{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"startTime":0.15,"endTime":4.08,"body":"- The best part of a year is now passed"},{"startTime":4.08,"endTime":7.86,"body":"since the Russian invasion of Ukraine"},{"startTime":7.86,"endTime":9.423,"body":"on the 24th of February."},{"startTime":10.44,"endTime":12.93,"body":"The imbalance between the two countries"},{"startTime":12.93,"endTime":16.413,"body":"in military strength was striking."},{"startTime":17.37,"endTime":22.37,"body":"You can see here the Russians"},{"startTime":17.37,"endTime":22.37,"body":"with or who are in red,"},{"startTime":22.71,"endTime":27.243,"body":"hugely outnumber"},{"startTime":22.71,"endTime":27.243,"body":"Ukrainians In yellow there,"},{"startTime":28.74,"endTime":31.05,"body":"vastly more personnel,"},{"startTime":31.05,"endTime":34.59,"body":"although they've now called up even more,"},{"startTime":34.59,"endTime":38.97,"body":"greater resources in artillery,"},{"startTime":34.59,"endTime":38.97,"body":"war planes, helicopters,"},{"startTime":38.97,"endTime":42.96,"body":"massively greater defense budget."},{"startTime":42.96,"endTime":45.63,"body":"Ukraine only has one submarine,"},{"startTime":45.63,"endTime":47.16,"body":"although they are of course,"},{"startTime":47.16,"endTime":49.92,"body":"they have access to the the Black Sea."},{"startTime":49.92,"endTime":51.537,"body":"Russia has 63 and so on."},{"startTime":51.537,"endTime":56.403,"body":"And I haven't even"},{"startTime":51.537,"endTime":56.403,"body":"covered nuclear resources."},{"startTime":57.45,"endTime":58.38,"body":"The Russians invaded"},{"startTime":58.38,"endTime":60.12,"body":"from the north and the south and the east."},{"startTime":60.12,"endTime":61.98,"body":"They advanced from areas"},{"startTime":61.98,"endTime":65.85,"body":"they'd already been occupying since 2014."},{"startTime":65.85,"endTime":69.24,"body":"But they met with"},{"startTime":65.85,"endTime":69.24,"body":"unexpectedly tough resistance."},{"startTime":69.24,"endTime":74.24,"body":"Equipment was destroyed"},{"startTime":69.24,"endTime":74.24,"body":"or seized by Ukrainians."},{"startTime":75.27,"endTime":77.88,"body":"These are points of the invasion"},{"startTime":77.88,"endTime":82.88,"body":"and Russian strikes,"},{"startTime":77.88,"endTime":82.88,"body":"artillery and air strikes."},{"startTime":84.03,"endTime":88.2,"body":"And you can see it's on the"},{"startTime":84.03,"endTime":88.2,"body":"north, east and the south."},{"startTime":88.2,"endTime":92.79,"body":"But a lot of Russian armor"},{"startTime":88.2,"endTime":92.79,"body":"has been bogged down,"},{"startTime":92.79,"endTime":97.5,"body":"has been destroyed or"},{"startTime":92.79,"endTime":97.5,"body":"seized by the Ukrainians."},{"startTime":97.5,"endTime":100.98,"body":"He's one of the famous"},{"startTime":97.5,"endTime":100.98,"body":"picture of Ukrainian farmer"},{"startTime":100.98,"endTime":103.533,"body":"pulling away a Russian armored vehicle."},{"startTime":104.79,"endTime":108.48,"body":"Here's the famous column"},{"startTime":104.79,"endTime":108.48,"body":"of troops and armor"},{"startTime":108.48,"endTime":112.23,"body":"advancing on the capital"},{"startTime":108.48,"endTime":112.23,"body":"city Kiev from the north,"},{"startTime":112.23,"endTime":117.23,"body":"which was brought to a halt"},{"startTime":112.23,"endTime":117.23,"body":"and forced to disperse."},{"startTime":117.72,"endTime":120.96,"body":"It was 40 miles long at one point,"},{"startTime":120.96,"endTime":125.31,"body":"threatening the capital"},{"startTime":120.96,"endTime":125.31,"body":"city but without success/"},{"startTime":125.31,"endTime":129.21,"body":"Putin, President Putin of Russia,"},{"startTime":129.21,"endTime":131.67,"body":"was forced to abandon his attack on Kiev"},{"startTime":131.67,"endTime":134.793,"body":"and focused instead on the southeast."},{"startTime":135.99,"endTime":137.85,"body":"They'd, the Russians, in other words,"},{"startTime":137.85,"endTime":140.43,"body":"the Russian bear here in this cartoon,"},{"startTime":140.43,"endTime":144.873,"body":"had bitten off more than it could chew."},{"startTime":146.25,"endTime":151.25,"body":"Conflict continues in the"},{"startTime":146.25,"endTime":151.25,"body":"southeast and the east."},{"startTime":151.77,"endTime":154.56,"body":"And Russian forces went over to continuing"},{"startTime":154.56,"endTime":158.64,"body":"and largely indiscriminate"},{"startTime":154.56,"endTime":158.64,"body":"artillery and aerial bombardment"},{"startTime":158.64,"endTime":162.003,"body":"causing huge damage to civilian areas."},{"startTime":162.99,"endTime":167.99,"body":"And of course while the Russian invasion"},{"startTime":168.09,"endTime":171.06,"body":"caused a huge displacement of population,"},{"startTime":171.06,"endTime":174.66,"body":"people fleeing in terror"},{"startTime":171.06,"endTime":174.66,"body":"from the bombardment"},{"startTime":174.66,"endTime":177.57,"body":"and the bombing and the artillery attacks,"},{"startTime":177.57,"endTime":180.207,"body":"not just from the eastern areas"},{"startTime":180.207,"endTime":183.933,"body":"but also from other parts"},{"startTime":180.207,"endTime":183.933,"body":"of the country as well."},{"startTime":186.09,"endTime":187.98,"body":"While the Russians continue to consolidate"},{"startTime":187.98,"endTime":191.19,"body":"their position in the"},{"startTime":187.98,"endTime":191.19,"body":"Eastern Donbass region,"},{"startTime":191.19,"endTime":195.39,"body":"they've also been driven back"},{"startTime":191.19,"endTime":195.39,"body":"by Ukrainian counter attack."},{"startTime":195.39,"endTime":198.3,"body":"And all of this, it's"},{"startTime":195.39,"endTime":198.3,"body":"still going on, of course,"},{"startTime":198.3,"endTime":200.67,"body":"shows I think that the"},{"startTime":198.3,"endTime":200.67,"body":"Russians have abandoned"},{"startTime":200.67,"endTime":203.94,"body":"their original expectation of"},{"startTime":200.67,"endTime":203.94,"body":"conquering the entire country"},{"startTime":203.94,"endTime":205.86,"body":"in a short space of time."},{"startTime":205.86,"endTime":208.62,"body":"We are in a conflict,"},{"startTime":205.86,"endTime":208.62,"body":"which as in World War I,"},{"startTime":208.62,"endTime":210.84,"body":"the defense seems to have the upper hand."},{"startTime":210.84,"endTime":212.22,"body":"The war of attrition,"},{"startTime":212.22,"endTime":215.01,"body":"in which neither side"},{"startTime":212.22,"endTime":215.01,"body":"is made much progress."},{"startTime":215.01,"endTime":217.98,"body":"Ukraine is fighting on its own territory,"},{"startTime":217.98,"endTime":220.62,"body":"but is exceeding and destroying bases"},{"startTime":220.62,"endTime":223.5,"body":"and supplies across the border."},{"startTime":223.5,"endTime":228.5,"body":"And so this is a conflict"},{"startTime":223.5,"endTime":228.5,"body":"that is dragging on."},{"startTime":229.02,"endTime":232.841,"body":"I think expectations of"},{"startTime":229.02,"endTime":232.841,"body":"a swift Ukrainian victory"},{"startTime":232.841,"endTime":235.35,"body":"are probably misplaced."},{"startTime":235.35,"endTime":239.52,"body":"But clearly at the moment"},{"startTime":235.35,"endTime":239.52,"body":"they have the upper hand."},{"startTime":239.52,"endTime":241.41,"body":"It's not just a regional conflict,"},{"startTime":241.41,"endTime":243.033,"body":"it's having global effects."},{"startTime":244.29,"endTime":247.59,"body":"The enormous outflow of refugees"},{"startTime":247.59,"endTime":249.57,"body":"and displaced people from Ukraine"},{"startTime":249.57,"endTime":254.57,"body":"over 6 million by this summer,"},{"startTime":249.57,"endTime":254.57,"body":"has had a massive impact"},{"startTime":255.66,"endTime":258.96,"body":"on Eastern European"},{"startTime":255.66,"endTime":258.96,"body":"economies in particular."},{"startTime":258.96,"endTime":260.34,"body":"And Ukraine famously,"},{"startTime":260.34,"endTime":263.13,"body":"is the bread basket of Europe, so called."},{"startTime":263.13,"endTime":266.34,"body":"It was effectively blockaded"},{"startTime":263.13,"endTime":266.34,"body":"for several months,"},{"startTime":266.34,"endTime":268.53,"body":"not to mention the damage done"},{"startTime":268.53,"endTime":272.163,"body":"to its agriculture by the war."},{"startTime":274.02,"endTime":276.03,"body":"Many countries depend"},{"startTime":274.02,"endTime":276.03,"body":"to a considerable degree"},{"startTime":276.03,"endTime":278.94,"body":"on Ukrainian produce"},{"startTime":276.03,"endTime":278.94,"body":"for their food supplies."},{"startTime":278.94,"endTime":280.533,"body":"Supplies have been interrupted,"},{"startTime":281.49,"endTime":283.923,"body":"excuse me, and prices driven up."},{"startTime":286.74,"endTime":289.953,"body":"Here, it's a surprising list."},{"startTime":291.12,"endTime":294.66,"body":"Wheat imports, for example,"},{"startTime":291.12,"endTime":294.66,"body":"sourced from the Ukraine."},{"startTime":294.66,"endTime":296.79,"body":"Mulled over next door you might expect"},{"startTime":296.79,"endTime":300.06,"body":"but Lebanon, Qatar, Tunisia, Libya,"},{"startTime":300.06,"endTime":302.1,"body":"the Middle Eastern"},{"startTime":300.06,"endTime":302.1,"body":"countries, even Pakistan,"},{"startTime":302.1,"endTime":306.24,"body":"are heavily dependent"},{"startTime":302.1,"endTime":306.24,"body":"on wheat from Ukraine."},{"startTime":306.24,"endTime":309.87,"body":"And 42% of global exports"},{"startTime":309.87,"endTime":313.92,"body":"of sunflower oil come from Ukraine."},{"startTime":313.92,"endTime":315.48,"body":"So no wonder it's having this kind of,"},{"startTime":315.48,"endTime":319.35,"body":"knock on effect all over the world."},{"startTime":319.35,"endTime":323.16,"body":"And of course, Russia's oil"},{"startTime":319.35,"endTime":323.16,"body":"and natural gas resources"},{"startTime":323.16,"endTime":327.63,"body":"have been vital in supplying"},{"startTime":323.16,"endTime":327.63,"body":"other European countries,"},{"startTime":327.63,"endTime":329.37,"body":"particularly Germany."},{"startTime":329.37,"endTime":332.16,"body":"And the blockade of Russian trade"},{"startTime":332.16,"endTime":334.59,"body":"with retaliatory measures led,"},{"startTime":334.59,"endTime":337.41,"body":"it's been the major"},{"startTime":334.59,"endTime":337.41,"body":"factor and a massive hike"},{"startTime":337.41,"endTime":342.063,"body":"in energy prices which"},{"startTime":337.41,"endTime":342.063,"body":"we're all suffering from."},{"startTime":343.053,"endTime":345.15,"body":"There've been some small successes"},{"startTime":345.15,"endTime":350.15,"body":"in negotiating resumption of grain"},{"startTime":351.09,"endTime":352.59,"body":"and food exports from Ukraine."},{"startTime":352.59,"endTime":355.23,"body":"But the situation is"},{"startTime":352.59,"endTime":355.23,"body":"still particularly bad."},{"startTime":355.23,"endTime":360.23,"body":"And it's quite clear that food"},{"startTime":355.23,"endTime":360.23,"body":"is using gas and oil supplies"},{"startTime":360.84,"endTime":364.95,"body":"as a weapon in order to try and persuade"},{"startTime":364.95,"endTime":367.479,"body":"the countries which depend heavily"},{"startTime":367.479,"endTime":372.3,"body":"on Russian energy supplies"},{"startTime":367.479,"endTime":372.3,"body":"to put pressure on Ukrainians"},{"startTime":372.3,"endTime":374.103,"body":"to come to negotiate a settlement."},{"startTime":374.94,"endTime":376.83,"body":"NATO countries, especially Germany,"},{"startTime":376.83,"endTime":379.89,"body":"have been forced to reexamine"},{"startTime":376.83,"endTime":379.89,"body":"their defense policies,"},{"startTime":379.89,"endTime":382.203,"body":"increase their expenditure on arms."},{"startTime":383.16,"endTime":386.76,"body":"Russia has depleted its resources"},{"startTime":383.16,"endTime":386.76,"body":"of manpower and material"},{"startTime":386.76,"endTime":388.53,"body":"and it's increasingly dependent"},{"startTime":388.53,"endTime":391.5,"body":"on out of date military equipment."},{"startTime":391.5,"endTime":396.5,"body":"It's called up 300,000 more"},{"startTime":391.5,"endTime":396.5,"body":"men to the armed forces,"},{"startTime":397.05,"endTime":399.297,"body":"but it's clear that"},{"startTime":397.05,"endTime":399.297,"body":"some resistance to that"},{"startTime":399.297,"endTime":402.63,"body":"and also it's pretty indiscriminate."},{"startTime":402.63,"endTime":406.71,"body":"They're not the kind of"},{"startTime":402.63,"endTime":406.71,"body":"veterans and experienced troops"},{"startTime":406.71,"endTime":409.35,"body":"that is sometimes been claimed"},{"startTime":409.35,"endTime":411.783,"body":"by Russian state controlled media."},{"startTime":412.74,"endTime":416.673,"body":"So how effective the call"},{"startTime":412.74,"endTime":416.673,"body":"out remains to be seen."},{"startTime":419.91,"endTime":424.893,"body":"There is of course fighting on territory"},{"startTime":425.94,"endTime":428.82,"body":"that's defended strongly by the Ukrainians"},{"startTime":428.82,"endTime":431.46,"body":"and there have been problems"},{"startTime":428.82,"endTime":431.46,"body":"of morale and commitment"},{"startTime":431.46,"endTime":433.02,"body":"on the part of the Russian forces,"},{"startTime":433.02,"endTime":435.66,"body":"particularly young conscripts."},{"startTime":435.66,"endTime":437.31,"body":"Ukraine is almost entirely reliant"},{"startTime":437.31,"endTime":441.06,"body":"on advanced weaponry"},{"startTime":437.31,"endTime":441.06,"body":"supplied from outside."},{"startTime":441.06,"endTime":446.06,"body":"And this carries within a serious"},{"startTime":441.06,"endTime":446.06,"body":"risk of the war escalating"},{"startTime":446.28,"endTime":448.02,"body":"as the Russians have so far"},{"startTime":448.02,"endTime":450.3,"body":"failed to cut off these supplies."},{"startTime":450.3,"endTime":454.47,"body":"So all in all, the Russian"},{"startTime":450.3,"endTime":454.47,"body":"invasion of Ukraine"},{"startTime":454.47,"endTime":456.0,"body":"has caused the most serious crisis"},{"startTime":456.0,"endTime":458.07,"body":"in world politics for many years."},{"startTime":458.07,"endTime":459.9,"body":"And you sometimes see people saying,"},{"startTime":459.9,"endTime":464.13,"body":"this is the first war"},{"startTime":459.9,"endTime":464.13,"body":"in Europe since 1945."},{"startTime":464.13,"endTime":468.69,"body":"But of course that ignores the"},{"startTime":464.13,"endTime":468.69,"body":"Balkan conflict of the 1990s."},{"startTime":468.69,"endTime":471.6,"body":"But those, although they"},{"startTime":468.69,"endTime":471.6,"body":"cause considerable concern"},{"startTime":471.6,"endTime":475.32,"body":"and some intervention on the"},{"startTime":471.6,"endTime":475.32,"body":"part of the Western powers"},{"startTime":475.32,"endTime":478.2,"body":"were essentially local"},{"startTime":475.32,"endTime":478.2,"body":"or regional conflicts."},{"startTime":478.2,"endTime":480.303,"body":"This goes far beyond that."},{"startTime":481.17,"endTime":483.69,"body":"Well, so far, so familiar,"},{"startTime":483.69,"endTime":485.403,"body":"you probably know most of that."},{"startTime":486.66,"endTime":488.76,"body":"Every day we've been del"},{"startTime":486.66,"endTime":488.76,"body":"used with information"},{"startTime":488.76,"endTime":490.353,"body":"about the latest situation."},{"startTime":491.55,"endTime":495.6,"body":"In an age of 24/7 news"},{"startTime":491.55,"endTime":495.6,"body":"media, the dramatic events"},{"startTime":495.6,"endTime":497.82,"body":"have been on our screens day and night."},{"startTime":497.82,"endTime":501.213,"body":"There's no excuse for not"},{"startTime":497.82,"endTime":501.213,"body":"knowing what's going on."},{"startTime":503.25,"endTime":506.31,"body":"What I want to do this"},{"startTime":503.25,"endTime":506.31,"body":"evening is to produce"},{"startTime":506.31,"endTime":508.59,"body":"some historical perspectives on this."},{"startTime":508.59,"endTime":510.0,"body":"What are the long term factors,"},{"startTime":510.0,"endTime":511.95,"body":"if any, behind the conflict?"},{"startTime":511.95,"endTime":514.14,"body":"Are there any historical parallels?"},{"startTime":514.14,"endTime":516.24,"body":"Do we have any reason to believe"},{"startTime":516.24,"endTime":518.04,"body":"the conflict can be resolved?"},{"startTime":518.04,"endTime":520.29,"body":"If we do, when and how?"},{"startTime":520.29,"endTime":524.07,"body":"History mobilized into"},{"startTime":520.29,"endTime":524.07,"body":"propaganda on both sides"},{"startTime":524.07,"endTime":528.09,"body":"has played a major part"},{"startTime":524.07,"endTime":528.09,"body":"in reporting the conflict."},{"startTime":528.09,"endTime":531.0,"body":"How accurate is the"},{"startTime":528.09,"endTime":531.0,"body":"history we are being shown?"},{"startTime":531.0,"endTime":533.403,"body":"What exactly is new about the present war?"},{"startTime":535.38,"endTime":536.79,"body":"Well, kind of back to basics."},{"startTime":536.79,"endTime":540.69,"body":"So let me begin by reminding"},{"startTime":536.79,"endTime":540.69,"body":"you of where Ukraine is"},{"startTime":540.69,"endTime":543.0,"body":"and where it's been"},{"startTime":540.69,"endTime":543.0,"body":"over the past centuries."},{"startTime":543.0,"endTime":545.643,"body":"A more complicated"},{"startTime":543.0,"endTime":545.643,"body":"question you might think."},{"startTime":546.6,"endTime":549.18,"body":"To begin with, Ukraine has not been"},{"startTime":549.18,"endTime":551.853,"body":"an independent sovereign"},{"startTime":549.18,"endTime":551.853,"body":"state for very long."},{"startTime":553.05,"endTime":557.1,"body":"In the early modern period,"},{"startTime":553.05,"endTime":557.1,"body":"so the 17th, 18th centuries,"},{"startTime":557.1,"endTime":562.1,"body":"Ukraine began to emerge from the breakup"},{"startTime":562.29,"endTime":565.65,"body":"of a large, now largely forgotten state."},{"startTime":565.65,"endTime":568.92,"body":"the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth."},{"startTime":568.92,"endTime":570.48,"body":"To most of the 18th Century"},{"startTime":570.48,"endTime":572.94,"body":"and the 19th Century in particular,"},{"startTime":572.94,"endTime":576.423,"body":"Ukraine was part of Czarist Russia."},{"startTime":577.68,"endTime":579.48,"body":"Then with the Bolshevik Revolution,"},{"startTime":579.48,"endTime":581.58,"body":"which overthrew the Czar,"},{"startTime":581.58,"endTime":584.58,"body":"there was a brief civil war after which"},{"startTime":584.58,"endTime":585.78,"body":"Ukraine became part"},{"startTime":585.78,"endTime":590.46,"body":"of the Union of Soviet"},{"startTime":585.78,"endTime":590.46,"body":"Socialist Republics."},{"startTime":590.46,"endTime":593.07,"body":"Can see there the acquisition"},{"startTime":590.46,"endTime":593.07,"body":"in the 18th Century"},{"startTime":593.07,"endTime":596.426,"body":"in particular, of territories which then"},{"startTime":596.426,"endTime":599.1,"body":"were incorporated Ukraine."},{"startTime":599.1,"endTime":601.917,"body":"But then, following the first World War"},{"startTime":601.917,"endTime":604.29,"body":"and the Bolshevik Revolution,"},{"startTime":604.29,"endTime":607.68,"body":"you can see how it began"},{"startTime":604.29,"endTime":607.68,"body":"to constitute itself"},{"startTime":607.68,"endTime":610.86,"body":"in a civil, serious civil conflict"},{"startTime":610.86,"endTime":613.713,"body":"before it was absorbed by Soviet Russia."},{"startTime":617.16,"endTime":620.07,"body":"In World War ii, Ukraine"},{"startTime":617.16,"endTime":620.07,"body":"changed hands again."},{"startTime":620.07,"endTime":622.86,"body":"Most of the western part"},{"startTime":620.07,"endTime":622.86,"body":"was under German occupation"},{"startTime":622.86,"endTime":625.722,"body":"from 1941 to 1944."},{"startTime":625.722,"endTime":630.24,"body":"And then we have the"},{"startTime":625.722,"endTime":630.24,"body":"Reichkommissariat of Ukraine indeed,"},{"startTime":630.24,"endTime":635.24,"body":"part of the Nazi empire in Eastern Europe."},{"startTime":637.77,"endTime":642.77,"body":"In 1945, of course, when"},{"startTime":637.77,"endTime":642.77,"body":"Hitler was defeated,"},{"startTime":643.59,"endTime":647.79,"body":"the Soviet Army's occupied Berlin"},{"startTime":647.79,"endTime":649.05,"body":"and the eastern part of Germany."},{"startTime":649.05,"endTime":654.05,"body":"It was back under Soviet control."},{"startTime":654.99,"endTime":659.37,"body":"In 1954, the Soviet"},{"startTime":654.99,"endTime":659.37,"body":"leader, Nikita Khrushchev,"},{"startTime":659.37,"endTime":662.07,"body":"seeded the Crimea to Ukraine."},{"startTime":662.07,"endTime":664.95,"body":"He'd actually been the the"},{"startTime":662.07,"endTime":664.95,"body":"Soviet commissar in Ukraine"},{"startTime":664.95,"endTime":666.96,"body":"before and after the war."},{"startTime":666.96,"endTime":670.17,"body":"And since then, Putin's"},{"startTime":666.96,"endTime":670.17,"body":"Russia has reabsorbed the area"},{"startTime":670.17,"endTime":672.63,"body":"along with parts of southeastern Ukraine,"},{"startTime":672.63,"endTime":676.98,"body":"that was never actually"},{"startTime":672.63,"endTime":676.98,"body":"internationally recognized"},{"startTime":676.98,"endTime":679.173,"body":"or hasn't been up to now."},{"startTime":680.79,"endTime":685.11,"body":"So, what are the historical"},{"startTime":680.79,"endTime":685.11,"body":"roots and antecedents"},{"startTime":685.11,"endTime":686.31,"body":"of the present conflict?"},{"startTime":690.03,"endTime":692.31,"body":"Almost as soon as Vladimir Putin"},{"startTime":692.31,"endTime":694.953,"body":"and his forces invaded Ukraine,"},{"startTime":696.36,"endTime":698.88,"body":"political pundits and parts of the media"},{"startTime":698.88,"endTime":701.643,"body":"began comparing him with Hitler."},{"startTime":703.98,"endTime":705.9,"body":"Both men imposed dictatorial rule"},{"startTime":705.9,"endTime":708.33,"body":"over their respective countries."},{"startTime":708.33,"endTime":710.61,"body":"Both men suppressed dissent"},{"startTime":710.61,"endTime":712.92,"body":"and eliminated independent media."},{"startTime":712.92,"endTime":715.71,"body":"Both men had no hesitation"},{"startTime":712.92,"endTime":715.71,"body":"in murdering people"},{"startTime":715.71,"endTime":717.66,"body":"they considered a threat to their rule."},{"startTime":718.77,"endTime":720.3,"body":"Both hit there and Putin invaded"},{"startTime":720.3,"endTime":722.4,"body":"a series of neighboring countries."},{"startTime":722.4,"endTime":724.56,"body":"Both used lies and disinformation"},{"startTime":724.56,"endTime":727.02,"body":"to justify their actions."},{"startTime":727.02,"endTime":729.84,"body":"More strikingly perhaps,"},{"startTime":727.02,"endTime":729.84,"body":"both used a symbol,"},{"startTime":729.84,"endTime":734.84,"body":"in Putin's case Z and of"},{"startTime":729.84,"endTime":734.84,"body":"course, in Hitler's the Swastika"},{"startTime":736.29,"endTime":739.86,"body":"to advertise support for their aims."},{"startTime":739.86,"endTime":743.94,"body":"Both men had no hesitation in"},{"startTime":739.86,"endTime":743.94,"body":"causing death and destruction"},{"startTime":743.94,"endTime":746.193,"body":"on a massive scale to further their end."},{"startTime":748.05,"endTime":751.02,"body":"Jonathan Katz, the"},{"startTime":748.05,"endTime":751.02,"body":"Washington based director"},{"startTime":751.02,"endTime":754.687,"body":"of the Democracy Initiatives"},{"startTime":751.02,"endTime":754.687,"body":"has said and I quote,"},{"startTime":754.687,"endTime":757.8,"body":"\"Putin is this Century's"},{"startTime":754.687,"endTime":757.8,"body":"equivalent to Hitler."},{"startTime":757.8,"endTime":759.577,"body":"Putin's character,\" he says,"},{"startTime":759.577,"endTime":762.81,"body":"\"disturbingly mirrors"},{"startTime":759.577,"endTime":762.81,"body":"the traits of Hitler."},{"startTime":762.81,"endTime":766.59,"body":"For me, the former Director"},{"startTime":762.81,"endTime":766.59,"body":"of US National Intelligence,"},{"startTime":766.59,"endTime":769.532,"body":"James Clapper, has told CNN,"},{"startTime":769.532,"endTime":771.6,"body":"'Putin is a 21st Century Hitler,'"},{"startTime":771.6,"endTime":774.383,"body":"phrase used by variety of commentators"},{"startTime":774.383,"endTime":778.47,"body":"ranging from the former Irish Taoiseach,"},{"startTime":778.47,"endTime":780.3,"body":"Prime Minister Leo Varadkar"},{"startTime":780.3,"endTime":782.457,"body":"to the Ukrainian Minister of Defense.\""},{"startTime":783.51,"endTime":787.53,"body":"British Liberal Democrat"},{"startTime":783.51,"endTime":787.53,"body":"politician, Norman Baker,"},{"startTime":787.53,"endTime":788.617,"body":"has claimed in a Daily Mail,"},{"startTime":788.617,"endTime":791.07,"body":"\"Everything Vladimir Putin does,\""},{"startTime":791.07,"endTime":793.017,"body":"he says, \"echoes Adolf Hitler.\""},{"startTime":793.86,"endTime":796.953,"body":"Even the Prince of Wales,"},{"startTime":793.86,"endTime":796.953,"body":"now King Charles III,"},{"startTime":797.97,"endTime":801.33,"body":"speaking to a Jewish holocaust"},{"startTime":797.97,"endTime":801.33,"body":"survivor in Canada 2014"},{"startTime":801.33,"endTime":803.887,"body":"after the Russian invasion of Crimea said,"},{"startTime":803.887,"endTime":806.427,"body":"\"Putin is doing just"},{"startTime":803.887,"endTime":806.427,"body":"about the same as Hitler.\""},{"startTime":807.63,"endTime":810.0,"body":"Critics of the West's cautious approach"},{"startTime":810.0,"endTime":812.46,"body":"to Putin's territorial aggrandizements"},{"startTime":812.46,"endTime":815.58,"body":"routinely invoke parallels"},{"startTime":815.58,"endTime":818.82,"body":"with the Munich Agreement in 1938,"},{"startTime":818.82,"endTime":821.85,"body":"in which Britain and France"},{"startTime":818.82,"endTime":821.85,"body":"sought to appease Hitler"},{"startTime":821.85,"endTime":825.39,"body":"and avoided general war"},{"startTime":821.85,"endTime":825.39,"body":"by forcing Czechoslovakia"},{"startTime":825.39,"endTime":827.85,"body":"to give in to the Nazi dictators demands"},{"startTime":827.85,"endTime":830.013,"body":"for a long chunk of its own territory."},{"startTime":836.94,"endTime":840.36,"body":"Now of course, as Jewish groups"},{"startTime":836.94,"endTime":840.36,"body":"in particular pointed out,"},{"startTime":840.36,"endTime":842.94,"body":"Putin has not established"},{"startTime":840.36,"endTime":842.94,"body":"extermination camps"},{"startTime":842.94,"endTime":844.98,"body":"or gas chambers as Hitler did"},{"startTime":844.98,"endTime":848.103,"body":"to carry out the mass"},{"startTime":844.98,"endTime":848.103,"body":"murder of European Jews."},{"startTime":850.23,"endTime":853.08,"body":"But Ukraine's President Volodymyr Zelensky"},{"startTime":853.08,"endTime":855.54,"body":"had directly called the"},{"startTime":853.08,"endTime":855.54,"body":"indiscriminate bombardment"},{"startTime":855.54,"endTime":857.88,"body":"of his country's major towns and cities"},{"startTime":857.88,"endTime":859.683,"body":"by the Russians as a genocide."},{"startTime":860.58,"endTime":864.847,"body":"Poland's President, Andrzej"},{"startTime":860.58,"endTime":864.847,"body":"Duda has echoed this asserting,"},{"startTime":864.847,"endTime":867.157,"body":"\"The Russian invasion bears,\" as he says,"},{"startTime":867.157,"endTime":868.74,"body":"\"the features of genocide."},{"startTime":868.74,"endTime":871.773,"body":"It aims at eliminating"},{"startTime":868.74,"endTime":871.773,"body":"and destroying a nation."},{"startTime":873.99,"endTime":876.39,"body":"The mounting evidence of"},{"startTime":873.99,"endTime":876.39,"body":"indiscriminate massacres"},{"startTime":876.39,"endTime":879.72,"body":"of civilian men, women and"},{"startTime":876.39,"endTime":879.72,"body":"children and atrocities,"},{"startTime":879.72,"endTime":883.53,"body":"including torture by the Russian armies"},{"startTime":883.53,"endTime":885.33,"body":"as they retreat in Bucha"},{"startTime":885.33,"endTime":888.54,"body":"and other Ukrainian towns"},{"startTime":885.33,"endTime":888.54,"body":"is impossible to ignore"},{"startTime":888.54,"endTime":893.54,"body":"or despite absurd a Russian"},{"startTime":888.54,"endTime":893.54,"body":"efforts to do so explain away."},{"startTime":894.12,"endTime":896.04,"body":"So in my view, this is genocide."},{"startTime":896.04,"endTime":900.51,"body":"These people are being killed"},{"startTime":896.04,"endTime":900.51,"body":"because they are Ukrainians"},{"startTime":900.51,"endTime":902.937,"body":"and not for any other reason.\""},{"startTime":903.81,"endTime":905.61,"body":"And of course, genocide was at the heart"},{"startTime":905.61,"endTime":906.903,"body":"of the Nazi project."},{"startTime":907.95,"endTime":912.75,"body":"This year, the summer"},{"startTime":907.95,"endTime":912.75,"body":"sees the 80th anniversary"},{"startTime":912.75,"endTime":915.813,"body":"of the Nazi's general plan for the east,"},{"startTime":917.22,"endTime":920.85,"body":"a proposal for the mass"},{"startTime":917.22,"endTime":920.85,"body":"murder by disease, starvation,"},{"startTime":920.85,"endTime":924.93,"body":"neglect and extermination"},{"startTime":920.85,"endTime":924.93,"body":"through labor as they call it,"},{"startTime":924.93,"endTime":928.53,"body":"of up to 45 million Slavs"},{"startTime":928.53,"endTime":930.54,"body":"in order to make way for German settlement"},{"startTime":930.54,"endTime":934.08,"body":"across East-central and Eastern Europe."},{"startTime":934.08,"endTime":938.16,"body":"And its final version"},{"startTime":934.08,"endTime":938.16,"body":"completed in June, 1940"},{"startTime":938.16,"endTime":941.32,"body":"to this official policy of the Nazi regime"},{"startTime":942.913,"endTime":946.83,"body":"and the document which"},{"startTime":942.913,"endTime":946.83,"body":"came to light in 1957,"},{"startTime":946.83,"endTime":950.34,"body":"laid bear the full extent of"},{"startTime":946.83,"endTime":950.34,"body":"the most radical genocidal"},{"startTime":950.34,"endTime":952.443,"body":"program ever Dem devised."},{"startTime":953.58,"endTime":956.88,"body":"Over the next 30 years from 1942"},{"startTime":956.88,"endTime":959.88,"body":"when it became official"},{"startTime":956.88,"endTime":959.88,"body":"German government policy,"},{"startTime":959.88,"endTime":962.49,"body":"assuming of course the"},{"startTime":959.88,"endTime":962.49,"body":"German victory in the war,"},{"startTime":962.49,"endTime":967.32,"body":"the Nazis proposed to"},{"startTime":962.49,"endTime":967.32,"body":"liquidate as the euphemism was,"},{"startTime":967.32,"endTime":972.32,"body":"50% of Latvians, Estonians,"},{"startTime":967.32,"endTime":972.32,"body":"Czechs, 75% of Bela-Russians,"},{"startTime":974.01,"endTime":977.16,"body":"85% of Lithuanians and Poles."},{"startTime":977.16,"endTime":979.953,"body":"Ukrainians were to disappear altogether,"},{"startTime":980.82,"endTime":984.75,"body":"35% deemed racially suitable by the Nazis"},{"startTime":984.75,"endTime":987.573,"body":"were to be Germanized, the"},{"startTime":984.75,"endTime":987.573,"body":"rest were to be eliminated."},{"startTime":990.39,"endTime":993.063,"body":"That gives you an idea of the the plan,"},{"startTime":995.671,"endTime":1000.671,"body":"of the future government of"},{"startTime":995.671,"endTime":1000.671,"body":"the former Russian territories,"},{"startTime":1002.69,"endTime":1006.8,"body":"East European territories was to happen."},{"startTime":1006.8,"endTime":1009.65,"body":"Of course, the plan never had"},{"startTime":1006.8,"endTime":1009.65,"body":"a chance of becoming reality,"},{"startTime":1009.65,"endTime":1012.86,"body":"but the genocidal attitude"},{"startTime":1009.65,"endTime":1012.86,"body":"towards the millions"},{"startTime":1012.86,"endTime":1016.73,"body":"the Nazi, regardless as Slav"},{"startTime":1012.86,"endTime":1016.73,"body":"subhumans, on to mention,"},{"startTime":1016.73,"endTime":1018.29,"body":"found expression in the killing"},{"startTime":1018.29,"endTime":1020.33,"body":"of thousands of Polish intellectuals"},{"startTime":1020.33,"endTime":1022.636,"body":"and his deliberate starvation of more than"},{"startTime":1022.636,"endTime":1026.24,"body":"3 1/4 million Red Army soldiers"},{"startTime":1026.24,"endTime":1028.97,"body":"taken prisoner by the German forces"},{"startTime":1028.97,"endTime":1031.88,"body":"pended a huge enclosures"},{"startTime":1028.97,"endTime":1031.88,"body":"on the open European,"},{"startTime":1031.88,"endTime":1034.04,"body":"East European step, left to die"},{"startTime":1034.04,"endTime":1037.73,"body":"without food, shelter or medication."},{"startTime":1037.73,"endTime":1040.22,"body":"Anyone who thinks the Ukrainians are Nazis"},{"startTime":1040.22,"endTime":1043.01,"body":"or that Stalin was the principal"},{"startTime":1040.22,"endTime":1043.01,"body":"enemy of the Ukrainians"},{"startTime":1043.01,"endTime":1047.45,"body":"and other inhabitants of east"},{"startTime":1043.01,"endTime":1047.45,"body":"and central Europe in the war"},{"startTime":1047.45,"endTime":1049.733,"body":"needs to read this shocking document."},{"startTime":1050.63,"endTime":1052.19,"body":"Of course, Stalin also,"},{"startTime":1052.19,"endTime":1056.3,"body":"ordered the shooting of"},{"startTime":1052.19,"endTime":1056.3,"body":"some 40,000 Polish officers"},{"startTime":1056.3,"endTime":1059.63,"body":"captured when the Red Army"},{"startTime":1056.3,"endTime":1059.63,"body":"took over Eastern Poland"},{"startTime":1059.63,"endTime":1062.42,"body":"in fulfillment of the infamous Nazi Soviet"},{"startTime":1062.42,"endTime":1066.617,"body":"or Molotov-Ribbentrop pact,"},{"startTime":1062.42,"endTime":1066.617,"body":"signed in August, 1939."},{"startTime":1066.617,"endTime":1069.14,"body":"And they deported thousands"},{"startTime":1069.14,"endTime":1073.58,"body":"of mainly upper class Poles"},{"startTime":1069.14,"endTime":1073.58,"body":"to Serbia, Siberia, sorry."},{"startTime":1073.58,"endTime":1076.25,"body":"But these terrible crimes were committed"},{"startTime":1076.25,"endTime":1080.03,"body":"in the name of class warfare"},{"startTime":1076.25,"endTime":1080.03,"body":"rather than ethnic hatred."},{"startTime":1080.03,"endTime":1082.49,"body":"For the victims of course,"},{"startTime":1080.03,"endTime":1082.49,"body":"it's made little difference."},{"startTime":1082.49,"endTime":1084.65,"body":"But the almost unimaginable scale"},{"startTime":1084.65,"endTime":1086.81,"body":"of the general plan for the East,"},{"startTime":1086.81,"endTime":1091.493,"body":"really does, I think put it"},{"startTime":1086.81,"endTime":1091.493,"body":"in a category of its own."},{"startTime":1093.08,"endTime":1096.68,"body":"The Nazis genocidal"},{"startTime":1093.08,"endTime":1096.68,"body":"intentions went far beyond"},{"startTime":1096.68,"endTime":1099.26,"body":"the elimination of so-called subhumans"},{"startTime":1099.26,"endTime":1101.42,"body":"who stood in the way of German settlement."},{"startTime":1101.42,"endTime":1104.84,"body":"Genocide comes in many"},{"startTime":1101.42,"endTime":1104.84,"body":"varieties and degrees."},{"startTime":1104.84,"endTime":1106.64,"body":"And the mass murder by Nazi of nearly"},{"startTime":1106.64,"endTime":1108.26,"body":"6 million European Jews"},{"startTime":1108.26,"endTime":1110.57,"body":"was qualitatively different in my view,"},{"startTime":1110.57,"endTime":1112.97,"body":"from the vast extermination program"},{"startTime":1112.97,"endTime":1115.79,"body":"contained in the General"},{"startTime":1112.97,"endTime":1115.79,"body":"Plan for the east."},{"startTime":1115.79,"endTime":1119.66,"body":"From the very beginning, the"},{"startTime":1115.79,"endTime":1119.66,"body":"Jews were, for the Nazis,"},{"startTime":1119.66,"endTime":1124.66,"body":"the world enemy, volksfeind,"},{"startTime":1119.66,"endTime":1124.66,"body":"dedicated to destroying Germany"},{"startTime":1125.3,"endTime":1127.73,"body":"and the Germans in a"},{"startTime":1125.3,"endTime":1127.73,"body":"huge global conspiracy"},{"startTime":1127.73,"endTime":1129.41,"body":"aimed at ruling the world."},{"startTime":1129.41,"endTime":1132.71,"body":"Hitler believed every Jew was predestined"},{"startTime":1132.71,"endTime":1136.31,"body":"by their racial character"},{"startTime":1132.71,"endTime":1136.31,"body":"to work towards this end."},{"startTime":1136.31,"endTime":1138.26,"body":"Nazi wartime propaganda showed"},{"startTime":1138.26,"endTime":1140.93,"body":"the three most powerful"},{"startTime":1138.26,"endTime":1140.93,"body":"enemies of Germany,"},{"startTime":1140.93,"endTime":1142.34,"body":"the British Empire, Soviet Union,"},{"startTime":1142.34,"endTime":1146.09,"body":"the United States of America"},{"startTime":1142.34,"endTime":1146.09,"body":"being steered from behind"},{"startTime":1146.09,"endTime":1149.243,"body":"by malevolent Jewish conspirators."},{"startTime":1150.177,"endTime":1154.937,"body":"\"Behind the enemy powers,\""},{"startTime":1150.177,"endTime":1154.937,"body":"it says, \"the Jew.\""},{"startTime":1156.08,"endTime":1161.08,"body":"Now this absurd but conspiratorial fantasy"},{"startTime":1161.15,"endTime":1164.38,"body":"lent the German invaders of East European"},{"startTime":1164.38,"endTime":1167.6,"body":"of countries and areas"},{"startTime":1164.38,"endTime":1167.6,"body":"to go out of their way"},{"startTime":1167.6,"endTime":1171.29,"body":"to degrade and humiliate the"},{"startTime":1167.6,"endTime":1171.29,"body":"Jewish inhabitants of the area,"},{"startTime":1171.29,"endTime":1175.25,"body":"forcing Jewish elders to"},{"startTime":1171.29,"endTime":1175.25,"body":"dance in the town square"},{"startTime":1175.25,"endTime":1177.023,"body":"so they collapse from exhaustion,"},{"startTime":1178.1,"endTime":1181.34,"body":"Jewish girls to clean"},{"startTime":1178.1,"endTime":1181.34,"body":"latrines with their blouses,"},{"startTime":1181.34,"endTime":1184.973,"body":"committing similar atrocities"},{"startTime":1181.34,"endTime":1184.973,"body":"too revolting to detail."},{"startTime":1185.84,"endTime":1188.96,"body":"It was this belief that caused the Nazis"},{"startTime":1188.96,"endTime":1191.48,"body":"to try and eliminate the"},{"startTime":1188.96,"endTime":1191.48,"body":"Jewish population of Europe"},{"startTime":1191.48,"endTime":1193.37,"body":"in the quickest way possible."},{"startTime":1193.37,"endTime":1196.1,"body":"In contrast to the much longer term"},{"startTime":1196.1,"endTime":1198.68,"body":"mass extermination planed"},{"startTime":1196.1,"endTime":1198.68,"body":"for the region's Slavs"},{"startTime":1198.68,"endTime":1200.36,"body":"in the general plan for the east,"},{"startTime":1200.36,"endTime":1202.79,"body":"who were seldom treated with a grotesque"},{"startTime":1202.79,"endTime":1206.453,"body":"and elaborate sadism"},{"startTime":1202.79,"endTime":1206.453,"body":"reserved for the Jews."},{"startTime":1208.43,"endTime":1210.05,"body":"So in the light of these facts,"},{"startTime":1210.05,"endTime":1213.41,"body":"few things in Vladimir Putin's propaganda"},{"startTime":1213.41,"endTime":1215.81,"body":"seem more absurd than his claim"},{"startTime":1215.81,"endTime":1218.51,"body":"that Ukraine is ruled"},{"startTime":1215.81,"endTime":1218.51,"body":"by a clique of Nazis,"},{"startTime":1218.51,"endTime":1219.343,"body":"not at least of course,"},{"startTime":1219.343,"endTime":1224.0,"body":"because the Ukrainian President"},{"startTime":1219.343,"endTime":1224.0,"body":"Zelensky is himself Jewish."},{"startTime":1224.0,"endTime":1226.22,"body":"That's not to say that there are not"},{"startTime":1226.22,"endTime":1229.523,"body":"or never have been Nazis"},{"startTime":1226.22,"endTime":1229.523,"body":"or fascists in Ukraine."},{"startTime":1230.93,"endTime":1234.8,"body":"In particular, a wartime"},{"startTime":1230.93,"endTime":1234.8,"body":"partisan leader in Ukraine,"},{"startTime":1234.8,"endTime":1236.9,"body":"Stepan Bandera had fought against"},{"startTime":1236.9,"endTime":1239.21,"body":"the Soviet Union's invasion of Ukraine,"},{"startTime":1239.21,"endTime":1242.513,"body":"was deeply antisemitic"},{"startTime":1239.21,"endTime":1242.513,"body":"and had ties to the Nazi,"},{"startTime":1243.96,"endTime":1247.4,"body":"hence the Russian claim"},{"startTime":1243.96,"endTime":1247.4,"body":"and Russian propaganda"},{"startTime":1247.4,"endTime":1249.35,"body":"that they've invaded Ukraine"},{"startTime":1249.35,"endTime":1252.02,"body":"to combat what they call banderas."},{"startTime":1252.02,"endTime":1253.76,"body":"There is a far right in Ukraine"},{"startTime":1253.76,"endTime":1256.46,"body":"and to its members, Bandera is a hero."},{"startTime":1256.46,"endTime":1258.383,"body":"There he is in a demonstration."},{"startTime":1260.06,"endTime":1262.28,"body":"One element in the Ukrainian"},{"startTime":1260.06,"endTime":1262.28,"body":"military resistance"},{"startTime":1262.28,"endTime":1263.513,"body":"to the Russian invasion."},{"startTime":1264.44,"endTime":1267.38,"body":"the Azov Battalion has its roots"},{"startTime":1267.38,"endTime":1270.53,"body":"in an independent ultra right pro-Nazi"},{"startTime":1270.53,"endTime":1272.06,"body":"paramilitary movement."},{"startTime":1272.06,"endTime":1272.893,"body":"There they are."},{"startTime":1272.893,"endTime":1274.07,"body":"And you can see that again,"},{"startTime":1274.07,"endTime":1279.07,"body":"the use of a fascist style symbol."},{"startTime":1280.25,"endTime":1282.05,"body":"For these men, the"},{"startTime":1280.25,"endTime":1282.05,"body":"Russians are the true enemy"},{"startTime":1282.05,"endTime":1285.62,"body":"most of all because of the"},{"startTime":1282.05,"endTime":1285.62,"body":"deliberately induced famine"},{"startTime":1285.62,"endTime":1289.61,"body":"in Ukraine of the early 1930s."},{"startTime":1289.61,"endTime":1290.99,"body":"And many on the Ukrainian right,"},{"startTime":1290.99,"endTime":1292.46,"body":"including the pro-western government"},{"startTime":1292.46,"endTime":1294.62,"body":"in power a few years ago,"},{"startTime":1294.62,"endTime":1296.78,"body":"have tried to give the famine equal status"},{"startTime":1296.78,"endTime":1298.52,"body":"with the holocaust by providing it"},{"startTime":1298.52,"endTime":1301.1,"body":"with a similar name Holodomor"},{"startTime":1301.1,"endTime":1305.693,"body":"and claiming its victims"},{"startTime":1301.1,"endTime":1305.693,"body":"numbered 6 million or even more."},{"startTime":1307.07,"endTime":1308.51,"body":"Since the war began however,"},{"startTime":1308.51,"endTime":1310.28,"body":"the Ukrainian government has taken steps"},{"startTime":1310.28,"endTime":1313.79,"body":"to swamp the neo Nazi element"},{"startTime":1310.28,"endTime":1313.79,"body":"in the Azov Battalion."},{"startTime":1313.79,"endTime":1316.46,"body":"It's now reckoned to be about 20%."},{"startTime":1316.46,"endTime":1318.26,"body":"And of course, that's only one small part"},{"startTime":1318.26,"endTime":1320.603,"body":"of the Ukrainian armed forces."},{"startTime":1322.04,"endTime":1324.23,"body":"Because the Ukrainian fight for democracy,"},{"startTime":1324.23,"endTime":1326.33,"body":"it's important to remember,"},{"startTime":1326.33,"endTime":1331.33,"body":"is at the core of the"},{"startTime":1326.33,"endTime":1331.33,"body":"resistance to the Russians."},{"startTime":1332.51,"endTime":1335.3,"body":"It's a fight for the"},{"startTime":1332.51,"endTime":1335.3,"body":"Ukrainian people's right"},{"startTime":1335.3,"endTime":1336.833,"body":"of self-determination,"},{"startTime":1340.934,"endTime":1343.49,"body":"the their rights to"},{"startTime":1340.934,"endTime":1343.49,"body":"decide their own future."},{"startTime":1343.49,"endTime":1346.1,"body":"It's a fight against the regime in Russia"},{"startTime":1346.1,"endTime":1349.58,"body":"that has extinguished democracy"},{"startTime":1346.1,"endTime":1349.58,"body":"and crushed civil rights,"},{"startTime":1349.58,"endTime":1352.58,"body":"free expression, independent news media"},{"startTime":1352.58,"endTime":1355.07,"body":"and all political opposition."},{"startTime":1355.07,"endTime":1357.38,"body":"Putin looks back to World War II"},{"startTime":1357.38,"endTime":1359.687,"body":"as a model for the war against Ukraine."},{"startTime":1359.687,"endTime":1364.07,"body":"And he bases it on an appeal"},{"startTime":1359.687,"endTime":1364.07,"body":"to Russian patriotism."},{"startTime":1364.07,"endTime":1367.55,"body":"He's sanitized all aspects"},{"startTime":1364.07,"endTime":1367.55,"body":"of the Russian past"},{"startTime":1367.55,"endTime":1371.51,"body":"from Czarism to Stalinism"},{"startTime":1367.55,"endTime":1371.51,"body":"in his bid to boost"},{"startTime":1371.51,"endTime":1374.87,"body":"patriotic sentiment and by extension,"},{"startTime":1374.87,"endTime":1376.7,"body":"support for himself of course."},{"startTime":1376.7,"endTime":1380.9,"body":"And his regime in Russia had"},{"startTime":1376.7,"endTime":1380.9,"body":"merged the end of the 1990s"},{"startTime":1383.09,"endTime":1386.45,"body":"out of the unrestrained"},{"startTime":1383.09,"endTime":1386.45,"body":"greed of the transition"},{"startTime":1386.45,"endTime":1388.58,"body":"from communism to capitalism"},{"startTime":1388.58,"endTime":1390.8,"body":"after the fall of the Berlin War."},{"startTime":1390.8,"endTime":1391.94,"body":"A transition that created"},{"startTime":1391.94,"endTime":1394.34,"body":"the billionaires we now know is oligarchs."},{"startTime":1394.34,"endTime":1396.17,"body":"It's an ultra capitalist regime,"},{"startTime":1396.17,"endTime":1399.53,"body":"it's a kleptocracy that's"},{"startTime":1396.17,"endTime":1399.53,"body":"corrupt to the core"},{"startTime":1399.53,"endTime":1404.53,"body":"and it's a system that found imitation"},{"startTime":1406.7,"endTime":1408.35,"body":"in the corruption that riddled"},{"startTime":1408.35,"endTime":1410.72,"body":"the Ukrainian political"},{"startTime":1408.35,"endTime":1410.72,"body":"system after independence."},{"startTime":1410.72,"endTime":1412.76,"body":"It's still very much present"},{"startTime":1410.72,"endTime":1412.76,"body":"though at the moment,"},{"startTime":1412.76,"endTime":1415.01,"body":"it's been paused, forced"},{"startTime":1412.76,"endTime":1415.01,"body":"to take a back seat"},{"startTime":1415.01,"endTime":1417.35,"body":"as a struggle for survival against Russia"},{"startTime":1417.35,"endTime":1418.728,"body":"dominates everything."},{"startTime":1418.728,"endTime":1421.61,"body":"There's a capitalism crushing"},{"startTime":1421.61,"endTime":1423.863,"body":"the Ukrainian national identity."},{"startTime":1425.06,"endTime":1427.85,"body":"Unlike Hitler, Putin"},{"startTime":1425.06,"endTime":1427.85,"body":"doesn't think of Ukrainians"},{"startTime":1427.85,"endTime":1430.79,"body":"as subhumans who have no"},{"startTime":1427.85,"endTime":1430.79,"body":"right to remain alive,"},{"startTime":1430.79,"endTime":1432.8,"body":"let alone a malignant global threat"},{"startTime":1432.8,"endTime":1434.33,"body":"to the existence of his country"},{"startTime":1434.33,"endTime":1436.52,"body":"as Hitler consider the Jews to be."},{"startTime":1436.52,"endTime":1440.131,"body":"In fact, he thinks of them as Russians."},{"startTime":1440.131,"endTime":1443.24,"body":"On 18th of March, 2014,"},{"startTime":1440.131,"endTime":1443.24,"body":"celebrating the annexation"},{"startTime":1443.24,"endTime":1446.24,"body":"of the Crimean Peninsula from Ukraine,"},{"startTime":1446.24,"endTime":1450.027,"body":"he declared, \"Russians and"},{"startTime":1446.24,"endTime":1450.027,"body":"Ukrainians are one people.\""},{"startTime":1450.027,"endTime":1453.687,"body":"\"Kyiv,\" he went on harking"},{"startTime":1450.027,"endTime":1453.687,"body":"back to the Middle Ages,"},{"startTime":1453.687,"endTime":1456.35,"body":"\"is the mother of Russian cities.\""},{"startTime":1456.35,"endTime":1459.89,"body":"In February, 2020. Putin"},{"startTime":1456.35,"endTime":1459.89,"body":"repeated his belief"},{"startTime":1459.89,"endTime":1461.06,"body":"that Russians and Ukrainians"},{"startTime":1461.06,"endTime":1463.19,"body":"are one and the same people as he said."},{"startTime":1463.19,"endTime":1466.4,"body":"He alleges that Ukrainian"},{"startTime":1463.19,"endTime":1466.4,"body":"national identity"},{"startTime":1466.4,"endTime":1469.1,"body":"was a creation of maligned"},{"startTime":1466.4,"endTime":1469.1,"body":"foreign influences,"},{"startTime":1469.1,"endTime":1470.517,"body":"particularly NATO."},{"startTime":1470.517,"endTime":1473.227,"body":"\"There was,\" he said, \"no Ukrainian state."},{"startTime":1473.227,"endTime":1474.8,"body":"It was a fiction."},{"startTime":1474.8,"endTime":1478.13,"body":"And it followed that apart"},{"startTime":1474.8,"endTime":1478.13,"body":"from a tiny minority of Nazis,\""},{"startTime":1478.13,"endTime":1480.2,"body":"as he called them, \"who ruled them."},{"startTime":1480.2,"endTime":1482.63,"body":"Ukrainians would welcome the"},{"startTime":1480.2,"endTime":1482.63,"body":"Russians with open arms,\""},{"startTime":1482.63,"endTime":1485.06,"body":"as they liberated them"},{"startTime":1482.63,"endTime":1485.06,"body":"from what was essentially"},{"startTime":1485.06,"endTime":1487.043,"body":"in Putin's eyes foreign occupation."},{"startTime":1489.44,"endTime":1493.61,"body":"So, Russian regulatory conscripts"},{"startTime":1493.61,"endTime":1496.91,"body":"were not prepared in"},{"startTime":1493.61,"endTime":1496.91,"body":"advance for the invasion."},{"startTime":1496.91,"endTime":1498.26,"body":"They were quickly disillusioned"},{"startTime":1498.26,"endTime":1501.92,"body":"as they encountered"},{"startTime":1498.26,"endTime":1501.92,"body":"unexpectedly stiff resistance."},{"startTime":1501.92,"endTime":1504.17,"body":"Since the invasion, they've"},{"startTime":1501.92,"endTime":1504.17,"body":"only made slow progress"},{"startTime":1504.17,"endTime":1506.32,"body":"and they've been beaten"},{"startTime":1504.17,"endTime":1506.32,"body":"back in some areas."},{"startTime":1507.68,"endTime":1510.29,"body":"Civilians in occupied towns"},{"startTime":1507.68,"endTime":1510.29,"body":"and villages have come out"},{"startTime":1510.29,"endTime":1513.41,"body":"with Ukrainian flags to"},{"startTime":1510.29,"endTime":1513.41,"body":"demonstrate against them."},{"startTime":1513.41,"endTime":1515.72,"body":"Artillery bombards and air strikes"},{"startTime":1515.72,"endTime":1517.91,"body":"have inflicted massive damage"},{"startTime":1517.91,"endTime":1520.31,"body":"on the physical infrastructure,"},{"startTime":1520.31,"endTime":1522.92,"body":"physical fabric of many"},{"startTime":1520.31,"endTime":1522.92,"body":"Ukrainian towns and cities."},{"startTime":1522.92,"endTime":1526.58,"body":"But they don't seem to have"},{"startTime":1522.92,"endTime":1526.58,"body":"weakened Ukrainian resistance."},{"startTime":1526.58,"endTime":1529.493,"body":"If anything, they have strengthened it."},{"startTime":1532.153,"endTime":1536.12,"body":"And of course the idea that"},{"startTime":1532.153,"endTime":1536.12,"body":"the Ukrainians are Russians"},{"startTime":1538.25,"endTime":1543.21,"body":"is belied by this"},{"startTime":1538.25,"endTime":1543.21,"body":"linguistic map of Ukraine."},{"startTime":1546.11,"endTime":1549.59,"body":"And the swift, the"},{"startTime":1546.11,"endTime":1549.59,"body":"intended swift occupation"},{"startTime":1549.59,"endTime":1550.49,"body":"of the entire country,"},{"startTime":1550.49,"endTime":1553.187,"body":"followed by the rapid removal of Zelensky"},{"startTime":1553.187,"endTime":1555.26,"body":"and his replacement by Russian puppet,"},{"startTime":1555.26,"endTime":1558.623,"body":"which is Putin's original"},{"startTime":1555.26,"endTime":1558.623,"body":"aim, has not been realized."},{"startTime":1560.57,"endTime":1562.79,"body":"This is a military and political defeat"},{"startTime":1562.79,"endTime":1567.14,"body":"of humiliating proportions"},{"startTime":1562.79,"endTime":1567.14,"body":"for Putin's regime."},{"startTime":1567.14,"endTime":1572.03,"body":"Russian forces have recognize"},{"startTime":1567.14,"endTime":1572.03,"body":"this embarrassing reality"},{"startTime":1572.03,"endTime":1573.68,"body":"and have withdrawn from central Ukraine"},{"startTime":1573.68,"endTime":1575.51,"body":"to consolidate their position in the east."},{"startTime":1575.51,"endTime":1577.64,"body":"And here the task is a bit easier perhaps."},{"startTime":1577.64,"endTime":1579.35,"body":"If you look at this linguistic map,"},{"startTime":1579.35,"endTime":1582.35,"body":"you'll see that the eastern provinces"},{"startTime":1582.35,"endTime":1585.983,"body":"are dominated by Russians"},{"startTime":1582.35,"endTime":1585.983,"body":"speakers as the red part there."},{"startTime":1588.89,"endTime":1590.36,"body":"In the central and western parts,"},{"startTime":1590.36,"endTime":1593.57,"body":"it's Ukrainian speakers who dominate."},{"startTime":1593.57,"endTime":1596.54,"body":"Ukrainian is not a dialect of Russian."},{"startTime":1596.54,"endTime":1597.53,"body":"It's a separate language."},{"startTime":1597.53,"endTime":1599.96,"body":"It's more closely related to Bela-Russian"},{"startTime":1599.96,"endTime":1601.54,"body":"with a distinct grammar and spelling,"},{"startTime":1601.54,"endTime":1606.54,"body":"which we've actually all"},{"startTime":1601.54,"endTime":1606.54,"body":"learned in the last months"},{"startTime":1606.77,"endTime":1611.77,"body":"by spelling Kyiv, the"},{"startTime":1606.77,"endTime":1611.77,"body":"Ukrainian way, K-Y-I-V"},{"startTime":1611.87,"endTime":1613.91,"body":"rather than K-I-E-V, the Russian way"},{"startTime":1613.91,"endTime":1616.82,"body":"and Odessa with one s and so on."},{"startTime":1616.82,"endTime":1619.94,"body":"As a result of decades"},{"startTime":1616.82,"endTime":1619.94,"body":"of domination by Russia,"},{"startTime":1619.94,"endTime":1624.05,"body":"many if not most Ukrainians"},{"startTime":1619.94,"endTime":1624.05,"body":"can speak Russian,"},{"startTime":1624.05,"endTime":1626.39,"body":"but there's no doubt they have"},{"startTime":1626.39,"endTime":1629.18,"body":"a distinctive cultural identity,"},{"startTime":1629.18,"endTime":1631.55,"body":"an identity that Putin is determined"},{"startTime":1631.55,"endTime":1633.44,"body":"to obliterate in the eastern provinces"},{"startTime":1633.44,"endTime":1637.85,"body":"by holding, for example,"},{"startTime":1633.44,"endTime":1637.85,"body":"rigged plebiscites"},{"startTime":1637.85,"endTime":1642.85,"body":"just the last few days where"},{"startTime":1637.85,"endTime":1642.85,"body":"no doubt 99% of the voters"},{"startTime":1643.13,"endTime":1646.478,"body":"will opt to join Russia recognizing"},{"startTime":1646.478,"endTime":1648.383,"body":"their essential Russianess."},{"startTime":1650.33,"endTime":1652.98,"body":"If you believe that, of"},{"startTime":1650.33,"endTime":1652.98,"body":"course, you believe anything."},{"startTime":1655.1,"endTime":1656.42,"body":"Now as here, if anything,"},{"startTime":1656.42,"endTime":1657.98,"body":"that the parallel with Hitler's"},{"startTime":1657.98,"endTime":1660.08,"body":"invasion of the Soviet Union can be found,"},{"startTime":1660.979,"endTime":1665.979,"body":"For Hitler, also expected"},{"startTime":1660.979,"endTime":1665.979,"body":"this swift and easy victory"},{"startTime":1666.14,"endTime":1667.94,"body":"as he sent his armies."},{"startTime":1667.94,"endTime":1670.79,"body":"More than three and a half million men"},{"startTime":1670.79,"endTime":1673.13,"body":"with thousands of tanks,"},{"startTime":1670.79,"endTime":1673.13,"body":"self-propelled guns,"},{"startTime":1673.13,"endTime":1675.92,"body":"armored vehicles, combat"},{"startTime":1673.13,"endTime":1675.92,"body":"aircraft and artillery,"},{"startTime":1675.92,"endTime":1678.98,"body":"across the border of Nazi occupied Poland"},{"startTime":1678.98,"endTime":1680.783,"body":"on the 22nd of June 1941."},{"startTime":1681.92,"endTime":1684.89,"body":"So convent was Hitler"},{"startTime":1681.92,"endTime":1684.89,"body":"that the entire edifice"},{"startTime":1684.89,"endTime":1687.35,"body":"of the Soviet Society,"},{"startTime":1684.89,"endTime":1687.35,"body":"which he conceived of"},{"startTime":1687.35,"endTime":1691.52,"body":"as a vast mass of ignorance"},{"startTime":1687.35,"endTime":1691.52,"body":"and subhuman peasants"},{"startTime":1691.52,"endTime":1693.684,"body":"ruled by a tiny clique of manipulative,"},{"startTime":1693.684,"endTime":1697.22,"body":"but unpopular Jewish"},{"startTime":1693.684,"endTime":1697.22,"body":"bolsheviks would collapse"},{"startTime":1697.22,"endTime":1699.05,"body":"that he didn't even bother"},{"startTime":1699.05,"endTime":1702.08,"body":"to equip the troops with winter clothes."},{"startTime":1702.08,"endTime":1705.353,"body":"At first, his confidence"},{"startTime":1702.08,"endTime":1705.353,"body":"seemed to be justified."},{"startTime":1707.69,"endTime":1711.593,"body":"Along a thousand mile front,"},{"startTime":1707.69,"endTime":1711.593,"body":"the German and allied armies,"},{"startTime":1712.7,"endTime":1716.72,"body":"Italians, Hungarians and so on, Romanians,"},{"startTime":1716.72,"endTime":1720.71,"body":"advanced at breakneck speed"},{"startTime":1716.72,"endTime":1720.71,"body":"in circling and capturing"},{"startTime":1720.71,"endTime":1724.707,"body":"or killing hundreds of"},{"startTime":1720.71,"endTime":1724.707,"body":"thousands of Red Army soldiers."},{"startTime":1724.707,"endTime":1726.56,"body":"\"Hitler and his generals are euphoric."},{"startTime":1726.56,"endTime":1728.54,"body":"That's really not saying too much.\""},{"startTime":1728.54,"endTime":1731.33,"body":"Franz Halder, the Chief of the"},{"startTime":1728.54,"endTime":1731.33,"body":"German Army Supreme Command,"},{"startTime":1731.33,"endTime":1734.577,"body":"noted in his diary the 3rd of July 1941."},{"startTime":1734.577,"endTime":1737.48,"body":"\"If I claim that the"},{"startTime":1734.577,"endTime":1737.48,"body":"campaign against Russia"},{"startTime":1737.48,"endTime":1740.567,"body":"has been won in 14 days.\""},{"startTime":1741.89,"endTime":1745.073,"body":"But Halder and his"},{"startTime":1741.89,"endTime":1745.073,"body":"master had miscalculated."},{"startTime":1746.09,"endTime":1749.753,"body":"As Ukrainian peasants"},{"startTime":1746.09,"endTime":1749.753,"body":"greeted the invading troops"},{"startTime":1749.753,"endTime":1752.9,"body":"with the traditional welcome"},{"startTime":1749.753,"endTime":1752.9,"body":"offerings of bread and salt,"},{"startTime":1752.9,"endTime":1755.78,"body":"expecting liberation for the"},{"startTime":1752.9,"endTime":1755.78,"body":"horrors of Stalin's rule,"},{"startTime":1755.78,"endTime":1759.14,"body":"they were met with more"},{"startTime":1755.78,"endTime":1759.14,"body":"horrors as the Germans looted"},{"startTime":1759.14,"endTime":1761.09,"body":"and burned their way"},{"startTime":1759.14,"endTime":1761.09,"body":"through the countryside,"},{"startTime":1761.09,"endTime":1764.99,"body":"reduced towns to rubble and met"},{"startTime":1761.09,"endTime":1764.99,"body":"even minor act of resistance"},{"startTime":1764.99,"endTime":1769.99,"body":"with mass executions and the"},{"startTime":1764.99,"endTime":1769.99,"body":"torching of entire villages."},{"startTime":1771.47,"endTime":1773.84,"body":"Hitler's illusions were very similar"},{"startTime":1773.84,"endTime":1775.97,"body":"to Putin's in that respect."},{"startTime":1775.97,"endTime":1780.97,"body":"His German troops in 1941"},{"startTime":1775.97,"endTime":1780.97,"body":"burning a Ukrainian village."},{"startTime":1782.54,"endTime":1785.78,"body":"Thousands and thousands of"},{"startTime":1782.54,"endTime":1785.78,"body":"such scenes were repeated"},{"startTime":1785.78,"endTime":1788.723,"body":"right across the area of conflict."},{"startTime":1789.65,"endTime":1792.5,"body":"And soon heartened by Stalin's abandonment"},{"startTime":1792.5,"endTime":1793.571,"body":"of Bolshevik rhetoric to call on people"},{"startTime":1793.571,"endTime":1797.69,"body":"to fight the Germans"},{"startTime":1793.571,"endTime":1797.69,"body":"in a patriotic spirit,"},{"startTime":1797.69,"endTime":1800.63,"body":"partisan groups were"},{"startTime":1797.69,"endTime":1800.63,"body":"springing up everywhere."},{"startTime":1800.63,"endTime":1803.03,"body":"Stalin's generals"},{"startTime":1800.63,"endTime":1803.03,"body":"mobilized military reserves"},{"startTime":1803.03,"endTime":1804.68,"body":"and brought them to the front."},{"startTime":1804.68,"endTime":1808.077,"body":"By early August, General Halder"},{"startTime":1804.68,"endTime":1808.077,"body":"was confessing in his diary,"},{"startTime":1808.077,"endTime":1812.45,"body":"\"We have underestimated"},{"startTime":1808.077,"endTime":1812.45,"body":"the Russian colossus."},{"startTime":1812.45,"endTime":1814.4,"body":"This, unlike the Germans,"},{"startTime":1814.4,"endTime":1818.18,"body":"seemed to have limitless"},{"startTime":1814.4,"endTime":1818.18,"body":"reserves of men and equipment."},{"startTime":1818.18,"endTime":1821.51,"body":"Reinforcement kept on"},{"startTime":1818.18,"endTime":1821.51,"body":"arriving to take the place"},{"startTime":1821.51,"endTime":1824.75,"body":"on the battle front of"},{"startTime":1821.51,"endTime":1824.75,"body":"the hundreds of thousands"},{"startTime":1824.75,"endTime":1825.583,"body":"captured or killed.\""},{"startTime":1825.583,"endTime":1828.56,"body":"And of course, the behavior"},{"startTime":1825.583,"endTime":1828.56,"body":"of the German occupying forces"},{"startTime":1828.56,"endTime":1833.3,"body":"the army and the SS was so"},{"startTime":1828.56,"endTime":1833.3,"body":"violent and so murderous"},{"startTime":1833.3,"endTime":1838.3,"body":"that Russians civilian and"},{"startTime":1833.3,"endTime":1838.3,"body":"military rallied to the flag"},{"startTime":1839.03,"endTime":1840.8,"body":"'cause they really saw no alternative."},{"startTime":1840.8,"endTime":1844.16,"body":"It's the only way they"},{"startTime":1840.8,"endTime":1844.16,"body":"could think of surviving."},{"startTime":1844.16,"endTime":1845.78,"body":"And worse was to come."},{"startTime":1845.78,"endTime":1847.79,"body":"When the autumn rains arrived,"},{"startTime":1847.79,"endTime":1851.843,"body":"their eyes became bogged"},{"startTime":1847.79,"endTime":1851.843,"body":"down in oceans of mud."},{"startTime":1852.74,"endTime":1857.42,"body":"Soon, the Russian winter"},{"startTime":1852.74,"endTime":1857.42,"body":"was beginning to bite"},{"startTime":1857.42,"endTime":1860.93,"body":"with temperatures plunging"},{"startTime":1857.42,"endTime":1860.93,"body":"to 40 degrees below zero."},{"startTime":1860.93,"endTime":1864.5,"body":"Such as Hitler's over weaning confidence"},{"startTime":1864.5,"endTime":1867.74,"body":"born of the continuing"},{"startTime":1864.5,"endTime":1867.74,"body":"contempt for the Slavs"},{"startTime":1867.74,"endTime":1869.187,"body":"that he ignored all these problems."},{"startTime":1869.187,"endTime":1873.327,"body":"\"Never before,\" he claimed"},{"startTime":1869.187,"endTime":1873.327,"body":"on the 8th of November, 1941,"},{"startTime":1873.327,"endTime":1875.69,"body":"\"has a giant empire been"},{"startTime":1873.327,"endTime":1875.69,"body":"smashed and struck down"},{"startTime":1875.69,"endTime":1877.91,"body":"in a short time than Soviet Russia.\""},{"startTime":1877.91,"endTime":1879.77,"body":"Well he was living in a fantasy world."},{"startTime":1879.77,"endTime":1883.73,"body":"His troops were tired after"},{"startTime":1879.77,"endTime":1883.73,"body":"months of continuing advance,"},{"startTime":1883.73,"endTime":1885.92,"body":"they were illiquid for a winter campaign."},{"startTime":1885.92,"endTime":1888.32,"body":"Their numbers were depleted"},{"startTime":1885.92,"endTime":1888.32,"body":"by continual counter attacks"},{"startTime":1888.32,"endTime":1891.65,"body":"launched by the Red Army, disaster loomed."},{"startTime":1891.65,"endTime":1894.35,"body":"And when the Soviet General Georgy Zhukov,"},{"startTime":1894.35,"endTime":1897.08,"body":"bringing fresh reserves"},{"startTime":1894.35,"endTime":1897.08,"body":"across from the east"},{"startTime":1897.08,"endTime":1899.75,"body":"where the Japanese had turned"},{"startTime":1899.75,"endTime":1902.39,"body":"towards the Pacific away from Russia,"},{"startTime":1902.39,"endTime":1903.8,"body":"launched a counter attack."},{"startTime":1903.8,"endTime":1905.45,"body":"The Germans are forced back."},{"startTime":1905.45,"endTime":1906.8,"body":"In the terrible winter conditions,"},{"startTime":1906.8,"endTime":1910.73,"body":"they began to freeze to death"},{"startTime":1906.8,"endTime":1910.73,"body":"in their thin summer uniforms."},{"startTime":1910.73,"endTime":1913.16,"body":"Hitler's Propaganda"},{"startTime":1910.73,"endTime":1913.16,"body":"Minister Joseph Goebbels,"},{"startTime":1913.16,"endTime":1914.63,"body":"launched a massive campaign"},{"startTime":1914.63,"endTime":1916.94,"body":"to get German civilians back home,"},{"startTime":1916.94,"endTime":1921.14,"body":"to send winter clothing"},{"startTime":1916.94,"endTime":1921.14,"body":"to the beleaguered army."},{"startTime":1921.14,"endTime":1922.14,"body":"But it was too late."},{"startTime":1923.09,"endTime":1925.01,"body":"Under the strain of defeat"},{"startTime":1925.01,"endTime":1927.08,"body":"one senior German general after another"},{"startTime":1927.08,"endTime":1930.83,"body":"suffered a heart attack or a"},{"startTime":1927.08,"endTime":1930.83,"body":"collapse in health and resigned"},{"startTime":1930.83,"endTime":1932.84,"body":"including Halder himself."},{"startTime":1932.84,"endTime":1936.38,"body":"Hitler regarded anything"},{"startTime":1932.84,"endTime":1936.38,"body":"other than uncompromising"},{"startTime":1936.38,"endTime":1938.18,"body":"resistance to the advancing Russians"},{"startTime":1938.18,"endTime":1941.03,"body":"as cowardice in the face of the enemy."},{"startTime":1941.03,"endTime":1943.88,"body":"Any general who ordered"},{"startTime":1941.03,"endTime":1943.88,"body":"a strategic withdrawal"},{"startTime":1943.88,"endTime":1947.03,"body":"in the interest of preserving"},{"startTime":1943.88,"endTime":1947.03,"body":"a life of its troops"},{"startTime":1947.03,"endTime":1949.1,"body":"was met with instant dismissal."},{"startTime":1949.1,"endTime":1950.54,"body":"Furious with his senior officers,"},{"startTime":1950.54,"endTime":1954.11,"body":"Hitler took over as"},{"startTime":1950.54,"endTime":1954.11,"body":"Commander in Chief himself."},{"startTime":1954.11,"endTime":1956.69,"body":"And the following months in 1942"},{"startTime":1956.69,"endTime":1960.02,"body":"saw the German forces advance"},{"startTime":1956.69,"endTime":1960.02,"body":"once more in the east,"},{"startTime":1960.02,"endTime":1961.76,"body":"but it was a full storm."},{"startTime":1961.76,"endTime":1964.37,"body":"The winter of 1942 to 3,"},{"startTime":1964.37,"endTime":1968.24,"body":"the Battle of Stalingrad sealed their fate"},{"startTime":1968.24,"endTime":1971.36,"body":"and inaugurated a period"},{"startTime":1968.24,"endTime":1971.36,"body":"of continuous retreat"},{"startTime":1971.36,"endTime":1975.98,"body":"that ended only in 1945 with"},{"startTime":1971.36,"endTime":1975.98,"body":"the Soviets occupying Berlin"},{"startTime":1975.98,"endTime":1977.513,"body":"and Hitler committing suicide."},{"startTime":1980.42,"endTime":1982.46,"body":"Both Hitler and Putin have been encouraged"},{"startTime":1982.46,"endTime":1984.407,"body":"in their deadly illusions by subordinates"},{"startTime":1984.407,"endTime":1988.28,"body":"who have not uttered a word of"},{"startTime":1984.407,"endTime":1988.28,"body":"criticism of their policies."},{"startTime":1988.28,"endTime":1990.86,"body":"This may well be because of"},{"startTime":1988.28,"endTime":1990.86,"body":"the fear of the consequences"},{"startTime":1990.86,"endTime":1993.17,"body":"of disagreeing with their master."},{"startTime":1993.17,"endTime":1996.41,"body":"Televised meeting a Putin a few months ago"},{"startTime":1996.41,"endTime":1998.66,"body":"with his leading advisors"},{"startTime":1998.66,"endTime":2000.49,"body":"showed him relentlessly bullying them"},{"startTime":2000.49,"endTime":2002.83,"body":"until he got the support he wanted."},{"startTime":2002.83,"endTime":2005.71,"body":"As for Hitler, anyone,"},{"startTime":2002.83,"endTime":2005.71,"body":"especially a leading general"},{"startTime":2005.71,"endTime":2007.51,"body":"who disputed his policy of never giving"},{"startTime":2007.51,"endTime":2009.07,"body":"an interest to the enemy,"},{"startTime":2009.07,"endTime":2011.86,"body":"was likely to find himself"},{"startTime":2009.07,"endTime":2011.86,"body":"cashiered from the army"},{"startTime":2011.86,"endTime":2013.153,"body":"and without a pension."},{"startTime":2014.26,"endTime":2016.63,"body":"But both dictators"},{"startTime":2014.26,"endTime":2016.63,"body":"surrounded themselves also"},{"startTime":2016.63,"endTime":2017.86,"body":"with true believers."},{"startTime":2017.86,"endTime":2021.82,"body":"Men had long since surrendered"},{"startTime":2017.86,"endTime":2021.82,"body":"any independence of judgment"},{"startTime":2021.82,"endTime":2024.01,"body":"and just acted as a kind of echo chamber"},{"startTime":2024.01,"endTime":2025.843,"body":"for their leaders' views."},{"startTime":2027.46,"endTime":2028.293,"body":"Bless you."},{"startTime":2029.41,"endTime":2032.68,"body":"In the cases of both"},{"startTime":2029.41,"endTime":2032.68,"body":"Putin and Hitler ideology,"},{"startTime":2032.68,"endTime":2034.09,"body":"Russian nationalist belief"},{"startTime":2034.09,"endTime":2035.77,"body":"and the essentially Russian character,"},{"startTime":2035.77,"endTime":2037.75,"body":"Ukrainians in the first case,"},{"startTime":2037.75,"endTime":2041.62,"body":"a dogmatic conviction of the superiority"},{"startTime":2041.62,"endTime":2043.87,"body":"of the so-called Aryan race in the second,"},{"startTime":2043.87,"endTime":2045.73,"body":"created an overconfidence"},{"startTime":2045.73,"endTime":2048.25,"body":"that led to humiliating military defeat."},{"startTime":2048.25,"endTime":2050.89,"body":"In both cases, an"},{"startTime":2048.25,"endTime":2050.89,"body":"invasion that was supposed"},{"startTime":2050.89,"endTime":2055.54,"body":"not to meet any serious"},{"startTime":2050.89,"endTime":2055.54,"body":"resistance turned into a disaster."},{"startTime":2055.54,"endTime":2058.36,"body":"In both cases, a dictator acted"},{"startTime":2058.36,"endTime":2060.22,"body":"on ideologically driven assumptions"},{"startTime":2060.22,"endTime":2062.83,"body":"that quickly turned out to be false."},{"startTime":2062.83,"endTime":2066.477,"body":"Both Putin and Hitler began to project"},{"startTime":2068.71,"endTime":2070.66,"body":"their own murderous beliefs"},{"startTime":2070.66,"endTime":2074.41,"body":"on to those they imagined"},{"startTime":2070.66,"endTime":2074.41,"body":"to be their enemies."},{"startTime":2074.41,"endTime":2077.503,"body":"Hitler and Goebbels"},{"startTime":2074.41,"endTime":2077.503,"body":"justified the Holocaust,"},{"startTime":2077.503,"endTime":2081.31,"body":"the mass murderer of 6 million Jews"},{"startTime":2081.31,"endTime":2084.46,"body":"by repeatedly claiming that"},{"startTime":2081.31,"endTime":2084.46,"body":"the Jews in their turn,"},{"startTime":2084.46,"endTime":2087.133,"body":"were aiming to exterminate"},{"startTime":2084.46,"endTime":2087.133,"body":"the German race."},{"startTime":2088.45,"endTime":2092.29,"body":"While Putin and his"},{"startTime":2088.45,"endTime":2092.29,"body":"subordinates have justified"},{"startTime":2092.29,"endTime":2094.72,"body":"their assault on Ukraine"},{"startTime":2092.29,"endTime":2094.72,"body":"by repeatedly claiming"},{"startTime":2094.72,"endTime":2098.08,"body":"that the so-called Nazis"},{"startTime":2094.72,"endTime":2098.08,"body":"in the country's leadership"},{"startTime":2098.08,"endTime":2100.09,"body":"were aiming to exterminate the Russians"},{"startTime":2100.09,"endTime":2102.163,"body":"in the Donbass region in the east."},{"startTime":2104.89,"endTime":2107.533,"body":"But there, the resemblance ends."},{"startTime":2111.28,"endTime":2114.28,"body":"The judgment of speeches"},{"startTime":2111.28,"endTime":2114.28,"body":"over the past few years,"},{"startTime":2114.28,"endTime":2119.28,"body":"Putin who said he regards the"},{"startTime":2114.28,"endTime":2119.28,"body":"collapse of the Soviet Union"},{"startTime":2119.35,"endTime":2122.443,"body":"the beginning of the 1990s"},{"startTime":2119.35,"endTime":2122.443,"body":"as a national catastrophe,"},{"startTime":2123.88,"endTime":2127.46,"body":"Wants to recreate the"},{"startTime":2123.88,"endTime":2127.46,"body":"Russia of his early years"},{"startTime":2129.52,"endTime":2134.52,"body":"and reabsorb into it neighboring states"},{"startTime":2134.86,"endTime":2139.057,"body":"that he believes have no right"},{"startTime":2134.86,"endTime":2139.057,"body":"to an independent existence."},{"startTime":2140.38,"endTime":2145.38,"body":"As a particularly grown"},{"startTime":2140.38,"endTime":2145.38,"body":"inducing pun there,"},{"startTime":2145.81,"endTime":2150.81,"body":"but that's kind of express"},{"startTime":2145.81,"endTime":2150.81,"body":"what he thinks that he's doing."},{"startTime":2154.21,"endTime":2157.6,"body":"He's evidently prepared to use any means"},{"startTime":2157.6,"endTime":2160.42,"body":"he considers necessary"},{"startTime":2157.6,"endTime":2160.42,"body":"to achieve its goal."},{"startTime":2160.42,"endTime":2163.03,"body":"Now, at the moment, at"},{"startTime":2160.42,"endTime":2163.03,"body":"least the conflict as such"},{"startTime":2163.03,"endTime":2165.28,"body":"seems confined to one part of Europe."},{"startTime":2165.28,"endTime":2166.87,"body":"The aims of invasion limited,"},{"startTime":2166.87,"endTime":2169.78,"body":"even shrinking as Putin's abandon the idea"},{"startTime":2169.78,"endTime":2171.67,"body":"of regime change in Ukraine"},{"startTime":2171.67,"endTime":2175.064,"body":"and is opting for the division"},{"startTime":2171.67,"endTime":2175.064,"body":"of the country instead."},{"startTime":2175.064,"endTime":2176.71,"body":"And as the breadths and depths"},{"startTime":2176.71,"endTime":2179.71,"body":"of Ukrainian national"},{"startTime":2176.71,"endTime":2179.71,"body":"consciousness have become clear,"},{"startTime":2179.71,"endTime":2182.83,"body":"Putin and his troops"},{"startTime":2179.71,"endTime":2182.83,"body":"seem to become convinced"},{"startTime":2182.83,"endTime":2185.74,"body":"that the Nazis they claim to be fighting"},{"startTime":2185.74,"endTime":2187.63,"body":"are not just a entirely clique,"},{"startTime":2187.63,"endTime":2189.7,"body":"but virtually the whole people."},{"startTime":2189.7,"endTime":2192.2,"body":"Hence their the violence"},{"startTime":2193.09,"endTime":2198.09,"body":"of their treatment of"},{"startTime":2193.09,"endTime":2198.09,"body":"Ukrainians in occupied areas,"},{"startTime":2199.15,"endTime":2202.51,"body":"the hatred that is evident in so much"},{"startTime":2202.51,"endTime":2203.86,"body":"of what they've been doing."},{"startTime":2205.6,"endTime":2210.46,"body":"Still the mass murder"},{"startTime":2205.6,"endTime":2210.46,"body":"of civilians in Ukraine"},{"startTime":2210.46,"endTime":2214.0,"body":"seems to be a product"},{"startTime":2210.46,"endTime":2214.0,"body":"of defeat and retreat."},{"startTime":2214.0,"endTime":2215.5,"body":"It was not planned in advance."},{"startTime":2215.5,"endTime":2217.84,"body":"Unlike the mass murder of Ukrainians"},{"startTime":2217.84,"endTime":2221.653,"body":"and other Slavs by the invading"},{"startTime":2217.84,"endTime":2221.653,"body":"Germans in World War II."},{"startTime":2224.17,"endTime":2225.94,"body":"More importantly, perhaps Hitler's aims"},{"startTime":2225.94,"endTime":2227.26,"body":"in contrast to Putin's,"},{"startTime":2227.26,"endTime":2229.693,"body":"were not confined to one corner of Europe."},{"startTime":2230.71,"endTime":2233.29,"body":"He was never interested"},{"startTime":2230.71,"endTime":2233.29,"body":"in merely reversing"},{"startTime":2233.29,"endTime":2235.72,"body":"the territorial settlement achieved"},{"startTime":2235.72,"endTime":2238.63,"body":"by the treat of Versailles"},{"startTime":2235.72,"endTime":2238.63,"body":"at the end of World War I,"},{"startTime":2238.63,"endTime":2240.34,"body":"not interested just in establishing"},{"startTime":2240.34,"endTime":2243.31,"body":"German hegemony over the"},{"startTime":2240.34,"endTime":2243.31,"body":"rest of the continent."},{"startTime":2243.31,"endTime":2246.91,"body":"His aim, as he suggested"},{"startTime":2243.31,"endTime":2246.91,"body":"in this famous scene,"},{"startTime":2246.91,"endTime":2250.73,"body":"from Chaplain's film, \"The"},{"startTime":2246.91,"endTime":2250.73,"body":"Great Dictator\" released in 1940"},{"startTime":2252.01,"endTime":2255.283,"body":"suggests the kind of global"},{"startTime":2252.01,"endTime":2255.283,"body":"reach of his ambition."},{"startTime":2256.63,"endTime":2259.48,"body":"Addressing his followers"},{"startTime":2256.63,"endTime":2259.48,"body":"on the 5th November, 1930,"},{"startTime":2259.48,"endTime":2263.14,"body":"before he came to power in"},{"startTime":2259.48,"endTime":2263.14,"body":"the Rhinish town of Manheim"},{"startTime":2263.14,"endTime":2266.95,"body":"after his success in"},{"startTime":2263.14,"endTime":2266.95,"body":"September's national elections,"},{"startTime":2266.95,"endTime":2268.55,"body":"which really brought the Nazis"},{"startTime":2269.903,"endTime":2273.4,"body":"onto the political stage in Germany."},{"startTime":2273.4,"endTime":2275.5,"body":"Hitler lamented the fact"},{"startTime":2273.4,"endTime":2275.5,"body":"that in the so-called"},{"startTime":2275.5,"endTime":2278.53,"body":"Scramble for Africa in the 1880s,"},{"startTime":2278.53,"endTime":2281.74,"body":"Britain and France had"},{"startTime":2278.53,"endTime":2281.74,"body":"snapped up the lion's share,"},{"startTime":2281.74,"endTime":2282.913,"body":"leaving only the,"},{"startTime":2288.303,"endTime":2289.136,"body":"wait a minute."},{"startTime":2289.136,"endTime":2290.53,"body":"Sorry, I'm going the wrong way here."},{"startTime":2292.15,"endTime":2292.983,"body":"That's better."},{"startTime":2293.98,"endTime":2294.813,"body":"Yeah."},{"startTime":2294.813,"endTime":2297.88,"body":"Leaving only the leftovers as it were"},{"startTime":2297.88,"endTime":2302.38,"body":"to the newly minted German"},{"startTime":2297.88,"endTime":2302.38,"body":"empire founded in 1871."},{"startTime":2302.38,"endTime":2304.367,"body":"Here's what Hitler said in 1930,"},{"startTime":2304.367,"endTime":2306.37,"body":"\"No people had more right"},{"startTime":2306.37,"endTime":2308.92,"body":"to the concept of ruling the world\""},{"startTime":2308.92,"endTime":2311.267,"body":"Weltherrschaft, the German expression,"},{"startTime":2311.267,"endTime":2313.15,"body":"\"than the German people."},{"startTime":2313.15,"endTime":2315.85,"body":"We would've had this right"},{"startTime":2313.15,"endTime":2315.85,"body":"and no other nation.\""},{"startTime":2315.85,"endTime":2317.293,"body":"Stormy applause."},{"startTime":2318.347,"endTime":2321.91,"body":"\"Not England, not Spain, not Holland,"},{"startTime":2321.91,"endTime":2326.59,"body":"no other nation\" he said,"},{"startTime":2321.91,"endTime":2326.59,"body":"\"could have had an inborn right"},{"startTime":2326.59,"endTime":2329.95,"body":"on the basis of its energy and competence"},{"startTime":2329.95,"endTime":2332.38,"body":"and also its numerical strength"},{"startTime":2332.38,"endTime":2335.323,"body":"to claim the domination of the world."},{"startTime":2336.25,"endTime":2339.04,"body":"In the first division of the world,"},{"startTime":2339.04,"endTime":2342.58,"body":"dividing up of the world, we fell short."},{"startTime":2342.58,"endTime":2344.717,"body":"But we stand now,\" he says in 1930,"},{"startTime":2344.717,"endTime":2349.637,"body":"\"at the beginning of a new"},{"startTime":2344.717,"endTime":2349.637,"body":"great shake up of this world.\""},{"startTime":2349.637,"endTime":2351.167,"body":"\"Today,\" he says in 1930,"},{"startTime":2351.167,"endTime":2353.23,"body":"\"some people claim we're"},{"startTime":2351.167,"endTime":2353.23,"body":"entering an urgent peace."},{"startTime":2353.23,"endTime":2355.24,"body":"But I have to say to them, 'Gentlemen,"},{"startTime":2355.24,"endTime":2358.72,"body":"you have a poor understanding"},{"startTime":2355.24,"endTime":2358.72,"body":"of the horoscope of our times,"},{"startTime":2358.72,"endTime":2363.51,"body":"which points us never before,"},{"startTime":2358.72,"endTime":2363.51,"body":"not to peace but to war.'\""},{"startTime":2366.49,"endTime":2368.68,"body":"So here's Hitler, talking"},{"startTime":2366.49,"endTime":2368.68,"body":"to his supporters,"},{"startTime":2368.68,"endTime":2371.44,"body":"revealing the global"},{"startTime":2368.68,"endTime":2371.44,"body":"scale of his ambitions"},{"startTime":2371.44,"endTime":2373.233,"body":"three years before he came to power."},{"startTime":2377.65,"endTime":2379.84,"body":"For him, the invasion that Soviet Union"},{"startTime":2379.84,"endTime":2382.49,"body":"was only a step in the"},{"startTime":2379.84,"endTime":2382.49,"body":"direction of world domination."},{"startTime":2383.74,"endTime":2385.96,"body":"As its vast resources would form the basis"},{"startTime":2385.96,"endTime":2389.65,"body":"of even further invasions,"},{"startTime":2385.96,"endTime":2389.65,"body":"including ultimately as he hinted"},{"startTime":2389.65,"endTime":2391.807,"body":"in his unpublished sequel to \"Mein Kampf\""},{"startTime":2391.807,"endTime":2393.88,"body":"for so-called second book."},{"startTime":2393.88,"endTime":2396.55,"body":"The United States, perpetual war,"},{"startTime":2396.55,"endTime":2399.82,"body":"war Without limit of time"},{"startTime":2396.55,"endTime":2399.82,"body":"or space was, he believed,"},{"startTime":2399.82,"endTime":2401.62,"body":"the only way for the Germans or Aryan"},{"startTime":2401.62,"endTime":2404.98,"body":"to use his terminology to"},{"startTime":2401.62,"endTime":2404.98,"body":"succeed in the struggle"},{"startTime":2404.98,"endTime":2409.81,"body":"for existence between races for"},{"startTime":2404.98,"endTime":2409.81,"body":"the survival of the fittest."},{"startTime":2409.81,"endTime":2413.173,"body":"his warped version of Darwinian ideology."},{"startTime":2415.39,"endTime":2418.57,"body":"It's hard to believe that"},{"startTime":2415.39,"endTime":2418.57,"body":"sheer scale of his ambition"},{"startTime":2418.57,"endTime":2423.57,"body":"and the sheer insanity of it,"},{"startTime":2418.57,"endTime":2423.57,"body":"based on a racial ideology,"},{"startTime":2425.95,"endTime":2428.23,"body":"a racist ideology that saw the Germans"},{"startTime":2428.23,"endTime":2430.273,"body":"as vastly superior to all others."},{"startTime":2431.11,"endTime":2433.6,"body":"Putin aims are far more limited."},{"startTime":2433.6,"endTime":2436.42,"body":"He's driven by a committed"},{"startTime":2433.6,"endTime":2436.42,"body":"and misdirected nationalism"},{"startTime":2436.42,"endTime":2439.33,"body":"that wants to reverse the"},{"startTime":2436.42,"endTime":2439.33,"body":"territorial settlement"},{"startTime":2439.33,"endTime":2442.39,"body":"of the early 90s and reestablish Russia"},{"startTime":2442.39,"endTime":2445.55,"body":"as he sees it in the"},{"startTime":2442.39,"endTime":2445.55,"body":"ranks of the great powers."},{"startTime":2445.55,"endTime":2448.81,"body":"His views are based on a"},{"startTime":2445.55,"endTime":2448.81,"body":"bizarrely twisted view of history"},{"startTime":2448.81,"endTime":2452.413,"body":"that sees anyone who tries"},{"startTime":2448.81,"endTime":2452.413,"body":"to frustrate them as an Nazi,"},{"startTime":2454.45,"endTime":2458.14,"body":"to be killed just as the Nazis were"},{"startTime":2458.14,"endTime":2461.17,"body":"by the Red Army in the Second World War."},{"startTime":2461.17,"endTime":2465.68,"body":"Both Hitler and Putin are"},{"startTime":2461.17,"endTime":2465.68,"body":"consumed by a deeply held ideology"},{"startTime":2466.78,"endTime":2469.783,"body":"rooted in false memories of World War."},{"startTime":2470.98,"endTime":2475.15,"body":"Hitler believed that the German nation"},{"startTime":2475.15,"endTime":2477.88,"body":"had been betrayed by socialists and Jews"},{"startTime":2477.88,"endTime":2481.36,"body":"who stabbed the army in the"},{"startTime":2477.88,"endTime":2481.36,"body":"back in the first World War."},{"startTime":2481.36,"endTime":2484.84,"body":"And of course, actually Germany"},{"startTime":2481.36,"endTime":2484.84,"body":"was defeated fair and square"},{"startTime":2484.84,"endTime":2488.713,"body":"on the battlefield in both the"},{"startTime":2484.84,"endTime":2488.713,"body":"west and the eastern in 1918."},{"startTime":2490.87,"endTime":2493.54,"body":"Hitler was committed from the outset"},{"startTime":2493.54,"endTime":2494.8,"body":"to reversing that defeat"},{"startTime":2494.8,"endTime":2498.07,"body":"and resuming Germany's"},{"startTime":2494.8,"endTime":2498.07,"body":"grasp for world power,"},{"startTime":2498.07,"endTime":2500.23,"body":"though on a far larger scale than before."},{"startTime":2500.23,"endTime":2503.14,"body":"And eliminating the Jewish"},{"startTime":2500.23,"endTime":2503.14,"body":"world enemy, as he called it,"},{"startTime":2503.14,"endTime":2506.653,"body":"was an essential precondition of success."},{"startTime":2507.82,"endTime":2510.25,"body":"Putin believes that the Russian nation"},{"startTime":2510.25,"endTime":2512.32,"body":"was betrayed by leaders who weekly"},{"startTime":2512.32,"endTime":2516.76,"body":"abandoned integrity of"},{"startTime":2512.32,"endTime":2516.76,"body":"the country after 1917"},{"startTime":2516.76,"endTime":2519.01,"body":"and again after 1989."},{"startTime":2519.01,"endTime":2522.55,"body":"He too is committed to"},{"startTime":2519.01,"endTime":2522.55,"body":"reversing what he believes"},{"startTime":2522.55,"endTime":2525.103,"body":"to be historic defeats."},{"startTime":2526.12,"endTime":2530.47,"body":"Genocide was the result"},{"startTime":2526.12,"endTime":2530.47,"body":"of both sets of beliefs."},{"startTime":2530.47,"endTime":2533.8,"body":"The fact that Hitler's is"},{"startTime":2530.47,"endTime":2533.8,"body":"planned and Putin's is not,"},{"startTime":2533.8,"endTime":2535.69,"body":"doesn't take away any of the horror"},{"startTime":2535.69,"endTime":2538.453,"body":"that's happening on the"},{"startTime":2535.69,"endTime":2538.453,"body":"ground in Ukraine today."},{"startTime":2541.12,"endTime":2543.87,"body":"What has the worst response"},{"startTime":2541.12,"endTime":2543.87,"body":"been and what should it be?"},{"startTime":2545.59,"endTime":2547.813,"body":"Since the fall of communism in 1990,"},{"startTime":2550.15,"endTime":2553.36,"body":"NATO, the North Atlantic"},{"startTime":2550.15,"endTime":2553.36,"body":"Treaty Organization,"},{"startTime":2553.36,"endTime":2557.29,"body":"a military defensive alliance"},{"startTime":2553.36,"endTime":2557.29,"body":"dominated by the USA,"},{"startTime":2557.29,"endTime":2559.75,"body":"has steadily expanded eastwards."},{"startTime":2559.75,"endTime":2562.57,"body":"And the first obvious result"},{"startTime":2559.75,"endTime":2562.57,"body":"of Putin's invasion of Ukraine"},{"startTime":2562.57,"endTime":2564.55,"body":"is that it's in the process,"},{"startTime":2564.55,"endTime":2566.95,"body":"NATO's in the process of"},{"startTime":2564.55,"endTime":2566.95,"body":"acquiring more members."},{"startTime":2569.59,"endTime":2571.33,"body":"The more aggressive Russia has grown,"},{"startTime":2571.33,"endTime":2574.183,"body":"the more necessary"},{"startTime":2571.33,"endTime":2574.183,"body":"membership in has become."},{"startTime":2575.65,"endTime":2577.66,"body":"It's Russia that's"},{"startTime":2575.65,"endTime":2577.66,"body":"provoking a response here,"},{"startTime":2577.66,"endTime":2580.0,"body":"not as some have claimed,"},{"startTime":2577.66,"endTime":2580.0,"body":"the other way around."},{"startTime":2580.0,"endTime":2582.13,"body":"There's no credence at all in the view"},{"startTime":2582.13,"endTime":2584.86,"body":"put forward by Russian propagandists"},{"startTime":2584.86,"endTime":2587.38,"body":"that the invasion of Ukraine is a response"},{"startTime":2587.38,"endTime":2589.273,"body":"to the Eastwood expansion of NATO."},{"startTime":2591.49,"endTime":2596.49,"body":"Secondly, NATO the EU,"},{"startTime":2591.49,"endTime":2596.49,"body":"the USA and their allies"},{"startTime":2596.65,"endTime":2599.74,"body":"have responded by placing"},{"startTime":2596.65,"endTime":2599.74,"body":"embargo and sanctions"},{"startTime":2599.74,"endTime":2604.74,"body":"on the Russian economy and"},{"startTime":2599.74,"endTime":2604.74,"body":"especially on Russian exports."},{"startTime":2606.73,"endTime":2610.18,"body":"Since it include many of the"},{"startTime":2606.73,"endTime":2610.18,"body":"world's leading economies,"},{"startTime":2610.18,"endTime":2611.8,"body":"it's obviously having a serious effect"},{"startTime":2611.8,"endTime":2613.063,"body":"on the Russian economy,"},{"startTime":2614.02,"endTime":2617.74,"body":"but that won't be enough"},{"startTime":2614.02,"endTime":2617.74,"body":"to cause a general uprising"},{"startTime":2617.74,"endTime":2619.36,"body":"against Putin and Russia."},{"startTime":2619.36,"endTime":2622.273,"body":"Sanctions seldom have"},{"startTime":2619.36,"endTime":2622.273,"body":"such a dramatic effect."},{"startTime":2624.25,"endTime":2627.58,"body":"More serious for Putin and his regime"},{"startTime":2627.58,"endTime":2632.557,"body":"is the defeat that his forces"},{"startTime":2627.58,"endTime":2632.557,"body":"have encountered in Ukraine"},{"startTime":2634.627,"endTime":2636.703,"body":"and Eastern eras of Ukraine."},{"startTime":2638.08,"endTime":2639.79,"body":"It's also important to note"},{"startTime":2639.79,"endTime":2642.82,"body":"that many countries in"},{"startTime":2639.79,"endTime":2642.82,"body":"the world support Russia,"},{"startTime":2642.82,"endTime":2645.1,"body":"or at least are neutral,"},{"startTime":2645.1,"endTime":2648.153,"body":"don't support the West,"},{"startTime":2645.1,"endTime":2648.153,"body":"like China and India,"},{"startTime":2648.153,"endTime":2651.553,"body":"two largest countries in the"},{"startTime":2648.153,"endTime":2651.553,"body":"world in terms of population."},{"startTime":2652.48,"endTime":2654.97,"body":"Although that there are signs"},{"startTime":2652.48,"endTime":2654.97,"body":"now that these countries"},{"startTime":2654.97,"endTime":2658.75,"body":"are beginning to become"},{"startTime":2654.97,"endTime":2658.75,"body":"impatient with Putin"},{"startTime":2658.75,"endTime":2661.9,"body":"and realize that his aims"},{"startTime":2658.75,"endTime":2661.9,"body":"are not going to be achieved,"},{"startTime":2661.9,"endTime":2664.18,"body":"at least not in the short term."},{"startTime":2664.18,"endTime":2665.41,"body":"There's a particular problem"},{"startTime":2665.41,"endTime":2667.15,"body":"with Europe's supplies of natural gas,"},{"startTime":2667.15,"endTime":2670.933,"body":"which depend heavily on Russia,"},{"startTime":2671.89,"endTime":2676.03,"body":"particularly of course in Germany."},{"startTime":2676.03,"endTime":2677.89,"body":"But there are other pipelines"},{"startTime":2677.89,"endTime":2681.613,"body":"that you've sketched on this"},{"startTime":2677.89,"endTime":2681.613,"body":"map that are also significant."},{"startTime":2682.81,"endTime":2684.76,"body":"It'll take some time for this dependency"},{"startTime":2684.76,"endTime":2687.97,"body":"to be reduced, giving"},{"startTime":2684.76,"endTime":2687.97,"body":"Putin a significant lever"},{"startTime":2687.97,"endTime":2691.24,"body":"over European policy,"},{"startTime":2687.97,"endTime":2691.24,"body":"especially, whereas in Germany"},{"startTime":2691.24,"endTime":2694.96,"body":"or in more southerly states,"},{"startTime":2694.96,"endTime":2696.883,"body":"the dependency is particularly strong."},{"startTime":2699.19,"endTime":2700.45,"body":"Finally, as I've already said,"},{"startTime":2700.45,"endTime":2702.16,"body":"Ukrainian defense against Russia"},{"startTime":2702.16,"endTime":2705.703,"body":"is heavily dependent on"},{"startTime":2702.16,"endTime":2705.703,"body":"Western arms supplies."},{"startTime":2706.57,"endTime":2709.84,"body":"These have become ever"},{"startTime":2706.57,"endTime":2709.84,"body":"more vital over time"},{"startTime":2709.84,"endTime":2713.89,"body":"as a counterbalance to Russia's"},{"startTime":2709.84,"endTime":2713.89,"body":"often obsolete equipment,"},{"startTime":2713.89,"endTime":2718.573,"body":"but enormous superiority in manpower."},{"startTime":2719.89,"endTime":2723.749,"body":"In this way the conflict has escalated"},{"startTime":2723.749,"endTime":2727.39,"body":"though stopped short so far"},{"startTime":2723.749,"endTime":2727.39,"body":"of involving nuclear weapons,"},{"startTime":2727.39,"endTime":2729.193,"body":"even so-called tactical ones."},{"startTime":2730.57,"endTime":2733.27,"body":"And of course to cross that threshold"},{"startTime":2733.27,"endTime":2736.27,"body":"would be a really serious escalation"},{"startTime":2736.27,"endTime":2738.523,"body":"with incalculable consequences."},{"startTime":2739.36,"endTime":2742.63,"body":"The system of international"},{"startTime":2739.36,"endTime":2742.63,"body":"great power relations"},{"startTime":2742.63,"endTime":2745.46,"body":"based on mutual nuclear"},{"startTime":2742.63,"endTime":2745.46,"body":"deterrents since 1945"},{"startTime":2747.4,"endTime":2748.753,"body":"has so far held."},{"startTime":2749.68,"endTime":2752.02,"body":"On the other hand, there's no doubt"},{"startTime":2752.02,"endTime":2756.76,"body":"that we've now entered a"},{"startTime":2752.02,"endTime":2756.76,"body":"kind of second Cold War"},{"startTime":2756.76,"endTime":2761.11,"body":"with Russia and to a"},{"startTime":2756.76,"endTime":2761.11,"body":"considerable extent also China"},{"startTime":2761.11,"endTime":2762.97,"body":"pitted against the West."},{"startTime":2762.97,"endTime":2766.48,"body":"And these are dangerous times indeed."},{"startTime":2766.48,"endTime":2767.996,"body":"Thank you very much."},{"startTime":2767.996,"endTime":2771.163,"body":"(audience applauding)"},{"startTime":2772.3,"endTime":2775.374,"body":"- There are quite a few about"},{"startTime":2772.3,"endTime":2775.374,"body":"looking at the differences"},{"startTime":2775.374,"endTime":2780.1,"body":"in attitude between Putin and Hitler."},{"startTime":2780.1,"endTime":2783.58,"body":"And I'll try and put a"},{"startTime":2780.1,"endTime":2783.58,"body":"couple of them together."},{"startTime":2783.58,"endTime":2787.21,"body":"First of all, how do you"},{"startTime":2783.58,"endTime":2787.21,"body":"think they have reacted"},{"startTime":2787.21,"endTime":2789.823,"body":"or would react or do react to failure,"},{"startTime":2793.51,"endTime":2797.08,"body":"created failure several times"},{"startTime":2793.51,"endTime":2797.08,"body":"during the Second World War"},{"startTime":2797.08,"endTime":2800.65,"body":"and now Putin and the invasion of,"},{"startTime":2800.65,"endTime":2802.9,"body":"- Yes, that's a, excuse me,"},{"startTime":2802.9,"endTime":2804.97,"body":"a very, very interesting question."},{"startTime":2804.97,"endTime":2809.97,"body":"How do Putin and Hitler comparing"},{"startTime":2804.97,"endTime":2809.97,"body":"the two, react to failure?"},{"startTime":2810.43,"endTime":2813.67,"body":"Hitler essentially refuse"},{"startTime":2810.43,"endTime":2813.67,"body":"to recognize failure"},{"startTime":2813.67,"endTime":2815.675,"body":"until just the last few months."},{"startTime":2815.675,"endTime":2820.09,"body":"And so, his last throw was the"},{"startTime":2815.675,"endTime":2820.09,"body":"so-called Battle of the Bulge"},{"startTime":2820.09,"endTime":2823.78,"body":"when he gathered his forces to combat"},{"startTime":2823.78,"endTime":2826.93,"body":"the American, British, Canadian and so on,"},{"startTime":2826.93,"endTime":2829.63,"body":"the allies invasion of Western Europe."},{"startTime":2829.63,"endTime":2831.46,"body":"And there was a bulge in their line."},{"startTime":2831.46,"endTime":2834.88,"body":"And he tried to snap that"},{"startTime":2831.46,"endTime":2834.88,"body":"off and completely failed."},{"startTime":2834.88,"endTime":2836.96,"body":"He had a kind of breakdown after that"},{"startTime":2837.953,"endTime":2841.36,"body":"and and basically said it's all finished."},{"startTime":2841.36,"endTime":2844.12,"body":"He recovered his nerve to some extent"},{"startTime":2844.12,"endTime":2849.12,"body":"and was always hoping to be"},{"startTime":2844.12,"endTime":2849.12,"body":"rescued by some new development,"},{"startTime":2849.91,"endTime":2851.91,"body":"whether it was so-called wonder weapons,"},{"startTime":2852.828,"endTime":2856.6,"body":"miracle weapons, you know, the V2 rocket"},{"startTime":2856.6,"endTime":2858.28,"body":"or that kind of thing,"},{"startTime":2858.28,"endTime":2861.94,"body":"or whether it was by"},{"startTime":2858.28,"endTime":2861.94,"body":"the death of Roosevelt's"},{"startTime":2861.94,"endTime":2863.53,"body":"shortly before the end of the war,"},{"startTime":2863.53,"endTime":2867.463,"body":"which again grasped that"},{"startTime":2863.53,"endTime":2867.463,"body":"is a kind of last straw."},{"startTime":2868.48,"endTime":2872.41,"body":"Putin is not defeated in"},{"startTime":2868.48,"endTime":2872.41,"body":"the sense that Hitler was."},{"startTime":2872.41,"endTime":2874.75,"body":"I mean his regime is still intact."},{"startTime":2874.75,"endTime":2876.493,"body":"Russia has not been invaded."},{"startTime":2877.87,"endTime":2879.13,"body":"It's the op opposite."},{"startTime":2879.13,"endTime":2881.65,"body":"So he's able much more than Hitler was"},{"startTime":2881.65,"endTime":2885.58,"body":"to paper over defeat and to say,"},{"startTime":2885.58,"endTime":2886.81,"body":"well, we're not being defeated."},{"startTime":2886.81,"endTime":2888.19,"body":"This is all going according to plan,"},{"startTime":2888.19,"endTime":2890.77,"body":"even though we know that's not true."},{"startTime":2890.77,"endTime":2892.9,"body":"So it's a quite different kind of defeat,"},{"startTime":2892.9,"endTime":2894.25,"body":"I think in that sense."},{"startTime":2894.25,"endTime":2896.653,"body":"Hitler's is far more final and extreme."},{"startTime":2897.73,"endTime":2900.16,"body":"And propaganda, of"},{"startTime":2897.73,"endTime":2900.16,"body":"course, neither of them,"},{"startTime":2900.16,"endTime":2902.5,"body":"public propaganda could afford to admit"},{"startTime":2902.5,"endTime":2904.093,"body":"that they were being defeated."},{"startTime":2906.28,"endTime":2908.53,"body":"- Hitler, from your description,"},{"startTime":2908.53,"endTime":2912.19,"body":"demonstrates almost nationalistic further,"},{"startTime":2912.19,"endTime":2915.313,"body":"this racial purity belief."},{"startTime":2916.78,"endTime":2920.59,"body":"Russia in the form of"},{"startTime":2916.78,"endTime":2920.59,"body":"Putin's leadership looks"},{"startTime":2920.59,"endTime":2923.71,"body":"at least in some ways to be supporting"},{"startTime":2923.71,"endTime":2927.64,"body":"an oligarch criminal based society."},{"startTime":2927.64,"endTime":2930.94,"body":"Do you think there's a"},{"startTime":2927.64,"endTime":2930.94,"body":"difference between nationalism,"},{"startTime":2930.94,"endTime":2932.86,"body":"racial purity on the one side"},{"startTime":2932.86,"endTime":2937.63,"body":"and supporting this oligarch"},{"startTime":2932.86,"endTime":2937.63,"body":"criminal financial leadership,"},{"startTime":2937.63,"endTime":2940.87,"body":"which is there in Russia at the moment?"},{"startTime":2940.87,"endTime":2942.43,"body":"- Yeah, less than you might think."},{"startTime":2942.43,"endTime":2946.54,"body":"So, Hitler wasn't really a nationalist,"},{"startTime":2946.54,"endTime":2948.13,"body":"the only conventional sense."},{"startTime":2948.13,"endTime":2949.81,"body":"He was racist."},{"startTime":2949.81,"endTime":2951.97,"body":"He believed in the so-called Aryan race"},{"startTime":2951.97,"endTime":2956.41,"body":"and he was generous enough"},{"startTime":2951.97,"endTime":2956.41,"body":"to extend that categorization"},{"startTime":2956.41,"endTime":2960.13,"body":"to Scandinavians, for"},{"startTime":2956.41,"endTime":2960.13,"body":"example, or some of the Dutch."},{"startTime":2960.13,"endTime":2963.313,"body":"His vision was essentially racist."},{"startTime":2964.459,"endTime":2969.459,"body":"And Putin's vision as is"},{"startTime":2964.459,"endTime":2969.459,"body":"more nationalist in fact."},{"startTime":2970.36,"endTime":2973.689,"body":"It's, more Russian nationalism"},{"startTime":2973.689,"endTime":2978.04,"body":"that it accounts to some degree"},{"startTime":2978.04,"endTime":2981.398,"body":"why Hitler was so much"},{"startTime":2978.04,"endTime":2981.398,"body":"more radical than Putin"},{"startTime":2981.398,"endTime":2983.5,"body":"in his treatment of other races."},{"startTime":2983.5,"endTime":2985.54,"body":"He really did see world history"},{"startTime":2985.54,"endTime":2988.33,"body":"in terms of struggle between races."},{"startTime":2988.33,"endTime":2993.33,"body":"And he also believed, as"},{"startTime":2988.33,"endTime":2993.33,"body":"I said, in war, conflict,"},{"startTime":2997.0,"endTime":3001.143,"body":"as the kind of motor of"},{"startTime":2997.0,"endTime":3001.143,"body":"toughing up, a race, his own."},{"startTime":3003.0,"endTime":3005.73,"body":"So that, in the longer term"},{"startTime":3003.0,"endTime":3005.73,"body":"he was not going to see"},{"startTime":3005.73,"endTime":3007.443,"body":"any end to conflict at all."},{"startTime":3008.61,"endTime":3011.37,"body":"War was going to be"},{"startTime":3008.61,"endTime":3011.37,"body":"perpetual and universal."},{"startTime":3011.37,"endTime":3015.45,"body":"As I said, Putin is much more limited"},{"startTime":3015.45,"endTime":3018.69,"body":"in his vision for Russia and its future."},{"startTime":3018.69,"endTime":3021.15,"body":"What he doesn't like is to see criticism"},{"startTime":3021.15,"endTime":3022.23,"body":"of Russia and the Russians."},{"startTime":3022.23,"endTime":3024.603,"body":"And that's why rather"},{"startTime":3022.23,"endTime":3024.603,"body":"stranger to us, I think,"},{"startTime":3026.421,"endTime":3029.55,"body":"he's managed to kind of praise Stalin"},{"startTime":3029.55,"endTime":3031.571,"body":"as well as these Czars."},{"startTime":3031.571,"endTime":3035.31,"body":"They're all part of the"},{"startTime":3031.571,"endTime":3035.31,"body":"great Russian tradition,"},{"startTime":3035.31,"endTime":3037.023,"body":"all part of Russian identity."},{"startTime":3038.64,"endTime":3041.52,"body":"- And do you think, I should"},{"startTime":3038.64,"endTime":3041.52,"body":"always ask a historian"},{"startTime":3041.52,"endTime":3042.72,"body":"about the future, shouldn't you?"},{"startTime":3042.72,"endTime":3047.64,"body":"So, can you feel you can"},{"startTime":3042.72,"endTime":3047.64,"body":"predict an end game here?"},{"startTime":3047.64,"endTime":3050.251,"body":"Are we going to see the iron"},{"startTime":3047.64,"endTime":3050.251,"body":"curtain and fall down again"},{"startTime":3050.251,"endTime":3053.94,"body":"as the war delineates itself"},{"startTime":3053.94,"endTime":3055.8,"body":"somewhere in the east of Ukraine?"},{"startTime":3055.8,"endTime":3059.04,"body":"Or is he going to react"},{"startTime":3055.8,"endTime":3059.04,"body":"as the cornered bear"},{"startTime":3059.04,"endTime":3060.213,"body":"that people suggest?"},{"startTime":3061.14,"endTime":3066.14,"body":"- Well, I'm very worried"},{"startTime":3061.14,"endTime":3066.14,"body":"about predicting the future"},{"startTime":3067.11,"endTime":3069.9,"body":"because I once published a book,"},{"startTime":3069.9,"endTime":3072.69,"body":"a short book that said,"},{"startTime":3069.9,"endTime":3072.69,"body":"\"German reunification"},{"startTime":3072.69,"endTime":3074.73,"body":"was never going to happen in my lifetime.\""},{"startTime":3074.73,"endTime":3075.563,"body":"(audience laughing)"},{"startTime":3075.563,"endTime":3077.717,"body":"And that came out in August, 1989."},{"startTime":3077.717,"endTime":3078.55,"body":"(audience laughing)"},{"startTime":3078.55,"endTime":3081.843,"body":"So, ever since then I've"},{"startTime":3078.55,"endTime":3081.843,"body":"been a bit cautious."},{"startTime":3082.92,"endTime":3086.07,"body":"But this of course it's been a"},{"startTime":3082.92,"endTime":3086.07,"body":"massive amount of speculation"},{"startTime":3086.07,"endTime":3087.93,"body":"about how this is all going to end."},{"startTime":3087.93,"endTime":3090.23,"body":"And there are a number"},{"startTime":3087.93,"endTime":3090.23,"body":"of different scenarios."},{"startTime":3091.74,"endTime":3094.293,"body":"But at the moment both"},{"startTime":3091.74,"endTime":3094.293,"body":"sides are digging in."},{"startTime":3095.25,"endTime":3097.8,"body":"Negotiated certain amount does not look"},{"startTime":3097.8,"endTime":3099.06,"body":"as if it's on the cards."},{"startTime":3099.06,"endTime":3102.81,"body":"If anything it's deepened."},{"startTime":3102.81,"endTime":3106.74,"body":"Ukrainians are clearly"},{"startTime":3102.81,"endTime":3106.74,"body":"not going to give up"},{"startTime":3106.74,"endTime":3109.44,"body":"until they've got all"},{"startTime":3106.74,"endTime":3109.44,"body":"their territory back."},{"startTime":3109.44,"endTime":3112.68,"body":"They might be prepared"},{"startTime":3109.44,"endTime":3112.68,"body":"to negotiate over Crimea,"},{"startTime":3112.68,"endTime":3114.723,"body":"but certainly not the Donbass region."},{"startTime":3116.4,"endTime":3119.85,"body":"And Putin cannot afford to admit defeat."},{"startTime":3119.85,"endTime":3123.93,"body":"So one possible scenario,"},{"startTime":3119.85,"endTime":3123.93,"body":"which has been canvased is,"},{"startTime":3123.93,"endTime":3126.97,"body":"Putin is overthrown by"},{"startTime":3123.93,"endTime":3126.97,"body":"a less uncompromising"},{"startTime":3128.28,"endTime":3130.35,"body":"politician or politicians."},{"startTime":3130.35,"endTime":3132.27,"body":"But he is a dictator who has got"},{"startTime":3132.27,"endTime":3135.42,"body":"a very, very tight"},{"startTime":3132.27,"endTime":3135.42,"body":"control over the country."},{"startTime":3135.42,"endTime":3139.62,"body":"The only way regime"},{"startTime":3135.42,"endTime":3139.62,"body":"like that actually ends"},{"startTime":3139.62,"endTime":3143.37,"body":"is by being overthrown from within,"},{"startTime":3143.37,"endTime":3144.57,"body":"so within the hierarchy."},{"startTime":3145.56,"endTime":3148.35,"body":"The other thing I'd like to say is that,"},{"startTime":3148.35,"endTime":3152.64,"body":"Hitler's regime was also"},{"startTime":3148.35,"endTime":3152.64,"body":"a regime of corruption"},{"startTime":3152.64,"endTime":3157.64,"body":"and of capitalism, run riot,"},{"startTime":3158.91,"endTime":3161.34,"body":"it would say regime of kleptocracy,"},{"startTime":3161.34,"endTime":3164.844,"body":"all the leading Nazis"},{"startTime":3161.34,"endTime":3164.844,"body":"amassed huge fortunes"},{"startTime":3164.844,"endTime":3167.31,"body":"while claiming that they weren't."},{"startTime":3167.31,"endTime":3170.91,"body":"So Hitler for example, ostentatiously"},{"startTime":3170.91,"endTime":3172.74,"body":"refused to accept his salary"},{"startTime":3172.74,"endTime":3175.53,"body":"from the state as Vice Chancellor,"},{"startTime":3175.53,"endTime":3177.569,"body":"but he charged royalties on the use"},{"startTime":3177.569,"endTime":3180.018,"body":"of his image on postage stamps"},{"startTime":3180.018,"endTime":3182.64,"body":"and made everybody buy"},{"startTime":3180.018,"endTime":3182.64,"body":"copies of \"Mein Kampf\"."},{"startTime":3182.64,"endTime":3186.3,"body":"So, you know, he was corrupt as as well."},{"startTime":3186.3,"endTime":3190.03,"body":"In any dictatorship, you've"},{"startTime":3186.3,"endTime":3190.03,"body":"got no legitimate criticism,"},{"startTime":3190.03,"endTime":3193.5,"body":"no free press, no"},{"startTime":3190.03,"endTime":3193.5,"body":"independent police force."},{"startTime":3193.5,"endTime":3197.61,"body":"And the possibility of"},{"startTime":3193.5,"endTime":3197.61,"body":"actually criticizing a regime,"},{"startTime":3197.61,"endTime":3202.38,"body":"the dictator is so limited"},{"startTime":3197.61,"endTime":3202.38,"body":"that it inevitably,"},{"startTime":3202.38,"endTime":3207.272,"body":"dictatorship inevitably leads"},{"startTime":3202.38,"endTime":3207.272,"body":"to corruption and kleptocracy."},{"startTime":3207.272,"endTime":3210.269,"body":"- [Audience Member] I"},{"startTime":3207.272,"endTime":3210.269,"body":"have a two part question"},{"startTime":3210.269,"endTime":3211.65,"body":"For Merkle, of course,"},{"startTime":3211.65,"endTime":3213.743,"body":"spent most of her life in Eastern Germany,"},{"startTime":3213.743,"endTime":3215.7,"body":"so she would've enabled, to term,"},{"startTime":3215.7,"endTime":3217.38,"body":"the Russians where like,"},{"startTime":3217.38,"endTime":3220.08,"body":"she spoke the language of course herself."},{"startTime":3220.08,"endTime":3223.29,"body":"And her government was really responsible"},{"startTime":3223.29,"endTime":3227.07,"body":"for having the pipeline,"},{"startTime":3223.29,"endTime":3227.07,"body":"bringing the fuel,"},{"startTime":3227.07,"endTime":3229.353,"body":"in fact directly from Russia into Germany."},{"startTime":3230.82,"endTime":3232.77,"body":"The other part of, I"},{"startTime":3230.82,"endTime":3232.77,"body":"don't know whether anybody"},{"startTime":3232.77,"endTime":3235.38,"body":"actually opposed that policy or not,"},{"startTime":3235.38,"endTime":3237.66,"body":"that I'm not sure about that,"},{"startTime":3237.66,"endTime":3241.11,"body":"the second part of my question,"},{"startTime":3241.11,"endTime":3243.81,"body":"and I think my memory is correct on this,"},{"startTime":3243.81,"endTime":3244.77,"body":"but it might be wrong,"},{"startTime":3244.77,"endTime":3249.12,"body":"that Zelenskey's"},{"startTime":3244.77,"endTime":3249.12,"body":"predecessor banned in fact,"},{"startTime":3249.12,"endTime":3251.613,"body":"the use of Russian in the Ukraine."},{"startTime":3251.613,"endTime":3253.96,"body":"This reminds me of the silliness"},{"startTime":3251.613,"endTime":3253.96,"body":"of the British government"},{"startTime":3253.96,"endTime":3258.12,"body":"40 to 50 years ago banning Welsh in fact,"},{"startTime":3258.12,"endTime":3261.753,"body":"on street signs and"},{"startTime":3258.12,"endTime":3261.753,"body":"direction signs and so forth."},{"startTime":3262.68,"endTime":3265.2,"body":"Do you think one or both of those"},{"startTime":3265.2,"endTime":3268.83,"body":"were important initial conditions"},{"startTime":3268.83,"endTime":3272.103,"body":"for Putin in fact to launch"},{"startTime":3268.83,"endTime":3272.103,"body":"his invasion of the Ukraine?"},{"startTime":3274.08,"endTime":3276.75,"body":"- Well, what we're, excuse me."},{"startTime":3276.75,"endTime":3277.583,"body":"What we're really talking about here,"},{"startTime":3277.583,"endTime":3280.65,"body":"of course is the Western reaction."},{"startTime":3280.65,"endTime":3285.65,"body":"And I think the German"},{"startTime":3280.65,"endTime":3285.65,"body":"dependency on Russian"},{"startTime":3287.55,"endTime":3290.4,"body":"particularly natural gas supplies"},{"startTime":3290.4,"endTime":3292.59,"body":"is partly of course as he suggested,"},{"startTime":3292.59,"endTime":3296.111,"body":"a product of the relations between,"},{"startTime":3296.111,"endTime":3300.48,"body":"the personal relations"},{"startTime":3296.111,"endTime":3300.48,"body":"between Merkle and Putin."},{"startTime":3300.48,"endTime":3302.85,"body":"Merkle grew up in East"},{"startTime":3300.48,"endTime":3302.85,"body":"Germany, speaks Russian."},{"startTime":3302.85,"endTime":3307.32,"body":"Putin was a KGB agent in"},{"startTime":3302.85,"endTime":3307.32,"body":"Germany and speaks German."},{"startTime":3307.32,"endTime":3309.633,"body":"So, they were able to"},{"startTime":3307.32,"endTime":3309.633,"body":"go on a personal level."},{"startTime":3310.62,"endTime":3313.47,"body":"However, you have to remember"},{"startTime":3310.62,"endTime":3313.47,"body":"that Gerhard Schroder,"},{"startTime":3313.47,"endTime":3315.66,"body":"her predecessor to the"},{"startTime":3313.47,"endTime":3315.66,"body":"Social Democratic Party,"},{"startTime":3315.66,"endTime":3318.754,"body":"and she's from the Conservative"},{"startTime":3315.66,"endTime":3318.754,"body":"Christian Democrats,"},{"startTime":3318.754,"endTime":3322.712,"body":"was also and has often"},{"startTime":3318.754,"endTime":3322.712,"body":"continues to be closely involved"},{"startTime":3322.712,"endTime":3324.51,"body":"with with the Russians."},{"startTime":3324.51,"endTime":3325.68,"body":"What's behind all that I think,"},{"startTime":3325.68,"endTime":3328.17,"body":"is a feeling of the German political elite"},{"startTime":3328.17,"endTime":3333.06,"body":"that a feeling of responsibility,"},{"startTime":3328.17,"endTime":3333.06,"body":"even guilt in some cases,"},{"startTime":3333.06,"endTime":3335.58,"body":"for the atrocities of Nazism"},{"startTime":3335.58,"endTime":3337.47,"body":"and have desire to overcome these."},{"startTime":3337.47,"endTime":3339.45,"body":"So they've been looking for friendship"},{"startTime":3339.45,"endTime":3344.04,"body":"with those countries"},{"startTime":3339.45,"endTime":3344.04,"body":"like Poland and Russia"},{"startTime":3344.04,"endTime":3348.24,"body":"to whom the Nazis did such"},{"startTime":3344.04,"endTime":3348.24,"body":"terrifying, terrible damage."},{"startTime":3348.24,"endTime":3351.18,"body":"And you find interestingly that"},{"startTime":3351.18,"endTime":3354.3,"body":"in German political"},{"startTime":3351.18,"endTime":3354.3,"body":"opinion is very divided."},{"startTime":3354.3,"endTime":3356.76,"body":"The old intellectuals"},{"startTime":3354.3,"endTime":3356.76,"body":"of the older generation"},{"startTime":3356.76,"endTime":3359.25,"body":"like Rubin Habanas for example,"},{"startTime":3359.25,"endTime":3363.42,"body":"or Elise Sheltzer are very critical"},{"startTime":3363.42,"endTime":3366.848,"body":"of the Ukrainian resistance."},{"startTime":3366.848,"endTime":3370.47,"body":"They do not want Germany to"},{"startTime":3366.848,"endTime":3370.47,"body":"help or get involved in it"},{"startTime":3370.47,"endTime":3371.55,"body":"in any way at all."},{"startTime":3371.55,"endTime":3373.23,"body":"I think that comes back from"},{"startTime":3373.23,"endTime":3377.28,"body":"that generation's"},{"startTime":3373.23,"endTime":3377.28,"body":"feelings of responsibility"},{"startTime":3377.28,"endTime":3380.52,"body":"for particularly 'cause"},{"startTime":3377.28,"endTime":3380.52,"body":"their parents' responsibility"},{"startTime":3380.52,"endTime":3384.24,"body":"for the Second World"},{"startTime":3380.52,"endTime":3384.24,"body":"War and the Holocaust."},{"startTime":3384.24,"endTime":3386.28,"body":"Younger generations are much more prepared"},{"startTime":3386.28,"endTime":3389.28,"body":"to support the Ukrainians."},{"startTime":3389.28,"endTime":3394.11,"body":"And Olaf Scholz, the Social"},{"startTime":3389.28,"endTime":3394.11,"body":"Democratic Chancellor of Germany"},{"startTime":3394.11,"endTime":3395.58,"body":"has, I think been pushed,"},{"startTime":3395.58,"endTime":3398.13,"body":"maybe a little reluctantly towards"},{"startTime":3398.13,"endTime":3400.8,"body":"what the younger"},{"startTime":3398.13,"endTime":3400.8,"body":"generation are want towards"},{"startTime":3400.8,"endTime":3405.633,"body":"supporting the Ukrainian war"},{"startTime":3400.8,"endTime":3405.633,"body":"effort with money and material."},{"startTime":3407.01,"endTime":3408.84,"body":"- [Audience Member] Thank you"},{"startTime":3407.01,"endTime":3408.84,"body":"for an amazing presentation"},{"startTime":3408.84,"endTime":3411.15,"body":"of history over the last 100 years."},{"startTime":3411.15,"endTime":3414.15,"body":"I've just finished reading"},{"startTime":3411.15,"endTime":3414.15,"body":"a book by Tim Marshall."},{"startTime":3414.15,"endTime":3415.627,"body":"And he looks over the last sort of,"},{"startTime":3415.627,"endTime":3419.04,"body":"4,000 years of geographies globally."},{"startTime":3419.04,"endTime":3421.353,"body":"And I think I'm what I saying"},{"startTime":3421.353,"endTime":3424.41,"body":"that he draws a conclusion of the Soviets,"},{"startTime":3424.41,"endTime":3426.93,"body":"that there's a natural sort of borders"},{"startTime":3426.93,"endTime":3430.68,"body":"around mountains and"},{"startTime":3426.93,"endTime":3430.68,"body":"rivers that would indicate"},{"startTime":3430.68,"endTime":3433.68,"body":"that Ukraine sort of naturally would fall"},{"startTime":3433.68,"endTime":3437.55,"body":"within the Soviet sphere influence"},{"startTime":3437.55,"endTime":3439.65,"body":"because of natural borders,"},{"startTime":3439.65,"endTime":3444.079,"body":"let alone buffeting from"},{"startTime":3439.65,"endTime":3444.079,"body":"what's happened war wise"},{"startTime":3444.079,"endTime":3445.74,"body":"over the last 4,000 years"},{"startTime":3445.74,"endTime":3449.763,"body":"between other civilizations"},{"startTime":3445.74,"endTime":3449.763,"body":"and the Russian Empire."},{"startTime":3451.26,"endTime":3452.94,"body":"- Yeah, there's kind of geopolitical view."},{"startTime":3452.94,"endTime":3455.163,"body":"I'm very skeptical, I have to say."},{"startTime":3456.03,"endTime":3459.24,"body":"There are many, many examples"},{"startTime":3456.03,"endTime":3459.24,"body":"of countries that extend"},{"startTime":3459.24,"endTime":3463.08,"body":"beyond natural boundaries or share an area"},{"startTime":3463.08,"endTime":3467.34,"body":"delineated by natural boundaries"},{"startTime":3463.08,"endTime":3467.34,"body":"like rivers or mountains"},{"startTime":3467.34,"endTime":3468.173,"body":"with other nationalities."},{"startTime":3468.173,"endTime":3472.26,"body":"As well, the same as"},{"startTime":3468.173,"endTime":3472.26,"body":"the idea that a nation"},{"startTime":3472.26,"endTime":3475.77,"body":"is defined by its linguistic homogeneity,"},{"startTime":3475.77,"endTime":3479.19,"body":"in which case what do you do"},{"startTime":3475.77,"endTime":3479.19,"body":"with Switzerland, for example,"},{"startTime":3479.19,"endTime":3481.65,"body":"or even the previous questionnaire"},{"startTime":3481.65,"endTime":3483.81,"body":"mentioned Wales and the Welsh."},{"startTime":3483.81,"endTime":3485.31,"body":"And again, it's linguistic."},{"startTime":3485.31,"endTime":3487.77,"body":"Well Welsh language exists."},{"startTime":3487.77,"endTime":3490.02,"body":"And incidentally, my parents"},{"startTime":3487.77,"endTime":3490.02,"body":"were punished in school"},{"startTime":3490.02,"endTime":3492.273,"body":"for speaking Welsh as well."},{"startTime":3494.04,"endTime":3499.04,"body":"So, these nations are a product"},{"startTime":3494.04,"endTime":3499.04,"body":"of history above all else."},{"startTime":3499.38,"endTime":3502.74,"body":"And there's a mixture in them"},{"startTime":3499.38,"endTime":3502.74,"body":"of many different factors."},{"startTime":3502.74,"endTime":3505.84,"body":"Geography is one certainly,"},{"startTime":3502.74,"endTime":3505.84,"body":"but of the linguistic history"},{"startTime":3506.7,"endTime":3510.24,"body":"and public memory, it's a"},{"startTime":3506.7,"endTime":3510.24,"body":"very complicated business."},{"startTime":3510.24,"endTime":3512.58,"body":"And every time you try to look at,"},{"startTime":3512.58,"endTime":3514.983,"body":"try and define what is a nation,"},{"startTime":3515.97,"endTime":3518.7,"body":"you run up against a lot of problems."},{"startTime":3518.7,"endTime":3520.74,"body":"- [Audience Member] My question is,"},{"startTime":3520.74,"endTime":3523.56,"body":"the Donbass region in Ukraine"},{"startTime":3523.56,"endTime":3527.91,"body":"had Russian speaking supporters"},{"startTime":3527.91,"endTime":3532.91,"body":"at the beginning of the war or before."},{"startTime":3533.19,"endTime":3535.89,"body":"You know, this particular situation,"},{"startTime":3535.89,"endTime":3538.47,"body":"has that changed in public opinion"},{"startTime":3538.47,"endTime":3542.79,"body":"amongst the Russian"},{"startTime":3538.47,"endTime":3542.79,"body":"supporters in Donbass now?"},{"startTime":3542.79,"endTime":3545.94,"body":"- Yes, you can't draw a neat dividing line"},{"startTime":3545.94,"endTime":3550.62,"body":"between Russian speakers"},{"startTime":3545.94,"endTime":3550.62,"body":"in Ukraine supporting Putin"},{"startTime":3550.62,"endTime":3554.31,"body":"and Ukrainian speakers"},{"startTime":3550.62,"endTime":3554.31,"body":"supporting Zelensky."},{"startTime":3554.31,"endTime":3556.8,"body":"There are quite a large,"},{"startTime":3554.31,"endTime":3556.8,"body":"substantial number"},{"startTime":3556.8,"endTime":3561.8,"body":"of Russian speakers in"},{"startTime":3556.8,"endTime":3561.8,"body":"Ukraine who would prefer"},{"startTime":3562.32,"endTime":3565.02,"body":"to live in a democracy"},{"startTime":3562.32,"endTime":3565.02,"body":"rather than a dictatorship."},{"startTime":3565.02,"endTime":3570.02,"body":"They prefer to live in"},{"startTime":3565.02,"endTime":3570.02,"body":"Ukraine rather than in Russia."},{"startTime":3571.53,"endTime":3576.33,"body":"And we've seen the damage"},{"startTime":3571.53,"endTime":3576.33,"body":"inflicted, violent war crimes"},{"startTime":3576.33,"endTime":3579.21,"body":"committed by the Russians"},{"startTime":3576.33,"endTime":3579.21,"body":"in occupied areas."},{"startTime":3579.21,"endTime":3580.8,"body":"Incidentally, little known fact,"},{"startTime":3580.8,"endTime":3582.12,"body":"it's completely irrelevant,"},{"startTime":3582.12,"endTime":3587.12,"body":"but Donbass industrial regions"},{"startTime":3582.12,"endTime":3587.12,"body":"was founded by Welshman,"},{"startTime":3589.108,"endTime":3591.75,"body":"(audience laughing)"},{"startTime":3591.75,"endTime":3594.36,"body":"Mr. Hughes, who was invited over by,"},{"startTime":3594.36,"endTime":3599.1,"body":"in the 19th Century with"},{"startTime":3594.36,"endTime":3599.1,"body":"his team of Welch miners"},{"startTime":3599.1,"endTime":3601.41,"body":"to start up coal mining there."},{"startTime":3601.41,"endTime":3605.28,"body":"And was a great success by the"},{"startTime":3601.41,"endTime":3605.28,"body":"local aristocratic landowner."},{"startTime":3605.28,"endTime":3609.87,"body":"And Donetsk was originally called Yozovka,"},{"startTime":3609.87,"endTime":3614.04,"body":"named after Hughes, before"},{"startTime":3609.87,"endTime":3614.04,"body":"it then was taken over"},{"startTime":3614.04,"endTime":3617.4,"body":"by the Bolsheviks and became Stalino,"},{"startTime":3617.4,"endTime":3618.75,"body":"which for obvious reasons"},{"startTime":3618.75,"endTime":3620.88,"body":"they changed that name as well later on."},{"startTime":3620.88,"endTime":3624.03,"body":"So it's gone through a"},{"startTime":3620.88,"endTime":3624.03,"body":"number of incarnations."},{"startTime":3624.03,"endTime":3628.17,"body":"But the Donbass region is very important,"},{"startTime":3628.17,"endTime":3630.42,"body":"the most important"},{"startTime":3628.17,"endTime":3630.42,"body":"industrial area of Ukraine."},{"startTime":3630.42,"endTime":3631.53,"body":"And that's one reason why"},{"startTime":3631.53,"endTime":3634.757,"body":"it's being fought over so bitterly."},{"startTime":3634.757,"endTime":3637.95,"body":"- I'm afraid we're going"},{"startTime":3634.757,"endTime":3637.95,"body":"to have to stop there."},{"startTime":3637.95,"endTime":3640.92,"body":"You could go on answering"},{"startTime":3637.95,"endTime":3640.92,"body":"questions all night,"},{"startTime":3640.92,"endTime":3641.753,"body":"I'm absolutely sure."},{"startTime":3641.753,"endTime":3642.6,"body":"But ladies and gentlemen,"},{"startTime":3642.6,"endTime":3644.474,"body":"could we thank Sir"},{"startTime":3642.6,"endTime":3644.474,"body":"Richard Evans for history."},{"startTime":3644.474,"endTime":3647.479,"body":"(audience applauding)"}]}