627,"endTime":460.027,"body":"\"to be naturally independent"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":460.027,"endTime":463.687,"body":"\"of the tyrannies you"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":460.027,"endTime":463.687,"body":"seek to impose on us."},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":463.687,"endTime":467.347,"body":"\"You have no moral right to rule us,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":467.347,"endTime":470.827,"body":"\"nor do you possess any"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":467.347,"endTime":470.827,"body":"methods of enforcement"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":470.827,"endTime":473.547,"body":"\"we have true reason to fear.\""},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":475.11,"endTime":479.28,"body":"Barlow emphasizes not only"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":475.11,"endTime":479.28,"body":"the ideological arguments"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":479.28,"endTime":484.02,"body":"against simply imposing"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":479.28,"endTime":484.02,"body":"government control on cyberspace,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":484.02,"endTime":488.1,"body":"but also the practical"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":484.02,"endTime":488.1,"body":"challenges of doing so."},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":488.1,"endTime":489.127,"body":"He continues,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":489.127,"endTime":492.667,"body":"\"Cyberspace consists of transactions,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":492.667,"endTime":495.967,"body":"\"relationships, and thought itself"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":495.967,"endTime":498.217,"body":"\"arrayed like a standing wave"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":498.217,"endTime":500.977,"body":"\"in the web of our communications."},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":500.977,"endTime":505.477,"body":"\"Ours is a world that is"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":500.977,"endTime":505.477,"body":"both everywhere and nowhere,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":505.477,"endTime":509.377,"body":"\"but it is not where bodies live."},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":509.377,"endTime":510.907,"body":"\"Your legal concepts"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":510.907,"endTime":515.907,"body":"\"of property, expression,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":510.907,"endTime":515.907,"body":"identity, movement, and context"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":516.367,"endTime":518.827,"body":"\"do not apply to us."},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":518.827,"endTime":521.527,"body":"\"They are all based on matter,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":521.527,"endTime":524.787,"body":"\"and there is no matter here.\""},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":526.23,"endTime":529.89,"body":"So we should also consider the internet"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":529.89,"endTime":532.41,"body":"as its immaterial connections,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":532.41,"endTime":537.33,"body":"as in this fabulous movie"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":532.41,"endTime":537.33,"body":"produced by the Opte Project."},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":537.33,"endTime":540.7,"body":"At each one of all of these endpoints"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":541.98,"endTime":546.98,"body":"are networks, devices,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":541.98,"endTime":546.98,"body":"and people using them."},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":547.05,"endTime":549.06,"body":"So if you have a phone with you,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":549.06,"endTime":550.17,"body":"and this is, of course,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":550.17,"endTime":554.28,"body":"the first audience participation"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":550.17,"endTime":554.28,"body":"moment of the evening,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":554.28,"endTime":558.84,"body":"you are in possession of a"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":554.28,"endTime":558.84,"body":"component of the internet."},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":558.84,"endTime":560.85,"body":"So please, if you have a phone with you,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":560.85,"endTime":561.933,"body":"phone's up."},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":563.31,"endTime":566.34,"body":"This is a different way"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":563.31,"endTime":566.34,"body":"to visualize the internet,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":566.34,"endTime":567.173,"body":"is it not?"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":567.173,"endTime":570.205,"body":"And by the way, I can all"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":567.173,"endTime":570.205,"body":"see your text messages."},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":570.205,"endTime":571.59,"body":"(audience laughs)"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":571.59,"endTime":574.563,"body":"That's for the cyber security"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":571.59,"endTime":574.563,"body":"talk in a few weeks' time."},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":575.58,"endTime":579.873,"body":"You are all in possession of"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":575.58,"endTime":579.873,"body":"a component of the internet,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":581.37,"endTime":584.94,"body":"you are a stakeholder, therefore,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":584.94,"endTime":588.873,"body":"in how it is run and how it is regulated."},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":589.86,"endTime":593.73,"body":"And the same may be said"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":589.86,"endTime":593.73,"body":"of what is on the internet"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":593.73,"endTime":596.52,"body":"and in cyberspace."},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":596.52,"endTime":600.09,"body":"It's become fashionable to"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":596.52,"endTime":600.09,"body":"say that, on social media,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":600.09,"endTime":602.25,"body":"you are the product,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":602.25,"endTime":604.68,"body":"and that is quite a helpful way"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":604.68,"endTime":606.45,"body":"of describing a business model"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":606.45,"endTime":609.57,"body":"in which platforms sell the option"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":609.57,"endTime":614.31,"body":"to deliver tailored"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":609.57,"endTime":614.31,"body":"advertisements to you as users,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":614.31,"endTime":616.92,"body":"but it doesn't accurately capture"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":616.92,"endTime":621.92,"body":"the extent to which"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":616.92,"endTime":621.92,"body":"users are also producers."},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":622.2,"endTime":624.12,"body":"Through the content we share,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":624.12,"endTime":628.727,"body":"we actively contribute to"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":624.12,"endTime":628.727,"body":"building that internet,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":628.727,"endTime":630.6,"body":"and in that respect,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":630.6,"endTime":633.6,"body":"Barlow's manifesto is compelling."},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":633.6,"endTime":636.87,"body":"We are citizens of cyberspace"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":636.87,"endTime":639.693,"body":"as much as we are citizens in it."},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":641.01,"endTime":644.04,"body":"So that vision of a border-less space"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":644.04,"endTime":647.4,"body":"in which sovereign states do not hold sway"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":647.4,"endTime":649.05,"body":"is also reflected"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":649.05,"endTime":653.52,"body":"in how the world's internet"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":649.05,"endTime":653.52,"body":"architecture is managed."},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":653.52,"endTime":656.4,"body":"In its architectural"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":653.52,"endTime":656.4,"body":"principles of the internet,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":656.4,"endTime":659.527,"body":"the Internet Engineering"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":656.4,"endTime":659.527,"body":"Task Force declares that,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":659.527,"endTime":663.457,"body":"\"Fortunately, nobody owns the internet,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":663.457,"endTime":665.917,"body":"\"there is no centralized control,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":665.917,"endTime":668.287,"body":"\"and nobody can turn it off."},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":668.287,"endTime":672.607,"body":"\"Its evolution depends on rough consensus"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":672.607,"endTime":674.517,"body":"\"and on running code.\""},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":675.69,"endTime":678.54,"body":"The organization that"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":675.69,"endTime":678.54,"body":"manages the global system"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":678.54,"endTime":681.9,"body":"of web domain names and addresses, ICANN,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":681.9,"endTime":685.74,"body":"draws its membership from"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":681.9,"endTime":685.74,"body":"governments, the private sector,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":685.74,"endTime":687.75,"body":"civil society organizations,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":687.75,"endTime":691.44,"body":"but also the public at large."},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":691.44,"endTime":694.53,"body":"The United Nations"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":691.44,"endTime":694.53,"body":"Internet Governance Forum"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":694.53,"endTime":696.87,"body":"is open to everyone,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":696.87,"endTime":701.52,"body":"and consciously aims to"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":696.87,"endTime":701.52,"body":"achieve bottom-up consensus"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":701.52,"endTime":704.31,"body":"on key internet policy issues."},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":704.31,"endTime":708.15,"body":"There is nothing to stop"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":704.31,"endTime":708.15,"body":"any one of us in this room,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":708.15,"endTime":709.59,"body":"or listening at home,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":709.59,"endTime":711.84,"body":"contributing to these directly"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":711.84,"endTime":714.543,"body":"and having our voices heard."},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":716.43,"endTime":718.08,"body":"Now, practically speaking, though,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":718.08,"endTime":720.0,"body":"many of the world's data centers,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":720.0,"endTime":722.31,"body":"exchange points, and cables"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":722.31,"endTime":724.71,"body":"are in private hands."},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":724.71,"endTime":727.77,"body":"Tier one internet service providers"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":727.77,"endTime":729.39,"body":"own the core networks"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":729.39,"endTime":732.48,"body":"that form the backbone of the internet,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":732.48,"endTime":736.68,"body":"and these include AT\u0026T"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":732.48,"endTime":736.68,"body":"and Verizon in the US,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":736.68,"endTime":738.99,"body":"Deutsche Telekom in Germany,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":738.99,"endTime":741.51,"body":"Tata Communications in India,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":741.51,"endTime":745.41,"body":"and British Telecom here in the UK."},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":745.41,"endTime":747.9,"body":"Tier two and tier three providers,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":747.9,"endTime":751.53,"body":"that's our home broadband"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":747.9,"endTime":751.53,"body":"and mobile companies,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":751.53,"endTime":756.213,"body":"they pay those backbone companies"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":751.53,"endTime":756.213,"body":"for our internet access."},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":757.23,"endTime":760.05,"body":"And satellites in Earth's orbit"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":760.05,"endTime":763.56,"body":"also support internet traffic."},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":763.56,"endTime":765.93,"body":"One individual reportedly owns"},{"speaker":"which opens with these 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words","startTime":801.87,"endTime":806.87,"body":"between the two craft."},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":807.12,"endTime":809.67,"body":"China complained to the United Nations"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":809.67,"endTime":813.96,"body":"and sought to blame the US"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":809.67,"endTime":813.96,"body":"Government, as it might,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":813.96,"endTime":817.53,"body":"but instead of an official"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":813.96,"endTime":817.53,"body":"response from the US,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":817.53,"endTime":822.53,"body":"Elon Musk responded in his"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":817.53,"endTime":822.53,"body":"capacity as SpaceX CEO,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":823.86,"endTime":826.02,"body":"so he appears to have assumed a role"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":826.02,"endTime":828.51,"body":"in the future of digital connectivity"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":828.51,"endTime":830.403,"body":"that is supranational,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":831.78,"endTime":835.623,"body":"bigger than can be"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":831.78,"endTime":835.623,"body":"contained by any one state."},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":837.33,"endTime":839.31,"body":"We've seen this play out also"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":839.31,"endTime":842.46,"body":"in the context of the invasion of Ukraine."},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":842.46,"endTime":844.65,"body":"Following a personal appeal"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":844.65,"endTime":847.775,"body":"from Ukraine's deputy prime minister,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":847.775,"endTime":851.16,"body":"Musk dispatched Starlink"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":847.775,"endTime":851.16,"body":"satellite equipment,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":851.16,"endTime":852.24,"body":"which has been credited"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":852.24,"endTime":855.57,"body":"with keeping military communications open"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":855.57,"endTime":859.98,"body":"and the consumer internet"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":855.57,"endTime":859.98,"body":"functioning in Ukraine."},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":859.98,"endTime":863.88,"body":"Most unlike a conventional arms sale,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":863.88,"endTime":868.14,"body":"Musk reportedly contributed"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":863.88,"endTime":868.14,"body":"this equipment for free,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":868.14,"endTime":873.14,"body":"directly intervening in the"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":868.14,"endTime":873.14,"body":"conflict in support of Ukraine."},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":874.38,"endTime":879.3,"body":"And he's not alone among"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":874.38,"endTime":879.3,"body":"leading industry figures:"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":879.3,"endTime":881.13,"body":"Microsoft has been active"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":881.13,"endTime":884.82,"body":"in defending Ukraine against"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":881.13,"endTime":884.82,"body":"Russian cyber attacks."},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":884.82,"endTime":886.2,"body":"In a recent report,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these 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of a tool that enabled"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1159.02,"endTime":1163.04,"body":"protestors in Hong Kong"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1163.04,"endTime":1166.13,"body":"to track the movements of police."},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1166.13,"endTime":1168.02,"body":"What you may not know"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1168.02,"endTime":1172.52,"body":"is that plenty of other"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1168.02,"endTime":1172.52,"body":"countries also restrict access"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1172.52,"endTime":1176.21,"body":"to online content that"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1172.52,"endTime":1176.21,"body":"is locally prohibited,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1176.21,"endTime":1179.48,"body":"and that includes the United Kingdom."},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1179.48,"endTime":1181.25,"body":"The reasons may differ,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1181.25,"endTime":1183.68,"body":"but the mechanisms do not."},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1183.68,"endTime":1187.25,"body":"How on earth is it technically possible"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1187.25,"endTime":1188.843,"body":"for governments to do that?"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1191.42,"endTime":1195.5,"body":"Well, every time you visit"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1191.42,"endTime":1195.5,"body":"a website or use an app,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1195.5,"endTime":1199.52,"body":"that service captures the"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1195.5,"endTime":1199.52,"body":"address of your device,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1199.52,"endTime":1204.52,"body":"whether that's a computer, a"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1199.52,"endTime":1204.52,"body":"tablet, a phone, or a wearable."},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1204.68,"endTime":1207.83,"body":"There are two types of"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1204.68,"endTime":1207.83,"body":"internet protocol address,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1207.83,"endTime":1209.99,"body":"or IP address for short,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1209.99,"endTime":1211.82,"body":"currently in common use,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1211.82,"endTime":1214.73,"body":"and the first is IP version four,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1214.73,"endTime":1217.28,"body":"and they are decimal representations"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1217.28,"endTime":1220.46,"body":"of 32-bit binary numbers,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1220.46,"endTime":1221.51,"body":"and incidentally,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1221.51,"endTime":1225.38,"body":"this address is the address"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1221.51,"endTime":1225.38,"body":"for many home broadband routers"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1225.38,"endTime":1226.373,"body":"in the UK."},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1227.75,"endTime":1232.46,"body":"IP version six addresses are"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1227.75,"endTime":1232.46,"body":"also increasingly common now,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1232.46,"endTime":1236.45,"body":"and these are 128-bit hexadecimal numbers,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1236.45,"endTime":1239.66,"body":"and that's why they're alphanumeric."},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1239.66,"endTime":1241.67,"body":"Version four is being phased out"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1241.67,"endTime":1243.71,"body":"in preference for version six"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1243.71,"endTime":1245.45,"body":"for no other reason"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1245.45,"endTime":1248.18,"body":"than that the world very quickly ran out"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1248.18,"endTime":1250.55,"body":"of version four numbers."},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1250.55,"endTime":1253.49,"body":"IP addresses are allotted in ranges"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1253.49,"endTime":1256.01,"body":"to broadband and mobile"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1253.49,"endTime":1256.01,"body":"internet providers,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1256.01,"endTime":1259.28,"body":"and that means that websites and apps"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1259.28,"endTime":1263.03,"body":"are able to identify which"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1259.28,"endTime":1263.03,"body":"country a user is in,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1263.03,"endTime":1265.01,"body":"their internet provider,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1265.01,"endTime":1268.37,"body":"and often their geographical location"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1268.37,"endTime":1270.68,"body":"based on their nearest exchange."},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1270.68,"endTime":1273.08,"body":"So a company like YouTube"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1273.08,"endTime":1277.31,"body":"can identify every user"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1273.08,"endTime":1277.31,"body":"who is visiting the site"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1277.31,"endTime":1280.46,"body":"from a UK IP address,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1280.46,"endTime":1283.43,"body":"and through a process"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1280.46,"endTime":1283.43,"body":"known as geo-blocking,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1283.43,"endTime":1287.69,"body":"they can effectively make a"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1283.43,"endTime":1287.69,"body":"piece of content invisible"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1287.69,"endTime":1288.89,"body":"in a country"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1288.89,"endTime":1291.35,"body":"by making it inaccessible"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1291.35,"endTime":1295.793,"body":"on devices that appear to"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1291.35,"endTime":1295.793,"body":"be located in that country."},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1297.65,"endTime":1300.17,"body":"Now, every six months,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1300.17,"endTime":1304.79,"body":"the large US-based platforms"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1300.17,"endTime":1304.79,"body":"produce transparency reports"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1304.79,"endTime":1307.13,"body":"that include the number of requests"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1307.13,"endTime":1309.35,"body":"they have received from"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1307.13,"endTime":1309.35,"body":"national governments"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1309.35,"endTime":1311.42,"body":"for their users' data,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1311.42,"endTime":1314.57,"body":"but also for content to be removed,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1314.57,"endTime":1316.61,"body":"and among these is Meta,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1316.61,"endTime":1320.39,"body":"which owns Facebook,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1316.61,"endTime":1320.39,"body":"Instagram, and WhatsApp."},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1321.65,"endTime":1323.63,"body":"By the end of 2021,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1323.63,"endTime":1326.51,"body":"Facebook alone, the big blue app,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1326.51,"endTime":1331.51,"body":"had 2.9 billion users"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1326.51,"endTime":1331.51,"body":"active on their platform"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1332.6,"endTime":1334.64,"body":"at least once a month."},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1334.64,"endTime":1336.2,"body":"That is now a population"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1336.2,"endTime":1339.47,"body":"that is larger than any sovereign state,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1339.47,"endTime":1343.91,"body":"it's more than 1/3 of"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1339.47,"endTime":1343.91,"body":"the world's population,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1343.91,"endTime":1346.13,"body":"and more than a billion posts"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1346.13,"endTime":1349.643,"body":"are shared on Meta's platforms every day."},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1350.72,"endTime":1353.06,"body":"Last year, the company restricted access"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1353.06,"endTime":1356.81,"body":"to just under 100,000 pieces of content"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1356.81,"endTime":1358.78,"body":"in response to demands from governments,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1358.78,"endTime":1363.47,"body":"97,353 to be exact."},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1363.47,"endTime":1365.06,"body":"And if you are anything like me,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1365.06,"endTime":1368.42,"body":"the very next thing you"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1365.06,"endTime":1368.42,"body":"will want to know is,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1368.42,"endTime":1371.39,"body":"which countries made the most requests?"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1371.39,"endTime":1372.44,"body":"Well you're in luck,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1372.44,"endTime":1375.2,"body":"because I've done some number crunching,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1375.2,"endTime":1378.503,"body":"and these are the top 10 for 2021."},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1382.88,"endTime":1384.143,"body":"Now, I must admit,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1385.13,"endTime":1389.153,"body":"I didn't expect to find"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1385.13,"endTime":1389.153,"body":"Mexico at the top of the list,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1390.08,"endTime":1393.383,"body":"with one in five requests worldwide."},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1394.64,"endTime":1397.85,"body":"Meta reports that the"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1394.64,"endTime":1397.85,"body":"vast majority of these"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1397.85,"endTime":1401.66,"body":"concern posts of unlawful"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1397.85,"endTime":1401.66,"body":"cosmetic products,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1401.66,"endTime":1404.813,"body":"dietary supplements, and medical devices."},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1405.65,"endTime":1407.99,"body":"As for Germany, in second place,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1407.99,"endTime":1412.46,"body":"in 2017, it passed the"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1407.99,"endTime":1412.46,"body":"Network Enforcement Act,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1412.46,"endTime":1415.58,"body":"which requires large"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1412.46,"endTime":1415.58,"body":"social media platforms"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1415.58,"endTime":1418.4,"body":"to remove all illegal content"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1418.4,"endTime":1423.4,"body":"or face fines of up to 50 million euros."},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1423.53,"endTime":1424.61,"body":"Requests from Germany"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1424.61,"endTime":1427.91,"body":"related to posts containing Nazi symbols,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1427.91,"endTime":1431.27,"body":"but also insults and defamation,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1431.27,"endTime":1434.303,"body":"which are criminal"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1431.27,"endTime":1434.303,"body":"offenses in the country."},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1435.74,"endTime":1439.61,"body":"Pakistan and Indonesia"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1435.74,"endTime":1439.61,"body":"requested removal of posts"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1439.61,"endTime":1443.723,"body":"deemed to be blasphemous"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1439.61,"endTime":1443.723,"body":"or anti-religious."},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1444.68,"endTime":1446.063,"body":"And then there's Russia,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1447.62,"endTime":1448.55,"body":"Russia's requests"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1448.55,"endTime":1452.63,"body":"related to counterfeit"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1448.55,"endTime":1452.63,"body":"goods, fraud, gang violence,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1452.63,"endTime":1457.04,"body":"but also separatism,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1452.63,"endTime":1457.04,"body":"extremism, election law,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1457.04,"endTime":1458.27,"body":"and content"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1458.27,"endTime":1461.903,"body":"contrary to the patriotic"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1458.27,"endTime":1461.903,"body":"education of young people."},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1463.61,"endTime":1465.47,"body":"Later case studies describe"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1465.47,"endTime":1469.64,"body":"how Meta also rejected requests"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1465.47,"endTime":1469.64,"body":"from the Russian Government"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1469.64,"endTime":1473.783,"body":"to remove content related"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1469.64,"endTime":1473.783,"body":"to the invasion of Ukraine."},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1475.88,"endTime":1478.22,"body":"And what of the UK?"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1478.22,"endTime":1479.81,"body":"Are we surprised"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1479.81,"endTime":1482.69,"body":"that there are almost as"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1479.81,"endTime":1482.69,"body":"many requests from the UK"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1482.69,"endTime":1485.06,"body":"as there are from Russia?"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1485.06,"endTime":1486.44,"body":"Well, according to Meta,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1486.44,"endTime":1489.35,"body":"these related to consumer protection,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1489.35,"endTime":1492.26,"body":"advertising standards,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1489.35,"endTime":1492.26,"body":"regulated medicines,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1492.26,"endTime":1494.66,"body":"gambling products, and the like."},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1494.66,"endTime":1496.67,"body":"And what all of this data tells me,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1496.67,"endTime":1498.53,"body":"and I have to describe it as fascinating"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1498.53,"endTime":1500.63,"body":"'cause I do find this data fascinating,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1500.63,"endTime":1501.74,"body":"what all of it tells me,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1501.74,"endTime":1502.573,"body":"and in fact,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1502.573,"endTime":1507.38,"body":"simply by looking at tech"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1502.573,"endTime":1507.38,"body":"company reports like this,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1507.38,"endTime":1509.78,"body":"we see that different countries"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1509.78,"endTime":1512.99,"body":"can have very different preoccupations"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1512.99,"endTime":1517.223,"body":"over what is acceptable"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1512.99,"endTime":1517.223,"body":"and unacceptable online."},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1518.51,"endTime":1520.22,"body":"These different priorities"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1520.22,"endTime":1522.5,"body":"translate to wider efforts"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1522.5,"endTime":1526.52,"body":"to restrict access to"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1522.5,"endTime":1526.52,"body":"information on the internet."},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1526.52,"endTime":1531.52,"body":"Some countries are noticeably"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1526.52,"endTime":1531.52,"body":"absent from this list:"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1533.03,"endTime":1535.613,"body":"where is China on this list?"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1538.22,"endTime":1541.37,"body":"I think that China doesn't appear"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1541.37,"endTime":1544.943,"body":"because it completely"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1541.37,"endTime":1544.943,"body":"blocks access to Facebook."},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1546.56,"endTime":1548.36,"body":"Now of course, that doesn't mean"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1548.36,"endTime":1553.34,"body":"that people in China aren't"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1548.36,"endTime":1553.34,"body":"using Facebook under the radar,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1553.34,"endTime":1556.58,"body":"but because the tools that"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1553.34,"endTime":1556.58,"body":"they are going to be using"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1556.58,"endTime":1559.22,"body":"disguise their IP addresses,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1559.22,"endTime":1562.73,"body":"it's more difficult for"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1559.22,"endTime":1562.73,"body":"the government to prove"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1562.73,"endTime":1565.79,"body":"that content that is illegal in China"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1565.79,"endTime":1568.883,"body":"is being posted within China."},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1570.53,"endTime":1574.52,"body":"There's also no mention of the"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1570.53,"endTime":1574.52,"body":"United States in the top 10,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1574.52,"endTime":1576.14,"body":"which we might find surprising"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1576.14,"endTime":1579.38,"body":"given that Meta has its"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1576.14,"endTime":1579.38,"body":"headquarters in California"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1579.38,"endTime":1583.73,"body":"and is very much within the"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1579.38,"endTime":1583.73,"body":"government's jurisdiction."},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1583.73,"endTime":1588.73,"body":"In truth, the United States"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1583.73,"endTime":1588.73,"body":"doesn't need to submit requests"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1589.37,"endTime":1591.59,"body":"because, generally speaking,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1591.59,"endTime":1594.08,"body":"compliance with US law"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1594.08,"endTime":1599.08,"body":"is the very basis for US"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1594.08,"endTime":1599.08,"body":"tech companies' operations,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1599.12,"endTime":1600.65,"body":"their terms of service,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1600.65,"endTime":1604.28,"body":"the global rules for using their products"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1604.28,"endTime":1607.52,"body":"are grounded in US notions"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1607.52,"endTime":1610.433,"body":"of acceptable behavior and content."},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1611.57,"endTime":1614.75,"body":"US sovereignty over US companies"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1614.75,"endTime":1618.32,"body":"means that other countries"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1614.75,"endTime":1618.32,"body":"have no legal basis"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1618.32,"endTime":1623.32,"body":"to force these platforms to"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1618.32,"endTime":1623.32,"body":"completely remove content,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1623.39,"endTime":1627.293,"body":"but that hasn't stopped some"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1623.39,"endTime":1627.293,"body":"states from having a go."},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1628.31,"endTime":1633.31,"body":"In 2021, Brazil's Supreme Court"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1628.31,"endTime":1633.31,"body":"ordered Facebook and Twitter"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1633.44,"endTime":1636.62,"body":"to completely remove pages and accounts"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1636.62,"endTime":1640.76,"body":"used by supporters of"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1636.62,"endTime":1640.76,"body":"the country's president"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1640.76,"endTime":1645.293,"body":"for sharing fake news and"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1640.76,"endTime":1645.293,"body":"making threats against judges."},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1646.49,"endTime":1647.81,"body":"In demanding removal"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1647.81,"endTime":1651.17,"body":"from the whole of Facebook"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1647.81,"endTime":1651.17,"body":"and Twitter worldwide,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1651.17,"endTime":1653.81,"body":"Brazil reached beyond its borders,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1653.81,"endTime":1657.92,"body":"it claimed jurisdiction"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1653.81,"endTime":1657.92,"body":"outside its territory,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1657.92,"endTime":1660.53,"body":"it sought to restrict the information"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1660.53,"endTime":1663.74,"body":"available to citizens of"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1660.53,"endTime":1663.74,"body":"other sovereign states,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1663.74,"endTime":1665.963,"body":"and in fact, all of us."},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1666.8,"endTime":1669.89,"body":"So what platforms allow and don't allow"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1669.89,"endTime":1672.56,"body":"isn't just a domestic"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1669.89,"endTime":1672.56,"body":"issue of sovereignty,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1672.56,"endTime":1674.63,"body":"it's a foreign policy matter,"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1674.63,"endTime":1676.4,"body":"it risks the perception"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1676.4,"endTime":1681.26,"body":"that US tech companies"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1676.4,"endTime":1681.26,"body":"represent US national interests"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1681.26,"endTime":1684.44,"body":"against those of other countries."},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1684.44,"endTime":1686.63,"body":"Russia and China in particular"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1686.63,"endTime":1689.75,"body":"interpret the global"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1686.63,"endTime":1689.75,"body":"dominance of these companies"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1689.75,"endTime":1693.29,"body":"as a threat to their national security."},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1693.29,"endTime":1698.29,"body":"And this particular brand of"},{"speaker":"which opens with these words","startTime":1693.29,"endTime":1698.29,"body":"internet diplomatic hardball"},{"speaker":"works both ways","startTime":1700.22,"endTime":1703.58,"body":"Chinese IT is likewise perceived"},{"speaker":"works both ways","startTime":1703.58,"endTime":1707.903,"body":"as a threat to the United"},{"speaker":"works both ways","startTime":1703.58,"endTime":1707.903,"body":"States and its allies."},{"speaker":"works both ways","startTime":1708.74,"endTime":1712.67,"body":"In 2020, President Trump"},{"speaker":"works both ways","startTime":1708.74,"endTime":1712.67,"body":"issued an executive order"},{"speaker":"works both ways","startTime":1712.67,"endTime":1716.51,"body":"that sought to ban apps"},{"speaker":"works both ways","startTime":1712.67,"endTime":1716.51,"body":"like TikTok and WeChat"},{"speaker":"works both ways","startTime":1716.51,"endTime":1719.75,"body":"that are Chinese owned."},{"speaker":"works both ways","startTime":1719.75,"endTime":1724.13,"body":"And although President"},{"speaker":"works both ways","startTime":1719.75,"endTime":1724.13,"body":"Biden replaced this in 2021,"},{"speaker":"works both ways","startTime":1724.13,"endTime":1727.04,"body":"his administration still assesses"},{"speaker":"works both ways","startTime":1727.04,"endTime":1729.68,"body":"that apps with links"},{"speaker":"works both ways","startTime":1727.04,"endTime":1729.68,"body":"to foreign governments"},{"speaker":"works both ways","startTime":1729.68,"endTime":1732.293,"body":"present a heightened risk."},{"speaker":"works both ways","startTime":1733.13,"endTime":1737.15,"body":"Now, this sounds rather like"},{"speaker":"works both ways","startTime":1733.13,"endTime":1737.15,"body":"a return to the Cold War,"},{"speaker":"works both ways","startTime":1737.15,"endTime":1738.08,"body":"doesn't it,"},{"speaker":"works both ways","startTime":1738.08,"endTime":1742.16,"body":"with IT and the internet"},{"speaker":"works both ways","startTime":1738.08,"endTime":1742.16,"body":"as weapons in the arms race"},{"speaker":"works both ways","startTime":1742.16,"endTime":1745.79,"body":"instead of nuclear"},{"speaker":"works both ways","startTime":1742.16,"endTime":1745.79,"body":"warheads and space rockets."},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1749.21,"endTime":1750.98,"body":"very few people"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1750.98,"endTime":1755.333,"body":"have access to nuclear"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1750.98,"endTime":1755.333,"body":"weapons and space technology;"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1756.59,"endTime":1761.59,"body":"5 billion of us have direct"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1756.59,"endTime":1761.59,"body":"access to the internet."},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1761.72,"endTime":1764.12,"body":"We are all on the frontline"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1764.12,"endTime":1767.93,"body":"for these key foreign"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1764.12,"endTime":1767.93,"body":"policy and security issues."},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1767.93,"endTime":1769.22,"body":"And you'll be unsurprised to hear"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1769.22,"endTime":1772.28,"body":"that this is something"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1769.22,"endTime":1772.28,"body":"to which I will return"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1772.28,"endTime":1773.873,"body":"in this lecture series."},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1774.74,"endTime":1777.11,"body":"The daily lives of all of us"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1777.11,"endTime":1778.79,"body":"are impacted by the decisions"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1778.79,"endTime":1781.34,"body":"made by governments and tech companies"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1781.34,"endTime":1783.92,"body":"about how we access the internet"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1783.92,"endTime":1786.353,"body":"and what we can do on it."},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1787.46,"endTime":1790.22,"body":"So this prompts another key question,"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1790.22,"endTime":1791.39,"body":"and it is,"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1791.39,"endTime":1794.153,"body":"who should protect you on the internet?"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1795.35,"endTime":1798.98,"body":"According to political"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1795.35,"endTime":1798.98,"body":"philosophers like Thomas Hobbes,"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1798.98,"endTime":1801.56,"body":"John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau,"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1801.56,"endTime":1806.45,"body":"there is a social contract"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1801.56,"endTime":1806.45,"body":"between governments and citizens,"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1806.45,"endTime":1808.94,"body":"the terms of which place"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1806.45,"endTime":1808.94,"body":"a duty on governments"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1808.94,"endTime":1810.47,"body":"to protect citizens,"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1810.47,"endTime":1814.4,"body":"and grants citizens the"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1810.47,"endTime":1814.4,"body":"right to that protection"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1814.4,"endTime":1817.373,"body":"in exchange for some of their freedoms."},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1818.66,"endTime":1822.68,"body":"But since so much of the"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1818.66,"endTime":1822.68,"body":"internet is in private hands,"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1822.68,"endTime":1826.4,"body":"clearly, the private sector"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1822.68,"endTime":1826.4,"body":"has some responsibility"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1826.4,"endTime":1828.533,"body":"for our safety and security."},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1829.7,"endTime":1834.5,"body":"Holding those tech companies"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1829.7,"endTime":1834.5,"body":"accountable for users' safety"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1834.5,"endTime":1839.3,"body":"is one objective of the UK's"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1834.5,"endTime":1839.3,"body":"proposed Online Safety Bill,"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1839.3,"endTime":1840.74,"body":"the current draft of which"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1840.74,"endTime":1845.74,"body":"prescribes fines of up"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1840.74,"endTime":1845.74,"body":"to 10% of global revenue,"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1846.02,"endTime":1849.95,"body":"and the power to block social"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1846.02,"endTime":1849.95,"body":"media and messaging services"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1849.95,"endTime":1852.77,"body":"that fail in their duty of care"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1852.77,"endTime":1855.23,"body":"with respect to to illegal content,"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1855.23,"endTime":1858.98,"body":"but also to content that"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1855.23,"endTime":1858.98,"body":"the government identifies"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1858.98,"endTime":1862.283,"body":"as legal but harmful."},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1863.42,"endTime":1865.37,"body":"As in the case of Brazil's order"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1865.37,"endTime":1867.08,"body":"to remove social media accounts,"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1867.08,"endTime":1872.08,"body":"the proposed law claims legal"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1867.08,"endTime":1872.08,"body":"force outside UK territory."},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1873.26,"endTime":1878.12,"body":"It seeks to impose a UK"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1873.26,"endTime":1878.12,"body":"vision of internet safety"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1878.12,"endTime":1881.42,"body":"on online communities wherever they may be"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1881.42,"endTime":1885.26,"body":"on the basis that they have"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1881.42,"endTime":1885.26,"body":"large numbers of UK users"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1885.26,"endTime":1890.06,"body":"or that they are capable"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1885.26,"endTime":1890.06,"body":"of being used in the UK."},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1890.06,"endTime":1892.88,"body":"One of the stated aspirations of the bill"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1892.88,"endTime":1896.33,"body":"is to make the UK the"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1892.88,"endTime":1896.33,"body":"safest place in the world"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1896.33,"endTime":1897.653,"body":"to go online."},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1898.91,"endTime":1900.56,"body":"But by applying its provisions"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1900.56,"endTime":1903.02,"body":"to services outside the UK,"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1903.02,"endTime":1905.03,"body":"it also seeks to set the rules"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1905.03,"endTime":1908.303,"body":"for the delivery of these"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1905.03,"endTime":1908.303,"body":"services in other countries."},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1909.77,"endTime":1912.41,"body":"The responsibility to protect us"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1912.41,"endTime":1915.89,"body":"also extends to providing a response"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1915.89,"endTime":1917.453,"body":"when things go wrong."},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1918.41,"endTime":1921.14,"body":"Now, when we're physically"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1918.41,"endTime":1921.14,"body":"assaulted by someone,"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1921.14,"endTime":1923.78,"body":"or when someone steals"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1921.14,"endTime":1923.78,"body":"our physical property,"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1923.78,"endTime":1926.63,"body":"we typically appeal to the police"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1926.63,"endTime":1928.22,"body":"and the criminal justice system"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1928.22,"endTime":1931.043,"body":"to hold the offenders to account."},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1931.91,"endTime":1934.19,"body":"When we're victims of online crimes,"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1934.19,"endTime":1938.9,"body":"we likewise expect someone"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1934.19,"endTime":1938.9,"body":"to do something about it,"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1938.9,"endTime":1942.26,"body":"but the burden of that"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1938.9,"endTime":1942.26,"body":"responsibility is shared,"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1942.26,"endTime":1943.76,"body":"to varying degrees,"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1943.76,"endTime":1946.94,"body":"between the police and the platforms,"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1946.94,"endTime":1948.71,"body":"and there's evidence for this"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1948.71,"endTime":1950.66,"body":"in the results of a poll"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1950.66,"endTime":1952.67,"body":"that we asked YouGov to conduct"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1952.67,"endTime":1956.72,"body":"on a representative sample of UK adults."},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1956.72,"endTime":1958.433,"body":"There is some good news here,"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1959.69,"endTime":1961.64,"body":"I promise you, there's"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1959.69,"endTime":1961.64,"body":"some good news here,"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1961.64,"endTime":1965.03,"body":"and it is that the vast"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1961.64,"endTime":1965.03,"body":"majority of people,"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1965.03,"endTime":1969.29,"body":"an average of 89% across"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1965.03,"endTime":1969.29,"body":"the five crime types,"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1969.29,"endTime":1972.47,"body":"said that they would report to someone,"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1972.47,"endTime":1973.73,"body":"whether the police,"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1973.73,"endTime":1977.45,"body":"the platform on which the"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1973.73,"endTime":1977.45,"body":"crime occurred, or both."},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1977.45,"endTime":1980.27,"body":"For grooming of children and young people,"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1980.27,"endTime":1982.913,"body":"that you can see in that second column,"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1983.93,"endTime":1986.66,"body":"and for fraud or theft, at the end,"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1986.66,"endTime":1988.4,"body":"people most often said"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1988.4,"endTime":1991.28,"body":"that they would contact only the police,"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1991.28,"endTime":1992.96,"body":"but for hacking,"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1992.96,"endTime":1994.61,"body":"the largest number said"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1994.61,"endTime":1997.163,"body":"that they would contact"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1994.61,"endTime":1997.163,"body":"the platform alone."},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1998.0,"endTime":1999.74,"body":"When we factor in those people"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":1999.74,"endTime":2001.0,"body":"who said that they would report"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2001.0,"endTime":2003.73,"body":"to both the police and the platform,"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2003.73,"endTime":2005.23,"body":"we find that, in total,"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2005.23,"endTime":2009.7,"body":"just 50% of people would"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2005.23,"endTime":2009.7,"body":"report hacking to the police,"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2009.7,"endTime":2013.78,"body":"and 55% online harassment."},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2013.78,"endTime":2018.16,"body":"This is a relatively small"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2013.78,"endTime":2018.16,"body":"sample of 1,750 people,"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2018.16,"endTime":2020.32,"body":"but it does seem to indicate that,"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2020.32,"endTime":2022.48,"body":"at least for some crimes,"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2022.48,"endTime":2025.09,"body":"people now look to tech companies"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2025.09,"endTime":2026.62,"body":"for the first response,"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2026.62,"endTime":2029.353,"body":"traditionally provided by the police."},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2031.15,"endTime":2032.68,"body":"Increasingly, though,"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2032.68,"endTime":2035.32,"body":"government authorities"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2032.68,"endTime":2035.32,"body":"in democratic countries,"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2035.32,"endTime":2038.05,"body":"with less restricted internets,"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2038.05,"endTime":2041.47,"body":"find themselves less able to police online"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2041.47,"endTime":2043.63,"body":"because so much of the data"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2043.63,"endTime":2046.48,"body":"required for a criminal investigation"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2046.48,"endTime":2049.57,"body":"is outside of their direct control."},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2049.57,"endTime":2051.82,"body":"There are sound legal reasons for this,"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2051.82,"endTime":2054.76,"body":"not least the fundamental right to privacy"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2054.76,"endTime":2056.47,"body":"and that prohibition"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2056.47,"endTime":2060.79,"body":"on one state overreaching"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2056.47,"endTime":2060.79,"body":"into companies and data"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2060.79,"endTime":2062.44,"body":"in another state."},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2062.44,"endTime":2065.35,"body":"Conversely, in countries"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2062.44,"endTime":2065.35,"body":"where the authorities"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2065.35,"endTime":2066.88,"body":"have greater control"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2066.88,"endTime":2069.67,"body":"of infrastructure and service providers,"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2069.67,"endTime":2072.97,"body":"detecting and investigating crime online"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2072.97,"endTime":2075.37,"body":"may be more efficient"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2075.37,"endTime":2079.54,"body":"precisely because of that direct access."},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2079.54,"endTime":2081.52,"body":"All-seeing government eyes"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2081.52,"endTime":2084.94,"body":"may promise you greater"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2081.52,"endTime":2084.94,"body":"protection from criminals"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2084.94,"endTime":2087.1,"body":"while increasing the risk"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2087.1,"endTime":2090.76,"body":"of your being branded a criminal yourself,"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2090.76,"endTime":2093.64,"body":"so what emerges is a trade-off"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2093.64,"endTime":2096.16,"body":"in which one aspect of personal safety"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2096.16,"endTime":2098.203,"body":"is sacrificed for another."},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2101.38,"endTime":2102.46,"body":"Up to this point,"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2102.46,"endTime":2106.66,"body":"I've focused on the challenges"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2102.46,"endTime":2106.66,"body":"of governing the internet"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2106.66,"endTime":2108.19,"body":"and protecting people on it,"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2108.19,"endTime":2111.733,"body":"particularly when its"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2108.19,"endTime":2111.733,"body":"ownership is so disputed."},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2114.46,"endTime":2116.77,"body":"If I were to stop here,"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2116.77,"endTime":2119.83,"body":"I would leave you all"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2116.77,"endTime":2119.83,"body":"feeling fairly pessimistic"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2119.83,"endTime":2120.7,"body":"about the future,"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2120.7,"endTime":2123.22,"body":"and arguably, rather short-changed,"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2123.22,"endTime":2124.63,"body":"so rest assured,"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2124.63,"endTime":2126.85,"body":"I do have some suggestions"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2126.85,"endTime":2130.45,"body":"for how the world might"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2126.85,"endTime":2130.45,"body":"develop governance regimes"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2130.45,"endTime":2132.73,"body":"that could actually work,"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2132.73,"endTime":2136.093,"body":"and in which everyone can play their part."},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2137.68,"endTime":2141.79,"body":"Firstly, if we want to slow"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2137.68,"endTime":2141.79,"body":"down the world's progress"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2141.79,"endTime":2144.76,"body":"into hundreds of so-called splinter nets,"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2144.76,"endTime":2148.21,"body":"consensus is still very important,"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2148.21,"endTime":2153.01,"body":"precisely because there"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2148.21,"endTime":2153.01,"body":"are so many different ideas"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2153.01,"endTime":2156.28,"body":"from governments,"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2153.01,"endTime":2156.28,"body":"corporations, and civil society"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2156.28,"endTime":2159.223,"body":"about how the internet should be governed."},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2160.3,"endTime":2164.26,"body":"Achieving consensus is"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2160.3,"endTime":2164.26,"body":"not necessarily easy,"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2164.26,"endTime":2166.693,"body":"as the United Nations will tell you."},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2167.92,"endTime":2168.94,"body":"Right now,"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2168.94,"endTime":2173.08,"body":"states are negotiating a"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2168.94,"endTime":2173.08,"body":"comprehensive international treaty"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2173.08,"endTime":2174.91,"body":"on cyber crime."},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2174.91,"endTime":2177.7,"body":"It was originally proposed by Russia"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2177.7,"endTime":2180.37,"body":"and supported by China."},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2180.37,"endTime":2185.37,"body":"The US, the UK, and the"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2180.37,"endTime":2185.37,"body":"European Union all opposed it,"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2186.13,"endTime":2190.27,"body":"but the General Assembly"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2186.13,"endTime":2190.27,"body":"of the 193 member states"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2190.27,"endTime":2192.13,"body":"voted to proceed,"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2192.13,"endTime":2193.48,"body":"and so far,"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2193.48,"endTime":2196.96,"body":"countries' opinions on what"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2193.48,"endTime":2196.96,"body":"should be included in the treaty"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2196.96,"endTime":2200.59,"body":"illustrate their different"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2196.96,"endTime":2200.59,"body":"national priorities."},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2200.59,"endTime":2202.72,"body":"The US, the UK, the EU,"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2202.72,"endTime":2206.14,"body":"they all want to strictly limit the scope"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2206.14,"endTime":2211.14,"body":"to international cooperation"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2206.14,"endTime":2211.14,"body":"on serious cyber crimes."},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2211.15,"endTime":2212.5,"body":"Russia, meanwhile,"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2212.5,"endTime":2214.33,"body":"has proposed greater control"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2214.33,"endTime":2217.063,"body":"of online content and information."},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2217.93,"endTime":2222.93,"body":"Indonesia has suggested a"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2217.93,"endTime":2222.93,"body":"worldwide ban on pornography."},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2224.65,"endTime":2227.2,"body":"Perhaps the most expansive"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2224.65,"endTime":2227.2,"body":"and ambitious vision"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2227.2,"endTime":2228.64,"body":"has come from India,"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2228.64,"endTime":2229.99,"body":"which has recommended"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2229.99,"endTime":2233.2,"body":"that the convention include"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2229.99,"endTime":2233.2,"body":"rules and principles"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2233.2,"endTime":2236.17,"body":"for responsible behavior of states"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2236.17,"endTime":2239.44,"body":"and measures for building"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2236.17,"endTime":2239.44,"body":"confidence between them"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2239.44,"endTime":2242.383,"body":"and capacity to fight cyber attacks."},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2243.34,"endTime":2245.47,"body":"So these very different ideas"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2245.47,"endTime":2247.45,"body":"will be whittled down, hopefully,"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference 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crucial difference here","startTime":2265.81,"endTime":2269.02,"body":"is itself highly symbolic."},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2269.02,"endTime":2271.3,"body":"The very fact that states"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2269.02,"endTime":2271.3,"body":"will have been able"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2271.3,"endTime":2275.62,"body":"to agree on something, some form of rules"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2275.62,"endTime":2278.05,"body":"for countering misuse of the internet"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2278.05,"endTime":2282.733,"body":"will itself make further"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2278.05,"endTime":2282.733,"body":"cooperation more likely in future."},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2284.77,"endTime":2287.98,"body":"Because the internet is"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2284.77,"endTime":2287.98,"body":"a network of networks,"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2287.98,"endTime":2291.04,"body":"cyber attacks can have"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2287.98,"endTime":2291.04,"body":"unintended consequences,"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2291.04,"endTime":2295.36,"body":"and result in large amounts"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2291.04,"endTime":2295.36,"body":"of collateral damage."},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2295.36,"endTime":2297.85,"body":"Russia's reported attack earlier this year"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2297.85,"endTime":2300.67,"body":"on satellite provider Viasat,"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2300.67,"endTime":2303.91,"body":"it had Ukrainian military communications"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2303.91,"endTime":2305.68,"body":"as its primary target,"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2305.68,"endTime":2310.68,"body":"but it also disrupted"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2305.68,"endTime":2310.68,"body":"communications elsewhere in Europe."},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2310.87,"endTime":2313.15,"body":"The WannaCry ransomware attack"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2313.15,"endTime":2317.05,"body":"that locked UK National Health"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2313.15,"endTime":2317.05,"body":"Service computer systems"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference here","startTime":2317.05,"endTime":2318.76,"body":"in 2017"},{"speaker":"But there's a crucial difference 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a crucial difference here","startTime":2350.86,"endTime":2354.49,"body":"the following principles"},{"speaker":"as equally critical","startTime":2360.07,"endTime":2362.143,"body":"firstly, responsibility,"},{"speaker":"as equally critical","startTime":2363.13,"endTime":2364.66,"body":"everyone,"},{"speaker":"as equally critical","startTime":2364.66,"endTime":2366.82,"body":"remember that word, everyone,"},{"speaker":"as equally critical","startTime":2366.82,"endTime":2371.083,"body":"is responsible for ensuring"},{"speaker":"as equally critical","startTime":2366.82,"endTime":2371.083,"body":"the stability of cyberspace;"},{"speaker":"as equally critical","startTime":2372.19,"endTime":2373.36,"body":"restraint,"},{"speaker":"as equally critical","startTime":2373.36,"endTime":2375.88,"body":"no state or non-state actor"},{"speaker":"as equally critical","startTime":2375.88,"endTime":2380.623,"body":"should take actions that impair"},{"speaker":"as equally critical","startTime":2375.88,"endTime":2380.623,"body":"the stability of cyberspace;"},{"speaker":"as equally critical","startTime":2381.79,"endTime":2383.95,"body":"requirement to act,"},{"speaker":"as equally critical","startTime":2383.95,"endTime":2386.44,"body":"state or non-state actors"},{"speaker":"as equally critical","startTime":2386.44,"endTime":2389.56,"body":"should take reasonable"},{"speaker":"as equally critical","startTime":2386.44,"endTime":2389.56,"body":"and appropriate steps"},{"speaker":"as equally critical","startTime":2389.56,"endTime":2392.65,"body":"to ensure the stability of cyberspace;"},{"speaker":"as equally critical","startTime":2392.65,"endTime":2397.15,"body":"and respect for human rights,"},{"speaker":"as equally critical","startTime":2397.15,"endTime":2400.0,"body":"efforts to ensure the"},{"speaker":"as equally critical","startTime":2397.15,"endTime":2400.0,"body":"stability of cyberspace"},{"speaker":"as equally critical","startTime":2400.0,"endTime":2404.353,"body":"must respect human rights"},{"speaker":"as equally critical","startTime":2400.0,"endTime":2404.353,"body":"and the rule of law."},{"speaker":"as equally critical","startTime":2405.82,"endTime":2410.77,"body":"To me, these four R's look"},{"speaker":"as equally critical","startTime":2405.82,"endTime":2410.77,"body":"fairly sensible and thoughtful,"},{"speaker":"as equally critical","startTime":2410.77,"endTime":2414.31,"body":"and if you're wondering"},{"speaker":"as equally critical","startTime":2410.77,"endTime":2414.31,"body":"whether that everyone here"},{"speaker":"as equally critical","startTime":2414.31,"endTime":2415.6,"body":"includes you,"},{"speaker":"as equally critical","startTime":2415.6,"endTime":2418.12,"body":"or just the powers that be,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2421.51,"endTime":2424.96,"body":"every individual connected to cyberspace"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2424.96,"endTime":2426.82,"body":"must take reasonable efforts"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2426.82,"endTime":2429.94,"body":"to ensure their own devices"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2426.82,"endTime":2429.94,"body":"are not compromised,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2429.94,"endTime":2433.09,"body":"and perhaps used in attacks,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2433.09,"endTime":2434.953,"body":"that means you."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2436.45,"endTime":2437.62,"body":"And this puts us in mind"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2437.62,"endTime":2441.64,"body":"of two equally important"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2437.62,"endTime":2441.64,"body":"facets of ownership."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2441.64,"endTime":2444.82,"body":"If we all claim a stake in cyberspace,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2444.82,"endTime":2447.25,"body":"we don't only have rights,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2447.25,"endTime":2450.553,"body":"we also have responsibilities."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2451.6,"endTime":2454.18,"body":"Unpacking these rights"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2451.6,"endTime":2454.18,"body":"and responsibilities"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2454.18,"endTime":2457.78,"body":"is one of the aims of my"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2454.18,"endTime":2457.78,"body":"lecture series this year,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2457.78,"endTime":2462.78,"body":"precisely because knowledge"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2457.78,"endTime":2462.78,"body":"brings you greater power"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2463.63,"endTime":2464.86,"body":"in decision making"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2464.86,"endTime":2467.71,"body":"on the future of the internet."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2467.71,"endTime":2469.06,"body":"Time will tell"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2469.06,"endTime":2471.55,"body":"whether the Global"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2469.06,"endTime":2471.55,"body":"Commission's recommendations"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2471.55,"endTime":2474.16,"body":"are anything more than"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2471.55,"endTime":2474.16,"body":"a thought experiment,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2474.16,"endTime":2476.53,"body":"but they do give us a glimpse"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2476.53,"endTime":2480.55,"body":"of how internet and cyberspace"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2476.53,"endTime":2480.55,"body":"governance could evolve"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2480.55,"endTime":2484.36,"body":"if states are willing to"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2480.55,"endTime":2484.36,"body":"take a more inclusive view"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2484.36,"endTime":2486.79,"body":"of who owns the internet,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2486.79,"endTime":2490.603,"body":"and who has a responsibility"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2486.79,"endTime":2490.603,"body":"to protect it."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2491.5,"endTime":2494.32,"body":"I happen to think that"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2491.5,"endTime":2494.32,"body":"this balance is right,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2494.32,"endTime":2495.46,"body":"and in particular,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2495.46,"endTime":2500.08,"body":"I have a preference for say"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2495.46,"endTime":2500.08,"body":"that everyone owns the internet"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2500.08,"endTime":2505.08,"body":"over the alternative"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2500.08,"endTime":2505.08,"body":"framing that no one owns it."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2505.09,"endTime":2506.38,"body":"My reasoning for this"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2506.38,"endTime":2509.35,"body":"is that a perception of lack of ownership"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2509.35,"endTime":2512.8,"body":"can engender a lack of responsibility,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2512.8,"endTime":2514.45,"body":"a perpetual state"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2514.45,"endTime":2518.23,"body":"of the internet being"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2514.45,"endTime":2518.23,"body":"somebody else's problem."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2518.23,"endTime":2522.64,"body":"It also risks giving more"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2518.23,"endTime":2522.64,"body":"powerful stakeholders permission"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2522.64,"endTime":2527.64,"body":"to seize what they may see"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2522.64,"endTime":2527.64,"body":"as unguarded territory."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2527.71,"endTime":2532.09,"body":"Conversely, a paradigm in which"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2527.71,"endTime":2532.09,"body":"everyone owns the internet"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2532.09,"endTime":2533.77,"body":"encourages action"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2533.77,"endTime":2536.773,"body":"and the direct involvement of all of us."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2538.06,"endTime":2540.79,"body":"You certainly don't have to agree with me,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2540.79,"endTime":2544.63,"body":"but you should have an opinion on it."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2544.63,"endTime":2548.65,"body":"Just because the internet"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2544.63,"endTime":2548.65,"body":"is technically complex,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2548.65,"endTime":2551.05,"body":"that doesn't mean that its governance"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2551.05,"endTime":2553.963,"body":"has to be exclusive or alienating."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2555.94,"endTime":2559.18,"body":"The future outlook,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2555.94,"endTime":2559.18,"body":"honestly, is uncertain,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2559.18,"endTime":2561.37,"body":"although I think it's fair to assume"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2561.37,"endTime":2562.87,"body":"that nations and companies"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2562.87,"endTime":2565.0,"body":"will pursue their own interests"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2565.0,"endTime":2569.35,"body":"and the perceived interests of"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2565.0,"endTime":2569.35,"body":"their citizens and customers."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2569.35,"endTime":2571.09,"body":"Sometimes, these are the same,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2571.09,"endTime":2573.43,"body":"but not always."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2573.43,"endTime":2575.17,"body":"And I'm very conscious"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2575.17,"endTime":2579.1,"body":"that I haven't given"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2575.17,"endTime":2579.1,"body":"you definitive answers"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2579.1,"endTime":2582.37,"body":"to the questions we've"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2579.1,"endTime":2582.37,"body":"asked in this lecture,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2582.37,"endTime":2584.74,"body":"that's very deliberate."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2584.74,"endTime":2589.21,"body":"It's not for me to tell you what to think"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2589.21,"endTime":2593.68,"body":"about how the internet and"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2589.21,"endTime":2593.68,"body":"cyberspace should be governed,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2593.68,"endTime":2595.36,"body":"my ultimate wish, actually,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2595.36,"endTime":2598.09,"body":"is that at least some"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2595.36,"endTime":2598.09,"body":"of you here this evening"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2598.09,"endTime":2599.53,"body":"and listening at home"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2599.53,"endTime":2601.99,"body":"will want to take an active part"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2601.99,"endTime":2604.84,"body":"in shaping that future."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2604.84,"endTime":2608.86,"body":"And in fact, those of us who"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2604.84,"endTime":2608.86,"body":"are exercised with these issues"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2608.86,"endTime":2610.33,"body":"on a daily basis"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2610.33,"endTime":2614.2,"body":"sorely need to hear your views,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2614.2,"endTime":2618.88,"body":"so we are inviting all"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2614.2,"endTime":2618.88,"body":"of you to do just that."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2618.88,"endTime":2620.35,"body":"We have a poll open,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2620.35,"endTime":2622.3,"body":"it's live right now,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2622.3,"endTime":2624.34,"body":"so that you can have your say"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2624.34,"endTime":2627.52,"body":"on the two key questions of this lecture,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2627.52,"endTime":2629.59,"body":"who owns the internet,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2629.59,"endTime":2633.73,"body":"and who should protect"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2629.59,"endTime":2633.73,"body":"people on the internet."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2633.73,"endTime":2635.35,"body":"You can register your responses"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2635.35,"endTime":2637.66,"body":"by going to slido.com"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2637.66,"endTime":2639.7,"body":"and entering the number on screen,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2639.7,"endTime":2641.8,"body":"you can follow the permalink,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2641.8,"endTime":2645.04,"body":"or you can scan the QR code"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2641.8,"endTime":2645.04,"body":"on this and the next slide,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2645.04,"endTime":2647.62,"body":"and yes, please do take photos,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2647.62,"endTime":2650.5,"body":"because we plan to include the results"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2650.5,"endTime":2651.79,"body":"in a published article"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2651.79,"endTime":2655.87,"body":"on the role of citizens"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2651.79,"endTime":2655.87,"body":"in cyberspace governance."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2655.87,"endTime":2657.94,"body":"If you're not able to vote right now,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2657.94,"endTime":2658.773,"body":"don't worry,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2658.773,"endTime":2660.97,"body":"we will keep the poll open for a while,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2660.97,"endTime":2664.69,"body":"but please do vote,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2664.69,"endTime":2669.69,"body":"because the internet is far"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2664.69,"endTime":2669.69,"body":"too important to all of us"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2670.39,"endTime":2671.5,"body":"to be a puzzle"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2671.5,"endTime":2676.5,"body":"solely for programmers,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2671.5,"endTime":2676.5,"body":"police, and politicians."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2678.22,"endTime":2679.989,"body":"Thank you very much."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2679.989,"endTime":2682.84,"body":"(audience applauds)"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2682.84,"endTime":2687.527,"body":"- This is from Andrzej Bobatow, who says,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2687.527,"endTime":2690.317,"body":"\"If internet users, us,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2690.317,"endTime":2691.907,"body":"\"have rights and responsibilities,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2691.907,"endTime":2694.067,"body":"\"as you'd like them to have,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2694.067,"endTime":2696.157,"body":"\"should there also be accountability?\""},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2697.99,"endTime":2698.823,"body":"- Ooh, goodness,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2698.823,"endTime":2699.7,"body":"I think the Global Commission"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2699.7,"endTime":2702.34,"body":"would like there to be accountability."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2702.34,"endTime":2704.23,"body":"One of the things I'm"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2702.34,"endTime":2704.23,"body":"going to be talking about"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2704.23,"endTime":2707.53,"body":"in the lecture on"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2704.23,"endTime":2707.53,"body":"defeating digital viruses"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2707.53,"endTime":2710.65,"body":"is how we might be able to"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2707.53,"endTime":2710.65,"body":"apply a public health model"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2710.65,"endTime":2712.45,"body":"to cybersecurity."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2712.45,"endTime":2714.1,"body":"If I think back to my childhood,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2714.1,"endTime":2718.15,"body":"and even to pre and"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2714.1,"endTime":2718.15,"body":"post-Second World War days,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2718.15,"endTime":2719.68,"body":"we had the mantra of,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2719.68,"endTime":2723.07,"body":"coughs and sneezes spreading diseases."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2723.07,"endTime":2724.69,"body":"I'm particularly heartened,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2724.69,"endTime":2727.09,"body":"as much as may be somewhat disheartened"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2727.09,"endTime":2729.73,"body":"by people that we saw not wearing masks,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2729.73,"endTime":2732.4,"body":"or not keeping a social"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2729.73,"endTime":2732.4,"body":"distance, et cetera,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2732.4,"endTime":2734.2,"body":"during the pandemic,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2734.2,"endTime":2737.86,"body":"we saw plenty of people"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2734.2,"endTime":2737.86,"body":"who did, and chose to,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2737.86,"endTime":2740.41,"body":"and chose to protect other"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2737.86,"endTime":2740.41,"body":"people in their community"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2740.41,"endTime":2742.06,"body":"and their family members."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2742.06,"endTime":2745.3,"body":"I think it's entirely possible for us"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2745.3,"endTime":2748.48,"body":"to engender that sense of community spirit"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2748.48,"endTime":2751.18,"body":"and apply a public health"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2748.48,"endTime":2751.18,"body":"model for cybersecurity,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2751.18,"endTime":2753.19,"body":"whereby, for instance,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2753.19,"endTime":2755.766,"body":"not falling for a phishing link"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2755.766,"endTime":2759.19,"body":"that makes you part of a botnet,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2759.19,"endTime":2762.58,"body":"that is used in a cyber"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2759.19,"endTime":2762.58,"body":"attack on a country,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2762.58,"endTime":2764.59,"body":"or somebody else,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2764.59,"endTime":2767.05,"body":"that you could actually take"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2764.59,"endTime":2767.05,"body":"responsibility for that,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2767.05,"endTime":2768.47,"body":"you could take pride"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2769.45,"endTime":2773.92,"body":"in applying that kind of"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2769.45,"endTime":2773.92,"body":"citizen responsibility"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2773.92,"endTime":2775.63,"body":"to cybersecurity."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2775.63,"endTime":2778.69,"body":"And that's more of a carrot"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2775.63,"endTime":2778.69,"body":"than it is the stick,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2778.69,"endTime":2779.59,"body":"and I'm conscious"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2779.59,"endTime":2783.22,"body":"that the question is"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2779.59,"endTime":2783.22,"body":"more about your liability"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2783.22,"endTime":2786.12,"body":"if you don't take responsibility."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2786.12,"endTime":2788.71,"body":"- If you take that argument a bit further,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2788.71,"endTime":2791.02,"body":"then you're going to require someone"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2791.02,"endTime":2793.0,"body":"to role-model the right behavior,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2793.0,"endTime":2795.76,"body":"rather like having parties at"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2793.0,"endTime":2795.76,"body":"Downing Street, for example,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2795.76,"endTime":2797.797,"body":"would that what we might do?"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2797.797,"endTime":2801.46,"body":"- We did talk about the"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2797.797,"endTime":2801.46,"body":"threshold for politics"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2801.46,"endTime":2802.66,"body":"in this talk, didn't we."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2803.56,"endTime":2804.94,"body":"- The question's serious though,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2804.94,"endTime":2806.98,"body":"if you're trying to encourage"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2806.98,"endTime":2809.47,"body":"a public health model through that,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2809.47,"endTime":2813.88,"body":"who, in the context of an open"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2809.47,"endTime":2813.88,"body":"ownership of the internet,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2813.88,"endTime":2815.923,"body":"is the role model for correct behavior?"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2817.66,"endTime":2820.33,"body":"- We do have some good"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2817.66,"endTime":2820.33,"body":"law enforcement agencies"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2820.33,"endTime":2821.163,"body":"around the world,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2821.163,"endTime":2824.05,"body":"and I'm conscious that we have"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2821.163,"endTime":2824.05,"body":"an international audience,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2824.05,"endTime":2827.08,"body":"that put out some great preventative,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2827.08,"endTime":2829.69,"body":"and educational, and awareness material,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2829.69,"endTime":2833.44,"body":"we have the National Cybersecurity"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2829.69,"endTime":2833.44,"body":"Centre here in the UK,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2833.44,"endTime":2834.73,"body":"we have SCISSOR,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2834.73,"endTime":2837.55,"body":"the cybersecurity center in the US,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2837.55,"endTime":2839.32,"body":"they put out some great stuff, actually,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2839.32,"endTime":2840.67,"body":"during the pandemic,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2840.67,"endTime":2845.67,"body":"securing health services' cybersecurity."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2846.37,"endTime":2848.68,"body":"So I think we have lots"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2846.37,"endTime":2848.68,"body":"of role models out there,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2848.68,"endTime":2851.53,"body":"I think we struggle, sometimes,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2851.53,"endTime":2853.3,"body":"to get that message to people,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2853.3,"endTime":2855.49,"body":"and I think, if you come to my later,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2855.49,"endTime":2857.47,"body":"I keep plugging my later"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2855.49,"endTime":2857.47,"body":"lectures, I'm sorry,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2857.47,"endTime":2859.78,"body":"if you come to my later lectures,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2859.78,"endTime":2862.93,"body":"you will see that, I think,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2862.93,"endTime":2865.78,"body":"we haven't necessarily done a great job"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2865.78,"endTime":2870.46,"body":"of communicating how exactly"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2865.78,"endTime":2870.46,"body":"people can protect themselves,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2870.46,"endTime":2873.16,"body":"I think we've mystified cybersecurity,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2873.16,"endTime":2874.45,"body":"I think, sometimes,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2874.45,"endTime":2876.79,"body":"and I say this as someone who"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2874.45,"endTime":2876.79,"body":"used to be in the industry,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2876.79,"endTime":2878.17,"body":"and is still in the industry,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2878.17,"endTime":2880.15,"body":"sometimes we do it deliberately,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2880.15,"endTime":2882.85,"body":"and that's often not a great thing,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2882.85,"endTime":2887.23,"body":"and so we need to start"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2882.85,"endTime":2887.23,"body":"giving people trust"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2887.23,"endTime":2889.06,"body":"that they can protect themselves,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2889.06,"endTime":2890.98,"body":"rather than just buying a product,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2890.98,"endTime":2892.87,"body":"actually explaining to them"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2892.87,"endTime":2896.32,"body":"how clicking on that link has an impact,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2896.32,"endTime":2898.24,"body":"how not clicking on that link"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2898.24,"endTime":2901.36,"body":"could actually protect"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2898.24,"endTime":2901.36,"body":"them, and their family,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2901.36,"endTime":2904.12,"body":"and their small business,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2901.36,"endTime":2904.12,"body":"and their community."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2904.12,"endTime":2906.94,"body":"It's really giving information"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2906.94,"endTime":2908.86,"body":"that people can actually use,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2908.86,"endTime":2911.47,"body":"rather than just information"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2908.86,"endTime":2911.47,"body":"that scares them, I think,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2911.47,"endTime":2913.18,"body":"is a really, really important thing"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2913.18,"endTime":2915.22,"body":"that we need to start doing."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2915.22,"endTime":2916.18,"body":"- That leads on very nicely"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2916.18,"endTime":2918.887,"body":"to a question from somebody called Eli,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2918.887,"endTime":2921.14,"body":"\"What can the average user do"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2922.007,"endTime":2924.947,"body":"\"to prevent their freedoms being removed"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2924.947,"endTime":2926.2,"body":"\"by external bodies?\""},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2926.2,"endTime":2930.88,"body":"I note the fourth category"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2926.2,"endTime":2930.88,"body":"of that governance body"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2930.88,"endTime":2935.2,"body":"suggesting the importance"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2930.88,"endTime":2935.2,"body":"of maintaining human rights,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2935.2,"endTime":2937.72,"body":"which is not exactly what's going on"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2937.72,"endTime":2939.79,"body":"in significant proportions of the world."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2939.79,"endTime":2940.99,"body":"- No, that's right."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2940.99,"endTime":2944.86,"body":"There are some great global monitors"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2944.86,"endTime":2947.62,"body":"of the erosion of human"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2944.86,"endTime":2947.62,"body":"rights on the internet,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2947.62,"endTime":2950.02,"body":"so it's certainly worth looking,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2950.02,"endTime":2951.88,"body":"I'm going to forget some organizations,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2951.88,"endTime":2953.32,"body":"and I apologize to them,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2953.32,"endTime":2954.64,"body":"but certainly worth looking at"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2954.64,"endTime":2956.38,"body":"the Electronic Frontier Foundation,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2956.38,"endTime":2959.95,"body":"the organization that John"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2956.38,"endTime":2959.95,"body":"Perry Barlow helped to co-found,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2959.95,"endTime":2963.73,"body":"Amnesty does great reports"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2959.95,"endTime":2963.73,"body":"on internet freedoms,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2963.73,"endTime":2965.68,"body":"Privacy International, et cetera,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2965.68,"endTime":2967.6,"body":"the World Wide Web Foundation,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2967.6,"endTime":2970.21,"body":"there are lots of great"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2967.6,"endTime":2970.21,"body":"civil society organizations"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2970.21,"endTime":2971.043,"body":"working on this,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2971.043,"endTime":2974.02,"body":"so that's a great way to become informed"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2974.02,"endTime":2975.79,"body":"without, dare I say,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2975.79,"endTime":2978.1,"body":"having to go through the terms of service"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2978.1,"endTime":2979.75,"body":"of all of the tech companies"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2979.75,"endTime":2982.18,"body":"and all of those services"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2979.75,"endTime":2982.18,"body":"that you've signed up for."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2982.18,"endTime":2984.13,"body":"I think there is a general recognition"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2984.13,"endTime":2986.833,"body":"that they're not"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2984.13,"endTime":2986.833,"body":"particularly user-friendly,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2987.94,"endTime":2990.64,"body":"and some of those"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2987.94,"endTime":2990.64,"body":"organizations go through those"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2990.64,"endTime":2991.78,"body":"with a fine-tooth comb"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2991.78,"endTime":2993.07,"body":"so that you don't have to."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2993.07,"endTime":2997.147,"body":"- If we want to gang up"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2993.07,"endTime":2997.147,"body":"together to own the internet"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":2997.147,"endTime":3000.213,"body":"and make it function in a way which works,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3001.23,"endTime":3002.58,"body":"are there moves by governments"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3002.58,"endTime":3005.013,"body":"to gang up together to fight against that?"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3006.15,"endTime":3006.983,"body":"- Gosh."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3009.66,"endTime":3010.98,"body":"I would say that,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3010.98,"endTime":3014.13,"body":"in my research over the last few years,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3014.13,"endTime":3016.02,"body":"I would say that citizens"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3016.02,"endTime":3018.66,"body":"have not been particularly present,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3018.66,"endTime":3023.55,"body":"and that's why I'm trying to"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3018.66,"endTime":3023.55,"body":"drum up a bit more enthusiasm"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3023.55,"endTime":3024.84,"body":"for citizens to get involved"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3024.84,"endTime":3027.69,"body":"in civil society"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3024.84,"endTime":3027.69,"body":"organizations, for instance."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3027.69,"endTime":3030.15,"body":"What I've tended to see"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3030.15,"endTime":3034.35,"body":"are governments telling us"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3030.15,"endTime":3034.35,"body":"what kind of internet we need"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3034.35,"endTime":3037.86,"body":"and tech companies telling us"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3034.35,"endTime":3037.86,"body":"what kind of internet we need,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3037.86,"endTime":3042.123,"body":"and both of those claiming"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3037.86,"endTime":3042.123,"body":"to speak on our behalves."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3042.99,"endTime":3044.58,"body":"So when I come to talk about,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3044.58,"endTime":3047.01,"body":"my fourth lecture, on encryption,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3047.01,"endTime":3049.92,"body":"actually, it's going to"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3047.01,"endTime":3049.92,"body":"be more widely on privacy,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3049.92,"endTime":3050.76,"body":"what we see,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3050.76,"endTime":3053.46,"body":"and I've actually done some"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3050.76,"endTime":3053.46,"body":"textual analysis of this,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3053.46,"endTime":3057.93,"body":"treated open letters from"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3053.46,"endTime":3057.93,"body":"governments to tech companies,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3057.93,"endTime":3059.82,"body":"from tech companies to governments,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3059.82,"endTime":3061.77,"body":"treat them as textual artifacts,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3061.77,"endTime":3064.62,"body":"as pieces of literature and rhetoric,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3064.62,"endTime":3067.8,"body":"and what see is that both the governments,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3067.8,"endTime":3069.3,"body":"those Five Eyes nations,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3069.3,"endTime":3072.483,"body":"UK, US, New Zealand, Australia, Canada,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3073.44,"endTime":3075.51,"body":"and the big tech companies"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3075.51,"endTime":3077.22,"body":"claim to speak on our behalves,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3077.22,"endTime":3079.503,"body":"they say, this is what our users want."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3080.46,"endTime":3081.293,"body":"The government says,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3081.293,"endTime":3082.65,"body":"we have to protect our citizens,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3082.65,"endTime":3085.23,"body":"they voted for us, this is what they want."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3085.23,"endTime":3088.173,"body":"I honestly don't think we've been asked."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3089.66,"endTime":3092.85,"body":"- And we're not asked"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3089.66,"endTime":3092.85,"body":"very often, very easily."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3092.85,"endTime":3095.49,"body":"We all struggle with the"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3092.85,"endTime":3095.49,"body":"terms and conditions pages,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3095.49,"endTime":3097.32,"body":"and mostly,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3097.32,"endTime":3099.63,"body":"and certainly I can speak for myself,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3099.63,"endTime":3101.01,"body":"never read them properly,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3101.01,"endTime":3102.15,"body":"and tick the little box"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3102.15,"endTime":3104.01,"body":"because I want to get on and do the job."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3104.01,"endTime":3105.06,"body":"So if the language"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3105.06,"endTime":3107.474,"body":"used by these organizations"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3105.06,"endTime":3107.474,"body":"and governments"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3107.474,"endTime":3111.12,"body":"is either complex, or long, or dense,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3111.12,"endTime":3113.71,"body":"we're not going to be able"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3111.12,"endTime":3113.71,"body":"to participate, are we?"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3113.71,"endTime":3116.16,"body":"- One of the fun things I did in lockdown"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3116.16,"endTime":3118.98,"body":"was I looked at tabloid"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3116.16,"endTime":3118.98,"body":"media representations"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3118.98,"endTime":3122.58,"body":"of some of these tech policy"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3118.98,"endTime":3122.58,"body":"issues and online safety,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3122.58,"endTime":3124.38,"body":"and you may not know,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3124.38,"endTime":3125.43,"body":"but certainly in the UK,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3125.43,"endTime":3127.95,"body":"we have a tabloid"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3125.43,"endTime":3127.95,"body":"newspaper called \"The Sun,\""},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3127.95,"endTime":3129.63,"body":"and in their online version,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3129.63,"endTime":3131.79,"body":"they like to run polls,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3131.79,"endTime":3133.14,"body":"and they will ask questions like,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3133.14,"endTime":3135.39,"body":"is Facebook doing enough"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3133.14,"endTime":3135.39,"body":"to keep people safe,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3135.39,"endTime":3137.01,"body":"yes, no, I don't know,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3137.01,"endTime":3140.19,"body":"and they ran one which was,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3140.19,"endTime":3143.7,"body":"should Facebook be allowed"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3140.19,"endTime":3143.7,"body":"to see all of our chats,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3143.7,"endTime":3145.77,"body":"or should they be private,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3145.77,"endTime":3148.8,"body":"and I think the intention was"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3145.77,"endTime":3148.8,"body":"to back up the government,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3148.8,"endTime":3151.56,"body":"and say that encryption"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3148.8,"endTime":3151.56,"body":"wasn't a good thing"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3151.56,"endTime":3152.79,"body":"on our communications,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3152.79,"endTime":3154.83,"body":"but actually, it backfired,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3154.83,"endTime":3158.85,"body":"so I think 52% answered, hell no,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3158.85,"endTime":3160.95,"body":"nobody should be able to"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3158.85,"endTime":3160.95,"body":"see my communications,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3160.95,"endTime":3161.79,"body":"they're private,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3161.79,"endTime":3164.37,"body":"and then the rest of the"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3161.79,"endTime":3164.37,"body":"people, mostly, said,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3164.37,"endTime":3165.3,"body":"I'm not sure,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3165.3,"endTime":3166.98,"body":"you'd need to tell me more about this"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3166.98,"endTime":3169.74,"body":"'cause I can't make an informed decision."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3169.74,"endTime":3171.12,"body":"So, I think,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3171.12,"endTime":3174.48,"body":"looking at some of those"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3171.12,"endTime":3174.48,"body":"vox pop tabloid polls"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3174.48,"endTime":3176.64,"body":"is a really, really"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3174.48,"endTime":3176.64,"body":"interesting thing to do."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3176.64,"endTime":3178.8,"body":"And all credit to \"The Sun,\""},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3178.8,"endTime":3180.39,"body":"they asked the question,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3180.39,"endTime":3181.59,"body":"I'd like to see"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3181.59,"endTime":3185.76,"body":"more newspapers and"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3181.59,"endTime":3185.76,"body":"media outlets doing that."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3185.76,"endTime":3187.92,"body":"- [Questioner] To what extent do you think"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3187.92,"endTime":3189.221,"body":"that DNS lookup tables,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3189.221,"endTime":3191.25,"body":"or control of DNS lookup tables,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3191.25,"endTime":3194.223,"body":"actually equates with"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3191.25,"endTime":3194.223,"body":"control of the internet?"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3195.9,"endTime":3197.133,"body":"- Oh gosh."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3198.93,"endTime":3201.33,"body":"So we have the domain name servers,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3201.33,"endTime":3203.64,"body":"and I mentioned very briefly about ICANN,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3203.64,"endTime":3207.687,"body":"which is the organization"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3203.64,"endTime":3207.687,"body":"that assigns, let's say,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3210.27,"endTime":3211.103,"body":"they're called"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3211.103,"endTime":3214.65,"body":"the Internet Corporation of"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3211.103,"endTime":3214.65,"body":"Assigned Names and Numbers."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3214.65,"endTime":3216.93,"body":"Until very recently,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3216.93,"endTime":3219.96,"body":"they were effectively"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3216.93,"endTime":3219.96,"body":"controlled by the US Government,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3219.96,"endTime":3222.81,"body":"but they're now a"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3219.96,"endTime":3222.81,"body":"non-governmental organization,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3222.81,"endTime":3224.85,"body":"but of US heritage,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3224.85,"endTime":3226.89,"body":"and there was certainly a perception"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3226.89,"endTime":3231.89,"body":"that ICANN was a US-based, or"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3226.89,"endTime":3231.89,"body":"US-affiliated organization."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3233.28,"endTime":3235.23,"body":"It aligns somewhat with"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3233.28,"endTime":3235.23,"body":"what we were saying"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3235.23,"endTime":3237.99,"body":"about the physical internet, isn't it,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3237.99,"endTime":3241.62,"body":"that you have physical"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3237.99,"endTime":3241.62,"body":"infrastructure in your territory,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3241.62,"endTime":3244.53,"body":"which means you're potentially"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3241.62,"endTime":3244.53,"body":"the most powerful nation"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3244.53,"endTime":3246.36,"body":"in the world in that regard."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3246.36,"endTime":3250.11,"body":"It also is borne out, to some extent,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3250.11,"endTime":3253.14,"body":"or has been until that transfer,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3253.14,"endTime":3258.09,"body":"in who gets to decide who gets what,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3258.09,"endTime":3259.92,"body":"who gets the web addresses,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3259.92,"endTime":3263.28,"body":"who gets to use a particular"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3259.92,"endTime":3263.28,"body":"country code, even,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3263.28,"endTime":3265.89,"body":"who gets to use .com,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3265.89,"endTime":3268.863,"body":"who gets to use .kid."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3269.97,"endTime":3274.68,"body":"And I would say that the"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3269.97,"endTime":3274.68,"body":"domain name server lookup"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3274.68,"endTime":3277.08,"body":"is a similar consideration,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3277.08,"endTime":3281.61,"body":"that if you control the reins,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3281.61,"endTime":3283.62,"body":"you still have the power"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3283.62,"endTime":3286.47,"body":"about who gets what on the internet."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3286.47,"endTime":3288.93,"body":"And there is a conscious move"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3288.93,"endTime":3290.82,"body":"to take this away from,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3290.82,"endTime":3292.5,"body":"there certainly has been a conscious move"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3292.5,"endTime":3294.603,"body":"to take this away from the US,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3296.37,"endTime":3298.41,"body":"but it's an ongoing process,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3298.41,"endTime":3300.123,"body":"it's an evolution, I would say."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3301.222,"endTime":3302.13,"body":"- [American Questioner] Hi, thank you."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3302.13,"endTime":3305.82,"body":"Where Facebook is based,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3302.13,"endTime":3305.82,"body":"in the United States,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3305.82,"endTime":3307.47,"body":"we have, within our First Amendment,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3307.47,"endTime":3311.37,"body":"the explicit banning of prior restraint,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3311.37,"endTime":3315.15,"body":"and the US Government"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3315.15,"endTime":3318.36,"body":"has heavily leaned on"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3315.15,"endTime":3318.36,"body":"Facebook multiple times"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3318.36,"endTime":3321.21,"body":"to effectively carry out prior restraint."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3321.21,"endTime":3322.5,"body":"And with it being a monopoly,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3322.5,"endTime":3324.54,"body":"it has done so quite effectively."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3324.54,"endTime":3327.12,"body":"The idea of prior restraint"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3324.54,"endTime":3327.12,"body":"is actually an English one,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3327.12,"endTime":3329.01,"body":"from Milton, in \"Areopagitica,\""},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3329.01,"endTime":3330.69,"body":"so in both countries,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3330.69,"endTime":3333.42,"body":"it is perceived to be highly irregular"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3333.42,"endTime":3334.68,"body":"and surely illegal"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3334.68,"endTime":3335.577,"body":"for the government to do so,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3335.577,"endTime":3338.187,"body":"and I was wondering what"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3335.577,"endTime":3338.187,"body":"your thoughts are on that?"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3338.187,"endTime":3339.81,"body":"- I'm not a legal expert,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3339.81,"endTime":3341.16,"body":"and I'm certainly not a legal expert"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3341.16,"endTime":3342.78,"body":"on the US Constitution,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3342.78,"endTime":3345.6,"body":"so could you explain for me and for others"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3345.6,"endTime":3347.58,"body":"what prior restraint is."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3347.58,"endTime":3348.66,"body":"- [American Questioner]"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3347.58,"endTime":3348.66,"body":"Prior restraint is the idea"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3348.66,"endTime":3349.92,"body":"that you can't ban something"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3349.92,"endTime":3351.84,"body":"before it has reached the public,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3351.84,"endTime":3356.73,"body":"with the notable exception of"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3351.84,"endTime":3356.73,"body":"terrorism, or child images,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3356.73,"endTime":3357.563,"body":"that sort of thing."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3357.563,"endTime":3359.455,"body":"- Right, yeah, understood."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3359.455,"endTime":3364.32,"body":"So really, my understanding"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3359.455,"endTime":3364.32,"body":"of all of that,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3364.32,"endTime":3366.513,"body":"and also how it's been globalized,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3367.354,"endTime":3369.48,"body":"what you say is prior restraint"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3369.48,"endTime":3373.71,"body":"manifests itself in what's"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3369.48,"endTime":3373.71,"body":"called notice and take down"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3373.71,"endTime":3375.183,"body":"in the rest of the world,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3376.02,"endTime":3380.19,"body":"the idea being that companies,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3376.02,"endTime":3380.19,"body":"platforms aren't liable"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3380.19,"endTime":3383.25,"body":"until they receive a notice"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3383.25,"endTime":3386.58,"body":"that there is illegal"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3383.25,"endTime":3386.58,"body":"content on their platforms."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3386.58,"endTime":3389.16,"body":"Once they're on notice,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3386.58,"endTime":3389.16,"body":"generally speaking,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3389.16,"endTime":3390.36,"body":"they have to take it down,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3390.36,"endTime":3392.73,"body":"and there's hell to pay if they don't."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3392.73,"endTime":3394.11,"body":"But yes, you're absolutely right,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3394.11,"endTime":3395.49,"body":"there hasn't, until now,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3395.49,"endTime":3398.01,"body":"apart from for things"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3395.49,"endTime":3398.01,"body":"like terrorist content,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3398.01,"endTime":3399.57,"body":"for child abuse material,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3399.57,"endTime":3401.64,"body":"there hasn't been an expectation"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3401.64,"endTime":3406.64,"body":"that there would be proactive"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3401.64,"endTime":3406.64,"body":"monitoring of a system"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3407.61,"endTime":3410.37,"body":"just in case some of that material,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3410.37,"endTime":3412.86,"body":"or other harmful material is there."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3412.86,"endTime":3413.85,"body":"I would say that,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3413.85,"endTime":3416.85,"body":"over the last five years,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3416.85,"endTime":3421.62,"body":"globally, but certainly in the UK, the EU,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3421.62,"endTime":3423.09,"body":"and other parts of the world,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3423.09,"endTime":3426.72,"body":"I've seen more of a move"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3423.09,"endTime":3426.72,"body":"towards that expectation,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3426.72,"endTime":3429.39,"body":"that there will be proactive monitoring,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3429.39,"endTime":3431.88,"body":"and that it won't just be a system"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3431.88,"endTime":3434.43,"body":"of companies waiting until"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3431.88,"endTime":3434.43,"body":"a government tells them,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3434.43,"endTime":3437.4,"body":"as with the stats that"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3434.43,"endTime":3437.4,"body":"we had in the table,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3437.4,"endTime":3440.16,"body":"that's that notice and take down procedure"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3440.16,"endTime":3442.05,"body":"that we've been talking about."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3442.05,"endTime":3444.15,"body":"But there's certainly more pressure"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3444.15,"endTime":3449.15,"body":"to prevent material that is"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3444.15,"endTime":3449.15,"body":"deemed to be harmful, legal,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3450.27,"endTime":3451.56,"body":"or otherwise unacceptable"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3451.56,"endTime":3453.24,"body":"making it onto platforms."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3453.24,"endTime":3456.12,"body":"And that requires, I think,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3456.12,"endTime":3458.077,"body":"what you would define as prior restraint."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3458.077,"endTime":3460.11,"body":"- [American Questioner]"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3458.077,"endTime":3460.11,"body":"Which is explicitly illegal"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3460.11,"endTime":3461.91,"body":"under the US Constitution."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3461.91,"endTime":3462.743,"body":"- But equally,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3462.743,"endTime":3465.69,"body":"I've noticed that there"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3462.743,"endTime":3465.69,"body":"are moves afoot in Texas,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3465.69,"endTime":3467.46,"body":"aren't there, at the moment,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3467.46,"endTime":3472.46,"body":"to prevent Facebook from"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3467.46,"endTime":3472.46,"body":"removing any political content,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3473.79,"endTime":3475.26,"body":"so there's a tension"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3475.26,"endTime":3478.05,"body":"pulling the other way"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3475.26,"endTime":3478.05,"body":"as well, isn't there."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3478.05,"endTime":3479.76,"body":"- [Questioner] You touched on the subject"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3479.76,"endTime":3483.54,"body":"of China banning Facebook,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3483.54,"endTime":3488.28,"body":"and Russia not allowing certain content"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3488.28,"endTime":3490.89,"body":"to be accessed by its citizens"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3490.89,"endTime":3494.28,"body":"in relation to the Ukrainian"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3490.89,"endTime":3494.28,"body":"War, et cetera, I think,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3494.28,"endTime":3496.41,"body":"but how do you stand"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3496.41,"endTime":3501.41,"body":"on the fact people can"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3496.41,"endTime":3501.41,"body":"access Facebook in China,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3501.78,"endTime":3503.7,"body":"and they can access the material"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3503.7,"endTime":3507.243,"body":"that Russia is trying to"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3503.7,"endTime":3507.243,"body":"prevent citizens from seeing?"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3509.13,"endTime":3511.29,"body":"If they do, they're breaking the law,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3511.29,"endTime":3513.09,"body":"presumably they're criminals."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3513.09,"endTime":3516.18,"body":"How do you stand on the moral,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3516.18,"endTime":3517.5,"body":"I know you're not a legal expert,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3517.5,"endTime":3518.333,"body":"you've explained that,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3518.333,"endTime":3520.65,"body":"but how do you stand"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3518.333,"endTime":3520.65,"body":"on the moral principle"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3520.65,"endTime":3524.073,"body":"of citizens breaking"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3520.65,"endTime":3524.073,"body":"the law to do just that?"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3525.15,"endTime":3527.52,"body":"- Well, any answer that I will give you"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3527.52,"endTime":3530.22,"body":"is entirely based on my"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3527.52,"endTime":3530.22,"body":"own personal opinion,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3530.22,"endTime":3535.22,"body":"I am not a qualified ethicist"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3530.22,"endTime":3535.22,"body":"or moral philosopher,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3536.16,"endTime":3540.3,"body":"although, maybe having"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3536.16,"endTime":3540.3,"body":"done a classics degree"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3540.3,"endTime":3542.67,"body":"can allow you into all"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3540.3,"endTime":3542.67,"body":"sorts of places these days,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3542.67,"endTime":3543.503,"body":"it would seem,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3544.47,"endTime":3548.97,"body":"so this is based entirely"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3544.47,"endTime":3548.97,"body":"on my own personal feeling."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3548.97,"endTime":3551.61,"body":"I am still one of those people,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3551.61,"endTime":3554.04,"body":"and maybe I'm a dwindling number,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3554.04,"endTime":3558.0,"body":"that thinks that the internet"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3554.04,"endTime":3558.0,"body":"is an incredible tool"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3558.0,"endTime":3559.74,"body":"for people all over the world"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3559.74,"endTime":3561.18,"body":"to have access to information"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3561.18,"endTime":3563.34,"body":"that they didn't have access to before,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3563.34,"endTime":3564.69,"body":"that, quite frankly,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3564.69,"endTime":3567.602,"body":"we had to buy the \"Encyclopedia"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3564.69,"endTime":3567.602,"body":"Britannica,\" didn't we,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3567.602,"endTime":3572.25,"body":"to get that kind of"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3567.602,"endTime":3572.25,"body":"information pre the internet."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3572.25,"endTime":3573.63,"body":"What can happen, of course,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3573.63,"endTime":3576.09,"body":"if you have access to information"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3576.09,"endTime":3578.25,"body":"about what's going on in"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3576.09,"endTime":3578.25,"body":"the rest of the world,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3578.25,"endTime":3581.31,"body":"and North Korea is a"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3578.25,"endTime":3581.31,"body":"great example of this,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3581.31,"endTime":3585.003,"body":"there's an intranet in North Korea,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3586.08,"endTime":3590.94,"body":"you can only really access"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3586.08,"endTime":3590.94,"body":"information in North Korea"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3590.94,"endTime":3592.8,"body":"about North Korea,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3592.8,"endTime":3594.273,"body":"and it's state-sanctioned,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3595.17,"endTime":3598.71,"body":"only a very, very small number"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3595.17,"endTime":3598.71,"body":"of people in North Korea"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3598.71,"endTime":3600.72,"body":"can access the global internet,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3600.72,"endTime":3602.31,"body":"it's heavily, heavily controlled,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3602.31,"endTime":3604.113,"body":"it's effectively blocked."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3605.01,"endTime":3606.45,"body":"That means people in North Korea"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3606.45,"endTime":3608.22,"body":"don't have access to information"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3608.22,"endTime":3609.87,"body":"on what's going on in"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3608.22,"endTime":3609.87,"body":"the rest of the world"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3609.87,"endTime":3611.94,"body":"except what is officially sanctioned"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3611.94,"endTime":3614.73,"body":"by their government and"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3611.94,"endTime":3614.73,"body":"their state media outlet."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3614.73,"endTime":3617.22,"body":"So for me, there's a moral imperative"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3617.22,"endTime":3620.67,"body":"for people to at least"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3617.22,"endTime":3620.67,"body":"have access to information,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3620.67,"endTime":3622.68,"body":"and that control of information"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3622.68,"endTime":3625.44,"body":"that China, Russia, Iran, North Korea,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3625.44,"endTime":3626.82,"body":"some other countries"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3626.82,"endTime":3629.16,"body":"so aggressively engage in"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3629.16,"endTime":3632.01,"body":"is actually limited people's knowledge,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3632.01,"endTime":3634.95,"body":"because knowledge is considered"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3632.01,"endTime":3634.95,"body":"to be dangerous, of course,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3634.95,"endTime":3638.94,"body":"that if you can see what"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3634.95,"endTime":3638.94,"body":"the rest of the world thinks"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3638.94,"endTime":3641.133,"body":"about the invasion of Ukraine,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3642.03,"endTime":3643.89,"body":"well if it doesn't tally"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3643.89,"endTime":3646.11,"body":"with what Russian state"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3643.89,"endTime":3646.11,"body":"media is telling you"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3646.11,"endTime":3648.21,"body":"about the invasion of Ukraine,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3648.21,"endTime":3650.97,"body":"this is problematic for the government."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3650.97,"endTime":3655.62,"body":"So my interest is always people first"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3655.62,"endTime":3657.903,"body":"rather than governments first."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3659.16,"endTime":3662.58,"body":"That said, I do understand,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3662.58,"endTime":3665.25,"body":"as an ex security professional myself,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3665.25,"endTime":3666.9,"body":"I do understand"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3666.9,"endTime":3669.36,"body":"why some of those more"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3666.9,"endTime":3669.36,"body":"restrictive governments"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3669.36,"endTime":3672.63,"body":"conceive of this as being"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3669.36,"endTime":3672.63,"body":"a national security issue."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3672.63,"endTime":3674.07,"body":"People are breaking the law,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3674.07,"endTime":3676.29,"body":"people are going to prison"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3676.29,"endTime":3679.92,"body":"for accessing the internet"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3676.29,"endTime":3679.92,"body":"by unsanctioned means,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3679.92,"endTime":3681.84,"body":"by disguising their IP addresses,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3681.84,"endTime":3683.01,"body":"as we've just said,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3683.01,"endTime":3685.62,"body":"and by expressing"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3683.01,"endTime":3685.62,"body":"themselves on the internet"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3685.62,"endTime":3689.1,"body":"in a way that the governments don't like."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3689.1,"endTime":3690.723,"body":"- You've all been very kind."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3692.55,"endTime":3694.77,"body":"I'm sure there's going to"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3692.55,"endTime":3694.77,"body":"be plenty more opportunity"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3694.77,"endTime":3695.82,"body":"to ask Victoria questions"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3695.82,"endTime":3697.68,"body":"during the rest of her series of lectures,"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3697.68,"endTime":3701.34,"body":"I suspect this is just the beginning"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3701.34,"endTime":3703.56,"body":"of a torrent of interesting things to do."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3703.56,"endTime":3706.26,"body":"I'd like you all to thank"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3703.56,"endTime":3706.26,"body":"Victoria Baines again"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3706.26,"endTime":3707.31,"body":"for her opening lecture"},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3707.31,"endTime":3708.81,"body":"of what's going to be a wonderful series."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3708.81,"endTime":3709.76,"body":"Victoria."},{"speaker":"the commission is very clear on this","startTime":3709.76,"endTime":3712.542,"body":"(audience applauds)"}]}