{"version":"1.0.0","segments":[{"startTime":0.15,"endTime":1.803,"body":"- This is my fourth series,"},{"startTime":3.09,"endTime":3.923,"body":"there was the body,"},{"startTime":3.923,"endTime":5.46,"body":"you can find them all online,"},{"startTime":5.46,"endTime":9.54,"body":"there was the body, there was"},{"startTime":5.46,"endTime":9.54,"body":"evil women, there was sex,"},{"startTime":9.54,"endTime":11.19,"body":"humph, well now we're getting to something"},{"startTime":11.19,"endTime":12.9,"body":"a little bit more gruesome"},{"startTime":12.9,"endTime":15.63,"body":"and a little bit more unhappy,"},{"startTime":15.63,"endTime":16.98,"body":"and that is disease,"},{"startTime":16.98,"endTime":19.473,"body":"and cultural history of"},{"startTime":16.98,"endTime":19.473,"body":"disease in particular."},{"startTime":20.46,"endTime":23.97,"body":"The first thing I really"},{"startTime":20.46,"endTime":23.97,"body":"want to talk about is,"},{"startTime":23.97,"endTime":25.77,"body":"what do we actually think"},{"startTime":25.77,"endTime":29.34,"body":"when we think about tuberculosis,"},{"startTime":29.34,"endTime":33.99,"body":"what sort of mental image"},{"startTime":29.34,"endTime":33.99,"body":"comes up in our heads?"},{"startTime":33.99,"endTime":37.95,"body":"If we are thinking about the 19th century,"},{"startTime":37.95,"endTime":42.95,"body":"we might imagine an"},{"startTime":37.95,"endTime":42.95,"body":"emaciated, white, male artist"},{"startTime":45.66,"endTime":49.05,"body":"coughing up blood on a white pillowcase,"},{"startTime":49.05,"endTime":54.05,"body":"and as he presses his"},{"startTime":49.05,"endTime":54.05,"body":"handkerchief to his fevered brow,"},{"startTime":54.63,"endTime":59.04,"body":"his eyes are burning with creative genius."},{"startTime":59.04,"endTime":62.19,"body":"If we fast-forward 50 years, however,"},{"startTime":62.19,"endTime":65.52,"body":"we have a very different"},{"startTime":62.19,"endTime":65.52,"body":"image of tuberculosis,"},{"startTime":65.52,"endTime":70.52,"body":"perhaps an impoverished, white,"},{"startTime":65.52,"endTime":70.52,"body":"female mill worker, perhaps,"},{"startTime":70.95,"endTime":73.86,"body":"lying on a cheap, metal-framed bed"},{"startTime":73.86,"endTime":74.88,"body":"in a bare room,"},{"startTime":74.88,"endTime":79.88,"body":"or perhaps in a consumptive"},{"startTime":74.88,"endTime":79.88,"body":"ward in a sanatorium."},{"startTime":80.64,"endTime":83.343,"body":"Today, what do we imagine today?"},{"startTime":84.36,"endTime":86.193,"body":"Maybe we might visualize"},{"startTime":87.543,"endTime":91.5,"body":"an HIV-positive, young, black man or woman"},{"startTime":91.5,"endTime":96.427,"body":"eking out a living in South"},{"startTime":91.5,"endTime":96.427,"body":"Africa or Haitian shanty towns,"},{"startTime":97.83,"endTime":101.37,"body":"after all, since the 1980s,"},{"startTime":101.37,"endTime":103.65,"body":"when international health organizations"},{"startTime":103.65,"endTime":107.55,"body":"judged TB to be a global epidemic,"},{"startTime":107.55,"endTime":111.57,"body":"scientists have been"},{"startTime":107.55,"endTime":111.57,"body":"aware of the comorbidity"},{"startTime":111.57,"endTime":116.37,"body":"between tuberculosis and HIV,"},{"startTime":116.37,"endTime":117.84,"body":"being infected by HIV"},{"startTime":117.84,"endTime":121.26,"body":"makes a person vulnerable to TB,"},{"startTime":121.26,"endTime":125.61,"body":"having TB can activate HIV."},{"startTime":125.61,"endTime":130.61,"body":"40 years before the announcement"},{"startTime":125.61,"endTime":130.61,"body":"of a global epidemic,"},{"startTime":131.28,"endTime":133.38,"body":"it was assumed that TB"},{"startTime":133.38,"endTime":137.85,"body":"would eventually be relegated to history,"},{"startTime":137.85,"endTime":139.86,"body":"but of course drug-resistant strains"},{"startTime":139.86,"endTime":144.81,"body":"has meant that it remains"},{"startTime":139.86,"endTime":144.81,"body":"endemic in many societies."},{"startTime":144.81,"endTime":148.203,"body":"1961, World Health"},{"startTime":144.81,"endTime":148.203,"body":"Organization found that 1/5,"},{"startTime":149.11,"endTime":154.11,"body":"1/5 of TB cases in Kenya"},{"startTime":149.11,"endTime":154.11,"body":"were drug-resistant,"},{"startTime":155.58,"endTime":159.78,"body":"largely due to ineffective"},{"startTime":155.58,"endTime":159.78,"body":"health communication,"},{"startTime":159.78,"endTime":161.94,"body":"which meant that sufferers often failed"},{"startTime":161.94,"endTime":164.43,"body":"to complete the full course of treatment."},{"startTime":164.43,"endTime":169.323,"body":"Today, one in every three"},{"startTime":164.43,"endTime":169.323,"body":"people globally are infected."},{"startTime":170.16,"endTime":175.16,"body":"TB is responsible for one"},{"startTime":170.16,"endTime":175.16,"body":"in four preventable deaths."},{"startTime":175.8,"endTime":177.54,"body":"I think it's a testament"},{"startTime":177.54,"endTime":182.54,"body":"to the skewed priorities of"},{"startTime":177.54,"endTime":182.54,"body":"current global capitalism"},{"startTime":182.94,"endTime":187.94,"body":"that only one in five TB"},{"startTime":182.94,"endTime":187.94,"body":"patients today around the world"},{"startTime":188.469,"endTime":193.469,"body":"have access to effective"},{"startTime":188.469,"endTime":193.469,"body":"public health programs."},{"startTime":194.97,"endTime":197.58,"body":"Many public health experts, in fact,"},{"startTime":197.58,"endTime":201.289,"body":"argue that deaths from TB"},{"startTime":201.289,"endTime":206.289,"body":"are one of the most reliable indexes"},{"startTime":206.49,"endTime":211.44,"body":"of human wellbeing and societal equality."},{"startTime":211.44,"endTime":213.09,"body":"Something, must, I think,"},{"startTime":213.09,"endTime":215.58,"body":"be desperately wrong."},{"startTime":215.58,"endTime":218.64,"body":"So I guess what I'm going"},{"startTime":215.58,"endTime":218.64,"body":"to do in today's talk,"},{"startTime":218.64,"endTime":220.41,"body":"but also in the whole series,"},{"startTime":220.41,"endTime":225.17,"body":"is ask, what can a cultural"},{"startTime":220.41,"endTime":225.17,"body":"history of disease,"},{"startTime":225.17,"endTime":226.8,"body":"in this case TB,"},{"startTime":226.8,"endTime":229.503,"body":"contribute to debates today?"},{"startTime":230.43,"endTime":233.82,"body":"Tuberculosis was the most feared disease"},{"startTime":233.82,"endTime":236.4,"body":"of the 19th and early 20th centuries."},{"startTime":236.4,"endTime":237.66,"body":"In 1903,"},{"startTime":237.66,"endTime":241.14,"body":"the president of the American"},{"startTime":237.66,"endTime":241.14,"body":"Public Health Association"},{"startTime":241.14,"endTime":243.007,"body":"lamented what he called the,"},{"startTime":243.007,"endTime":247.14,"body":"\"slow and insidious spread of TB,\""},{"startTime":247.14,"endTime":251.67,"body":"contending that it had become"},{"startTime":247.14,"endTime":251.67,"body":"the scourge of the human race."},{"startTime":251.67,"endTime":254.49,"body":"Called the captain of death, white plague,"},{"startTime":254.49,"endTime":256.41,"body":"wasting disease, consumption,"},{"startTime":256.41,"endTime":259.98,"body":"it literally consumed the bodies and minds"},{"startTime":259.98,"endTime":262.17,"body":"of millions of people."},{"startTime":262.17,"endTime":266.37,"body":"In 19th and early 20th century Britain,"},{"startTime":266.37,"endTime":267.72,"body":"the disease killed"},{"startTime":267.72,"endTime":272.58,"body":"one in every eight"},{"startTime":267.72,"endTime":272.58,"body":"children, men, and women."},{"startTime":272.58,"endTime":275.97,"body":"In fact, it was the greatest"},{"startTime":272.58,"endTime":275.97,"body":"single killer of men,"},{"startTime":275.97,"endTime":277.92,"body":"the greatest single killer of men,"},{"startTime":277.92,"endTime":281.73,"body":"and the second greatest"},{"startTime":277.92,"endTime":281.73,"body":"single killer of women,"},{"startTime":281.73,"endTime":283.86,"body":"very close to the first, of course,"},{"startTime":283.86,"endTime":285.993,"body":"which was heart disease."},{"startTime":287.76,"endTime":290.01,"body":"These statistics, we know,"},{"startTime":290.01,"endTime":292.863,"body":"are colossal underestimates,"},{"startTime":293.79,"endTime":297.54,"body":"such was the stigma of"},{"startTime":293.79,"endTime":297.54,"body":"being labeled a consumptive"},{"startTime":297.54,"endTime":299.22,"body":"that sufferers routinely sought"},{"startTime":299.22,"endTime":302.07,"body":"to hide or deny their symptoms"},{"startTime":302.07,"endTime":303.513,"body":"in front of other people."},{"startTime":305.67,"endTime":306.99,"body":"So it's no wonder, in other words,"},{"startTime":306.99,"endTime":309.66,"body":"that there's a cultural"},{"startTime":306.99,"endTime":309.66,"body":"obsession with this disease,"},{"startTime":309.66,"endTime":314.66,"body":"and we see it in numerous"},{"startTime":309.66,"endTime":314.66,"body":"plays, poems, novels, songs,"},{"startTime":316.5,"endTime":318.24,"body":"anyone here knows the wonderful song,"},{"startTime":318.24,"endTime":323.19,"body":"Victoria Spivey's classic"},{"startTime":318.24,"endTime":323.19,"body":"\"T.B. Blues,\" 1927."},{"startTime":323.19,"endTime":325.89,"body":"But the one I want to"},{"startTime":323.19,"endTime":325.89,"body":"just mention briefly here"},{"startTime":325.89,"endTime":327.75,"body":"is one of my favorite authors, of course,"},{"startTime":327.75,"endTime":330.84,"body":"and that is James Joyce."},{"startTime":330.84,"endTime":332.67,"body":"He was, by all accounts,"},{"startTime":332.67,"endTime":336.9,"body":"absolutely obsessed with TB."},{"startTime":336.9,"endTime":341.61,"body":"In his 1922 classic \"Ulysses,\""},{"startTime":336.9,"endTime":341.61,"body":"set in Dublin, 1904,"},{"startTime":341.61,"endTime":346.61,"body":"he memorably describes"},{"startTime":341.61,"endTime":346.61,"body":"the bronchitic headmaster,"},{"startTime":348.48,"endTime":350.07,"body":"Garrett Deasy,"},{"startTime":350.07,"endTime":354.457,"body":"whose, \"coughball of laughter"},{"startTime":350.07,"endTime":354.457,"body":"leapt from his throat,"},{"startTime":354.457,"endTime":359.01,"body":"\"dragging after it a"},{"startTime":354.457,"endTime":359.01,"body":"rattling chain of phlegm.\""},{"startTime":359.01,"endTime":363.3,"body":"The novel also portrays"},{"startTime":359.01,"endTime":363.3,"body":"these consumptive girls"},{"startTime":363.3,"endTime":365.64,"body":"with little sparrow breasts,"},{"startTime":365.64,"endTime":367.68,"body":"and the sunken eyes,"},{"startTime":367.68,"endTime":371.52,"body":"and blotches of phthisis,"},{"startTime":367.68,"endTime":371.52,"body":"and hectic cheekbones"},{"startTime":371.52,"endTime":375.363,"body":"of a lawyer called J.J. O'Molloy."},{"startTime":376.35,"endTime":378.01,"body":"He describes the way"},{"startTime":379.2,"endTime":383.28,"body":"O'Molloy would apply his"},{"startTime":379.2,"endTime":383.28,"body":"handkerchief to his mouth"},{"startTime":383.28,"endTime":388.28,"body":"and scrutinizes the galloping"},{"startTime":383.28,"endTime":388.28,"body":"tide of rosepink blood."},{"startTime":390.06,"endTime":390.893,"body":"However, I think,"},{"startTime":390.893,"endTime":393.39,"body":"Joyce's most poignant description of TB"},{"startTime":393.39,"endTime":396.87,"body":"comes in another essay,"},{"startTime":393.39,"endTime":396.87,"body":"actually, he wrote,"},{"startTime":396.87,"endTime":398.76,"body":"a short story he wrote, called \"The Dead,\""},{"startTime":398.76,"endTime":401.377,"body":"which was published in"},{"startTime":398.76,"endTime":401.377,"body":"the short story collection"},{"startTime":401.377,"endTime":404.313,"body":"\"The Dubliners,\" 1914."},{"startTime":405.31,"endTime":406.86,"body":"The entire setting,"},{"startTime":406.86,"endTime":408.42,"body":"for those of you who know the story,"},{"startTime":408.42,"endTime":412.32,"body":"the entire setting of"},{"startTime":408.42,"endTime":412.32,"body":"the story is tubercular,"},{"startTime":412.32,"endTime":415.5,"body":"even the doorbell is wheezy,"},{"startTime":415.5,"endTime":418.14,"body":"and the festivals are interrupted"},{"startTime":418.14,"endTime":423.14,"body":"by high-pitched, bronchitic laughter."},{"startTime":424.29,"endTime":426.12,"body":"Characters exchange news"},{"startTime":426.12,"endTime":430.59,"body":"about the benefits of a bracing air,"},{"startTime":430.59,"endTime":432.6,"body":"and there is ominous allusions"},{"startTime":432.6,"endTime":436.65,"body":"to people suffering from colds."},{"startTime":436.65,"endTime":438.39,"body":"But the climax of \"The Dead\""},{"startTime":438.39,"endTime":441.84,"body":"revolves around the singing"},{"startTime":438.39,"endTime":441.84,"body":"of a traditional Irish ballad"},{"startTime":441.84,"endTime":444.45,"body":"about the fragility of love"},{"startTime":444.45,"endTime":447.66,"body":"and the untimeliness of death."},{"startTime":447.66,"endTime":450.66,"body":"When a central character,"},{"startTime":447.66,"endTime":450.66,"body":"called Gretta Conroy,"},{"startTime":450.66,"endTime":455.25,"body":"hears \"The Lass of Aughrim\" being sung,"},{"startTime":455.25,"endTime":456.81,"body":"she becomes upset,"},{"startTime":456.81,"endTime":458.91,"body":"confessing to her husband Gabriel"},{"startTime":458.91,"endTime":461.73,"body":"that her very delicate lover,"},{"startTime":461.73,"endTime":466.71,"body":"a 17 year-old Galway"},{"startTime":461.73,"endTime":466.71,"body":"man named Michael Furey,"},{"startTime":466.71,"endTime":469.41,"body":"used to sing it to her."},{"startTime":469.41,"endTime":471.39,"body":"Furey had tuberculosis,"},{"startTime":471.39,"endTime":472.987,"body":"and was, quote,"},{"startTime":472.987,"endTime":475.087,"body":"\"In his lodgings in Galway,"},{"startTime":475.087,"endTime":480.087,"body":"\"and wouldn't be let out"},{"startTime":475.087,"endTime":480.087,"body":"because he was in decline.\""},{"startTime":480.84,"endTime":483.6,"body":"Gretta explains that when Furey heard"},{"startTime":483.6,"endTime":486.48,"body":"that she was migrating to Dublin,"},{"startTime":486.48,"endTime":490.56,"body":"he escaped his sickbed,"},{"startTime":486.48,"endTime":490.56,"body":"made his way to her house,"},{"startTime":490.56,"endTime":494.283,"body":"and sang to her under a tree in the rain."},{"startTime":495.18,"endTime":498.03,"body":"Furey's reckless excursion"},{"startTime":498.03,"endTime":501.51,"body":"sparked the acute phase of TB,"},{"startTime":501.51,"endTime":504.18,"body":"and a week later, he was dead."},{"startTime":504.18,"endTime":507.6,"body":"In the story \"The Dead,\""},{"startTime":507.6,"endTime":512.25,"body":"Gabriel becomes jealous"},{"startTime":507.6,"endTime":512.25,"body":"of the lonely churchyard"},{"startTime":512.25,"endTime":515.403,"body":"where Michael Furey lay buried."},{"startTime":516.72,"endTime":518.58,"body":"What I find really interesting"},{"startTime":518.58,"endTime":522.48,"body":"about this short story"},{"startTime":518.58,"endTime":522.48,"body":"written by James Joyce"},{"startTime":522.48,"endTime":525.66,"body":"is that it lay bare what, for him,"},{"startTime":525.66,"endTime":528.54,"body":"was a very personal story,"},{"startTime":528.54,"endTime":529.77,"body":"the story, in other words,"},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":532.53,"endTime":535.86,"body":"his lover, Nora, resembles Gretta,"},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":535.86,"endTime":539.28,"body":"she too had been in"},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":535.86,"endTime":539.28,"body":"love with a Galway man,"},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":539.28,"endTime":541.83,"body":"called Michael Bodkin."},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":541.83,"endTime":546.731,"body":"In 1903, after Michael had been"},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":541.83,"endTime":546.731,"body":"diagnosed with tuberculosis,"},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":546.731,"endTime":550.44,"body":"the real Nora broke off the relationship,"},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":550.44,"endTime":552.54,"body":"telling him she was leaving for Dublin."},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":552.54,"endTime":554.34,"body":"Ignoring his doctor's advice,"},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":554.34,"endTime":556.44,"body":"Bodkin made his way to Nora's home,"},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":556.44,"endTime":558.15,"body":"and in the pouring rain,"},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":558.15,"endTime":562.02,"body":"sang a farewell song under an apple tree."},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":562.02,"endTime":566.55,"body":"The chill aggravated his TB and he died."},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":566.55,"endTime":568.23,"body":"According to Nora's sister,"},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":568.23,"endTime":572.22,"body":"Joyce was forever jealous"},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":568.23,"endTime":572.22,"body":"of the dead Bodkin,"},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":572.22,"endTime":575.76,"body":"feeling a rivalry with a dead man"},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":575.76,"endTime":578.793,"body":"buried in the little Cemetery Rahoon."},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":580.23,"endTime":582.21,"body":"But \"The Dead,\" the story \"The Dead\""},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":582.21,"endTime":585.3,"body":"does more than simply expose"},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":585.3,"endTime":589.44,"body":"Joyce's very painful personal trauma,"},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":589.44,"endTime":593.07,"body":"it also exposes this underlying"},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":589.44,"endTime":593.07,"body":"anxiety about tuberculosis"},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":593.07,"endTime":596.37,"body":"in Ireland at the turn of the century."},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":596.37,"endTime":600.24,"body":"Joyce was writing in the early"},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":596.37,"endTime":600.24,"body":"years of the 20th century,"},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":600.24,"endTime":605.24,"body":"when Ireland had the fourth"},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":600.24,"endTime":605.24,"body":"highest mortality rate"},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":605.7,"endTime":607.05,"body":"of tuberculosis"},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":607.05,"endTime":608.46,"body":"in the world,"},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":608.46,"endTime":611.67,"body":"exceeded only by Hungary,"},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":608.46,"endTime":611.67,"body":"Austria, and Serbia."},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":611.67,"endTime":614.28,"body":"Particularly vulnerable were young people."},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":614.28,"endTime":617.7,"body":"Unlike America and England,"},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":617.7,"endTime":622.7,"body":"where the disease peaked in"},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":617.7,"endTime":622.7,"body":"1850 and 1870 respectively,"},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":623.49,"endTime":628.49,"body":"in Ireland, it raged well"},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":623.49,"endTime":628.49,"body":"into the 20th century."},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":628.941,"endTime":631.053,"body":"TB was popularly called, in fact,"},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":632.55,"endTime":635.34,"body":"the Irish disease."},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":635.34,"endTime":639.99,"body":"So why is tuberculosis"},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":635.34,"endTime":639.99,"body":"so common in Ireland,"},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":639.99,"endTime":644.25,"body":"asked the distinguished"},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":639.99,"endTime":644.25,"body":"physician John Byers"},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":644.25,"endTime":649.25,"body":"in his 1907 lecture at the"},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":644.25,"endTime":649.25,"body":"Tuberculosis Exhibition."},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":649.53,"endTime":651.03,"body":"As the professor of midwifery"},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":651.03,"endTime":653.04,"body":"and the diseases of women and children"},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":653.04,"endTime":655.05,"body":"at Queen's College, Belfast,"},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":655.05,"endTime":657.33,"body":"Byers systematically reviewed"},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":657.33,"endTime":660.39,"body":"what he regarded as the main theories"},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":660.39,"endTime":663.813,"body":"for why it was such a problem in Ireland."},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":665.49,"endTime":670.49,"body":"Was Ireland's climate damp"},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":665.49,"endTime":670.49,"body":"climate, boggy land responsible?"},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":673.92,"endTime":677.01,"body":"Could high levels of"},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":673.92,"endTime":677.01,"body":"emigration make a difference,"},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":677.01,"endTime":679.38,"body":"since strong, healthy citizens left,"},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":679.38,"endTime":683.31,"body":"leaving behind a physically"},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":679.38,"endTime":683.31,"body":"inferior population,"},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":683.31,"endTime":687.15,"body":"a race of weaklings who"},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":683.31,"endTime":687.15,"body":"propagate weaklings,"},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":687.15,"endTime":690.81,"body":"all very susceptible to phthisis?"},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":690.81,"endTime":694.47,"body":"Or did the Irish race itself"},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":694.47,"endTime":698.94,"body":"provide what Byers called a fertile soil"},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":698.94,"endTime":702.15,"body":"upon which this could grow?"},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":702.15,"endTime":705.57,"body":"Although Byers agreed"},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":702.15,"endTime":705.57,"body":"that these explanations,"},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":705.57,"endTime":706.403,"body":"these ones here,"},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":706.403,"endTime":710.64,"body":"did have some explanation,"},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":706.403,"endTime":710.64,"body":"had some merits,"},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":710.64,"endTime":713.7,"body":"he maintained that they"},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":710.64,"endTime":713.7,"body":"were, in fact, inadequate."},{"speaker":"drew directly from Joyce's life","startTime":713.7,"endTime":716.04,"body":"Instead, no surprise here,"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":718.26,"endTime":719.43,"body":"their lack of education"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":719.43,"endTime":722.07,"body":"about sanitation, nutrition, and housing"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":722.07,"endTime":726.63,"body":"had left them unable to"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":722.07,"endTime":726.63,"body":"grapple with the white plague."},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":726.63,"endTime":731.63,"body":"Byers chastised his fellow"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":726.63,"endTime":731.63,"body":"Irish men and particularly women"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":732.15,"endTime":735.9,"body":"for their excessive use of alcohol"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":735.9,"endTime":740.9,"body":"and increased use of tea"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":735.9,"endTime":740.9,"body":"and white household bread"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":741.27,"endTime":745.11,"body":"instead of the old"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":741.27,"endTime":745.11,"body":"porridge and buttermilk."},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":745.11,"endTime":746.13,"body":"Children, he argued,"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":746.13,"endTime":748.372,"body":"were being fed infected meat,"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":748.372,"endTime":753.372,"body":"in fact he estimates that"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":748.372,"endTime":753.372,"body":"30% of cows in Ireland"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":753.75,"endTime":754.89,"body":"had tuberculosis,"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":754.89,"endTime":756.72,"body":"he was probably right"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":754.89,"endTime":756.72,"body":"about that, by the way."},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":756.72,"endTime":758.49,"body":"Adults, he wrote,"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":758.49,"endTime":761.1,"body":"possessed unsanitary habits, which,"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":761.1,"endTime":764.85,"body":"when combined with crowded"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":761.1,"endTime":764.85,"body":"accomodation, poor ventilation,"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":764.85,"endTime":767.34,"body":"helped spread TB."},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":767.34,"endTime":770.01,"body":"Furthermore, unlike the rest of the UK,"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":770.01,"endTime":773.07,"body":"infected Irish patients had limited access"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":773.07,"endTime":775.86,"body":"to segregated housing."},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":775.86,"endTime":778.32,"body":"And Byers urged the government"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":778.32,"endTime":782.64,"body":"to impose compulsory notification of TB,"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":782.64,"endTime":786.78,"body":"establish sanatoriums, inspect abattoirs,"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":786.78,"endTime":789.63,"body":"and promote public education,"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":789.63,"endTime":794.63,"body":"particularly of our mothers,"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":789.63,"endTime":794.63,"body":"and our wives, and our sisters,"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":795.03,"endTime":800.03,"body":"in temperance, cleanliness,"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":795.03,"endTime":800.03,"body":"and sanitation."},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":800.34,"endTime":803.67,"body":"As we'll see throughout"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":800.34,"endTime":803.67,"body":"this whole series of talks"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":803.67,"endTime":806.07,"body":"on the cultural history of disease,"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":806.07,"endTime":807.456,"body":"sick people,"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":807.456,"endTime":812.456,"body":"particularly females"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":807.456,"endTime":812.456,"body":"and minoritized people,"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":814.44,"endTime":817.953,"body":"were routinely blamed for"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":814.44,"endTime":817.953,"body":"their own afflictions."},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":818.91,"endTime":822.043,"body":"Byers was writing at a"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":818.91,"endTime":822.043,"body":"particular time, 1907,"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":822.043,"endTime":824.52,"body":"a particular place, Ireland,"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":824.52,"endTime":826.56,"body":"however, knowledge of this disease"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":826.56,"endTime":828.96,"body":"has a very long history,"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":828.96,"endTime":831.96,"body":"it goes back, in fact, to ancient times."},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":831.96,"endTime":834.78,"body":"Archeologists have found"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":831.96,"endTime":834.78,"body":"evidence of the disease"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":834.78,"endTime":839.78,"body":"in 5800 BCE in Europe and"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":834.78,"endTime":839.78,"body":"4500 BCE in the Near East."},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":841.47,"endTime":846.47,"body":"The forms of disfigurement typical of TB"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":846.78,"endTime":849.51,"body":"appears in ancient art."},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":849.51,"endTime":851.91,"body":"One of the earliest"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":849.51,"endTime":851.91,"body":"descriptions of the disease"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":851.91,"endTime":855.194,"body":"can be found in the"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":851.91,"endTime":855.194,"body":"writings of Hippocrates,"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":855.194,"endTime":859.02,"body":"he was the one who actually"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":855.194,"endTime":859.02,"body":"called in phthisis,"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":859.02,"endTime":864.02,"body":"from the Greek word meaning"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":859.02,"endTime":864.02,"body":"to decay and waste away."},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":864.81,"endTime":869.61,"body":"It was Aristotle who observed"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":864.81,"endTime":869.61,"body":"that phthisis was contagious,"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":869.61,"endTime":874.11,"body":"as did Galen in the 2nd century."},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":874.11,"endTime":877.23,"body":"Benjamin Rush, to move forward,"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":877.23,"endTime":881.97,"body":"and he was the one who argued"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":877.23,"endTime":881.97,"body":"that the contagious properties"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":881.97,"endTime":884.22,"body":"were not due to the occult,"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":884.22,"endTime":886.02,"body":"but were carried through the air,"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":886.02,"endTime":891.02,"body":"so a very important"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":886.02,"endTime":891.02,"body":"medical distinction here"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":891.78,"endTime":894.123,"body":"in the late 17th century."},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":895.08,"endTime":900.08,"body":"Benjamin Rush, the"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":895.08,"endTime":900.08,"body":"greatest American physician"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":902.432,"endTime":904.2,"body":"in the early years of the republic,"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":904.2,"endTime":906.45,"body":"believed that TB was caused"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":906.45,"endTime":910.98,"body":"by a systemic, underlying debility"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":910.98,"endTime":914.61,"body":"that weakened the serum, or blood,"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":914.61,"endTime":919.53,"body":"causing hyper-secretions"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":914.61,"endTime":919.53,"body":"from the bronchial vessels."},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":919.53,"endTime":922.293,"body":"According to Rush,"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":923.577,"endTime":927.93,"body":"a person's underlying weaknesses"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":923.577,"endTime":927.93,"body":"were the cause of this."},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":928.83,"endTime":930.09,"body":"So in other words,"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":930.09,"endTime":931.86,"body":"the disease was, as he put it,"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":931.86,"endTime":936.86,"body":"ignited by puberty, humoral"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":931.86,"endTime":936.86,"body":"imbalances, and grief."},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":939.99,"endTime":944.07,"body":"The actual microorganism was"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":939.99,"endTime":944.07,"body":"not discovered until 1882,"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":945.3,"endTime":949.83,"body":"when Robert Koch"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":945.3,"endTime":949.83,"body":"christened it the bacillus."},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":949.83,"endTime":951.96,"body":"From that date onwards,"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":951.96,"endTime":956.96,"body":"scientists throughout the"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":951.96,"endTime":956.96,"body":"world dedicated their labors"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":957.99,"endTime":962.28,"body":"to investigating its"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":957.99,"endTime":962.28,"body":"properties and propensities."},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":962.28,"endTime":964.08,"body":"They were able to show"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":964.08,"endTime":968.67,"body":"that between 1/3 and 40% of TB patients"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":968.67,"endTime":973.67,"body":"expelled copious bacilli"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":968.67,"endTime":973.67,"body":"whenever they coughed,"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":975.45,"endTime":980.45,"body":"and that these bacilli could"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":975.45,"endTime":980.45,"body":"be ejected for up to 10 feet."},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":981.12,"endTime":986.12,"body":"The bacilli adhered to bedding,"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":981.12,"endTime":986.12,"body":"food, clothing, furniture,"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":986.25,"endTime":989.04,"body":"it stuck to hands and the faces"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":989.04,"endTime":992.67,"body":"of people around the inflicted person."},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":992.67,"endTime":994.89,"body":"As Koch lamented,"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":994.89,"endTime":999.45,"body":"bacilli were scattered"},{"speaker":"he blamed the Irish themselves","startTime":994.89,"endTime":999.45,"body":"everywhere with ease."},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1000.83,"endTime":1003.14,"body":"coughing up blood, fever, weight loss,"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1003.14,"endTime":1006.35,"body":"night sweats, facial pallor."},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1006.35,"endTime":1008.27,"body":"It could be chronic,"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1008.27,"endTime":1011.78,"body":"with patients surviving,"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1008.27,"endTime":1011.78,"body":"in fact, for decades,"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1011.78,"endTime":1014.21,"body":"or it could be galloping,"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1014.21,"endTime":1018.02,"body":"resulting in an agonizing death."},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1018.02,"endTime":1021.65,"body":"But the disease named tuberculosis"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1021.65,"endTime":1025.07,"body":"was not just the bacillus."},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1025.07,"endTime":1027.02,"body":"It has become a truism"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1027.02,"endTime":1031.28,"body":"to suggest that TB is a social disease."},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1031.28,"endTime":1033.92,"body":"Of course, this is not, obviously,"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1033.92,"endTime":1036.53,"body":"to deny that respiratory TB"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1036.53,"endTime":1039.02,"body":"is an infectious bacterial disease"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1039.02,"endTime":1043.37,"body":"caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mtb,"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1043.37,"endTime":1047.864,"body":"but culture gives meaning to nature."},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1047.864,"endTime":1052.864,"body":"Many people are affected by Mtb,"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1057.83,"endTime":1059.6,"body":"but it remains latent"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1059.6,"endTime":1062.33,"body":"until the person's immune"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1059.6,"endTime":1062.33,"body":"system is compromised,"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1062.33,"endTime":1065.93,"body":"by stress, poor diet,"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1062.33,"endTime":1065.93,"body":"inadequate accommodation,"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1065.93,"endTime":1067.43,"body":"poverty, malnutrition,"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1067.43,"endTime":1071.06,"body":"and in recent years, HIV."},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1071.06,"endTime":1071.893,"body":"In other words,"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1071.893,"endTime":1076.72,"body":"Mtb is a necessary but not"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1071.893,"endTime":1076.72,"body":"sufficient cause of the illness."},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1078.23,"endTime":1083.12,"body":"Furthermore, what"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1078.23,"endTime":1083.12,"body":"happens within our bodies"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1083.12,"endTime":1084.77,"body":"can only be understood"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1084.77,"endTime":1087.89,"body":"through the prism of the world around us."},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1087.89,"endTime":1092.01,"body":"The language used to refer to any diseases"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1093.47,"endTime":1097.25,"body":"affects people's responses to it."},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1097.25,"endTime":1099.14,"body":"As the name suggests,"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1099.14,"endTime":1103.64,"body":"phthisis, wasting disease,"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1099.14,"endTime":1103.64,"body":"decline, consumption,"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1103.64,"endTime":1106.16,"body":"the white plague, the captain of death,"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1106.16,"endTime":1108.173,"body":"or tuberculosis, for example,"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1109.52,"endTime":1111.59,"body":"as those names change,"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1111.59,"endTime":1116.39,"body":"so do the meanings attached to being ill."},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1116.39,"endTime":1118.4,"body":"Culture, not nature,"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1118.4,"endTime":1122.51,"body":"determines how people feel and act."},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1122.51,"endTime":1123.443,"body":"For example,"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1124.37,"endTime":1127.97,"body":"in the shift from being"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1124.37,"endTime":1127.97,"body":"labeled a consumptive"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1127.97,"endTime":1130.49,"body":"to becoming tubercular,"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1130.49,"endTime":1133.16,"body":"patients shifted their emphasis"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1133.16,"endTime":1137.15,"body":"from the disease's"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1133.16,"endTime":1137.15,"body":"effects on their bodies,"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1137.15,"endTime":1138.86,"body":"consuming it,"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1138.86,"endTime":1143.84,"body":"to an invasion, the"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1138.86,"endTime":1143.84,"body":"invasion of a bacterium,"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1143.84,"endTime":1147.29,"body":"requiring a war to destroy it."},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1147.29,"endTime":1151.55,"body":"Rather than being seen"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1147.29,"endTime":1151.55,"body":"as these passive victims"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1151.55,"endTime":1153.92,"body":"embracing their fate,"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1153.92,"endTime":1155.54,"body":"they were supposed to physically,"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1155.54,"endTime":1158.78,"body":"as well as metaphorically fight,"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1158.78,"endTime":1161.06,"body":"all guns blazing."},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1161.06,"endTime":1164.96,"body":"As the contagious nature of the disease"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1164.96,"endTime":1167.03,"body":"became more well known,"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1167.03,"endTime":1172.03,"body":"emphasis also shifted from"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1167.03,"endTime":1172.03,"body":"an individual's constitution"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1174.44,"endTime":1179.44,"body":"to questions of civic"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1174.44,"endTime":1179.44,"body":"responsibility and regulation."},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1181.1,"endTime":1184.07,"body":"An individual's constitution,"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1184.07,"endTime":1188.33,"body":"and therefore his or"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1184.07,"endTime":1188.33,"body":"her need for isolation,"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1188.33,"endTime":1192.05,"body":"increasingly took second place"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1192.05,"endTime":1197.05,"body":"to conducting a societal"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1192.05,"endTime":1197.05,"body":"war against tuberculosis,"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1198.65,"endTime":1202.37,"body":"as American Professor"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1198.65,"endTime":1202.37,"body":"of Preventive Medicine"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1202.37,"endTime":1206.66,"body":"Mazyck Ravenel argues in a 1903 article"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1206.66,"endTime":1210.589,"body":"in the \"Proceedings of the"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1206.66,"endTime":1210.589,"body":"American Philosophical Society.\""},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1210.589,"endTime":1215.589,"body":"By being a tragedy causing needless death,"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1218.24,"endTime":1220.88,"body":"a huge array of professionals,"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1220.88,"endTime":1225.02,"body":"physicians, sanatorium"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1220.88,"endTime":1225.02,"body":"managers, statisticians,"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1225.02,"endTime":1226.4,"body":"had to be recruited"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1226.4,"endTime":1231.4,"body":"to count and to manage these"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1226.4,"endTime":1231.4,"body":"populations of sick people."},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1234.23,"endTime":1239.23,"body":"When, how, and why did these"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1234.23,"endTime":1239.23,"body":"shifts in meaning take place?"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1240.32,"endTime":1245.32,"body":"I think one of the most"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1240.32,"endTime":1245.32,"body":"important changes occurred,"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1245.42,"endTime":1247.49,"body":"and there's actually three of"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1245.42,"endTime":1247.49,"body":"them I'm going to be discussing,"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1247.49,"endTime":1249.71,"body":"but I think one of the"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1247.49,"endTime":1249.71,"body":"most important changes"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1249.71,"endTime":1253.61,"body":"occurred between the 18th"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1249.71,"endTime":1253.61,"body":"and the 19th centuries."},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1253.61,"endTime":1255.05,"body":"In the earlier period,"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1255.05,"endTime":1260.05,"body":"the wasting disease was"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1255.05,"endTime":1260.05,"body":"quite often romanticized,"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1260.78,"endTime":1264.95,"body":"the white, emaciated, male genius image"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1264.95,"endTime":1269.3,"body":"which I conjured up at the"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1264.95,"endTime":1269.3,"body":"very beginning of this talk."},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1269.3,"endTime":1272.6,"body":"This was what Susan"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1269.3,"endTime":1272.6,"body":"Sontag was referring to"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1272.6,"endTime":1277.6,"body":"in her famous essay \"Illness as Metaphor.\""},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1278.0,"endTime":1279.29,"body":"What she does in this book,"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1279.29,"endTime":1280.13,"body":"she does many things,"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1280.13,"endTime":1282.2,"body":"if you haven't read it, do,"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1282.2,"endTime":1283.37,"body":"what she does though"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1283.37,"endTime":1288.37,"body":"is she contends that TB"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1283.37,"endTime":1288.37,"body":"was the obverse of cancer."},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1291.41,"endTime":1292.797,"body":"In her words,"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1292.797,"endTime":1297.797,"body":"\"As TB was the disease of the sick self,"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1298.497,"endTime":1302.93,"body":"\"cancer is the disease of the other.\""},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1302.93,"endTime":1306.11,"body":"Like gout in the 18th century,"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1306.11,"endTime":1308.3,"body":"which came freighted, similarly,"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1308.3,"endTime":1312.773,"body":"with these images of"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1308.3,"endTime":1312.773,"body":"aristocratic indulgence,"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1313.64,"endTime":1318.64,"body":"TB was a romantic, aestheticized"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1313.64,"endTime":1318.64,"body":"disease of creative minds."},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1321.86,"endTime":1325.04,"body":"It gave middle and upper class sufferers"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1325.04,"endTime":1328.61,"body":"an enhanced sense of self."},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1328.61,"endTime":1333.583,"body":"As historians of medicine"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1328.61,"endTime":1333.583,"body":"Clark Lawlor and Akihito Suzuki"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1334.97,"endTime":1339.5,"body":"explained in a fantastic"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1334.97,"endTime":1339.5,"body":"article, I recommend it,"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1339.5,"endTime":1341.54,"body":"if you get the paper version of this talk,"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1341.54,"endTime":1344.93,"body":"I've got the footnotes"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1341.54,"endTime":1344.93,"body":"there so you can find it,"},{"speaker":"Its main symptoms","startTime":1344.93,"endTime":1346.377,"body":"in an article called"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1348.087,"endTime":1351.677,"body":"\"Representing Consumption, 1700-1830,\""},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1352.52,"endTime":1356.18,"body":"they argue that as the"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1352.52,"endTime":1356.18,"body":"18th century progresses,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1356.18,"endTime":1360.08,"body":"consumption became a marker"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1360.08,"endTime":1365.08,"body":"of individual sensibility,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1360.08,"endTime":1365.08,"body":"genius, and personal distinction."},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1367.28,"endTime":1368.113,"body":"They continue,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1368.113,"endTime":1372.42,"body":"\"Its heightened representation"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1368.113,"endTime":1372.42,"body":"in literature and art"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1373.617,"endTime":1377.697,"body":"\"reflects, and to some extent reinforces,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1377.697,"endTime":1382.167,"body":"\"its perceived cultural value to the self."},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1382.167,"endTime":1383.817,"body":"\"This perception was strengthened"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1383.817,"endTime":1385.467,"body":"\"by the age-old belief,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1385.467,"endTime":1388.437,"body":"\"both popular and professional,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1388.437,"endTime":1390.507,"body":"\"that consumption could be caused"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1390.507,"endTime":1395.21,"body":"\"by mental upset of"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1390.507,"endTime":1395.21,"body":"various kinds, especially,\""},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1395.21,"endTime":1396.987,"body":"and this is the important bit,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1396.987,"endTime":1401.987,"body":"\"that caused by a precocious"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1396.987,"endTime":1401.987,"body":"intellect, academic overwork,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1403.19,"endTime":1404.165,"body":"oh, that's me,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1404.165,"endTime":1404.998,"body":"(audience laughs)"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1404.998,"endTime":1407.247,"body":"\"academic overwork,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1407.247,"endTime":1412.247,"body":"\"or merely a hypersensitive"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1407.247,"endTime":1412.247,"body":"poetic or creative sensibility.\""},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1414.11,"endTime":1415.4,"body":"There's a gender aspect here"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1415.4,"endTime":1417.623,"body":"which I find really interesting."},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1419.12,"endTime":1420.53,"body":"In literature,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1420.53,"endTime":1421.73,"body":"we're talking literature here,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1421.73,"endTime":1425.33,"body":"we're not talking about"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1421.73,"endTime":1425.33,"body":"reality on the street,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1425.33,"endTime":1427.55,"body":"female consumptives"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1427.55,"endTime":1430.61,"body":"were portrayed as being transformed by TB"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1430.61,"endTime":1435.61,"body":"into supremely aesthetic,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1430.61,"endTime":1435.61,"body":"passive, spiritual creatures."},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1438.08,"endTime":1442.52,"body":"For example, in Samuel"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1438.08,"endTime":1442.52,"body":"Richardson's 1748 novel \"Clarissa,\""},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1442.52,"endTime":1445.73,"body":"the leading character's physical frailty,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1445.73,"endTime":1449.903,"body":"her slenderness, and love melancholia,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1450.86,"endTime":1453.2,"body":"which was caused by the disease,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1453.2,"endTime":1456.863,"body":"gave her this ethereal,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1453.2,"endTime":1456.863,"body":"if you like, beauty."},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1457.82,"endTime":1459.47,"body":"In contrast,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1459.47,"endTime":1464.47,"body":"the disease was thought to"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1459.47,"endTime":1464.47,"body":"actively stimulate the creative,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1464.99,"endTime":1466.04,"body":"not the passive,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1466.04,"endTime":1471.04,"body":"the creative, energetic"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1466.04,"endTime":1471.04,"body":"passions and powers"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1471.26,"endTime":1473.81,"body":"of male consumptives."},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1473.81,"endTime":1475.977,"body":"This view drew on Brunonianism,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1479.0,"endTime":1480.833,"body":"it's a term that comes from,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1481.76,"endTime":1483.08,"body":"I've got it,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1483.08,"endTime":1484.52,"body":"yep, there we go,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1484.52,"endTime":1488.33,"body":"comes from the famous"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1484.52,"endTime":1488.33,"body":"Scottish physician John Brown."},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1488.33,"endTime":1492.47,"body":"His view was that the body itself"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1492.47,"endTime":1497.47,"body":"contains a fixed amount of"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1492.47,"endTime":1497.47,"body":"what he calls excitability"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1498.05,"endTime":1500.96,"body":"that needed to be kept in balance."},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1500.96,"endTime":1502.82,"body":"So according to this view,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1502.82,"endTime":1506.75,"body":"tuberculosis overstimulated"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1502.82,"endTime":1506.75,"body":"the body and brain,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1506.75,"endTime":1511.283,"body":"engendering forms of genius"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1506.75,"endTime":1511.283,"body":"that could not be sustained."},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1512.39,"endTime":1514.52,"body":"And commentators of this tradition"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1514.52,"endTime":1519.52,"body":"drew on a huge range of artists,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1514.52,"endTime":1519.52,"body":"philosophers, et cetera,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1522.86,"endTime":1527.86,"body":"Kant, Chopin, Keats, Goethe,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1522.86,"endTime":1527.86,"body":"Emerson, Stevenson, Chekhov,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1528.95,"endTime":1531.83,"body":"it goes on and on,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1531.83,"endTime":1533.78,"body":"painters as well,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1533.78,"endTime":1538.78,"body":"and again, if you look"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1533.78,"endTime":1538.78,"body":"at the printed copy,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1538.85,"endTime":1541.61,"body":"you can get more discussion"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1538.85,"endTime":1541.61,"body":"about all these things,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1541.61,"endTime":1543.713,"body":"Beardsley, and all those sorts of people."},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1545.12,"endTime":1548.6,"body":"This fantasy of the consumptive"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1548.6,"endTime":1553.6,"body":"as a person of exquisite"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1548.6,"endTime":1553.6,"body":"taste and sensibility"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1553.88,"endTime":1555.83,"body":"was so powerful"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1555.83,"endTime":1558.05,"body":"that sufferers themselves"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1558.05,"endTime":1563.05,"body":"would attempt to live and"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1558.05,"endTime":1563.05,"body":"die according to that image."},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1565.61,"endTime":1566.72,"body":"In the 1920s,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1566.72,"endTime":1571.22,"body":"the link between TB and"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1566.72,"endTime":1571.22,"body":"enhanced artistic sensibilities"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1571.22,"endTime":1572.45,"body":"was so entrenched,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1572.45,"endTime":1574.22,"body":"and this is a quote,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1574.22,"endTime":1576.8,"body":"by the way, I think everyone uses it,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1576.8,"endTime":1578.153,"body":"so I don't know why I am."},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1579.23,"endTime":1583.55,"body":"Everyone who writes about"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1579.23,"endTime":1583.55,"body":"TB quotes Lord Byron,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1583.55,"endTime":1585.203,"body":"who quipped that,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1586.137,"endTime":1589.587,"body":"\"I look pale, I should like"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1586.137,"endTime":1589.587,"body":"to die of a consumption,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1589.587,"endTime":1591.417,"body":"\"because the ladies would all say,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1591.417,"endTime":1593.337,"body":"\"look at that poor Byron,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1593.337,"endTime":1597.56,"body":"\"how interesting he looks in dying.\""},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1597.56,"endTime":1600.323,"body":"I don't think he looks like"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1597.56,"endTime":1600.323,"body":"he's dying here, anyway."},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1601.46,"endTime":1604.01,"body":"The sensitive, delicate,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1601.46,"endTime":1604.01,"body":"and slender bodies"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1604.01,"endTime":1605.33,"body":"of male consumptives"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1605.33,"endTime":1609.92,"body":"testified to their social"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1605.33,"endTime":1609.92,"body":"and creative distinction,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1609.92,"endTime":1613.91,"body":"their deaths were dramatizations"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1613.91,"endTime":1617.9,"body":"of their ability to transcend"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1613.91,"endTime":1617.9,"body":"the hustle and bustle"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1617.9,"endTime":1621.92,"body":"of vulgar, modern, industrial life."},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1621.92,"endTime":1624.32,"body":"These sufferers, both male and female,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1624.32,"endTime":1629.32,"body":"were framed as invalids"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1624.32,"endTime":1629.32,"body":"rather than patients,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1629.93,"endTime":1632.42,"body":"they were deserving of the support"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1632.42,"endTime":1634.37,"body":"of their families and friends,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1634.37,"endTime":1638.393,"body":"as well as the veneration"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1634.37,"endTime":1638.393,"body":"of their communities."},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1639.35,"endTime":1643.46,"body":"This romanticized image of"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1639.35,"endTime":1643.46,"body":"the consumptive did not last."},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1643.46,"endTime":1645.65,"body":"Industrialization, urbanization,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1645.65,"endTime":1647.93,"body":"with their accompanying fears"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1647.93,"endTime":1652.55,"body":"linked to the dangers of miasma,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1652.55,"endTime":1653.69,"body":"that is the belief"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1653.69,"endTime":1657.473,"body":"that disease was caused"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1653.69,"endTime":1657.473,"body":"by bad air, miasma."},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1659.54,"endTime":1661.07,"body":"According to this view,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1661.07,"endTime":1663.65,"body":"minute animalcula,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1663.65,"endTime":1667.25,"body":"the old term used for"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1663.65,"endTime":1667.25,"body":"microscopic organisms,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1667.25,"endTime":1668.78,"body":"and then germs,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1668.78,"endTime":1673.49,"body":"shifted anxieties about"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1668.78,"endTime":1673.49,"body":"disease transmission"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1673.49,"endTime":1677.933,"body":"towards blaming impoverished others."},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1679.46,"endTime":1681.92,"body":"The moral responsibility for this disease"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1681.92,"endTime":1683.96,"body":"was assigned to the working classes,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1683.96,"endTime":1687.77,"body":"with their allegedly"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1683.96,"endTime":1687.77,"body":"dirty, disgusting habits."},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1687.77,"endTime":1688.603,"body":"In particular,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1688.603,"endTime":1692.87,"body":"poor women were seen"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1688.603,"endTime":1692.87,"body":"as vectors of disease,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1692.87,"endTime":1693.92,"body":"and of course,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1693.92,"endTime":1696.98,"body":"rich women were meant"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1693.92,"endTime":1696.98,"body":"to be their educators,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1696.98,"endTime":1700.34,"body":"teaching them how to do"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1696.98,"endTime":1700.34,"body":"it properly, cleanly."},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1700.34,"endTime":1703.34,"body":"Women's bodies began to be discussed"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1703.34,"endTime":1707.18,"body":"as the soil that harbored disease."},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1707.18,"endTime":1708.68,"body":"Women gave birth to infants"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1708.68,"endTime":1712.1,"body":"already containing the"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1708.68,"endTime":1712.1,"body":"seed of tuberculosis,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1712.1,"endTime":1714.74,"body":"their inept cooking of cheap cuts of meat,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1714.74,"endTime":1717.47,"body":"their purchase of cheap, infected milk"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1717.47,"endTime":1719.75,"body":"imperiled their families,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1719.75,"endTime":1722.0,"body":"their unsanitary housekeeping"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1722.0,"endTime":1724.61,"body":"spread risk to middle class homes,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1724.61,"endTime":1729.61,"body":"their promiscuity infected"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1724.61,"endTime":1729.61,"body":"middle and upper class family men"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1731.45,"endTime":1734.153,"body":"who consorted with them in homes of vice."},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1735.08,"endTime":1736.91,"body":"This was not only a gendered discourse,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1736.91,"endTime":1737.93,"body":"no surprise here as well,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1737.93,"endTime":1739.7,"body":"it was highly raced."},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1739.7,"endTime":1742.25,"body":"As we've already seen in the 18th century,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1742.25,"endTime":1744.38,"body":"consumption was racialized"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1744.38,"endTime":1748.07,"body":"as the disease of white, creative types,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1748.07,"endTime":1749.93,"body":"but 19th century commentators"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1749.93,"endTime":1752.21,"body":"increasingly linked the disease"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1752.21,"endTime":1755.9,"body":"to minoritized ethnic groups."},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1755.9,"endTime":1758.99,"body":"Medical and other experts"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1755.9,"endTime":1758.99,"body":"in Los Angeles, for example,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1758.99,"endTime":1762.2,"body":"blamed Mexicans for spreading the disease,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1762.2,"endTime":1765.74,"body":"leading to calls for"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1762.2,"endTime":1765.74,"body":"tighter border controls,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1765.74,"endTime":1767.99,"body":"rigorous medical checks,"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1767.99,"endTime":1771.86,"body":"deporting, repatriating"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1767.99,"endTime":1771.86,"body":"as many as possible."},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1771.86,"endTime":1776.66,"body":"And similar movements can be"},{"speaker":"\"The Disease of the Self","startTime":1771.86,"endTime":1776.66,"body":"seen wherever we want to look"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1778.04,"endTime":1781.76,"body":"colonial white Australia"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1778.04,"endTime":1781.76,"body":"fueled a nativist rhetoric"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1781.76,"endTime":1784.67,"body":"based on this pure Australian,"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1784.67,"endTime":1787.76,"body":"post-war Britain, Asian"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1784.67,"endTime":1787.76,"body":"immigrants targeted."},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1787.76,"endTime":1791.48,"body":"The result was inadequate,"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1787.76,"endTime":1791.48,"body":"highly damaging policies"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1791.48,"endTime":1795.02,"body":"founded on racialized and racist agendas."},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1795.02,"endTime":1797.18,"body":"A useful case study of this, I think,"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1797.18,"endTime":1802.18,"body":"can be found by looking at"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1797.18,"endTime":1802.18,"body":"responses to indigenous peoples"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1802.97,"endTime":1804.98,"body":"in the US."},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1804.98,"endTime":1809.27,"body":"These populations had extremely"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1804.98,"endTime":1809.27,"body":"high levels of infection."},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1809.27,"endTime":1812.0,"body":"According to some estimates,"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1812.0,"endTime":1815.97,"body":"over half of Navajo had TB"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1817.7,"endTime":1820.46,"body":"and extremely low life expectancy."},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1820.46,"endTime":1823.67,"body":"This caused, for example, in 1940,"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1823.67,"endTime":1827.99,"body":"the editors of \"The American"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1823.67,"endTime":1827.99,"body":"Journal Public Health\""},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1827.99,"endTime":1832.58,"body":"to call TB an Indian massacre"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1832.58,"endTime":1833.93,"body":"due to neglect"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1833.93,"endTime":1838.31,"body":"to the extent which is truly"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1833.93,"endTime":1838.31,"body":"a disgrace to the nation."},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1838.31,"endTime":1840.89,"body":"So how did physicians at"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1838.31,"endTime":1840.89,"body":"the time explain this?"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1840.89,"endTime":1845.06,"body":"Well, they basically"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1840.89,"endTime":1845.06,"body":"used three main theories:"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1845.06,"endTime":1850.06,"body":"culture, virgin soil, racial weakness,"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1850.22,"endTime":1851.69,"body":"and all three were linked"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1851.69,"endTime":1856.34,"body":"to what they called blood quantum,"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1856.34,"endTime":1860.36,"body":"that is the degree of Indian blood,"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1860.36,"endTime":1862.07,"body":"in the sense that full-bloods"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1862.07,"endTime":1864.47,"body":"were more vulnerable than half-bloods,"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1864.47,"endTime":1867.29,"body":"a completely spurious concept."},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1867.29,"endTime":1870.41,"body":"Although epidemiological"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1867.29,"endTime":1870.41,"body":"research from the 1930s"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1870.41,"endTime":1872.63,"body":"had established that there was a link"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1872.63,"endTime":1874.94,"body":"between poverty and TB,"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1874.94,"endTime":1877.22,"body":"the idea that indigenous peoples"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1877.22,"endTime":1880.22,"body":"were particularly"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1877.22,"endTime":1880.22,"body":"susceptible to the disease"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1880.22,"endTime":1883.52,"body":"due to cultural practices,"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1883.52,"endTime":1885.71,"body":"for example the Sioux"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1883.52,"endTime":1885.71,"body":"people were chastised"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1885.71,"endTime":1889.103,"body":"for pipe smoking and religious dances,"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1890.06,"endTime":1894.29,"body":"and that their bodies were"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1890.06,"endTime":1894.29,"body":"somehow more primitive,"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1894.29,"endTime":1898.28,"body":"and these views have a"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1894.29,"endTime":1898.28,"body":"very, very long life."},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1898.28,"endTime":1900.11,"body":"The Reverend D.A. Sanford"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1900.11,"endTime":1903.62,"body":"promoted a particularly racist indictment"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1903.62,"endTime":1908.33,"body":"of Indian idleness and vice"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1908.33,"endTime":1913.297,"body":"in an article called \"What Is"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1908.33,"endTime":1913.297,"body":"Killing Our Indians,\" 1901,"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1914.24,"endTime":1918.437,"body":"published in the ironically"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1914.24,"endTime":1918.437,"body":"named \"The Indian Friend.\""},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1921.89,"endTime":1925.43,"body":"What he does in this is"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1921.89,"endTime":1925.43,"body":"actually say that, explicitly,"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1925.43,"endTime":1929.933,"body":"it is Indian habits that are blameworthy."},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1930.77,"endTime":1932.48,"body":"The virgin soil theory"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1932.48,"endTime":1936.5,"body":"is the second-most influential explanation"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1936.5,"endTime":1940.25,"body":"for the susceptibility of"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1936.5,"endTime":1940.25,"body":"indigenous people to TB."},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1940.25,"endTime":1941.36,"body":"According to this theory,"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1941.36,"endTime":1944.54,"body":"Indigenous Americans"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1941.36,"endTime":1944.54,"body":"were vulnerable because,"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1944.54,"endTime":1946.25,"body":"until recent times,"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1946.25,"endTime":1949.91,"body":"they had limited exposure to the disease,"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1949.91,"endTime":1954.113,"body":"so their immune systems were vulnerable."},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1955.73,"endTime":1959.9,"body":"But as historian Christian"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1955.73,"endTime":1959.9,"body":"McMillan points out,"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1959.9,"endTime":1964.9,"body":"this virgin soil theory"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1959.9,"endTime":1964.9,"body":"assumes this racialized body,"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1965.45,"endTime":1968.72,"body":"primitive people had to"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1965.45,"endTime":1968.72,"body":"wait for their biology"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1968.72,"endTime":1971.42,"body":"to catch up with civilization,"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1971.42,"endTime":1974.84,"body":"and some caught up more quickly."},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1974.84,"endTime":1978.12,"body":"Unfortunately, many modern historians"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1979.49,"endTime":1983.18,"body":"echo these virgin soil arguments,"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1983.18,"endTime":1984.23,"body":"this is a point being made"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1984.23,"endTime":1987.29,"body":"by a really fantastic, I think,"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1987.29,"endTime":1990.83,"body":"critical historian called David S. Jones,"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1990.83,"endTime":1992.69,"body":"who argues that, in fact,"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1992.69,"endTime":1993.83,"body":"there's little evidence"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1993.83,"endTime":1997.61,"body":"that immune deficiencies were"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1993.83,"endTime":1997.61,"body":"the cause of mass deaths,"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1997.61,"endTime":2001.36,"body":"after all, TB was present"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":1997.61,"endTime":2001.36,"body":"in precolonial populations,"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":2001.36,"endTime":2003.22,"body":"and by the 19th century,"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":2003.22,"endTime":2006.28,"body":"when this theory becomes huge,"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":2006.28,"endTime":2011.28,"body":"the communities had long"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":2006.28,"endTime":2011.28,"body":"established contact with Europeans."},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":2012.49,"endTime":2013.45,"body":"There was, in other words,"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":2013.45,"endTime":2015.79,"body":"no virgin soil."},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":2015.79,"endTime":2020.26,"body":"So why have virgin soil"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":2015.79,"endTime":2020.26,"body":"explanations been so pervasive,"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":2020.26,"endTime":2022.12,"body":"even to the present?"},{"speaker":"in this period","startTime":2022.12,"endTime":2023.86,"body":"Jones suggests that their popularity"},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2025.48,"endTime":2030.48,"body":"first, the elegance of"},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2025.48,"endTime":2030.48,"body":"immunological determinism,"},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2031.21,"endTime":2035.35,"body":"second, reactions against"},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2031.21,"endTime":2035.35,"body":"economic determinism"},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2035.35,"endTime":2037.06,"body":"of Marxist traditions,"},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2037.06,"endTime":2041.65,"body":"and third, the ideological and"},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2037.06,"endTime":2041.65,"body":"psychological satisfactions"},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2041.65,"endTime":2046.39,"body":"of deflecting attention from"},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2041.65,"endTime":2046.39,"body":"the impact of colonialism"},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2046.39,"endTime":2050.923,"body":"to an innate, morally neutral biologism."},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2051.97,"endTime":2055.36,"body":"So given such high levels"},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2051.97,"endTime":2055.36,"body":"of racism, classism,"},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2055.36,"endTime":2056.83,"body":"general misanthropy,"},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2056.83,"endTime":2058.78,"body":"it is hardly surprising that the stigma"},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2058.78,"endTime":2062.65,"body":"associated with being"},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2058.78,"endTime":2062.65,"body":"exposed as a consumptive"},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2062.65,"endTime":2063.76,"body":"was formidable,"},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2063.76,"endTime":2067.33,"body":"and not only for the person"},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2063.76,"endTime":2067.33,"body":"suffering the disease,"},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2067.33,"endTime":2070.9,"body":"but their entire family,"},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2067.33,"endTime":2070.9,"body":"and their entire community."},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2070.9,"endTime":2074.863,"body":"It was believed to be a"},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2070.9,"endTime":2074.863,"body":"disease of poverty and filth."},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2076.0,"endTime":2077.44,"body":"In the words of Dr. Woodcock"},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2077.44,"endTime":2078.97,"body":"of the National Association"},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2078.97,"endTime":2083.087,"body":"for the Prevention of Tuberculosis, 1912,"},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2083.087,"endTime":2085.487,"body":"\"Tuberculosis is, in truth,"},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2085.487,"endTime":2088.157,"body":"\"a coarse, common disease"},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2088.157,"endTime":2091.847,"body":"\"bred in foul breath, in dirt, in squalor."},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2091.847,"endTime":2094.007,"body":"\"The beautiful and the rich"},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2094.007,"endTime":2097.057,"body":"\"receive it from the unbeautiful poor.\""},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2099.4,"endTime":2103.21,"body":"And I give lots more examples of this"},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2103.21,"endTime":2104.65,"body":"in the paper version"},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2104.65,"endTime":2106.24,"body":"if you want to have a look at it."},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2106.24,"endTime":2111.24,"body":"Medical understandings of the"},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2106.24,"endTime":2111.24,"body":"transmission of the tubercle"},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2112.15,"endTime":2116.8,"body":"failed to dent the pervasive,"},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2112.15,"endTime":2116.8,"body":"widespread assumption"},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2116.8,"endTime":2119.863,"body":"that the disease was hereditary."},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2120.73,"endTime":2122.92,"body":"This was why the stigma of the disease"},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2122.92,"endTime":2126.103,"body":"attached to the whole family."},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2129.19,"endTime":2134.17,"body":"The high levels of fear and"},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2129.19,"endTime":2134.17,"body":"the high levels of stigma"},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2134.17,"endTime":2137.29,"body":"made the disease ripe for unlicensed,"},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2137.29,"endTime":2140.92,"body":"and often unscrupulous drug peddlers"},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2140.92,"endTime":2143.59,"body":"and health entrepreneurs,"},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2143.59,"endTime":2147.01,"body":"and my favorite one is,"},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2147.01,"endTime":2149.59,"body":"one entrepreneur in the 1970s"},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2149.59,"endTime":2153.07,"body":"claimed that he was"},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2149.59,"endTime":2153.07,"body":"selling the same ointment"},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2153.07,"endTime":2158.07,"body":"that Mary Magdalene"},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2153.07,"endTime":2158.07,"body":"anointed the feet of Christ."},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2158.41,"endTime":2162.4,"body":"No wonder he was selling it"},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2158.41,"endTime":2162.4,"body":"for 60 pounds for a treatment."},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2162.4,"endTime":2163.3,"body":"60 pounds by the way,"},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2163.3,"endTime":2167.02,"body":"is 30 days' wages for a skilled laborer."},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2167.02,"endTime":2169.99,"body":"But unregistered medical entrepreneurs"},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2169.99,"endTime":2171.97,"body":"were increasingly joining up with others"},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2171.97,"endTime":2176.443,"body":"to share costs and advertise"},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2171.97,"endTime":2176.443,"body":"their cheap patent medicines."},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2178.66,"endTime":2183.34,"body":"We can criticize these"},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2178.66,"endTime":2183.34,"body":"peddlers of medicines,"},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2183.34,"endTime":2188.34,"body":"but they did provide"},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2183.34,"endTime":2188.34,"body":"tuberculosis patients with hope,"},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2188.89,"endTime":2192.52,"body":"they were selling comforting"},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2188.89,"endTime":2192.52,"body":"rituals and routine,"},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2192.52,"endTime":2194.5,"body":"and given that, until the 1920s,"},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2194.5,"endTime":2198.82,"body":"orthodox medicine had"},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2194.5,"endTime":2198.82,"body":"little to offer sufferers,"},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2198.82,"endTime":2202.06,"body":"bogus treatments which provided hope"},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2202.06,"endTime":2205.84,"body":"might be as good as much"},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2202.06,"endTime":2205.84,"body":"else that was on offer."},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2205.84,"endTime":2210.43,"body":"Indeed, practically all"},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2205.84,"endTime":2210.43,"body":"treatments were palliative"},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2210.43,"endTime":2211.75,"body":"up until that period."},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2211.75,"endTime":2214.57,"body":"And here, men, for example,"},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2214.57,"endTime":2217.54,"body":"were encouraged to take to the seas"},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2217.54,"endTime":2221.47,"body":"or to emigrate to warmer climates,"},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2221.47,"endTime":2222.87,"body":"and there's all these books,"},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2224.59,"endTime":2227.207,"body":"titles such as \"Winter"},{"speaker":"is due to three things","startTime":2224.59,"endTime":2227.207,"body":"Homes for Invalids,\""},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2227.207,"endTime":2232.207,"body":"Its Climatic"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2227.207,"endTime":2232.207,"body":"Advantages for Consumptives,\""},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2234.767,"endTime":2237.67,"body":"\"California for Fruit"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2234.767,"endTime":2237.67,"body":"Growers and Consumptives,\""},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2237.67,"endTime":2241.247,"body":"and my favorite, the"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2237.67,"endTime":2241.247,"body":"wonderfully alliterative"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2241.247,"endTime":2244.15,"body":"\"The Canaries for Consumptives.\""},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2244.15,"endTime":2245.92,"body":"And it wasn't until 1908"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2245.92,"endTime":2250.92,"body":"that effective medical"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2245.92,"endTime":2250.92,"body":"responses to TB became possible,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2251.2,"endTime":2253.24,"body":"this was when immunologists"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2253.24,"endTime":2256.9,"body":"Albert Calmette and Camille Guerin,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2256.9,"endTime":2260.41,"body":"both based at the Pasteur"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2256.9,"endTime":2260.41,"body":"Institute in Paris,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2260.41,"endTime":2263.47,"body":"used a diluted strain of bovine TB"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2263.47,"endTime":2266.833,"body":"to create the vaccine, BCG."},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2269.98,"endTime":2271.3,"body":"But the vaccine,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2271.3,"endTime":2272.56,"body":"it takes off in some places"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2272.56,"endTime":2273.817,"body":"and it's very effective in some places,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2273.817,"endTime":2276.88,"body":"and we can talk about"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2273.817,"endTime":2276.88,"body":"that if you like later,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2276.88,"endTime":2279.64,"body":"but in Britain particularly,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2279.64,"endTime":2283.09,"body":"there was a resistance to using it,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2283.09,"endTime":2286.27,"body":"partly because there"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2283.09,"endTime":2286.27,"body":"was such huge investment"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2286.27,"endTime":2290.32,"body":"in sanatoriums for consumptives,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2290.32,"endTime":2294.4,"body":"sanatoriums which would provide fresh air,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2294.4,"endTime":2298.963,"body":"clean environments aimed to"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2294.4,"endTime":2298.963,"body":"build up bodily strength,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2300.16,"endTime":2304.0,"body":"and most importantly to"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2300.16,"endTime":2304.0,"body":"isolate infected people"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2304.0,"endTime":2307.18,"body":"from the rest of the population."},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2307.18,"endTime":2309.4,"body":"Some of them enforced rest"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2309.4,"endTime":2312.1,"body":"and forbade risky activities,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2312.1,"endTime":2316.6,"body":"which, I am told by a manager"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2312.1,"endTime":2316.6,"body":"of one of these things,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2316.6,"endTime":2320.051,"body":"that risky activities are reading and sex,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2320.051,"endTime":2321.43,"body":"(audience laughs)"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2321.43,"endTime":2323.05,"body":"while others, especially in Britain,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2323.05,"endTime":2325.008,"body":"with its revered work ethic,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2325.008,"endTime":2330.008,"body":"promoted heavy work therapy."},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2330.04,"endTime":2331.93,"body":"But these sanatoriums"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2331.93,"endTime":2336.35,"body":"were not going to be an effective solution"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2338.08,"endTime":2340.66,"body":"when faced with the epidemic of TB."},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2340.66,"endTime":2344.23,"body":"They were not realistic"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2340.66,"endTime":2344.23,"body":"options, for example,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2344.23,"endTime":2346.39,"body":"for female sufferers,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2346.39,"endTime":2349.18,"body":"responsible for families,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2346.39,"endTime":2349.18,"body":"responsible for children,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2349.18,"endTime":2350.83,"body":"they were often harsh places"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2350.83,"endTime":2355.83,"body":"where people had to follow"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2350.83,"endTime":2355.83,"body":"extremely strict regimes."},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2356.17,"endTime":2358.31,"body":"In the 1920s,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2358.31,"endTime":2361.45,"body":"3/4 of patients died"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2361.45,"endTime":2365.26,"body":"within 5 years of being institutionalized."},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2365.26,"endTime":2369.85,"body":"Indeed, the death rate of"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2365.26,"endTime":2369.85,"body":"people discharged from sanatoria"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2369.85,"endTime":2374.147,"body":"was no lower than those"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2369.85,"endTime":2374.147,"body":"treated in the community."},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2376.6,"endTime":2377.433,"body":"In other words,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2377.433,"endTime":2378.58,"body":"the money spent"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2378.58,"endTime":2381.79,"body":"on building and"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2378.58,"endTime":2381.79,"body":"maintaining the sanatoriums"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2381.79,"endTime":2383.32,"body":"might have been better spent"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2383.32,"endTime":2387.253,"body":"in improving living conditions"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2383.32,"endTime":2387.253,"body":"of the laboring poor."},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2388.21,"endTime":2393.21,"body":"The fact that they provided"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2388.21,"endTime":2393.21,"body":"accommodation for only 2%,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2396.55,"endTime":2400.03,"body":"2% of active sufferers in Britain"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2400.03,"endTime":2404.26,"body":"also suggests that they"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2400.03,"endTime":2404.26,"body":"were not a main factor"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2404.26,"endTime":2407.68,"body":"behind the decline of the disease."},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2407.68,"endTime":2408.73,"body":"More commonly,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2408.73,"endTime":2413.44,"body":"sick people simply isolated"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2408.73,"endTime":2413.44,"body":"themselves at home,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2413.44,"endTime":2416.59,"body":"sleeping on porches, in"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2413.44,"endTime":2416.59,"body":"tents in their back garden,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2416.59,"endTime":2418.993,"body":"or in designated sickrooms."},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2420.61,"endTime":2425.08,"body":"Surgery was also increasingly"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2420.61,"endTime":2425.08,"body":"becoming an option,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2425.08,"endTime":2429.79,"body":"so heroic surgery became"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2425.08,"endTime":2429.79,"body":"really, really popular,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2429.79,"endTime":2432.43,"body":"peaking in the 1930s."},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2432.43,"endTime":2435.85,"body":"In the first three decades"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2432.43,"endTime":2435.85,"body":"of the 20th century,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2435.85,"endTime":2438.22,"body":"surgeons and other medical professionals,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2438.22,"endTime":2441.41,"body":"who believed that TB was transmissible"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2442.69,"endTime":2445.66,"body":"from mother to fetus,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2445.66,"endTime":2446.493,"body":"a belief, by the way,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2446.493,"endTime":2449.02,"body":"that persisted well into the 20th century,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2449.02,"endTime":2451.99,"body":"resorted to compulsory sterilization"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2451.99,"endTime":2455.74,"body":"of women who were invalids,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2455.74,"endTime":2460.74,"body":"while almost no one suggested"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2455.74,"endTime":2460.74,"body":"sterilizing male invalids,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2462.07,"endTime":2465.673,"body":"even though it's a much"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2462.07,"endTime":2465.673,"body":"safer and simpler operation."},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2467.17,"endTime":2472.17,"body":"Medical reservations about"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2467.17,"endTime":2472.17,"body":"the normality of pregnancy"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2473.14,"endTime":2476.2,"body":"meant that they were increasingly happy"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2476.2,"endTime":2478.873,"body":"to sterilize women,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2480.07,"endTime":2483.49,"body":"and so you get all these"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2480.07,"endTime":2483.49,"body":"really strong arguments"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2483.49,"endTime":2485.8,"body":"about the eugenic importance"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2485.8,"endTime":2490.097,"body":"of sterilizing women who had tuberculosis."},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2491.71,"endTime":2493.0,"body":"Sterilization, obviously,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2493.0,"endTime":2495.43,"body":"was a preventative measure."},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2495.43,"endTime":2498.04,"body":"Two other preventative measures"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2498.04,"endTime":2502.27,"body":"dominated discussions in this period."},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2502.27,"endTime":2505.93,"body":"The first was stamping"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2502.27,"endTime":2505.93,"body":"out the source of TB"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2505.93,"endTime":2507.58,"body":"in infected food,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2507.58,"endTime":2512.32,"body":"and the second was hygiene education."},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2512.32,"endTime":2513.643,"body":"By the 1980s,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2514.66,"endTime":2518.05,"body":"there was clear scientific evidence"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2518.05,"endTime":2523.03,"body":"that two of the main"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2518.05,"endTime":2523.03,"body":"vectors of the disease"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2523.03,"endTime":2526.6,"body":"were diseased milk and meat."},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2526.6,"endTime":2529.0,"body":"From the 1860s onwards,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2529.0,"endTime":2532.36,"body":"there had been a dramatic increase"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2532.36,"endTime":2536.74,"body":"in the consumption of meat"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2532.36,"endTime":2536.74,"body":"in Britain and the US."},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2536.74,"endTime":2538.81,"body":"Meat consumption in Britain, for example,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2538.81,"endTime":2543.273,"body":"almost doubled between"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2538.81,"endTime":2543.273,"body":"the 1860s and the 1890s,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2544.27,"endTime":2548.05,"body":"and it increased further by 1914."},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2548.05,"endTime":2550.06,"body":"Rising real incomes"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2550.06,"endTime":2553.6,"body":"coinciding with falling"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2550.06,"endTime":2553.6,"body":"prices of foodstuffs,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2553.6,"endTime":2557.53,"body":"due in part to increased"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2553.6,"endTime":2557.53,"body":"agricultural productivity"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2557.53,"endTime":2559.12,"body":"and dramatic reductions"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2559.12,"endTime":2564.01,"body":"in the cost of transporting"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2559.12,"endTime":2564.01,"body":"products from farms to town,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2564.01,"endTime":2566.44,"body":"meant that consumers,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2566.44,"endTime":2568.66,"body":"and working class consumers"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2566.44,"endTime":2568.66,"body":"for the first time,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2568.66,"endTime":2573.4,"body":"were able to consume"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2568.66,"endTime":2573.4,"body":"large quantities of meat."},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2573.4,"endTime":2574.75,"body":"And meat-eating, of course,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2574.75,"endTime":2577.093,"body":"was promoted by health reformers,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2578.17,"endTime":2582.07,"body":"who forecast remarkable transformations"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2582.07,"endTime":2585.04,"body":"in the productivity of"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2582.07,"endTime":2585.04,"body":"working class men and women"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2585.04,"endTime":2587.71,"body":"if meat was to become a"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2585.04,"endTime":2587.71,"body":"significant part of their diet."},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2587.71,"endTime":2589.84,"body":"The problem, you've already guessed it,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2589.84,"endTime":2591.5,"body":"is that much of the meat"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2592.96,"endTime":2596.713,"body":"working class people could"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2592.96,"endTime":2596.713,"body":"afford to purchase was infected."},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2597.76,"endTime":2602.5,"body":"The risks of such things"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2597.76,"endTime":2602.5,"body":"had been, as I say,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2602.5,"endTime":2604.81,"body":"really well known."},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2604.81,"endTime":2606.973,"body":"Indeed, by the 1890s,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2607.9,"endTime":2612.9,"body":"bovine tuberculosis had"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2607.9,"endTime":2612.9,"body":"become the paradigm zoonosis"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2614.02,"endTime":2617.08,"body":"according to historian Keir Waddington."},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2617.08,"endTime":2621.07,"body":"Tubercular milk also, very quickly,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2621.07,"endTime":2626.07,"body":"fell into this category of great concern."},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2626.44,"endTime":2630.4,"body":"The meat and milk trades"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2626.44,"endTime":2630.4,"body":"were forced to respond,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2630.4,"endTime":2633.82,"body":"and they agreed to the"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2630.4,"endTime":2633.82,"body":"inspection of slaughterhouses"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2633.82,"endTime":2637.873,"body":"and the pasteurization of milk,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2639.16,"endTime":2641.53,"body":"with some benefits."},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2641.53,"endTime":2646.53,"body":"The second major response"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2641.53,"endTime":2646.53,"body":"was hygiene education."},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2646.66,"endTime":2648.25,"body":"Local and national authorities"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2648.25,"endTime":2652.12,"body":"instigated major campaigns in"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2648.25,"endTime":2652.12,"body":"cleanliness and sanitation."},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2652.12,"endTime":2655.01,"body":"For example, these are in the US"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2656.11,"endTime":2658.39,"body":"during the so-called Progressive Era,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2658.39,"endTime":2662.08,"body":"that is 1890s to 1920s,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2662.08,"endTime":2667.08,"body":"officials tackled such things"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2662.08,"endTime":2667.08,"body":"as promiscuous spitting,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2668.41,"endTime":2671.17,"body":"believing that the main cause"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2668.41,"endTime":2671.17,"body":"of the spread of the disease"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2671.17,"endTime":2673.69,"body":"was spitting."},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2673.69,"endTime":2677.11,"body":"Commonplace human"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2673.69,"endTime":2677.11,"body":"activities, such as kissing,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2677.11,"endTime":2681.4,"body":"became bacteriological dangers."},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2681.4,"endTime":2683.77,"body":"Not only did kissing spread germs,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2683.77,"endTime":2685.21,"body":"but it lured people"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2685.21,"endTime":2689.05,"body":"into morally and medically"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2685.21,"endTime":2689.05,"body":"unsafe environments"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2689.05,"endTime":2693.61,"body":"where more than that the TB"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2689.05,"endTime":2693.61,"body":"bacterium could be spread."},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2693.61,"endTime":2696.52,"body":"These places were morally dangerous,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2696.52,"endTime":2699.34,"body":"dispersing syphilis and alcoholism"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2699.34,"endTime":2701.563,"body":"as easily as tuberculosis."},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2702.64,"endTime":2705.58,"body":"These campaigns and medical interventions"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2705.58,"endTime":2708.16,"body":"have been controversial."},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2708.16,"endTime":2709.12,"body":"This is not surprising,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2709.12,"endTime":2712.81,"body":"since they were never only about disease."},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2712.81,"endTime":2716.56,"body":"Major concerns included the policing"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2716.56,"endTime":2720.4,"body":"of working class and"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2716.56,"endTime":2720.4,"body":"immigrant communities,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2720.4,"endTime":2723.55,"body":"and in the printed paper,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2723.55,"endTime":2725.47,"body":"I give a lot of examples of this,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2725.47,"endTime":2726.88,"body":"so it's about policing"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2726.88,"endTime":2729.04,"body":"working class and immigrant communities,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2729.04,"endTime":2732.97,"body":"as well as fostering"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2729.04,"endTime":2732.97,"body":"middle class behavior."},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2732.97,"endTime":2736.48,"body":"There's also a disagreement by historians"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2736.48,"endTime":2741.48,"body":"about the efficacy of the campaigns."},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2742.93,"endTime":2746.8,"body":"After all, by the time"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2742.93,"endTime":2746.8,"body":"they were instigated,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2746.8,"endTime":2751.36,"body":"TB was already on a steep decline."},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2751.36,"endTime":2754.72,"body":"Medicine alone was insufficient,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2754.72,"endTime":2756.76,"body":"after all, by the time"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2756.76,"endTime":2760.09,"body":"effective treatment of"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2756.76,"endTime":2760.09,"body":"streptomycin was available,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2760.09,"endTime":2765.09,"body":"TB already accounted for"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2760.09,"endTime":2765.09,"body":"less than 5% of all deaths,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2766.66,"endTime":2769.54,"body":"so you got this massive decrease already"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2769.54,"endTime":2771.88,"body":"by the time there was effective treatment."},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2771.88,"endTime":2775.99,"body":"None of the campaigns, vaccination"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2771.88,"endTime":2775.99,"body":"programs, and treatments"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2775.99,"endTime":2780.22,"body":"sought to address the"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2775.99,"endTime":2780.22,"body":"underlying causes of disease,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2780.22,"endTime":2784.603,"body":"which were rooted in social"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2780.22,"endTime":2784.603,"body":"and economic inequalities."},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2785.44,"endTime":2787.87,"body":"Finally, I just want to very briefly,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2787.87,"endTime":2789.67,"body":"in one minute,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2789.67,"endTime":2794.17,"body":"return to the question asked"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2789.67,"endTime":2794.17,"body":"at the beginning of this talk:"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2794.17,"endTime":2797.77,"body":"what can a cultural history of TB"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2797.77,"endTime":2799.993,"body":"contribute to debates today?"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2801.49,"endTime":2804.52,"body":"I think exploring the past"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2804.52,"endTime":2809.52,"body":"can remind us that culture"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2804.52,"endTime":2809.52,"body":"gives meaning to nature."},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2811.66,"endTime":2814.63,"body":"The meanings given to TB"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2814.63,"endTime":2819.25,"body":"shaped the way sufferers"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2814.63,"endTime":2819.25,"body":"experienced the disease"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2819.25,"endTime":2823.51,"body":"and responded to it in their lives."},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2823.51,"endTime":2827.53,"body":"A painful world is still"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2823.51,"endTime":2827.53,"body":"a world of meaning."},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2827.53,"endTime":2831.67,"body":"The sufferings of creative geniuses"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2831.67,"endTime":2834.34,"body":"were no less distressing"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2834.34,"endTime":2839.34,"body":"because they could frame"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2834.34,"endTime":2839.34,"body":"their dying in romantic ways."},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2840.46,"endTime":2844.21,"body":"The stigma attached to being consumed"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2844.21,"endTime":2847.45,"body":"by the tubercular bacilli"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2847.45,"endTime":2849.79,"body":"was immeasurably worse"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2849.79,"endTime":2853.54,"body":"for minoritized and marginalized people,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2853.54,"endTime":2858.54,"body":"but they too sought ways of coping,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2858.85,"endTime":2862.51,"body":"drawn from their specific"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2858.85,"endTime":2862.51,"body":"times and places,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2862.51,"endTime":2864.22,"body":"their contexts."},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2864.22,"endTime":2869.22,"body":"For both, the self-fashioning"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2864.22,"endTime":2869.22,"body":"process was culture-bound,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2871.9,"endTime":2876.31,"body":"both located within their corporeal body"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2876.31,"endTime":2879.58,"body":"and enclosed by everything without,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2879.58,"endTime":2884.58,"body":"including environment,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2879.58,"endTime":2884.58,"body":"language, and relationships."},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2884.65,"endTime":2886.0,"body":"History, I think, also helps"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2886.0,"endTime":2890.74,"body":"by reminding us that controlling"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2886.0,"endTime":2890.74,"body":"or eradicating disease"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2890.74,"endTime":2893.8,"body":"is not simply a medical issue,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2893.8,"endTime":2895.09,"body":"it's about,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2895.09,"endTime":2897.58,"body":"we all know this, we've just"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2895.09,"endTime":2897.58,"body":"gone through a pandemic,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2897.58,"endTime":2899.56,"body":"we're still in a pandemic,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2899.56,"endTime":2904.18,"body":"it's about politics, ideology, economics,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2904.18,"endTime":2907.48,"body":"or in the case of TB,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2907.48,"endTime":2909.79,"body":"colonialist economic exploitation,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2909.79,"endTime":2913.93,"body":"population dislocation,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2909.79,"endTime":2913.93,"body":"gross levels of inequality."},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2913.93,"endTime":2915.94,"body":"Solutions to suffering, in other words,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2915.94,"endTime":2918.55,"body":"must be made at macro levels,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2918.55,"endTime":2922.66,"body":"that is, attempts to reduce"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2918.55,"endTime":2922.66,"body":"huge wealth disparities."},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2922.66,"endTime":2927.66,"body":"But this requires a shift"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2922.66,"endTime":2927.66,"body":"from disease to health."},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2929.89,"endTime":2931.48,"body":"Are we prepared"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2931.48,"endTime":2935.05,"body":"to make the financial, political,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2931.48,"endTime":2935.05,"body":"and cultural investments"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2935.05,"endTime":2939.553,"body":"that would be required in the"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2935.05,"endTime":2939.553,"body":"case of tuberculosis today?"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2940.51,"endTime":2942.035,"body":"Thank you."},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2942.035,"endTime":2945.035,"body":"(audience applauds)"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2946.33,"endTime":2947.83,"body":"- There's a question here"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2947.83,"endTime":2951.253,"body":"from our people out there in"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2947.83,"endTime":2951.253,"body":"outer space, as far as I know,"},{"speaker":"\"New Mexico","startTime":2952.87,"endTime":2954.58,"body":"which I don't know anything about,"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":2955.877,"endTime":2957.527,"body":"\"Could you comment, please,"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":2957.527,"endTime":2961.6,"body":"\"on the TB work of Thomas"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":2957.527,"endTime":2961.6,"body":"Beddoes and Humphrey Davy?\""},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":2961.6,"endTime":2962.433,"body":"- Yep"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":2965.2,"endTime":2966.55,"body":"Thomas Beddoes and Humphry Davy,"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":2966.55,"endTime":2968.8,"body":"their work is incredibly important"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":2968.8,"endTime":2971.44,"body":"because what they were trying to do"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":2971.44,"endTime":2973.39,"body":"is refocus attention"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":2973.39,"endTime":2977.44,"body":"on precisely the social"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":2973.39,"endTime":2977.44,"body":"and economic vectors"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":2977.44,"endTime":2980.08,"body":"that I think are so important"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":2980.08,"endTime":2985.08,"body":"when we look at the spread of"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":2980.08,"endTime":2985.08,"body":"TB and attitudes towards it."},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":2985.78,"endTime":2988.57,"body":"What's really important in what they do"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":2988.57,"endTime":2993.57,"body":"is attempting to take away that stigma,"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":2994.36,"endTime":2997.06,"body":"or attempting to take"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":2994.36,"endTime":2997.06,"body":"away that blameworthiness"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":2997.06,"endTime":3000.72,"body":"that is so common in all"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":2997.06,"endTime":3000.72,"body":"of this early literature"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3000.72,"endTime":3001.923,"body":"that I'm talking about,"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3002.79,"endTime":3005.46,"body":"and by taking away that stigma,"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3005.46,"endTime":3008.49,"body":"actually improving communication"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3008.49,"endTime":3013.49,"body":"between the public health"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3008.49,"endTime":3013.49,"body":"officials and patients."},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3013.95,"endTime":3017.01,"body":"Because one of the most difficult things"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3017.01,"endTime":3021.853,"body":"in the contemporary"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3017.01,"endTime":3021.853,"body":"period with tuberculosis"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3023.31,"endTime":3027.36,"body":"is that people stop taking the drugs"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3027.36,"endTime":3032.36,"body":"before it has had time to"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3027.36,"endTime":3032.36,"body":"actually be longterm effective."},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3033.54,"endTime":3035.28,"body":"And in the past,"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3035.28,"endTime":3038.07,"body":"and indeed often today still,"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3038.07,"endTime":3039.45,"body":"but certainly in the past,"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3039.45,"endTime":3041.43,"body":"this was often framed"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3041.43,"endTime":3046.23,"body":"in terms of people just not obeying,"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3046.23,"endTime":3047.88,"body":"people just not following the rules,"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3047.88,"endTime":3051.99,"body":"people just being too"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3047.88,"endTime":3051.99,"body":"lazy, being too tired,"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3051.99,"endTime":3054.45,"body":"not being educated enough,"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3054.45,"endTime":3057.06,"body":"all those sorts of explanations,"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3057.06,"endTime":3060.03,"body":"to, so a shift from that,"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3060.03,"endTime":3060.9,"body":"to, this shift,"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3060.9,"endTime":3063.09,"body":"well actually, what's it about?"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3063.09,"endTime":3065.07,"body":"It's about poor communication"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3065.07,"endTime":3067.05,"body":"by public health officials,"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3067.05,"endTime":3070.44,"body":"as opposed to blaming people"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3070.44,"endTime":3071.91,"body":"who are suffering these diseases,"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3071.91,"endTime":3074.82,"body":"so that's why I think"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3071.91,"endTime":3074.82,"body":"it's really important."},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3074.82,"endTime":3078.45,"body":"- We have major problems with governments,"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3078.45,"endTime":3079.32,"body":"particularly current governments,"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3079.32,"endTime":3081.48,"body":"believing in public"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3079.32,"endTime":3081.48,"body":"health, to some extent,"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3081.48,"endTime":3084.99,"body":"and the sort of creation of an enemy,"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3084.99,"endTime":3085.89,"body":"which is associated"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3085.89,"endTime":3088.38,"body":"with some of the cultural"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3085.89,"endTime":3088.38,"body":"traditions that you've described,"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3088.38,"endTime":3089.76,"body":"we can sort of see happening now"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3089.76,"endTime":3091.8,"body":"with badgers being wiped out,"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3091.8,"endTime":3095.4,"body":"suddenly, they've become a"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3091.8,"endTime":3095.4,"body":"target for a whole community,"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3095.4,"endTime":3097.8,"body":"farmers think it's all"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3095.4,"endTime":3097.8,"body":"coming from the badgers,"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3097.8,"endTime":3099.42,"body":"doctors not necessarily confirming that,"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3099.42,"endTime":3100.86,"body":"certainly vets don't."},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3100.86,"endTime":3103.77,"body":"So has that been a repeated pattern"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3103.77,"endTime":3105.84,"body":"in the cultural history of TB?"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3105.84,"endTime":3107.793,"body":"- Yeah, it has very much."},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3109.17,"endTime":3114.17,"body":"There is something"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3109.17,"endTime":3114.17,"body":"reassuring for commentators,"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3115.14,"endTime":3116.97,"body":"the commentators I'm dealing"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3115.14,"endTime":3116.97,"body":"with here, of course,"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3116.97,"endTime":3119.523,"body":"are all middle and upper"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3116.97,"endTime":3119.523,"body":"class commentators,"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3121.68,"endTime":3125.28,"body":"identifying an enemy that"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3121.68,"endTime":3125.28,"body":"then they can intervene into"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3125.28,"endTime":3127.08,"body":"and do something about,"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3127.08,"endTime":3128.49,"body":"that is a very reassuring,"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3128.49,"endTime":3132.3,"body":"it's a very human thing,"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3132.3,"endTime":3135.57,"body":"but it's also a very"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3132.3,"endTime":3135.57,"body":"reassuring way to respond."},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3135.57,"endTime":3139.44,"body":"So by blaming something"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3135.57,"endTime":3139.44,"body":"else, or someone else,"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3139.44,"endTime":3141.66,"body":"or a group, I should say,"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3141.66,"endTime":3142.98,"body":"what you're doing is you're saying,"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3142.98,"endTime":3145.26,"body":"actually, it won't happen to me,"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3145.26,"endTime":3147.33,"body":"it's them out there who are the problem,"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3147.33,"endTime":3150.24,"body":"we need to either get rid of them,"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3150.24,"endTime":3151.95,"body":"so you have these huge,"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3151.95,"endTime":3153.0,"body":"particularly in the States,"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3153.0,"endTime":3155.49,"body":"repatriation campaigns,"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3155.49,"endTime":3158.223,"body":"getting rid of immigrants,"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3155.49,"endTime":3158.223,"body":"repatriating them,"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3161.34,"endTime":3165.24,"body":"requiring them to undergo"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3161.34,"endTime":3165.24,"body":"really rigorous medical checks,"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3165.24,"endTime":3166.17,"body":"and all that,"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3166.17,"endTime":3167.25,"body":"rather than saying,"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3167.25,"endTime":3168.27,"body":"well actually,"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3168.27,"endTime":3171.3,"body":"the problem is the way"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3168.27,"endTime":3171.3,"body":"our society is organized"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3171.3,"endTime":3174.06,"body":"and the way we are organizing our society"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3174.06,"endTime":3178.53,"body":"as wealthy, middle class people."},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3178.53,"endTime":3182.223,"body":"So this is something that"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3178.53,"endTime":3182.223,"body":"we have a long history of."},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3183.6,"endTime":3185.25,"body":"And as you say,"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3185.25,"endTime":3187.71,"body":"we've seen it quite a lot"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3187.71,"endTime":3191.94,"body":"in the recent questions and"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3187.71,"endTime":3191.94,"body":"debates about the pandemic."},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3191.94,"endTime":3192.773,"body":"- [Questioner] Do you think"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3192.773,"endTime":3194.22,"body":"the cultural response to tuberculosis"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3194.22,"endTime":3195.24,"body":"was dramatically different"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3195.24,"endTime":3197.28,"body":"from the cultural response to COVID?"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3197.28,"endTime":3198.63,"body":"Do you think we've made any progress"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3198.63,"endTime":3200.373,"body":"in how we respond to disease?"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3204.21,"endTime":3205.86,"body":"- I think if we're looking at any disease,"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3205.86,"endTime":3207.81,"body":"it's important to focus"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3207.81,"endTime":3210.84,"body":"on the specificities of"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3207.81,"endTime":3210.84,"body":"a particular time period"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3210.84,"endTime":3213.6,"body":"and a particular geographical location,"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3213.6,"endTime":3215.61,"body":"so when you're talking about COVID,"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3215.61,"endTime":3217.29,"body":"something very different is happening"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3217.29,"endTime":3219.565,"body":"when you're talking about Britain"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3219.565,"endTime":3221.37,"body":"compared to when you're"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3219.565,"endTime":3221.37,"body":"talking about China,"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3221.37,"endTime":3225.33,"body":"or when you're talking about"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3221.37,"endTime":3225.33,"body":"continental India, for example."},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3225.33,"endTime":3230.33,"body":"So my first warning there is,"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3231.03,"endTime":3233.88,"body":"drawing direct parallels,"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3233.88,"endTime":3235.29,"body":"we ought to be really careful about,"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3235.29,"endTime":3237.9,"body":"because if we want to know"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3235.29,"endTime":3237.9,"body":"what's really happening,"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3237.9,"endTime":3239.52,"body":"it's those specificities"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3239.52,"endTime":3242.01,"body":"that can tell us what we're doing right"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3242.01,"endTime":3243.36,"body":"and what we're doing wrong."},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3243.36,"endTime":3247.83,"body":"That said, I do think"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3243.36,"endTime":3247.83,"body":"that we can use history"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3247.83,"endTime":3251.73,"body":"to reflect on what they did"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3251.73,"endTime":3254.13,"body":"that maybe wasn't as"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3251.73,"endTime":3254.13,"body":"effective, or more effective,"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3254.13,"endTime":3256.38,"body":"we have the benefit of hindsight"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3256.38,"endTime":3257.79,"body":"when we're looking at history,"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3257.79,"endTime":3259.95,"body":"so we can look at history"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3259.95,"endTime":3263.28,"body":"in terms of understanding"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3259.95,"endTime":3263.28,"body":"different contexts,"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3263.28,"endTime":3264.48,"body":"we can also look at history"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3264.48,"endTime":3267.33,"body":"in terms of helping us explain"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3267.33,"endTime":3272.33,"body":"why certain fundamental"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3267.33,"endTime":3272.33,"body":"assumptions, sometimes prejudices,"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3273.78,"endTime":3275.01,"body":"have survived,"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3275.01,"endTime":3276.39,"body":"i.e. they have a long history,"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3276.39,"endTime":3280.02,"body":"so it's not surprising"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3276.39,"endTime":3280.02,"body":"that we see this happening."},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3280.02,"endTime":3281.073,"body":"And finally,"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3282.69,"endTime":3286.62,"body":"we can get inspiration from"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3282.69,"endTime":3286.62,"body":"what people did in the past"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3286.62,"endTime":3290.22,"body":"to help needy sufferers,"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3290.22,"endTime":3291.21,"body":"we can get inspiration"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3291.21,"endTime":3294.87,"body":"for how patients themselves, indeed,"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3294.87,"endTime":3297.36,"body":"understood their disease,"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3297.36,"endTime":3299.1,"body":"worked within their communities,"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3299.1,"endTime":3300.3,"body":"and this is why,"},{"speaker":"and I hope you can answer","startTime":3300.3,"endTime":3302.254,"body":"I published a book a few years ago"},{"speaker":"called \"Pain","startTime":3302.254,"endTime":3307.254,"body":"From Prayer to Painkillers,\""},{"speaker":"called \"Pain","startTime":3308.82,"endTime":3311.58,"body":"and one of the chief arguments there is,"},{"speaker":"called \"Pain","startTime":3311.58,"endTime":3316.2,"body":"actually, some sufferers in the past"},{"speaker":"called \"Pain","startTime":3316.2,"endTime":3319.92,"body":"responded in very community-positive ways"},{"speaker":"called \"Pain","startTime":3319.92,"endTime":3320.91,"body":"to their suffering,"},{"speaker":"called \"Pain","startTime":3320.91,"endTime":3323.31,"body":"and we ought to be looking"},{"speaker":"called \"Pain","startTime":3320.91,"endTime":3323.31,"body":"at how they did that,"},{"speaker":"called \"Pain","startTime":3323.31,"endTime":3324.21,"body":"and thinking about that"},{"speaker":"called \"Pain","startTime":3324.21,"endTime":3327.18,"body":"in terms of our own practices."},{"speaker":"called \"Pain","startTime":3327.18,"endTime":3328.62,"body":"- [Questioner] Can I just"},{"speaker":"called \"Pain","startTime":3327.18,"endTime":3328.62,"body":"ask you about something"},{"speaker":"called \"Pain","startTime":3328.62,"endTime":3330.69,"body":"that you referred to in"},{"speaker":"called \"Pain","startTime":3328.62,"endTime":3330.69,"body":"the beginning of the talk"},{"speaker":"called \"Pain","startTime":3330.69,"endTime":3335.69,"body":"about the ratio of infected"},{"speaker":"called \"Pain","startTime":3330.69,"endTime":3335.69,"body":"people to non-infected people"},{"speaker":"called \"Pain","startTime":3337.65,"endTime":3339.123,"body":"pre-vaccination time?"},{"speaker":"called \"Pain","startTime":3341.43,"endTime":3346.43,"body":"Regarding the completely"},{"speaker":"called \"Pain","startTime":3341.43,"endTime":3346.43,"body":"rampant contagiousness"},{"speaker":"called \"Pain","startTime":3347.4,"endTime":3348.6,"body":"of the disease,"},{"speaker":"called \"Pain","startTime":3348.6,"endTime":3351.15,"body":"how is it, in your opinion,"},{"speaker":"called \"Pain","startTime":3351.15,"endTime":3355.23,"body":"that people didn't catch the disease"},{"speaker":"called \"Pain","startTime":3355.23,"endTime":3357.45,"body":"even though they were"},{"speaker":"called \"Pain","startTime":3355.23,"endTime":3357.45,"body":"predisposed to catching it"},{"speaker":"called \"Pain","startTime":3357.45,"endTime":3359.31,"body":"by being in a community"},{"speaker":"called \"Pain","startTime":3359.31,"endTime":3361.68,"body":"which had everything against them?"},{"speaker":"called \"Pain","startTime":3361.68,"endTime":3364.98,"body":"Was it that they didn't"},{"speaker":"called \"Pain","startTime":3361.68,"endTime":3364.98,"body":"perhaps have symptoms"},{"speaker":"called \"Pain","startTime":3364.98,"endTime":3366.18,"body":"but did have the disease,"},{"speaker":"called \"Pain","startTime":3366.18,"endTime":3369.3,"body":"or did they have a natural resistance?"},{"speaker":"called \"Pain","startTime":3369.3,"endTime":3371.94,"body":"What's your opinion on that, please?"},{"speaker":"called \"Pain","startTime":3371.94,"endTime":3373.83,"body":"- That's a really good question."},{"speaker":"called \"Pain","startTime":3373.83,"endTime":3377.28,"body":"You can be infected and"},{"speaker":"called \"Pain","startTime":3373.83,"endTime":3377.28,"body":"not have any symptoms,"},{"speaker":"called \"Pain","startTime":3377.28,"endTime":3379.41,"body":"and it's not affecting your life at all."},{"speaker":"called \"Pain","startTime":3379.41,"endTime":3380.253,"body":"And in fact,"},{"speaker":"called \"Pain","startTime":3381.78,"endTime":3384.09,"body":"we know that a large number of people"},{"speaker":"called \"Pain","startTime":3384.09,"endTime":3385.89,"body":"fit into that category,"},{"speaker":"called \"Pain","startTime":3385.89,"endTime":3390.89,"body":"and this is either because"},{"speaker":"called \"Pain","startTime":3385.89,"endTime":3390.89,"body":"of specific immune issues"},{"speaker":"called \"Pain","startTime":3391.53,"endTime":3392.52,"body":"with the individuals,"},{"speaker":"called \"Pain","startTime":3392.52,"endTime":3395.97,"body":"but it's also because of"},{"speaker":"called \"Pain","startTime":3392.52,"endTime":3395.97,"body":"these triggering factors."},{"speaker":"called \"Pain","startTime":3395.97,"endTime":3400.5,"body":"So the disease can be"},{"speaker":"called \"Pain","startTime":3395.97,"endTime":3400.5,"body":"latent within the body,"},{"speaker":"called \"Pain","startTime":3400.5,"endTime":3401.333,"body":"and it is,"},{"speaker":"called \"Pain","startTime":3401.333,"endTime":3403.623,"body":"and it can be triggered by various,"},{"speaker":"called \"Pain","startTime":3404.46,"endTime":3406.32,"body":"stress, for example,"},{"speaker":"called \"Pain","startTime":3406.32,"endTime":3409.26,"body":"those sorts of issues."},{"speaker":"called \"Pain","startTime":3409.26,"endTime":3414.06,"body":"There's a number of really"},{"speaker":"called \"Pain","startTime":3409.26,"endTime":3414.06,"body":"interesting scientists"},{"speaker":"called \"Pain","startTime":3414.06,"endTime":3414.893,"body":"who actually say,"},{"speaker":"called \"Pain","startTime":3414.893,"endTime":3416.32,"body":"actually, everyone was infected,"},{"speaker":"called \"Pain","startTime":3417.48,"endTime":3422.48,"body":"it's just that not everyone"},{"speaker":"called \"Pain","startTime":3417.48,"endTime":3422.48,"body":"presented with symptoms of this,"},{"speaker":"called \"Pain","startTime":3422.49,"endTime":3424.17,"body":"and then died of it."},{"speaker":"called \"Pain","startTime":3424.17,"endTime":3425.003,"body":"And of course,"},{"speaker":"called \"Pain","startTime":3425.003,"endTime":3427.53,"body":"you can live with it, even with symptoms,"},{"speaker":"called \"Pain","startTime":3427.53,"endTime":3429.693,"body":"you can live with it for decades."},{"speaker":"called \"Pain","startTime":3431.16,"endTime":3431.993,"body":"Most people didn't,"},{"speaker":"called \"Pain","startTime":3431.993,"endTime":3434.07,"body":"there's galloping forms of it,"},{"speaker":"called \"Pain","startTime":3434.07,"endTime":3436.44,"body":"but there are these huge varieties"},{"speaker":"called \"Pain","startTime":3436.44,"endTime":3438.78,"body":"in the way that the body responds to it,"},{"speaker":"called \"Pain","startTime":3438.78,"endTime":3442.56,"body":"which are cultural,"},{"speaker":"called \"Pain","startTime":3438.78,"endTime":3442.56,"body":"social, economic sponsors."},{"speaker":"called \"Pain","startTime":3442.56,"endTime":3444.18,"body":"- [Questioner] Thank you."},{"speaker":"called \"Pain","startTime":3444.18,"endTime":3445.59,"body":"There was one thing you mentioned,"},{"speaker":"and I wanted to further understand it","startTime":3447.39,"endTime":3450.78,"body":"you made a comparison with cancer and TB,"},{"speaker":"and I wanted to further understand it","startTime":3450.78,"endTime":3452.943,"body":"can you explain that a little more please?"},{"speaker":"and I wanted to further understand it","startTime":3454.98,"endTime":3456.0,"body":"- Susan Sontag,"},{"speaker":"and I wanted to further understand it","startTime":3456.0,"endTime":3457.83,"body":"it's a great essay,"},{"speaker":"and I wanted to further understand it","startTime":3457.83,"endTime":3459.18,"body":"it's a classic in the field,"},{"speaker":"and I wanted to further understand it","startTime":3459.18,"endTime":3464.18,"body":"everyone who works in the field"},{"speaker":"and I wanted to further understand it","startTime":3459.18,"endTime":3464.18,"body":"has read it and studied it."},{"speaker":"and I wanted to further understand it","startTime":3464.88,"endTime":3465.93,"body":"Her argument,"},{"speaker":"and I wanted to further understand it","startTime":3465.93,"endTime":3468.6,"body":"and I do have a slight"},{"speaker":"and I wanted to further understand it","startTime":3465.93,"endTime":3468.6,"body":"disagreement with her argument,"},{"speaker":"and I wanted to further understand it","startTime":3468.6,"endTime":3470.01,"body":"her argument, though,"},{"speaker":"and I wanted to further understand it","startTime":3470.01,"endTime":3475.01,"body":"is that in the 18th"},{"speaker":"and I wanted to further understand it","startTime":3470.01,"endTime":3475.01,"body":"and early 19th century,"},{"speaker":"and I wanted to further understand it","startTime":3477.93,"endTime":3482.93,"body":"cancer was believed to"},{"speaker":"and I wanted to further understand it","startTime":3477.93,"endTime":3482.93,"body":"the disease of the other."},{"speaker":"and I wanted to further understand it","startTime":3483.57,"endTime":3484.403,"body":"So in other words,"},{"speaker":"and I wanted to further understand it","startTime":3484.403,"endTime":3487.593,"body":"cancer was the disease of"},{"speaker":"and I wanted to further understand it","startTime":3484.403,"endTime":3487.593,"body":"other people out there,"},{"speaker":"and I wanted to further understand it","startTime":3488.76,"endTime":3491.85,"body":"poor people, et cetera, et cetera,"},{"speaker":"and I wanted to further understand it","startTime":3491.85,"endTime":3493.473,"body":"racialized peoples,"},{"speaker":"and I wanted to further understand it","startTime":3497.01,"endTime":3501.81,"body":"and even when a middle or"},{"speaker":"and I wanted to further understand it","startTime":3497.01,"endTime":3501.81,"body":"upper class person got cancer,"},{"speaker":"and I wanted to further understand it","startTime":3501.81,"endTime":3504.42,"body":"it was seen as something alien to them"},{"speaker":"and I wanted to further understand it","startTime":3504.42,"endTime":3507.0,"body":"that had come in from the outside,"},{"speaker":"and I wanted to further understand it","startTime":3507.0,"endTime":3508.62,"body":"so it was an other."},{"speaker":"and I wanted to further understand it","startTime":3508.62,"endTime":3512.19,"body":"What she sees in TB in the early period"},{"speaker":"and I wanted to further understand it","startTime":3512.19,"endTime":3513.93,"body":"is that it was something that,"},{"speaker":"and I wanted to further understand it","startTime":3513.93,"endTime":3518.93,"body":"actually, rather than being"},{"speaker":"and I wanted to further understand it","startTime":3513.93,"endTime":3518.93,"body":"externalized by sufferers,"},{"speaker":"and I wanted to further understand it","startTime":3519.87,"endTime":3521.1,"body":"was internalized"},{"speaker":"and I wanted to further understand it","startTime":3521.1,"endTime":3524.94,"body":"as something that told them"},{"speaker":"and I wanted to further understand it","startTime":3521.1,"endTime":3524.94,"body":"something about themselves,"},{"speaker":"and I wanted to further understand it","startTime":3524.94,"endTime":3526.98,"body":"so it was a disease of self,"},{"speaker":"and I wanted to further understand it","startTime":3526.98,"endTime":3528.21,"body":"which they could,"},{"speaker":"and I wanted to further understand it","startTime":3528.21,"endTime":3531.09,"body":"and people who looked after"},{"speaker":"and I wanted to further understand it","startTime":3528.21,"endTime":3531.09,"body":"them, and their communities,"},{"speaker":"and I wanted to further understand it","startTime":3531.09,"endTime":3535.77,"body":"could see as something that"},{"speaker":"and I wanted to further understand it","startTime":3531.09,"endTime":3535.77,"body":"actually was a positive thing"},{"speaker":"and I wanted to further understand it","startTime":3535.77,"endTime":3537.36,"body":"about their, for example,"},{"speaker":"and I wanted to further understand it","startTime":3537.36,"endTime":3540.993,"body":"exquisite sensibilities,"},{"speaker":"and I wanted to further understand it","startTime":3537.36,"endTime":3540.993,"body":"their creative genius,"},{"speaker":"and I wanted to further understand it","startTime":3542.91,"endTime":3546.93,"body":"the disharmony within the body"},{"speaker":"and I wanted to further understand it","startTime":3546.93,"endTime":3551.93,"body":"caused by an excess of genius,"},{"speaker":"and I wanted to further understand it","startTime":3546.93,"endTime":3551.93,"body":"an excess of creativity,"},{"speaker":"and I wanted to further understand it","startTime":3552.21,"endTime":3554.64,"body":"so that's the distinction that she makes."},{"speaker":"and I wanted to further understand it","startTime":3554.64,"endTime":3558.0,"body":"I think where she and I part ways slightly"},{"speaker":"and I wanted to further understand it","startTime":3558.0,"endTime":3561.063,"body":"is questions about when that ends,"},{"speaker":"and I wanted to further understand it","startTime":3561.96,"endTime":3563.52,"body":"and that's, I think, where we part,"},{"speaker":"and I wanted to further understand it","startTime":3563.52,"endTime":3566.55,"body":"so it's basically an historian thing,"},{"speaker":"and I wanted to further understand it","startTime":3566.55,"endTime":3568.75,"body":"I think it ended much"},{"speaker":"and I wanted to further understand it","startTime":3566.55,"endTime":3568.75,"body":"earlier than she does."},{"speaker":"and I wanted to further understand it","startTime":3570.735,"endTime":3572.13,"body":"- So, ladies and gentlemen,"},{"speaker":"and I wanted to further understand it","startTime":3572.13,"endTime":3573.33,"body":"thank you very much for coming,"},{"speaker":"and I wanted to further understand it","startTime":3573.33,"endTime":3574.62,"body":"and may we thank, once again,"},{"speaker":"and I wanted to further understand it","startTime":3574.62,"endTime":3576.493,"body":"Professor Joanna Bourke."},{"speaker":"and I wanted to further understand it","startTime":3576.493,"endTime":3578.713,"body":"(audience applauds)"}]}